[{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/499","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-mediterranean-sea-status-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/10\/10\/1512\/htm","title":"Marine Renewable Energy in the Mediterranean Sea: Status and Perspectives","description":"In this work, an extended overview of the marine renewable energy in the Mediterranean Sea is provided as regards current status, potential problems, challenges, and perspectives of development. An integrated and holistic approach is necessary for the economic viability and sustainability of marine renewable energy projects; this approach comprises three different frameworks, not always aligned, i.e., geotechnical\/engineering, socio-economic, and environmental\/ecological frameworks. In this context, the geomorphological, climatological, socio-economic, and environmental\/ecological particularities of the Mediterranean basin are discussed, as they constitute key issues of the spatial context in which marine renewable energy projects are to be implemented. General guidelines for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in the Mediterranean are also provided.","author":["Soukissian, T.","Denaxa, D.","Karathanasi, F.","Prospathopoulos, A.","Sarantakos, K.","Iona, A.","Georgantas, K.","Mavrakos, S."],"organization":["Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","National Technical University of Athens"],"originationDate":"2017-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/500","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/port-fairy-pilot-wave-energy-project-environmental-management-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bps.energy\/projects","title":"The Port Fairy Pilot Wave Energy Project Environmental Management Plan","description":"This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) details the environmental management requirements for the Port Fairy Pilot Wave Energy project.  This EMP includes:    The requirements for environmental management during the installation, operation and decommissioning activities;  The responsibilities for implementing this EMP; and  Project environmental controls and limits to ensure that project objectives and targets can be achieved with minimum impact on the environment.   The Environmental Risk Register forms the basis for this EMP. It includes information on all activities which may have an impact on the environment, expected risk levels and controls, and limits to manage these risks. The approval of this EMP by the Director, Major Projects and Environmental Approvals Department of The Victorian Department of Environment, Land, Water \u0026amp; Planning (DELWP), is a condition of CM Act consent for the installation, operation, and decommissioning of the wave energy generator. BioPower Systems Pty Ltd (BPS) has responsibility for the project in accordance with the requirements of this EMP.  BioWave Port Fairy Pilot Wave Energy Project","author":["BioPower Systems"],"organization":["BioPower Systems"],"originationDate":"2016-02-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.398417000000","142.172667000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:19:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BPS_EMP_092016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/501","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baseline-assessment-underwater-noise-ria-formosa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X19308872","title":"Baseline assessment of underwater noise in the Ria Formosa","description":"The Ria Formosa is a sheltered large coastal lagoon located on the Atlantic South Coast of Portugal, that has been classified as a natural park since 1987. The lagoon hosts a diverse and abundant fish community and other species of commercial importance. Several economical activities are supported by shipping, and as such, vessel traffic within the Ria Formosa lagoon is very intense at some locations during particular seasons of the year, creating high levels of underwater noise. Recently, strong efforts are being made to turn the main inlet of the lagoon, the Faro-Olh\u00e3o Inlet, a testing site for small scale tidal stream turbines, which will bring an additional source of underwater noise. Underwater noise can be one of a number of factors causing habitat degradation, as it can perturb fish behavior and cause physiological damage. Therefore, in order to comply with underwater noise pollution regulations, tidal energy technology developers are very interested in minimising the introduction of acoustic energy in the environment during the operation of their devices. Under the scope of project SCORE, which involved the deployment and operation of a floating tidal energy converter, this paper presents and discusses the first baseline noise monitoring performed at Ria Formosa. The acoustic data were collected in two occasions over several days, one in the winter and the other in the summer, in 2017. The obtained analysis results highlight the potential impact of the intense boat traffic in Ria Formosa, and the wide range of sound levels introduced in that ecosystem, and the high diurnal and seasonal variability.","author":["Soares, C.","Pacheco, A.","Zabel, F.","Gonz\u00e1lez-Gober\u00f1a, E.","Sequeira, C."],"organization":["Marine Sensing and Acoustic Technologies (MarSensing)","University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2020-01-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.972554000000","-7.870570000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 08:08:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/502","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-consistency-stream-tidal-energy-development-policy-nova-scotia-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1930048X","title":"Assessing the consistency of in-stream tidal energy development policy in Nova Scotia, Canada","description":"The provincial government of Nova Scotia, Canada, has provided numerous incentives for developing in-stream tidal energy projects since 2009. These incentives include co-operatively funding the development of the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy with the Canadian federal government and industry partners, extensive funding of environmental impacts monitoring research for tidal energy projects, and offering direct financial incentives for tidal power produced and sold to the grid via feed-in tariffs. However, the provincial government has not treated all scales and types of tidal energy projects equally. Until recently, ambitious targets for hundreds of MW of tidal development by 2020\u20132025 led to tidal support policies focusing on large, utility-scale projects, with little evidence the tidal energy sector was prepared to pursue such projects in Nova Scotia or elsewhere. Some support was offered to smaller-scale, community-oriented tidal energy projects, but the rules and regulations for such projects were repeatedly changed (and sometimes revoked) between 2012 and 2018. Since the provincial legislature passed the revised Marine Renewable-electricity Act of 2018, a potentially more coherent and consistent tidal energy policy consensus appears to be forming in the province. This paper provides a review of the policies introduced, projects approved and canceled, and sectoral outlook for tidal energy development in Nova Scotia for the period 2009\u20132018.","author":["Carlson, J.","Adams, M."],"organization":["Queens University","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.166454000000","-63.064104000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/503","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-deployments-physical-impact-guidelines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.csiro.au\/rpr\/pub?pid=csiro:EP181064","title":"Wave Energy Deployments Physical Impact Guidelines","description":"Australia\u2019s wave energy resource has been assessed as being arguably the largest in the world, thereby providing a potential future renewable energy resource to Australia\u2019s renewable energy portfolio. The past decade has seen several wave energy prototypes trialled in the Australian ocean environment. However, the wave energy industry globally is in its infancy and faces a range of barriers to becoming financially viable. One challenge is the uncertainty of the consenting processes, particularly in regards to the environmental impact assessment for the development and operation of ocean energy facilities.  To support the development of the wave energy industry in Australia, this document addresses the limited evidence base and methodology for assessing impacts of wave energy extraction on the marine and coastal environment. In particular, this document provides best practice guidance on assessing the influence of arrays of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) on the hydrodynamic attributes of the surrounding ocean. These guidelines have been developed as part of the ARENA and CSIRO-funded Australian Wave Energy Atlas Project (AWavEA). A wave energy project cycle typically consists of four stages (Appendix B): Preliminary evaluation; Feasibility study; Project design; and Implementation and operation. The guidelines presented in this report aim to support preliminary assessments of the suitability of a proposed site to deployment of wave energy converters.","author":["McInnes, K.","Hemer, M.","O\u0027Grady, J.","Hoeke, R.","Contardo, S."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2018-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.203436000000","115.677581000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McInnes_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/504","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/large-scale-water-related-innovative-renewable-energy-projects-habitats-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/kluwerlawonline.com\/journalarticle\/European%20Energy%20and%20Environmental%20Law%20Review\/27.1\/19817","title":"Large-scale Water-related Innovative Renewable Energy Projects and the Habitats and Birds Directives: Legal Issues and Solutions","description":"This article discusses two legal issues that relate to the conflict between the interest of protecting habitats and species under the Habitats and Birds Directives, versus the interest of promoting the use of innovative water-related renewable energy, with regard to the quota in the Renewable Energy Directive. These legal issues are: first, the possible conflict between the protection rules of the Habitats and Birds Directive on the one hand and the Renewable Energy Directive on the other hand, and second, the lack of integration between the Renewable Energy Directive and the derogation clauses of the Habitats and Birds Directives. Tidal stream energy is used as a case study to show the practical relevance of the legal issues for the large-scale deployment of innovative water-related renewable energy techniques. The final sections discuss solutions to the legal issues. These are first, the application of adaptive management in combination with mitigation or phased deployment, in order to deal with uncertainty, and second, the introduction of detailed renewable energy plans per Member State in order to increase integration between the Habitats and Birds Directives and the Renewable Energy Directive. The final sections also discuss the applicability of the findings of this article to other innovative water-related renewable energy sources such as wave energy and salinity gradient energy (blue energy).","author":["van Hees, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/505","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-report-emec-ak-1000","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Monitoring Report EMEC AK-1000","description":"This document provides a summary of the activity on the turbine site over the summer period and details the finding of the environmental monitoring of the AK-1000 tidal turbine. Since recovering the turbine last year the device was prepared with a new set of rotor blades and was initially installed on May 9th.  Shortly afterwards the device was electrically connected to the subsea cable by diver intervention.  Over the course of the summer the team worked through a number of challenges in order to complete the commissioning of the turbine.  Table 1 lists the activity carried out over this period.","author":["Rigg, D."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:20:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-AK_EnvironmentalMonitoringReport.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/506","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-sub-adult-atlantic-sturgeon-acipenser-oxyrinchus-oxyrinchus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarscompass.vcu.edu\/etd\/4866\/","title":"Behavioral responses of sub-adult Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) to electromagnetic and magnetic fields under laboratory conditions","description":"This study sought to evaluate and quantify behavioral responses by sub-adult Atlantic Sturgeon to generated M\/EM fields under controlled (laboratory) conditions, based on the study objectives outlined below. The study was to attempt to emulate the EMF conditions that migratory fishes might encounter near proposed marine HV sources originating from the Virginia WEA. By designing, building, and testing an EMF generator capable of producing a range of fields comparable to fields that might be experienced by Atlantic Sturgeon under natural conditions and in the vicinity of HV cables the research team exposed experimental animals to generated EMFs and measure responses based on a suite of simple behaviors under control and EMF conditions. This is the first published study to experimentally evaluate the effects of M\/EM fields from submarine HV cables on Atlantic Sturgeon behavior. Results of the study suggest that, under laboratory conditions, the types and ranges of M\/EM fields to which Atlantic Sturgeon were exposed in the laboratory did not result in biologically relevant changes to simple behaviors in sub-adult individuals. Hence, these results are not consistent with the hypothesis that localized M\/EM fields from anthropogenic sources\u2014specifically benthic HV cables\u2014in coastal ocean habitats may negatively impact behavior of migrating or foraging wild Atlantic Sturgeon.","author":["McIntyre, A.","Janeski, T.","Garman, G.","Deloglos, C.","Filippas, A."],"organization":["Virginia Commonwealth University"],"originationDate":"2016-11-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McIntyre-2016-EMF-Sturgeon.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/507","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-extactable-tidal-energy-effect-tidal-energy-turbine-deployment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13131-015-0671-2","title":"The assessment of extactable tidal energy and the effect of tidal energy turbine deployment on the hydrodynamics in Zhoushan","description":"In this study, we construct one 2-dimensional tidal simulation, using an unstructured Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). In the 2-D model, we simulated the tidal turbines through adding additional bottom drag in the element where the tidal turbines reside. The additional bottom drag was calculated from the relationship of the bottom friction dissipation and the rated rotor efficiency of the tidal energy turbine. This study analyzed the effect of the tidal energy turbine to the hydrodynamic environment, and calculated the amount of the extractable tidal energy resource at the Guishan Hangmen Channel, considering the rotor wake effect.","author":["Hou, F.","Bao, X.","Li, B.","Liu, Q."],"organization":["National Marine Environment Forecasting Center China","Ocean University of China","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2015-05-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.054146000000","122.156648000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/508","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scapa-flow-scale-site-environmental-description-2019","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/facilities\/scale-test-sites\/","title":"Scapa Flow Scale Site Environmental Description 2019","description":"The function of this environmental description is as supporting documentation to inform consent and licensing applications for the Scapa Flow scale wave test site. In addition, the document can be used a reference material to inform potential developers coming to the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to test their prototype devices of the environment within which the scale test site is located. This document should be used by potential developers to inform them of their responsibilities towards the receiving environment. An initial examination of seasonal environmental sensitivities has been undertaken, based on present understanding of the environmental characteristics of the area. The description covers the character of the physical, biological and human environment as well as conservation areas situated in close proximity to the Scapa Flow test site. The following sections provide background and a detailed description of each important environmental characteristic.  For more on EMEC Scapa Flow, click here.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.851783400000","-3.397386100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:37:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC_2019.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/509","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-environmental-regulation-offshore-energy-production-searching-legal-standards","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/reel.12296","title":"Global environmental regulation of offshore energy production: Searching for legal standards in ocean governance","description":"The international environmental regulation of all types of energy generation activities at sea is first and foremost anchored to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). However, both at the global and regional levels, UNCLOS is complemented by an array of evolving environmental agreements. These normative developments can put flesh on the bare bones of the general (due diligence) obligation of States to protect the marine environment with regard to offshore energy activities. Parallel to binding obligations under environmental agreements, there are a variety of non\u2010binding instruments, which can also play a key role in enriching the content of prevention obligations. Depending on their source, their form and the procedure by which they are adopted, these non\u2010binding pronouncements may become legally relevant as interpretative guidance or standard of proof that a State has exercised due diligence. In this context, the article posits that synergies among environmental instruments and the interaction of non\u2010binding instruments with binding rules of international law can fill the current legal gaps and strengthen the international legal standards for the regulation of this environmentally sensitive sector.","author":["Giannopoulos, N."],"organization":["Utrecht University"],"originationDate":"2019-06-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/510","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dynamic-linkage-between-renewable-energy-tourism-co2-emissions-economic-growth-foreign","sourceURL":"https:\/\/latinaer.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40503-019-0063-7","title":"The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade","description":"Because of the lack of econometric studies in relevance to the link between tourism and renewable energy, the goal of this study is to remedy this lack and to explore the causal relationships between renewable energy consumption, the number of tourist arrivals, the trade openness ratio, economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for a panel of 22 Central and South American countries, spanning the period 1995\u20132010. The empirical findings document that the variables under investigation are cointegrated. Short-run Granger causality tests illustrate unidirectional causalities running from: (i) renewable energy to CO2 emissions and trade; (ii) tourism to trade and FDI; and (iii) economic growth to renewable energy and tourism. In the long run, there is evidence of bidirectional causality between renewable energy, tourism, FDI, trade, and emissions. Thus, renewable energy and tourism are in a strong long-run causal relationship. Moreover, long-run estimates for the whole panel and for the three income panel groups considered (Lower Middle, Upper Middle, High) highlight that tourism, renewable energy, and FDI contribute to the reduction of emissions, while trade and economic growth lead to higher carbon emissions. Therefore, attracting foreign direct investment, encouraging the use of renewable energy, and tourism development, particularly green tourism, are good policies for this region to combat climate change.","author":["Jebli, M.","Youssef, S.","Apergis, N."],"organization":["University of Jendouba","Manouba University","University of Piraeus"],"originationDate":"2019-02-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/511","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-trust-public-participation-acceptability-renewable-energy-projects-netherlands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629618310363","title":"Effects of trust and public participation on acceptability of renewable energy projects in the Netherlands and China","description":"In order to mitigate climate change and its impacts, it is crucial to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. The extent to which renewable energy projects can be implemented largely depends on public acceptability. We studied how public acceptability is influenced by people\u2019s trust in agents responsible for renewable energy projects and the influence that people have over decisions regarding these projects. As expected, higher trust and having influence over major decisions regarding the project led to higher project acceptability. Public acceptability was lowest when people had low trust in responsible agents and when people could only influence minor decisions regarding the project. We found a similar pattern of results in our samples in the Netherlands and China, providing initial evidence that trust in responsible agents and public influence over decisions may have similar effects on public acceptability of renewable energy projects across different countries and cultures.","author":["Liu, L.","Bouman, T.","Perlaviciute, G.","Steg, L."],"organization":["University of Groningen"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/512","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-unmanned-vehicles-detection-monitoring-marine-fauna","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X19300098","title":"A review of unmanned vehicles for the detection and monitoring of marine fauna","description":"Recent technology developments have turned present-day unmanned systems into realistic alternatives to traditional marine animal survey methods. Benefits include longer survey durations, improved mission safety, mission repeatability, and reduced operational costs. We review the present status of unmanned vehicles suitable for marine animal monitoring conducted in relation to industrial offshore activities, highlighting which systems are suitable for three main monitoring types: population, mitigation, and focal animal monitoring. We describe the technical requirements for each of these monitoring types and discuss the operational aspects. The selection of a specific sensor\/platform combination depends critically on the target species and its behaviour. The technical specifications of unmanned platforms and sensors also need to be selected based on the surrounding conditions of a particular offshore project, such as the area of interest, the survey requirements and operational constraints.","author":["Verfuss, U.","Aniceto, A.","Harris, D.","Gillespie, D.","Fielding, S.","Jim\u00e9nez, G.","Johnston, P.","Sinclair, R.","Sivertsen, A.","Solb\u00f8, S.","Storvold, R.","Biuw, M.","Wyatt, R."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/513","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-wireless-control-system-underwater-fish-eye-camera-monitor-fish-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/OMAE\/proceedings-abstract\/OMAE2019\/58837\/V006T05A015\/1067861","title":"Development of Wireless Control System With Underwater Fish-Eye Camera to Monitor Fish at the Test Site of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Environmental impact assessment is important when marine renewable energy device is installed. Fishermen concern the effect of device on local fish. To confirm the effect before and after installation of marine renewable energy device, we developed wireless monitoring system using an underwater fish eye camera. The camera system is composed of a dome-shaped fish eye lens, a container, and a float. Two thrusters are attached on the container to change the monitoring directions. In the current research, this system was developed to monitor underwater situation around device remotely and in real time. We tested to monitor a target and fish in a fish case at the site off Kamaishi city. The recorded video showed the target and fish. Effectiveness of this system was shown through the field test for real time monitoring around marine renewable energy device.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Mizukami, Y.","Zhou, J.","Kitazawa, D."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2019-11-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.264797000000","141.936992000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/514","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-effects-electricity-generation-storage-use","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/bookshop\/book\/9781786392015\/","title":"Ecological Effects of Electricity Generation, Storage and Use","description":"This book reviews the past, present and future generation and use of electricity. While noting the importance of electricity to the well-being of people, it argues that all means of electricity generation have adverse ecological consequences. The ecological effects of all the main forms of electricity generation, storage and transmission are reviewed in 14 chapters. The chapters briefly cover the engineering and physics of each method of electricity generation followed by a description of the different ways in which the technology interacts with the natural world. Finally, sections consider the importance of these impacts and how they can be mitigated or avoided. A final chapter summarizes the issues and emphasizes that the only way to truly minimize the impacts of electricity generation is to reduce our consumption and transmission. Future efforts should continue to focus on increasing the efficiency of light production, refrigeration, electrical appliances and batteries.","author":["Henderson, P."],"organization":["Pisces Conservation Ltd."],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/515","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interaction-marine-renewable-energy-marine-organisms-active-acoustic-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchportal.bath.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/interaction-of-marine-renewable-energy-and-marine-organisms-activ","title":"Interaction of Marine Renewable Energy and Marine Organisms: Active Acoustic Assessment","description":"As of July 2019, there are 8.5 GW of UK offshore wind installed capacity, and the UK Government has estimated 20% of current UK electricity demand could be met with wave and tidal stream sources. Scotland is targeting the equivalent of 100% of gross annual electricity consumption from renewable sources by 2020, having achieved 74% as of 2018. However, with rapid development of marine renewable energy (MRE) including wind, wave and tidal stream energy devices, uncertainty remains surrounding the environmental and ecological effects of installing and operating devices and arrays. Concerns include disruption of migratory and foraging behavior, direct mortality from animal collision with underwater turbines, attraction of animals to structures or to prey attracted to or aggregating around structures, or conversely displacement from preferred habitat. Changes in behavior of fish species, in particular those which are common prey of seabirds and marine mammals, could lead to changes in foraging behavior of their predators as observed at offshore wind turbines. Regulators, developers and operators need to understand the environmental effects of installing and operating devices and arrays in the marine environment.","author":["Williamson, B.","Fraser, S.","Nikora, V.","Blondel, P.","Couto, A.","Chapman, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2019-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/516","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/utilizing-wave-power-green-energy-remote-bc-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/prism.ucalgary.ca\/handle\/1880\/108755","title":"Utilizing Wave Power as Green Energy for Remote BC Communities","description":"The west coast of Canada has an abundance of potential wave energy. Currently there are many off-grid communities that do not take advantage of this renewable energy source and instead rely on diesel generators to fulfil their electricity needs. This study examines the viability of integration of wave energy converters into off-grid communities to lessen the reliance on fossil fuels for electricity. Implementation of a singular wave energy converter in the Tlatlasikwala community of Bull Harbour was estimated to yield 31.6 megawatt hours of electricity a year or around 13.3% of the yearly demand. Analysis of the economic viability through calculating payback periods using the average cost of wave energy converters and the fuel savings from renewable energy generation over a 20-year project life noted a requirement of funding by grants to recover costs. Included is a review of the current and proposed environmental concerns regarding wave energy converters.","author":["Fischer, E."],"organization":["University of Calgary"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.917174000000","-127.933462000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/517","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changes-relative-fish-density-around-deployed-tidal-turbine-during-water-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/22\/6262","title":"Changes in Relative Fish Density Around a Deployed Tidal Turbine during on-Water Activities","description":"Global interest in mitigating climate change effects is a driver for the development of renewable energy sources. In-stream tidal power, a type of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy uses tidal currents to generate electricity and is one example of developing a renewable energy industry. Effects and impacts on fishes in areas of tidal power development are a consideration, and presently there are many unanswered questions in this field of research. Knowledge of how fish use these areas before and after device installation is essential to informing regulators for decision-making. We attempted a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study design to compare an index of fish density near and away from an MHK tidal energy device deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine. The index was mean volume backscattering strength (Sv) obtained from 24-hour stationary, down-looking hydroacoustic surveys. Data were collected several times per year at an \u201cimpact\u201d site within 50\u201375 m of a device and at a \u201ccontrol\u201d site approximately 1.6 km away, both before and after turbine installation in August 2012. Fish density was lowest in March surveys and highest in May surveys at both sites. One of four comparisons (August 2011\/before vs. 2012\/after) indicated an interaction of fish density with turbine installation. Operational status of the installed turbine and on-water activity disturbances (e.g., industry vessel and diving activities) varied at the impact site and possibly influenced results. Lower fish densities were observed during installation and maintenance periods than during normal device operation. The effects of construction activities must be separated from the effects of a deployed device to effectively implement a statistically rigorous assessment that could separate the effects of these different activities. This parsimonious approach and results were used for permit licensing by federal and state regulatory bodies at this site and others and can be used to consider regulatory adjustments during different phases of device operation and maintenance.","author":["Staines, G.","Zydlewski, G.","Viehman, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Maine","Echoview Software"],"originationDate":"2019-11-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.907749000000","-67.039379000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/524","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-power-desalination-plant-north-gran-canaria-island-wave-resource","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479718312052","title":"Wave energy to power a desalination plant in the north of Gran Canaria Island: Wave resource, socioeconomic and environmental assessment","description":"The Canary Islands are recognized as an area of particular interest to exploit and to promote the use of renewable energies as a way to reduce its energy dependence on fossil fuels and ultimately reach energy self-sufficiency and sustainability. A common major problem in mid-latitude small and remote islands is the low annual precipitation rate and the associated freshwater scarcity, leading to the installation of desalination plants powered by oil. In this context, the assessment of wave energy potential along with socioeconomic and environmental factors in a selected area at the north side of Gran Canaria Island shows that wave power availability is adequate for its exploitation and there are no sources of potential conflicts that prevent the installation of wave energy converters. In particular, the harvesting of wave energy to power existing seawater desalination plants, fully based in the use of oil, is considered as a viable, appealing and advantageous alternative over the direct injection to the electric network.","author":["Fern\u00e1ndez Prieto, L.","Rodr\u00edguez Rodr\u00edguez, G.","Schallenberg Rodr\u00edguez, J."],"organization":["Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.189231000000","-15.541832000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/525","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-based-results-delineation-prearrangement-areas-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.e3s-conferences.org\/articles\/e3sconf\/abs\/2018\/26\/e3sconf_icacer2018_01009\/e3sconf_icacer2018_01009.html","title":"Analysis-based results on the delineation of prearrangement areas for marine renewable energy installations in the Western Black Sea Basin","description":"The selection of optimum places for installations and suitable solutions for the use of marine renewable energy requires a complex approach as well as a longer period of time and a spatial scale hydrodynamic characterization, which time-limited and local studies are incapable to provide. To that end, the complex monitoring and modelling approach on the evolution of large-scale marine and coastal processes in response to both direct and indirect human intervention and to natural phenomena variability is an increasingly important issue in the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and MSP implementation, all over the world. The installation of wave\/currents devices within coastal and marine areas involves the knowledge of the physical, economic and social impact of the continuous modification of the marine hydrodynamics, due to the new changes induced in the marine climate. The present work adequately takes into account the combined results of Marine Spatial Planning Directive applications within Western Black Sea Basin (WBSB). The MSP approach allows the selection of efficient areas for the installation of marine waves and currents devices converters (WECs), in relation with the potential environmental impact of adjacent MPAs, taking into account the induced strong variability of renewable devices\/convertors on the coastal processes. Recommended areas for the installation of the above-mentioned devices within highly energetic areas asked for a proper response in order to develop a detailed delineation targeting a sustainable coastal protection.","author":["Mateescu, R.","Vlasceanu, E.","Rusu, L."],"organization":["National Institute for Marine Research and Development Constanta","Maritime University of Constanta","Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2018-08-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.302194000000","29.270279000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/526","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-waves-morphodynamic-impacts-energy-extraction-tidal-stream-turbine-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118301794","title":"The influence of waves on morphodynamic impacts of energy extraction at a tidal stream turbine site in the Pentland Firth","description":"Extraction of energy from tidal streams has the potential to impact on the morphodynamics of areas such as sub-tidal sandbanks via alteration of hydrodynamics. Marine sediment transport is forced by both wave and tidal currents. Past work on tidal stream turbine impacts has largely ignored the contribution of waves. Here, a fully coupled hydrodynamic, spectral wave and sediment transport model is used to assess the importance of including waves in simulations of turbine impact on seabed morphodynamics. Assessment of this is important due to the additional expense of including waves in simulations. Focus is given to a sandbank in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth. It is found that inclusion of wave action alters hydrodynamics, although extent of alteration is dependant of wave direction. Magnitude of sediment transport is increased when waves are included in the simulations and this has implications for morphological and volumetric changes. Volumetric changes are substantially increased when wave action is included: the impact of including waves is greater than the impact of including tidal stream turbines. Therefore it is recommended that at tidal turbine array sites exposed to large swell or wind-seas, waves should be considered for inclusion in simulations of physical impact.","author":["Fairley, I.","Karunarathna, H.","Masters, I."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.716121000000","-3.115007000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/527","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/galway-bay-marine-renewable-energy-test-site-foreshore-lease-application-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.housing.gov.ie\/sites\/default\/files\/foreshore-applications\/application-documents\/marine_institute-spiddal-environmental_report.pdf","title":"Galway Bay Marine and Renewable Energy Test Site Foreshore Lease Application Environmental Report","description":"As part of the implementation of the original Ocean Energy Strategy (2006), a \u00bc scale wave energy test site has been operational in Galway Bay for 10 years. This proposed foreshore lease application for the Galway Bay Marine and Renewable Energy Test Site (MARETS) is an evolution of the original test site and will provide enhanced research capabilities and test infrastructure. The upgrade of the test site is an integral component of Ireland\u2019s OREDP and will facilitate testing and validation of various ocean energy converters and prototypes in conditions that represent \u00bc scale of the open Atlantic Ocean environment.  The proposed development will provide a national cabled test facility, to which wave energy converters can be connected during testing phases, and where other marine technologies and componentry can be tested and evaluated. The experience gained from deployment at the test site will assist commercial scale wave energy production in the future at suitable locations around the Irish Coast.","author":["The Marine Institute"],"organization":["Irish Marine Institute","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.232665000000","-9.269599000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 06:19:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/marine_institute-spiddal-environmental_report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/528","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-protection-through-wave-farms-feasibility-assessment-using-numerical-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/search.informit.com.au\/documentSummary;dn=929988672227956;res=IELENG","title":"Coastal protection through wave farms: Feasibility assessment using numerical wave modelling and parametric study","description":"The Australian government has set a 23.5% target of renewable energy by the year 2020 as part of Australia\u0027s commitment to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. CSIRO has recently produced an assessment of the ocean wave energy resource in Australia and identified the Southern Margin to be one of the most energetic areas worldwide suitable for the extraction of wave energy for electricity production. While most wave energy projects have been up to now based around single unit devices, recent projects and the long-term aim of this new industry includes deployment of multi-device wave farms, which introduces potential for such projects to provide additional benefits through coastal protection.  Port Fairy, located on the southern coast of Victoria, is home to a wave energy pilot project with BioPower Systems (BPS) having deployed their bioWAVE device at the end of 2015. In the recent years, Port Fairy has also been the subject of multiple high-level coastal processes studies in order to gain a better understanding of present and future coastal hazards.  This works aims to assess the potential for wave energy farms, comprising of a large number of wave energy converters (WEC) deployed in an array configuration, to provide coastal protection at the case study site of East Beach in Port Fairy. This assessment is performed using a modified version of an industry standard wave model (SWAN), which allows the incorporation of device-specific WEC characteristics to specify obstacle transmission. The SWAN model was calibrated against both nearshore (ADCP) and offshore (waverider buoys) wave records. The analysis investigated the influence of the number of WECs within the array on the reduction of the transmitted wave height in mild storm conditions, where WECs would be expected to operate.","author":["Flocard, F.","Hoeke, R."],"organization":["BioPower Systems","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2017-06-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.374136000000","142.261447000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/529","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-impact-beach-modal-state","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025322715000171","title":"Wave farm impact on beach modal state","description":"The extraction of wave energy by the Wave Energy Converters (WECs) forming a wave farm results in a milder wave climate in its lee, which can have an impact on coastal processes. The objective of this work is to determine whether the beach morphology can be altered by the operation of the wave farm, and if so, to quantify this alteration. For this purpose, we examine how the farm affects the modal state of the beach with reference to a baseline (no farm) scenario. The modal state is defined based on an empirical classification that accounts for wave conditions, tidal regime and sediment size. As a beach typically goes through different modal states, we determine the percentages of time in an average year corresponding to each state in the baseline scenario, and how these percentages are altered by a wave farm as a function of its distance from the coast. This methodology is illustrated through a case study: Perranporth Beach (UK), an area of great potential for wave energy development. High-resolution numerical modelling is used, with two levels of grid refinement. We find that the wave farm has a relevant impact on the modal state of the system, which passes from wave-dominated to tide-dominated during significant periods of time. The sensitivity analysis, involving three cases with the farm at distances of 2\u00a0km, 4\u00a0km and 6\u00a0km from the beach, showed that the farm-to-coast distance plays a major role. Thus, the shift from a wave- to a tide-dominated beach is exacerbated in the case of the wave farm closest to the coastline, with the submarine bar vanishing over long periods of time. We conclude that the presence of the wave farm drastically alters the morphological response of the beach, and that this alteration is strongly dependent on the farm-to-coast distance.","author":["Abanades, J.","Greaves, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.359933000000","-5.151258000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/530","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-defence-through-wave-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383914001306","title":"Coastal defence through wave farms","description":"The possibility of using wave farms for coastal defence warrants investigation because wave energy is poised to become a major renewable in many countries over the next decades. The fundamental question in this regard is whether a wave farm can be used to reduce beach erosion under storm conditions. If the answer to this question is positive, then a wave farm can have coastal defence as a subsidiary function, in addition to its primary role of producing carbon-free energy. The objective of this work is to address this question by comparing the response of a beach in the face of a storm in two scenarios: with and without the wave farm. For this comparison a set of ad hoc impact indicators is developed: the bed level impact (BLI), beach face eroded area (FEA), non-dimensional erosion reduction (NER), and mean cumulative eroded area (CEA); and their values are determined by means of two coupled models: a high-resolution wave propagation model (SWAN) and a coastal processes model (XBeach). The study is conducted through a case study: Perranporth Beach (UK). Backed by a well-developed dune system, Perranporth has a bar between \u2212\u00a05\u00a0m and \u2212\u00a010\u00a0m. The results show that the wave farm reduces the eroded volume by as much as 50% and thus contributes effectively to coastal protection. This synergy between marine renewable energy and coastal defence may well contribute to improving the viability of wave farms through savings in conventional coastal protection.\u00a0","author":["Abanades, J.","Greaves, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.359933000000","-5.151258000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/531","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-sprawl-blue-green-infrastructure-uk-perspective-issue-global-significance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901117312005","title":"From ocean sprawl to blue-green infrastructure \u2013 A UK perspective on an issue of global significance","description":"Artificial structures are proliferating in the marine environment, resulting in \u2018ocean sprawl\u2019. In light of the potential environmental impacts of this, such as habitat loss and alteration, it is becoming increasingly important to incorporate ecologically-sensitive design into artificial marine structures. The principles of eco-engineering and green infrastructure are embedded in urban planning practice for terrestrial and freshwater development projects. In marine planning, however, eco-engineering of blue-green infrastructure remains an emerging concept. This note provides a UK perspective on the progress towards uptake of eco-engineering approaches for enhancing biodiversity on artificial marine structures. We emphasise that, despite a clear \u2018policy pull\u2019 to incorporate biodiversity enhancements in marine structures, a range of proof-of-concept evidence that it is possible to achieve, and strong cross-sectoral stakeholder support, there are still few examples of truly and purposefully-designed blue-green artificial structures in the UK. We discuss the barriers that remain and propose a strategy towards effective implementation. Our strategy outlines a step-wise approach to: (1) strengthening the evidence base for what enhancements can be achieved in different scenarios; (2) improving clarity on the predicted benefits and associated costs of enhancements; (3) packaging the evidence in a useful form to support planning and decision-making; and (4) encouraging implementation as routine practice. Given that ocean sprawl is a growing problem globally, the perspective presented here provides valuable insight and lessons for other nations at their various states of progress towards this same goal.","author":["Evans, A.","Firth, L.","Hawkins, S.","Hall, A.","Ironside, J.","Thompson, R.","Moore, P."],"organization":["Aberystwyth University","Plymouth University","University of Southampton","The Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK","Bournemouth University","Edith Cowan University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/532","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expected-shoreline-effect-marine-energy-farm-operating-close-sardinia-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/11\/2303","title":"The Expected Shoreline Effect of a Marine Energy Farm Operating Close to Sardinia Island","description":"Coastal areas are defined by numerous opportunities and threats. Among them we can mention emerging renewable projects and on the other hand coastal erosion. In the present work, the impact of a generic wind\u2013wave farm on the nearshore waves and currents in the vicinity of the Porto Ferro inlet (northwest Sardinia) was assessed. Using a reanalysis wave dataset that covers a 40-year interval (1979\u20132018), the most relevant wave characteristics in the target area were identified. These can reach during winter a maximum value of 7.35 m for the significant wave height. As a next step, considering a modeling system that combines a wave model (simulating waves nearshore (SWAN)) and a surf model, the coastal impact of some generic marine energy farms defined by a transmission coefficient of 25% was assessed. According to the results corresponding to the reference sites and lines defined close to the shore, it becomes obvious that there is a clear attenuation in terms of significant wave heights, and as regards current velocities, although the general tendency for them to decrease, there are, however, some situations when the values of the nearshore current velocities can also decrease. Finally, we can mention that the presence of a marine energy farm seems to be beneficial for the beach stability in this particular coastal environment, and in some cases the transformation of the breaking waves from plunging to spilling is noticed.","author":["Onea, F.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2019-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.669884000000","8.137792000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oneaetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/533","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/does-temporal-variability-limit-standardized-biological-monitoring-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/16","title":"Does temporal variability limit standardized biological monitoring at wave and tidal energy sites?","description":"Commercial viability of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) is progressing but no national or international monitoring standards have been established for wave or tidal energy sites. Standardized monitoring within and across MRE sectors is necessary to expedite project permitting\/consenting, detect environmental impacts, and enable comparison among sites and technologies. Acoustic backscatter from a bottom-deployed platform at a pilot wave energy site off Newport, Oregon was compared to data collected at a tidal turbine site in Admiralty Inlet, Washington. Metrics that describe fish and macrozooplankton densities and vertical distributions derived from acoustic backscattered energy were compared using wavelets and Autoregressive Moving Average models (ARMA). Average density and vertical distribution values significantly differed between sites. Metrics of density and location in the water column displayed diel (24 h) and tidal (12 h) cycles. Dispersion of animals in the water column varied at 64- and 128-h periods at both sites. Applicability of methods in both sectors suggests that a standard approach to biological monitoring is possible. Stationary acoustics and analytic methods presented here can be used to characterize pre-installation conditions and refine post-installation monitoring to site-specific characteristics to ensure cost-effective detection of impacts associated with MRE development.","author":["Gonzalez, S.","Horne, J.","Ward, E."],"organization":["University of Washington","Northwest Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2019-10-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.639704000000","-124.068936000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/535","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en\u0026id=Nu-yDwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA307#v=onepage\u0026q\u0026f=false","title":"Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy","description":"This chapter summarizes the significance of renewable energy resources, their technological practices, positive and negative impacts. It also presents current energy scenario and future prospects. Projected demand of energy will increase drastically by 2030 as per findings of International Energy Agency (IEA). Renewable energy sources must be used at a massive scale, as a supplement to conventional energy sources, in order to fulfill the ever-increasing demand of energy. However, renewable forms of energy like solar, wind, hydropower, ocean, geothermal, and biofuels are not completely environment friendly, since they do have their impacts on biodiversity, soil, aquatic environments, marine life, air quality, and even human health. However, in comparison to the conventional sources of energy, their negative impacts on environment are quite meager, in most cases these sources of energy production proved to be carbon neutral and in some cases carbon negative. The chapter concludes that reliance on renewable forms of energy for power generation, will become indispensable for a sustainable future.","author":["Mazhar, N.","Zia, S."],"organization":["National University of Singapore"],"originationDate":"2019-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/536","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-wave-energy-farm-protecting-aquaculture-installation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/8\/2109","title":"The Effect of a Wave Energy Farm Protecting an Aquaculture Installation","description":"This paper assesses the impact of a farm of wave energy converters on a nearby offshore aquaculture installation and on the nearshore dynamics. The coastal area targeted is Agu\u00e7adoura, located in the north of Portugal, where the world\u2019s first wave farm operated in 2008. The study is focused mainly on the evaluation of the sheltering effect provided by the wave farm to the aquaculture cages. Furthermore, the possible impact on the coastal wave climate of such an energy park is also evaluated. These objectives are accomplished by performing simulations, corresponding to the wave conditions, which are more often encountered in that coastal environment. The SWAN model (Simulating WAves Nearshore) was adopted for this. Various transmission scenarios are considered to account for the impact of different types of wave converter farms on the downwave conditions. The results show that such a wave energy park might have a clear positive impact on the wave conditions fish farm installed downwave and it might also have a beneficial influence on shoreline dynamics from the perspective of coastal protection.","author":["Silva, D.","Rusu, E.","Soares, C."],"organization":["Centre for Marine Technology and Engineering (CENTEC)","Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2018-08-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.165481000000","-8.709160000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-29 10:20:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/537","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/powering-blue-economy-exploring-opportunities-marine-renewable-energy-maritime-markets","sourceURL":"","title":"Powering the Blue Economy: Exploring Opportunities for Marine Renewable Energy in Maritime Markets","description":"The blue economy is an emerging sector that will require energy to allow many scientific and commercial endeavors to reach their potential. The U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office seeks to understand marine and coastal opportunities for which marine energy could fulfill those energy needs. This report documents the material gathered during a year-long fact-finding effort engaging users and developers, through literature review, workshops, interviews, and national lab analyses, as well as a Request for Information process. Each market was assessed by a set of common analyses: opportunity summary; application description and power requirements; market description, power options, and geographic relevance; marine energy potential value proposition; and path forward including research and development needs and potential partners. The major finding is that there are more markets with potential than anticipated, both for Power at Sea (including ocean observation and navigation, underwater vehicle charging, marine aquaculture, marine algae, and seawater mining), and Resilient Coastal Communities (including desalination, coastal resiliency and disaster recovery, and community-scale isolated power systems). The enabling attributes of marine energy resources include that they are abundant, geographically diverse, energy dense, predictable, and complementary to other energy sources. This report can help direct analysis and research and development efforts by government, scientists, developers, and other stakeholders to more deeply understand and meet specific technical and economic requirements to power emerging opportunities in the blue economy.","author":["LiVecchi, A.","Copping, A.","Jenne, D.","Gorton, A.","Preus, R.","Gill, G.","Robichaud, R.","Green, R.","Geerlofs, S.","Gore, S.","Hume, D.","McShane, W.","Schmaus, C.","Spence, H."],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-13 05:45:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PoweringTheBlueEconomy_73355-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/538","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tethys-knowledge-management-system-working-advance-marine-renewable-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/37","title":"Tethys knowledge management system: Working to advance the marine renewable energy industry","description":"Development of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry has been challenged by uncertainty about potential environmental effects, which has resulted in slowing of permitting\/consenting processes, and ultimately to constraints on the industry. These challenges result from a lack of sufficient devices in the water from which to learn, a dearth of quality monitoring data, and a lack of accessibility to information about these effects in general. This paper describes an ongoing process to improve understanding of the environmental effects of MRE through a public, online knowledge management system developed by the U.S. Department of Energy, known as Tethys (https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov). Tethys collects and curates relevant documents while supporting a diverse international community through intentional outreach and synthesis activities, many of which support an international collaboration under the IEA Ocean Energy System\u2019s Annex IV. After eight years of operation, Tethys is internationally recognized and viewed as a trusted broker of information, with over 50,000 visitors annually. Tethys has provided clarity around environmental effects during a critical time in the industry when deployments are increasing in size and frequency.","author":["Whiting, J.","Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Woodbury, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Whiting-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/539","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-hydro-environmental-impacts-tidal-range-renewable-energy-projects-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1142\/9789813204027_0055","title":"Modeling Hydro-environmental Impacts of Tidal Range Renewable Energy Projects in Coastal Waters","description":"Details are given of the growing worldwide interest in tidal renewable energy projects, including tidal stream devices and tidal range structures (i.e. barrages and lagoons), but the main emphasis in this chapter is on tidal range renewable energy structures. In investigating the hydro-environmental impacts of such tidal energy schemes, both for regional and far field effects, a 2D numerical model has been refined to predict the hydrodynamic impacts, including wake effects and flood risk and hazard impacts, and changes in the concentration distribution of conservative and nonconservative solutes, including primarily salinity, turbidity, fecal indicator organisms, and phosphorous and nitrogen levels. The model has been applied to a number of key sites and particularly in the Severn Estuary, UK, which has the second highest tidal range worldwide. The key schemes considered and reported herein include: (i) a series of lagoons along the North Wales coast and (ii) a barrage across the mouth of the Severn Estuary. The main findings are that: (i) two-way generation offers the best options for maintaining the current conditions in the region as closely as possible, (ii) boundary conditions need to be generated from the Continental Shelf, (iii) momentum conservation is crucial for turbine representation, (iv)lagoons interact with one another, reducing efficiency, (v) the design of turbine distribution is critical for optimum efficiency and minimal environmental change.","author":["Falconer, R.","Angeloudis, A.","Ahmadian, R."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.455375000000","-3.067048000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/541","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ensuring-co-benefits-biodiversity-climate-change-sustainable-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98681-4_9","title":"Ensuring Co-benefits for Biodiversity, Climate Change and Sustainable Development","description":"Significant investments are required by Parties to the three Rio Conventions\u2014Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), as well as the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda), to meet the ambitious goals that countries have agreed to. When the development of national and subnational frameworks to meet global commitments are conducted in isolation, the opportunity is lost to: (1) leverage co-benefits from the same investment; (2) use resources more efficiently; and (3) ensure that one action does not negatively affect another policy priority. For example, investments in greenhouse gas reduction have the potential either to positively impact biodiversity and sustainable development, or to result in unintended negative consequences; chances of positive synergies are greatly increased by cooperation and joint policy, planning and implementation. The challenge now is to learn lessons from the vast and diverse number of approaches being tried around the world and to enhance co-benefits. This paper describes the major inter-linkages between global commitments for conservation and development. It demonstrates the importance of enhancing synergies among global agreements and avoiding unintended and negative consequences, particularly on biodiversity, by providing examples of best practices and describing some of the pitfalls that occur when implementation of one agreement does not explicitly seek to enhance co-benefits with other agreements. In conclusion, the paper presents the case for the central role of nature-based solutions in simultaneously attaining global commitments for biodiversity, climate change and sustainable development.","author":["Smith, R.","Guevara, O.","Wenzel, L.","Dudley, N.","Petrone-Mendoza, V.","Cadena, M.","Rhodes, A."],"organization":["International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)","World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)","Equilibrium Research","University of Queensland","Mexico - UNDP","Pronatura M\u00e9xico"],"originationDate":"2018-08-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/542","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-densities-associated-structural-elements-oil-gas-platforms-southern-california","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/2019\/00000095\/00000004\/art00009","title":"Fish densities associated with structural elements of oil and gas platforms in southern California","description":"There are thousands of offshore oil and gas platforms worldwide that will eventually become obsolete, and one popular decommissioning alternative is the \u0022rigs to reefs\u0022 conversion that designates all or a portion of the underwater infrastructure as an artificial reef, thereby reducing the burden of infrastructure removal. The unique architecture of each platform may influence the size and structure of the associated fish assemblage if different structural elements form distinct habitats for fishes. Using scuba survey data from 11 southern California platforms from 1995 to 2000, we examined fish assemblages associated with structural elements of the structure, including the major horizontal crossbeams outside of the jacket, vertical jacket legs, and horizontal crossbeams that span the jacket interior. Patterns of habitat association were examined among three depth zones: shallow (26 m); and between two life stages: young- of-the-year and non-young-of-the-year. Fish densities tended to be greatest along horizontal beams spanning the jacket interior, relative to either horizontal or vertical beams along the jacket exterior, indicating that the position of the habitat within the overall structure is an important characteristic affecting fish habitat use. Fish densities were also higher in transects centered directly over a vertical or horizontal beam relative to transects that did not contain a structural element. These results contribute to the understanding of fish habitat use on existing artificial reefs, and can inform platform decommissioning decisions as well as the design of new offshore structures intended to increase fish production.","author":["Meyer-Gutbrod, E.","Kui, L.","Nishimoto, M.","Love, M.","Schroeder, D.","Miller, R."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.545801000000","-120.094692000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/543","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coexistence-dilemmas-european-marine-spatial-planning-practices-case-marine-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421516303706","title":"Coexistence dilemmas in European marine spatial planning practices. The case of marine renewables and marine protected areas","description":"The question whether coexistence of marine renewable energy (MRE) projects and marine protected areas (MPAs) is a common spatial policy in Europe and how a number of factors can affect it, has been addressed by empirical research undertaken in eleven European marine areas. Policy drivers and objectives that are assumed to affect coexistence, such as the fulfillment of conservation objectives and the prioritization of other competing marine uses, were scored by experts and predictions were crosschecked with state practice. While in most areas MRE-MPA coexistence is not prohibited by law, practice indicates resistance towards it. Furthermore expert judgment demonstrated that a number of additional factors, such as the lack of suitable space for MRE projects and the uncertainty about the extent of damage by MRE to the MPA, might influence the intentions of the two major parties involved (i.e. the MRE developer and the MPA authority) to pursue or avoid coexistence. Based on these findings, the interactions of these two players are further interpreted, their policy implications are discussed, while the need towards efficient, fair and acceptable MRE-MPA coexistence is highlighted.","author":["Kyriazi, Z.","Maes, F.","Degraer, S."],"organization":["Ghent University","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/544","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integration-wave-energy-other-marine-renewable-energy-sources-needs-coastal-societies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1759313116683962","title":"Integration of wave energy and other marine renewable energy sources with the needs of coastal societies","description":"Marine renewable energy has the potential to solve both the energy-security and coastal-protection problems affecting coastal societies. In this article, the potential benefits arising from the combination of marine renewable energy technologies with infrastructural needs for coastal protection and other local needs are analysed. Classifications of technologies are developed to inform future coastal planning. Explanations of the resources and technologies are presented in layperson\u2019s term. The threat of coastal inundation under climate-change scenarios is a major global issue. The investment in new infrastructure demanded by cities, ports and communities at risk of inundation could very substantially reduce the levelised cost of electricity from renewable sources, provided the infrastructure is designed with the dual purpose of power generation and coastal protection. Correspondingly, the sale of electricity from such infrastructure could defray the long-term cost of installing coastal protection. Furthermore, many marine renewable energy technologies provide a platform on which other forms of renewable energy generation could be mounted. It is noted that the complex geophysical and engineering issues arising from this opportunity must be assessed considering socio-economic factors.","author":["Manasseh, R.","Sannasiraj, S.","McInnes, K.","Sundar, V.","Jalihal, P."],"organization":["Swinburne University of Technology","Indian Institute of Technology Madras","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","National Institute of Ocean Technology"],"originationDate":"2017-01-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/547","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-numerical-investigation-wake-interactions-marine-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/16\/3188","title":"Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Wake Interactions of Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"To study the performance and environmental impacts of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine arrays, we carry out an investigation based on laboratory experiments and numerical models able to resolve the dynamics of turbulent wake interactions and their effects on the river bed. We investigate a scaled Sabella D10 mounted on a mobile bed for a single and two aligned turbines, measuring the flow velocity, the rotor angular velocity, and the scour on the sediment bed. Numerical simulations are performed using a detached-eddy simulation (DES) turbulence model coupled with the blade-element momentum (BEM) approach, which can capture the mean flow and resolve the dynamics of turbulent coherent structures in the wakes. The simulations show a good agreement on the velocity statistics obtained experimentally. Power and thrust coefficients for the downstream turbine show an average decrease and a larger variability due to the turbulent intensity produced by the upstream turbine, as compared to the single turbine case. Results of this investigation also provide a framework to assess the predictive capabilities, scope, and applicability of computational models parameterizing the turbines using BEM, for testing different turbine designs and siting strategies within the MHK array.  Click here for more about Sabella D10 tidal turbine at Ushant Island.","author":["Gotelli, C.","Musa, M.","Guala, M.","Escauriaza, C."],"organization":["Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)","University of Minnesota"],"originationDate":"2019-08-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.437537100000","-5.059855700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-16 06:24:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/energies-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/548","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vertical-distribution-juvenile-salmon-large-turbid-river","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fwspubs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.3996\/022019-JFWM-008","title":"Vertical Distribution of Juvenile Salmon in a Large Turbid River","description":"Very little is known about the vertical distribution of downstream-migrating juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in large rivers. This knowledge is important for understanding the potential interactions of fishes with in-river hydrokinetic devices, which harness a river\u0027s energy by spinning a turbine to produce electrical current without damming or impounding water. Currently, development projects for hydrokinetic devices are being considered in several rural Alaskan communities, including the Tanana River, near Nenana, AK. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the vertical distribution of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, and chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, in the Tanana River, at a site (bottom depth ~8, channel width ~150 m) where future hydrokinetic turbines may be deployed. Using a suspended wing-less fyke net system during diurnal periods (0800-1800), juveniles of all three species were found at all depths of the water column and no significant differences in catch-per-unit-effort among four depth categories (surface, mid-water, deep water, bottom water) were found. The occurrence of juvenile salmon throughout the water column indicates that they may interact with hydrokinetic devices, regardless of the depth at which they are deployed. Future research should more comprehensively characterize fish distribution patterns and describe the outcomes of fish\/turbine interactions to inform practices aimed at reducing potentially deleterious impacts of hydrokinetic devices on juvenile Pacific salmon.","author":["Jump, S.","Courtney, M.","Seitz, A."],"organization":["University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["64.936878200000","-150.566789000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/549","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-hydraulic-effect-hydrokinetic-energy-extraction-tanana-river-alaska","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40722-019-00142-x","title":"Measuring the hydraulic effect of hydrokinetic energy extraction in the Tanana River, Alaska","description":"During two field seasons, a 1.93\u00a0m diameter, open-center style, hydrokinetic device was deployed from a pontoon barge in the Tanana River, in Alaska. Near-surface velocity was roughly 1.7\u00a0m\/s and 2\u00a0m\/s at the deployment site during September 2014 and July 2015, respectively. Velocity and turbulence were measured in the vicinity of the turbine location using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and an acoustic Doppler current profiler in order to characterize the impact of the turbine on river hydraulics and turbulence. ADV measurements showed velocities being 97.8% recovered within 18.1 turbine diameters and fully recovered within 20.7 turbine diameters. ADV measurements also indicate a 520% increase in turbulence intensity at 2.6 turbine diameters downstream which appeared to resolve within 20.7 turbine diameters.","author":["Edgerly, E.","Ravens, T."],"organization":["University of Alaska Anchorage"],"originationDate":"2019-08-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["64.936878200000","-150.566789000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/550","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-ecology-biological-responses-wild-fishes-relative-hydropower-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/curve.carleton.ca\/3f747114-6a90-4b9c-90fd-31b91f2b902c","title":"The Spatial Ecology and Biological Responses of Wild Fishes Relative to Hydropower Development on the Winnipeg River","description":"Wild fish population are often impounded by hydropower dams, which can restrict migration and habitat requirements, while making fishes susceptible to deleterious harm from entrainment through spillways and turbines, stranding from dewatering, as well as hydrokinetic developments that are being proposed for installment within tailraces. With applying acoustic biotelemetry and using model selection, I investigated the spatial ecology and biological responses from Lake Sturgeon and Walleye relative to hydropower developments on a large river. The results in chapter 2 document the spatial ecology of wild fishes within a run-of-river impoundment. In chapter 3, biotelemetry was used to investigate the risk of impacts from hydrokinetic turbines on wild fishes. This information will help to enhance management for Lake Sturgeon and Walleye populations that are impounded due to hydropower developments, and help guide best practices for commercial operations for hydrokinetic turbines that are placed within tailraces of hydropower stations.","author":["Struthers, D."],"organization":["Carleton University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.125865000000","-96.026343000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/551","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-riverine-hydrokinetic-turbine-operations-relative-spatial-ecology-wild","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/24705357.2017.1287530","title":"Evaluating riverine hydrokinetic turbine operations relative to the spatial ecology of wild fishes","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines (HTs) are being proposed for placement in riverine landscapes around the globe. Here, we implanted 40 adult lake sturgeon and 40 adult walleye with acoustic telemetry transmitters to monitor their lateral and vertical space use at the Canadian Hydrokinetic Turbine Testing Centre (CHTTC) located in the Seven Sisters Generating station (GS) tailrace on the Winnipeg River, Manitoba. Specifically, we tested whether fish behaviour was influenced by the operation of HTs relative to control periods, and estimate the threat of HTs towards lake sturgeon and walleye across seasons. The behaviour and habitat use of both species was not influenced by HT operations. Greater numbers of walleye were present when the discharge rate was \u2265 950 m3s\u20131, which is \u2265 77 m3s\u20131 greater than the average discharge rate (873 m3s\u20131) measured during the study period. Given the patterns of seasonal residency, movement, and depth use, lake sturgeon appeared more prone to interacting with HTs during spring and early summer months (i.e. May and June), whereas risk to walleye would be highest throughout the summer and autumn months. In the vicinity of the acoustic receivers, available habitat (areas with large boulders, and transitions between swift flow in the channel and slacker water near the shoreline) was used significantly more often by walleye than lake sturgeon. Lake sturgeon utilized similar depths where HTs would be installed (i.e. \u2265 6.5 m), while walleye commonly occupied shallower depths at the HT testing centre making the former more susceptible to interactions with substrate-HT\u0027s. Collectively, these are some of the first field-based results on fish behaviour and ecology while a riverine-HT is in operation. The findings present useful information to help guide best practices for commercial scale HT operations within river systems where lake sturgeon and walleye reside.","author":["Struthers, D.","Gutowsky, L.","Enders, E.","Smokorowski, K.","Watkinson, D.","Bibeau, E.","Cooke, S."],"organization":["Carleton University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","University of Manitoba"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.125865000000","-96.026343000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/552","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-energy-conversion-systems-technology-status-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114008624","title":"Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems: A technology status review","description":"Hydrokinetic energy conversion systems are the electromechanical devices that convert kinetic energy of river streams, tidal currents, man-made water channels or waves into electricity without using a special head and impoundment. This new technology became popular especially in the last two decades and needs to be well investigated. In this study, the hydrokinetic energy conversion systems were reviewed broadly. They have been categorized into two main groups as current and wave energy conversion devices. Their technology, working principles, environmental impacts, source potential, advantages, drawbacks and related issues were detailed.","author":["Yuce, M.","Muratoglu, A."],"organization":["University of Gaziantep","Batman University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/553","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/river-tidal-ocean-current-hydrokinetic-energy-technologies-status-future-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acep.uaf.edu\/media\/172246\/2010_11_1_State_of_the_Art_Hydrokinetic_Final.pdf","title":"River, Tidal, and Ocean Current Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies: Status and Future Opportunities in Alaska","description":"This report outlines the status of hydrokinetic power generation technology, the expected trajectory of improvement over the next five years, and recommended actions the state can take to accelerate this technology field. The report is based on numerous sources as well as data collected by ACEP over the past year at a hydrokinetic research site in Nenana, Alaska. Turbines placed directly in river, ocean, or tidal current generate hydrokinetic power from the kinetic energy of moving water (current). The available hydrokinetic power is a function of the density of the water and the speed of the current cubed. The minimum current required to operate a hydrokinetic device is typically 2\u20134 knots (1\u20132 m\/s), but optimal currents are in the 5\u20137 knot (1.5\u20133.5 m\/s) range. The Alaska region contains about 40% of the total U.S. river energy resource, 90% of the total U.S. tidal energy resource, and 40% of the U.S. continental shelf wave energy resource. Hydrokinetic turbines have frequently been discussed as an option for generating power in communities located along Alaska\u2019s major river systems, and for tidal energy applications in Cook Inlet and coastal Southeast Alaska.\n\nChallenges to developing a commercial hydrokinetic industry in Alaska include determining the technological, operational, and economic viability of hydrokinetic turbines, meeting permitting requirements, and gaining stakeholder acceptance. Hydrokinetic technology can be affected by debris, sediment, frazil, and surface ice; river dynamics (turbulence, current velocity, channel stability); and the interaction of turbine operations with fish and marine mammals and their habitat. The question of turbineoperation impacts on the aquatic environment is one of the major issues that will determine stakeholder and permitting agency views toward this new technology. The 2010 hydrokinetic turbine demonstrations conducted at Ruby and Eagle were significantly adversely affected by in-river debris floating on the surface and neutrally buoyant debris. These experiences indicate that developing technology to mitigate debris problems will need to be a high priority for practical hydrokinetic power production.\n\nAlaska is well positioned to facilitate river and marine hydrokinetic technology (RMHT) as it transitions from emerging to developed technology over the next five to ten years, by building on current and planned national and state structures. These structures include the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE, formerly the Minerals Management Service), the Department of Energy, and the Denali Commission, as well as Alaska state funding support for renewable energy projects and development of emerging technologies and research.","author":["Johnson, J.","Pride, D."],"organization":["Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP)","Alaska Energy Authority"],"originationDate":"2010-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["65.105982000000","-151.450173000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Johnson_Pride_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/554","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/securing-just-space-small-scale-fisheries-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00171\/full","title":"Securing a Just Space for Small-Scale Fisheries in the Blue Economy","description":"The vast developmental opportunities offered by the world\u2019s coasts and oceans have attracted the attention of governments, private enterprises, philanthropic organizations, and international conservation organizations. High-profile dialogue and policy decisions on the future of the ocean are informed largely by economic and ecological research. Key insights from the social sciences raise concerns for food and nutrition security, livelihoods and social justice, but these have yet to gain traction with investors and the policy discourse on transforming ocean governance. The largest group of ocean-users \u2013 women and men who service, fish and trade from small-scale fisheries (SSF) \u2013 argue that they have been marginalized from the dialogue between international environmental and economic actors that is determining strategies for the future of the ocean. Blue Economy or Blue Growth initiatives see the ocean as the new economic frontier and imply an alignment with social objectives and SSF concerns. Deeper analysis reveals fundamental differences in ideologies, priorities and approaches. We argue that SSF are being subtly and overtly squeezed for geographic, political and economic space by larger scale economic and environmental conservation interests, jeopardizing the substantial benefits SSF provide through the livelihoods of millions of women and men, for the food security of around four billion consumers globally, and in the developing world, as a key source of micro-nutrients and protein for over a billion low-income consumers. Here, we bring insights from social science and SSF to explore how ocean governance might better account for social dimensions of fisheries.","author":["Cohen, P.","Allison, E.","Andrew, N.","Cinner, J.","Evans, L.","Fabinyi, M.","Garces, L.","Hall, S.","Hicks, C.","Hughes, T.","Jentoft, S.","Mills, D.","Masu, R.","Mbaru, E.","Ratner, B."],"organization":["WorldFish","James Cook University","University of Washington","University of Wollongong","University of Exeter","University of Technology Sydney","Lancaster University","Stanford University","The University of Troms\u00f8","Solomon Islands Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources","Kenya Marine \u0026 Fisheries Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2019-04-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/555","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-acceptance-marine-renewable-energy-malaysia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421513009774","title":"Public Acceptance of Marine Renewable Energy in Malaysia","description":"Research and development (R\u0026D) on marine renewable energy (MRE) in Malaysia is still in its initial stage. It is crucial to know the level of acceptance of MRE among Malaysians in order to push the technology forward. A survey was conducted to investigate public acceptance of MRE in SS2, Petaling Jaya. In addition, a face-to-face interview was conducted to understand the concerns of an investor about investing in renewable energy (RE) projects. The results of analysis showed that 82.8% of the respondents support MRE implementation in Malaysia. However, 56.8% of the respondents are reluctant to pay for green electricity. The reason is directly linked to the NIMBYist (NIMBY= Not in My Backyard) attitudes of Malaysian citizens. They are unwilling to support green energy by involving themselves, participating or paying money. Furthermore, the interviewee, on behalf of investors, expressed some opinions on concerns about investment in RE projects. Several ministries and departments are suggested as being important in MRE development.","author":["Lim, X.","Lam, W."],"organization":["University of Malaya"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["3.137018000000","101.597744000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/558","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-damage-live-v-euthanized-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-smolts-passage-through","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jfb.13596","title":"Comparison of damage to live v. euthanized Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts from passage through an Archimedean screw turbine","description":"This study assessed the usefulness of passing euthanized Atlantic salmon\u00a0Salmo salar\u00a0smolts through an Archimedean screw turbine to test for external damage, as compared with live, actively swimming smolts. Scale loss was the only observed effect. Severe scale loss was 5\u00b79 times more prevalent in euthanized turbine\u2010passed fish (45%) than the live fish (7\u00b76%). Additionally, distinctive patterns of scale loss, consistent with grinding between the turbine helices and housing trough, were observed in 35% of euthanized turbine\u2010passed smolts. This distinctive pattern of scale loss was not seen in live turbine\u2010passed smolts, nor in control groups (live and euthanized smolts released downstream of the turbine), which suggests that the altered behaviour of dead fish in turbine flows generates biased injury outcomes.","author":["Brackley, R.","Lucas, M.","Thomas, R.","Adams, C.","Bean, C."],"organization":["University of Glasgow","Durham University"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.248215000000","-2.667664000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/565","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-ecological-modelling-marine-spatial-planning-enhance-ecosystem-based-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18300812","title":"Using ecological modelling in marine spatial planning to enhance ecosystem-based management","description":"Growing awareness of the role of marine spatial planning (MSP) in promoting sustainable development and ecosystem-based management highlights the need to use decision-support tools, and specifically ecological modelling tools, to consider the future impact of planning and management on the marine environment. However, how these tools can be incorporated into planning and their expected contribution is not always clear. Here, an Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecospace food-web model was used in a hypothetical planning process to examine the integration of food-web tools in specific stages of MSP. The model was used to examine spatial alternatives and management strategies for Orot Rabin coastal infrastructure facility in the Israeli Mediterranean coast, in an attempt to assess how such facilities might promote marine conservation. The results revealed the effect of different management protocols on the ecosystem, and provide the maximum allowable catch for sustaining the biomass of vulnerable fish species in the area, which can be used in MSP to address specific marine conservation goals. The model led to counterintuitive understandings regarding the management of the area. It demonstrated that intensive development under specific management strategies may promote conservation goals better than some management strategies directed towards ecological and recreational purposes. This study confirms the potential usefulness of food-web models for MSP; it specifies the stages and means by which planners can use models. Furthermore, it is suggested that tool\u0027s development should be planning-oriented and should include more applications to serve planners who aim to promote ecosystem-based management and marine conservation goals.","author":["Shabtay, A.","Portman, M.","Ofir, E.","Carmel, Y.","Gal, G."],"organization":["Technion Israel Institute for Technology"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.024162000000","34.810616000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-benthic-habitat-conditions-seafloor-deposits-using-sediment-profile-imaging","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-28878-MS","title":"Mapping Benthic Habitat Conditions and Seafloor Deposits Using Sediment Profile Imaging and a Semiautomated Image Processing System","description":"Sediment profile imaging (SPI) technology characterizes in situ physical, geochemical, and biological seafloor features. SPI was required by Mexico\u2019s Agency for Safety, Energy, and Environment in 2017 for environmental baseline surveys (EBS) of oil lease blocks in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Because of its ability to provide information on benthic community health and the distribution of very thin (down to the centimeter scale) layers of deposited materials, SPI technology is highly effective for mapping drill cuttings or drilling muds released around wellheads during exploration or production and documenting their ecological impacts. SPI technology has not been widely used in the oil and gas industry for EBS or other monitoring activities. A primary objective of this work is to improve the transparency and consistency of the SPI data generation and data management process.","author":["Revelas, E.","Sackmann, B.","Thurlow, A.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2019-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/567","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-potential-emf-effects-fish-species-commercial-or-recreational-fishing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/BOEM_2019-049.pdf","title":"Evaluation of Potential EMF Effects on Fish Species of Commercial or Recreational Fishing Importance in Southern New England","description":"The development of offshore wind technology along the Atlantic coast of the United States (U.S.) has raised public concern about the potential effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) from undersea power cables on commercially and recreationally important fish species. This white paper provides a summary of the currently available science that addresses the potential effects of EMF from undersea power cables associated with offshore wind energy projects on fish species of concern. This summary has been developed to help the commercial and recreational fishing communities who have concern about the effect of EMF on fish. The report summarizes what is currently known about EMF issues, addresses common concerns and misconceptions, and provides background information about EMF in the environment and the relevance of EMF to fish species of concern in the southern New England area.  Public concern revolves around the potential impacts on fishes from EMF generated by the undersea power cables associated with offshore wind energy projects. Concerns include: \u2022 Identification of species most and least likely to be affected by EMF; \u2022 Potential EMF impacts on different species groups (e.g., closer to the surface [pelagic] or closer to the seafloor [demersal]); \u2022 Potential EMF impacts on fishes during different life stages and behavioral activities (e.g., predation, mating, navigation); \u2022 Cumulative or long-term impacts from EMF; \u2022 Effectiveness of mitigation measures; \u2022 European experience regarding fish impacts from EMF offshore wind energy projects; and \u2022 Characterization of the existing ocean habitat regarding EMF levels.  The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) has completed multiple studies examining EMF issues and funded several field studies investigating the effects of EMF, the most recent of which include crab harvest and eel behavior. Other agencies and organizations worldwide also have funded studies and workshops to obtain additional data and understand the current level of knowledge regarding potential impacts on marine life from EMF. The current state of knowledge on this topic is summarized below.","author":["Snyder, D.","Bailey, W.","Palmquist, K.","Cotts, B.","Olsen, K."],"organization":["US Department of the Interior (DOI)","BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.824635600000","-70.979638600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Snyderetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/568","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-spatiotemporal-abundance-mobile-wildlife-highly-variable-environments-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ece3.4738","title":"Modeling spatiotemporal abundance of mobile wildlife in highly variable environments using boosted GAMLSS hurdle models","description":"Modeling organism distributions from survey data involves numerous statistical challenges, including accounting for zero\u2010inflation, overdispersion, and selection and incorporation of environmental covariates. In environments with high spatial and temporal variability, addressing these challenges often requires numerous assumptions regarding organism distributions and their relationships to biophysical features. These assumptions may limit the resolution or accuracy of predictions resulting from survey\u2010based distribution models. We propose an iterative modeling approach that incorporates a negative binomial hurdle, followed by modeling of the relationship of organism distribution and abundance to environmental covariates using generalized additive models (GAM) and generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Our approach accounts for key features of survey data by separating binary (presence\u2010absence) from count (abundance) data, separately modeling the mean and dispersion of count data, and incorporating selection of appropriate covariates and response functions from a suite of potential covariates while avoiding overfitting. We apply our modeling approach to surveys of sea duck abundance and distribution in Nantucket Sound (Massachusetts, USA), which has been proposed as a location for offshore wind energy development. Our model results highlight the importance of spatiotemporal variation in this system, as well as identifying key habitat features including distance to shore, sediment grain size, and seafloor topographic variation. Our work provides a powerful, flexible, and highly repeatable modeling framework with minimal assumptions that can be broadly applied to the modeling of survey data with high spatiotemporal variability. Applying GAMLSS models to the count portion of survey data allows us to incorporate potential overdispersion, which can dramatically affect model results in highly dynamic systems. Our approach is particularly relevant to systems in which little a priori knowledge is available regarding relationships between organism distributions and biophysical features, since it incorporates simultaneous selection of covariates and their functional relationships with organism responses.","author":["Smith, A.","Hofner, B.","Lamb, J.","Osenkowski, J.","Allison, T.","Sadoti, G.","McWilliams, S.","Paton, P."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","Friedrich\u2013Alexander University Erlangen\u2013N\u00fcrnberg","Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management","American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI)","University of Nevada"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.514214000000","-70.411216000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith_et_al-2019-Ecology_and_Evolution.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/569","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fisheries-marine-renewable-energy-interactions-summary-report-scoping-workshop-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation\u0026hl=en\u0026user=xvzIWaoAAAAJ\u0026citation_for_view=xvzIWaoAAAAJ:eQOLeE2rZwMC","title":"Fisheries and marine renewable energy interactions: A summary report on a scoping workshop for the Marine Renewable Energy Knowledge Exchange Programme","description":"The Fisheries and Marine Renewable Energy Working Group (funded by MREKEP a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Knowledge Exchange programme), and co-ordinated by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy (MarCoPol), at Plymouth University, carried out an initial scoping exercise on the interactions of fisheries and marine renewable energy.  Through discussion and closer liaison, this working group aims to promote better understanding of the challenges in resolving interactions between fisheries and marine renewable energy focussing on measures to improve co-existence of the two sectors.  The key objectives of the group are:    To facilitate engagement between scientists, energy companies and fishing organisations and promote sharing of knowledge focussing on issues of common concern.  To develop best practice for quantifying ecological, social and economic impacts of displacement and design of mitigation measures for the whole life cycle of energy projects.  To reduce lead times for integration of novel science into best practice and ensure future research is appropriately scoped and focussed on resolving challenges faced by marine space users.","author":["Rodwell, L.","Campbell, M.","de Groot, J.","Ashley, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/570","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-risks-marine-mammal-populations-renewable-energy-devices-interim-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/266285973_Assessing_the_risks_to_marine_mammal_populations_from_renewable_energy_devices_an_interim_approach","title":"Assessing the risks to marine mammal populations from renewable energy devices: an interim approach","description":"The Joint Nature Conservation Committee, the Countryside Council for Wales and NERC Knowledge Exchange Programme commissioned a workshop to develop discussions on the risks from renewable energy devices to marine mammal populations (see Appendix I for the agenda and Appendix II for the list of participants). The Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (SNCBs) have identified a need for a framework to enable the assessment of risk of impacts on marine mammal populations arising from disturbance and mortality caused by the installation and operation of marine renewables (offshore wind, wave and tidal). Up to the present date, consenting decisions involving considerations of impact to marine mammals have been made based on the premise that small scale individual wind farms or demonstration wave and tidal projects will not carry a risk to the Favourable Conservation Status (FCS) of populations nor to the integrity of Natura 2000 sites. In some cases, the risks to marine mammal populations posed by tidal stream projects have been reduced to acceptable limits by defining collision thresholds.  The SNCBs have advised the regulators that the evidence in this field is very limited and that it is becoming increasingly difficult to advise on new developments without a transparent, logical, repeatable and biologically relevant framework for assessing likely impacts and (if needed) managing the risk of impacts to marine mammal populations. Current advice to regulators and developers is based on limited evidence within a context of potential negative impacts on populations of marine mammals, particularly those that could arise from the cumulative effects of several large scale developments or multiple novel technologies combined with other ongoing pressures. The rapid expansion in the number and scale of offshore renewable developments combined with the precautionary principle required to assess likely impacts and the lack of a thorough understanding of the actual effects is resulting in consenting challenges that reinforce the need for an assessment framework. These challenges are likely to be most significant for developments within the range of small, semi-resident populations and for multiple developments with the potential to impact cumulatively on marine mammal populations. As a consequence SNCB advice to industry and regulators is likely to be provided on a very precautionary basis.  To progress this issue, a workshop was hosted to consider and assess the challenges that stakeholders are currently facing when having to determine and manage the risks of renewable energy devices to marine mammal populations. The aim of this workshop was to explore the development of a UK based framework, appropriate for assessing mortality and disturbance impacts 2 | Page on marine mammal populations, arising from the installation and operation of offshore renewables. The workshop gathered academics, regulators, nature conservation advisory bodies and industry to agree on an approach that is appropriate to the issues and populations of concern. In particular, the aim of the workshop was to reach agreement on the questions that need answering and their regulatory context, to identify and discuss the available data and assumptions, to discuss and identify the most appropriate modelling approaches and to explore the scenarios and levels of impact to be considered.","author":["Lusseau, D.","Christiansen, F.","Harwood, J.","Mendes, S.","Thompson, P.","Smith, K.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of St Andrews","Countryside Council for Wales","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lusseau_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/571","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecosystem-service-mapping-severn-estuary-inner-bristol-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ecosystemsknowledge.net\/sites\/default\/files\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ecosystem_service_mapping_in_the_Severn_estuary_and_inner_Bristol_Channel_Final_29_5.pdf","title":"Ecosystem service mapping in the Severn estuary and inner Bristol Channel","description":"This Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Renewable Energy Knowledge Exchange funded project, conducted in partnership between Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the RSPB aimed to: Assess and map delivery of key ecosystem services (ES) within the greater Severn estuary and Bristol Channel (Figure 1).  Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from the natural environment. The habitats within the Severn estuary and inner Bristol Channel provide significant resources from cycling and storage of carbon through to flood prevention, income from recreational activities and inspiration for cultural activities. The outputs of the project provide a new set of ideas and material to aid better informed decision making in the greater Severn.  The scope of the project was to utilise the three month project period to take a broad scale approach to identify priority locations for the supply of key ES. Gaps in knowledge and barriers to assessment (limitations) were highlighted to aid future projects and target future research to support ES assessment in the Severn and inner Bristol Channel region. Identification of hotspots for key ES was intended to provide developers, regulators and other stakeholders with an insight into locations and importance of these sites and begin to provide a baseline to examine future benefits and dis-benefits from developments.  Project Objectives: 1. Identify and assess five key ES and related activities provided within the greater Severn Estuary, at least one of which should be a cultural service. 2. Map ES and related activities within a Geographical Information System. 3. Explore potential valuation approaches to add scales to the benefits of the services. 4. Communicate the findings to key stakeholders","author":["Ashley, M."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.348443000000","-3.789002000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ashley_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/574","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-static-passive-acoustic-monitoring-pam-monitoring-cetaceans-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/pam-guidance\/","title":"Use of Static Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) for monitoring cetaceans at Marine Renewable Energy Installations (MREIs) for Marine Scotland","description":"This guidance document provides advice aimed at developers of marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) on the use of static passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) devices for monitoring vocalising cetaceans around MREIs. The document considers static passive acoustic monitoring (static PAM) for wind farms, tidal stream devices and wave energy converters. In UK waters, static PAM is most appropriate for monitoring small cetacean species such as harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and dolphin species (such as bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus; common dolphins, Delphinus delphis; and white-beaked dolphins, Lagenorhynchus albirostris). Static PAM methods allow for continuous autonomous monitoring of small cetacean occurrence at MREI sites, and are thus one of the few approaches available to describe seasonal trends in habitat use, as well as direct measures of impact resultant from MREI activities. This document provides guidance on static PAM survey design, deployment and retrieval, and data analysis.","author":["Embling, C.","Wilson, B.","Benjamins, S.","Pikesley, S.","Thompson, P.","Graham, I.","Cheney, B.","Brookes, K.","Godley, B.","Witt, M."],"organization":["University of Exeter","Plymouth University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Aberdeen","Marine Scotland Science","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.997610000000","-2.078499000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/emblingetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/575","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-acoustic-monitoring-wave-tidal-energy-sites-guidance-notes-regulators","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/underwater-acoustic-monitoring-guidance\/","title":"Underwater Acoustic Monitoring at Wave and Tidal Energy Sites: Guidance Notes for Regulators","description":"In April 2013 the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) facilitated an underwater acoustic workshop for marine renewables regulators and their statutory environmental advisors. The driver for the workshop was the need for a greater appreciation amongst regulators of the key aspects of underwater acoustic data gathering. Specifically: what needs to be measured; how measurement should be undertaken; common pitfalls to avoid; and what to look for in a data gathering and analysis report.  This document has been prepared as a key output of that workshop, to provide high level guidance on the assessment of underwater acoustic measurement activities. It aims to enable regulators to have informed discussions with developers of marine energy converter systems (MECS) from the initial scoping stages and aid the assessment of monitoring activities.  Whilst this guideline relates specifically to the use of passive acoustic data gathering, in future there is likely to be a need for an equivalent guideline for the use of active acoustic techniques. Whereas passive acoustic (\u2018listening-in\u2019) techniques tend to be used to assess the sound output from devices and events, active acoustics (emitting sound and \u2018listening\u2019 for reflections) is being investigated as a monitoring tool, in particular to provide positioning and behavioural characteristics of objects.","author":["Lepper, P.","Robinson, S.","Humphrey, V.","Butler, M."],"organization":["National Physical Laboratory (NPL)","University of Southampton","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Loughborough University","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lepperetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/576","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-consenting-position-paper-series-ornithological-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/ornithological-impacts\/","title":"Wave \u0026 Tidal Consenting Position Paper Series: Ornithological Impacts","description":"The potential ornithological impacts associated with the construction, operation and maintenance and decommissioning (together referred to as the \u2018project lifecycle\u2019) of wave and tidal energy devices (\u2018wave and tidal devices\u2019) have been identified and described in the Scottish Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment (\u2018the SEA\u2019) (Faber Maunsell \u0026amp; Metoc, 2007), the Scottish Natural Heritage (\u2018SNH\u2019) document \u201cGuidance on survey and monitoring in relation to marine renewables deployments in Scotland \u2013 Volume 4: Birds\u201d (Jackson \u0026amp; Whitfield, 2011) and by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (\u2018RSPB\u2019) (McCluskie et al., 2013). These documents highlight the general impacts that may arise during the project lifecycle of wave and tidal devices and have informed the Environmental Impact Assessment (\u2018EIA\u2019) of projects that have been consented or await consent.  This paper builds upon current knowledge and available literature, drawing upon the experiences of those involved in the wave and tidal energy industry (gathered by telephone interviews with 11 stakeholders in industry, regulators and academia) in order to highlight key ornithological issues that have arisen during the development of wave and tidal devices and arrays. The aim of this paper is to provide a consolidated understanding of the current status of the ornithological issues facing the wave and tidal industry, highlight knowledge gaps and detail key experiences. Recommendations are also made for future research priorities and to aid the successful future deployment of wave and tidal devices","author":["Kirby, A.","Hawkins, K.","Freeman, S.","McCall, R.","Furness, R.","Edhou.se, E."],"organization":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD","SMRU Consulting","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","RenewableUK","Scottish Renewables"],"originationDate":"2013-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NERC_9.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/577","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-consenting-barriers-developing-floating-wind-farms-including-innovative","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/wind-farms\/","title":"Environmental and Consenting Barriers to Developing Floating Wind Farms Including Innovative Solutions","description":"The UK potentially has a significant opportunity to continue its leading role in offshore wind farm development by progressing with the commercialisation of floating wind. Floating foundations for wind turbines are seen as a solution to deploying in waters too deep for traditional foundations, or where the seabed is unsuitable for fixed foundations, and, a potential solution for accessing higher wind speeds further offshore remote from some stakeholder concerns. Demonstrator projects are in development in the UK and overseas waters, with the aim of deploying full scale commercial farms of floating wind farms in the near future.  Over the past five years, our understanding of the interactions between offshore renewable technologies (fixed wind turbines, wave and tidal devices) and environmental receptors has grown rapidly, and much of this information can be directly applied to predict the likely consequences of deploying floating wind structures offshore. However, there are also different and emerging environmental considerations specific to floating wind turbines, which need to be tackled, and early engagement over the issues will be beneficial for both industry and regulators especially where innovation, R\u0026amp;D is needed.  With this in mind, NERC, ARUP, the Carbon Trust, the ORE Catapult and the Scottish Government worked collaboratively to organise and deliver a workshop to identify environmental or consenting considerations which constitute barriers and risks to the industry, as well as identify innovative solutions.  The specific aims of the workshop were therefore to:  \u2022 Identify the main consenting and environmental risks\/barriers to the development of floating offshore wind farms at a demonstration and commercial scale \u2022 Identify the innovation and translational R\u0026amp;D needed to streamline and de risk planning, environmental consenting and post consent monitoring for floating wind,  This report summarises the outputs of the workshop and provides a synthesis of the information generated, with interpretation and recommendations for future action.","author":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"organization":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","The Carbon Trust","Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult","The Carbon Trust","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NERC_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/578","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-environmental-research-innovation-strategy-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.masts.ac.uk\/media\/36702\/ore-ri-strategy-plus-appendices-dec2018.pdf","title":"An Offshore Renewable Energy Environmental Research \u0026 Innovation Strategy for the UK","description":"The principal aim of developing this environmental R\u0026amp;I strategy for UK ORE, is to set out the high level environmental R\u0026amp;I priorities for the next five to ten years, together with measures for coordinating activity across the various funding organisations and key stakeholder interests, to ensure that the general direction of travel is towards developing a sustainable ORE industry. The strategy will make recommendations for improving communications with new funding programmes and between stakeholder groups, and for pro-actively developing a new strategic collaborative environmental R\u0026amp;I programme involving multiple partners, in order to support maintenance of targets for renewable electricity generation out to 2020 and beyond.  The strategy covers offshore wind (fixed and floating), wave and tidal (stream and range) energy and is focussed on drawing together all the recent and existing initiatives into a comprehensive strategy, and will illustrate how different initiatives complement one another. It is predicated on maximising the use of existing structures and processes (ie. Ocean Energy ORJIP (Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme), the Offshore Wind ORJIP, MEW (Marine Energy Wales), SPORRAN (Scottish Offshore Renewables Research Framework, now ScotMER \u2013 Scottish Marine Environmental Research), PRIMaRE (Peninsular Research Institute for Marine Renewable Energy) and using information sources such as outputs from recent workshops (eg. The ORE Supergen Hub workshops, Oct\/Nov 2017). Recommendations for finalising and implementing the strategy are set out in the final section of this document.","author":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"organization":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.316549000000","-2.041717000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NERC_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/579","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-environmental-effects-rance-severn-barrages","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icevirtuallibrary.com\/doi\/full\/10.1680\/maen.2009.162.1.11","title":"Comparing environmental effects of Rance and Severn barrages","description":"This paper examines the similarities and contrasts between environmental and water quality changes caused by the 1966 tidal power barrage at La Rance in North Brittany, France and those expected to result from construction of a tidal power barrage in the Severn estuary in the UK. Over the 40-year period since the opening of La Rance, a great deal of knowledge has been accumulated concerning the operation of such schemes and the way water quality and ecosystems have altered. Knowledge gained from experiences at Rance is consequently of great benefit in predicting the effects of the proposed Severn barrage. The nature of the changes anticipated in the Severn estuary is thus unambiguous, but whether this would make the estuary better or worse is a matter of perception. As at Rance, it would be different.  Click here for more on the La Rance Tidal Barrage.","author":["Kirby, R.","Reti\u00e8re. C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.618688600000","-2.017955000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/580","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-consenting-position-paper-series-impacts-fish-shellfish-ecology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/impacts-on-fish-and-shellfish-ecology\/","title":"Wave \u0026 Tidal Consenting Position Paper Series: Impacts on Fish and Shellfish Ecology","description":"This paper builds on the existing literature and the experiences gained by those involved in the wave and tidal energy industry (obtained through telephone interviews with eleven stakeholders in the regulatory and development sectors). The consensus from those interviewed is that effects of wave and tidal technologies on fish and shellfish ecology are generally considered less of a priority than effects on fisheries. However, fisheries impacts are not within the scope of this position paper and are therefore not discussed further.  The aim of this paper is to highlight key fish and shellfish issues and potential impacts that have arisen during the development of wave and tidal technologies, and to provide a consolidated understanding of the wave and tidal industry, knowledge gaps and key experiences.","author":["Freeman, S.","Hawkins, K.","Kirby, A.","McCall, R.","Blyth-Skyrme, R."],"organization":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD","SMRU Consulting","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Freeman_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/581","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-research-development-leadership-ocean-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/10154003","title":"An assessment of research and development leadership in ocean energy technologies","description":"Japan is clearly the leader in ocean energy technologies. The United Kingdom also has had many ocean energy research projects, but unlike Japan, most of the British projects have not progressed from the feasibility study stage to the demonstration stage. Federally funded ocean energy research in the US was stopped because it was perceived the technologies could not compete with conventional sources of fuel. Despite the probable small market for ocean energy technologies, the short sighted viewpoint of the US government regarding funding of these technologies may be harmful to US economic competitiveness. The technologies may have important uses in other applications, such as offshore construction and oil and gas drilling. Discontinuing the research and development of these technologies may cause the US to lose knowledge and miss market opportunities. If the US wishes to maintain its knowledge base and a market presence for ocean energy technologies, it may wish to consider entering into a cooperative agreement with Japan and\/or the United Kingdom. Cooperative agreements are beneficial not only for technology transfer but also for cost-sharing.","author":["Bruch, V."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"1994-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bruch_et_al_1994.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-climate-uncertainty-irish-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/irishgeography.ie\/index.php\/irishgeography\/article\/view\/1375","title":"Marine Spatial Planning in a Climate of Uncertainty - An Irish Perspective","description":"A \u20ac1.8bn \u2018blue economy\u2019 centred on shipping, commercial fishing, offshore energy extraction, and tourism, contributes approximately 1% toward Ireland\u2019s GDP. A suite of EU-level Directives, legislation, and national-level policies and strategies have been enacted to further expand upon this productivity while simultaneously reducing the risk of environmental damages. This paper examines the development and implementation of marine spatial planning in Ireland, and considers its functionality in the face of climate change impacts. Climate change will cause significant changes in the availability and reliable delivery of marine ecosystem services, particularly supporting and regulating services. It is important for policy makers and stakeholders to recognise the limits of planning when faced with the uncertain, complex nature of climate change. As such, marine spatial planning tools must be responsive, adaptive, and support larger responses that address the sources of climate change \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions \u2013 rather than responding to its impacts.","author":["Carr, L."],"organization":["National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.279589000000","-8.816055900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carr2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/583","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/future-coastal-estuarine-modeling-findings-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1463500319301015","title":"The future of coastal and estuarine modeling: Findings from a workshop","description":"This paper summarizes the findings of a workshop convened in the United States in 2018 to discuss methods in coastal and estuarine modeling and to propose key areas of research and development needed to improve their accuracy and reliability. The focus of this paper is on physical processes, and we provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art based on presentations and discussions at the meeting, which revolved around the four primary themes of parameterizations, numerical methods, in-situ and remote-sensing measurements, and high-performance computing. A primary outcome of the workshop was agreement on the need to reduce subjectivity and improve reproducibility in modeling of physical processes in the coastal ocean. Reduction of subjectivity can be accomplished through development of standards for benchmarks, grid generation, and validation, and reproducibility can be improved through development of standards for input\/output, coupling and model nesting, and reporting. Subjectivity can also be reduced through more engagement with the applied mathematics and computer science communities to develop methods for robust parameter estimation and uncertainty quantification. Such engagement could be encouraged through more collaboration between the forward and inverse modeling communities and integration of more applied math and computer science into oceanography curricula. Another outcome of the workshop was agreement on the need to develop high-resolution models that scale on advanced HPC systems to resolve, rather than parameterize, processes with horizontal scales that range between the depth and the internal Rossby deformation scale. Unsurprisingly, more research is needed on parameterizations of processes at scales smaller than the depth, including parameterizations for drag (including bottom roughness, bedforms, vegetation and corals), wave breaking, and air\u2013sea interactions under strong wind conditions. Other topics that require significantly more work to better parameterize include nearshore wave modeling, sediment transport modeling, and morphodynamics. Finally, it was agreed that coastal models should be considered as key infrastructure needed to support research, just like laboratory facilities, field instrumentation, and research vessels. This will require a shift in the way proposals related to coastal ocean modeling are reviewed and funded.","author":["Fringer, O.","Dawson, C.","He, R.","Ralston, D.","Zhang, Y."],"organization":["Stanford University","University of Texas","North Carolina State University","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/584","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baseline-presence-effects-tidal-turbine-installation-operations-porpoise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.thejot.net\/article-preview\/?show_article_preview=1071","title":"Baseline Presence of and Effects of Tidal Turbine Installation and Operations on Harbour Porpoise in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Canada","description":"Harbour porpoise echolocation activity within and outside of the FORCE tidal turbine demonstration area in Minas Passage of the upper Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, has been monitored by up to eight bottom-moored (30-80 m depth) C-POD click train detectors across 1,210 days between May 2011 and May 2018. Detections occurred on almost every day (98.9% of days), averaging 86.5% across C-PODs, at a median of seven detection positive minutes per day and for a maximum of 44 minutes per day, noting that porpoise detection probabilities using buoy-mounted C-PODs should be considered minimum estimates. No confirmed dolphin click detections were documented. A statistical (Generalized Additive Model using GEE, or GAM-GEE) approach with a logit link function confirmed porpoise presence varied significantly by time of year (peak period mid-June and a lower secondary peak early November), by tidal current speed and tidal height (preference for 0-2.5 m\/s ebb tides), by time of day (higher click activity at night), and across the lunar cycle. Seasonal and diel variability may be partly driven by prey accessibility. C-POD monitoring performance (termed Percent Time Lost) varied spatially and temporally. The Percent Time Lost was associated with non-biological sediment movement-related clicks causing the C-PODs maximum click detection memory buffer to be exceeded, notably during very high (e.g., spring tide) tidal speeds. The effects of these covariates were controlled for within the subsequent GAM-GEE modelling process to assess the effects of the installation and 130 days of operations of a 16 m diameter 2 MW OpenHydro tidal turbine. Importantly, despite the winter turbine deployment period, the C-POD data highlighted that porpoises were not excluded by turbine installation and operations over the mid-field study area, with click detections occurring on 98.5% of days, averaging 82% across C-PODs, with a median of three minutes per day. However, GAM-GEE modelling identified a significant decrease in porpoise click activity when the turbine was operational; this effect varied spatially, with a significant decrease in porpoise activity at the two sites closest (200-230 m) to the operating turbine berth of the five C-POD monitoring sites assessed. C-PODs at two sites that were more than a kilometre away did not show a significant turbine effect, while a third site, at 1,690 m from the turbine and in deeper water to the south, showed an increase in porpoise click detections.A longer time series of turbine deployment is believed required before robust conclusions can be drawn on turbine effects. Nevertheless, it was clear that after turbine removal, porpoise click activity rates returned to pre-installation baseline rates.","author":["Tollit, D.","Joy, R.","Wood, J.","Redden, A.","Booth, C.","Boucher, T.","Porskamp, P.","Oldreive, M."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.316966000000","-64.167081000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/587","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improving-policies-regulations-environmental-friendly-ocean-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/koreascience.or.kr\/article\/JAKO201426636276611.page","title":"Improving policies and regulations for environmental-friendly ocean renewable energy development in Korea","description":"A wide range of projects for ocean renewable energy are currently in development around the world and ocean energy industries continue to receive significant support from their governments. Surrounded by sea on three sides, Korea has potentially abundant renewable ocean energy resources, which include tidal current, tidal range, offshore wind power, osmotic pressure and ocean thermal energy. Numerous ocean renewable energy projects has been developed in Korea. Nevertheless, there are some concerns that those developments often select an environmentally unsuitable location and\/or there are very few existing information on those environmental effects. The purpose of this study is to improve supporting policies and regulation systems of ocean renewable energy development in Korea by reviewing and compiling government policies and environmental assessment systems related to ocean renewable energy development around the world. The study suggests several policy implications for its environmental-friendly development in Korea, including requirements of strategic environmental assessment for proactive and environmentally suitable site selection of ocean renewable energy development and continuous post-development environmental monitoring, and so on.","author":["Park, J.","Kim, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.820632000000","128.439875500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/592","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-tidal-energy-converters-sediment-dynamics-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:5ac15f1","title":"Influence of Tidal Energy Converters on sediment dynamics in tidal channel","description":"Tidal stream turbines are one of the most advanced marine renewable energy technologies. Nonetheless, the application of the technology faces considerable challenges, as uncertainties exist about the potential impacts of these devices on the marine environment. For instance, sediment dynamics have important implications to local fauna as well as turbine foundations, design and longevity. As a result, understanding of local sediment dynamics and its impact on the environment is an important element for site assessments. However, full-scale environment surveys of tidal farms are sparse and limited, as it is at early stage of development. An alternative to study the potential impacts on the sediment transport is numerical modelling. Nevertheless, validation of these models remains challenging as it is difficult to acquire the necessary sediment data from these high-energy sites.  Hydrodynamic case studies for tidal farms exist for modeller to compare their results and insuring their models behave accurately. However, no similar case study can be found for sediment transport around tidal farms. The aim of this work is to understand the general sediment behaviour around tidal farms as well as setting a benchmark study for future modelling analysis. A series of idealised simulations, using hydrodynamic and sediment transport of MIKE21 and MIKE3 flexible mesh, are developed to investigate processes and interaction of Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) in an artificial high energetic flow system under a range of conditions (two different grain sizes, two layouts of arrays).  Findings from this study show that the 3D depth averaged velocity (DAV) is very similar to the 2D velocity: resulting in little change in bed level, less than 3% regionally, when DAV is used for sediment transport rates. However, using the bottom velocity of the 3D model generates different sediment behaviour at the vicinity of tidal arrays.","author":["Auguste, C.","Nader, J.","Marsh, P.","Cossu, R."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/593","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimisation-tidal-turbine-array-layouts-whilst-limiting-their-hydro-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs40722-019-00145-8","title":"Optimisation of tidal turbine array layouts whilst limiting their hydro-environmental impact","description":"The economic viability of tidal energy projects will likely require large-scale deployment, with tens, or even hundreds, of turbines positioned in an array. There is limited published research available on the viability of large-scale deployments, which will depend on both the expected energy yield and potential adverse hydro-environmental impacts. This leads to the question of how best to position turbines in large-scale arrays for maximum energy capture with minimal associated hydro-environmental impacts. The primary aim of this research was the further development of an existing two-dimensional tidal flow model for optimising tidal turbine arrays relative to both power output and potential hydro-environmental impacts. Turbine impacts are simulated using a momentum sink approach and an optimisation algorithm was implemented, which determines an optimal array configuration for maximum energy capture, whilst employing spatial and environmental impact constraints. Application of the developed model to an idealised test case demonstrated that a staggered array is optimal, if one considers maximising power capture alone, while a fence layout was optimal, when considering both power output and associated impacts. In both the scenarios, the optimised configurations produced higher efficiencies than symmetrical inline arrays. To demonstrate the model\u2019s applicability to a real tidal environment, it was applied to a case study site; the Shannon Estuary, along the West Coast of Ireland. To the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first automated array optimisation model to incorporate hydro-environmental impact constraints with the aim of determining specific optimised array configurations with quantifiable efficiencies. The approach could be extremely useful for determining the economic viability of proposed arrays, enabling determination of \u2018environmentally acceptable\u2019 levels of tidal energy extraction, and thereby allowing the completion of realistic and accurate early stage cost\u2013benefit analyses for tidal energy projects. The model is therefore, potentially, a very valuable tool for tidal energy researchers, developers and planners.","author":["Phoenix, A.","Nash, S."],"organization":["National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.641720000000","-9.086860000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/595","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-powered-adaptable-monitoring-package-hardware-design-installation-deployment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5aa9f94e5ffd209c73921fa3\/t\/5d8705c6d4e8684cb883343a\/1569129928565\/EWTEC2019_1528_Joslin_April.pdf","title":"The wave-powered adaptable monitoring package: hardware design, installation, and deployment","description":"In October, 2018 the BOLT Lifesaver, a BOLTclass wave energy converter developed by Fred. Olsen Ltd., was deployed at the US Navy\u2019s Wave Energy Test Site in Kane\u2019ohe, Hawaii. The Lifesaver is an autonomous system, with no cable to shore. For a full year prior to the deployment, researchers and industry partners at the University of Washington, University of Hawaii, Fred. Olsen Ltd., Sea Engineering, and WiBotic Inc. collaborated on the development of an autonomous wave-powered environmental monitoring system. The Lifesaver was instrumented with an Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP), as well as an on board control computer and power handling system. The AMP instrumentation suite included stereo-optical cameras, an acoustic camera, a multibeam sonar, two hydrophones, and a demonstration unit from WiBotic that could allow for wireless recharging of an underwater vehicle. At full power, the instrumentation and recharge system draws 600 W of power, which is relatively high in oceanographic terms. As a first of its kind deployment, this system demonstrates the transformative potential of wave energy to power oceanographic instrumentation and extend the endurance of autonomous underwater vehicles.","author":["Joslin, J.","Cotter, E.","Murphy, P.","Gibbs, P.","Cavagnaro, R.","Crisp, C.","Stewart, A.","Polagye, B.","Cross, P.","Hjetland, E.","Rocheleau, A.","Waters, B."],"organization":["University of Washington","Sea Engineering Inc","Sea Engineering","Fred. Olsen Bolt Sea Power","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EWTEC2019_1528_Joslin_April.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/597","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/r-d-ocean-energy-review-research-development-ocean-energy-republic-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/documents\/eab9e47fbd94a9101fff94623.pdf","title":"R and D and Ocean Energy: A review of Research and Development in Ocean Energy in the Republic of Ireland","description":"Ocean energy \u2013 wave and tidal generated electricity - is at the Research and Development, pre-commercial stage. Ireland has a significant effort underway in ocean energy R and D which represents a potential competitive advantage for the country particularly in light of other advantages such as the highly energy intensive wave resource, possible access to major markets through the Anglo Irish talks on electricity supply now underway and other factors.  This Paper records the views of the three key stakeholders in ocean energy R and D- Third Level institutions, Government Agencies and Industry. It sets out the boundaries to ocean energy at the present as discerned by these stakeholders and it identifies the five research priorities for the next few years: develop and grow the database; develop understanding of the economics of the industry; promote a series of projects to deal with practical engineering problems; continue to invest in infrastructure; and build the research effort into the environmental dimension to ocean energy. Overarching all of this is the need to provide funding for R and D in this (Government-determined) research priority area.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.127467000000","-7.608105000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA_8.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/598","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/non-financial-non-technical-barriers-development-ocean-energy-sector-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/site\/assets\/files\/1016\/mria_study_on_non_technical_non_financial_obstacles_to_ocean_energy.pdf","title":"Non-Financial and Non-Technical Barriers to the Development of the Ocean Energy Sector in Ireland","description":"This is the latest in a series of Discussion Papers prepared and published by the Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA) with the generous support and encouragement of the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). The illustration on the preceding page indicates the wide range of topics covered in recent years.  Ocean energy can be a major source of jobs and income in Ireland from around the late 2020\u2019s onwards as the tough engineering challenges involved in generating electricity reliably (and at a competitive cost) from wave and tidal energy convertor devices are overcome. Ireland has a substantial wave resource (and a tidal one too, in Northern Ireland), 3 excellent R\u0026amp;D facilities and supportive Government policies. We can become a global supply chain hub for ocean energy and a major exporter of offshore-generated electricity too.  The current challenge is to sustain policy-makers interest and support in this \u2018industry of tomorrow\u2019. One key to this for the MRIA is to help lay down the policy infrastructure to support and exploit the almost unique Irish opportunity in the future in ocean energy. Thus, the MRIA has dealt with the most obvious policy needs \u2013 finance, R\u0026amp;D, educational requirements etc \u2013 in our range of Discussion Papers to date.  This Paper deals with the non-engineering and technology and nonfinancial roadblocks to ocean energy. In particular, it focuses on the important area of insurance which we believe can be both an issue and an opportunity for Ireland. It seeks to raise awareness also of issues in areas as diverse as marine vessel operations and health and safety. Moreover, we update in this Paper, as has been the practice in recent Papers, the evidence for ocean energy\u2019s claim to be a major economic development opportunity.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.127467000000","-7.608105000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA_7.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/599","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/opportunity-co-operation-collaboration-between-ireland-scotland-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/documents\/6e5ff0f36327685fbd176036c.pdf","title":"The Opportunity for Co-Operation and Collaboration between Ireland and Scotland in Ocean Energy","description":"Ireland, North and South, and Scotland are world leaders in the field of ocean energy and are endowed with substantial wave and tidal resources, excellent and growing Research and Development capacity and are home to many of the world\u2019s leading companies in this field. Historically, Scotland has been ahead of Ireland in developing ocean energy, principally because of the strong commitment of Scottish political leaders to winning a commanding position for Scotland in the industry. On the island of Ireland, Northern Ireland has made commendable progress in exploiting its tidal resource but the Republic of Ireland has been the laggard despite its world-beating wave resource and its significant R\u0026amp;D effort. The position is changing in the Republic with positive signs of Government support including a new Bill to transform the consenting system (\u2018planning permission\u2019) offshore while the Ocean Renewable Energy Development Plan is imminent.  Despite the progress, ocean energy in both Ireland and Scotland faces formidable challenges: the technology has a distance to travel before it reaches commercial ubiquity; the finance required to commercialise the technology is substantial; and there are significant issues of market access, particularly in Scotland, because, for example, wave and tidal resources tend to be distant from major grid capacity.  This Paper was drawn up to examine the scope for the various parties \u2013 particularly the Republic of Ireland and Scotland but also Northern Ireland\u2013 to work together. It is based on the views of a wide range of interests, mostly in Government and Industry, who expressed remarkably similar views regardless of geographical location. The Paper ends with a series of recommendations and suggests that these might form a series of work streams for the British Irish Council\u2019s Marine Energy Committee.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.073144000000","-2.164304000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA_6.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/600","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritime-infrastructure-development-priorities-support-irelands-future-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/documents\/c4a46712f4cf756fb277c60bc.pdf","title":"Maritime Infrastructure Development Priorities to Support Ireland\u0027s Future Ocean Energy Industry","description":"The past year has seen a turnaround in the fortunes of ocean energy in the Republic of Ireland with the publication in February of the Government\u2019s Ocean Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP). The new policy recognised that the growth of ocean energy would require investment in maritime infrastructure - ships and, in particular, port facilities.  The OREDP followed the track laid down by three reports commissioned by Government since 2009 on the topic of maritime infrastructure and ocean energy (Scotland has had four reports on the same topic since 2010!). Put simply, the maritime infrastructure issue has three related strands. First, ocean energy still has a journey ahead of it to achieve technical maturity. Second, in Ireland\u2019s case, any electricity generated from our bountiful west coast wave resource may need market opportunities, particularly in the export field, and these are not anticipated for some years to come. However, given that ocean energy becomes a reliable and (gradually) competitive source of electricity and that market opportunities are developed, then a major hurdle must be crossed: the actual capacity of Irish ports to support ocean energy. Ocean energy devices are large, ideally must be built (or at least assembled) close to deployment sites and will make significant demands on port facilities.  Ireland\u2019s wave energy resource is off the west coast. It should be possible to support the development of the resource, at least at the southern end of the west coast, from Shannon Foynes and Cork. Beyond a certain level of deployment, the much smaller ports to the north of County Clare would struggle to cope with developments off Mayo \u2013the most likely ocean energy location in the north-west - in particular.  This Paper analyses the issue, draws conclusions and make recommendations about a challenge which must be tackled if ocean energy is to develop at scale from around 2030 , a short time away in the notoriously long investment cycle times in energy and in maritime infrastructure.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.096174000000","-7.737229000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA_5.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/601","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/funding-development-ocean-energy-industry-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/documents\/a524d9555b5a39944adbd8d7c.pdf","title":"Funding the Development of the Ocean Energy Industry in Ireland","description":"Ocean energy is an emerging technology which must overcome tough engineering challenges arising from its \u2018home\u2019 environment, the sea, before it can become a pervasive source of electricity. However, there is a remarkable convergence of opinion about the prospects for ocean energy and about its potential economic impact which serve to underpin the case for the Irish State\u2019s support for the sector. Ocean energy is not a niche opportunity. It could one day stand alongside or even surpass offshore wind as an energy source. Most important of all, it is a sector from which Ireland can benefit significantly in jobs and income terms: we have perhaps the best wave resource in the world, outstanding R\u0026amp;D facilities and a wide range of industrial competences suited to ocean energy development. A key obstacle on the pathway to this prize, however, is pre-commercial technology finance, particularly funding to support device and component developers in the middle ground from the key TRL 3 and upwards stages (to cTRL6) in the evolution of their projects.  Ocean energy has had an unusual financial journey so far. Although an emerging technology (and despite its overall economic promise), it has received relatively little State support globally compared to other forms of energy such as nuclear and solar. Indeed, policy instruments drove early ocean energy pioneers, although arguably not in Ireland, into the commercial financial sphere at a uniquely early stage with almost predictable adverse consequences. An important finding of this Paper is that the financial sector in Ireland is informed about energy, including ocean energy, but that there is little prospect of significant commercial financial support at this stage of tidal and, particularly, wave development.  Ocean energy policy in Ireland has developed well in recent years (exception: out of date laws governing consenting - \u2018planning permission\u2019 - of projects) with a fit-for-purpose policy framework (the \u2018OREDP\u2019) and funding increases ensuring that the industry and the supporting infrastructure continue to progress. However, a critical \u2018funding gap\u2019 has been identified and this Paper suggests how it might be filled (Pre Commercial Development Fund) within existing or proposed budget envelopes and it also outlines a way forward to meet future, probably post 2020, needs to fund early commercial ocean energy arrays.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.096174000000","-7.737229000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/mria_4.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/603","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/third-level-education-needs-ocean-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/documents\/92d05fb11cdab8d6531dd4cbb.pdf","title":"Third-Level Education Needs of the Ocean Energy Industry","description":"The island of Ireland faces an economically transformative opportunity in ocean energyenergy generated from waves and tides. The independent SQW report forecasts substantial income and job potential, particularly in the 2020\u2019s when ocean energy technology is likely to reach maturity and to be deployed on a commercial scale. The opportunity will be realised on two planes- enterprise (e.g. development of the supply chain in Ireland to support the industry not only here but elsewhere in Europe) and export (e.g. through interconnectors to the UK and elsewhere).  A key factor in determining Ireland\u2019s success in this challenging industry will be the quality and availability of appropriately skilled graduates from the Universities and the Institutes of Technology and other bodies, notably in engineering. This Paper presents the findings of a review of this issue by the Marine Renewables Industry Association with expert bodies and with those involved in the emerging ocean energy industry. The principal findings were:    There is substantial capacity in engineering education on the island  The supply of engineers is reasonable at present although shortages are discerned in the key field of electrical engineering and there is concern about the overall numbers entering the profession  The opportunities in ocean energy will be modest to 2015 at least but could be very significant in the 2020s  Ocean energy will principally require engineers with a robust, core degree in the traditional disciplines of civil, electrical and mechanical engineering.  Little value is attached by the ocean energy industry to the various \u2018energy engineering\u2019 qualifications increasingly on offer  Providing real experience of working in the tough offshore environment to engineers is a big challenge for ocean energy  The industry- and other experts- would like to see a Masters degree programme in ocean energy engineering which draws off the expertise in specific fields of individual colleges and which is designed in conjunction with the industry to the highest international standards \uf0b7 The MRIA will work with appropriate bodies to address the issues identified by this Paper.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"originationDate":"2011-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.282264000000","-8.114790000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA_education.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/604","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-needs-marine-renewables-emerging-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/site\/assets\/files\/1016\/marine_spatial_planning_needs_of_marine_renewables_emerging_technologies.pdf","title":"Marine Spatial Planning Needs of Marine Renewables Emerging Technologies","description":"There has been a major change in Irish energy policy during the course of 2018. The recent ground-breaking support structure for renewables, known as RESS1, recognises for the first time that marine renewables have an important part to play in meeting Ireland\u2019s 2030 renewable energy targets. These, in turn, are predicated on a substantial step-up in the decarbonisation of the electricity generating system in particular. This will not be possible from terrestrial wind sources alone while solar energy will make some contribution. The other major change is the introduction and rapid implementation of a National Marine Planning Framework (NMPF), popularly known as Marine Spatial Planning2 (MSP), which is the subject of this Paper.  The NMPF\/MSP will influence the framework for all marine developments in future and will have a profound impact over time on all those involved with the sea.  A number of critical issues in marine spatial planning arise from the perspective of the marine renewables emerging technologies of wave, tidal and floating wind energy (and \u2018hybrids\u2019 of floating wind and wave) .... not to mention their mature relation, bottom-fixed offshore wind:  1. Zoning, or spatial allocation at sea for various activities, is likely to feature in some way in Irelands marine spatial plan and that is to be welcomed, provided it takes account of a number of core issues dealt with in this Paper.  2. There is undoubtedly going to be an issue with the potential visual impact of offshore wind in particular and one obvious policy possibility would be to introduce a buffer zone to exclude all marine renewables within a specified distance from the coast. We spell out the serious, negative consequences for marine renewable energy with an example of such an initiative. A buffer zone approach should be considered with great care and be locally site specific.  3. There is a need to establish structures which would make it easier to consult and engage with local stakeholders and those potentially impacted by marine renewables development - a long-term partnership in the broad sense is needed between marine renewables developers and other marine interests. 4. There are challenges to be tackled in the areas of data and, also, ports infrastructure. In addition, there is a critical issue for all engaged with the ocean: there is a hyper-urgent need to introduce modern offshore consenting legislation or our globally leading marine renewables energy resources will continue to lie fallow","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"originationDate":"2018-12-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.942733000000","-7.570730000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA_spatialplanning.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/610","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/co-location-opportunities-renewable-energies-aquaculture-facilities-canary-archipelago","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117309122","title":"Co-location opportunities for renewable energies and aquaculture facilities in the Canary Archipelago","description":"Integrated Offshore Management is a future challenge for the development of sustainable growth of marine economies. The progressive increase in worldwide demands for marine-based renewable energies combined with higher market demands for aquaculture-based food requires better knowledge on marine spatial planning tools that allow optimizing the use of this space for different purposes. That is the case of energy production and aquaculture activities, in which synergistic and competitive interactions must be thoroughly analyzed at an appropriate scale. The present study proposes a specific methodology that integrates several selection criteria responding simultaneously to the needs and limitations of marine aquaculture and renewable energy production, aiming to identify opportunities for the co-location of these activities. The methodology was implemented over 25 km of the coastal fringe of four islands of the Canary Archipelago, applying a multi-criteria approach based on independent probabilistic suitability and mapping analysis (time series of 20\u201330 years) for: (i) wind and wave energy production potential; (ii) structural requirements for aquaculture cages and energy devices; (iii) limits for operation and maintenance activities; (iv) feasibility to transport energy to the grid; and (v) biological requirements for eight species of fish. A stepwise procedure was carried out, including: 1) suitability for wave, wind and aquaculture activities, with spatial resolution of 0.01\u00b0 (0\u20131 probability scale); and 2) integrated co-location mapping, considering suitability for each activity. Opportunities for the co-location of wind and aquaculture farms were identified in the southeastern portion of the islands, while in Tenerife and Fuerteventura wave-wind devices co-location opportunities were identified. Thus, opportunities for marine aquaculture and renewable energy were demonstrated in the present case study applying a preliminary assessment of the potential exploitation of these resources.","author":["Weiss, C.","Ondiviela, B.","Guinda, X.","del Jesus, F.","Gonzalez, J.","Guanche, R.","Juanes, J."],"organization":["University of Cantabria","Plataforma Oce\u00e1nica de Canarias (PLOCAN)"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.657782000000","-15.250952000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/611","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lessons-learned-marine-governance-case-studies-marine-spatial-planning-practice-us","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17308990","title":"Lessons learned in marine governance: Case studies of marine spatial planning practice in the U.S.","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) is an approach to marine governance and the management of marine space requiring extensive stakeholder participation and interagency and inter-organizational cooperation. While a rich literature and set of practitioner guidance on MSP has developed, few studies include empirical research or identify lessons learned based on practitioner experience. The authors conducted three case studies of MSP in Washington, San Francisco Bay, and Rhode Island, U.S., including 50 practitioner and stakeholder interviews, to identify practitioners\u2019 lessons learned regarding stakeholder participation and inter-organizational cooperation. Findings were then shared with 43 practitioners at an MSP workshop to ensure lessons resonated with a broader practitioner community. The authors found that practitioners had learned the importance of using both formal and informal stakeholder participation methods; leveraging pre-existing relationships as a foundation for MSP; and setting and managing the expectations of both stakeholders and agency partners. Results point to the effectiveness of using pre-existing stakeholder forums to build informal authentic dialogue between participants, rather than establishing new advisory bodies to support MSP. Further, pre-existing groups and other pre-existing relationships and communication networks are an important source of social capital for MSP. Last, clear communication and transparency are important in setting and managing stakeholders\u2019 and agency partners\u2019 expectations for MSP. This paper concludes with recommendations for further empirical research into practitioners\u2019 MSP experience, particularly in the U.S., and for a new generation of practitioner guidance based on research and including practical strategies to help practitioners work within the real-world constraints of politics and budgets.","author":["Smythe, T.","McCann, J."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.153977100000","-124.514173100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/612","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/camera-technology-monitoring-marine-biodiversity-human-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/fee.1322","title":"Camera technology for monitoring marine biodiversity and human impact","description":"Human activities have fundamentally altered the marine environment, creating a need for effective management in one of Earth\u0027s most challenging habitats. Remote camera imagery has emerged as an essential tool for monitoring at all scales, from individuals to populations and communities up to entire marine ecosystems. Here we review the use of remote cameras to monitor the marine environment in relation to human activity, and consider emerging and potential future applications. Rapid technological advances in equipment and analytical tools influence where, why, and how remote camera imagery can be applied. We encourage the inclusion of cameras within multi\u2010method and multi\u2010sensor approaches to improve our understanding of ecosystems and help manage human activities and minimize impacts.","author":["Bicknell, A.","Godley, B.","Sheehan, E.","Votier, S.","Witt, M."],"organization":["University of Exeter","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2016-10-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/613","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-sprawl-facilitates-dispersal-connectivity-protected-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-29575-4","title":"Ocean sprawl facilitates dispersal and connectivity of protected species","description":"Highly connected networks generally improve resilience in complex systems. We present a novel application of this paradigm and investigated the potential for anthropogenic structures in the ocean to enhance connectivity of a protected species threatened by human pressures and climate change. Biophysical dispersal models of a protected coral species simulated potential connectivity between oil and gas installations across the North Sea but also metapopulation outcomes for naturally occurring corals downstream. Network analyses illustrated how just a single generation of virtual larvae released from these installations could create a highly connected anthropogenic system, with larvae becoming competent to settle over a range of natural deep-sea, shelf and fjord coral ecosystems including a marine protected area. These results provide the first study showing that a system of anthropogenic structures can have international conservation significance by creating ecologically connected networks and by acting as stepping stones for cross-border interconnection to natural populations.","author":["Henry, L.","Mayorga-Adame, C.","Fox, A.","Polton, J.","Ferris, J.","McLellan, F.","McCabe, C.","Kutti, T.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","BMT","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","University of North Carolina","ECAP Consultancy Group","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.518871000000","3.512337000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/614","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-detection-tracking-marine-mammals-novel-sonar-tool-monitoring-effects-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.3103","title":"Automated detection and tracking of marine mammals: A novel sonar tool for monitoring effects of marine industry","description":"Many marine industries may pose acute risks to marine wildlife. For example, tidal turbines have the potential to injure or kill marine mammals through collisions with turbine blades. However, the quantification of collision risk is currently limited by a lack of suitable technologies to collect long\u2010term data on marine mammal behaviour around tidal turbines.\nSonar provides a potential means of tracking marine mammals around tidal turbines. However, its effectiveness for long\u2010term data collection is hindered by the large data volumes and the need for manual validation of detections. Therefore, the aim here was to develop and test automated classification algorithms for marine mammals in sonar data.\nData on the movements of harbour seals were collected in a tidally energetic environment using a high\u2010frequency multibeam sonar on a custom designed seabed\u2010mounted platform. The study area was monitored by observers to provide visual validation of seals and other targets detected by the sonar.\nSixty\u2010five confirmed seals and 96 other targets were detected by the sonar. Movement and shape parameters associated with each target were extracted and used to develop a series of classification algorithms. Kernel support vector machines were used to classify targets (seal vs. nonseal) and cross\u2010validation analyses were carried out to quantify classifier efficiency.\nThe best\u2010fit kernel support vector machine correctly classified all the confirmed seals but misclassified a small percentage of non\u2010seal targets (~8%) as seals. Shape and non\u2010spectral movement parameters were considered to be the most important in achieving successful classification.\nResults indicate that sonar is an effective method for detecting and tracking seals in tidal environments, and the automated classification approach developed here provides a key tool that could be applied to collecting long\u2010term behavioural data around anthropogenic activities such as tidal turbines.","author":["Hastie, G.","Wu, G.","Moss, S.","Jepp, P.","Macaulay, J.","Lee, A.","Sparling, C.","Evers, C.","Gillespie, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","SMRU Consulting","Bedford Institute of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"2019-09-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.445577000000","-2.791212000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/624","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/contributions-marine-infrastructures-marine-planning-protected-area-networking","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.2916","title":"Contributions of marine infrastructures to marine planning and protected area networking","description":"Marine infrastructures are becoming ubiquitous as a result of the increasing exploitation of resources in the nearshore environment. These infrastructures are frequently linked with habitat degradation, pollution, and the establishment and spread of alien species. As marine infrastructures are perceived as threats to marine ecosystems, they are typically disregarded in conservation planning schemes.\nHere, the presence of invertebrates and fish was surveyed in infrastructure areas with prohibited public access, as well as in nearby rocky reef areas that had no infrastructure and were open to the public.\nIt was found that species richness, Shannon diversity, and uniqueness of both fish and invertebrates were significantly higher in the infrastructure habitats than in the rocky reef habitats in most cases. Surprisingly, the findings show that the proportion of alien species was higher in the unprotected rocky reef habitats compared with that in the infrastructure habitats.\nThese counterintuitive findings suggest that marine infrastructures that limit unauthorized access to the surrounding territory may contribute to conservation if they are acknowledged and managed, according to their potential to provide a habitat for marine species. This suggests that these areas should be considered by planners as opportunities to enhance the connectivity of populations and to supplement marine protected areas in heavily impacted marine environments.","author":["Shabtay, A.","Portman, M.","Carmel, Y."],"organization":["Technion Israel Institute for Technology"],"originationDate":"2018-06-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.298515000000","34.746962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/625","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-waves-currents-european-marine-energy-centre-tidal-energy-test-site-campaign","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8085001","title":"Measuring waves and currents at the European marine energy centre tidal energy test site: Campaign specification, measurement methodologies and data exploitation","description":"Improved understanding of the dynamics of tidal currents and ocean waves and the loads they impose on tidal turbines is a prerequisite for an economically viable tidal turbine industry. The dynamic environment effects machine design and reliability, has consequences on operations and maintenance and ultimately energy conversion rate. Over the course of a recently completed five year international collaborative project multiple, multi-instrument measurement campaigns were conducted to acquire information on the flow, and recently, the wave-field incident upon an operating commercial-scale tidal energy converter (TEC), the Alstom 1MW DEEPGEN IV. This article summarises the measurement campaign specification and methodology, introduces the project\u0027s technical reports and describes access to all of the acquired data. A new research project, FloWTurb: Response of Tidal Energy Converters to Combined Tidal Flow, Waves, and Turbulence has already incorporated \u201clessons-learned\u201d, which are summarised, into upcoming field measurements in the Pentland Firth and has funded a significant re-analysis of these existing data sets beyond the original project\u0027s scope. A selection of summarising results are introduced here, where the inclusion of ocean wave measurements and analysis allows the data to be exploited in new ways.","author":["Sellar, B.","Sutherland, D.","Ingram, D.","Venugopal, C."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2017-06-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sellar-et-al-2017-Oceans.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/626","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/situ-observations-simulations-coastal-wave-field-transformation-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383917304623","title":"In situ observations and simulations of coastal wave field transformation by wave energy converters","description":"Wave energy is a potential emerging contributor to future global low-emission energy needs. If wave energy is to become a significant part of renewable energy portfolios, then wave energy converters (WECs) will need to be installed in large numbers in array configurations. The environmental effects of wave energy extraction to date has relied on physical (i.e., tank) and numerical modelling studies.\nIn this study, a network of in situ wave measurement devices were deployed around an array of three submerged point absorber WECs, operating intermittently, each with a nominal 240\u202fkW peak capacity. The study site was 3\u202fkm offshore (in approximately 24\u202fm water depth) and the field campaign was conducted over approximately one year, with a primary goal of studying \u2018down-wave\u2019 effects of the WECs. The observations were used to calibrate and validate a numerical spectral wave model which can represent frequency-dependent absorption by WECs within the model. For the purpose of a straightforward analysis, we focus on a period when only one WEC was operating. Measurements show a decrease in wave height between locations up-wave and down-wave of the WEC, for the period with only one operating WEC. The numerical model demonstrates that the observed wave height attenuation is due to WEC absorption and exceeds the natural variability of wave height at the site. Impacts on the wave field are particularly strong directly down-wave (40\u202fm) of the WEC with reduction of the wind-sea wave height up to 20%.","author":["Contardo, S.","Hoeke, R.","Hemer, M.","Symonds, G.","McInnes, K.","O\u0027Grady, J."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Western Australia"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-31.957089000000","115.738981000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/628","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/turbines-effects-water-renewal-within-marine-tidal-stream-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544219318080","title":"Turbines\u0027 effects on water renewal within a marine tidal stream energy site","description":"As tidal stream energy sites contribute to a significant part of water transport in coastal shelf seas, turbines\u2019 implementation may lead to system-wide changes of the hydrodynamic circulation with potential effects on marine water quality. These aspects were investigated in north-western coastal waters of Brittany (France, western Europe) by simulating the decay of a tracer concentration within a control domain surrounding the tidal stream energy site of the Fromveur Strait. Simplified simulations were adopted to analyse the sensitivity of tracer distribution to stream energy extraction. While this marine area showed important renewal capacity with a 50% loss of tracer concentration in less than three days, residual values were still present after two months. This result exhibited that the concentration decay could not be calibrated by simple exponential functions. The renewal of marine waters appeared furthermore dependent on tracer release time during a tidal cycle. A full energy-extraction scenario was finally simulated suggesting weak effects of turbines on the renewal capacity with changes in residence times below 5%. The spatio-temporal Eulerian evolution of the concentration revealed, however, local trapping areas in close correlation with the Lagrangian residual circulation that vanished after two months.","author":["Guillou, N.","Thi\u00e9bot, J.","Chapalain, G."],"organization":["Normandie Universit\u00e9"],"originationDate":"2019-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.374920000000","-4.834834000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/629","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-oil-production-platforms-potential-sources-larvae-coastal-shelf-regions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/2019\/00000095\/00000004\/art00004#expand\/collapse","title":"Offshore oil production platforms as potential sources of larvae to coastal shelf regions off southern California","description":"A diverse assemblage of adult reef fishes and invertebrates occurs at offshore oil production platforms in the Southern California Bight (SCB). Coincident with the initiation of the decommissioning of six platforms in the SCB, the goal of this study was to examine how a platform\u0027s geographical location plays a role in its potential contribution of larval recruits to natural areas. Using a three-dimensional biophysical model, we quantified the potential connectivity of larvae, particularly relevant to reef fishes, from three offshore platforms to four coastal shelf regions where the majority of rocky settlement habitat occurs in the SCB. The regions cover the shelves of the mainland coast and islands and offshore banks in the southern SCB. The main findings indicate that (1) the potential for larval subsidies from platforms in the southern SCB to populations in the northern SCB are greater than the potential for larval subsidies from platforms in the northern SCB to the southern SCB; (2) there is greater seasonal variability of potential connectivity from platforms to the mainland shelf region of the northern SCB than to the mainland shelf region of the southern SCB or shelves around islands and banks; and (3) there is consistency across years in the relative magnitude of potential connectivity from the platforms to the four shelf regions. We conclude that a platform\u0027s function as a larval source should be considered an ecological criterion when evaluating whether a platform is to be converted to an artificial reef and implementing marine spatial planning.","author":["Nishimoto, M.","Simons, R.","Love, M."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2019-10-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.222639000000","-119.836401000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nishimoto-2019-Larval.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/630","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biodiversity-characterisation-fouling-communities-their-hydrodynamic-consequences","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8559237","title":"Biodiversity Characterisation of Fouling Communities and Their Hydrodynamic Consequences on Marine Renewable Energy Infrastructure in the UK","description":"Generating electricity from marine energy is a globally important industry and forms a vital part of several nations\u0027 objectives to decarbonise energy production. In the UK, the resource-rich waters around Scotland have led to world-leading developments of facilities and supporting infrastructure used in deploying and testing wave and tidal energy technologies. A major concern to industries working in the marine environment is biofouling on submerged structures, including energy converters and measurement instrumentation. In this study, marine energy devices, infrastructure, and instrumentation were surveyed to characterise biofouling organisms. Fouling communities varied between deployment habitats; key organisms were identified allowing recommendations for scheduling device maintenance and preventing spread of invasive species. A method to measure biofouling impact on hydrodynamic response is described and applied to data from a wave-monitoring buoy deployed at a test site in Scotland. Results are discussed in relation to measurement accuracy of resources for power generation. Further applications are suggested for future testing in other scenarios including habitats use for extracting tidal energy.","author":["Want, A.","Harris, R.","Porter, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2018-12-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.945056000000","-3.546920000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/631","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-low-frequency-electromagnetic-field-behavior-bioenergetics-polychaete-hediste","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113619302740","title":"Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor","description":"The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an electromagnetic field (EMF) of value typically recorded in the vicinity of submarine cables (50\u202fHz, 1\u202fmT) on the behavior and bioenergetics of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor. No avoidance or attraction behavior to EMF was shown, but the burrowing activity of H. diversicolor was enhanced in EMF treatment, indicating a stimulating effect on bioturbation potential. The polychaete maintained a positive energy balance and high amount (85% of assimilated energy) of energy available for individual production (scope for growth) after exposure to EMF. Food consumption and respiration rates were not affected but ammonia excretion rate was significantly reduced in EMF-exposed animals compared to the control conditions (geomagnetic field). The mechanisms behind this effect remain, however, unclear. This is the first study demonstrating the effects of environmentally realistic EMF value on the behavior and physiology of marine invertebrates, thus there is a need for more research.  Highlights:    Effects of 50\u202fHz 1\u202fmT electromagnetic field (EMF) on H. diversicolor were assessed.  H. diversicolor did not exhibit avoidance or attraction behavior to EMF.  Exposure to EMF increased the sediment reworking activity of H. diversicolor.  H. diversicolor maintained a positive energy balance after exposure to EMF.  EMF significantly decreased the ammonia excretion rate of H. diversicolor.","author":["Jakubowska, M.","Urban-Malinga, B.","Otremba, Z.","Andrulewicz, E."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Research Institute","Gdynia Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.526413000000","18.511602000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/632","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-monitoring-marine-nekton-puget-sounds-renewable-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.3589043","title":"Characterizing and monitoring marine nekton at Puget Sound\u0027s renewable energy site","description":"Marine hydrokinetic energy sites have the potential to impact distributions, dynamics, and abundances of macroinvertebrates, fish, and marine mammals (i.e., nekton). Potential impacts include changes in aggregation, avoidance, and occurrences of strikes or impingements. Understanding potential impacts requires knowledge of species\u2010specific distributions over relevant spatial and temporal scales. Configurations and integration of technologies capable of providing images and data are not well\u2010established, and the application of monitoring technologies is complicated by extreme flows at marine hydrokinetic energy sites. An echosounder, multibeam sonar, and acoustic camera will be used to detect, categorize, and enumerate nekton at a proposed renewable energy site in northern Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA. This is the site selected by Snohomish Public Utility District for the deployment of two OpenHydro turbines. Data from stationary instrument deployments will be compared to data from a mobile acoustic and midwater trawling survey to determine how well each technology captures spatiotemporal variation in nekon density distributions. Results of the design, deployment, retrieval, and analysis of data from these three instrument classes will be used to formulate recommendations for instrument choice, configuration, and the characterization and monitoring of pelagic nekton at any renewable energy site.","author":["Horne, J.","Parker-Stetter, S.","Polagye, B.","Thomson, J.","Fresh, K.","Hanson, M."],"organization":["University of Washington","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.956029000000","-122.603318000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/633","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-acoustic-technologies-monitor-aquatic-organisms-renewable-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5415.pdf","title":"Evaluating Acoustic Technologies to Monitor Aquatic Organisms at Renewable Energy Sites: Final Report","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) devices potentially impact dynamics of aquatic organisms including macroinvertebrates, fish, seabirds, and marine mammals. Understanding potential impacts of MRE technologies on biological communities requires knowledge of species-specific spatial and temporal density distributions. Acoustic technologies capable of providing images and data for baseline characterizations and operational monitoring are commercially available but configurations and system integration for MRE applications have not been established nor evaluated. Deployment, operation, and retrieval of autonomous acoustic instrument packages are also complicated by extreme water flows at MRE sites. At a proposed tidal energy site in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, an echosounder, multibeam sonar, acoustic camera, and an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were deployed on bottom during May and June, 2011. To provide a spatial characterization of the biological community at the site, a vessel-mounted echosounder and pelagic trawl were used to map fish and macrozooplankton densities during day, dusk, and night surveys. Marine mammals and seabirds were identified and counted during surveys. The primary objective of the project was to compare sampling capabilities of surfaceand bottom-deployed acoustic instruments.  Our field work confirmed that autonomous instrument sampling is more constrained by power than by data storage; that direct sampling in high flow environments is a challenge; and that limited direct samples constrain acoustic target classification. A suite of metrics successfully characterized vertical distributions of aquatic organisms in the water column. Results showed that surface and bottom deployed echosounders detected horizontal and vertical density changes that were correlated with environmental covariates. Metric values from the acoustic camera and ADCP data were not as sensitive to changes in density.  Current acoustic technologies can be configured and used to characterize aquatic organism distributions at MRE sites. Integrated acoustic instrument systems that include target tracking and impact warning do not exist in autonomous or cabled configurations. Development of algorithms to translate temporal to spatial variance and to scale observed effects from pilot to commercial site domains is needed to complete the ability to monitor change and to detect impacts on biological communities for MRE site monitoring","author":["Horne, J.","Jacques, D.","Parker-Stetter, S.","Linder, H.","Nomura, J."],"organization":["US Department of the Interior (DOI)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","University of Washington","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.380234000000","-122.885440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Horne-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/635","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improving-visual-biodiversity-assessments-motile-fauna-turbid-aquatic-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/lom3.10331","title":"Improving visual biodiversity assessments of motile fauna in turbid aquatic environments","description":"Current knowledge of turbid coastlines relies heavily on extractive sampling methods with less destructive visual techniques limited primarily by underwater visibility. Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) is now a commonly used nonextractive sampling technique which involves the use of bait to attract motile fauna to the field of view of the camera, but its use is restricted to clear water environments. Here, we describe and test the addition of a clear liquid optical chamber (CLOC) to a BRUV system to improve underwater visibility when observing motile fauna in turbid waters. The CLOC method was trialed with respect to the ability of the system to identify taxa to species level in both controlled laboratory and field conditions across gradients of underwater visibility. This study found that the introduction of a CLOC to a conventional BRUV system significantly improved the ability to observe identifying features of four fish species in a controlled low\u2010visibility environment (p\u2009\u2264\u20090.001). The ability to identify taxa to species level in field conditions was also significantly increased with the addition of a CLOC (p\u2009\u2264\u20090.01). We conclude that the introduction of a CLOC to a conventional BRUV system is a reliable way of improving underwater visibility when assessing motile fauna allowing for a more consistent identification of taxa to species level. This system may be applied to both marine and freshwater aquatic environments.","author":["Jones, R.","Griffin, R.","Rees, S.","Unsworth, R."],"organization":["Swansea University","Ocean Ecology Ltd."],"originationDate":"2019-08-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.974292000000","-5.746996000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones_et_al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/636","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/buried-alive-behavioural-response-mussels-modiolus-modiolus-mytilus-edulis-sudden","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0151471","title":"Buried Alive: The Behavioural Response of the Mussels, Modiolus modiolus and Mytilus edulis to Sudden Burial by Sediment","description":"Sedimentation in the sea occurs through natural processes, such as wave and tidal action, which can be exacerbated during storms and floods. Changes in terrestrial land use, marine aggregate extraction, dredging, drilling and mining are known to result in substantial sediment deposition. Research suggests that deposition will also occur due to the modern development of marine renewable energy. The response to individual burial under three depths of sediment, three sediment fractions and five burial durations was investigated in two mussel species, Modiolus modiolus and Mytilus edulis in specialist mesocosms. Both mussel species showed substantial mortality, which increased with duration of burial and burial by finer sediment fractions. M. modiolus was better able to survive short periods of burial than M. edulis, but at longer durations mortality was more pronounced. No mortality was observed in M. modiolus in burial durations of eight days or less but by 16 days of burial, over 50% cumulative mortality occurred. Under variable temperature regimes, M. edulis mortality increased from 20% at 8\u00b0C to over 60% at 14.5 and 20\u00b0C. Only M. edulis was able to emerge from burial, facilitated by increased byssus production, laid mostly on vertical surfaces but also on sediment particles. Emergence was higher from coarse sediment and shallow burials. Byssus production in M. edulis was not related to the condition index of the mussels. Results suggest that even marginal burial would result in mortality and be more pronounced in warm summer periods. Our results suggest that in the event of burial, adult M. modiolus would not be able to emerge from burial unless local hydrodynamics assist, whereas a small proportion of M. edulis may regain contact with the sediment water interface. The physiological stress resulting in mortality, contribution of local hydrodynamics to survival and other ecological pressures such as mussels existing in aggregations, are discussed.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Hendrick, V.","Burrows, M.","Wilson, B.","Last, K."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.451326000000","-5.441188000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hutchison-et-al-2016.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/637","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-burial-intolerance-marine-macroinvertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0149114","title":"Sediment Burial Intolerance of Marine Macroinvertebrates","description":"The marine environment contains suspended particulate matter which originates from natural and anthropogenic sources. Settlement of this material can leave benthic organisms susceptible to smothering, especially if burial is sudden i.e. following storms or activities such as dredging. Their survival will depend on their tolerance to, and their ability to escape from burial. Here we present data from a multi-factorial experiment measuring burial responses incorporating duration, sediment fraction and depth. Six macroinvertebrates commonly found in sediment rich environments were selected for their commercial and\/or conservation importance. Assessments revealed that the brittle star (Ophiura ophiura), the queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) and the sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) were all highly intolerant to burial whilst the green urchin (Psammichinus miliaris) and the anemone (Sagartiogeton laceratus), showed intermediate and low intolerance respectively, to burial. The least intolerant, with very high survival was the Ross worm (Sabellaria spinulosa). With the exception of C. intestinalis, increasing duration and depth of burial with finer sediment fractions resulted in increased mortality for all species assessed. For C. intestinalis depth of burial and sediment fraction were found to be inconsequential since there was complete mortality of all specimens buried for more than one day. When burial emergence was assessed O. ophiura emerged most frequently, followed by P. miliaris. The former emerged most frequently from the medium and fine sediments whereas P. miliaris emerged more frequently from coarse sediment. Both A. opercularis and S. laceratus showed similar emergence responses over time, with A. opercularis emerging more frequently under coarse sediments. The frequency of emergence of S. laceratus increased with progressively finer sediment and C. intestinalis did not emerge from burial irrespective of sediment fraction or depth. Finally, and perhaps unsurprisingly, the greatest ability to emerge from burial in all other species was from shallow (2 cm) burial. Although survival was consistently highly dependent on duration and depth of burial as expected, emergence behaviour was not as easily predictable thereby confounding predictions. We conclude that responses to burial are highly species specific and therefore tolerance generalisations are likely to be oversimplifications. These data may be used to inform environmental impact models that allow forecasting of the cumulative impacts of seabed disturbance and may provide mitigation measures for the sustainable use of the seabed.","author":["Hendrick, V.","Hutchison, Z.","Last, K."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.451326000000","-5.441188000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hendrick-et-al-2016.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/638","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/school-out-noisy-reefs-effect-boat-noise-predator-learning-survival-juvenile-coral","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2018.0033","title":"School is out on noisy reefs: the effect of boat noise on predator learning and survival of juvenile coral reef fishes","description":"Noise produced by anthropogenic activities is increasing in many marine ecosystems. We investigated the effect of playback of boat noise on fish cognition. We focused on noise from small motorboats, since its occurrence can dominate soundscapes in coastal communities, the number of noise-producing vessels is increasing rapidly and their proximity to marine life has the potential to cause deleterious effects. Cognition\u2014or the ability of individuals to learn and remember information\u2014is crucial, given that most species rely on learning to achieve fitness-promoting tasks, such as finding food, choosing mates and recognizing predators. The caveat with cognition is its latent effect: the individual that fails to learn an important piece of information will live normally until the moment where it needs the information to make a fitness-related decision. Such latent effects can easily be overlooked by traditional risk assessment methods. Here, we conducted three experiments to assess the effect of boat noise playbacks on the ability of fish to learn to recognize predation threats, using a common, conserved learning paradigm. We found that fish that were trained to recognize a novel predator while being exposed to \u2018reef + boat noise\u2019 playbacks failed to subsequently respond to the predator, while their \u2018reef noise\u2019 counterparts responded appropriately. We repeated the training, giving the fish three opportunities to learn three common reef predators, and released the fish in the wild. Those trained in the presence of \u2018reef + boat noise\u2019 playbacks survived 40% less than the \u2018reef noise\u2019 controls over our 72 h monitoring period, a performance equal to that of predator-naive fish. Our last experiment indicated that these results were likely due to failed learning, as opposed to stress effects from the sound exposure. Neither playbacks nor real boat noise affected survival in the absence of predator training. Our results indicate that boat noise has the potential to cause latent effects on learning long after the stressor has gone.","author":["Ferrari, M.","McCormick, M.","Meekan, M.","Simpson, S.","Nedelec, S.","Chivers, D."],"organization":["James Cook University","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","University of Exeter","University of Saskatchewan"],"originationDate":"2019-01-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["-14.666412000000","145.466661000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/639","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/boat-noise-affects-early-life-history-two-damselfishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X19301547","title":"Boat noise affects the early life history of two damselfishes","description":"Anthropogenic noise can have a negative effect on the physiology and survival of marine fishes. Most research has focused on later life-stages, and few studies have investigated the effects of human-induced noise on embryogenesis. The current study investigated whether playback of motorboat noise affected the embryogenesis of the coral reef damselfishes, Amphiprion melanopus and Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Embryos reared under the playback of boat noise had faster heart rates compared to the ambient reef controls. The effects of noise on morphological development differed between species and the fundamental interrelationships between early life history characteristics changed dramatically under boat noise for Ac. polyacanthus. Noise treatments did not alter the survival rates of embryos under laboratory conditions. Although species specific, our findings suggest that anthropogenic noise causes physiological responses in fishes during embryogenesis and these changes have direct impacts on their development and these alterations may have carry-over effects to later life stages.","author":["Fakan, E.","McCormick, M."],"organization":["James Cook University"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/640","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/management-coastal-flooding-under-climate-change-through-wave-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31318-0_6","title":"Management of Coastal Flooding Under Climate Change Through Wave Farms","description":"This chapter analyzes the effects of wave energy converter farms on storm-induced coastal flooding under three sea-level rise scenarios: present situation, optimistic projection and pessimistic projection. For that, the Delft3D-Wave and XBeach-G models were jointly apply to a gravel-dominated coast in southern Spain. The results show that the wave farm induces redutions, for the three scenarios, in breaking wave heights (about 10% and 25% under westerly and easterly storms, respectively) and total run-up values (8% and 10%, respectively). This leads to reduction in flooded cross-shore distances and dry beach areas. The decreases in flooded dry beach areas for the three sea-level rise scenarios are between 1400 and 3900 m2 under south-westerly storms, and between 2100 and 3400 m 2 under south-easterly storms. Therefore, wave farms are efficient management strategies to mitigate coastal flooding even under sea-level rise conditions.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","Plymouth University","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.864589000000","-3.922340000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/641","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-configuration-coastal-erosion-mitigation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31318-0_3","title":"Wave Energy Converter Configuration for Coastal Erosion Mitigation","description":"This chapter analyses the influence of the wave energy converter geometry, in particular the wedge angle of WaveCat devices, on the performance of wave farms as coastal protection elements against erosion. Laboratory experiments were conducted for two angles between hulls under low-, mid- and high-energy conditions to obtain the reflection and diffraction coefficients. These values were used as input for the joint application of a wave propagation model, a longshore sediment transport formulation and the one-line model to a study site in southern Spain. The shoreline evolution and dry beach area availability for wave farms with by both devices were assessed. The results indicate that WaveCat devices with a wedge angle of 60\u00ba provide more protection than those with 30\u00b0 for long wave periods and less protection for short periods. Thus, to optimize the efficiency of wave farms for coastal defence, the geometry of the wave energy converters should be adapted dynamically to the incoming wave condition.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","University of Plymouth","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-14 09:17:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/642","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimization-wave-farm-location-layout-coastal-protection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31318-0_2","title":"Optimization of Wave Farm Location and Layout for Coastal Protection","description":"In this chapter, a new methodology to manage coastal protection by means of wave farms is proposed. Artificial intelligence tools, more specifically artificial neural networks (ANNs), were used to assess dry beach surface differences between the no wave farm situation and different wave farm project scenarios. A number of alongshore locations and layouts\u2014represented as the number of rows and the spacing between devices\u2014formed the wave farm scenarios and the influence of the wave climate\u2014significant wave height and mean wave direction\u2014was also taken into account. The selected study site was Playa Granada (southern Iberian Peninsula), a beach with important erosion problems. The datasets used for training and testing the ANN were obtained by means of a suite of numerical models including a third generation wave propagation model, a sediment transport formulation and a shoreline response equation. In order to obtain the ANN which provides the best fit to the data, a comparative study involving more than forty different architectures formed by one and two hidden layers and trained by means of two training algorithm was carried out. The [5-10-1] architecture obtained the best results with a correlation coefficient and RMSE of 0.9489 and 4.22 m22, respectively. Once the best architecture was found, the ANN was applied to the study site in order to obtain the optimum location and layout for a wave farm project and the results indicate that dry beach surface could increase up to 5400.18 m22 per year. These results show that ANNs can be useful for managers to optimize the design of wave farms for coastal protection.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","Plymouth University","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.724908900000","-3.532989000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/643","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-coastal-protection-novel-strategy-coastal-management-under-climate-change","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31318-0","title":"Ocean Energy and Coastal Protection A Novel Strategy for Coastal Management Under Climate Change","description":"This book presents the innovative concept of the dual function of wave farms as both renewable energy generators and coastal protection elements against erosion and flooding.\n\nDeveloping renewable energy is one of the most pressing targets for society in the coming decades due to the finite nature of fossil fuels, their high costs, and the environmental impacts of their exploration and use, including climate change and the subsequent sea-level rise. Wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources, thanks to its huge potential and low impact on the environment. As such, this book discusses the development and application of artificial intelligence to optimise wave farm location and layout, assesses the influence of the wave energy converter geometry on coastal protection against erosion and flooding, and analyses how the performance of wave farms as coastal defence elements is affected by climate change and sea level rise. The concepts, methods and conclusions presented are helpful to students, researchers, academics, engineers, designers, stakeholders and managers around the globe interested in wave energy, coastal engineering, and coastal management.\n\nOptimization of Wave Farm Location and Layout for Coastal Protection\nWave Energy Converter Configuration for Coastal Erosion Mitigation\nWave Energy Converter Configuration for Coastal Flooding Mitigation\nManagement of Coastal Erosion Under Climate Change Through Wave Farms\nManagement of Coastal Flooding Under Climate Change Through Wave Farms","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","University of Plymouth","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.724908900000","-3.532989000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/644","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-hydropower-using-ecosystem-based-adaptation-increase-local-adaptation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98681-4_10","title":"Sustainable Hydropower: Using Ecosystem-based Adaptation to Increase Local Adaptation Capacity in Brazil","description":"Recent observed changes in climate patterns in Brazil has increased the importance of ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) in order to reduce the effects of drought and floods. The energy (hydropower) sector is specially starting to be affected by those changes. Changing rainfall patterns, rising temperature, droughts and extreme weather events may affect hydroelectricity generation, causing damages to the infrastructure or disruptions in service. EbA is mentioned in the Brazilian NDC, highlighting the need to increase national capacity in water security (National Water Security Plan), conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (NBSAP). In addition, the Energy Sector Strategy of the NAP mentions the environmental issues, especially regarding the protection and recovery of natural resources (fauna, flora and physical environment). This paper discusses how the hydropower generation in Brazil can shift to a sustainable hydropower pattern, capable of dealing with climate change issues and, additionally, contributing to increase local adaptation capacity using an ecosystem approach, as accorded on Paris Agreement. A set of EbA measures are presented as opportunities to reduce the climate vulnerability and\/or increase the resilience of local ecosystems and of the communities depending on them, where hydropower projects are installed or are being planned.","author":["Garcia, K.","Mollica, A.","Ferreira de Matos, D.","Leal da Paz, L."],"organization":["Eletrobras Group"],"originationDate":"2018-09-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["-8.750716600000","-54.822246900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/645","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biodiversity-issues-should-be-better-taken-account-energy-transition","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98681-4_3","title":"Biodiversity Issues Should Be Better Taken into Account in the Energy Transition","description":"Climate and biodiversity issues cannot be considered one without the other because of the multiple interactions and interdependencies between them. Solutions for climate mitigation relying on the evolution of the energy sector should take this intertwining into account. The French Foundation for Research on Biodiversity (FRB) and OR\u00c9E, a multi-stakeholder NGO advocating the sharing of good environmental practices among stakeholders, explored potential ways to approach the complexity of climate, energy and biodiversity issues in order to develop sustainable solutions. They have been studying the links and interactions between renewable energy and biodiversity through, among others, a conference organized by FRB and a book published by OR\u00c9E. In both the conference and the book, energy producers and suppliers discussed their level of awareness on the issue and presented measures taken to avoid, reduce or offset biodiversity impacts when installing renewable energy infrastructures. This experience sharing highlighted several ways forward in order to reconcile biodiversity protection with the shift towards sustainable energy. Thus, the need to better take biodiversity into account in the energy transition was voiced both by businesses and the research community. This paper presents the first outcomes of the reflections led at the national level by multiple stakeholders, in order to generate further ideas for research to support the design and implementation of integrated climate change and biodiversity policies.","author":["Hallosserie, A.","Soubelet, H.","Leriche, H.","Savin, P.","Silvain, J."],"organization":["French Foundation for Biodiversity Research","Institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement"],"originationDate":"2018-08-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/646","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/love-me-love-me-not-perceptions-links-between-energy-sector-biodiversity-conservation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629618309769","title":"Love me, love me not: Perceptions on the links between the energy sector and biodiversity conservation","description":"The European Union (EU) performed a comprehensive evaluation of nature conservation directives (the so-called \u201cFitness check\u201d), including public consultations which provided an opportunity to characterize the perspectives of different stakeholders on the links between biodiversity conservation and energy policy. Through content analysis, all the information related to the energy sector produced during the Fitness check was screened. The overall perception was that, compared to other policies, the EU energy policy generally did not support the objectives of the Nature Directives, with identified threats for biodiversity coming from specific activities and policy initiatives. Respondents from the energy sector recognized that the implementation of the Directives brought some improvements (e.g. improved planning of grid developments, collaboration between the energy sector and NGOs) but a number of issues requiring improvement were identified, including (a) lack of coherence with energy policies, (b) need for cost-effective implementation, (c) need for more scientific knowledge and capacity building, and (d) need for clarifications over impact evaluation and compensatory measures. As a follow up of the Fitness check, the European Commission produced an Action Plan. From my perspective, this document should be closely scrutinized by the energy sector, as it provides opportunities to engage in different activities aiming towards a better use of scientific knowledge in decision-making, clarification of rules for procedures in the scope of impact assessment, effective mitigation of impacts on biodiversity, contribution to biodiversity gains, and higher social acceptance of the sector.","author":["Moreira, F."],"organization":["Universidade de Porto","Universidade de Lisboa"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/647","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-use-sea-wide-array-opportunities-site-specific-cases-across-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0215010","title":"Multi-use of the sea: A wide array of opportunities from site-specific cases across Europe","description":"The concept of multi-use of the sea has gained popularity in recent years as a result of ocean space (coastal areas and regions with relatively small sea space in particular) becoming increasingly crowded due to the development of the maritime economy. Competing claims for space can be a source of conflict, however this may also lead to mutual benefits for different users when sustainable combinations are sought. Despite increasing European-wide efforts, on-the-ground knowledge and practice of multi-use are still limited. Therefore, with the aim of investigating opportunities for multi-use development in the European seas, 10 case studies were selected, involving different site-specific contexts. This study analyses the characteristics and development potential for ocean multi-use, integrating results from desk analysis and stakeholder perceptions from different sectors in each of the case study locations. Similarities and differences between various combinations of sea uses are also identified. The results show a high heterogeneity of multi-use opportunities between case studies, with a range of combinations identified. The investigated combinations of maritime uses share an overall balance between factors promoting (drivers) and hindering (barriers) multi-use development. Based on stakeholder opinions, expected benefits (added values) of multi-use implementation outweigh potential negative impacts. Management actions are also proposed to further exploit multi-use potential at a local, regional (sub-national) and national levels.","author":["Bocci, M.","Sangiuliano, S.","Sarretta, A.","Ansong, J.","Buchanan, B.","Kafas, A.","Ca\u00f1a-Varona, M.","Onyango, V.","Papaioannou, E.","Ramieri, E.","Schultz-Zehden, A.","Schupp, M.","Vassilopoulou, V.","Verg\u00edlio, M."],"organization":["Thetis SpA","Marine Scotland Science","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","University of Azores","University of Dundee","SUBMARINER Network for Blue Growth EEIG","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)"],"originationDate":"2019-04-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/651","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-sound-wave-tidal-test-sites-improving-knowledge-acoustic-impact-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater sound on wave \u0026 tidal test sites: improving knowledge of acoustic impact of Marine Energy Convertors","description":"The effects of anthropogenic underwater noise on different marine species is open to study and debate, as it is a source for tension between and within sea users\u2019 (e.g. fishermen, shipping companies, energy companies, etc.), scientists and politicians. This paper aims at identifying and circumventing environmental constrains for better characterising sound emissions from various marine energy converter (MEC) types deployed on both wave and tidal sea-trial test sites. This study benefits from the collaborations of the scientific operators of marine energy sites from Spain (AZTI) and France (Energie de la Lune). Several underwater acoustic measurement campaigns were conducted on Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BIMEP) and SEENEOH tests sites and Mutriku Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave power plant. The methodology used for data acquisition relies on both drifting and bottom moored hydrophones thus enabling to characterising both ambient operating noises and comparing two different underwater acoustic equipment. Long and time expensive data post-processing allowed for identifying and circumventing different kind of sound emissions from different origins: anthropogenic sound, siterelated noises, and ambient noise. Impulsive and continuous sounds were assessed following criteria compliant with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Results presented here allow for identifying difficulties in operating with different instrumentation and monitoring methodologies in these harsh environments. Analysis of acoustic samples during MEC operation allowed for identifying impulsive noise sources mainly related with mooring lines of MECs. Collection of device-generated noise during various operating states and seasons, for the purpose of evaluating potential noise impacts on marine organisms of concern is needed for a better understanding and characterization of these potential impacts.","author":["Giry, C.","Bald, J.","Uriarte, A."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2018-06-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.312643000000","-2.377133000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:29:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICOE-cyril-giry_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/652","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-pollution-limits-metal-bioaccumulation-growth-rate-filter-feeder-pacific-oyster","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0194174","title":"Noise pollution limits metal bioaccumulation and growth rate in a filter feeder, the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas","description":"Shipping has increased dramatically in recent decades and oysters can hear them. We studied the interaction between noise pollution and trace metal contamination in the oyster Magallana gigas. Four oyster-groups were studied during a 14-day exposure period. Two were exposed to cadmium in the presence of cargo ship-noise ([Cd++]w \u2248 0.5 \u03bcg\u2219L-1; maximum sound pressure level 150 dBrms re 1 \u03bcPa), and 2 were exposed only to cadmium. The Cd concentration in the gills ([Cd]g) and the digestive gland ([Cd]dg), the valve closure duration, number of valve closures and circadian distribution of opening and closure, the daily shell growth-rate and the expression of 19 genes in the gills were studied. Oysters exposed to Cd in the presence of cargo ship-noise accumulated 2.5 times less Cd in their gills than did the controls without ship noise and their growth rate was 2.6 times slower. In the presence of ship noise, oysters were closed more during the daytime, and their daily valve activity was reduced. Changes in gene activity in the gills were observed in 7 genes when the Cd was associated with the ship noise. In the absence of ship noise, a change in expression was measured in 4 genes. We conclude that chronic exposure to cargo ship noise has a depressant effect on the activity in oysters, including on the volume of the water flowing over their gills (Vw). In turn, a decrease in the Vw and valve-opening duration limited metal exposure and uptake by the gills but also limited food uptake. This latter conclusion would explain the slowing observed in the fat metabolism and growth rate. Thus, we propose that cargo ship noise exposure could protect against metal bioaccumulation and affect the growth rate. This latter conclusion points towards a potential risk in terms of ecosystem productivity.","author":["Charifi, M.","Miserazzi, A.","Sow, M.","Perrigault, M.","Gonzalez, P.","Ciret, P.","Benomar, S.","Massabuau, J."],"organization":["University of Bordeaux"],"originationDate":"2018-04-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Charifi-2018-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/653","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dna-ecological-performance-effects-anthropogenic-noise-reef-building-mussel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31271981","title":"From DNA to ecological performance: Effects of anthropogenic noise on a reef-building mussel","description":"Responses of marine invertebrates to anthropogenic noise are insufficiently known, impeding our understanding of ecosystemic impacts of noise and the development of mitigation strategies. We show that the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is negatively affected by ship-noise playbacks across different levels of biological organization. We take a novel mechanistic multi-method approach testing and employing established ecotoxicological techniques (i.e. Comet Assay and oxidative stress tests) in combination with behavioral and physiological biomarkers. We evidence, for the first time in marine species, noise-induced changes in DNA integrity (six-fold higher DNA single strand-breaks in haemocytes and gill epithelial cells) and oxidative stress (68% increased TBARS in gill cells). We further identify physiological and behavioral changes (12% reduced oxygen consumption, 60% increase in valve gape, 84% reduced filtration rate) in noise-exposed mussels. By employing established ecotoxicological techniques we highlight impacts not only on the organismal level, but also on ecological performance. When investigating species that produce little visually obvious responses to anthropogenic noise, the above mentioned endpoints are key to revealing sublethal effects of noise and thus enable a better understanding of how this emerging, but often overlooked stressor, affects animals without complex behaviors. Our integrated approach to noise research can be used as a model for other invertebrate species and faunal groups, and inform the development of effective methods for assessing and monitoring noise impacts. Given the observed negative effects, noise should be considered a potential confounding factor in studies involving other stressors.","author":["Wale, M.","Briers, R.","Hartl, M.","Bryson, D.","Diele, K."],"organization":["Edinburgh Napier University","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/654","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-noise-increases-fish-mortality-predation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms10544","title":"Anthropogenic noise increases fish mortality by predation","description":"Noise-generating human activities affect hearing, communication and movement in terrestrial and aquatic animals, but direct evidence for impacts on survival is rare. We examined effects of motorboat noise on post-settlement survival and physiology of a prey fish species and its performance when exposed to predators. Both playback of motorboat noise and direct disturbance by motorboats elevated metabolic rate in Ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis), which when stressed by motorboat noise responded less often and less rapidly to simulated predatory strikes. Prey were captured more readily by their natural predator (dusky dottyback, Pseudochromis fuscus) during exposure to motorboat noise compared with ambient conditions, and more than twice as many prey were consumed by the predator in field experiments when motorboats were passing. Our study suggests that a common source of noise in the marine environment has the potential to impact fish demography, highlighting the need to include anthropogenic noise in management plans.","author":["Simpson, S.","Radford, A.","Nedelec, S.","Ferrari, M.","Chivers, D.","McCormick, M.","Meekan, M."],"organization":["University of Exeter","University of Bristol","University of Saskatchewan","James Cook University","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-14.678692000000","145.448258000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Simpson-2016-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/655","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-noise-playback-impairs-embryonic-development-increases-mortality-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep05891","title":"Anthropogenic noise playback impairs embryonic development and increases mortality in a marine invertebrate","description":"Human activities can create noise pollution and there is increasing international concern about how this may impact wildlife. There is evidence that anthropogenic noise may have detrimental effects on behaviour and physiology in many species but there are few examples of experiments showing how fitness may be directly affected. Here we use a split-brood, counterbalanced, field experiment to investigate the effect of repeated boat-noise playback during early life on the development and survival of a marine invertebrate, the sea hare Stylocheilus striatus at Moorea Island (French Polynesia). We found that exposure to boat-noise playback, compared to ambient-noise playback, reduced successful development of embryos by 21% and additionally increased mortality of recently hatched larvae by 22%. Our work, on an understudied but ecologically and socio-economically important taxon, demonstrates that anthropogenic noise can affect individual fitness. Fitness costs early in life have a fundamental influence on population dynamics and resilience, with potential implications for community structure and function.","author":["Nedelec, S.","Radford, A.","Simpson, S.","Nedelec, B.","Lecchini, D.","Mills, S."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedelec-2014-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/656","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-boat-noise-behaviour-bluefin-tuna-thunnus-thynnus-mediterranean-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v331\/p243-253\/","title":"Effect of boat noise on the behaviour of bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus in the Mediterranean Sea","description":"The effect of boat noise on the behaviour of bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus was investigated in the Egadi Islands, Sicily, during spring 2005 using a fixed tuna trap set near shipping routes. Tuna behaviour was observed when exposed to both natural ambient sound and sound generated by hydrofoil passenger ferries, small boats and large car ferries. Acoustical and behavioural analyses were conducted with and without extraneous sound to define a list of behavioural categories. Each vessel produced different engine sounds with regard to their composition and bandwidth, and all were distinctly different from ambient sound levels. In the absence of boat noise, tuna assumed a concentrated coordinated school structure with unidirectional swimming and without a precise shape. When a car ferry approached, tuna changed swimming direction and increased their vertical movement toward surface or bottom; the school exhibited an unconcentrated structure and uncoordinated swimming behaviour. Hydrofoils appeared to elicit a similar response, but for shorter periods. Agonistic behaviour was more evident when exposed to sounds from outboard motors of small boats. This study showed that local noise pollution generated by boats produced behavioural deviations in tuna schools. Schooling enhances tuna homing accuracy during their spawning migration, and an alteration in schooling behaviour can affect the accuracy of their migration to spawning and feeding grounds.","author":["Sar\u00e0, G.","Dean, J.","D\u0027Amato, D.","Buscaino, G.","Oliveri, A.","Genovese, S.","Ferro, S.","Buffa, G.","Lo Martire, M.","Mazzola, S."],"organization":["University of Turin","University of South Carolina"],"originationDate":"2007-02-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.985563000000","12.205566000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/657","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-natural-sources-ambient-noise-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v395\/p5-20\/","title":"Anthropogenic and natural sources of ambient noise in the ocean","description":"Ocean ambient noise results from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Different noise sources are dominant in each of 3 frequency bands: low (10 to 500 Hz), medium (500 Hz to 25 kHz) and high (\u003E25 kHz). The low-frequency band is dominated by anthropogenic sources: primarily, commercial shipping and, secondarily, seismic exploration. Shipping and seismic sources contribute to ambient noise across ocean basins, since low-frequency sound experiences little attenuation, allowing for long-range propagation. Over the past few decades the shipping contribution to ambient noise has increased by as much as 12 dB, coincident with a significant increase in the number and size of vessels comprising the world\u2019s commercial shipping fleet. During this time, oil exploration and construction activities along continental margins have moved into deeper water, and the long-range propagation of seismic signals has increased. Medium frequency sound cannot propagate over long ranges, owing to greater attenuation, and only local or regional (10s of km distant) sound sources contribute to the ambient noise field. Ambient noise in the mid-frequency band is primarily due to sea-surface agitation: breaking waves, spray, bubble formation and collapse, and rainfall. Various sonars (e.g. military and mapping), as well as small vessels, contribute anthropogenic noise at mid-frequencies. At high frequencies, acoustic attenuation becomes extreme so that all noise sources are confined to an area close to the receiver. Thermal noise, the result of Brownian motion of water molecules near the hydrophone, is the dominant noise source above about 60 kHz.","author":["Hildebrand, J."],"organization":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"2009-12-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HildebrandMEPS2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/658","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/brief-review-anthropogenic-sound-oceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/5cj6s4r9","title":"A Brief Review of Anthropogenic Sound in the Oceans","description":"Sound in the oceans is generated by a variety of natural sources, such as breaking waves, rain, and marine animals, as well as a variety of human-produced sources, such as ships, sonars and seismic signals. This overview will begin with a quick review of some basic properties of sound waves with particular reference to differences between the behaviours of these waves underwater versus in air. A basic understanding of the physics of underwater sound is critical to understanding how marine animal acoustic signals have evolved relative to their different functions and how changes in the marine acoustic environment due to increasing anthropogenic sound in the oceans may impact these species. We will then review common sources of anthropogenic sound in the oceans. The frequency contributions of three major sources of underwater anthropogenic sound and their relative intensities will be discussed: naval exercises, seismic surveys and commercial shipping. Finally, a case study examining relative inputs to a regional noise budget, that of the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, will be presented to introduce the audience to methodologies for characterizing and managing sound on an ecosystem level.","author":["Studds, G.","Wright, A."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2007-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Studds-2007-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/659","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-ocean-noise-pollution-fish-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceancare.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Underwater-Noise-Pollution_Impact-on-fish-and-invertebrates_Report_OceanCare_EN_36p_2018.pdf","title":"The Impact of Ocean Noise Pollution on Fish and Invertebrates","description":"Most fish and invertebrates use sound for vital life functions. This review of 115 primary studies encompasses various human-produced underwater noise sources, 66 species of fish and 36 species of invertebrates. Noise impacts on development include body malformations, higher egg or immature mortality, developmental delays, delays in metamorphosing and settling, and slower growth rates. Zooplankton suffered high mortality in the presence of noise. Anatomical impacts from noise involve massive internal injuries, cellular damage to statocysts and neurons, causing disorientation and even death, and hearing loss. Damage to hearing structures can worsen over time even after the noise has ceased, sometimes becoming most pronounced after 96 hrs. post-noise exposure. Even temporary hearing loss can last months. Stress impacts from noise are not uncommon, including higher levels of stress hormones, greater metabolic rate, oxygen uptake, cardiac output, parasites, irritation, distress, and mortality rate, sometimes due to disease and cannibalism; and worse body condition, lower growth, weight, food consumption, immune response, and reproductive rates. DNA integrity was also compromised, as was overall physiology. Behaviorally, animals showed alarm responses, increased aggression, hiding, and flight reactions; and decreased anti-predator defense, nest digging, nest care, courtship calls, spawning, egg clutches, and feeding. Noise caused more distraction, producing more food-handling errors, decreased foraging efficiency, greater vulnerability to predation, and less feeding. Schooling became uncoordinated, unaggregated, and unstructured due to noise. Masking reduced communication distance and could cause misleading information to be relayed. Some commercial catches dropped by up to 80% due to noise, with larger fish leaving the area. Bycatch rates also could increase, while abundance generally decreased with noise. Ecological services performed by invertebrates such as water filtration, mixing sediment layers, and bioirrigation, which are key to nutrient cycling on the seabed, were negatively affected by noise. Once the population biology and ecology are impacted, it is clear fisheries and even food security for humans are also affected. Turtles, sharks, and rays were especially underrepresented in noise impact studies. Research on an individual\u2019s ability to survive and reproduce, and ultimately on population viability and ecosystem community function, is most vital. More long-term, realistic field studies also considering cumulative and synergistic effects, along with stress indicators, are needed.","author":["Weilgart, L."],"organization":["OceanCare","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Weilgart_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/660","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-potential-impacts-tidal-power-schemes-estuarine-waterbirds","sourceURL":"","title":"Evaluating the potential impacts of tidal power schemes on estuarine waterbirds","description":"As a means of reducing dependence on fossil fuels and thereby combating global climate change, tidal power offers a potentially valuable renewable energy source. The UK coastline has some of the highest tidal ranges in the world and proposals for tidal power schemes have thus been put forward for several estuaries where the tidal range is sufficiently large for energy to be harnessed, including the Severn, Mersey, Dee and Solway.  Although the energy supply at such sites is reliable and plentiful, the development of any tidal power scheme would have great implications for the ornithological interest of the site in question. The UK holds a significant proportion of Europe\u2019s estuarine resource and its estuaries and other wetlands are of considerable international importance for migrant and wintering waterbirds. A peak of 2 907 731 waterbirds, for example, was counted by the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) in the UK in winter 2008\/09 (Calbrade et al. 2010). Many of these wetland sites are designated as Special Protection Areas (SPAs; under the EC \u2018Birds Directive\u2019 2009\/147\/EC) as part of the Natura 2000 network, or as Wetlands of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention.  Here we describe the key issues that need to be evaluated as part of any assessment of the effects of a tidal power scheme on birds, as considered in the recent Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) undertaken as part of the Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study. The Severn Estuary is designated as both an SPA \u2013 with 18 spring\/autumn passage or over-wintering waterbird species listed as features \u2013 and a Ramsar site, and encompasses seven Sites of Special Scientific Interest (Burton et al. 2010). A mean annual peak of 72 909 waterbirds was recorded there by WeBS counts over the period 2004\/05\u20132008\/09 (Calbrade et al. 2010). Five different tidal power options \u2013 three barrage schemes and two lagoon schemes \u2013 have been considered by the feasibility study and SEA (Fig. 1)","author":["Burton, N.","Thaxter, C.","Cook, A.","Austin, G.","Wright, L.","Clark, N."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Waterfowl"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Burtonetal-2010-ClimateChangeandBirds.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/669","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-extractive-activities-public-support-renewable-energy-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421518305731","title":"The influence of extractive activities on public support for renewable energy policy","description":"Notable spatial variation in public opinion on climate change and energy policy has been demonstrated at various geographic scales (Howe et al., 2015). Understanding the source of this variation is useful for policymakers, energy developers, and utility providers in predicting how different locales may respond to newly proposed policies and energy developments, particularly those encouraging renewable energy. Using nationally representative survey data from 2008 to 2015, we employ hierarchical linear regression to examine variation in public support for renewable energy policy, focusing on how residence in areas with extractive activities may be related to attitudes toward renewable energy policy. We test the influence of several county-level indicators, including oil production, gas production, and economic dependence on the mining sector. We also test for individual factors, including political ideology, belief in anthropogenic climate change, and several sociodemographic variables. Results suggest that individuals living in both mining-dependent counties and counties with natural gas production are somewhat less likely to support renewable energy policies than individuals living outside such places. At the individual level, belief in anthropogenic global warming is the strongest predictor of renewable energy policy support, and liberal political ideology, being more educated, and being female are also positively associated with policy support.","author":["Olson-Hazboun, S.","Howe, P.","Leiserowitz, A."],"organization":["Evergreen State College","Utah State University","Yale University"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.865782100000","-105.806098300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/674","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/co-production-distributed-generation-renewable-energy-creating-space-fitting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/01426397.2017.1358360","title":"Co-production in distributed generation: renewable energy and creating space for fitting infrastructure within landscapes","description":"This review describes the infrastructural elements of the socio-technical system of power supply based on renewables and the role of landscape concerns in decision-making about emerging \u2018intelligent grids\u2019. The considerable land areas required for energy infrastructure call for sizable \u2018distributed generation\u2019 close to energy consumption. Securing community acceptance of renewables\u2019 infrastructure, perceived impacts on the community, and \u2018landscape justice\u2019 requires two types of co-production: in power supply and in making space available. With co-production, landscape issues are prominent, for some options dominant. However, \u2018objectification\u2019 of landscape, such as the use of \u2018visibility\u2019 as proxy for \u2018visual impact\u2019, is part of lingering centralised and hierarchical approaches to the deployment of renewables. Institutional tendencies of centralisation and hierarchy, in power supply management as well as in siting, should be replaced by co-production, as follows from common pool resources theory. Co-production is the key to respecting landscape values, furthering justice, and achieving community acceptance.","author":["Wolsink, M."],"organization":["University of Amsterdam"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Co-production-in-distributed-generation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/675","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/community-benefits-offshore-renewables-relationship-between-different-understandings","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/2399654417699206","title":"Community benefits from offshore renewables: The relationship between different understandings of impact, community, and benefit","description":"This paper presents the findings of a research project evaluating community benefit models for offshore renewables. We identify and analyse UK and international case studies of different forms of community benefit, and provide evidence of how such benefits are delivered. In particular we consider the key relationship between the identification of communities, perception of impact, and the apportionment of benefits. In doing so, we develop a range of different definitions of \u2018community\u2019, \u2018benefit\u2019, and \u2018impact\u2019 when considering community benefits. We propose that the way in which community, benefit, and impact are understood is crucial in determining whether or how benefits should be apportioned and delivered; and that these definitions are closely connected to each other. We develop a new series of typologies as a way to understand this. Finally, we assess different mechanisms and schemes of community benefits to identify good practice and key points of learning for policy and planning.","author":["Rudolph, D.","Haggett, C.","Aitken, M."],"organization":["Technical University of Denmark (DTU)","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2017-03-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/676","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/good-management-practices-social-economic-data-collection-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Good Management Practices for Social and Economic Data Collection for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"OES-Environmental has developed Good Management Practices for the collection of social and economic data in order to provide greater standardization in baseline and development\/operational data requested to support permitting\/consenting MRE projects and to increase understanding of the social and economic benefits and effects of MRE developments. By increasing standardization and incorporating agreements among governments and developers, consistency in data collection can increase and allow for comparisons of data across projects, communities, and technologies. The Good Management Practices described in this report should be used to help reach these goals.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Hutchison, I.","Fox, J."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Good-Management-Practices-for-Socio-Econ-Data-Collection_final_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/678","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-environmental-impact-tidal-turbines-seabed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6741161\/","title":"Simulating the environmental impact of tidal turbines on the seabed","description":"Recent proliferation of marine renewable energy installations has inspired a number of researchers to study the possible impact of the technologies on the marine environment. The impact of tidal turbines on the flow downstream of the rotor and their effect on sediment transport from the seabed over the lifetime of the devices is of particular concern, given the potential damage to the seabed, the habitats of marine life and submarine power cables used to connect the devices to the coast. Previous computational studies of the environmental impact of tidal turbines have, however, focused predominantly on largescale one and two dimensional modelling. Resolution of the three-dimensional nature of the flow through the rotor of the turbine proves to be crucial if the mechanism whereby these devices entrain sediment from the seabed is to be properly understood. The three-dimensional phenomena occurring in the flow through the rotor of the turbine have been found to profoundly affect how the sediment is lifted from the seabed and transported downstream in the wake of the device. The physics of sediment transport due to the rotor of a tidal turbine in a tidal current have been investigated using high resolution three-dimensional computational simulations of the hydrodynamics of the rotor wake. The direct impact of the turbine on the seabed has been found to be confined to an area that extends no further than two rotor diameters downstream of the turbine. The maximal values of shear stress, which indicate the extent of the impact, vary with the distance between the rotor hub and the seabed.","author":["Vybulkova, L.","Vezza, M.","Brown, R."],"organization":["University of Glasgow","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/679","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identification-compatibilities-conflicts-reaching-marine-spatial-allocation-agreements","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117309869","title":"From identification of compatibilities and conflicts to reaching marine spatial allocation agreements. Review of actions required and relevant tools and processes","description":"Conflicts related to the use of marine space may emerge both at the spatial and the decision making level, prior to and\/or after the adoption of a marine spatial plan. Marine conflict management is inherent in marine spatial planning (MSP) and should include three stages: a) identification of compatibilities and conflicts, b) avoidance of conflicts, and if required c) resolution of conflicts. Various decision support tools and processes tested so far that aim to address marine conflict management have proved successful in providing identification and visualization of spatial conflicts and compatibilities and their relevant trade-offs and thus in assisting in conflict avoidance efforts. However, in case conflict resolution is required, they fail to provide a final solution (e.g. allocation of space) acceptable by all parties involved. This happens because the (spatial) allocation rules that these processes adopt usually focus only on ensuring efficiency that is not enough to guarantee a (single) mutually acceptable solution. In the present paper, it is suggested that apart from ensuring efficiency, a solution should also ensure fairness, equity, transparency, sustainability and consideration of synergies that may emerge, both at the spatial and at the decision making level. In conclusion, there is no single tool or process that can satisfactory address all conflict management stages, and thus a careful selection and combination of decision support tools and processes is required to facilitate the production of an integrated mutually acceptable marine spatial plan.\n\nHighlights:\nConflict management (identification, avoidance and resolution) is inherent to MSP.\nIn MSP initiatives it is often not clear what marine conflict management includes.\nNo universal tool exists to address all stages of the marine conflict management.\nSpatial allocation rules should ensure efficient and equitable win-win solutions.","author":["Kyriazi, Z."],"organization":["Ghent University","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/681","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practical-approaches-advances-spatial-tools-achieve-multi-objective-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00166\/full","title":"Practical Approaches and Advances in Spatial Tools to Achieve Multi-Objective Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) processes seek to better manage ocean spaces by balancing ecological, social and economic objectives using public and participatory processes. To meet this challenge, MSP approaches and tools have evolved globally, from local to national scales. At two International Marine Conservation Congresses (2016 and 2018), MSP practitioners and researchers from diverse geographic, technical and socio-economic contexts met to share advances in practical approaches and spatial tools to achieve multi-objective MSP. Here we share the lessons learned and commonalities that emerged from studies conducted in Belize, Canada, South Africa, Seychelles, the United Kingdom and the United States on a number of topics related to advancing MSP. We identify seven important themes that we believe are broadly relevant to any multi-objective MSP process: (1) indigenous and local knowledge should inform planning goals and objectives; (2) transparent and evidence-based approaches can reduce user conflict; (3) simple ecosystem service models and scenarios can facilitate multi-objective planning; (4) trade-off analyses can help balance diverse objectives; (5) ecosystem services may assist planning for high value-data poor Blue Economy sectors; (6) game theoretic decision rules can help to deliver fair, equitable and win\u2013win spatial allocation solutions; and (7) strategic mapping products can facilitate decision making amongst stakeholders from different sectors. Some of these themes are evident in MSP processes that have been completed in the previous decade, but the fast-evolving field of MSP is addressing increasingly more complex objectives, and practitioners need to respond with practical approaches and spatial tools that can address this complexity.","author":["Lombard, A.","Ban, N.","Smith, J.","Lester, S.","Sink, K.","Wood, S.","Jacob, A.","Kyriazi, Z.","Tingey, R.","Sims, H."],"organization":["Nelson Mandela University","University of Victoria","The Nature Conservancy","Florida State University","South African National Biodiversity Institute","University of Washington","Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2019-04-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lombard-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/682","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/human-dimensions-marine-hydrokinetic-energies-current-knowledge-research-gaps","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117310900","title":"Human dimensions of marine hydrokinetic energies: Current knowledge and research gaps","description":"Understanding the human dimensions of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energies is essential to ensure the viability and sustainability of MHK energy projects. However, these have received little attention in scientific research. Given the diversity of political, and socio-economic settings where MHK energy projects can be applied, place-based information is likely to be most useful in designing and implementing initiatives, along with guiding principles that assure best practice. This study reviews the literature on human dimensions of MHK energies to explore gaps and challenges to be tackled in future research. While peer-reviewed literature on the human dimensions of MHK energies is growing, it is dominated by studies in developed high income countries. Research on human dimensions of MHK energies has focused on public perceptions and social acceptability, public conflicts, stakeholder participation and community cost and benefits. Three methodologies dominated the analysis of data: qualitative approaches, descriptive and inference statistics and mapping tools. Empirical studies performed in sites where MHK energy projects are planned or ongoing were scarce. Given that a great deal of MHK energy projects are occurring globally in developed and developing countries, the research gaps we identified present a number of risks. Scientific research on human dimensions of MHK should diversify, both methodologically and geographically addressing real world applications, in order to support the successful design and implementation of these energies.","author":["Ruano-Chamorro, C.","Castilla, J.","Gelcich, S."],"organization":["Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)","Pontifical Catholic University of Chile"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 11:23:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/683","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-lagoon-environmental-interactions-regulator-perspective-solution-options","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ore.exeter.ac.uk\/repository\/handle\/10871\/24267","title":"Tidal Lagoon Environmental Interactions: Regulator Perspective, Solution Options and Industry Challenges","description":"Tidal range energy is an attractive renewable energy option, particularly in areas of high tidal range, such as the UK. Historically one of the main barriers to tidal range developments in the UK, specifically tidal barrages, has been regulatory environmental concerns and uncertainty surrounding environmental impacts. Tidal lagoons are often suggested as a means of reducing the environmental impact of barrage options. Recent developments in the lagoon sector mean it is now more important than ever to further consider the environmental impacts arising from tidal lagoons and the potential constraints these impacts may pose to the industry\u2019s future growth. Environmental impacts and their interactions are complex, often making them difficult to understand and manage. Here we develop a conceptual framework to categorise impacts, present results from consultation with regulatory and policy organisations and discuss potential impact and enhancement solution options. The article includes a number of case studies to present lessons learnt, opportunities, cautions and successful implementation of past solutions. In the absence of operational tidal lagoons, these case studies are based on barrages and other relevant developments.","author":["Mackinnon, K.","Smith, H.","Moore, F."],"organization":["Black \u0026 Veatch","University of Exeter","Industrial Doctoral Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (IDCORE)"],"originationDate":"2016-10-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.276117200000","-5.754382000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/684","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-effects-tidal-barrage-water-quality-indicator-distribution-severn-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11783-012-0464-1","title":"Modeling effects of a tidal barrage on water quality indicator distribution in the Severn Estuary","description":"In this study, emphasis has focused on assessing the potential hydro-environmental impacts of a barrage across the Severn Estuary, with a numerical model being developed and applied to the estuary to assess the impacts of proposed Severn Barrage on the hydrodynamic, sediment transport and faecal indicator organism distribution within the estuary. The results show that the Severn Barrage has the potential to reduce the tidal currents in a highly dynamic estuary. This leads to the reduction of suspended sediment concentrations, which in turn affects the bacterial transport processes which is highly related to the sediment transport processes.","author":["Gao, G.","Falconer, R.","Lin, B."],"organization":["Nankai University","Cardiff University","Tsinghua University"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.259521000000","-3.546557000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/688","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-role-offshore-structures-managing-potential-watersipora-invasions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/BOEM_2019-001.pdf","title":"Understanding the Role of Offshore Structures in Managing Potential Watersipora Invasions","description":"The purpose of this study was to survey offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel\/Santa Maria Basin and San Pedro Basin, other artificial structures, and natural reefs for the non-native species Watersipora subatra (previously identified as Watersipora subtorquata), measure the reproductive seasonality of this species, and identify potential vectors for dispersal among platforms and between platforms and natural habitat. The need for this information is to elucidate the role that offshore artificial structures may have in affecting biological communities for use by the State of California in evaluating decommissioning options under California legislation AB 2503 (the California Marine Resources Legacy Act) and to comply with the duties of Federal agencies that are outlined in Section 2 of Executive Order 13112 (Invasive Species). BOEM will use study results for environmental reviews pertaining to ongoing operations and decommissioning alternatives of offshore oil and gas platforms and potential marine renewable energy facilities. This study also developed results applicable specifically for BSEE management decisions so that BSEE can specify requirements to industry or other interested parties when decommissioning occurs. Using the results, the State of California can ensure proper evaluation under the California Rigs-to-Reefs Program law AB 2503 (the California Marine Resources Legacy Act) and BSEE can ensure that specified criteria can be properly evaluated during the decommissioning process pursuant to the federal regulations at 30 CFR 250.1730.","author":["Page, H.","Dugan, J.","Miller, R.","Simons, R.","Viola, S."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.239672000000","-119.885022000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2019-001.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/694","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oceanographic-biological-influences-recruitment-benthic-invertebrates-hard-substrata","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771417303773","title":"Oceanographic and biological influences on recruitment of benthic invertebrates to hard substrata on the Oregon shelf","description":"The number of anthropogenic substrata in the ocean \u2013 structures like oil rigs and offshore renewable energy generators \u2013 is increasing. These structures provide hard-bottom habitat in areas previously dominated by sand or mud, so they have the potential to alter species distributions or serve as \u201cstepping-stones\u201d between other hard-bottom habitats. It is thus important to understand what factors influence the composition and abundance of benthic fauna recruiting at these sites. We examined recruitment to hard substrata (fouling panels) deployed on sand at various distances from a large rocky reef (\u223c60 m isobath) on the southern Oregon coast in 2014\u20132015. Recruitment was dominated by the acorn barnacle Hesperibalanus hesperius. For the majority of the study period in 2014, an anti-cyclonic eddy was present near the deployment sites. However, anomalously high recruitment of H. hesperius during August \u2013 early October 2014 coincided with dissipation of the eddy, slower bottom currents, and a positive convergence index, suggesting that H. hesperius larvae from the adjacent area may have been accumulated and retained near our study sites. Other sessile species, including hydroids and bryozoans, recruited to the fouling panels in low abundances, and most of these species have long-range dispersal and fast growth. Mobile invertebrates observed on the fouling panels included gastropods and nudibranchs, most of which also have long-range dispersal and fast growth, and are predators as adults. Thus, a community with two trophic levels assembled on the fouling panels in a relatively short time period (\u0026lt;12 weeks). None of the common hard-bottom species from the adjacent rocky reef recruited to the panels, suggesting that there is a specialized assemblage of species that can exploit hard-bottom habitats surrounded by sandy plains. Our results raise many questions about the influences of dispersal and oceanographic conditions on recruitment to hard substrata.","author":["Meyer, K.","Li, Y.","Young, C."],"organization":["University of Oregon","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.125689000000","-124.435956000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/697","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-application-low-cost-rapid-assessment-system-coastal-benthic-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10661-019-7808-2#citeas","title":"Development and application of a low-cost rapid assessment system for coastal benthic habitats","description":"Information on community structure and spatial distribution of benthic habitats are important in marine conservation and management. Coral areas, often monitored by trained scuba divers, are of importance for the ecosystem goods and services they provide. The data gathered may, however, be limited due to cost and time constraints. These restrictions and the continuing decline in coral reef health contribute to the need to develop rapid methods to efficiently document the distribution and status of coral reefs. A Rapid Assessment Instrument for Coastal Benthic Habitats (ARAICoBeH) System was developed to enable large-scale but low-cost coastal benthic habitat characterization and mapping without compromising accuracy. Inquiries on community structure and status in coral-dominated areas are also possible with the data collected using the method. The instrument, as well as the data processing and mapping algorithm are described in detail in this paper. A comparative study was conducted between ARAICoBeH and the frequently used underwater photo transect method. Variables compared were percent coral cover, functional group diversity, community structure as well as time and monetary requirements. There were no significant differences in estimates of percent coral cover and diversity of benthic functional groups for majority of sites while estimates of community structure were very similar. ARAICoBeH is cheaper and requires less time to gather the same amount of data as that of the photo transect method. The spatial distribution of coastal benthic habitats and community structure of coral-dominated areas in El Nido, Palawan, Philippines, are included to illustrate the application of the method.","author":["Benjamin, C.","Cadeli\u00f1a, P.","Y\u00f1iguez, A.","Villanoy, C."],"organization":["University of the Phiippines","Technische Universitat Munchen"],"originationDate":"2019-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["13.934445800000","120.424257300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/699","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-best-practice-decommissioning-review-scientific-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy130\/5107800","title":"Ecological best practice in decommissioning: a review of scientific research","description":"The Oslo and Paris Commissions (OSPAR) decision 98\/3 prohibits the dumping of man-made structures (MMS) offshore. However, there are regions of the world where MMS are recognized as providing an ecological and societal benefit through the provision of ecosystem goods and services. This review provides a commentary on our current understanding of the ecological influence of man-made structures, the consequences of their decommissioning and recognizes that our knowledge is far from complete. It is known that a diverse and complex ecosystem of attached organisms develops on submerged structures which supports a localized food web that could not exist without them. However, our lack of detailed information makes modelling of system response to decommissioning very tentative. Ideally, we should use the best possible scientific information to reach a consensus as to whether the blanket removal of MMS (excepting derogations) is the most environmentally supportable option. The evidence available to-date shows both benefits and some risk in leaving MMS in place and this needs to be examined without preconception. On the UKCS, MMS as artificial habitats are not considered under the Habitats Directive, irrespective of the value or rarity of the species present. We conclude that a more comprehensive regulatory process, together with the recognition of the ecology associated with man-made structures, would allow science to play a role in the decision-making rather than supporting a blanket policy ignoring ecological context.","author":["Fortune, I.","Paterson, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/700","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-artificial-structures-estuarine-infaunal-communities-offshore-biofouling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations\/8g84mp74n?locale=en","title":"The Effects of Artificial Structures on Estuarine Infaunal Communities and Offshore Biofouling Communities","description":"For hundreds of years, coastal and marine ecosystems have experienced increasing threats due to the cumulative effects of increasing population growth and dependence on these ecosystems. Thus, there has been increased enthusiasm to mitigate the negative effects of human actions through the use of cleaner sources of energy, like marine renewable energy (MRE). The U.S. West Coast shows potential for tidal, wave, and offshore wind energy. Concern about MRE deployments has motivated research on the environmental effects of these new man-made hard structures in the ocean. Although this kind of development is relatively new in the U.S, placing man-made hard structure in coastal and marine ecosystems around the world has shown to create new habitat for algae, invertebrates, and fish and create foraging opportunities for birds and mammals, eventually becoming an artificial reef. The overall goal of my research was to use existing artificial structures to investigate a few specific effects of MRE development in Oregon waters. My research had two components: to assess the extent to which soft-sediment habitats are influenced by the presence of artificial structures deployed in Yaquina Bay, OR, and to characterize the biofouling communities present on bottom and surface artificial structures deployed offshore. Previous research indicates artificial structures modify sediment composition by increasing the erosion around a structure and that there is a close link between infaunal communities and sediment composition. Grain size analyses confirmed artificial structures change the physical environment around them, although these differences were not sufficient to cause a visible change in infaunal communities. Sediment characteristics also did not explain the greater infaunal abundances, mainly of Capitellidae polychaetes, closer to the structures than further away. Results indicated there were significant differences in sediment characteristics between locations in Yaquina Bay, most likely because of the greater amount of fine sediment at the sites located further upstream than those located closer to the mouth of the estuary. These differences in sediment characteristics appeared to be large enough to see a grouping of infaunal communities with location in Yaquina Bay. This study provided additional evidence that artificial structures alter their physical environment, but these structures and physical effects did not change the composition of the infaunal communities after a period of eight years. Assessing the biofouling cover on the offshore bottom and surface artificial structures showed that after a period of two years, the biofouling communities on the offshore bottom structures mostly consisted of balanoid barnacles, which resulted in little biomass. The bottom structures appeared to have been tipped over during their time in the water, potentially preventing the biofouling communities from developing more. In contrast, the surface artificial structures had greater overall cover, although cover mostly consisted of algae and gooseneck barnacles. Mussels, amphipods, crabs, and bivalves were found within the algae demonstrating the additional structure provided by the algae supported a greater variety of organisms on the surface structure. This study provided a \u201csnapshot\u201d of possible biofouling communities on offshore artificial structures, but longitudinal studies would enable us to monitor the development of the biofouling communities on these structures to better understand the mechanisms that caused the observed biofouling communities. Conducting these studies in an estuarine environment where in-stream tidal energy could be developed and in an offshore environment where wave energy devices would be deployed supplies greater specific knowledge about the possible effects of MRE devices in Oregon waters and also demonstrates the importance of site-specific research.","author":["Mendoza, M."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2016-08-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.617122000000","-124.020707000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/701","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-converters-biofouling-review-impacts-prevention","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01199624\/document","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Converters and Biofouling: A Review on Impacts and Prevention","description":"In recent years, a number of studies have been performed to assess the damages caused by biofouling, which is simply the attachment of organisms to a surface in contact with water for a period of time. This explanation sounds fairly straightforward, but there are several organisms that cause biofouling, many different types of affected surfaces, and therefore many solutions dealing with this problem. Regarding the marine renewable energy emerging and promising area of research, this paper aims to provide a review of the biofouling issue in the context of Marine Renewable Energy Converters (MRECs). The proposed review will specifically highlight biofouling impacts on MRECs and solutions to prevent fouling. In addition, a discussion will highlight challenges that MRECs market needs to undertake to overcome the biofouling problem.","author":["Titah-Benbouzid, H.","Benbouzid, M."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale"],"originationDate":"2015-09-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TITAH-BENBOUZID-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/702","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/placing-green-energy-sea-offshore-wind-farms-dolphins-oysters-territorial-politics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/24694452.2019.1625749?journalCode=raag21","title":"Placing Green Energy in the Sea: Offshore Wind Farms, Dolphins, Oysters, and the Territorial Politics of the Intertidal Zone in Taiwan","description":"The development of offshore wind farms has been a way for the state to repackage national development projects using green energy discourses. In Taiwan, where the further development of nuclear power is suspended due to public antinuclear sentiment, offshore wind farms have been heavily promoted as a way of meeting electricity demand. The planned site for offshore wind farms, mainly the intertidal zone along the coast of Changhua County, overlaps with both oyster farms and the habitat of Taiwanese humpbacked dolphins, categorized as a critically endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This has resulted in a clash between conserving the oyster farming landscape, protecting an endangered species, and developing green energy. Facing this dilemma, pro\u2013wind farm discourses that highlight concerns about global climate change have gradually supplanted those stressing the welfare of oysters and dolphins, even though the latter have been used successfully as local icons by movements opposing previous development projects on the intertidal zone. This article reconsiders the politics of territorialization implied by the \u201cgreen\u201d label affixed to offshore wind farm projects and other forms of green energy in general. As such, the meaning of offshore wind farms, as a newly discovered energy resource, is intertwined with the changing meanings of both dolphins and oyster farms, as rival nonhuman objects of resource exploitation and natural conservation. The territorialization of such resources in the emerging discursive space of green energy has proceeded via relational placemaking with nonlinear connections among multiple human and nonhuman elements.","author":["Hung, P."],"organization":["National Taiwan University"],"originationDate":"2019-08-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["23.961249000000","120.494682000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/703","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-ocean-energy-technologies-systematic-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/7\/9\/322","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Ocean Energy Technologies: A Systematic Review","description":"The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) generated by the burning of fossil fuels has been recognized as one of the main causes of climate change (CC). Different countries of the world have developed new policies on national energy security directed to the use of renewable energies mainly, ocean energy being one of them. The implementation of ocean energy is increasing worldwide. However, the use of these technologies is not exempt from the generation of potential environmental impacts throughout their life cycle. In this context, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic approach used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product or system throughout its entire life cycle. LCA studies need to be conducted to foster the development of ocean energy technologies (OET) in sustainable management. In this paper, a systematic review was conducted and 18 LCA studies of OET were analyzed. Most of the LCA studies are focused on wave and tidal energy. CC is the most relevant impact category evaluated, which is generated mostly by raw material extraction, manufacturing stage and shipping operations. Finally, the critical stages of the systems evaluated were identified, together with, the opportunity areas to promote an environmental management for ocean energy developers.","author":["Paredes, M.","Padilla-Rivera, A.","G\u00fcereca, L."],"organization":["National Autonomous University of Mexico","Universidad de Monterrey","Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"],"originationDate":"2019-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-02 02:22:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Paredes_et_al_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/704","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sight-mind-social-implications-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk\/handle\/1842\/35911","title":"In sight and in mind: social implications of marine renewable energy","description":"Scotland has significant marine energy resources and is at the forefront of the research and development of wave and tidal marine renewable energy technologies. Much of this research has focussed on the technological challenges of marine renewable energy (MRE) development, and accordingly there has been an important gap in understanding the social implications of the technology. This PhD contributes important new knowledge to the emerging field of the sociology of marine renewable energy. Previous studies have explored the many and varied grounds on which publics might come to support or oppose other low-carbon energy technologies, though to date there has been limited research into whether the same range of factors also inform social responses to MRE. This thesis presents new understanding of social responses towards MRE projects and the social impacts MRE may have on communities. Findings from eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork, living, working, and coastal skiff rowing, on a Scottish island are presented, along with the results from a series of public dialogue workshops held in six Scottish communities. This innovative twin-track qualitative research approach provides a rich understanding of everyday life and practice in relation to community, environment and energy, and insight into some of the more intangible ways in which MRE projects may affect communities. The research shows that the strong and unique cultural and historical identity of coastal communities, together with the economic fragility of the areas, influences how MRE, and those promoting it, are perceived. Responses to energy projects depend on the perception of change that will occur as a result of the project and vary significantly both within and between communities. The data obtained show that MRE projects that are perceived to positively benefit the local area are welcomed, and that project developers and policy makers should focus as much on ameliorating positive benefits to communities as mitigating negative impacts. Planning processes that appropriately understand and negotiate these concerns are therefore required, in order to engage with communities and maximise the potential opportunities that MRE technologies present for marginal rural communities.","author":["Howell, R."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-07-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.351183000000","-4.908582000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/705","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-projections-climate-change-mitigation-analysis-uncertainty-errors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118307341","title":"Renewable energy projections for climate change mitigation: An analysis of uncertainty and errors","description":"Failures of countries to set and achieve renewable energy targets are prevalent, producing uncertainty as to the possibility of renewable energy contributing to a reduction in global emissions. Lack of policy and incorrect modelling analyses are among the sources of these failures and understanding these two sources is crucial for improving confidence in renewables. We assess errors in projections pertaining to the capacity and production of renewable energy in the United States and those countries of the European Union that have strong commitments to green energy supply. Our results show that solar energy has the lowest level of uncertainty as it has the most achievable capacity projections. However, other renewables entail more attractive policies and further research is needed for the advancement of reliable technology and accurate weather predictions. Our findings also provide ranges for the projection uncertainties for six renewable energy technologies, drawing attentions to ways that the dominant errors in these renewable energy projections may be rectified.","author":["Indra al Irsyad, M.","Halog, A.","Nepal, R."],"organization":["University of Queensland","Massey University","Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/706","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-frontiers-sustainable-development-energy-water-environment-systems-time","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S019689041930929X","title":"Research frontiers in sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems in a time of climate crisis","description":"Sustainable energy conversion and management processes increasingly require an integrated approach, especially in the context of addressing the climate crisis. This editorial puts forth related research frontiers based on 28 research articles of the special issue that is dedicated to the 13th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems and regional series based on the 1st Latin American and 3rd South East European Conferences. Seven research frontiers are reviewed, the first three of which are (i) sustainable technologies for local energy systems, (ii) energy storage and advances in flexibility and (iii) solar energy penetration across multiple sectors. These research frontiers contain contributions based on renewable energy for wastewater treatment in islands, energy savings across urban built infrastructure, advanced district heating and cooling networks, power-to-gas and hydrogen production technologies, demand response in industrial systems, hybrid thermal energy storage, hybrid solar energy power plants, novel photovoltaic thermal technologies, and improved solar energy dispatchability. The research frontiers continue with (iv) wind, water based energy and the energy-water nexus, (v) effective valorization and upgrading of resources, (vi) combustion processes and better utilization of heat and (vii) carbon capture, storage and utilization. Significant contributions include innovative wind and hydrokinetic turbines, osmotic power technologies, synergetic solutions for water desalination, efficient catalytic pyrolysis, upgrading to reduce particle pollution, co-processing for alternative fuels, combustion characterization, electricity generation from waste heat sources, advances in heat exchangers and heat transfer, oxy-fuel combustion, post-combustion capture, and fly ash recycling for energy storage material. The research frontiers in this editorial provide ample opportunities to support societal transformations in the next decades to sustain planetary life-support systems.","author":["K\u0131lk\u0131\u015f, \u015e.","Kraja\u010di\u0107, G.","Dui\u0107, N.","Montorsi, L.","Wang, Q.","Rosen, M.","Ahmad Al-Nimr, M."],"organization":["The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","University of Zagreb","University of Zagreb","University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","Xi\u0027an Jiaotong University","University of Ontario Institute of Technology","Qatar University","Jordan University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/709","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-science-magazine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/Ocean-Science-2019\/","title":"Ocean Science Magazine","description":"Articles:\nConducting and Applying Acoustics Research at BOEM\nUsing Acoustics as a Tool to Study Biological and Physical Phenomena in the Ocean\nVerifying the Physical Sources of Marine Species\nKeeping up with the Lates Developments in Marine Acoustics\nSpotlight on the BOEM Acoustics Team","author":["Brown, W.","Cluck, R.","Cruickshank, W.","Damour, M.","McPherson, S.","Plummer, M.","Romero, J.","Staaterman, E.","Weisskohl, M."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/711","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-available-science-are-noaa-fisheries-marine-mammal-noise-exposure-guidelines-date","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/2.0001003","title":"Best available science? Are NOAA Fisheries marine mammal noise exposure guidelines up to date?","description":"NOAA Fisheries employs a set of in-water noise exposure guidelines that establish regulatory thresholds for ocean actions that impact marine mammals. These are established based on two impact criteria: Level A \u2013 a physiological impact including \u201cPermanent Threshold Shift\u201d (PTS), and\/or tissue damage, and\/or mortality, and Level B \u2013 a behavioral impact or disruption. Recently the Level A exposure thresholds were reconciled to the frequency-dependent hearing sensitivities of five classes of marine mammals based on work done more than a decade ago (Southall et al. 2007). Since that time much more work has been published on behavioral impacts of various noise exposures, and consideration of more variables such as frequency-dependent noise propagation characteristics, cumulative, concurrent, and continuous exposures, and noise impacts on marine soundscapes have entered into the discussion \u2013 but have not been incorporated into the NOAA Fisheries guidelines.","author":["Stocker, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-05-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stocker-2019-NOAA-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/712","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exposure-benthic-invertebrates-sediment-vibration-laboratory-experiments-outdoor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/2.0000324","title":"Exposure of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration: From laboratory experiments to outdoor simulated pile-driving","description":"Activities directly interacting with the seabed, such as pile-driving, can produce vibrations that have the potential to impact benthic invertebrates within their vicinity. This stimuli may interfere with crucial behaviors such as foraging and predator avoidance, and the sensitivity to vibration is largely unknown. Here, the responsiveness of benthic invertebrates to sediment vibration is discussed in relation to laboratory and semi-field trials with two marine species: the mussel (Mytilus edulis) and hermit crab (Pagurus bernhardus). Sensory threshold curves were produced for both species in controlled laboratory conditions, followed by small-scale pile-driving exposures in the field. The merits of behavioral indicators are discussed, in addition to using physiological measures, as a method of determining reception and measuring responses. The measurement and sensors required for sediment vibration quantification are also discussed. Response and threshold data were related to measurements taken in the vicinity of anthropogenic sources, allowing a link between responsiveness and actual operations. The impact of pile-driving on sediment-dwelling invertebrates has received relatively little research, yet the data here suggest that such activities are likely to impact key coastal species which play important roles within the marine environment.","author":["Roberts, L.","Harding, H.","Voellmy, I.","Bruintjes, R.","Simpson, S.","Radford, A.","Breithaupt, T.","Elliott, M."],"organization":["University of Hull","University of Bristol","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.130846000000","-1.507855000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Roberts-2016-Sediment-Vibrations.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/713","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-behavioral-impacts-aquatic-noise-crustaceans","sourceURL":"","title":"Review on behavioral impacts of aquatic noise on crustaceans","description":"This review identified eleven peer-reviewed articles on behavioral impacts of noise on aquatic crustaceans, examining one freshwater species and several marine species, of which all are decapod crustaceans. Research incorporated noise sources such as low-frequency pile driving and airgun exploitation for seismic surveys, ship, and boat noise as well as white noise and pure tones. The studies suggest a variety of biological and ecological impacts ranging from increase in some behaviors (for instance locomotion) and stress, reduced and slower antipredator behavior, changes in foraging, suppressed behaviors with an ecological function (bioirrigation), and changes to intraspecific behavior (for instance agonistic encounters). More research on crustaceans and clearer reporting on the methods used to expose them to noise during experiments are needed. This would allow for consistent methods and ready comparison of results across studies.","author":["Tidau, S.","Briffa, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT)"],"originationDate":"2016-12-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidau-2016-Crustaceans.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/714","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-exposure-animals-acoustic-disturbance-towards-understanding-population","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessing the exposure of animals to acoustic disturbance: Towards an understanding of the population consequences of disturbance","description":"An essential component of risk assessment is identification whether individuals will be exposed to a risk. This requires information on the proportion of the population exposed, for how long, and during what activity (i.e., feeding, migrating, and breeding). Using satellite telemetry data for humpback and blue whales feeding and migratory regions in Antarctica, California, and Bering Sea, we modeled the potential exposure of individuals to an acoustic disturbance. Foraging and transit regions along the tracks were identified and the time spent foraging in each region calculated. A simulated seismic survey was randomly placed (100 iterations) within the habitat of each of species and the amount of time individual animals were exposed determined. A large disturbance (i.e. 100 km) only exposed 6% of the population of humpback whales in Antarctica and 19% blue whales off California. In contrast, humpback whales in the Bering Sea experienced high exposure with only a 5 km disturbance. This approach can be used to develop a framework for estimating the likelihood that a given animal population would be exposed to disturbance and to develop general risk assessment guidelines.","author":["Costa, D.","H\u00fcckst\u00e4dt, L.","Schwarz, L.","Friedlaender, A.","Mate, B.","Zerbini, A.","Kennedy, A.","Gales, N."],"organization":["University of California Santa Cruz","Oregon State University (OSU)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2016-12-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Costa-2016-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/715","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/soundscape-characterization-dynamic-acoustic-environment-grand-passage-nova-scotia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/2.0000246","title":"Soundscape characterization in a dynamic acoustic environment: Grand Passage, Nova Scotia, a planned in-stream tidal energy site","description":"The marine environment in the Bay of Fundy hosts a dynamic and diverse soundscape that is a fundamental component of the local ecosystem. The emergence of new human marine activities and infrastructure, such as tidal turbine installations, introduces new sound sources that change or disrupt the existing acoustic environment, but the full extent of these changes is not well understood and is not predictable. To better evaluate the effects of future tidal energy development on the local soundscape in Grand Passage, Nova Scotia, a thorough understanding of the pre-development characteristics must be established. The present research seeks to identify existing anthropophony, biophony, and geophony, and to evaluate the underlying mechanisms contributing to geophonic variability. Passive acoustic measurements have been conducted using long-term moored omnidirectional hydrophones, a moored 5-channel array, and drifting hydrophone arrays, enabling identification of dominant signals and source direction, estimation of pseudonoise masking effects due to turbulent flow, and analysis of diurnal, daily, seasonal, and annual variability as well as spatial variability within the study area. This paper provides an overview of the dominant sound sources and discusses the effects of environmental forcing on soundscape characteristics.","author":["Lombardi, A.","Hay, A.","Barclay, D."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2016-09-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.267736000000","-66.339676000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lombardi-2016-Soundscape.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/719","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/connectivity-larval-stages-sedentary-marine-communities-between-hard-substrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-32912-2","title":"Connectivity of larval stages of sedentary marine communities between hard substrates and offshore structures in the North Sea","description":"Man-made structures including rigs, pipelines, cables, renewable energy devices, and ship wrecks, offer hard substrate in the largely soft-sediment environment of the North Sea. These structures become colonised by sedentary organisms and non-migratory reef fish, and form local ecosystems that attract larger predators including seals, birds, and fish. It is possible that these structures form a system of interconnected reef environments through the planktonic dispersal of the pelagic stages of organisms by ocean currents. Changes to the overall arrangement of hard substrate areas through removal or addition of individual man-made structures will affect the interconnectivity and could impact on the ecosystem. Here, we assessed the connectivity of sectors with oil and gas structures, wind farms, wrecks, and natural hard substrate, using a model that simulates the drift of planktonic stages of seven organisms with sedentary adult stages associated with hard substrate, applied to the period 2001\u20132010. Connectivity was assessed using a classification system designed to address the function of sectors in the network. Results showed a relatively stable overall spatial distribution of sector function but with distinct variations between species and years. The results are discussed in the context of decommissioning of oil and gas infrastructure in the North Sea.","author":["van der Molen, J.","Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda, L.","Whomersley, P.","Callaway, A.","Posen, P.","Hyder, K."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","University of East Anglia"],"originationDate":"2018-10-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.546806000000","3.539360000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/727","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-offshore-wind-farm-siting-criteria-using-international-delphi-method","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421517307231","title":"Developing offshore wind farm siting criteria by using an international Delphi method","description":"Previous research on offshore wind farm (OWF) siting has been dominated by studies centred on energy resources and profitability, human activities and acceptance. Recently, studies on environmental impacts of OWFs have emerged. Few studies have been carried out to discuss the issues comprehensively. This study develops a set of comprehensive OWF siting criteria; including the profitability, social, security and environmental considerations. It solicits expert opinions from academia and industry through an international Delphi method. Contrary to the typical consensus seeking in Delphi studies, it focuses on understanding the dissensus through a comprehensive discussion. We find that profitability and social considerations are the most commonly agreed siting criteria among the experts whereas environmental and security criteria receive less agreement. As OWFs move further offshore, we are concerned about the understanding of the associated environmental impacts, and how energy and marine policy affect the marine spatial planning and consenting process. Research must get ahead of the developments to provide a better understanding of the potential impacts and to guide the consenting and monitoring processes.\n\nHighlights:\nA comprehensive discussion of offshore wind farm siting criteria.\nCriteria include profitability, social, security and environmental aspects.\nProfitability and social aspects are the most commonly agreed siting criteria.\nEnvironmental and security aspects receive less agreement.\nA better understanding of environmental impacts is crucial for OWF development.","author":["Ho, L.","Lie, T.","Leong, P.","Clear, T."],"organization":["Auckland University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/728","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vitamine-ena-framework-development-ecosystem-based-indicators-decision-makers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911830591X","title":"Vitamine ENA: A framework for the development of ecosystem-based indicators for decision makers","description":"The Water Framework Directive (article 2, paragraph 21) as well as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, Descriptor 4) stress the need for assessing the quality of the structure and the functioning of ecosystems. The MSFD also underlines the urgent need for development, testing, and validation of ecosystem state indicators. Holistic function-based criteria and indicators as provided by Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) could be used to define and assess the \u2018Good Environmental Status\u2019 of marine ecosystems. This approach also feeds Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). ENA generally analyses the fluxes\u0027 quality of a single medium such as here the carbon fluxes in a food web and produces a number of useful metrics that indicate, inter alia, the total carbon flow through the system, the quality of the functioning of the system or the trophic efficiency of system. A short list of indices [i.e. Detritivory over Herbivory ratio (D\/H), Connectance Index (CI), Transfer Efficiency (TE) over trophic levels, System Omnivory Index (SOI), Finn\u0027s Cycling Index (FCI), relative Redundancy (R\/DC), Average Mutual Information (AMI) and Interaction Strength (IS)] is proposed for practical use. This paper presents a first framework for OSPAR Regional Sea Convention food web indicators based on ENA. These are presented here focusing on their applicability and what is needed for implementation, illustrating their potential use by case studies.  Highlights:    Ecosystem Based Management requires holistic ecological knowledge.  Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) provide holistic functioning-based indicators.  A list of ENA indices is presented and proposed for practical use.  ENA indices as guidelines to advice on regional monitoring programs.","author":["Safi, G.","Giebels, D.","Arroyo, N.","Heymans, J.","Preciado, I.","Raoux, A.","Sch\u00fcckel, U.","Tecchio, S.","de Jonge, V.","Niquil, N."],"organization":["Normandie Universit\u00e9","France Energies Marines","Erasmus University Rotterdam","Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg","Instituto Espa\u00f1ol de Oceanograf\u00eda (IEO)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","European Marine Board (EMB)","The Schleswig-Holstein Agency for Coastal Defence","SINAY - Maritime Data Solutions","University of Hull","University of Cantabria"],"originationDate":"2019-05-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 09:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/729","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/corridors-aliens-not-natives-effects-marine-urban-sprawl-regional-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ddi.12301","title":"Corridors for aliens but not for natives: effects of marine urban sprawl at a regional scale","description":"Aim:\u00a0The global sprawl of marine hard infrastructure (e.g. breakwaters, sea walls and jetties) can extensively modify coastal seascapes, but the knowledge of such impacts remains limited to local scales. We examined the regional\u2010scale effects of marine artificial habitats on the distribution and abundance of assemblages of ascidians, a key group of ecosystem engineer species in benthic fouling systems.\n\nLocation:\u00a0Five hundred kilometers of coastline in the North Adriatic Sea.\n\nMethods:\u00a0We sampled a variety of natural reefs, marine infrastructures and marinas, and tested hypotheses about the role of habitat type and location in influencing the relative distribution and abundance of both native and non\u2010indigenous species.\n\nResults:\u00a0Assemblages differed significantly between natural and artificial habitats and among different types of artificial habitats. Non\u2010indigenous species were 2\u20133 times more abundant on infrastructures built along sedimentary coastlines than on natural rocky reefs or infrastructures built close to rocky coastlines. Conversely, native species were twice as abundant on natural reefs than on nearby infrastructures and were scarce to virtually absent on infrastructures built along sedimentary coasts. The species composition of assemblages in artificial habitats was more similar to that of marinas than of natural reefs, independently of their location.\n\nMain conclusions:\u00a0Our results show that marine infrastructures along sandy shores disproportionally favour non\u2010indigenous over native hard bottom species, affecting their spread at regional scales. This is particularly concerning for coastal areas that have low natural densities of rocky reef habitats. We discuss design and management options to improve the quality as habitat of marine infrastructures and to favour their preferential use by native species over non\u2010indigenous ones.","author":["Airoldi, L.","Turon, X.","Perkol-Finkel, S.","Rius, M."],"organization":["University of Bologna","Stanford University","Centre d\u0027Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB) - Higher Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC)","SeArc - Ecological Marine Consulting","University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.023079000000","12.683636000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Airoldi_et_al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/736","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/functional-structural-responses-marine-urbanisation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa98a5","title":"Functional and structural responses to marine urbanisation","description":"Urban areas have broad ecological footprints with complex impacts on natural systems. In coastal areas, growing populations are advancing their urban footprint into the ocean through the construction of seawalls and other built infrastructure. While we have some understanding of how urbanisation might drive functional change in terrestrial ecosystems, coastal systems have been largely overlooked. This study is one of the first to directly assess how changes in diversity relate to changes in ecosystem properties and functions (e.g. productivity, filtration rates) of artificial and natural habitats in one of the largest urbanised estuaries in the world, Sydney Harbour. We complemented our surveys with an extensive literature search. We found large and important differences in the community structure and function between artificial and natural coastal habitats. However, differences in diversity and abundance of organisms do not necessarily match observed functional changes. The abundance and composition of important functional groups differed among habitats with rocky shores having 40% and 70% more grazers than seawalls or pilings, respectively. In contrast, scavengers were approximately 8 times more abundant on seawalls than on pilings or rocky shores and algae were more diverse on natural rocky shores and seawalls than on pilings. Our results confirm previous findings in the literature. Oysters were more abundant on pilings than on rocky shores, but were also smaller. Interestingly, these differences in oyster populations did not affect in situ filtration rates between habitats. Seawalls were the most invaded habitats while pilings supported greater secondary productivity than other habitats. This study highlights the complexity of the diversity-function relationship and responses to ocean sprawl in coastal systems. Importantly, we showed that functional properties should be considered independently from structural change if we are to design and manage artificial habitats in ways to maximise the services provided by urban coastal systems and minimise their ecological impacts.","author":["Mayer-Pinto, M.","Cole, V.","Johnston, E.","Bugnot, A.","Hurst, H.","Airoldi, L.","Glasby, T.","Dafforn, K."],"organization":["University of New South Wales","Sydney Institute of Marine Science","University of Sydney","Port Stephens Fisheries Institute (PSFI)","Plymouth University","University of Bologna"],"originationDate":"2018-01-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.840606000000","151.268769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Avoidance","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:06:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mayer-Pinto_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/737","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthos-distribution-modelling-its-relevance-marine-ecosystem-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/72\/2\/297\/674105","title":"Benthos distribution modelling and its relevance for marine ecosystem management","description":"Marine benthic ecosystems are difficult to monitor and assess, which is in contrast to modern ecosystem-based management requiring detailed information at all important ecological and anthropogenic impact levels. Ecosystem management needs to ensure a sustainable exploitation of marine resources as well as the protection of sensitive habitats, taking account of potential multiple-use con\ufb02icts and impacts over large spatial scales. The urgent need for large-scale spatial data on benthic species and communities resulted in an increasing application of distribution modelling (DM). The use of DM techniques enables to employ full spatial coverage data of environmental variables to predict benthic spatial distribution patterns. Especially, statistical DMs have opened new possibilities for ecosystem management applications, since they are straightforward and the outputs are easy to interpret and communicate. Mechanistic modelling techniques, targeting the fundamental niche of species, and Bayesian belief networks are the most promising to further improve DM performance in the marine realm. There are many actual and potential management applications of DMs in the marine benthic environment, these are (i) early warning systems for species invasion and pest control, (ii) to assess distribution probabilities of species to be protected, (iii) uses in monitoring design and spatial management frameworks (e.g. MPA designations), and (iv) establishing long-term ecosystem management measures (accounting for future climate-driven changes in the ecosystem). It is important to acknowledge also the limitations associated with DM applications in a marine management context as well as considering new areas for future DM developments. The knowledge of explanatory variables, for example, setting the basis for DM, will continue to be further developed: this includes both the abiotic (natural and anthropogenic) and the more pressing biotic (e.g. species interactions) aspects of the ecosystem. While the response variables on the other hand are often focused on species presence and some work undertaken on species abundances, it is equally important to consider, e.g. biological traits or benthic ecosystem functions in DM applications. Tools such as DMs are suitable to forecast the possible effects of climate change on benthic species distribution patterns and hence could help to steer present-day ecosystem management.","author":["Reiss, H.","Birchenough, S.","Borja, A.","Buhl-Mortensen, L.","Craeymeersch, J.","Dannheim, J.","Darr, A.","Galparsoro, I.","Gogina, M.","Neumann, H.","Populus, J.","Rengstorf, A.","Valle, M.","Hoey, G.","Zettler, M.","Degraer, S."],"organization":["Nord University","Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory","AZTI-Tecnalia","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","IMARES - Wageningen UR","Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnem\u00fcnde (IOW)","Senckenberg Research Institute","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reiss-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/738","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/three-dimensional-mapping-benthic-invertebrates-biophony-compact-four-hydrophones","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X18304638","title":"Three-dimensional mapping of the benthic invertebrates biophony with a compact four-hydrophones array","description":"Benthic invertebrates emit broadband transient sounds, that dominate coastal soundscapes and can inform on the environment and its ecological state. Numerous works have studied temporal patterns of Benthic Invertebrate Biophonies (BIB) and linked them to environmental parameters or ecological processes, but there is a lack of knowledge about the spatial variability of BIB. Here, we mapped Benthic Invertebrate Sounds (BIS) in three dimensions using a compact array (2\u202fm\u202f\u00d7\u202f2\u202fm\u202f\u00d7\u202f2\u202fm) of four hydrophones within the scope of eco-acoustics studies. Firstly, we developed tools to localize any individual sound emitted by benthic invertebrates. A theoretical calculation of the Cramer Rao Bounds (CRB) consolidated by in situ active emissions from known positions, demonstrated the accuracy of the localization. Secondly, by accumulating all the positions of the BIS recorded during a night, three methods are proposed to map the BIB at different spatial scales. An in situ measurement campaign carried out on a 300\u202fm\u202f\u00d7\u202f300\u202fm artificial reef system revealed that the marine fauna was binary spatially distributed: rich and numerous on artificial reefs and poor and weak outside the reefs. At small ranges (10\u202fm), the acoustic maps matched the geometric structures of the reefs with an accuracy of 0.5\u202fm. At large scales (100\u202fm and 300\u202fm), the acoustic hot-spots on the maps corresponded to distant reefs, with an accuracy of 7\u202fm and 10\u202fm respectively.\n\nThis study provides the first maps of the BIB at ecologically relevant scales and shows that they can be used to identify, quantify, follow and track benthic activity hot-spots. In combination with biological and ecological information, passive acoustic monitoring using such maps can be a powerful complementary tool for ecological studies, such as the quantification of grazing activity or the evaluation of the efficiency of marine ecologic restoration programs.","author":["Gervaise, C.","Lossent, J.","Valentini-Poirier, C.","Boissery, P.","Noel, C.","Di lorio, L."],"organization":["CHORUS Acoustics","Grenoble Institute of Technology","Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","French Water Agency Rh\u00f4ne M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Corse (RMC)","Semantic T.S."],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.299746000000","5.353063000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/739","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mechanics-blue-growth-management-oceanic-natural-resource-use-multiple-interacting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17305869","title":"The mechanics of blue growth: Management of oceanic natural resource use with multiple, interacting sectors","description":"Integrated management of multiple economic sectors is a central tenet of blue growth and socially optimal use of ocean-based natural resources, but the mechanisms of implementation remain poorly understood. In this review, we explore the challenges and opportunities of multi-sector management. We describe the roles of key existing sectors (fisheries, transportation, and offshore hydrocarbon) and emerging sectors (aquaculture, tourism, and seabed mining) and the likely synergistic and antagonistic inter-sector interactions. We then review methods to help characterize and quantify interactions and decision-support tools to help managers balance and optimize around interactions.","author":["Klinger, D.","Eikeset, A.","Dav\u00ed\u00f0sd\u00f3ttir, B.","Winter, A.","Watson, J."],"organization":["Princeton University","University of Oslo","University of Iceland","Royal Swedish Academy of Science","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Klinger-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/740","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/imbalances-interaction-transboundary-marine-spatial-planning-insights-baltic-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117307470","title":"Imbalances in interaction for transboundary marine spatial planning: Insights from the Baltic Sea Region","description":"Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has evolved over many years and since its early beginnings there has been a growing urgency to develop transboundary planning. This is because the borders of marine ecosystems and the dynamics of some maritime activities, such as navigation, are not restricted to or bound by specific political and administrative borders. Cooperation across borders has been promoted by higher political levels for decades, and the implementation of cross-border consultation procedures is regulated by law. However, literature suggests that transboundary interaction is not an obvious step in the process of MSP and that today\u0027s practices have various weaknesses. This paper examines current practices and procedures of transboundary MSP interactions in the Baltic Sea Region to date. It brings together results from MSP process observations and interviews with marine planners in two recent research projects (Baltic SCOPE and BONUS BALTSPACE). Our results confirm the need for transboundary interaction and integration. The research also shows that there are differences in how MSP agencies interact with domestic and foreign stakeholders. Furthermore, formal transboundary consultations often seem to be limited to topics of the environment and health, and to the stakeholders responsible in these realms. The results include a variety of ways to overcome these challenges.","author":["Jan\u00dfen, H.","Varjopuro, R.","Luttmann, A.","Morf, A.","Nieminen, H."],"organization":["Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnem\u00fcnde (IOW)","Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)","University of Gothenburg","Nordregio"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/741","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-good-practices-facilitating-transboundary-collaboration-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18304330","title":"International good practices for facilitating transboundary collaboration in Marine Spatial Planning","description":"The \u201cJoint Roadmap to Accelerate Marine Spatial Planning Processes Worldwide\u201d, adopted by IOC-UNESCO and the European Commission (DG-MARE) in 2017, highlights the growing commitment of policy and decision-makers in developing transboundary collaboration relevant to Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) as a mechanism for promoting sustainable sea use. While collaboration across borders represents positive progress towards global environmental stewardship and international cooperation, transboundary MSP can present challenges and obstacles as it can be a complex process involving different parties and stakeholders across multiple levels of governance. In this article, we examine the different enabling factors and good practices that emerge from two different DG-MARE-funded knowledge exchange projects on transboundary MSP, whose findings led to the development of the Joint Roadmap: the Baltic SCOPE Project, and the Study on International Best Practices for Cross-Border MSP. Recognising that MSP processes are specific to their respective contexts, we aim to provide guidance and support towards the development of effective collaboration in future transboundary MSP initiatives by offering inspiration in the approaches and tools used elsewhere. We hope this will enable others to reflect on the benefits of adopting a strategic approach to transboundary collaboration designed to align marine plans across different jurisdictions.","author":["Kull, M.","Moodie, J.","Thomas, H.","M\u00e9ndez-Rold\u00e1n, S.","Giacometti, A.","Morf, A.","Isaksson, I."],"organization":["Nordregio","United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)","NIRAS","Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/742","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-use-use-interactions-sea-theoretical-framework-spatial-decision-support","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18306729","title":"Assessing use-use interactions at sea: A theoretical framework for spatial decision support tools facilitating co-location in maritime spatial planning","description":"The space occupied by traditional and new human-based marine uses at sea is expanding, creating a need for developing methods to assess interactions between co-located uses in maritime spatial planning (MSP). However, no clear terminology for use-use interactions exists. Thus, an analytical framework for spatial decision support tools (DSTs) to assess use-use interactions is deduced from literature. Four spatial-temporal links are found to either alone or together constitute use-use interactions: location links, environmental links, technical links, and user attraction links. It is found to be important for DSTs to support co-location management in MSP by iteratively through the MSP process 1) spatially-temporally locate spatial-temporal links constituting use-use interactions, 2) list conflicts and synergies of the located use-use interactions, and 3) weight the conflicts and synergies. With this analytical framework, two types of DSTs are analysed for their ability to include co-location; matrix- and ranking-based DSTs to detect conflicts and synergies and space allocating DSTs to avoid\/minimise conflicts and optimise synergies. Whereas the first group of tools categorise or rank use-use combinations, the latter group use information about which multi-use combinations are possible as pre-existing knowledge, and thus the two groups of DSTs can advantageously be used together. A discrepancy is found between the co-location framework and the DSTs. It is argued that future tools could work on removing this discrepancy by considering the spatial-temporal links of use-use interactions, strengthen the focus on synergies, as well as prioritize ranking of synergies and conflicts over binary approaches that only evaluate spatial compatibility.\n\nHighlights:\nA heoretical framework describing marine human-based use-use interactions is developed.\nExisting decision support tools are analysed for their ability to assess marine use-use interactions.\nSpatial-temporal links constituting marine use-use interactions need to be further explored.\nThe focus on synergies could advantageously be strengthened in future tools supporting MSP.\nRanking of conflicts and synergies could advantageously be expanded in future tools supporting MSP.","author":["Bonnevie, I.","Hansen, H.","Schr\u00f8der, L."],"organization":["Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/743","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-ocean-power-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544219304724","title":"Overview of ocean power technology","description":"This work discusses and provides a critical expose of some of the newly emerging renewable energy technologies with special concentration on marine energy generation.\n\nThe work shows that there are several promising new developments in harvesting marine energy and it examines some of these technologies and discusses their advantages and some of the obstacles that are impeding the commercialization of these emerging technologies. This includes wave energy harvesting, tidal energy harvesting, ocean thermal energy and the utilisation of salinity gradients for electricity generation.\n\nThe work emphasises the fact that these new emerging technologies are currently at the developing stages and has a long way to go before successful commercialization and wide adoption become the norm.\n\nThe work stresses the need for more research and developmental work to address several of the technical issues that need to be addressed including devices designs, their installation and maintenance, the infrastructure which includes the grid and power transmission as well as losses, their use in arrays, and their longevity.\n\nThis work underlines the lack of reliable studies on the long term impacts of these technologies on both the marine environment and nearby habitations and highlights the need for proper environmental and social impact assessments of these technologies.\n\nThe work concludes that combination of technical, policy and economic advances will enable marine energy technologies to play a large role in combination with currently adopted non-pollution renewable energy resources to provide the world population with their energy needs and contribute to affecting significant reduction in the use of non-renewable and other polluting fuels worldwide.","author":["Wilberforce, T.","Hassan, Z.","Durrant, A.","Thompson, J.","Soudan, B.","Olabi, A."],"organization":["University of the West of Scotland","University of Sharjah","Aston University"],"originationDate":"2019-05-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/744","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-governance-industrialised-ocean-case-study-emerging-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X14002838","title":"Marine governance in an industrialised ocean: A case study of the emerging marine renewable energy industry","description":"The world\u05f3s oceans are currently undergoing an unprecedented period of industrialisation, made possible by advances in technology and driven by our growing need for food, energy and resources. This is placing the oceans are under intense pressure, and the ability of existing marine governance frameworks to sustainably manage the marine environment is increasingly being called into question. Emerging industries are challenging all aspects of these frameworks, raising questions regarding ownership and rights of the sea and its resources, management of environmental impacts, and management of ocean space. This paper uses the emerging marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, particularly in the United Kingdom (UK), as a case study to introduce and explore some of the key challenges. The paper concludes that the challenges are likely to be extensive and argues for development of a comprehensive legal research agenda to advance both MRE technologies and marine governance frameworks.\n\nHighlights:\nA\u00a0 brief history of marine governance and its evolution from single-sector management towards a holistic approach.\nThe ocean is industrialising and marine governance is evolving in response.\nMarine renewables provide an excellent case study of evolving marine governance frameworks.\nA\u00a0legal research agenda for marine renewables would advance both the technology and marine governance generally.","author":["Wright, G."],"organization":["Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI)","Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/746","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-man-made-sound-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-8574-6_6","title":"Effects of Man-Made Sound on Fishes","description":"Sound provides animals with a means of rapid, directional, and long-distance communication. It also provides animals with a \u201cgestalt\u201d view of their environment by giving an acoustic image of the world that often extends far beyond what is available from other senses. Thus, sound is highly relevant for fishes, and any interference with the ability to detect sound has potential consequences for the fitness and survival of individuals, populations, and species. There is a growing body of evidence that the addition of man-made sound in the aquatic environment has the potential to affect the ability of fishes to detect and use the biologically relevant sounds that are important for their survival. Moreover, there is also evidence that especially intense sounds not only affect sound detection and behavior but also have the potential to have physiological and physical effects on fish that could result in greatly reduced fitness and, in some cases, directly to death. This chapter examines the potential effects of man-made sound on fishes. It considers the sources of such sounds, the current data on potential effects and impacts, and implications for regulation of such sounds so that the potential impact is mitigated.\n\nThis chapter is from the book Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":["Loughine Limited","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2018-08-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/747","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-anthropogenic-noise-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-8574-6","title":"Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals","description":"Over the past several years, many investigators interested in the effects of man-made sounds on animals have come to realize that there is much to gain from studying the broader literature on hearing sound and the effects of sound as well as data from the effects on humans. It has also become clear that knowledge of the effects of sound on one group of animals (e.g., birds or frogs) can guide studies on other groups (e.g., marine mammals or fishes) and that a review of all such studies together would be very useful to get a better understanding of the general principles and underlying cochlear and cognitive mechanisms that explain damage, disturbance, and deterrence across taxa.\n\nThe purpose of this volume, then, is to provide a comprehensive review of the effects of man-made sounds on animals, with the goal of fulfilling two major needs. First, it was thought to be important to bring together data on sound and bioacoustics that have implications across all taxa (including humans) so that such information is generally available to the community of scholars interested in the effects of sound. This is done in Chaps. 2-5. Second, in Chaps. 6-10, the volume brings together what is known about the effects of sound on diverse vertebrate taxa so that investigators with interests in specific groups can learn from the data and experimental approaches from other species. Put another way, having an overview of the similarities and discrepancies among various animal groups and insight into the \u201chow and why\u201d will benefit the overall conceptual understanding, applications in society, and all future research.\n\nChapters:\nMan-Made Sounds and Animals -\u00a0H.\u00a0Slabbekoorn, R. Dooling, \u0026 A. Popper (pgs.\u00a01-22)\nCommunication Masking by Man-Made Noise -\u00a0R. Dooling \u0026\u00a0M. Leek (pgs.\u00a023-46)\nPrinciples of Auditory Object Formation by Nonhuman Animals - M. Dent \u0026\u00a0M. Bee (pgs. 47-82)\nCharacteristics of Temporary and Permanent Threshold Shifts in Vertebrates - J. Saunders \u0026\u00a0R. Dooling (pgs. 83-107)\nAcoustic Conditions Affecting Sound Communication in Air and Underwater - O.\u00a0Larsen \u0026C. Radford (pgs.109-144)\nEffects of Man-Made Sound on Fishes - A. Hawkins \u0026\u00a0A.\u00a0Popper (pgs.145-177)\nEffects of Anthropogenic Noise on Amphibians and Reptiles - A. Simmons \u0026 P. Narins (pgs.179-208)\nImpact of Man-Made Sound on Birds and Their Songs - W. Halfwerk, B. Lohr, H. Slabbekoorn (pgs. 209-242)\nEffects of Man-Made Sound on Terrestrial Mammals - H. Slabbekoorn, J.\u00a0McGee, \u0026 E. Walsh (pgs. 243-276)\nEffects of Noise on Marine Mammals - C.\u00a0Erbe, R. Dunlop, \u0026 S. Dolman (pgs. 277-309)","author":["Slabbekoorn, H.","Dooling, R.","Popper, A.","Fay, R."],"organization":["Leiden University","University of Maryland","Loyola University Chicago"],"originationDate":"2018-08-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/748","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-noise-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-8574-6_10","title":"Effects of Noise on Marine Mammals","description":"Marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, sea cows) use sound both actively and passively to communicate and sense their environment, covering frequencies from a few hertz to greater than 100 kHz, differing with species. Although a few documents on marine mammal sound production and reception date back 200 years, concern about the effects of man-made noise on marine mammals has only been documented since the 1970s. Underwater noise can interfere with key life functions of marine mammals (e.g., foraging, mating, nursing, resting, migrating) by impairing hearing sensitivity, masking acoustic signals, eliciting behavioral responses, or causing physiological stress. Many countries are developing and updating guidelines and regulations for underwater noise management in relation to marine mammal conservation. In the United States, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, enacted in 1972, is increasingly being applied to underwater noise emission. Common mitigation methods include (1) time\/area closures, (2) the establishment of safety zones that are monitored by visual observers or passive acoustics and that lead to shut-down or low-power operations if animals enter these zones, (3) noise reduction gear like bubble curtains around pile driving, and (4) noise source modifications or operational parameters like soft starts. Mitigation management mostly deals with single operations (like a one-month seismic survey). Key questions that remain are how noise impacts accumulate over time and multiple exposures, how multiple acoustic and nonacoustic stressors interact, and how effects on individuals affect a population as a whole.\n\nThis chapter is from the book\u00a0Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Animals.","author":["Erbe, C.","Dunlop, R.","Dolman, S."],"organization":["Curtin University","University of Queensland","Whale and Dolphin Conservation"],"originationDate":"2018-08-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/752","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kyle-rhea-tidal-stream-array-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/Kyle_Rhea\/environmental_statement\/KRTSA%20Vol%20II%20ES.pdf","title":"The Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array: Environmental Statement","description":"Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd is proposing to construct and operate an 8 megawatt (MW) rated capacity demonstration array of tidal stream turbines. The \u2018Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array\u2019 (henceforth referred to as \u0022the Project\u0022) is proposed to be situated in the narrow strait between the Isle of Skye and mainland Scotland, known as Kyle Rhea. Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd is a project company established by Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT), who are the world\u2019s leading tidal turbine technology developer and part of the Siemens group. The development of an array represents the next step in the development of tidal energy projects, following the successful commercial demonstration of single devices including MCT\u2019s SeaGen device at Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. Whilst a tidal array in the Sound of Islay has been consented, there are currently no constructed and operational tidal arrays in the world. The tidal industry has an important role to play in contributing to the UK Government\u2019s target for renewable energy to provide 15% of the gross annual electricity generation by 2020, and the Scottish Government\u2019s targets of providing the equivalent of 100% of Scotland\u0027s gross annual electricity consumption by 2020 from renewable sources.  This document constitutes the Environmental Statement (ES) under The Electricity Works (EIA)(Scotland) Regulations 2000, and provides details of the project and key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) carried out for the Project. The ES supports an application for a Marine Licence under the Marine Scotland Act 2010, consent under the Section 36 Electricity Act 1989, and consent for the offshore aspects of the Project under the Town and Country (Scotland) Planning Act 1997 (as amended)    Volume 1: Non-Technical Summary  Volume 2: Environmental Statement  Volume 2: Environmental Statement Figures  Volume 3: Appendices","author":["Royal Haskoning","Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.235040000000","-5.663580000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:42:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kyle-Rhea-Environmental-Statement-2013-Volume1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kyle-Rhea-Environmental-Statement-2013-Volume2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kyle-Rhea-Environmental-Statement-2013-Volume2Figures.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kyle-Rhea-Environmental-Statement-2013-Volume3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/753","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-national-ecosystem-assessment-follow-work-package-report-6-shared-plural-cultural","sourceURL":"https:\/\/research.edgehill.ac.uk\/ws\/files\/20063797\/UKNEAFO%20WP6_FinalReport.pdf","title":"The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-on. Work package Report 6: shared, plural and cultural values of ecosystems","description":"The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Follow-on Work Package on Shared, Plural and Cultural Values (UK NEAFO WP5) report consists of the following main documents:    The full report  A summary to the full report  A handbook for decision-makers, analysts and practitioners   The summary and full reports both start off with a set of key findings. The summary key findings can be read as an executive summary. The full key findings provide more detailed conclusions and an overview of the evidence that supports each of the findings, with reference to the report sections where one can find further detail. The summary and full report apply the same section headings and numbering. This facilitates using the documents side-by-side, allowing the reader to dip in and out of the full report where he or she is interested in greater depth or wants to look up references. The handbook provides a brief explanation of what shared, plural and cultural values are and why they are important to national and local government, business, NGOs, policy-analysts and practitioners. It provides an overview of methods for assessing shared, plural and cultural values and incorporating them into decisions, with short examples and case studies. In addition to these three documents, WP5 has also produced an interim report titled The value of potential marine protected areas in the UK to divers and sea anglers, which can be read independently or as supporting material for the marine protected areas case study in Section 4.4.  10 findings of this report:    Finding 1: Shared values resulting from deliberative, group-based valuation are different from individual values. Case study evidence suggests that they are more informed, considered, confident and reflective of participants\u2019 deeper-held, transcendental values.  Finding 2: The ethical, moral and justice dimensions of many environmental issues necessitate approaches that allow for the elicitation of shared and plural values.  Finding 3: Catalyst and\/or conflict points can play a key role in the emergence and articulation of values at a societal or community level that have not previously been outwardly or explicitly articulated.  Finding 4: There is a diversity of ways in which shared, plural, cultural and social values are used, but they are rarely conceptualised.  Finding 5: Shared and social values in the sense of value to society is conceptualised very differently by conventional economics and other disciplines.  Finding 6: A mixed method approach is required to elicit the multiple dimensions of shared values and to translate deeper-held, transcendental values into contextual values and preferences.  Finding 7: Deliberative and social learning processes help people to understand the values held by others; they can lead to increased sharing of values and\/or to greater acceptance of the decisions emerging from such processes.  Finding 8: Media analysis is a promising avenue for characterising different types of shared values at a large scale, as well as assessing the conflicts between the communal values of different sectors of society.  Finding 9: Aesthetic and spiritual values of ecosystems have a strong non-instrumental component. While they benefit human well-being, they should not simply be classified as just \u2018services\u2019 or \u2018benefits\u0027.  Finding 10: Subjective well-being measures provide a useful means of assessing \u2018intangible\u2019 cultural ecosystem services and their benefits.","author":["Kenter, J.","Reed, M.","Irvine, K.","O\u0027Brien, L.","Brady, E.","Bryce, R.","Christie, M.","Church, A.","Cooper, N.","Davies, A.","Evely, A.","Everard, M.","Fazey, I.","Hockley, N.","Jobstvogt, N.","Molloy, C.","Orchard-Webb, J.","Ravenscroft, N.","Ryan, M.","Watson, V."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","Birmingham City University","James Hutton Institute","De Montfort University","Forest Research - Alice Holt Lodge","University of Edinburgh","Aberystwyth University","University of Brighton","Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)","Church of England - Diocese of Ely","University of St Andrews","Project Maya","University of Dundee","Bangor University","Edge Hill University","United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.276117200000","-5.754382000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UKNEAFO_WP6_FinalReport.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/754","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interplay-between-economics-legislative-power-social-influence-examined-through-social","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969718336258","title":"The interplay between economics, legislative power and social influence examined through a social-ecological framework for marine ecosystems services","description":"In the last 15\u202fyears, conservation has shifted increasingly towards perspectives based on the instrumental value of nature, where what counts is what provides benefits to humans. The ecosystem services framework embraces this vision of nature through monetary valuation of the environment to correct market failures and government distortions that hinder efficient allocation of public goods, including goods and services provided by biodiversity and ecosystems. The popularity of this approach is reflected in different countries legislation; for instance, US, EU and UK have introduced economic criteria for comparing costs and benefits of environmental policies in protecting ecosystem services.\n\nFrom an operational perspective, the ecosystem services framework requires ecologists to estimate how the supply of services is affected by changes in the functionality and\/or the extent of ecosystems; and economists to identify how changes in the supply affect the flow of direct and indirect benefits to people. However, this approach may be simplistic when faced with the complexity of social-ecological systems. We investigated this for three different marine services: assimilative capacity of waste, coastal defense and renewable energy. We find that economic valuation could provide efficient and fair allocations in the case of assimilative capacity, but leads to social clashes between outputs generated by cost benefit analysis and citizens\u0027 expectation in the case of coastal defense. In the case of renewable energy, controversies can be generated by regulatory mechanisms that are not necessarily aligned with the interests of industry or important social groups. We conclude that there is a need to integrate perspectives arising from utilitarian allocation of resources with those involving legislation and communal values in order to reconcile conflicting interests and better sustain marine social-ecological systems.\n\nHighlights:\nA\u00a0social-ecological framework analyses three marine ecosystem services (ES).\nAssimilative capacity, coastal defence and renewable energy are object of study.\nThe role of economics, regulation and civil society is debated for the three ES.\nEconomics shows some axiomatic issues in guaranteeing the provision of these ES.\nOther institutions are required to enable social learning and conflicts resolution.","author":["Martino, S.","Tett, P.","Kenter, J."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of York"],"originationDate":"2019-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/756","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecology-infrastructure-decommissioning-north-sea-what-we-need-know-how-achieve-it","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz143\/5543459","title":"The ecology of infrastructure decommissioning in the North Sea: what we need to know and how to achieve it","description":"As decommissioning of oil and gas (O\u0026amp;G) installations intensifies in the North Sea, and worldwide, debate rages regarding the fate of these novel habitats and their associated biota\u2014a debate that has important implications for future decommissioning of offshore wind farms (OWFs). Calls to relax complete removal requirements in some circumstances and allow part of an O\u0026amp;G installation to be left in the marine environment are increasing. Yet knowledge regarding the biological communities that develop on these structures and their ecological role in the North Sea is currently insufficient to inform such decommissioning decisions. To focus debate regarding decommissioning policy and guide ecological research, we review environmental policy objectives in the region, summarize existing knowledge regarding ecological aspects of decommissioning for both O\u0026amp;G and OWF installations, and identify approaches to address knowledge gaps through science\u2013industry collaboration. We find that in some cases complete removal will conflict with other policies regarding protection and restoration of reefs, as well as the conservation of species within the region. Key ecological considerations that are rarely considered during decommissioning decisions are: (i) provision of reef habitat, (ii) productivity of offshore ecosystems, (iii) enhancement of biodiversity, (iv) protection of the seabed from trawling, and (v) enhancement of connectivity. Knowledge gaps within these areas will best be addressed using industry infrastructure and vessels for scientific investigations, re-analysis of historical data held by industry, scientific training of industry personnel, joint research funding opportunities, and trial decommissioning projects.","author":["Fowler, A.","J\u00f8rgensen, A.","Coolen, J.","Jones, D.","Svendsen, J.","Brabant, R.","Rumes, B.","Degraer, S."],"organization":["University of Technology Sydney","Wageningen University and Research Centre","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Technical University of Denmark (DTU)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fowler-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/765","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimising-tidal-lagoons-environmental-focus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk\/handle\/1842\/36069","title":"Optimising tidal lagoons: an environmental focus","description":"Tidal lagoons could help towards meeting ambitious global and national renewable energy and carbon reduction targets, contributing towards tackling climate change through the displacement of fossil fuel generation. Lagoons have additional benefits over other forms of renewable energy which include: predictability, use of proven technology, long expected life spans (100 years) and the ability to be strategically located to provide a base load supply of continuous energy. Despite these advantages there are no tidal lagoons in the world to date, the key barriers to lagoon development have been cost and environmental concerns. This research shows how to optimise tidal lagoons in terms of the environment, considering the wider socio-economic implications of lagoon developments as multi-use facilities. Through industry engagement, the research provides a snapshot of industry perspectives, allowing presentation of the key environmental impacts and benefits of tidal lagoons. It then uses systematic literature review to investigate transferable solution options from other relevant coastal and marine industries to address these key impacts. Finally, the research demonstrates use of a potential methodology to select and assess solution options which allows for consideration of the wider environmental, socio-economic implications of lagoons. Unlike many other large-scale marine energy projects tidal lagoons have the potential to be multi-use, multi-benefit facilities which are likely to have far reaching environmental, social and economic impacts, both positive and negative. The lagoon sector is in its infancy with recent political debates arising over the \u2018value for money\u2019 of lagoons and the cost of developments to both the tax payer and to the environment. Independent research addressing the uncertainty surrounding the environmental impacts of lagoons and considering how to optimise lagoons in terms of the potential value they could provide to society is now more important than ever.","author":["Elliott, K."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-07-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/766","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protocol-implementing-interim-population-consequences-disturbance-pcod-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/protocol-implementing-interim-population-consequences-disturbance-pcod-approach-quantifying","title":"A Protocol for Implementing the Interim Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCoD) approach: Quantifying and Assessing the Effects of UK Offshore Renewable Energy Developments on Marine Mammal Populations","description":"14Our understanding of the effects of underwater noise and other disturbing activities on marine mammals, and of how to assess and quantify potential impacts, is rapidly evolving. The Steering Group for the Interim PCoD work emphasise that this framework is very much an interim measure, that is, the Interim PCoD approach has been developed to help developers, regulators and advisers working on offshore renewable energy projects now. It is expected that the framework will be further refined and built upon over time as more evidence becomes available. The Interim PCoD approach should be regarded as another tool among others already available for assessing potential impacts of disturbance on marine mammal populations. How appropriate it will be for use with particular projects and situations should be decided on a case by case basis. It is important that developers considering using the Interim PCoD approach seek advice from the SNCBs and\/or regulators at an early stage.","author":["Booth, C.","Donovan, C.","King, S.","Schick, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2013-11-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Booth_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/768","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulation-study-potential-impacts-tidal-farm-eastern-waters-chengshan-cape-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11802-019-3975-6","title":"Simulation Study of Potential Impacts of Tidal Farm in the Eastern Waters of Chengshan Cape, China","description":"The sea area east of Chenshan Cape has peak tidal current flows that exceed 2.3 m s\u22121, which make it a promising site for the development of tidal current energy. Before these resources can be exploited, a comprehensive assessment is needed of the potential environmental impacts of the extraction of this energy. In this paper, we describe our construction of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the waters near Chengshan Cape, and verify the performance of the model using continuous data measured\u00a0in situ. We modeled the potential impacts of the exploitation of these resources on the flow field by adding a momentum loss term in the governing equation of the model. Simulation results show that an assumed tidal farm with an estimated power output of 20.34 MW would have a significant impact on the surrounding water level, especially next to the farm, where fluctuation could reach 6 cm. The maximum drop in the flow velocity in the wake of the farm was predicted to be more than 0.8 m s\u22121, and this influence would extend 10 km downstream.","author":["Liu, X.","Yuan, P.","Wang, S.","Yuan, S.","Tan, J.","Si, X."],"organization":["Ocean University of China"],"originationDate":"2019-08-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.255372000000","121.160707000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/769","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/local-non-local-geomorphic-effects-hydrokinetic-turbines-bridging-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conservancy.umn.edu\/handle\/11299\/206426","title":"Local and Non-local Geomorphic Effects of Hydrokinetic Turbines: Bridging Renewable Energy and River Morphodynamics","description":"Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) energy is an emerging renewable and sustainable technology which harnesses kinetic energy of natural water flows such as tides, rivers and ocean currents. In particular, rivers are currently an overlooked source of local and continuous kinetic energy that can be exploited using the available in-stream converters technology. The uncertainties regarding the interaction between these devices and the surrounding environment complicate the regulatory permitting processes, slowing down the expansion of MHK industry. A crucial issue that needs further attention is the interaction between these devices and the physical fluvial environment such as the bathymetry, sediment transport, and the associated morphodynamic processes. Analytical and experimental research conducted at Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory (SAFL) addressed this topic, unveiling the local and non-local (far from the device location) effects of hydrokinetic turbines on channel bathymetry and morphology. A theoretical model framework based on the phenomenology of turbulence was derived to predict the scour at the base of MHK device. Asymmetric installations of turbine array models within multi-scale laboratory channels were observed to trigger river instabilities known as forced-bars. Results suggest that the amplitude of these instabilities might be reduced by limiting the power plant lateral obstruction within the channel cross-section. A 12-turbine staggered array also proved to be resilient to intense flooding conditions, encouraging the expansion of this technology to large sandy rivers. Current research is investigating how hydrokinetic technology can be synergistically integrated in rivers, not only minimizing the environmental costs but also providing a positive feedback on the channel. Experiments suggest that turbines strategically installed in the river (i.e. at the side bank in yawed condition or in a vane-shaped array) could be used as stream bank protection systems and, eventually, be integrated in stream restoration projects.","author":["Musa, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/776","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-array-shape-tidal-stream-turbines-hydro-environmental-impacts-power-output","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112001450","title":"Assessment of array shape of tidal stream turbines on hydro-environmental impacts and power output","description":"This study investigates the significance of the layout of an array of tidal stream turbines on the power output and the hydro-environmental impacts array using the Research Centre\u2019s widely used open-source hydro-environmental model, namely DIVAST (Depth Integrated Velocities And Solute Transport), which was modified by the authors to include turbines as momentum sinks, to simulate the impact of an array of turbines in a coastal environment. For this purpose, three various layouts of an array of turbines, having the same number of turbines and located in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, were modelled and compared. The estuary, including the Bristol Channel, is approximately 200\u00a0km long and with a typical spring tidal range of over 14\u00a0m has the third highest rise and fall of tide in the world, with the spring tidal currents in the estuary being well in excess of 2\u00a0m\/s.\n\nThe study has demonstrated that the impacts of the arrays on the water levels and the maximum water levels which are associated with the flood risk were very small. However, the tidal currents were more significantly influenced by the tidal turbine arrays. The flow velocity field, suspended sediment levels and faecal bacteria levels were increased on the side of the arrays, whilst they were reduced both upstream and downstream of the arrays. The model showed the significance of including the interaction of the turbines and the flow in assessing the potential power output by comparing the discrepancy in the estimated power output of the various arrays, both with and without the inclusion of the impact of energy extraction by the turbines in the model. Moreover, the model showed that the available power during a neap ebb tide was significantly less than (","author":["Ahmadian, R.","Falconer, R."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.361510000000","-4.302095000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/786","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-tidal-energy-development-sea-level-rise-gulf-maine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544219316263","title":"The impacts of tidal energy development and sea-level rise in the Gulf of Maine","description":"In this study, we employed a 3-D and two-way nested Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to address several important outstanding issues regarding tidal energy development in the Gulf of Maine. We investigated the impact of projected sea-level rise (SLR) on the energy resources of the region, and examined how tidal dynamics will be influenced by energy extraction and\/or SLR. Further, we assessed whether the effect of SLR on the generation of tides in the ocean (hence at the boundary of the region) is significant in these assessments. We find that the impact of SLR exceeds the impact due to energy extraction in the Gulf of Maine - even when considering very large energy extraction, of order 3.0\u202fGW, in the Minas Passage. Although results showed that energy extraction does not significantly increase the amplitude of the tides in the far-field, a drastic change in the Bay of Fundy (e.g. full blockage) can lead to considerably higher amplitudes of tides (around 35\u202fcm, or 12%) in the western Gulf of Maine. As a result of 1\u202fm SLR, the theoretical tidal energy resources in some areas, including the Bay of Fundy can increase noticeably while any significant change in extracted energy highly depends on the turbine technology.","author":["Kresning, B.","Hashemi, M.","Neill, S.","Green, J.","Xue, H."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","Bangor University","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2019-11-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.159549000000","-68.340212000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/787","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/alteration-shallow-water-tides-tidal-asymmetry-tidal-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.research.lancs.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/publications\/alteration-to-the-shallowwater-tides-and-tidal-asymmetry-by-tidalstream-turbines(b5c42086-cced-47c5-81fb-819ea26853f8).html","title":"Alteration to the shallow-water tides and tidal asymmetry by tidal-stream turbines","description":"Tidal flow velocity asymmetry (FVA) plays a crucial role in residual sediment transport and has been shown to impact significantly on the amount of tidal energy that is technically extricable by tidal-stream turbines (TSTs). TSTs are known to alter tidal hydrodynamics locally, and large arrays of turbines do this on regional scales. However, less is known about the effect of TSTs on the FVA. This thesis explores changes to the FVA and therefore the shallow-water tidal constituents resulting from the deployment of TSTs. Numerical experiments in a uniform rectangular channel were undertaken, using the MIKE21 software package. The effects of single TSTs and multiple TSTs on tidal hydrodynamics were simulated, as well as those of a single TST on sediment transport. Flood-ebb asymmetry in the spatial distribution of current attenuation by the turbines altered the FVA. The overall attenuation of the current led to predictable changes in the total available tidal energy per tidal cycle, and the gross volume of sediment transported. The attenuation of the current by the TSTs was of greater importance to these aspects of the environment than any changes to the FVA that they caused. Changes in the FVA led to changes in the flood-ebb asymmetry of the available power, and the net volume of sediment transported, and were of far greater importance than the overall attenuation of the current in these respects. Multiple turbines deployed in a line along the channel, such that their areas of effect overlapped, had an additive effect on the FVA. When deployed as a row across the channel width, the total area affected by the turbines remained similar to that of a single turbine, so long as an inter-turbine spacing of at least three turbine diameters was maintained.","author":["Potter, D."],"organization":["Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/789","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-development-plan-oredp-ireland-strategic-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seai.ie\/resources\/publications\/OREDP-SEA-ER-Volume-1-Non-Technical-Summary.pdf","title":"Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP) For Ireland: Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): Volume 1: Non - Technical Summary (NTS)","description":"This document provides a Non-Technical Summary of the results of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP) for Ireland. The OREDP, which is the subject of this SEA, includes scenarios for the development of offshore renewable energy in Irish waters up to 2030, including an initial review in 2015 and a full review in 2020. The main issues covered in the SEA are listed below. This list is derived from the SEA Directive and refined to make it relevant to the coastal and marine environment. The effects of offshore wind and marine renewable energy developments on these issues\/subjects are summarised in Section 6: Assessment Results. The issues covered in the SEA include:    Soil and water (substrate including sediment, geology, geomorphology and coastal processes, water quality).  Biodiversity, flora and fauna (protected sites and species including sea birds, fish, marine mammals and reptiles, benthic ecology).  Cultural heritage including archaeological heritage (marine and coastal archaeological and historical natural\/built environment including wrecks and submerged landscapes).  Population and human health (commercial fishing, aquaculture, shipping and navigation including navigational safety, ports and harbours, recreation and tourism, radar interference and military practice areas).  Material assets (cables and pipelines, coastal infrastructure, oil and gas infrastructure, aggregates, dredging and disposal areas).  Landscape\/Seascape (seascape quality and character).  Climatic factors (Renewable energy developments, CO2 emissions, carbon storage and responding to climate change e.g. threat of sea level rise on coastal infrastructure.","author":["Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"organization":["Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.168871000000","-7.691427000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OREDP-SEA-ER-Volume-1-Non-Technical-Summary-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/790","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/jwgbird-report-2018-report-joint-osparhelcomices-working-group-marine-birds-jwgbird","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orbit.dtu.dk\/files\/239871201\/2018_Report_of_the_Joint_OSPARHELCOMICES_Working_Grou.pdf","title":"JWGBIRD Report 2018: Report of the Joint OSPAR\/HELCOM\/ICES Working Group on Marine Birds (JWGBIRD)","description":"Hosted by the Flanders Marine Institute, the Joint ICES\/OSPAR\/HELCOM Working Group on Seabirds met in Ostende, Belgium, 1\u20135 October 2018. The meeting was cochaired by Morten Frederiksen, Ian Mitchell and Volker Dierschke, and was attended by 15 members representing 11 countries. Following the tradition of the preceding meetings, the objectives of the meeting were to develop and implement indicators for seabirds under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), as well as to review and discuss seabird-related issues relevant for human uses of the sea. The meeting consisted of a series of interconnected workshops, where subgroups with floating membership discussed Terms of Reference. Report chapters were drafted by Term of Reference leads and collated by the chairs.  Further refinements of the existing indictor for breeding productivity in OSPAR were discussed. The suggested approach uses matrix population models to assess the impact of the observed level of breeding productivity on population growth rate, and relates the projected growth rate to IUCN criteria for species red-listing. Links between trends in population abundance (HELCOM) and potential drivers were explored. Preliminary results are complex and require further interpretation. A combined mid-winter aerial survey of the offshore Baltic was carried out in early 2016. The data have been collated, but results are not ready yet. The group discussed integration rules for GES assessments of birds under MSFD, both within and across species. ICES workshops in 2018 resulted in advice on these rules. JWGBIRD mostly agree with this advice, but propose a few changes. JWGBIRD reviewed the UK national assessment of seabirds under MSFD, and made suggestions for further development of indicators. A reporting template for the periodic assessments of OSPAR Threatened and\/or Declining Species and Habitats was tested for the black-legged kittiwake.  The group reviewed the progress so far on assessing bycatch mortality of marine birds in the NE Atlantic. The main limitation currently is the near absence of regular monitoring data on bycatch of birds. This also hampers the definition of threshold values for the MSFD indicator D1C1. The information collated by JWGBIRD will be used to inform a joint OSPAR-HELCOM workshop to examine possibilities for developing indicators for incidental by-catch of birds and marine mammals, planned for September 2019.  JWGBIRD provided input to the HELCOM indicator review process as well as to the HELCOM workshop on migratory waterbirds in November 2018.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-JWGBIRD-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/791","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ices-wgmbred-report-2018-report-working-group-marine-benthal-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"ICES WGMBRED Report 2018: Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED)","description":"In the most recent multi-annual cycle of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED), three meetings were held: 14\u201318 March 2016, Delft, the Netherlands (22 experts); 6\u201310 March 2017, Gdynia, Poland (19 experts); and 6\u20139 March 2018, Galway, Ireland (15 experts).  Our focus throughout has been on addressing the \u2018So what?\u2019 question in relation to the interaction between marine renewable energy developments and the benthic ecosystem. The main themes which WGMBRED captured under the Terms of References during the annual meetings and intersessionally focused on understanding the importance of the benthic ecosystem interacting with marine renewable energy developments and ensuring effective communication of scientific findings from the group. The main topics covered were:    spatial and temporal scale (e.g. the interaction between a device and the benthic species, how these changes could occur at the scale of an array or over larger scales of defined regions\/over time);  the extent of knowledge available (leading to an understanding of the causeeffect pathways between benthos and marine renewable energy devices and developments) in order to identify gaps in knowledge;  development of indicators to measure the effects arising;  understanding how effective the benthic ecologists working on the interactions between the benthal and marine renewables were able to cascade these scientific messages.   The WGMBRED has made significant progress towards meeting the group\u2019s Terms of Reference and also our own professional and personal aspirations in communicating that the benthos is a vital part of our marine ecosystems and must be considered in the context of the industrial expansion of marine renewable energy developments. During the three years\u2019 work the group has adapted the focus of our activities to more effectively address our objectives in light of our analysis and new knowledge. Some of the topics proved highly complex and require further research. To convey this message several written reviews have helped to summarise the existing knowledge base (across different marine energy device types), and group members have also attended and presented at numerous international conferences and workshops. The specific outputs coming from meeting the Terms of Reference will be useful to inform the advisory process (and licencing) as they are directly linked to the marine renewable energy sector and the ecosystem based management that is being promoted across the ICES region.  The activities of the WG will assist ICES towards a structural and functional understanding of how the marine benthic system associated with marine renewable energy devices contributes to the functioning of the marine ecosystem, and how they can act as areas where benthic biodiversity can potentially be promoted. There is evidently a future need for the WG and a further multi-annual cycle with new co-chairs has been proposed to ICES secretariat. The new objectives to be addressed by this group are considered of high relevance in the context of ecosystem-based management of coastal areas where an increasing number or marine renewable energy devices are planned. There will be direct knowledge gained to support marine spatial planning initiatives. Hence, the activities of WGMBRED can be considered to be of direct benefit and very high priority for several EGs.  The WGMBRED has worked well with a constant and active membership of experts and representatives of various countries. During 2016\u20132018, we have produced some significant outputs (with plans to meet all our outstanding deliverables by the end of 2018).  When considering the future, the offshore renewable industry continues to evolve at a rapid pace with expansion across the world. In addition there are upcoming ideas of multiple use of energy device arrays (e.g. for energy generation and food supply via aquaculture), as well as developments of new technologies in countries where no marine renewable energy devices have been installed before. There are several topics which have not been explored yet in this context which cause uncertainty of the potential effects of these evolving new topics and technologies and inconsistent legislation frameworks between countries. Thus, the WGMBRED expertise contributes to the determination of these effects strategies that are as important now as well as in the near future.  A new set of Terms of Reference supported unanimously by all the members to continue with new co-chairs, gives us confidence to propose to ICES that WGMBRED will successfully continue for three more years. With the growing interest in marine renewable energy developments we believe that the activity of the WG will be of key importance for ICES in the event that they need to advise on marine renewable energy developments in relation to the benthic ecosystem.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)","International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/792","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ices-sgwte-report-2013-report-study-group-environmental-impacts-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"ICES SGWTE Report 2013: Report of the Study Group on Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy","description":"The Study Group on the Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy (Chair: Michael Bell, UK) held its third and final meeting in Cork, Ireland, 19\u201321 March 2013. The meeting was attended by four participants from Ireland, and the UK (England, Scotland) and contributions by correspondence were made by participants, from Spain and the UK (Scotland).  The wave and tidal energy sector is a newcomer to the marine environment, but is developing rapidly. There is an urgent need for new science to understand the potential environmental and socio-economic interactions of wave and tidal energy developments and for this science be applied in policy, planning, consenting and regulatory processes. SGWTE 2013 continued the work of the previous meetings, collating information on the current state of development of the wave and tidal energy industry, in both testing and commercial deployment phases, on progress with leasing and consenting processes, and on research relating to environmental and socio-economic interactions. Status reports were updated for five countries and summary tables were updated and extended to 80 wave and tidal energy developments or test deployments and 121 research projects. SGWTE 2013 also considered the application of Integrated Ecosystem Approaches to management of marine renewable energy activities in the marine environment. Potential interactions of marine renewables with Ecosystem Services were identified, and their relevance to GES descriptors under the MSFD was assessed. Canada\u2019s development of risk analysis and the ecosystem approach (as detailed in the recent CRR No. 317) was reviewed and application of risk-based approaches to management were compared between Scotland and Canada.  This was the third and final meeting of SGWTE, but it is clear that there is an ongoing and increasing need for ICES to develop science in relation to marine renewable energy. SGWTE 2013 developed a proposal for a new Working Group on Marine Renewable Energy (WGMRE), to be established with multi-annual Terms of Reference running from 2014. A key role for WGMRE will be to work in close collaboration with topic-based science Working Groups with the purpose of synthesising their outputs in relation to marine renewable energy for application to planning, consenting and regulatory processes for tidal (both in-stream and barrage), wave and offshore wind energy. WGMRE will also continue the work of SGWTE to facilitate access to up-to-date information on the state of development of the marine renewable energy sector and on associated research activities.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2013-03-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/793","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ices-sgwte-report-2012-report-study-group-environmental-impacts-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"ICES SGWTE Report 2012: Report of the Study Group on Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy","description":"The Study Group on the Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy (Chair: Michael Bell, UK) held its second meeting in Stromness, Orkney, UK, 4-6 May 2012. The meeting was attended by nine participants from Ireland, Spain, Sweden and the UK (England, Scotland and Wales) and contributions by correspondence were made by four participants, from France, Norway, Portugal and the UK (Wales).  The wave and tidal energy sector is a newcomer to the marine environment, but is developing rapidly. There is an urgent need for new science to understand the potential environmental and socio-economic interactions of wave and tidal energy developments and for this science be applied in policy, planning, consenting and regulatory processes. SGWTE 2012 continued the work of the previous meeting, collating information on the current state of development of the wave and tidal energy industry, in both testing and commercial deployment phases, on progress with leasing and consenting processes, and on research relating to environmental and socioeconomic interactions. Status reports were made for individual countries and summary tables were prepared for 53 wave and tidal energy developments or test deployments and 74 research projects. The aim is to compile a searchable database as a resource for scientists and regulators. SGWTE also reported on progress addressing research gaps identified in the previous meeting, and compiled a list of priority research areas under topics such as marine mammals, oceanography and fisheries interactions.  SGWTE is set to finish with a third meeting in 2013, but it is clear that there is an ongoing and increasing need for ICES to develop science in relation to marine renewable energy. SGWTE noted the existence of at least 17 other ICES expert groups with interests in marine energy. A new Working Group on Marine Energy is proposed for the purpose of coordinating the flow of science between topic-based science Working Groups (e.g. on seabirds, benthic ecology, fish ecology) and its application in planning, consenting and regulatory processes in relation to tidal (both in-stream and barrage), wave and offshore wind energy.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/794","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interim-report-working-group-marine-benthal-renewable-energy-developments-wgmbred","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.vliz.be\/imisdocs\/publications\/ocrd\/307732.pdf","title":"Interim Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED)","description":"The 2017 annual meeting of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) was attended by 19 experts, representing seven countries and was held in Gdynia, Poland from March 6-10, 2017. The meeting was co-chaired by Jennifer Dannheim (Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) and Andrew B. Gill (Cranfield University, United Kingdom\/Cape Eleuthera Institute, the Bahamas).  The question of Scale was the focus of ToR A. This ToR was determined as crucial to the work of the group following the first three years of WGMBRED. So we took previous case studies, which were set up at the last meeting and in sub-groups developed them in the context of defining their key elements associated with scale effects. From these case studies a conceptual model to show why scale matters has started to be developed.  The goal of the work on ToR B was to expand the matrices of effects to encompass those devices not considered in the knowledge publication (Dannheim, Degraer, Jackson et al. unpubl.) which considered fixed wind devices only. In order to progress, the knowledge base was updated in relation to specific marine renewable devices, i.e. floating wind, wave and tidal devices. Matrixes on the likely interactions between specific devices (i.e., floating wind, wave and tidal) were elucidated using the template on specific cause-effect relationship and the scoring system following the scheme presented in the ICES WGBMRED report in 2015 which accounts for the spatial and temporal scale of an effect, the sensitivity, the confidence and consistency. Matrixes and scoring of effects were summarised in tables for each marine renewable energy device.  With ToR C intersessional work using an online survey questionnaire provided some very interesting pilot data on a network analysis, which is being undertaken to create a map of interconnectivity between individuals, which when combined with information about individuals\u2019 membership of groups, generates new information on the way that groups interact, exchange knowledge and influence each other. During the meeting further contact details were sought to increase the number of respondents to the questionnaire for a more thorough analysis. This will form the basis of the main analysis and publishable outputs.  ToR D was addressed by looking at the cause-effect relationships in the conceptual scheme (see ICES WGMBRED report 2016), the functions that may be changed and to link these functions to specific services provided by the benthos. The group aimed at defining ecologically relevant indicators that are suitable to detect changes in functions and thus benthic services. Ecosystem services were identified following mainly Hattam et al. (2015, which basically is following CICES). The ToR D was tackled in three sub-groups related to the societal important issues: biogeochemical reactor, food resources and biodiversity.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2017-03-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/795","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-learning-impact-assessments-european-wave-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ices.dk\/sites\/pub\/CM%20Doccuments\/CM-2011\/S\/S1811.pdf","title":"SOWFIA: Learning from Impact Assessments of European wave energy developments","description":"The lack of coordinated policy for environmental impact assessment (EIA) at offshore energy sites has been identified as a hindrance to the growth of the wave energy industry. It may simultaneously result in lack of effective and cohesive EIA monitoring. The SOWFIA Project brings together ten European partners who have an interest in planned wave farm test centres, incorporating 15 existing wave power sites. The project encourages the sharing and consolidation of wave energy development approval processes, EIA best practices for offshore wave energy conversion developments. Key objectives are: to identify barriers and accelerators in existing EIA processes in EU member states; to assess EIA focuses and methodologies at wave energy sites, and to make recommendations for the development of streamlined project approval processes. To date, the project has produced a catalogue of wave energy sites across Europe, which also summarises European targets for renewable energy and provides an overview of the member states\u2019 action plans for ocean energy. An inventory of EIA data sets being collected at European wave energy sites is currently in progress and will result in a data management platform facilitating an analysis of current impact detection capabilities. These outputs will be invaluable in streamlining the EIA process to ensure environmental protection and faster, more economically effective wave energy project development in the future. Future work will include workshops to examine barriers to the industry and a socio-economic study to examine public perceptions of offshore energy developments.\u00a0","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A.","Leeney, R.","Conley, D.","Holmes, B.","Olivares, C.","Osta, V.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["University College Cork","University of Plymouth","Inabensa","International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OHagan-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/796","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-surveys-irelands-atlantic-marine-energy-test-site-amets","sourceURL":"","title":"Seabird Surveys at Ireland\u0027s Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS)","description":"A wave energy test site is proposed for inshore waters off the west coast of County Mayo, Ireland. The test site has been selected for its high wave energy levels, due to full Atlantic exposure conditions. Some seabird data for the test site is available from past surveys of Irish waters. Detailed data is not available and baseline bird surveys as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment began in 2009. Surveys at sea followed standard European Seabird at Sea survey methods. Eight surveys were completed between October 2009 and October 2010, excluding the winter months. A total of 8,092 birds of 33 species were recorded. In March 2011 monitoring surveys began at the wave energy test site. The monitoring survey design has been adapted to detect effects of wave-energy related activities on bird densities within the immediate area surrounding each test berth. It is an experimental approach that uses test (berth) and control sites with pre- and post-activity monitoring. Because there are only two test berths, the \u2018treatment\u2019 sample size of our sampling design is limited to two in order to avoid pseudoreplication. This, coupled with natural variance in seabird numbers, means that power to detect small differences in seabird densities will be rather limited. Large scale differences should however be detectable. The key challenge has been how to develop an effective sampling strategy, within practical and budgetary limitations and for a novel development. Baseline survey work was financed by Tonn Energy Ltd.","author":["Hunt, J.","Beaubier, J.","McLoughlin, D."],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.233810900000","-10.125399000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 04:47:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hunt-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/797","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-structure-abundance-coastal-bottlenose-dolphins-tursiops-truncatus-normano","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jmammal\/article\/96\/3\/481\/905030","title":"Social structure and abundance of coastal bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in the Normano-Breton Gulf, English Channel","description":"A large, but poorly studied, bottlenose dolphin community, Tursiops truncatus, inhabits coastal waters of Normandy (Normano-Breton Gulf, English Channel, France). In this study, the social structure and abundance of this community were assessed using photo-identification techniques. Like other bottlenose dolphin communities worldwide, this resident community has a fission\u2013fusion social structure with fluid associations among individuals (half-weight index = 0.10). Association patterns were highly variable as indicated by a high social differentiation (S = 0.95\u00b10.03). The majority of associations were casual, lasting days to months. However, individuals exhibited also a smaller proportion of long-term relationships. A mean group size of 26 was large compared with other resident coastal communities, and variable, ranging from 1 to 100, which could be the results of ecological conditions, in particular resource predictability and availability. Analyses also showed that the community was organized in 3 social clusters that were not completely isolated from each other. Abundance was estimated at 420 dolphins (95% confidence interval: 331\u2013521), making this coastal community one of the largest identified along European coastlines. Because human activities in the Gulf are expected to increase in the upcoming years, long-term demographic monitoring of this dolphin community will be critical for its management.","author":["Louis, M.","Gally, F.","Barbraud, C.","B\u00e9esau, J.","Tixier, P.","Simon-Bouhet, B.","Le Rest, K.","Guinet, C."],"organization":["University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)"],"originationDate":"2015-05-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.107480000000","-0.325892000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Louis-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/798","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/provision-evidence-conservation-impacts-energy-production","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieep.eu\/publications\/provision-of-evidence-of-the-conservation-impacts-of-energy-production\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com","title":"Provision of Evidence of the Conservation Impacts of Energy Production","description":"This report provides a broad overview of 15 energy technologies identified by JNCC, including their life cycle carbon dioxide reduction potential and their other environmental impacts. It then focuses on eight key technologies that are likely to have the most significant impacts on the environment over the next 50 years (namely coal, oil, gas, nuclear, wind, tidal stream and range, biomass crops and biofuels). The report describes and whenever possible quantifies the likely impacts of the key UK energy technologies, in the light of current capacity and a selection of published future scenarios for the UK energy mix for 2020 and 2050.  The analysis primarily investigates the impacts of the key energy technologies on biodiversity (particularly regarding UK BAP Priority habitats and UK BAP priority birds). In addition, significant implications for geodiversity (ie the variety of rocks, minerals and landforms), landscape and access to nature are identified. The focus is on impacts to the UK environment, but insights on wider global environmental impacts are provided when relevant.  The review provides clear evidence that energy production can have significant detrimental impacts on the environment, particularly as a result of land take and habitat change (especially from open cast coal mining, tidal barrages, biomass and biofuels), disturbance (eg seismic surveys for oil and gas production, infrastructure construction such as new power plants and transmission systems, and wind farm operation), pollution (eg from oil spills, acid mine drainage from coal pits, biofuels and especially eutrophication impacts from nitrogen oxides from coal power stations), and the accidental killing of some species (eg by power lines, wind turbines and tidal barrages).   It is also clear that more comprehensive and detailed monitoring needs to be undertaken of the impacts of energy developments, during their construction, operational and decommissioning phases. Such monitoring should assess the effectiveness of project level mitigation measures as well as the overall cumulative effects of energy policies on landscapes, geodiversity resources, habitats and species populations.","author":["Tucker, G.","Bassi, S.","Anderson, J.","Chiavari, J.","Casper, K.","Fergusson, M."],"organization":["Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-03 04:38:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/pub08_Conservationimpactsofenergyproduction.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/799","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-crustacean-sensitivity-high-amplitude-underwater-noise-data-needs-effective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X16302892","title":"A review of crustacean sensitivity to high amplitude underwater noise: Data needs for effective risk assessment in relation to UK commercial species","description":"High amplitude anthropogenic noise is associated with adverse impacts among a variety of organisms but detailed species-specific knowledge is lacking in relation to effects upon crustaceans. Brown crab (Cancer pagurus), European lobster (Homarus gammarus) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) together represent the most valuable commercial fishery in the UK (Defra, 2014). Critical evaluation of literature reveals physiological sensitivity to underwater noise among N. norvegicus and closely related crustacean species, including juvenile stages. Current evidence supports physiological sensitivity to local, particle motion effects of sound production in particular. Derivation of correlative relationships between the introduction of high amplitude impulsive noise and crustacean distribution\/abundance is hindered by the coarse resolution of available data at the present time. Future priorities for research are identified and argument for enhanced monitoring under current legislative frameworks outlined.  Highlights:    Marine crustaceans detect, produce and respond to sound.  Crustacean sound sensitivity is restricted to particle motion.  Sound sensitivity of commercial UK crustaceans is unknown.  Licencing bodies do not capture detailed spatio-temporal noise introduction data.  Landings cannot be correlated with sound introduction given course data resolution.","author":["Edmonds, N.","Firmin, C.","Goldsmith, D.","Faulkner, R.","Wood, T."],"organization":["Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.112873000000","-5.346237000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Edmonds-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/800","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meeting-europes-renewable-energy-targets-harmony-nature","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ww2.rspb.org.uk\/Images\/Renewable_energy_report_tcm9-297887.pdf","title":"Meeting Europe\u0027s Renewable Energy Targets in Harmony with Nature","description":"BirdLife International is a global partnership of conservation organisations that strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources. The BirdLife Partnership operates in over 100 countries and territories worldwide with over 2.5 million members, 10 million supporters and over a million hectares owned or managed. It is the world\u0027s largest partnership of conservation organisations. Together the BirdLife Partnership forms the leading authority on the status of birds, their habitats and the issues and problems affecting bird life.  The development of renewable energy sources is an essential element in fighting climate change. However, some measures intended to contribute to climate change mitigation, like unsustainably produced biofuels, are posing new threats and stresses on birds and their habitats. BirdLife works to promote effective emissions reductions using renewables without harming ecosystems and biodiversity, both at international and European levels.  BirdLife Europe supports action to cut Europe\u2019s greenhouse gas emissions through energy savings and displacing fossil energy with clean, sustainable, renewable energy sources. To be sustainable, harm to birds and biodiversity must be avoided, and Europe\u2019s most important sites for wildlife must be protected. This means the development of renewable energy sources must follow a strategic approach, so that the most appropriate energy sources are exploited in the most appropriate places.  BirdLife strongly supports the achievement of the EU\u2019s 20% renewable energy target. We believe it is an essential element in the fight against global climate change. With current policies and prevailing technologies, however, meeting the transport target using liquid biofuels does not meet the ecological sustainability criteria above. Therefore, BirdLife cannot support this element of the targets, and calls for greater use of energy savings, electrification of transport and other ecologically acceptable renewables instead. This report explains why we support sustainable renewables deployment, and shows how policy makers can help to meet Europe\u2019s renewables targets in harmony with nature.","author":["BirdLife Europe"],"organization":["BirdLife International","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BirdLifeInternational-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/801","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reconciling-biodiversity-conservation-widespread-deployment-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article\/file?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0150956\u0026type=printable","title":"Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Widespread Deployment of Renewable Energy Technologies in the UK","description":"Renewable energy will potentially make an important contribution towards the dual aims of meeting carbon emission reduction targets and future energy demand. However, some technologies have considerable potential to impact on the biodiversity of the environments in which they are placed. In this study, an assessment was undertaken of the realistic deployment potential of a range of renewable energy technologies in the UK, considering constraints imposed by biodiversity conservation priorities. We focused on those energy sources that have the potential to make important energy contributions but which might conflict with biodiversity conservation objectives. These included field-scale solar, bioenergy crops, wind energy (both onshore and offshore), wave and tidal stream energy. The spatially-explicit analysis considered the potential opportunity available for each technology, at various levels of ecological risk. The resultant maps highlight the energy resource available, physical and policy constraints to deployment, and ecological sensitivity (based on the distribution of protected areas and sensitive species). If the technologies are restricted to areas which currently appear not to have significant ecological constraints, the total potential energy output from these energy sources was estimated to be in the region of 5,547 TWh\/yr. This would be sufficient to meet projected energy demand in the UK, and help to achieve carbon reduction targets. However, we highlight two important caveats. First, further ecological monitoring and surveillance is required to improve understanding of wildlife distributions and therefore potential impacts of utilising these energy sources. This is likely to reduce the total energy available, especially at sea. Second, some of the technologies under investigation are currently not deployed commercially. Consequently this potential energy will only be available if continued effort is put into developing these energy sources\/ technologies, to enable realisation of their full potential.","author":["Gove, B.","Williams, L.","Beresford, A.","Roddis, P.","Campbell, C.","Teuten, E.","Langston, R.","Bradbury, R."],"organization":["Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)"],"originationDate":"2016-05-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.153332000000","-5.561394000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gove-et-al-2016.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/802","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-aspects-developing-irelands-atlantic-marine-energy-test-site-amets","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Simon_Berrow\/publication\/258883533_Environmental_Aspects_of_Developing_Ireland\u0027s_Atlantic_Marine_Energy_Test_Site_AMETS\/links\/0046352951847673ce000000\/Environmental-Aspects-of-Developing-Irelands-Atlantic-Marine-Energy","title":"Environmental Aspects of Developing Ireland\u0027s Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS)","description":"This paper examines the environmental aspects associated with the development of Ireland\u2019s Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS), which is being developed off the west coast of County Mayo near Belmullet by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) in conjunction with its project partners, ESB International (ESBI), the Marine Institute and TONN Energy. The test site will provide a grid-connected national test facility, at which full scale pre-commercial wave energy converters (WEC) could be deployed during their final stages of pre-commercial development. It will facilitate small arrays of up to five WECs each. It is an integral component of Irelands Ocean Energy Strategy and will facilitate testing and validation of wave energy converters in an open ocean environment. It will be operational for a period of up to twenty years and will be decommissioned thereafter. The results of a year long environmental assessment of the use of the site by birds and marine mammals together with details of subtidal, intertidal and terrestrial habitats are presented. The test site will provide a facility, not only for testing WEC\u2019s, but also for gaining experience on how to develop wave farms for electricity generation, what environmental impacts are associated with such developments and how electricity generated from WEC\u2019s can be integrated and connected to the existing electricity network.","author":["Kavanagh, P.","Fielding, M.","Scally, L.","Berrow, S.","Hunt, J.","Kennedy, B."],"organization":["ESB International (ESBI)","MERC Consultants","Irish Whale and Dolphin Group","National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.233810900000","-10.125399000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 04:46:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/805","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regulating-wave-tidal-energy-industry-perspective-scottish-marine-governance-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1500384X","title":"Regulating wave and tidal energy: An industry perspective on the Scottish marine governance framework","description":"The emerging ocean energy industry, which seeks to utilise waves and tides to generate electricity, is developing in many jurisdictions. The UK, and Scotland in particular, is strongly interested in these technologies, and has made considerable efforts to reform its marine governance processes to better meet the needs of innovative new marine industries. This paper provides an industry perspective on this regulatory framework, reporting on the experiences of ocean energy project and technology developers. Semi-structured interviews with companies with practical experience with Scotland\u0027s regulatory framework provide evidence of a number of legal and regulatory challenges, as well as interesting insights into how developers are interacting with new marine governance systems. The paper details the findings of these interviews and offers some suggested directions for future research.","author":["Wright, G."],"organization":["Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.028407000000","-2.846032000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/811","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/agent-based-modelling-fish-collisions-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eprints.hrwallingford.com\/1391\/","title":"Agent-Based Modelling of fish collisions with tidal turbines","description":"With growing developments in marine tidal energy, coupled with high densities of marine species in suitable installation locations, there is concern about marine wildlife colliding with underwater devices. Methods are needed to predict such collisions when assessing environmental impacts of underwater turbines. Agent-Based Models (ABMs) in the field of ecology: simulate interactions between organisms; assess how they live (i.e. grow, reproduce, function, adapt) and die in a dynamic physical environment; consider a population from the point of view of the individuals, or agents with population level behaviours emerging from the behaviour of the individuals; have individual within a system that are defined by traits (e.g. size, age or sensitivity to a stressor) and behaviours they can perform (e.g. migration or avoidance). To better predict collisions with underwater devices, HR Wallingford has developed an Agent-Based Model (ABM) to predict the probability of marine animals colliding with an underwater device.","author":["Rossington, K.","Benson, T."],"organization":["HR Wallingford Ltd"],"originationDate":"2019-05-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.483251000000","-5.583165000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TP-060_Rossington-Benson.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/812","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dynamic-risk-assessment-method-address-safety-navigation-concerns-around-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1475090219837409#articleCitationDownloadContainer","title":"A dynamic risk assessment method to address safety of navigation concerns around offshore renewable energy installations","description":"This work focuses on the development of a deterministic dynamic risk method that can be used by operational end-users such as seafarers, when navigating in restricted waters where there is spatial conflict due to multi-use of marine areas by the shipping and offshore renewable energy industries. The developed method can also be used during the planning stages of offshore renewable energy installations. A case study of vessel operations near an offshore wind farm is also presented. The article also briefly discusses the potential application of manoeuvring-based dynamic risk methods to resolve spatial conflicts in the maritime, as well as other transport domains.","author":["Mehdi, R.","Baldauf, M.","Deeb, H."],"organization":["World Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2019-03-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/816","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-challenges-ocean-energy-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.journalijdr.com\/environmental-challenges-ocean-energy-generation","title":"Environmental Challenges for Ocean Energy Generation","description":"The world\u0027s depleting fossil fuels have put the globe into serious global warming concern. Normally, these fossil fuels emit greenhouse gases when burnt in most of the industrial processes and as well in automobiles. The earth\u0027s economic activities have therefore triggered high energy demand which has put the world into acute energy shortage. This global energy insecurity has attracted the technological research on how to ensure there is constant supply of energy owing to the increasing energy demand. Different energy resources have been identified which can help generate clean energy which emit near zero greenhouse gases such as SOX, NOX and CO2. As the renewable energy sources come into play, they are also accompanied by several environmental impacts. This paper critically discusses different environmental challenges posed by the generation of energy via ocean energy technology and gives an insight on the proposed remedy. The challenges explored include; electromagnetic field in the ocean, toxicity caused by the technology, alteration of water currents and waves, benthic organisms\u0027 habitat alteration, noise impacts, strike and collision and water temperature increment.","author":["Apunda, M.","Nyangoye, B."],"organization":["University of Leeds","Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2018-07-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-11 10:08:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/819","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-marine-energy-technologies-uk-evaluation-systems-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811730719X","title":"The potential of marine energy technologies in the UK- Evaluation from a systems perspective","description":"Accelerated technological change plays a crucial role in enabling the low-carbon energy transition. Quantitative energy modelling exploring alternative long-term decarbonisation pathways can support policy-makers in choosing the most important areas for technology promotion. This study analyses the potential contribution of marine energy in the UK from an energy systems perspective considering the trade-offs between local lead markets and global learning, the uncertainty in the learning potential, competition with alternative technologies and impacts on system balancing. The results indicate that only under very favourable conditions, i.e. with learning rates above 15% and high global deployment, marine energy will have a significant contribution to the UK decarbonisation pathway. Alternatively, marine energy could constitute a hedging strategy against multiple failure in other low-carbon options. The early strategic investments into marine energy lead, in most cases, to a slight rise in societal welfare costs compared to the respective cases without attempts to induce marine learning and brings benefits to the electricity system. Thus, on the whole, we conclude that marine energy has the potential to contribute to the UK energy system, but there is a substantial risk that strategic investments in a national lead market will not directly pay off in the long term.","author":["Zeyringer, M.","Fais, B.","Keppo, I.","Price, J."],"organization":["University College London"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.276117200000","-5.754382000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zeyringeretal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/820","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/governmental-regulation-ocean-wave-energy-converter-installations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/4347867","title":"Governmental Regulation of Ocean Wave Energy Converter Installations","description":"Interest in ocean energy converter technology has increased with the revival of renewable energy awareness. To date, ocean current energy converters have been implemented with relatively mature technology when compared to wave energy converters. Despite the novelty of wave energy, several commercial wave energy projects have recently been undertaken. However, this process has not been accompanied by the development of a legal process for developers to follow. Therefore, this paper focuses on wave energy legal jurisdiction issues. These issues are addressed with regards to siting license dilemmas and which government agencies may assert jurisdiction. Regulatory actions needed to promote wave energy conversion technology are also investigated.","author":["Vining, J.","Muetze, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-10-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/822","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/3d-modelling-impacts-stream-horizontal-axis-tidal-energy-converters-tecs-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141118719300896","title":"3D modelling of the impacts of in-stream horizontal-axis Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) on offshore sandbank dynamics","description":"The tidal energy sector is a growing industry in the UK and beyond. Energy developers\u2019 interests are progressing towards the deployment of large arrays of tidal energy converters (TECs). Numerous factors will affect decision making related to arrays siting and size. One key factor is the effect that the TEC arrays may have on the natural sediment transport patterns and the sea bottom morphodynamics. The Inner Sound Channel located between the Island of Stroma of Pentland Firth and the Scottish Mainland (UK) has been accredited for a large-scale TEC array installation to be developed in the future. Three morphodynamically active, large sandbanks are located in the Inner Sound channel. This study investigated the impacts of tidal energy extraction from a large array of TECs on the sediment dynamics and morphology of these sandbanks. A large-scale 3D hydrodynamic and morphodynamic Delft3D model was set up to computationally model Pentland Firth, Inner Sound Channel in order to study the impacts of tidal energy extraction from a generic TEC array, on the existing hydrodynamic and morphodynamic regime. A range of hypothetical energy extraction scenarios was modelled. Results reveal that the changes to morphodynamics of these sandbanks as a result of large scale tidal energy extraction far exceeds the morphology change under the natural hydrodynamic regime and that the severity of morphology change depends on the level of energy extraction.","author":["Chatzirodou, A.","Karunarathna, H.","Reeve, D."],"organization":["University of the West of England, Bristol","Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.736584000000","-3.151596000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/823","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/full-life-cycle-assessment-two-surge-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0957650919867191","title":"Full life cycle assessment of two surge wave energy converters","description":"Wave energy has the potential to play an important role in the UK\u0027s electricity mix in the coming years and it is important to understand the interactions of wave energy converters with the environment before considering them viable alternatives for other technologies. The aim of this study was to identify the environmental impacts of the deployment of the Oyster wave energy converter to the EMEC test site at Orkney, UK over its lifetime across three general categories: resource use, human health and ecological consequences. A full life cycle assessment was performed on two different models of the Oyster wave energy converter: Oyster 1 and Oyster 800. It was found that the latter is a fitting upgrade for its predecessor as it has lower environmental impacts in all categories; however, the high infrastructural needs of the Oyster technology makes its environmental performance worse than most other wave energy converters. Key sustainability indicators for energy converters include carbon footprint and energy payback period, and these were found to be 79 and 57 gCO2 eq\/kWh and 45 and 42 months for the Oyster 1 and Oyster 800, respectively. Although these are significantly higher than most estimates for other types of renewable energy converter, the carbon impacts are still significantly lower than for conventional fossil-fuelled power generation.","author":["Karan, H.","Thomson, R.","Harrison, G."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.962382000000","-3.293508000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-02 07:55:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/824","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-wildlife-conservation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en\u0026id=LtmmDwAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR5#v=onepage\u0026q\u0026f=false","title":"Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation","description":"Contents  Introduction - Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation  Part I - Bioenergy and Wildlife Conservation  1 - Short-Rotation Woody Crops and Wildlife Conservation  2 - Effects of Harvesting Forest-Based  Biomass on Terrestrial Wildlife  3 - Impacts on Wildlife of Annual Crops for Biofuel Production  4 - Second-Generation Feedstocks from Dedicated Energy Crops: Implications for Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat  Part II - Wind Energy and Wildlife Conservation  5 - Wind Energy Effects on Birds  6 - Wind Energy Effects on Bats  7 - Effects of Wind Energy on Wildlife: Emerging Issues and Underrepresented Taxa  Part III - Solar Energy, Waterpower, and Wildlife Conservation  8 - Solar Energy: A Technology with Multi-Scale Opportunities to Integrate Wildlife Conservation  9 - Waterpower: Hydropower and Marine Hydrokinetic Energy  Part IV - The Future of Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation  10 - Renewable Energy Policy Directives: Implications for Wildlife Conservation  11 - Renewable Energy Ecology: The Next Frontier in Wildlife Science","author":["Moorman, C.","Grodsky, S.","Rupp, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moormanetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/825","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-impacts-tropical-marine-environment-shore-clean-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214785319318577","title":"Assessment of impacts on tropical marine environment for off-shore clean energy development","description":"Off-shore Floating Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Power installations are two potential future clean energy technology options which are being considered by energy developers. Environmental impacts must be evaluated on project-by-project basis as these are site-specific. In the present work, we propose a method for determining baseline reference level of underwater ambient noise in tropical marine coastal shallow waters. The underwater ambient noise has been measured at 30\u202fm depth at a site near Grande island (15\u00b018\u2032 N 73\u00b0 41\u2032 E) 18\u202fkm off Goa, on India\u2019s western coast during 2012\u20132016. Analysis of recorded data shows that the noise levels in general have increased by a margin of 10\u201324\u202fdB over the observed frequency band of 10\u202fHz to 100\u202fkHz, at the site. Therefore, the impacts of clean energy development projects on marine environment need to be evaluated carefully.","author":["Kandlakunta, L.","Deshmukh, M.","Sharma, N."],"organization":["BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["15.352424000000","73.778048000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/830","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-effects-deep-seawater-discharge-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-plant-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969719334114","title":"Potential effects of deep seawater discharge by an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion plant on the marine microorganisms in oligotrophic waters","description":"Installation of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion pilot plant (OTEC) off the Caribbean coast of Martinique is expected to use approximately 100,000 m3 h\u22121 of deep seawater for its functioning. This study examined the potential effects of the cold nutrient-rich deep seawater discharge on the phytoplankton community living in the surface warm oligotrophic waters before the installation of the pilot plant. Numerical simulations of deep seawater upwelled by the OTEC, showed that a 3.0 \u00b0C temperature change, considered as a critical threshold for temperature impact, was never reached during an annual cycle on the top 150 m of the water column on two considered sections centered on the OTEC. The thermal effect should be limited, \u0026lt;1 km2 on the area exhibited a temperature difference of 0.3 \u00b0C (absolute value), producing a negligible thermic impact on the phytoplankton assemblage. The impact on phytoplankton of the resulting mixed deep and surface seawater was evaluated by in situ microcosm experiments. Two scenarios of water mix ratio (2% and 10% of deep water) were tested at two incubation depths (deep chlorophyll-a maximum: DCM and bottom of the euphotic layer: BEL). The larger impact was obtained at DCM for the highest deep seawater addition (10%), with a development of diatoms and haptophytes, whereas 2% addition induced only a limited change of the phytoplankton community (relatively higher Prochlorococcus sp. abundance, but without significant shift of the assemblage). This study suggested that the OTEC plant would significantly modify the phytoplankton assemblage with a shift from pico-phytoplankton toward micro-phytoplankton only in the case of a discharge affecting the DCM and would be restricted to a local scale. Since the lower impact on the phytoplankton assemblage was obtained at BEL, this depth can be recommended for the discharge of the deep seawater to exploit the OTEC plant.","author":["Giraud, M.","Gar\u00e7on, V.","de la Broise, D.","L\u0027Helguen, S.","Sudre, J.","Boyes, M."],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2019-11-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["14.660206000000","-61.007932000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/834","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/increased-integration-between-innovative-ocean-energy-eu-habitats-species-water","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18303245","title":"Increased integration between innovative ocean energy and the EU habitats, species and water protection rules through Maritime Spatial Planning","description":"This article investigates whether Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) \u2013which promotes the integrated planning and management of seas and oceans\u2013 can play a role in creating increased integration between the EU\u0027s renewable energy policy and the potentially conflicting rules on the protection of habitats, species and water. The article focuses on innovative ocean energy (tidal stream, wave and salinity gradient energy). It can be said that there is a possible lack of integration between the Renewable Energy Directive and the EU rules on the protection of habitats, species and water: the Habitats Directive, the Birds Directive, the Water Framework Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The role that MSP could play in solving this is assessed with regard to the following two legal issues that reflect the said lack of integration: 1) while there are derogation clauses, there is no obligation for Member States to apply these clauses and to undertake a balancing act between ocean energy, on the one hand, and the protection of habitats, species and water, on the other; 2) even if these clauses are applied, it remains unclear how much weight Member States should attach to ocean energy under a subsequent balancing act. The concept of Maritime Spatial Planning in theory is very suitable for guaranteeing that the interests of both renewable energy policy and environmental policy are duly taken into account in licensing procedures and management measures. The contribution that MSP can make towards increased integration is, however, strongly dependent on the way MSP is interpreted on the Member State level. This is illustrated by a discussion of the differences in the current MSP approaches in Scotland and the Netherlands. This article concludes that Maritime Spatial Planning may \u2013if certain conditions are fulfilled\u2013 be a suitable way to create a necessity to balance the EU\u0027s habitats, species and water protection rules with (ocean) renewable energy projects, on different levels of governance. Nevertheless, it also concludes that MSP alone cannot guarantee a balancing act that represents the goals of the Renewable Energy Directive and those of the aforementioned environmental directives in an equal manner. This article proposes to link MSP to detailed renewable energy plans per Member State in order to solve this issue.","author":["van Hees, S."],"organization":["Utrecht University"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.340922600000","5.220445400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Salinity Gradient","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/835","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-epibenthic-assemblages-artificial-habitat-associated-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy151\/5137117","title":"Development of epibenthic assemblages on artificial habitat associated with marine renewable infrastructure","description":"Offshore marine renewable energy installations (MREI) introduce structure into the marine environment and can locally exclude destructive, bottom trawl fishing. These effects have the potential to aid restoration of degraded seabed habitats but may be constrained by timescales of ecological succession following MREI construction, and the removal of infrastructure during decommissioning. To inform managers about appropriate decommissioning strategies, a 25 km cable and associated rock armouring (Wave Hub, UK), installed on rocky reef, was monitored up to 5 years post-deployment. The epibenthic Assemblage composition, and Number of taxa remained significantly different from surrounding controls, while Abundance was similar in all survey years between the cable and controls. Six morphotaxa showed four patterns of colonization on cable plots compared to the controls: (i) Early colonization, which remained in greater abundances (Porifera), (ii) early colonization, converging (Turf), (iii) slow colonization, converging Anthozoa and Vertebrata), and (iv) slow colonization, remaining lower in abundance (Tunicata and Echinodermata). The environmental relevance of this MREI is considered relatively benign as it covers 0.01% of the surrounding bioregion, appears to be supporting similar assemblages to the surrounding habitat, and exhibited minimal evidence of invasive species (three records of two non-native species). Longer monitoring timescales are required to provide comprehensive, site-specific decommissioning advice.","author":["Sheehan, E.","Cartwright, A.","Witt, M.","Attrill, M.","Vural, M.","Holmes, L."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.049336000000","-2.077346000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/836","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-tidal-stream-energy-extraction-lagrangian-circulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261917307791","title":"Assessing the impact of tidal stream energy extraction on the Lagrangian circulation","description":"Whereas numerous numerical modelling have been conducted to gain further insights about the hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal stream energy sites, the long-term transport of water particles has been routinely ignored. However, a refined evaluation of circulation pathways is fundamental to assess water-quality changes induced by tidal energy converters. The present study investigates the tide-induced Lagrangian circulation in north-western coastal waters of Brittany (France, western Europe), including numerous islands, shoals and straits with strong potential for turbine farm implementation. Particular attention is dedicated to the hydrodynamic impact of tidal stream power extraction from a series of horizontal-axis turbines. An original approach, based on the coupling of the Lagrangian barycentric method with predictions from a model at high spatial resolution, is considered to assess circulation pathways in a single synoptic view. Spatial results reveal a complex Lagrangian circulation highly controlled by bathymetry and islands geometry. The residual flow in the Fromveur Strait, separating Ushant island from Mol\u00e8ne archipelago, displays thus a strong asymmetry, between a prominent north-eastern pathway with residual currents up to 0.45ms-1 and a southward circulation. The positions of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic recirculations, both upstream and downstream the Strait, are furthermore precisely defined. The north eddy is found closely located to the sand bank of the Four. The extraction of tidal stream power impacts mainly the residual Lagrangian circulation along the current stream emerging from the Strait, with a tendency for surrounding eddies to get closer to the tidal stream energy site. The displacements of the south and north recirculations may thus exceed 1.5 km with possible implications on the evolution of surrounding seabed features.","author":["Guillou, N.","Chapalain, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.820126000000","2.759407000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/838","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-marine-mammal-strandings-along-french-coasts-reveals-importance-ship","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00486\/full","title":"Monitoring of Marine Mammal Strandings Along French Coasts Reveals the Importance of Ship Strikes on Large Cetaceans: A Challenge for the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive","description":"The incidence of marine traffic has risen in recent decades and is expected to continue rising as maritime traffic, vessel speed, and engine power all continue to increase. Although long considered anecdotal, ship strikes are now recognized as a major threat to cetaceans. However, estimation of ship strike rates is still challenging notably because such events occurred generally far offshore and collision between large ships and whales go often unnoticed by ship crew. The monitoring of marine mammal strandings remain one the most efficient ways to evaluate the problem. In France, a national coordinated network collected data and samples on stranded marine mammals since 1972 along the Mediterranean and Atlantic French coasts. We examined stranding data, including photography and necropsy reports, collected between 1972 and 2017 with the aim to provide a comprehensive review of confirmed collision records of large whales in France. During this period, a total of 51 ship strike incidents were identified which represents the 1st identified causes of mortality for large whale in France. It has increased since 1972 with seven records during the 1st decade to reach 22 stranded animals observed between 2005 and 2017. This issue appears particularly critical in the Mediterranean Sea where one in five stranded whales showed evidence of ship strike. This review of collision records highlights the risk of a negative impact of this anthropogenic pressure on the dynamic of whale populations in Europe, suggesting that ship strike rates could not allow achieving the Good Environmental Status of marine mammal populations required by the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive.","author":["Peltier, H.","Beaufils, A.","Cesarini, C.","Dabin, W.","Dars, C.","Demaret, F.","Dhermain, F.","Doremus, G.","Labach, H.","Canneyt, O.","Spitz, J."],"organization":["University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.895578000000","-2.370878000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 06:58:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peltier-2019-Whales.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/841","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/education-training-maritime-spatial-planners","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_19","title":"Education and Training for Maritime Spatial Planners","description":"The practice of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has developed substantially during the last decade, calling for more qualified professionals. Education, training, and growth capacity for MSP, however, are (still) some of the less addressed themes in MSP forums and specific learning materials, such as textbooks and practice manuals. Some teaching initiatives have nevertheless arisen at the postgraduate level for training new and specialised practitioners in the MSP field. A quick overview of such initiatives will help answer some questions concerning the path to follow for MSP education and training. This chapter presents an exploratory diagnosis based on a discussion of the basic skills needed to achieve successful professional practice. What skills are expected from a maritime spatial planner? Is a specific background required to become a maritime spatial planner? How should such professionals be trained? These questions are discussed using the visions and insights of consultants, maritime sectors, policymakers, scientists, and teachers of MSP, with experience in countries where MSP processes are already in place.  More on Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future","author":["Calado, H.","Fonseca, C.","Ansong, J.","Frias, M.","Verg\u00edlio, M."],"organization":["University of Azores","Universidade de Lisboa","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/842","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-marine-spatial-planning-valuing-process-knowing-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_18","title":"Evaluation of Marine Spatial Planning: Valuing the Process, Knowing the Impacts","description":"A need for evaluating maritime spatial planning (MSP) has become more important as countries are preparing and implementing their MSP. Evaluations are opportunities to foster learning and to accumulate knowledge in order to improve the processes and effectiveness of MSP. Empirical evidence has shown that MSP processes are run in different ways and for different purposes. To address this diversity, this chapter presents a methodology for designing a flexible and context-specific evaluation of MSP. This chapter introduces a theory-based evaluation approach that aims to explain how and why the evaluated planning process or plan works or fails to work. It scrutinises how MSP produces intended and unintended effects, for whom and in what contexts and what mechanisms are triggered by the MSP.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future","author":["Varjopuro, R."],"organization":["Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/843","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/need-marine-spatial-planning-areas-beyond-national-jurisdiction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_17","title":"The Need for Marine Spatial Planning in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction","description":"Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) provides an important tool for sustainably managing mounting pressures on the living and non-living resources in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Taking into account the interests of sectors and nature conservation, MSP fosters processes related to stakeholder exchange and collective governance mechanisms. A large amount of experience has been gained at national or regional level on how to apply MSP in cross-border situations. This chapter highlights the existing legal framework and which organisations could foster MSP in ABNJ. Furthermore, it assesses whether existing MSP tools are somehow transferable to ABNJ and shows first results of MSP projects in these areas.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Altvater, S.","Fletcher, R.","Passarello, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/844","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-law-sea-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_16","title":"The Role of the Law of the Sea in Marine Spatial Planning","description":"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is a globally recognized legal regime. UNCLOS has been widely regarded as a \u201cconstitution for the oceans\u201d and enshrines the notion that \u201cthe problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole\u201d. In compliance with the concept of effective enforcement of international norms, standards and procedures, State Parties to UNCLOS have an obligation to preserve the marine environment. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the role of the law of the sea in marine spatial planning (MSP), bearing in mind that UNCLOS has also provided the framework for the further development of, inter alia, global ocean governance.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future","author":["Py\u0107, D."],"organization":["University of Gda\u0144sk"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/845","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-risk-through-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_15","title":"Managing Risk Through Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Governance and management are inherently risk management processes. In a management context, risk is related to the uncertainties of achieving set objectives. Risk assessment is used to identify and analyse risks in terms of likelihood and consequences. This chapter relates risk to the process of developing a maritime spatial plan. Risk may arise from not identifying and understanding the risks perceived by stakeholders, from not having specific goals and objectives or from unclear structures and decision-making rules. For the plan itself, risks are related to not having adequate spatial allocation for activities to achieve set objectives. Risk may also be related to not having the authority needed to lead the planning process and, subsequently, implement the spatial allocation identified in the plan.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Cormier, R.","Kannen, A."],"organization":["Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/847","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scenario-building-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_14","title":"Scenario-Building for Marine Spatial Planning","description":"This chapter focuses on the use of scenarios to inform the development of marine spatial plans. An in-depth example of scenario-building for the Celtic Seas is presented, based on a four-way\u00a0possibility space\u00a0using the axes of spatial efficiency and cooperation between planning authorities to create four scenarios which were tested in a workshop. This demonstrated the importance of using scenarios to understand the aspirations of different stakeholders towards integration within the marine spatial planning (MSP) process, the realities of encouraging co-location between sea uses and highlighted important issues where further transboundary cooperation on MSP may be required.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future","author":["McGowan, L.","Jay, S.","Kidd, S."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/848","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholder-processes-marine-spatial-planning-ambitions-realities-european-atlantic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_13","title":"Stakeholder Processes in Marine Spatial Planning: Ambitions and Realities from the European Atlantic Experience","description":"Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) requires the participation of various stakeholders representing the multiple sectors operating in any given planning area. At a theoretical level, early and effective stakeholder participation is a fundamental aspect of MSP; it is also a legal requirement under a host of international and European instruments. This chapter explores the real-life challenges associated with delivering multi-sector participatory MSP processes. Insights and practical recommendations are drawn from five case studies from Europe\u2019s Atlantic sea basin including a research-based civil-society-led transboundary MSP pilot project, and four statutory initiatives from EU Member States on the island of Ireland and the Iberian coast. Various degrees of disconnect are identified between the conceptual underpinnings of MSP theory and the reality of recent stakeholder processes.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Twomey, S.","O\u0027Mahony, C."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/849","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/linking-integrated-coastal-zone-management-maritime-spatial-planning-mediterranean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_12","title":"Linking Integrated Coastal Zone Management to Maritime Spatial Planning: The Mediterranean Experience","description":"The Mediterranean is not only complex in ecology but also socio-politically and economically. The rapid economic development of the last decades is expected to further increase in the future, providing benefits for Mediterranean countries but also increasing pressure on coastal and marine environments and intensifying conflicts between different activities. This chapter illustrates the policy frame supporting Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) implementation in the entire Mediterranean Sea. It discusses the importance of linking MSP with Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) given the high relevance of land-sea interactions. Although the process of MSP implementation is mainly at an initial stage in this sea basin, it can rely on broad-scale project-based experience. Examples of developed practices are provided in this chapter.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Ramieri, E.","Bocci, M.","Markovic, M."],"organization":["Thetis SpA"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.038788700000","17.890005300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/850","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_2","title":"The Ocean Perspective","description":"Oceans have held varying places in the imagination of societies, always linked to particular cultures and shifting in line with predominant world views and developing socio-economic and technological capacities. This chapter presents three Western ways of looking at the ocean. Each emerged at a particular period, but all continue to shape today\u2019s conceptions of the ocean. There are many other ways of conceptualising the ocean, and different concepts exist concurrently, resulting in a multiplicity of perspectives that are changing over time. Although some scholars are debating whether it is possible to know the ocean at all, the selected concepts\u2014incomplete though they may be\u2014also point to contradictory perceptions of the ocean that may have a bearing on how we do maritime spatial planning.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future","author":["Gee, K."],"organization":["Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/851","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-ladder-marinemaritime-spatial-planning-participation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_10","title":"Towards a Ladder of Marine\/Maritime Spatial Planning Participation","description":"Presently, institutional systems and practices in marine\/maritime spatial planning (MSP) are evolving rapidly. At the same time, cross-border learning and exchange are still at an early stage. This chapter is based on the need to assess and compare participation processes across cases and countries and foster learning to develop public participation in MSP. Based on theoretical reflections, but anchored in results derived from the BaltSpace and the Baltic SCOPE projects, we present an analytical framework to characterise participation in MSP, including a participation ladder emphasising power sharing, roles, functions and learning. It is inspired by the land-based planning discourse, rural development literature, natural resource and conflict management and the latest publications with an MSP perspective including one in this book.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future","author":["Morf, A.","Kull, M.","Piwowarczyk, J.","Gee, K."],"organization":["University of Gothenburg","Polish Academy of Sciences","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/852","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/politics-power-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_9","title":"Politics and Power in Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) has been lauded as a remedy to unsuitable marine management. There is, however, growing MSP research illustrating that it is failing to foster paradigm shifts towards sustainable governance. The gap between MSP theory and practice is due to its asocial and apolitical implementation. This narrow version of MSP has been advanced through post-political planning and uncritical rationalities. The result is a choreographed form of MSP, with clearly defined outcomes that serve the needs of elite actors rather than the public interest. This chapter argues that to recapture its democratising potential, MSP requires explicit engagement with politics and power. We highlight the use of the boundary object lens and citizen science as two potential avenues to facilitate this engagement.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Flannery, W.","Clarke, J.","McAteer, B."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/853","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adding-people-sea-conceptualizing-social-sustainability-maritime-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_8","title":"Adding People to the Sea: Conceptualizing Social Sustainability in Maritime Spatial Planning","description":"While there is growing critique emerging to address social sustainability in marine\/maritime spatial planning (MSP), overwhelmingly attention has been on governance, economic and environmental aspects. This chapter redresses this by proposing a conceptual framework to elucidate key features of social sustainability in MSP. The ambition is to both note the existing critique of MSP and go beyond it by more clearly and comprehensively articulating how social sustainability could be conceived in MSP, as well as how this framework could be applied to analyse MSP practice. Key features of social sustainability elaborated are: deepening democratic decision-making, inclusion of socio-cultural values and knowledge, equitable distribution and social cohesion. Finally, the chapter concludes by nominating strategies to give greater visibility to social sustainability as a key MSP concern.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Saunders, F.","Gilek, M.","Tafon, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/854","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-cultural-dimensions-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_7","title":"Socio-cultural Dimensions of Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Bringing together the complex social and cultural dimensions of marine spatial planning (MSP), this chapter examines how these two terms are applied (or not) in the context of MSP. Global marine and coastal planning continues to recognise that human activities must be considered in order to account for the dynamic interconnectivity between society and the sea. Many research fields explore the importance of the sea to identity, sense of place, health or community cohesion. However, these draw on a range of different assumptions to mainstream marine science and struggle to be incorporated into traditional policy processes, environmental assessments and large-scale planning processes. In this chapter, we interrogate the concept of \u2018socio-cultural\u2019, examining how this is being defined and applied across the MSP landscape.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["McKinley, E.","Acott, T.","Stojanovic, T."],"organization":["Cardiff University","University of Greenwich","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/855","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritime-spatial-planning-eus-blue-growth-policy-past-present-future-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_6","title":"Maritime Spatial Planning and the EU\u0027s Blue Growth Policy: Past, Present and Future Perspectives","description":"This chapter discusses the role of Maritime spatial planning (MSP) and its relationship to Blue Growth. After presenting differences among European sea-basins with regard to blue sector development, it underlines the need for a differentiated definition and policy support for Blue Growth. We argue that MSP should be adapted towards the different Blue Growth support needs of countries, regions and maritime sectors throughout Europe. The success of MSP as a tool to support Blue Growth depends on how strongly MSP is intertwined with other measures of the Integrated Maritime Policy and territorial development measures. MSP should be seen more strongly in strategic future development planning, for example, highlighting potential development areas which may stimulate economic growth in territorial areas lagging behind others.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Schultz-Zehden, A.","Weig, B.","Lukic, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/856","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/can-classical-location-theory-apply-sea-space","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_5","title":"Can Classical Location Theory Apply to Sea Space?","description":"In economics, maritime\/marine spatial planning (MSP) can be classified as a public choice mechanism designed to alleviate market failure. As such, MSP should ensure rational use or conservation of sea space in situations where the market cannot deliver optimal solutions. In this chapter, both market and public choice mechanisms for allocating sea space are discussed. The final conclusion is that both are closely interrelated. MSP cannot neglect market forces; however, the market itself is unable to allocate space to issues considered important from a societal point of view, such as nature conservation, defence or non-use of the sea.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Zaucha, J."],"organization":["University of Gda\u0144sk"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/857","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/systematic-conservation-planning-tool-advance-ecologically-or-biologically-significant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_4","title":"Systematic Conservation Planning as a Tool to Advance Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area and Marine Spatial Planning Processes","description":"Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) intends to create an improved, rational use of the ocean to reduce conflict among competing uses to achieve social, economic and environmental objectives. Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) can contribute to MSP because it is also spatially explicit, deliberately seeks to reduce conflict and generates an evidence-based prioritisation of ocean-space use. Importantly, SCP includes biodiversity representation and persistence, is underpinned by quantitative targets and uses complementarity to achieve targets efficiently. Therefore, designing Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) using SCP improves their identification and delineation compared to current expert-based approaches, with greater likelihood of uptake in MSP because their SCP-based design deliberately avoids competing activities where possible. These principles are demonstrated in a case study of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Harris, L.","Holness, S.","Finke, G.","Kirkman, S.","Sink, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["-12.515713700000","13.341432100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/858","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritimemarine-spatial-planning-interface-research-practice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_1","title":"Maritime\/Marine Spatial Planning at the Interface of Research and Practice","description":"This chapter introduces marine\/maritime spatial planning (MSP) from the perspective of research and practice. After providing some basic definitions and terminology, it shows how MSP has developed since its inception, ending with a description of its\u00a0current status of adoption around the world. It also sets out how MSP has been received in various academic disciplines and traces some of the key discussions that have emerged. The chapter closes by providing a brief overview of the subsequent chapters.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Ehler, C.","Zaucha, J.","Gee, K."],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","University of Gda\u0144sk","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/859","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-opportunities-ecosystem-based-management-marine-spatial-planning-irish-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_3","title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Ecosystem-Based Management and Marine Spatial Planning in the Irish Sea","description":"Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) integrates the connections between land, air, water and all living things including human beings and their institutions. The location of the Irish Sea, between major historical industrial centres, its history of use and exploitation, combined with its hydrographic characteristics, have led to the current patterns of use. EBM efforts have been ongoing for over a decade but political boundaries have led to fragmented governance. The forthcoming UK exit from the European Union (EU) may pose further challenges. This chapter examines articulations between political boundaries, spatial scales of Marine Spatial Planning and nested social-ecological systems including the gyre in the western Irish Sea, and Dublin Bay. Examples of emerging best practices are provided and the challenges of data availability for ecosystem services are considered.\n\nMore on\u00a0Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["O\u0027Higgins, T.","O\u0027Higgins, L.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Ansong, J."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.655016600000","-5.651578800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/860","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritime-spatial-planning-past-present-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8#about","title":"Maritime spatial planning: past, present, future","description":"Maritime or marine spatial planning has gained increasing prominence as an integrated, common-sense approach to promoting sustainable maritime development. A growing number of countries are engaged in preparing and implementing maritime spatial plans: however, questions are emerging from the growing body of MSP experience. How can maritime spatial planning deal with a complex and dynamic environment such as the sea? How can MSP be embedded in multiple levels of governance across regional and national borders \u2013 and how far does the environment benefit from this new approach?\n\nThis open access book is the first comprehensive overview of maritime spatial planning. Situated at the intersection between theory and practice, the volume draws together several strands of interdisciplinary research, reflecting on the history of MSP as well as examining current practice and looking towards the future. The authors and contributors examine MSP from disciplines as diverse as geography, urban planning, political science, natural science, sociology and education; reflecting the growing critical engagement with MSP in many academic fields. This innovative and pioneering volume will be of interest and value to students and scholars of maritime spatial planning, as well as planners and practitioners.\n\nTable of Contents: \n\nChapter 1: Maritime\/Marine Spatial Planning at the Interface of Research and Practice\n\nChapter 2: The Ocean Perspective \n\nChapter 3: Challenges and Opportunities for Ecosystem-Based Management and Marine Spatial Planning in the Irish Sea\n\nChapter 4: Systematic Conservation Planning as a Tool to Advance Ecologically or Biologically Significant Area and Marine Spatial Planning Processes\n\nChapter 5: Can Classical Location Theory Apply to Sea Space?\n\nChapter 6: Maritime Spatial Planning and the EU\u2019s Blue Growth Policy: Past, Present and Future Perspectives \n\nChapter 7: Socio-cultural Dimensions of Marine Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 8: Adding People to the Sea: Conceptualizing Social Sustainability in Maritime Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 9: Politics and Power in Marine Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 10: Towards a Ladder of Marine\/Maritime Spatial Planning Participation\n\nChapter 11: Taking Account of Land-Sea Interactions in Marine Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 12: Linking Integrated Coastal Zone Management to Maritime Spatial Planning: The Mediterranean Experience\n\nChapter 13: Stakeholder Processes in Marine Spatial Planning: Ambitions and Realities from the European Atlantic Experience\n\nChapter 14: Scenario-Building for Marine Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 15: Managing Risk Through Marine Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 16: The Role of the Law of the Sea in Marine Spatial Planning\n\nChapter 17: The Need for Marine Spatial Planning in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction\n\nChapter 18: Evaluation of Marine Spatial Planning: Valuing the Process, Knowing the Impacts \n\nChapter 19: Education and Training for Maritime Spatial Planners","author":["Zaucha, J.","Gee, K."],"organization":["University of Gda\u0144sk","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-29 10:00:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/861","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/taking-account-land-sea-interactions-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-98696-8_11","title":"Taking Account of Land-Sea Interactions in Marine Spatial Planning","description":"This chapter reflects on marine\/maritime spatial planning (MSP) from a Land-Sea Interaction (LSI) perspective. It raises questions about the role and limitations of MSP in addressing sustainable development of the world\u2019s oceans as many of the issues it is concerned with are inextricably connected to activity on the land. The chapter starts by identifying LSI considerations in some of the key documents that are guiding the establishment of MSP. It then sets out a framework for considering LSI and explores the different dimensions with particular reference to examples from European experience. It ends with an exploration of how LSI matters might inform future directions for MSP and may be heralding a new era of Territorial Spatial Planning (TSP), which spans both land and sea.\n\n\nMore on Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future\u00a0","author":["Kidd, S.","Jones, H.","Jay, S."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2019-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_3.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_4.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_5.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_6.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_7.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_8.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_9.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_10.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_11.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_12.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_13.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_14.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_15.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_16.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019_Book_MaritimeSpatialPlanning_17.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/862","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-ecosystem-assessments-developing-scientific-basis-ecosystem-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosbiology\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000014","title":"Integrated Ecosystem Assessments: Developing the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem-Based Management of the Ocean","description":"A series of prominent and controversial papers about the state of marine ecosystems has occupied the pages of high-profile journals over the last decade. While some might quarrel with the specific conclusions of these papers, there is no dispute that managers of ocean and coastal habitats confront a growing diversity of very serious challenges\u00a0that, if left unattended, threaten the ability of marine ecosystems to supply the goods and services required or desired by humans.","author":["Levin, P.","Fogarty, M.","Murawski, S.","Fluharty, D."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2009-01-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.368338300000","-121.542597000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Integrated_Ecosystem_Assessments_Developing_the_Scientific_Basis_for_Ecosystem_Based_Management_of_the-Ocean.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/863","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/internet-things-marine-environment-monitoring-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/19\/7\/1711","title":"Internet of Things in Marine Environment Monitoring: A Review","description":"Marine environment monitoring has attracted more and more attention due to the growing concern about climate change. During the past couple of decades, advanced information and communication technologies have been applied to the development of various marine environment monitoring systems. Among others, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been playing an important role in this area. This paper presents a review of the application of the Internet of Things in the field of marine environment monitoring. New technologies including advanced Big Data analytics and their applications in this area are briefly reviewed. It also discusses key research challenges and opportunities in this area, including the potential application of IoT and Big Data in marine environment protection.","author":["Xu, G.","Shi, Y.","Sun, X.","Shen, W."],"organization":["Dalian Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2019-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/869","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dual-wave-farms-energy-production-coastal-protection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117310402","title":"Dual wave farms for energy production and coastal protection","description":"The synergetic application of wave farms, i.e., arrays of wave energy converters (WECs), for protecting the coast in addition to their main objective of generating carbon-free energy can place this renewable resource as a major element in ocean and coastal management. In particular, their ability to mitigate coastal erosion by reducing the amount of wave power reaching the coast will be put to use \u2013 and this is the motivation for this work. We propose a new approach in which the wave farm has a dual purpose: to generate carbon-free energy and to contribute to coastal erosion management. We illustrate this approach by means of a case study: a dual-purpose wave farm off Xago, a beach-dune system in Asturias (N Spain) subject to severe erosion \u2013 manifested dramatically in the retreat of the dune \u2013 and located in the area earmarked for the first wave farm in Spain. The objective of this work is to establish whether or not the wave farm may be useful to counter the erosion of the beach-dune system. To this end a wave propagation model is coupled with a state-of-the-art coastal processes model and applied to analyse the response of the system under storm conditions in two scenarios: with and without the farm. The efficiency of the wave farm in mitigating erosion is determined by comparing the results in both scenarios by means of a series of coastal indicators defined ad hoc. We find that the farm reduces storm-induced erosion particularly where it is most acute, in the dune front, and thus contributes to alleviate the current erosive trends. This opens up exciting possibilities of using dual wave farms in lieu of, or as a complement to, coastal structures or beach nourishment. As wave energy develops into a major renewable energy source in the coming decades, dual wave farms are poised to constitute a breakthrough in coastal erosion management.","author":["Abanades, J.","Flor-Blanco, G.","Flor, G.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of Oviedo"],"originationDate":"2018-06-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.604088000000","-5.920935000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/870","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-neural-network-model-coastal-erosion-mitigation-through-wave-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364815218309885","title":"An artificial neural network model of coastal erosion mitigation through wave farms","description":"In this work, a novel approach based on artificial intelligence (AI) to assess the efficiency of wave energy converter (WEC) farms in coastal protection is developed. We consider as a case study a beach subjected to severe erosion: Playa Granada (S Spain). More specifically, we analyse the changes in the dry beach area (quantified through the Pelnard-Consid\u00e8re equation) with and without wave farm protection by means of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The model is selected after a thorough comparative study involving forty ANN architectures, with one and two hidden layers, and two training algorithms (Levenberg-Marquadt and Bayesian regression). The best results are obtained with a [5-10-1] architecture trained with the Bayesian regression algorithm. Once validated, this ANN model is applied to optimize the design and position of the wave farm. The results confirm that ANN models are a useful design tool for hybrid wave farms.","author":["Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Bergillos, R.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of C\u00f3rdoba","University of Granada","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.723565000000","-3.524986000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/872","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/refinements-efdc-model-predicting-hydro-environmental-impacts-barrage-across-severn","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811300414X","title":"Refinements to the EFDC model for predicting the hydro-environmental impacts of a barrage across the Severn Estuary","description":"This paper presents an investigation of the impacts of a Severn Barrage on the hydro-environment of the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary using the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model with a recently developed Barrage module (EFDC_B). Details are given of a barrage module being implemented into the EFDC model to represent the various hydraulic structures, such as turbines and sluice gates, as deployed along the barrage line. Several cases, both with and without the barrage, have been simulated to investigate the potential changes on the peak water levels, minimum water depths and peak tidal currents arising from a barrage. The impacts of a barrage on the salinity concentration distribution have also been simulated in both 2D and 3D modes. The predicted results showed that the maximum water levels could be significantly reduced, especially downstream of the barrage and for much of the region in the Severn Estuary and that the minimum water depths would be changed so much that there would be 80.5 km2 loss of intertidal habitats due to the sitting of a barrage across the estuary. Likewise, the peak tidal currents would be considerably reduced, and by as much as a half in the middle of the main channel. The predicted salinity concentrations results indicated that at high water, the salinity concentrations would be reduced by 1\u20132 ppt downstream and upstream of the barrage and salinity concentrations in the region near Beachley would be reduced by up to 5 ppt, and that at low water, salinity concentrations would be reduced by 0.5\u20131 ppt in the middle of the Bristol Channel and by typically 0.5 ppt and 1 ppt downstream and upstream of the barrage, respectively. The predicted results also indicated that salinity concentrations downstream and upstream of the barrage would be under a stable state with slight oscillations all the time due to the effects of the barrage. A comparison between the salinity concentration distributions predicted by the 2D and 3D models indicated that the two models produced similar salinity distributions, especially in the Severn Estuary and in the region between the middle of the Bristol Channel and the seaward open boundary.","author":["Zhou, J.","Falconer, R.","Lin, B."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Tsinghua University"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.427737000000","-3.029018000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/874","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/addressing-conflicting-spatial-demands-msp-considerations-msp-planners","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/8971ab22-8285-11e9-9f05-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en\/format-PDF\/source-98582084","title":"Addressing conflicting spatial demands in MSP: Considerations for MSP planners","description":"This report presents the key findings of a study that was carried out in 2018 to explore the range of spatial conflicts experienced in MSP in Europe. The aim was to provide an overview of common types of spatial conflicts and solutions that have been found in various EU Member States, with particular focus on spatial conflict prevention and mitigation. This report looks at the different conflict potential of sectors, conflicting issues and stakeholder contexts, as well as different types of solutions and conditions for applying them.  The study drew on conflicts described in the literature (e.g. past MSP projects) and input from planners and experts describing real-life examples of spatial conflicts. Its focus was on single cross-sectoral conflicts, bearing in mind that the term \u201cconflict\u201d may be contentious and that the respective sectors are not always in spatial conflict with each other. Various conflict cases between offshore wind farming, commercial fisheries, areabased maritime conservation, aquaculture, maritime tourism, maritime transport, defence, and cables and pipelines were identified for detailed consideration, either as likely to play a greater role in the future or to be faced by most countries at some stage of MSP. Detailed results are presented in nine conflict fiches available on www-mspplatform.eu.","author":["Gee, K.","Lukic, I.","Schultz-Zehden, A.","Ooms, E.","Ansong, J.","Passerello, C."],"organization":["European Commission","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EU-2018-MSP.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/876","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-emf-emissions-undersea-electric-cables-coral-reef-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.22092","title":"Effects of EMF emissions from undersea electric cables on coral reef fish","description":"The objective of this study was to determine if electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions from undersea power cables impacted local marine life, with an emphasis on coral reef fish. The work was done at the South Florida Ocean Measurement Facility of Naval Surface Warfare Center in Broward County, Florida, which has a range of active undersea detection and data transmission cables. EMF emissions from a selected cable were created during non\u2010destructive visual fish surveys on SCUBA. During surveys, the transmission of either alternating current (AC), direct current (DC), or none (OFF) was randomly initiated by the facility at a specified time. Visual surveys were conducted using standardized transect and point\u2010count methods to acquire reef fish abundances and species richness prior to and immediately after a change in transmission frequency. The divers were also tasked to note the reaction of the reef fish to the immediate change in EMF during a power transition. In general, analysis of the data did not find statistical differences among power states and any variables. However, this may be a Type II error as there are strong indications of a potential difference of a higher abundance of reef fish at the sites when the power was off, and further study is warranted.","author":["Kilfoyle, A.","Jermain, R.","Dhanak, M.","Huston, J.","Spieler, R."],"organization":["Nova Southeastern University","Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2017-11-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["25.922194800000","-80.161748000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/877","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socioeconomic-demographic-factors-influence-publics-awareness-different-forms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114003346","title":"Socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence publics\u0027 awareness on the different forms of renewable energy sources","description":"Public awareness of renewable energy sources can offer multiple benefits, as it can contribute to the social acceptance of projects based on these energy sources and to the overall improvement of consumers\u0027 energy behaviour. The objective of the present study is to examine the demographic and socioeconomic factors that determine someone\u0027s knowledge on different forms of renewable energy, based on data from a survey that took place in the summer of 2012 in Greece. The most known renewable energy forms are solar and wind energy, followed by geothermal, hydropower and biomass. The lesser known forms are tidal, wave and ocean thermal energy. Factors having a statistically significant relation with the different forms of renewable energy are gender, age, education level, head of household education level, environmentally friendly behaviour and having an occupation, studies or interests related to environment, technology or engineering.","author":["Karytsas, S.","Theodoropoulou, H."],"organization":["Harokopio University"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.110786000000","21.816388000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/878","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/installation-operational-effects-hvdc-submarine-cable-continental-shelf-setting-bass","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2468013316300316","title":"Installation and operational effects of a HVDC submarine cable in a continental shelf setting: Bass Strait, Australia","description":"Despite the many submarine telecommunications and power cables laid world-wide there are fewer than ten published studies of their environmental effects in the refereed literature. This paper describes an investigation into the effects of laying and operating the Basslink High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cable and its associated metallic return cable across Bass Strait in South East Australia. Over more than 95% of its length the cable was directly laid into a wet jetted trench given the predominantly soft sediments encountered. Underwater remote video investigations found that within two years all visible evidence of the cable and trench was gone at over a third of the transects at six deep water sites (32\u201372 m deep). At other deep water transects the residual trench trapped drift material providing habitat for the generally sparsely distributed benthic community. Diver surveys at both of the near shore sites (\u0026lt;15 m deep) on the northern side of the Strait also found the cable route was undetectable after a year. On the southern side, where the cable traversed hard basalt rock near shore, it was encased in a protective cast iron half shell. Ecological studies by divers over 3.5 years demonstrated the colonization of the hard shell by similar species occupying hard substrates elsewhere on the basalt reef. Magnetic field strengths associated with the operating cable were found to be within 0.8% of those predicted from theory with strength dropping rapidly with distance from the cable. Beyond 20 m the field was indistinguishable from background.","author":["Sherwood, J.","Chidgey, S.","Crockett, P.","Gwyther, D.","Ho, P.","Stewart, S.","Strong, D.","Whitely, B.","Williams, A."],"organization":["Deakin University","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.388255000000","142.248441200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/879","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-submarine-power-transmission-cables-glass-sponge-reef-associated-megafaunal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113615000513","title":"Effects of submarine power transmission cables on a glass sponge reef and associated megafaunal community","description":"We examined the effects of submarine power transmission cable installation and operation on glass sponge reef condition and associated megafauna. Video and still imagery were collected using a Remotely Operated Vehicle twice a year for 4 years following cable installation. The effects of cables on glass sponges were assessed by comparing sponge cover along fixed transects and at marked index sites. Megafauna counts along transects were used to explore the effects on associated community. We found no evidence of cable movement across the sponge reef surface. Live sponge cover was found to be consistently lower along cable transects and at cable index sites compared to controls. Live sponge cover was the lowest (55 \u00b1 1.1% decrease) at cable index sites 1.5 years after installation and recovered to 85 \u00b1 30.6% of the original size over the following 2 years. Our data suggest 100% glass sponge mortality along the direct cable footprint and 15% mortality in the surrounding 1.5 m corridor 3.5 years after cable installation. Growth rate of a new glass sponge was 1 and 3 cm\/year in first and second year, respectively, and appeared to be seasonal. We observed a diverse megafaunal community with representatives from 7 phyla and 14 classes. Total megafauna, spot prawn, and other Arthropoda abundances were slightly lower along cable transects although the effect of cable presence was not statistically significant. The following measures could be taken to reduce the amount of damage to glass sponge reefs and associated fauna: routing the cable around reefs, whenever possible, minimizing cable movement across the surface of the reef at installation and routine operation, and assessing potential damage to glass sponges prior to decommissioning.","author":["Dunham, A.","Pegg, J.","Carolsfeld, W.","Davies, S.","Murfitt, I.","Boutillier, J."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.912306000000","-123.335053000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/880","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/auv-based-characterization-emf-emissions-submerged-power-cables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/7271719\/authors#authors","title":"AUV-based characterization of EMF emissions from submerged power cables","description":"AUV-based field measurement and characterization of the electromagnetic field in coastal waters associated with live submerged cables is described. The effort is in support of a program to characterize the EMF emissions associated with submerged power transmission cables from offshore energy harvesting devices to shore and identifying their environmental impact on marine animals. The electric field is measured using a custom 3-axes sensor mounted on a Bluefin 21 AUV and the magnetic field is measured using a Marine Magnetics SeaSPY magnetometer towed from the vehicle so that it is isolated from the AUV machinery. The AUV is equipped with onboard upward (600kHz) and downward (300kHz) looking ADCPs, and a CTD package which simultaneously provide the contextual in-situ oceanographic information, including temperature, salinity, and current velocity in the water column. The electric-field sensor development, its implementation on the AUV, and illustrative at-sea surveys, involving deployment of the EM sensors in shallow waters over a submerged cable with the power in the cable turned off\/on, are described.","author":["Dhanak, M.","An, E.","Coulson, R.","Frankenfield, J.","Ravenna, S.","Pugsley, D.","Valdes, G.","Venezia, W."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["25.956293800000","-80.034851000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/883","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-perceptions-responses-new-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41560-019-0399-x","title":"Public perceptions of and responses to new energy technologies","description":"Energy\u2019s central place in economic, political and social systems\u2014and the broad impacts that energy choices have on the natural world and public health\u2014mean that new technologies often spur public reactions. Understanding these public responses and their drivers is important, as public support can influence new technology adoption and deployment. Here I review the literature on public perceptions of and responses to a wide range of new energy technologies. Unlike previous reviews that tend to focus on particular technologies or types of technologies, this Review covers both large-scale energy infrastructure projects, such as utility-scale wind and solar, fossil fuel extraction and marine renewables, as well as small-scale, \u2018consumer-facing\u2019 technologies such as electric vehicles, rooftop solar and smart meters. This approach reveals broad trends that may facilitate communication between policymakers, technologists and the public, and support the transition to a more sustainable energy system.","author":["Boudet, H."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/886","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/winter-summer-differences-probability-fish-encounter-spatial-overlap-mhk-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/19","title":"Winter and summer differences in probability of fish encounter (spatial overlap) with MHK devices","description":"The likelihood of fish encountering an MHK device, and therefore the risk posed to fish, depends largely on the natural distribution of fish at tidal energy development sites. In temperate locations, such as the Bay of Fundy, seasonal changes in the environment and fish assemblage may alter the likelihood of fish encounters with MHK devices. We examined two one-month hydroacoustic datasets collected in winter 2015 and summer 2016 by an upward-facing echosounder deployed at the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy test site in the Minas Passage. Fish density was higher and less variable in winter than in summer, likely due to the presence of migratory vs. overwintering fish. The vertical distribution of fish varied with sample period, diel stage, and tidal stage. The proportion of fish at MHK device depth was greater, but more variable, in summer than in winter. Encounter probability, or potential for spatial overlap of fish with an MHK device, was \u0026lt; 0.002 for winter and summer vertical distributions. More information on the distribution of fish (horizontal and vertical), species present, fish sensory and locomotory abilities, and nearfield behaviours in response to MHK devices is needed to improve our understanding of likely device effects on fish.","author":["Viehman, H.","Boucher, T.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.812914000000","-66.282429000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viehman-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/887","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-intake-alternatives-seawater-reverse-osmosis-arabian-gulf","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479719305080","title":"Environmental assessment of intake alternatives for seawater reverse osmosis in the Arabian Gulf","description":"The study carried out an environmental assessment for two seawater reverse osmosis (RO) plants located within the Arabian Gulf considering subsurface intake alternatives and differing energy source options. The study used life cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impacts for open intake pretreatment vs. subsurface intake pretreatments of two plants with operating capacities of approximately 175,000 m3\/d and 275,000 m3\/d respectively. For both RO plants, electricity and chemical inputs were considered. Significant energy reductions of 30% were observed with subsurface intakes for extraction and pretreatment, resulting in a plant-wide energy saving of 6%. Open intake pretreatment had higher environmental impacts compared to subsurface intake across all impact categories, although in some impact categories significant differences existed between the two similar plants due to differences in chemicals used. The study further established that the renewable PV power generation resulted in the lowest global warming potential (GWP); however, a significant trade-off occurs with this energy source since it had the highest impact relative to both ozone and abiotic depletion potentials and was also worse than natural gas for both marine and human toxicity potentials. The GWP reductions achievable using a subsurface intake for the larger of the two plants is equivalent to 58,000 tons of CO2 per year, or more than 12,000 cars, making subsurface intakes a worthy alternative to conventional open intake systems in the Arabian Gulf region. Marine aquatic eco-toxicity potential was identified as the most significant normalized environmental impact, which should be best managed through using natural gas as an energy source.","author":["Al-Kaabi, A.","Mackey, R."],"organization":["Khalifa University"],"originationDate":"2019-07-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["27.105637500000","47.951347800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/891","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reconversion-offshore-oil-gas-platforms-renewable-energy-sites-production-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118315209","title":"Reconversion of offshore oil and gas platforms into renewable energy sites production: Assessment of different scenarios","description":"The contemporary energy transition will be characterized by many sub-transitions in the next three decades. Oil and gas will continue to play a very important role coupled with renewable energy sources in an energy mix scenario. In this context, the authors of the present work developed a project, named RELife (Renewable Energy for a new Life of offshore platforms), with the main goal of develop a model for the reuse of offshore Oil \u0026 Gas platforms at end-of-life stage for the production of renewable energy. In this paper, by considering two types of platforms (4-legged platform with 3 or 4 production wells), various technical scenarios are studied and investigated and for each scenario also the environmental and economic feasibility is evaluated. In addition, all the sub-models are compared with a standard decommissioning process. The evaluations are made for both the Adriatic Sea and the North Sea, two geographic areas with different availabilities of renewable resources. In order to assess also the economic and environmental feasibility, a Discount Cash Flow Analysis and a Life Cycle Assessment of all the scenarios have been conducted.","author":["Leporini, M.","Marchetti, B.","Corvaro, F.","Polonara, F."],"organization":["Polytechnic University of Milan","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi e-Campus","Universita Politecnica Delle Marche","Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche \u2013 Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque (CNR-IRSA)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.866085900000","17.144497200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-02 08:14:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/894","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-islay-demonstration-tidal-array-inter-tidal-survey-potential-cable-routes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scottishpowerrenewables.com\/pages\/sound_of_islay.aspx","title":"Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array: Inter-tidal Survey of Potential Cable Routes","description":"Scottish Power Renewables (SPR) has commissioned Haskoning UK Ltd to assist in applications for consent to install a demonstration tidal turbine array within the Sound of Islay, Scotland. The proposed area of interest lies within the central channel of the Sound of Islay. The demonstration tidal array of ten devices would be deployed within this area and is anticipated to have a footprint of approximately 0.4 km 2 . The turbines would generate up to 10MW of power and will be linked via underwater cabling to onshore infrastructure on Islay. SPR are currently investigating six potential landing sites on Islay for cable routing onshore to a substation that is currently proposed to be located in Keills. To inform the Environmental Impact Assessment an intertidal survey was undertaken across an area shown in Figure 1.1. The intertidal survey was completed in conjunction with the Phase 1 habitat survey of potential cable routes.","author":["Trendall, J."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2009-08-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.850000000000","-6.100000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:18:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trendall2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/896","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-simulations-effects-tidal-turbine-array-near-bed-velocity-local-bed-shear","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/9\/10\/852","title":"Numerical Simulations of the Effects of a Tidal Turbine Array on Near-Bed Velocity and Local Bed Shear Stress","description":"We apply a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model to consider the potential effects of energy extraction by an array of tidal turbines on the ambient near-bed velocity field and local bed shear stress in a coastal channel with strong tidal currents. Local bed shear stress plays a key role in local sediment dynamics. The model solves the Reynold-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations on an unstructured mesh using mixed finite element and finite volume techniques. Tidal turbines are represented through an additional form drag in the momentum balance equation, with the thrust imparted and power generated by the turbines being velocity dependent with appropriate cut-in and cut-out velocities. Arrays of 1, 4 and 57 tidal turbines, each of 1.5 MW capacity, were simulated. Effects due to a single turbine and an array of four turbines were negligible. The main effect of the array of 57 turbines was to cause a shift in position of the jet through the tidal channel, as the flow was diverted around the tidal array. The net effect of this shift was to increase near-bed velocities and bed shear stress along the northern perimeter of the array by up to 0.8 m\u00b7s\u22121 and 5 Pa respectively. Within the array and directly downstream, near-bed velocities and bed shear stress were reduced by similar amounts. Changes of this magnitude have the potential to modify the known sand and shell banks in the region. Continued monitoring of the sediment distributions in the region will provide a valuable dataset on the impacts of tidal energy extraction on local sediment dynamics. Finally, the mean power generated per turbine is shown to decrease as the turbine array increased in size","author":["Gillibrand, P.","Walters, R.","McIlvenny, J."],"organization":["North Highland College"],"originationDate":"2016-10-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.716010300000","-3.123754800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gillibrand-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/897","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-deployment-marine-current-energy-indonesia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/7271449","title":"Sustainable deployment of Marine Current Energy in Indonesia","description":"Marine Current Energy Generation (MCEG) is a new technology that can produce emission-free electricity by using the velocity of sea currents. This paper explores possible environmental, social and environmental impacts of MCEG in Indonesia, a developing country that is currently facing a shortage of electricity. Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is used to conduct an integrated assessment using different indicators of sustainability and to capture the view of the various local stakeholders, as stakeholder engagement is crucial for sustainability. Results show that all the stakeholder groups prefer MCEG to fulfill their electricity needs rather than the current method of diesel electricity generation. However, the people would prefer the electricity from MCEG to be cheaper than the current tariff paid by them. The environmental impacts also need to be scrutinized further, while the society needs to be sensitized for the successful introduction of MCEG to Indonesia.","author":["Ramachandran, R.","Takagi, K."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2015-05-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["-3.959091300000","119.190607000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/898","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysing-potentials-effects-multi-use-between-tidal-energy-development-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18300368","title":"Analysing the potentials and effects of multi-use between tidal energy development and environmental protection and monitoring: A case study of the inner sound of the Pentland Firth","description":"As the population of cities continues to proliferate, society places a greater strain on the productivity of geographical features and their resources. In recent years, this trend has increased for the planet\u0027s seas. In order to further maximize the utility of marine space, the concept of co-location between economic sectors operating in the sea, and coexistence of such sectors with the ecosystem, has provided traction for the concept of multi-use (MU). In response, the European Union Horizon 2020 programme funded the Multi-Use in European Seas (MUSES) project which aims to provide innovative technical and policy solutions to facilitate MU in the five European sea basins. Within the broader analytical framework of MUSES, 10 case studies were developed to determine the potentials and effects of MU for various sectors. This paper examines MU between tidal energy development and environmental protection, as well as tidal energy development and environmental monitoring. A desk analysis provided for known drivers, added values, barriers, and impacts of MU. Results from the desk analysis were validated by key stakeholders, resulting in policy and technical recommendations informing the MUSES Action Plan. The analysis demonstrates that technological advancements to monitoring equipment are required to further studies of environmental interactions with tidal energy arrays, and determine the viability of co-locating developments in environmentally sensitive areas. However, greater capacity deployments of tidal energy are required so that robust monitoring data sets can accumulate over time, geographical scope, and ecological make-up. Such capacity development is currently hindered by ineffective government fiscal measures.","author":["Sangiuliano, S."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2018-08-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.716010300000","-3.123754800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/899","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-irish-perspective-towards-best-practice-integrated-maritime","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aran.library.nuigalway.ie\/xmlui\/handle\/10379\/2235","title":"Marine Spatial Planning from an Irish perspective: Towards Best Practice in Integrated Maritime Governance","description":"Ireland with its extensive seas, belatedly being recognised as a significant development resource. There is evidence that a diverse range of stakeholders at national and local levels in Ireland are positively disposed toward MSP but no practical manifestation of the concept is in place, though some preparatory work is underway to facilitate its likely implementation into the future. Little in-depth research has been undertaken to explore how MSP could be best implemented in Ireland. The European Commission (EC) is a major promoter of MSP and has developed a set of common principles for MSP in the European Union. A critical examination of these principles in practice is undertaken through an evaluation of three marine spatial planning initiatives: The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary; The Clyde Pilot MSP Project; and The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management Initiative. The objective of these evaluations is to derive useful lessons regarding the implementation of these principles in general. A critical examination of the Irish context is also presented and a roadmap for MSP in Ireland is developed. It is evident that the EC\u0027s guiding principles provide a useful framework for the implementation of MSP. Some principles, however, need further clarification, elaboration and strengthening. Successful implementation of MSP in Ireland requires the development of national marine policy which creates an overall vision for Ireland\u0027s marine environment and economy and which emphasizes the place-based nature and integrated management dimensions of MSP. It also requires the development of new ecosystem governance practices and mechanisms through which stakeholders can engage in a dialogue about the management of the marine environment.","author":["Flannery, W."],"organization":["NUI Galway"],"originationDate":"2011-07-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.279589000000","-8.816055900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2011FlanneryPhD.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/900","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-communities-development-wave-tidal-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/localenergy.scot\/resource\/guidance-for-communities-on-the-development-of-wave-and-tidal-projects\/","title":"Guidance for Communities on the Development of Wave and Tidal Projects","description":"Islay Energy Trust (IET), Natural Power Consultants (Natural Power) have produced a guide to assist coastal communities in the development of wave and tidal projects around Scotland. It has been fundied from Scottish Government Community and Renewable Energy Scheme (CARES).  The Scottish Government is committed to the development of community renewable projects. They have clearly stated that they wish to maximise the benefits from renewable energy for communities, both in direct energy and financial benefits as well as local regeneration and skills development. There are a range of potential benefits for communities involved with the development of wave and tidal developments.  These include revenue streams, economic development and development of local businesses, infrastructure, skills and job creation, community cohesion and development precedent. However, a central difference between community marine energy projects and conventional commercial developments is the opportunity to secure socio-economic as well as financial benefits in the eventual operation of any project.  While using this guide, it is important to understand that the wave and tidal industry is an embryonic industry with high costs and higher risks in comparison with more conventional types of renewable energy. While this report is applicable to wave and tidal developments the content as with regards to community development is biased towards tidal projects.  The guide provides advice and recommendations on the process of developing a project from concept, through a feasibility study, and successfully gaining the leases, licences and consents required. It offers detailed guidance on the topics to consider at feasibility stage and signposts to publically available information. An overview of the consenting and licensing process is given, as well as advice on resource assessment, device selection criteria, finance and funding. A section dedicated to ports, vessels, supply chain and socioeconomics has been supplied by SeaRoc Ltd.  It is hoped that this guide equips and informs coastal communities who are considering the development of, or investment in, a wave or tidal project. While not covering in detail every aspect of a community development, the guide aims to provide an overview of topics to consider, investigate and discuss, and a reference section is provided to direct towards other publically available information sources.","author":["Edwards, C.","Halliday, R.","Knight, A.","Bentley, P.","De Silva, R."],"organization":["Natural Power"],"originationDate":"2013-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.906971700000","-4.960066200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Edwards_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/901","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-co-existence-options-marine-renewable-energy-projects-japan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/10\/2840\/htm","title":"Evaluation of Co-Existence Options of Marine Renewable Energy Projects in Japan","description":"Consensus building among local stakeholders is vital for the success of the proposed initial commercial marine renewable energy (MRE) projects in Japan. Even though the literature on stakeholder acceptance highlights the importance of creating local benefits and co-creation options, very few studies and almost no empirical data have been published on the application of non-monetary benefit creation schemes in the context of MRE. Hence, the purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the possible co-existence options available for Japan\u2019s MRE projects through data collected from interviews and questionnaire surveys in two development sites in Nagasaki and Kitakyushu in Southern Japan. To overcome the limitations of data unavailability and uncertainty, the Dempster Shafer Analytic Hierarchy Process (DS-AHP) was used for evaluating the best co-existence strategy out of five potential options. The results indicate that local fisheries prefer the oceanographic information sharing option whereas most of the other stakeholders prefer using local resources to construct and operate the power plant, creating business involvement opportunities for the local community. Analysis of stakeholders\u2019 decision behaviors suggests that perceived impacts, knowledge, and values influence the preference decision. In addition to the validation of stakeholder preference of the previously proposed co-existence options with empirical data, this study provides a robust method to further evaluate the potential options with the availability of new data.","author":["Kularathna, A.","Suda, S.","Takagi, K.","Tabeta, S."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2019-05-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.348200500000","138.106151200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/902","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/working-group-marine-benthal-renewable-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/library.wur.nl\/WebQuery\/wurpubs\/550297","title":"Working Group on Marine Benthal Renewable Developments","description":"This report provides an overview of the state of affairs (1) with regards to the deployment of wet renewables and (2) marine energy storage systems; (3) how they affect abiotic and biotic components of the marine ecosystem and (4) developments and concepts on cumulative impact assessments related to marine renewable energy devices and (5) future perspectives. This report provides the scientific basis to address the OSPAR request for advice on the current state and knowledge of studies into the deployment and environmental impacts of the following wet renewable energies and marine energy storage (floating, coastal infrastructure), tidal stream (screws, kites), tidal flow (barrage, lagoon) and others. Advice should cover the status of wet renewable developments in the OSPAR region, future prospects, potential environmental prob-lems (sea bed habitat loss\/disturbance, fish, marine mammals, birds, seascape\/ public perception, and cumulative impacts), potential benefits, next steps and conclusions\u201d. The request was directed towards the Working Group on Marine Benthal Energy Developments (WGMBRED) and the Working Group on Marine Renewable Energy (WGMRE). A pre-meeting chaired by Jan Vanaverbeke, Belgium (WKWET, 15\u201316 January 2019) at ICES Headquarters, was attended by 11 participants from 4 countries, including members of WGMBRED and WGMRE and additional experts. The group analysed the OSPAR request, agreed on a structure for the report, and certain experts volunteered to conduct a literature re-view and provide the necessary knowledge base for the report.WGMBRED met from 12\u201315 February 2019 in Brussels, Belgium. The input from WKWET participants was compiled, quality checked and adapted where needed; when relevant expertise was represented in the group. WKWET experts, not present at WGMBRED, reviewed text, where needed, and a first version of this report was delivered to WGMRE.WGMRE met in Oostende (Belgium) from 26\u201328 February 2019. Participants reviewed the WKWET report following input from WGMBRED, quality checked, and adapted where neces-sary. Relevant experts contributed additional text and data to tables on MRE developments in ICES areas, and provided text on public perceptions and future prospects of MRE. This report presents an overview of the currently known \u201cwet renewables\u201d (all marine renewable energy devices, excluding offshore wind devices) and how their deployment will likely change in the future. It further provides an overview of the concepts and techniques of related to marine energy storage devices. Given the conceptual and experimental stage of marine energy storage devices, and the absence of data on how these devices affect the marine environment, the report is limited to a description of these marine energy storage devices. This report provides a receptor-based summary of how the wet renewables can affect the marine environment. Receptors are either abiotic (hydrodynamics, physical seabed and sediment transport) or biotic (benthos, fish, marine mammals, birds, sea turtles, otters and polar bears). To avoid repetition, effects on these receptors were grouped according to pressure-inducing components (static component of the device, dynamic component of the device, cables) of wet renewables or consequences of their presence. The report further discusses the developments on cumulative impacts assessments associated with wet renewables deployment in addition to many other human activities, and the need to move away from \u201cdata rich \u2013 information poor\u201d monitoring of structural aspects of the marine ecosystem to hypothesis-driven functional research at the relevant spatial and temporal scales. This will require cross-border coordination in data collection, data storage and exchange and the development of a joint research agenda.","author":["Vanaverbeke, J.","Coolen, J.","Harrald, M.","Culloch, R.","Tait, A.","Rumes, B.","Sparling, C.","Wright, K.","Murray, R.","Evans, T.","Hunt, W.","Gill, A.","Hutchison, Z.","Buyse, J.","Brabant, R.","Bald, J.","Wood, D.","Warnas, M.","Salvany, L."],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WGMBRED_2019_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/903","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-offshore-wave-farms-coastal-process-impact-assessment-waves-beach-morphology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/10\/2517","title":"Modelling Offshore Wave farms for Coastal Process Impact Assessment: Waves, Beach Morphology, and Water Users","description":"The emerging global wave energy industry has the potential to contribute to the world\u2019s energy needs, but careful consideration of potential impacts to coastal processes in the form of an impact assessment is required for each new wave energy site. Methods for conducting a coastal processes impact assessment for wave energy arrays vary considerably in the scientific literature, particularly with respect to characterising the energy absorption of a wave energy converter (WEC) array in a wave model. In this paper, modelling methods used in the scientific literature to study wave farm impacts on coastal processes are reviewed, with the aim of determining modelling guidance for impact assessments. Effects on wave climate, beach morphology, and the surfing resource for coastal water users are considered. A novel parameterisation for the WEC array transmission coefficient is presented that, for the first time, uses the permitted power rating of the wave farm, which is usually well defined at the impact assessment stage, to estimate the maximum likely absorption of a permitted WEC array. A coastal processes impact assessment case study from a wave farm in south-west Ireland is used to illustrate the application of the reviewed methods, and demonstrates that using the new \u2018rated power transmission coefficient\u2019 rather than a WEC-derived transmission coefficient or complete energy absorption scenario can make the difference between significant and non-significant levels of coastal impacts being predicted.","author":["Stokes, C.","Conley, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.752465000000","-9.628841000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stokesetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/904","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-tidal-lagoon-hydrodynamics-swansea-bay-wales-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/9789811204487_0185","title":"Effects of a Tidal Lagoon on the Hydrodynamics of Swansea Bay, Wales, UK","description":"A world\u2019s first tidal energy lagoon has been proposed in Swansea Bay area (Severn Estuary, west coast of UK). The Severn Estuary is a highly dynamic environment and understanding the bay hydrodynamics is important to the sustainable use of the coastal area in this region. Changes to hydrodynamic processes due to the construction and operation of the lagoon will lead to some potential changes in the sediment pathways and depositional processes within the bay. Possible impacts on natural sites, located southeast of the lagoon, are a concern. A hydrodynamic model (DELFT3D) of Swansea bay has been set up to investigate the sediment pathways within this area. The focus of this paper is the potential link between tidal flows and the configuration of Swansea Bay with the construction of the tidal lagoon and as it is at present. The results will be useful for assessing tidal lagoon impact as well as many aspects of local shoreline management.","author":["Horrillo-Caraballo, J.","Yin, Y.","Fairley, I.","Karunarathna, H.","Masters, I.","Reeve, D."],"organization":["Swansea University","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2019-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.595077000000","-3.886663000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/905","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-policy-technology-tidal-current-energy-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/9\/1807","title":"Current Policy and Technology for Tidal Current Energy in Korea","description":"As global energy consumption continues to increase, the negative impact of global warming also grows. Therefore, eco-friendly energy policy is being established all over the world. Korea\u2019s energy consumption problems are further complicated by the country\u2019s high dependence on energy sourced overseas. Korean energy policy is evolving rapidly to address these problems. Korea has begun to phase out nuclear power and is focusing on developing new sources of renewable energy. So there has been substantial interest in the development of ocean energy. Of all ocean energy technologies, tidal current energy is the closest to the commercialization. Especially, the southwestern coast of Korea is the most promising candidate site for the development of tidal current energy owing to the abundant tidal current energy resource. Meanwhile, ocean energy policy is an important factor in determining the development of ocean energy. Thus, this paper presents the overview of the current status of policy and technology for the tidal current energy system in Korea. These policies explained in this paper can provide significant interest and motivation for the use of tidal current energy resources.","author":["Ko, D.","Chung, J.","Lee, K.","Park, J.","Yi, J."],"organization":["Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ko-2019-Korea.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-state-marine-renewable-energy-policy-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18304718","title":"The current state of marine renewable energy policy in China","description":"The\u00a0advancement\u00a0of the Marine\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0(MRE) industry will contribute to actualizing\u00a0sustainable development\u00a0in China. However, the Chinese MRE industry is still in its nascent stage. Therefore, effective policies are needed to improve the development of this emerging sector and facilitate its maturation. Focusing on MRE policies, this article provides constructive suggestions for the establishment and reform of Chinese MRE policy. It summarizes current MRE policies in both China and in nations with a relatively mature MRE industry, identifying the challenges in China\u0027s current MRE policy in the process. While several market incentive strategies have been found to be incomplete and have faced significant limitations during implementation, several non-market incentive strategies are entirely absent. Examining these deficiencies and their causes, this paper suggests corresponding improvement strategies: notably the need to reform the Marine Renewable Energy Funds, refine feed-in\u00a0tariffs\u00a0and subsidy policy, introduce a tradable renewable\u00a0certificate, enact special laws for this field, and strengthen its publicity campaign.","author":["Yang, X.","Liu, N.","Zhang, P.","Guo, Z.","Ma, C.","Hu, P.","Zhang, X."],"organization":["Qingdao University of Science and Technology","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)","National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/907","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-arrays-optimizing-power-production-while-minimizing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-29658-MS","title":"Wave Energy Converter Arrays: Optimizing Power Production While Minimizing Environmental Effects","description":"The nascent marine renewable energy (MRE) industry requires robust tools to maximize power output while evaluating the potential environmental effects of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices. Wave energy converter (WEC) devices in particular, are in early stages of development and may deploy a wide range of technologies to harness wave energy. The technical activities and processes used to assess WEC arrays for both power production and environmental effects requires streamlining to lower the levelized cost of wave energy projects and facilitate timely, cost-effective environmental review and compliance. A robust approach using numerical models to simulate the WEC devices and array layouts is presented that simultaneously evaluates power production and assesses environmental effects. \u0022WEC-friendly\u0022 open-source numerical tools have been developed that are capable of assessing the environmental force on and potential changes to the environment caused by the energy extraction by WEC arrays. A case study is presented to demonstrate how the changes in WEC array configurations can be mapped and quantified using a validated model. A discussion of how changes in WEC devices and array configurations are developed to provide critical information on both engineering and environmental risk. This allows for optimization of WEC deployments to maximize power capture while minimizing environmental impacts.","author":["Raghukumar, K.","McWilliams, S.","Chang, G.","Roberts, J.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/908","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-tropical-regions-deployment-challenges-environmental-social-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/7\/7\/219","title":"Wave Energy in Tropical Regions: Deployment Challenges, Environmental and Social Perspectives","description":"The harnessing of renewable sources of marine energy has become a promising solution for a number of problems, namely satisfying the increasing demand for electricity, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and the provision of energy to regions unconnected to a national grid. Tropical countries have an interesting dichotomy: Despite their varied potential sources of marine energy, their environmental and social conditions impose severe constraints on the development of a renewable energy industry. Moreover, the exploitation of these opportunities is limited by national economies\u2019 reliance on fossil fuels, political and social restraints, and technological immaturity. The present work addresses challenges and opportunities common to wave energy implementation in tropical nations, as a first approach to a regional diagnosis. The motivation for this work is to encourage research on wave energy policies in the Tropics. Technical, environmental, and social challenges to be overcome in wave energy projects are discussed. The technical challenges are grouped into development, deployment, and operation stages of wave energy converters; environmental challenges are divided into biodiversity, cumulative effects, and monitoring aspects, whilst social issues include population growth and energy access matters. The Mexican strategy for developing sustainable technology throughout the wave energy production chain is also presented.","author":["Felix, A.","Hern\u00e1ndez-Fontes, J.","Lithgow, D.","Mendoza, E.","Posada, G.","Ring, M.","Silva, R."],"organization":["National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico","National Autonomous University of Mexico","Campeche Autonomous University (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Campeche)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Felix-2019-Tropical.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/909","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/abundance-composition-succession-sessile-subtidal-assemblages-high-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098118303605","title":"Abundance, composition and succession of sessile subtidal assemblages in high wave-energy environments of Central Chile: Temporal and depth variation","description":"Limited knowledge exists about the\u00a0sessile species\u00a0found in wave exposed\u00a0subtidal environments\u00a0of southeastern Pacific shores, including the temporal patterns of\u00a0colonization, growth, succession, and the potential problems they pose to human industries, including oceanic\u00a0aquaculture\u00a0and renewable wave energy. Filling this information gap is urgent considering the increased interest to exploit these environments. We conducted a 23mo long\u00a0experimental study\u00a0on the coast of central Chile to characterize\u00a0biofouling\u00a0colonization, rates of accumulation and succession patterns at two different depths and different substrates. Throughout the study, we recorded 62 species, 36 of which were sessile.\u00a0Biomass\u00a0accumulation rates\u00a0were among the highest recorded, with significantly higher and more seasonal rates above than below the\u00a0thermocline. Slightly but significantly higher biomass was observed in\u00a0ceramic\u00a0tiles than acrylic or safety-walk surfaces, but such differences varied with depth and month of the year. In all materials, surface cover reached nearly 100% within about a month of exposure at 5\u202fm deep in spring and summer months, and over 70% at 15\u202fm deep, with lower cover in winter months. The patterns of total biofouling biomass measured in air (weight) were quite different to those measured submerged in\u00a0seawater, highlighting the importance of species attributes (body density) when assessing risks of biofouling for different human-made structures. The hydrozoan\u00a0Obelia geniculata\u00a0was by far the fastest colonizing\u00a0macro-invertebrate\u00a0species throughout the year and both depths, covering the entire plate surface in spring-summer months. Community composition shifted in favor of large-bodied, heavier species when surfaces were exposed for more than 6mo. Succession in shallow waters followed a deterministic path from hydrozoans, to the large-bodied barnacle\u00a0Austromegabalnus psittacus\u00a0to dominance by the tunicate\u00a0Pyura chilensis. Final successional stages appear to be the same in deeper waters, but dominance was not achieved before the end of the experiment. Ecological perspectives and simple recommendations to developers and the productive sector are discussed.","author":["Navarrete, S.","Parragu\u00e9, M.","Osiadacz, N.","Rojas, F.","Bonicelli, J.","Fern\u00e1ndez, M.","Arboleda-Baena, C.","Perez-Matus, A.","Finke, R."],"organization":["Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.537573000000","-71.611299000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-27 03:55:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/910","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimising-multiple-multibeam-sonars-assess-marine-life-interactions-underwater-kite","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319417252_Optimising_multiple_multibeam_sonars_to_assess_marine_life_interactions_with_an_underwater_kite","title":"Optimising multiple multibeam sonars to assess marine life interactions with an underwater kite","description":"Multibeam sonar has emerged as a powerful tool for environmental monitoring of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices. Moving away from manned operations, self-contained multibeam sonar systems may be costly at purchase, but are costeffective for long-duration, autonomous deployments. However, there is no single multibeam sonar configuration that suits all environments and MRE devices currently being tested, and licence requirements may vary between regulatory bodies. A novel, quarter-scale tidal turbine, Deep Green (the \u2018kite\u2019), is being tested in a tidal channel in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, UK. The kite consists of a wing with a turbine, \u2018flies\u2019 in a figure-eight shape trajectory underwater and is tethered to the seabed. Strangford Lough is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) for harbour seals and a multibeam sonar configuration is required that allows the detection and tracking of seals and other marine life with high spatial and temporal resolution. Developed through a collaboration between the research team, local regulatory authority, kite developer and the sonar manufacturers, we describe the transition from a marine mammal detection system through to a configuration that eventually aims to understand the four-dimensional animal movement and interactions as well as underlying hydrodynamic features around the kite.","author":["Lieber, L.","Nilsen, T.","Zambrano, C.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Kongsberg Maritime Ltd","Minesto"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.483017000000","-5.583243000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/911","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-cold-shock-egg-larval-juvenile-stages-tropical-fishes-potential-impacts-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0141113688900025","title":"Effects of cold shock on egg, larval, and juvenile stages of tropical fishes: Potential impacts of ocean thermal energy conversion","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) facilities will bring large volumes of deep, cold water to the surface, where it will be mixed with warm surface water after the utilization of the thermal differential. Mixing of these two water types will result in exposure of larval and juvenile fishes entrained in the warm water intake to lowered temperatures. A time course of cold shock from simulated entrainment was used to determine potential effects upon egg and larval mahimahi, Coryphaena hippurus, manini, Acanthurus triostegus, and juvenile striped mullet, Mugil cephalus. Experiments were designed to test varying exposure times and temperature changes upon different early life stages of tropical fishes.  Earlier stage eggs were more sensitive to temperature shock, with mortality increasing with increasing delta T as compared to controls; exposure time, however, did not exert a significant effect. Significant excess mortality for all stages of eggs occurred at the range of times and temperatures used in the experiments, although in some cases these exceed values proposed in current OTEC engineering plans. For mahimahi larvae, excess mortality increased with age to values higher than for latest stage eggs, but we consider this to be caused by stress associated with yolk exhaustion. A single size range of juvenile mullet was exposed to the same experimental protocol as the eggs and larvae. Although exposure time was not significant, delta T had a significant effect upon mortality, and there was a significant interaction between exposure time and delta T.","author":["Lamadrid-Rose, Y.","Boehlert, G."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"1988-03-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/913","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/future-policy-implications-tidal-energy-array-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19302994","title":"Future policy implications of tidal energy array interactions","description":"Tidal stream energy technology has progressed to a point where commercial exploitation of this sustainable resource is practical, but tidal physics dictates interactions between tidal farms that raise political, legal and managerial challenges that are yet to be met. Fully optimising the design of a turbine array requires its developer to know about other farms that will be built nearby in the future. Consequently future developments, even those in adjacent channels, have the potential to impact on project efficiency.  Here we review the relevant physics, consider the implications for marine policy, and discuss potential solutions. Possible management paths range from minimal regulation to prioritise a free market, to strongly interventionist approaches that prioritise efficient resource use. An attractive exemplar of the latter is unitization, an approach to resource allocation widely used in the oil and gas industry. We argue that an interventionist approach is necessary if the greatest possible energy yield is to be produced for a given level of environmental impact.","author":["Waldman, S.","Weir, S.","Murray, R.","Woolf, D.","Kerr, S."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/915","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dual-wave-farms-coastline-dynamics-role-inter-device-spacing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969718325932","title":"Dual wave farms and coastline dynamics: The role of inter-device spacing","description":"In dual wave farms, i.e., arrays of wave\u00a0energy converters\u00a0(WECs) with a dual function \u2013 generation of renewable power and\u00a0mitigation\u00a0of coastal erosion \u2013 the spacing between the WECs is a fundamental design parameter. The present research has the objective of establishing how this parameter affects the\u00a0shoreline evolutionbehind the array and, on this basis, to propose and apply a method to determine the optimum spacing for coastal protection. The method is demonstrated on a beach subjected to severe erosion. Five case studies are considered: four with different inter-WEC spacings, and one without the wave farm (baseline). A spectral\u00a0wave propagation\u00a0model is applied to analyse the variations in\u00a0significant wave height\u00a0behind the WEC array. Longshore\u00a0sediment transport\u00a0rates are calculated, and a\u00a0shoreline\u00a0model is applied. We find that in all the case studies the dry beach area is greater than in the baseline (no farm) case study, which proves the capacity of the dual WEC array to mitigate the erosive trends of the system. Importantly, we obtain that the inter-WEC spacing plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the shoreline and, consequently, in the effectiveness of the WEC array for coastal protection. The case studies with intermediate spacings yield the best performance in terms of dry beach area. More generally, the benefits of dual wave farms in terms of protection of coastal properties and infrastructure, and the ensuing savings in conventional coastal defence measures (coastal structures,\u00a0beach nourishment, etc.) contribute to the development of wave energy by enhancing its\u00a0economic viability. The methodology presented in this paper can be used to optimize the design of dual wave farms elsewhere.","author":["Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Bergillos, R.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of Granada"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.705274000000","-3.557113000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/917","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-evaluate-environmental-impact-ocean-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032119303831","title":"A framework to evaluate the environmental impact of OCEAN energy devices","description":"Ocean energy technologies are still at an early stage of development; only a handful of concepts are being invented and tested worldwide. The environmental impact of these devices is not always taken into account, mainly because of the prevailing uncertainty regarding its assessment. It is vital that attention is paid to the mitigation of potential negative impacts on physical and biotic marine systems. In this study, the direct and indirect effects of ocean energy projects on biophysical systems, and their interactions, are identified from an analysis of current literature on the subject. A tool that could be applied to any ocean energy project at any stage of an EIA is then proposed from a framework designed to evaluate the widely varying impacts of devices. This framework uses a categorisation of the environmental impacts of MRE devices (biophysical, chemical and socio-economic), based on the technology used and the device location. It is hoped that this tool will facilitate the identification of the potential environmental impacts of MRE devices and thus serve as a guide to quantitatively assess these impacts.","author":["Mendoza, E.","Lithgow, D.","Flores, P.","Felix, A.","Simas, T.","Silva, R."],"organization":["National Autonomous University of Mexico"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mendozaetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/918","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dual-wave-farms-energy-production-coastal-protection-under-sea-level-rise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652619307474","title":"Dual wave farms for energy production and coastal protection under sea level rise","description":"Climate change is poised to exacerbate coastal erosion. Recent research has presented a novel strategy to tackle this issue: dual wave farms, i.e., arrays of wave\u00a0energy converters\u00a0with the dual function of\u00a0carbon-free\u00a0energy generation\u00a0and coastal erosion\u00a0mitigation. However, the implications of\u00a0sea level rise\u00a0\u2013 another consequence of climate change \u2013 for the effectiveness of wave farms as\u00a0coastal defence\u00a0elements against\u00a0shoreline\u00a0erosion have not been studied so far. The objective of this work is to investigate how the coastal defence performance of a dual wave farm is affected by sea level rise through a case study (Playa Granada, southern Iberian Peninsula). To this end, a spectral\u00a0wave propagation\u00a0model, a longshore\u00a0sediment transport\u00a0formulation and a one-line model are combined to obtain the final subaerial beach areas for three sea level rise scenarios: the present situation, an optimistic and a pessimistic projection. These scenarios were modelled with and without the wave farm to assess its effects. We find that the dual wave farm reduces erosion and promotes\u00a0accretion\u00a0regardless of the sea level rise scenario considered. In the case of westerly storms, the dual wave farm is particularly effective: erosion is transformed into accretion. In general, and importantly, sea level rise strengthens the effectiveness of the dual wave farm as a\u00a0coastal protection\u00a0mechanism. This fact enhances the\u00a0competitiveness\u00a0of wave farms as coastal defence elements.","author":["Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Bergillos, R.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of C\u00f3rdoba","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-06-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.713350000000","-3.527991000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/919","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-impulsive-noise-marine-mammals-investigating-range-dependent-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/eap.1906","title":"Effects of impulsive noise on marine mammals: investigating range-dependent risk","description":"Concerns exist about the impacts of underwater noise on marine mammals. These include auditory damage, which is a significant risk for marine mammals exposed to impulsive sounds such as explosions, pile\u2010driving, and seismic air guns. Currently, impact assessments use different risk criteria for impulsive and non\u2010impulsive sounds (e.g., ships, drilling). However, as impulsive sounds dissipate through the environment, they potentially lose hazardous features (e.g., sudden onset) and become non\u2010impulsive at some distance from the source. Despite management implications, a lack of data on range\u2010dependent characteristics currently limits their inclusion in impact assessments. We address this using acoustic recordings of seismic air guns and pile\u2010driving to quantify range dependency in impulsive characteristics using four criteria: (1) rise time \u0026lt; 25 ms; (2) quotient of peak pressure and pulse duration \u0026gt; 5,000 Pa\/s; (3) duration \u0026lt; 1 s; (4) crest factor \u0026gt; 15 dB. We demonstrate that some characteristics changed markedly within ranges of ~10 km, and that the mean probability of exceeding criteria 1 and 2 was \u0026lt;0.5 at ranges \u0026gt;3.5 km. In contrast, the mean probability of exceeding criteria 3 remained \u0026gt;0.5 up to ~37.0 km, and the mean probability of exceeding criteria 4 remained \u0026lt;0.5 throughout the range. These results suggest that a proportion of the recorded signals should be defined as impulsive based on each of the criteria, and that some of the criteria change markedly as a result of propagation. However, the impulsive nature of a sound is likely to be a complex interaction of all these criteria, and many other unrelated parameters such as duty cycle, recovery periods, and sound levels will also strongly affect the risk of hearing damage. We recommend future auditory damage studies and impact assessments explicitly consider the ranges at which sounds may lose some of their potentially hazardous characteristics.","author":["Hastie, G.","Merchant, N.","G\u00f6tz, T.","Russell, D.","Thompson, P.","Janik, V."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2019-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.864305000000","-3.373778000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/921","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-impact-wave-energy-converter-mediterranean-shallow-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45926-1","title":"Acoustic impact of a wave energy converter in Mediterranean shallow waters","description":"In this study, underwater noise from a full-scale wave energy converter system (ISWEC), installed on the coast of Pantelleria Island (central Mediterranean Sea), was characterized. The noise was measured using an autonomous acoustic recorder anchored to the sea bottom 40\u2009m from the ISWEC hull. Acoustic monitoring continued for 15 months, starting 7 months before (PRE), 2 months during (INST) and 6 months after the ISWEC installation (POST). The levels of noise, assessed with power spectrum density and octave and third-octave band sound pressure levels (BSPLs), were higher during the POST period than during the PRE period at lower frequencies up to 4\u2009kHz and increased with wave height. During the ISWEC activation for energy production (POST_ON) in the wave height range 1\u20132.9\u2009m, the BSPLs increased much more at lower frequencies up to 4\u2009kHz (the median BSPLs at 63\u2009Hz for the PRE, POST, and POST_ON conditions were 73, 106, and 126\u2009dB re 1\u03bcPa, respectively). Considering the biophonies that make up the soundscape of the area, we examined the possible masking of fish choruses due to ISWEC noise and highlighted that at a distance of 1000\u2009m, the 800\u2009Hz peak frequency was 10\u2009dB above the ISWEC signal. Within this distance from ISWEC, a possible masking effect is supposed.","author":["Buscaino, G.","Mattiazzo, G.","Sannino, G.","Papale, E.","Bracco, G.","Grammauta, R.","Carillo, A.","Kenny, J.","De Cristofaro, N.","Ceraulo, M.","Mazzola, S."],"organization":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","Regio Politecnico di Torino (Royal Turin Polytechnic)","University of Turin","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia (University of Perugia)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.789508000000","11.994126000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Buscaino-2019-Acoustic-WEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/924","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-effects-stressors-fiscal-year-2010-progress-report-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1004822","title":"Evaluating Effects of Stressors - Fiscal Year 2010 Progress Report: Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy","description":"Possible environmental effects of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy development are not well understood, and yet regulatory agencies are required to make decisions in spite of substantial uncertainty about environmental impacts and their long-term effects. An understanding of risk associated with likely interactions between MHK installations and aquatic receptors, including animals, habitats, and ecosystems, can help reduce the level of uncertainty and focus regulatory actions and scientific studies on interactions of most concern. As a first step in developing the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES), PNNL scientists conducted a preliminary risk screening analysis on three initial MHK cases - a tidal project in Puget Sound using Open Hydro turbines, a wave project off the coast of Oregon using Ocean Power Technologies point attenuator buoys, and a riverine current project in the Mississippi River using Free Flow turbines. Through an iterative process, the screening analysis revealed that top-tier stressors in all three cases were the effects of the dynamic physical presence of the device (e.g., strike), accidents, and effects of the static physical presence of the device (e.g., habitat alteration). Receptor interactions with these stressors at the four highest tiers of risk were dominated by marine\u00a0mammals (cetaceans and pinnipeds) and birds (diving and non-diving); only the riverine case (Free Flow) included different receptors in the third tier (fish) and the fourth tier (benthic invertebrates). Although this screening analysis provides a preliminary analysis of vulnerability of environmental receptors to stressors associated with MHK installations, probability analysis, especially of risk associated with chemical toxicity and accidents such as oil spills or lost gear, will be necessary to further understand high-priority risks. Subject matter expert review of this process and results is required and is planned for the first quarter of FY11. Once expert review is finalized, the screening analysis phase of ERES will be complete.","author":["Anderson, R.","Copping, A.","Van Cleve, F."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-11-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.838017400000","-120.831620500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PNNL-19990_Anderson_e_tal_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/926","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-anthropogenic-light-bird-movement-habitat-selection-distribution-systematic-map","sourceURL":"https:\/\/environmentalevidencejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13750-019-0155-5","title":"Effect of anthropogenic light on bird movement, habitat selection, and distribution: A systematic map protocol","description":"Anthropogenic light is known or suspected to exert profound effects on many taxa, including birds. Documentation of bird aggregation around artificial light at night, as well as observations of bird reactions to strobe lights and lasers, suggests that light may both attract and repel birds, although this assumption has yet to be tested. These effects may cause immediate changes to bird movement, habitat selection and settlement, and ultimately alter bird distribution at large spatial scales. Global increases in the extent of anthropogenic light contribute to interest by wildlife managers and the public in managing light to reduce harm to birds, but there are no evidence syntheses of the multiple ways light affects birds to guide this effort. Existing reviews usually emphasize either bird aggregation or deterrence and do so for a specific context, such as aggregation at communication towers and deterrence from airports. We outline a protocol for a systematic map that collects and organizes evidence from the many contexts in which anthropogenic light is reported to affect bird movement, habitat selection, or distribution. Our map will provide an objective synthesis of the evidence that identifies subtopics that may support systematic review and knowledge gaps that could direct future research questions. These products will substantially advance an understanding of both patterns and processes associated with the responses of birds to anthropogenic light.","author":["Adams, C.","Blumenthal, A.","Fern\u00e1ndez-Juricic, E.","Bayne, E.","St. Clair, C."],"organization":["University of Alberta","Purdue University"],"originationDate":"2019-06-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/933","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-benefits-vessel-slowdowns-endangered-southern-resident-killer-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00344\/full","title":"Potential Benefits of Vessel Slowdowns on Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales","description":"A voluntary commercial vessel slowdown trial was conducted through 16 nm of shipping lanes overlapping critical habitat of at-risk southern resident killer whales (SRKW) in the Salish Sea. From August 7 to October 6, 2017, the trial requested piloted vessels to slow to 11 knots speed-through-water. Analysis of AIS vessel tracking data showed that 350 of 951 (37%) piloted transits achieved this target speed, 421 of 951 (44%) transits achieved speeds within one knot of this target (i.e., \u226412 knots), and 55% achieved speeds \u2264 13 knots. Slowdown results were compared to \u2018Baseline\u2019 noise of the same region, matched across lunar months. A local hydrophone listening station in Lime Kiln State Park, 2.3 km from the shipping lane, recorded 1.2 dB reductions in median broadband noise (10\u2013100,000 Hz, rms) compared to the Baseline period, despite longer transit. The median reduction was 2.5 dB when filtering only for periods when commercial vessels were within 6 km radius of Lime Kiln. The reductions were highest in the 1st decade band (-3.1 dB, 10\u2013100 Hz) and lowest in the 4th decade band (-0.3 dB reduction, 10\u2013100 kHz). A regional vessel noise model predicted noise for a range of traffic volume and vessel speed scenarios for a 1133 km2 \u2018Slowdown region\u2019 containing the 16 nm of shipping lanes. A temporally and spatially explicit simulation model evaluated the changes in traffic volume and speed on SRKW in their foraging habitat within this Slowdown region. The model tracked the number and magnitude of noise-exposure events that impacted each of 78 (simulated) SRKW across different traffic scenarios. These disturbance metrics were simplified to a cumulative effect termed \u2018potential lost foraging time\u2019 that corresponded to the sum of disturbance events described by assumptions of time that whales could not forage due to noise disturbance. The model predicted that the voluntary Slowdown trial achieved 22% reduction in \u2018potential lost foraging time\u2019 for SRKW, with 40% reductions under 100% 11-knot participation. Slower vessel speeds reduced underwater noise in the Slowdown area despite longer passage times and therefore suggest this is an effective way to benefit SRKW habitat function in the vicinity of shipping lanes.","author":["Joy, R.","Tollit, D.","Wood, J.","MacGillivray, A.","Li, Z.","Trounce, K.","Robinson, O."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Simon Fraser University","JASCO Applied Sciences"],"originationDate":"2019-06-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.527836000000","-123.204101000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joy-2019-Killer-Whales.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/934","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-billia-croo-test-site-environmental-appraisal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/services\/consents\/","title":"EMEC Billia Croo Test Site: Environmental Appraisal","description":"Project background: The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) was established in 2003 in Orkney. The centre offers potential marine renewable energy developers the opportunity to test prototype devices in real sea conditions. The centre has two key sites, one to test tidal energy devices which is located at Fall of Warness, Eday and a second (the focus of this document) a test site for Wave Energy Converters (WECs) and other infrastructure associated with marine renewables, located at Billia Croo, Stromness.  Billia Croo test site: Billia Croo is a full-scale grid-connected test site currently composed of five deep-water test berths and two inshore test berths with associated pipelines and cables to shore. The grid-connected test berths are serviced by subsea cables from an onshore substation, buried under the beach to 5 m below the Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) mark, and then laid directly onto the seabed with cast iron cable protection for the first 250 m, the remaining length of each cable is unprotected. The test site is situated at Billia Croo off the west coast of the Orkney Mainland. The site is currently being expanded to accommodate future developer testing requirements. The current extent and agreed lease area extension are shown in Figure 1-1.  Requirement for Environmental Appraisal: In order to streamline licensing and testing for developers at the Billia Croo test site, a site-wide S36 consent under the Electricity Act 1989 is being sought by EMEC based on an envelope of testing activities. To support the S36 consent application, Xodus Group Limited (Xodus) has been commissioned by EMEC to undertake a full Environmental Appraisal (EA) for the Billia Croo test site. The purpose of the EA (this document) is to preappraise potential deployments and activities, based on the Project Envelope within the context of the wider environment. The Project Envelope will accompany this EA document as part of the S36 application (EMEC, 2019a). to produce an EA which will inform developer licence applications for all the testing and operations described within the Project Envelope.  As part of the original development of the Billia Croo test site, EMEC commissioned an EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) in 2002, the findings of which were reported in an Environmental Statement (ES) (Carl Bro Group Ltd, 2002). This ES supported the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA) and Coast Protection Act 1949 (CPA) licences (Table 1-1). These licences allowed the presence of the test site but did not cover the deployment of individual wave devices by developers. An updated Environmental Description (from that contained in the 2002 ES) was produced in 2005 (Aurora Environmental, 2005) and subsequently updated by EMEC in 2009.  A Navigational Risk Assessment (NRA) was undertaken in 2008 and a subsequent report based on the NRA was produced to provide information to allow developers to produce a project-specific annex to the NRA (Abbott Risk Consulting Ltd, 2009). A new NRA has been undertaken in 2018\/2019 and will be submitted with the S36 application (Marine and Risk Consultants Ltd, 2019).  Click here for more on the EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site.","author":["Xodus Group"],"organization":["Xodus Group","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 02:44:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BilliaCroo_XodusGroup_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-energy-extraction-wave-energy-converter-arrays-wave-climate-under-multi","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40722-019-00127-w","title":"The impact of energy extraction of wave energy converter arrays on wave climate under multi-directional seas","description":"This paper investigates the energy extraction of three types of wave energy converters (WEC) arranged in arrays and subjected to multi-directional seas of different wave spreading. The changes in the wave climate observed in the neighborhood of the arrays by their energy extraction were also reported. The hydrodynamic software, WAMIT, has been used to generate the performance of the WEC arrays in regular waves, whereas, a post-processing programming code developed in-house has been used to generate the device arrays\u2019 performance in multi-directional seas characterized by single-peaked (JONSWAP and Bretschneider) and double-peaked (Ochi\u2013Hubble) wave energy spectra. The results showed interesting findings on the WEC array performance and change in the wave environment around the devices, both strongly depend on the wave energy generation mechanism of the WECs and the wave spreading. The results obtained from the multi-directional seas with double-peaked wave spectrum showed significant differences in the energy production performance by the WEC arrays to those with single-peaked wave spectra. The uni-directional seas resulted in a larger q-factor. The q-factor differed with the peak wave periods, and at small wave periods, the q-factor for the terminator and attenuator WEC arrays are found to be higher than their counterparts for the point absorber WECs. With reference to the wave height modification in the neighborhood of the WEC arrays, the attenuator generated a greater wave disturbance followed by the terminator and point absorbers.","author":["Tay, Z.","Venugopal, V."],"organization":["Singapore Institute of Technology","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/936","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/three-dimensional-movements-harbour-seals-tidally-energetic-channel-application-novel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.3017","title":"Three-dimensional movements of harbour seals in a tidally energetic channel: Application of a novel sonar tracking system","description":"Understanding how marine predators utilize habitats requires that we consider their behaviour in three dimensions. Recent research has shown that marine mammals often make use of tidally energetic locations for foraging, yet data are generally limited to observations of animals at the water surface. Such areas are also of interest to the renewable energy industry for the deployment of tidal\u2010stream energy turbines; this has led to concerns about potential impacts on marine mammals.\nMethods for measuring animal movements underwater are limited; however, active sonar can image marine mammals and could potentially measure three\u2010dimensional movements in tidally energetic locations. Here, a dual 720\u00a0kHz sonar system was developed to investigate the three\u2010dimensional movements of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in a tidally energetic channel.\nEstimated mean depth (distance from the surface) of seals was 12.0\u00a0m (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 11.6\u201312.4\u00a0m), and the majority of time was spent at the surface and at approximately 10\u201312\u00a0m distance from the surface. When expressed as distances from the sea bed, mean distance was 18.5\u00a0m (95% CI: 18.0\u201318.9\u00a0m), and the majority of time was spent at 14\u00a0m from the sea bed.\nSeal movements were generally in the same direction as the tidal flow with mean horizontal speeds of between 0.51 and 3.13\u00a0m\u00a0s\u22121\u00a0(95% CIs\u00a0=\u00a01.24\u20131.54\u00a0m\u00a0s\u22121). Mean vertical velocities (where negative and positive values represent a descent and ascent respectively) for each seal track ranged between \u22121.76 and +0.88\u00a0m\u00a0s\u22121\u00a0(95% CIs: \u22120.23 to +0.03\u00a0m\u00a0s\u22121).\nThese results provide a basis for understanding how seals utilize a dynamic tidal environment and suggest that harbour seal behaviour can be markedly different to less tidally energetic habitats. The results also have important implications for the prediction of risk associated with interactions between diving seals and tidal turbines in these dynamic habitats.","author":["Hastie, G.","Bivins, M.","Coram, A.","Gordon, J.","Jepp, P.","Macaulay, J.","Sparling, C.","Gillespie, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2019-03-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.234677000000","-5.660888000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/937","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fundamental-coupling-methodology-modeling-near-field-far-field-wave-effects-floating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148119307086","title":"A fundamental coupling methodology for modeling near-field and far-field wave effects of floating structures and wave energy devices","description":"This research focuses on the numerical modelling of wave fields around (oscillating) structures such as wave energy converters (WECs), to study both near and far field WEC effects. As a result of the interaction between oscillating WECs and the incident wave field, additional wave fields are generated: the radiated and the diffracted wave field around each WEC. These additional wave fields, together with the incident wave field, make up the perturbed wave field. Several numerical methods are employed to analyse these wave fields around WECs. For example, for investigating wave-structure (wave-WEC) interactions, wave energy absorption and near field effects, the commonly used and most suitable models are based on Boundary Element Methods for solving the potential flow formulation, or models based on the Navier-Stokes equations. These models are here referred to as \u2018wave-structure interaction solvers\u2019. On the other hand, for investigating far field effects of WEC farms in large areas, wave propagation models are most suitable and commonly employed. However, all these models suffer from a common problem; they cannot be used to model simultaneously both near and far field effects due to limitations.\n\nIn this paper, a generic coupling methodology is presented, developed to combine the advantages of the above two approaches; (a) the approach of wave-structure interaction solvers, which are used to investigate near field effects because they can more correctly model wave energy absorption and the resulting wave fields induced by oscillating WECs or WEC farms. These solvers suffer from high computational cost and thus are mainly used for limited: (i) areas around WECs; (ii) number of WECs, and (b) the approach of wave propagation models, which are used for predicting far field effects and which can model the effect of WEC farms on the wave field and the shoreline in a cost-effective manner, but usually cannot deliver high-fidelity results on wave energy absorption by the WECs.\n\nIn addition, a novel wave generation technique is presented, for generating the perturbed wave field induced by an oscillating WEC, in a wave propagation model. The results obtained from the proposed coupling methodology and wave generation technique along a circle are validated and show very good agreement. Finally, the benefits of the proposed coupling methodology to model floating bodies in a phase resolving wave propagation model are discussed.","author":["Stratigaki, V.","Troch, P.","Forehand, D."],"organization":["Ghent University","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/938","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ospar-request-advise-current-state-knowledge-studies-deployment-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ices.dk\/sites\/pub\/Publication%20Reports\/Advice\/2019\/Special_Requests\/ospar.2019.05.pdf","title":"OSPAR request to advise on the current state and knowledge of studies into the deployment and environmental impacts of wet renewable technologies and marine energy storage systems","description":"Current evidence suggest that, given responsible siting, significant changes (both near and far field) will only occur in the event either large numbers of devices or tidal barriers or tidal lagoons are deployed.  Notwithstanding the lack of model validation, ICES advises that large-scale developments should use regional hydrodynamic and morphodynamics models to predict environmental impacts, while ongoing monitoring of impacts should be continued during all phases of a development and at relevant spatial and temporal scales. However, for some receptors the predicted environmental effects from a relatively small number of devices are significant challenges when deploying wet renewable devices.  ICES advises both a move towards receptor-based assessments, and that targeted research and monitoring is needed to address key knowledge gaps for the different types of wet renewable devices as well as for the range of receptors and pressures acting both in isolation and in combination with each other. In addition, practical approaches and guidance, including worked examples on more ecosystem level cumulative effects assessments, are needed. Given the ongoing technological development and advancements in monitoring and assessment methodologies, such guidance will require regular review.  Clear and significant benefits would accrue from standardization in data collection, storage, and analyses, as well as improved access to all data and knowledge from all relevant sources.  Energy storage technologies are currently conceptual and their possible environmental impacts have not yet been fully described.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2019-04-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OSPAR-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/939","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-risk-based-assessment-north-sea-guide-ecosystem-based-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S004896971834347X","title":"An integrated risk-based assessment of the North Sea to guide ecosystem-based management","description":"This study provides an integrated perspective to ecosystem based management (EBM) by considering a diverse array of societal goals, i.e. sustainable food supply, clean energy and a healthy\u00a0marine ecosystem, and a selection of management measures to achieve them. The primary aim of this exercise is to provide guidance for (more) integrated EBM in the North Sea based on an evaluation of the effectiveness of those management measures in contributing to the conservation of\u00a0marine biodiversity. A secondary aim is to identify the requirements of the knowledge base to guide such future EBM initiatives.\n\nStarting from the societal goals we performed a scoping exercise to identify a \u201cfocal social-ecological system\u201d which is a subset of the full social-ecological system but considered adequate to guide EBM towards the achievement of those societal goals. A semi-quantitative\u00a0risk assessment\u00a0including all the relevant human activities, their pressures and the impacted ecosystem components was then applied to identify the main threats to the North Sea biodiversity and evaluate the effectiveness of the management measures to mitigate those threats.\n\nThis exercise revealed the need for such risk-based approaches in providing a more integrated perspective but also the\u00a0trade-offbetween being comprehensive but qualitative versus quantitative but limited in terms of the \u201cfocal\u201d part of the SES that can be covered. The findings in this paper provide direction to the (further) development of EBM and its knowledge base that should ultimately allow an integrated perspective while maintaining its capacity to deliver the accuracy and detail needed for decision-making.","author":["Piet, G.","Culhane, F.","Jongbloed, R.","Robinson, L.","Rumes, B.","Tamis, J."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","University of Liverpool","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Piet-2019-Risk-Based-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/940","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-marine-spatial-planning-scientific-legal-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/edcoll\/9789004256842\/B9789004256842_009.xml","title":"Renewable Energy and Marine Spatial Planning: Scientific and Legal Implications","description":"Increasingly changing patterns of human sea and sea floor use originate in political, economic and societal developments often motivated by the process of transition towards a green economy. Offshore wind farming has turned into a major agent of change with a set of expected cumulative ecological impacts. Coastal and shelf seas become contested, but at the same time politically recognised areas, with emerging conflicts rooted in different perceptions, values and attitudes of coastal people. Associated with our limited understanding of environmental regimes and ecosystem impacts of cumulative shelf sea modifications are fragmented frameworks, in policy and economic sectors often opposing the balancing approach of Marine\/Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP). Mid and long-term management plans are further hampered by limitations faced in predicting long-term and regional climate change impact and future socio-economic and cultural developments. Planning under these circumstances is \u201cplanning under uncertainty\u201d. Based on a brief analysis of offshore wind farming in the context of MSP the paper illustrates the role of science by highlighting the important complementary functions of disciplinary process oriented research versus interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches in assessing and modelling the expected cumulative effects of large scale offshore wind farming. In light of recent global discourse about future Earth system science, challenges and the emerging global science initiative \u201cFuture Earth\u201d (supported by the UN, and major research and funding institutions) key research questions and the relevance of applying a co-design approach inviting all actors and researchers to the framing process are discussed. The ultimate goal is to foster ecosystem-based management. It is most evident that scientific information needs to be provided to inform one of the major and unprecedented transformations on continental shelves which is motivated by a socio-political decision to move towards global sustainability in response to climate change and economic development. Designing appropriate social environmental assessment, forecasting, observations and involving the institutional and legal dimensions are central in this context.","author":["Kannen, A.","Kremer, H.","Gee, K.","Lange, M."],"organization":["Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2013-08-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/941","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/toward-best-practices-public-acceptability-wave-energy-whom-when-how-address","sourceURL":"","title":"Toward Best Practices for Public Acceptability in Wave Energy: Whom, When and How to Address","description":"Wave energy (WE) has the potential to eventually cover more than half of the world\u2019s electricity demand. The WE sector is still nascent; some technologies are approaching commercialization but others are in their infancy. Likewise, public opinion about WE is emerging. Public perception has been identified as a non-critical barrier of WE development provided public opinion is properly handled from the early stages of the sector. The public is now having its first acquaintance with WE, thus, the sooner there is an effective approach, the more opportunities will there be for the sector.  Research shows there are different techniques of addressing the public. This paper discusses different approaches as to whom, when and how developers should address by focusing on the experience of several renewable energy projects and the achieved results. The experience proves that early information dissemination to all interested parties via two-way communication methods contributes to achieving public acceptability most effectively","author":["Chozas, J.","Stefanovich, M.","S\u00f8rensen, H."],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS","Aalborg University","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.730391000000","10.125144000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Toward-Best-Practices-for-Public-Acceptability-in-Wave-Energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/942","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-bird-colony-sea-distributions-along-oregon-coast-implications-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/5999n3855","title":"Marine bird colony and at-sea distributions along the Oregon coast: Implications for marine spatial planning and information gap analysis","description":"Increasingly diverse interests in commercial and recreational use of marine resources are creating new challenges for coastal ocean management. One concern of increased offshore use and development off the Oregon coast is the potential impact on marine bird populations. We summarized the primary surveys of seabird breeding colonies and at-sea distribution along the Oregon coast to describe spatial patterns in species distribution and identify gaps where additional data are needed. The abundance of breeding birds during the summer (over 1 million in total, primarily Common Murre Uria aalge and Leach\u2019s Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa) is greatest in northern and southern Oregon due to the availability of breeding habitat on large offshore rocks and islands. While there are fewer breeding colonies along sandy shorelines, the adjacent coastal waters are still frequented by breeding birds and nonbreeding migrants, but generally in lower densities during summer. Seabird density, and likely potential interaction with offshore structures, is greatest nearshore and steadily declines to lowest levels beyond the outer continental shelf. Dynamic soaring species, however, which have a greater potential to interact with taller structures such as wind turbines, tend to be more common on the middle to outer shelf. Species composition also changes dramatically among seasons. Low flying (\u0026lt; 30 m above sea level) diving species dominate in most seasons, however, which has potential conservation implications for interactions with structures above and below the water\u2019s surface. Given the abundance of storm-petrels, increased light pollution is also a concern for these and other nocturnal, phototactic species. Dramatic declines or redistributions have occurred at some breeding colonies, indicating long-term planning should consider changing habitat requirements. The greatest data needs currently include fall\/winter\/spring at-sea distribution, summer distribution off southern Oregon, and more accurate estimates and monitoring of burrow-nesting seabirds. Oregon\u2019s coastal waters provide habitat for a large portion of breeding and nonbreeding marine birds along the U.S. west coast and a thorough knowledge of their spatial distribution, seasonal abundance, and migration corridors is critical for well-informed marine spatial planning.","author":["Suryan, R.","Phillips, E.","So, K.","Zamon, J.","Lowe, R.","Stephensen, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2012-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.588916000000","-124.177759000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Suryan_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/943","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-licence-marine-sector-review-understanding-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16306558","title":"Social licence in the marine sector: A review of understanding and application","description":"Our global oceans are threatened by climate change, overfishing, pollution and a growing list of other impacts that demonstrate an urgent global need for sustainable ocean management. Whilst marine conservation initiatives and protected ocean spaces have increased over recent years, ocean management still lags behind the terrestrial sectors in incorporating and involving communities in its development. \u2018Social licence to operate\u2019 is used broadly across the terrestrial literature, but its understanding and application within the marine has been limited to date. This review sought to collate and synthesise instances of social licence in the marine realm as documented in the literature, aiming to create an understanding that may inform future research and development of social licence. Its results determine that social licence is yet an emergent concept in the marine sector but there may be great potential for its application in the marine context. Social licence has become an important theme for development in marine industry and resource use, particularly towards exploring communication and stakeholder engagement. This paper identifies future themes and areas requiring investigation and application in this domain.","author":["Kelly, R.","Pecl, G.","Fleming, A."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-25.681709000000","133.945451000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/945","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/who-cares-european-attitudes-towards-marine-coastal-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16303670","title":"Who cares? European attitudes towards marine and coastal environments","description":"Understanding how the public perceives the marine environment is a central component of the ecosystem approach. Despite the importance of exploring the links between society and the sea, it is still a relatively unexplored dimension of marine science. This paper presents the results of a novel European survey that explores the values, concerns and aspirations of individuals regarding the marine environment in seven countries across four regional seas. It provides an innovative contribution to the literature by refining our knowledge of how public perceptions on the oceans vary significantly by country, region and by demographic variables such as age and gender. Four issues emerge as important from this survey: (1) Concern about the oceans is variable but generally below other environmental concerns in different countries; (2) Ecosystem services, in particular regulatory, cultural and provisioning services that have broader societal relevance are recognised as important by the public; (3) There is a schism between scientific and public perspectives on the key pressures that affect marine systems; and (4) demographic factors such as age or generation can influence perceptions on marine issues more than the proximity of a community to the coastal environment. Public viewpoints on the oceans will play an important, if yet undetermined, role in supporting reforms such as marine planning, the large scale deployment of marine renewables and marine protected areas that have significant social and economic consequences.","author":["Potts, T.","Pita, C.","O\u0027Higgins, T.","Mee, L."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Aveiro","University College Cork","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.537079000000","-2.233740000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/946","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/building-blue-economy-role-marine-spatial-planning-facilitating-offshore-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/estu\/30\/1\/article-p148_5.xml","title":"Building the Blue Economy: The Role of Marine Spatial Planning in Facilitating Offshore Renewable Energy Development","description":"The oceans hold a stunning potential for meeting our ever-growing demand for energy in a sustainable manner by converting energy stored in the form of heat, waves, currents and tides. At present the offshore renewable energy industry remains in its infancy, but given the right conditions, it could grow into a significant contributor to the global energy mix. A number of inter-related barriers, such as resource and user conflicts, regulatory complexity, and a limited understanding of environmental impacts associated with offshore renewable energy technologies, as well as the general challenges surrounding ocean governance, hamper the development of the industry. Marine spatial planning is emerging around the world as a practical tool for promoting a more rational and wise use of the oceans. It could also play a significant role in promoting the speedy and environmentally sound deployment of offshore renewable energy by assisting in overcoming the various hurdles to the development of that sector of the blue economy.","author":["Young, M."],"organization":["University of Cape Town"],"originationDate":"2015-02-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/947","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-evaluation-marine-spatial-planning-shetland-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X14000293","title":"Review and evaluation of marine spatial planning in the Shetland Islands","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a fast evolving discipline signified by the European Commission\u05f3s proposed directive to create a common framework for MSP and integrated coastal management in EU waters and coastal areas. The Shetland Islands\u2019 Marine Spatial Plan (SMSP) first developed in 2006 is one of the most advanced in the UK. With seven years\u2019 experience of MSP and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) in Shetland\u05f3s waters, and the pending statutory implementation of the SMSP in 2014, Shetland represents an exemplar case study for the monitoring and evaluation of this discipline in practice. A review was carried out in 2012 to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of the SMSP to date. This exercise highlighted achievements to date, future challenges and opportunities and helped to guide the development of the forthcoming edition of the SMSP. The sharing of knowledge and practical experiences of MSP and ICZM ensures an adaptive approach in addressing uncertainty over time. It is also imperative to understand that early \u2018pioneers\u2019 in this discipline may not get it exactly right on the first attempt but by developing initial precedents and processes, these can be built upon in the future.","author":["Kelly, C.","Gray, L.","Shucksmith, R.","Tweddle, J."],"organization":["NAFC Marine Centre"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.369542000000","-1.248452000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/949","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-french-wave-energy-test-site-sem-rev","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Alain_Clement\/publication\/229000632_Development_of_the_French_wave_energy_test_site_SEM-REV\/links\/0c960521b1b8321a46000000\/Development-of-the-French-wave-energy-test-site-SEM-REV.pdf","title":"Development of the French Wave Energy Test Site SEM-REV","description":"Progress to date in different stages of the SEM-REV French Wave Energy test site development is highlighted in this paper. The SEM-REV will serve wave technology developers as well as research in hydrodynamics related to wave energy extraction. The test site comprises a 2.5MVA power cable connected to the national grid through an onshore substation. The offshore 1km2 test zone is fully instrumented with 2 wave buoys and a matrix of current profilers hence providing continuous wave climate information.  After completing the initial site assessments and defining the regulatory frame, the development of the project is undergoing several consultation phases.  The SEM-REV permitting process is aiming to obtain a consented zone with pre-arranged permits, which will enable developers to operate easily under the site\u2019s requirements. Nevertheless, the identified regulatory frame will be a good baseline for project development in French waters. Assessment of the performance of wave energy converters relies on accurate measurement and knowledge of the wave climate. Additionally, the electrical analysis of the power systems requires accurate process and preparation of the electrical assets to perform different state measurements.  The SEM-REV wave test site planning is taking into account these requirements to prepare detailed performance testing and future certification.","author":["Mouslim, H.","Babarit, A.","Cl\u00e9ment, A.","Borgarino, B."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.138928000000","-2.373584000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:39:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/950","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/roadmap-marine-spatial-planning-critical-examination-european-commissions-guiding","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11001059","title":"A roadmap for marine spatial planning: A critical examination of the European Commission\u0027s guiding principles based on their application in the Clyde MSP Pilot Project","description":"The European Commission has developed a set of common principles for marine spatial planning in the European Union. A critical examination of these principles in practice is undertaken through an evaluation of the Clyde Marine Spatial Planning Pilot Project. The principles are found to be lacking in specificity and somewhat inconsistent with the ecosystem based approach, which they advocate. Lessons for new marine spatial planning initiatives, relating particularly to stakeholder participation, governance, data requirements, objective setting, and skills and knowledge needs, are derived from the Clyde Pilot.","author":["Flannery, W.","Cinn\u00e9ide, M."],"organization":["National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.534405000000","-4.875317000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/951","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-policy-framework-marine-renewable-energy-within-united-kingdom","sourceURL":"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/43094355.pdf","title":"National Policy Framework for Marine Renewable Energy within the United Kingdom","description":"This document is intended to provide an introduction into the international, national and regional policy and legislation framework relevant to the deployment of marine renewable energy technologies within the UK, and specifically with a focus upon the South West and the county of Cornwall and its neighbouring Isles of Scilly. Within the context and scope of this document, devices that utilize wave, tidal stream, and floating wind within the marine environment are included within the definition of \u2018marine renewable energy devices\u2019 however limited focus is also given to offshore fixed wind turbines as it is recognised that, (although outside of the scope and context of this document and at a much further stage of technology maturity) there are many complimentarities between these technology groupings.","author":["Vantoch-Wood, A.","de Groot, J.","Connor, P.","Bailey, I.","Whitehead, I.","Hamlyn, V.","Xu, J."],"organization":["University of Exeter","University of Plymouth","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.368118000000","-2.748121000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/VantochWood_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/952","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-regional-locational-guidance-wave-tidal-energy-shetland-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X14001419","title":"Developing regional locational guidance for wave and tidal energy in the Shetland Islands","description":"Marine renewables offer potential economic and environmental benefits, however there is a need to ensure that the growth of this emergent industry considers existing features and users of the marine environment. There is a clear role for marine spatial planning to guide its future development. The Shetland Regional Locational Guidance is a sensitivity led approach to identifying the suitability of areas around the Shetland Islands for renewable energy development and associated shore based infrastructure, and is an example of integrated coastal zone management. Working closely with local stakeholders was key to this process, which incorporates economic, environmental, social and cultural uses into one constraint model; constraint levels are set by local and societal values, rather than monetary equivalences. It has been successfully translated into policy within the Shetland Islands\u05f3 Marine Spatial Plan, which will form supplementary guidance to the Shetland Islands Council\u05f3s forthcoming Local Development Plan. The policy integrates with GIS data without requiring the creation of \u2018zones\u2019, as was requested by local stakeholders, and allows for updating of the GIS spatial model without requiring changes to the policy wording.","author":["Tweddle, J.","Marengo, I.","Gray, L.","Kelly, C.","Shucksmith, R."],"organization":["NAFC Marine Centre"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.325985000000","-1.266769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/956","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-impact-based-realistic-wave-wec-interaction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544213000066","title":"Wave farm impact based on realistic wave-WEC interaction","description":"The objective of this work is to investigate the impact of a wave farm on the nearshore wave climate quantifying, for the first time, the interaction of the WECs (Wave Energy Converters) with the waves using ad hoc laboratory tests. To accomplish this objective, a procedure consisting of three main steps is implemented and illustrated with a case study: a wave farm of WaveCats (a lateral overtopping WEC) proposed for the Death Coast (NW Spain). First, the wave climate in the wave farm area is characterised and reference wave conditions are established. Second, wave-WEC interaction and, more specifically, wave energy transmission is determined by means of 3D physical model tests. Third, on the basis of the results of the laboratory tests, the impact of different layouts of the wave farm (single-row and two-row arrays) on the nearshore wave climate is computed using a high-resolution spectral wave model. The results indicate that the difference between the two layouts is negligible at a distance of 5000\u00a0m or greater past the farm. Although the case study concerns a specific WEC and area of deployment, the procedure is entirely general in that it can be applied to other WECs and areas of interest.","author":["Carballo, R.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.117407000000","-9.300328000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/965","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/empirical-determination-severe-trauma-seals-collisions-tidal-turbine-blade","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13388","title":"Empirical Determination of Severe Trauma in Seals from Collisions with Tidal Turbine Blade","description":"1. Tidal energy converters (turbines) are being developed in many countries as part of attempts to reduce reliance on hydrocarbon fuels. However, the moving blades of tidal turbines pose potential collision risks for marine animals. Accurate assessment of mortality risk as a result of collisions is essential for risk management during planning and consenting processes for marine energy developments. In the absence of information on the physical consequences of such collisions, predicting likely risks relies on theoretical collision risk models. The application of these at a population level usually assumes that all collisions result in mortality. This is unlikely and the approach therefore produces upwardly biased estimates of population consequences.  2. In this study, we estimate the pathological consequences of direct collisions with tidal turbines using seal carcasses and physical models of tidal turbine blades. We quantify severe trauma at a range of impact speeds and to different areas of seal carcasses. A dose\u2013response model was developed with associated uncertainty to determine an impact speed threshold of severe trauma to use in future collision risk models.  3. Results showed that severe trauma was restricted to the thoracic region, with no evidence of injury to the lumbar or cervical spine. Pathological indicators of mortality were only predicted to occur in collision speeds in excess of 5.1 m\/s (95% C.I. 3.2\u20136.6) and was affected by body condition; increasing blubber depth reduced the likelihood of severe trauma.  4. Synthesis and applications. This study provides important information for policy makers and regulators looking to predict the potential impacts of tidal turbines on marine mammals. We demonstrate that the probability of severe trauma in seals due to collisions with turbine blades is highly dependent upon collision speed, and that the majority of predicted collisions are unlikely to cause fatal skeletal trauma. We recommend that collision risk models incorporate appropriate mortality assumptions to ensure accurate estimates of the population consequences are produced in risk assessments for tidal turbine deployments.","author":["Onoufriou, J.","Brownlow, A.","Moss, S.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Scotland\u0027s Rural College (SRUC)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Pinnipeds","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:33:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/966","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interaction-between-instream-axial-flow-hydrokinetic-turbines-uni-directional-flow","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148115302196","title":"Interaction between instream axial flow hydrokinetic turbines and uni-directional flow bedforms","description":"A series of experiments were completed to investigate the interactions between relatively large-scale sediment dunes and axial flow hydrokinetic turbines. Baseline experiments were completed under clear water conditions to assess local scour impacts of single and two-turbine installations. Spatio-temporal measurements of bed elevation were obtained simultaneously with turbine voltage output, from which a measure of the instantaneous rotor angular velocity was used as a proxy for turbine response to unsteady loads. These experiments were completed in a mobile bed of 1.8 mm coarse sand with migrating bedforms. A bedform tracking routine was used to analyze streamwise bed elevation profiles to estimate bedform geometric characteristics and their corresponding impact on turbine performance. Cross-correlation analysis was also performed, investigating critical relationships between approaching bedform crest location, height and the corresponding turbine voltage output. In parallel with the analysis on bedform effects on turbine performance, an extended region downstream of the rotor location was analyzed to investigate how bedform geometric characteristics changed along the channel after turbine deployment.","author":["Hill, C.","Musa, M.","Guala, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/967","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-willingness-pay-policy-preferences-tidal-energy-research-development-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0921800916304372","title":"Public Willingness to Pay and Policy Preferences for Tidal Energy Research and Development: A Study of Households in Washington State","description":"Puget Sound in Washington State (WA) has significant tidal energy resources, but the industry is at a nascent stage of development. At this stage, the availability of research and development (R\u0026D) funding plays a critical role in the success or failure of renewable energy schemes. However, information about public interest in developing marine renewable energy technology, including tidal energy technology, in WA and the U.S. has been limited. Responses to a dichotomous choice referendum question on a mail survey sent to a representative sample of WA households were used to estimate residents\u0027 Willingness to Pay (WTP) for tidal energy R\u0026D. Public preferences for policies to support tidal energy R\u0026D were also assessed. WA households are WTP between $29M and $127M annually for tidal energy R\u0026D, indicating public preference for an increase in government spending on tidal energy R\u0026D over current levels. Public perceptions of potential social, environmental, and economic risks and benefits of developing tidal energy emerged as highly significant predictors of WTP.","author":["Polis, H.","Dreyer, S.","Jenkins, L."],"organization":["University of Washington","Arizona State University"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/968","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewables-coastal-communities-experiences-offshore-oil-industry-1970s-their","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X12001716","title":"Marine renewables and coastal communities\u2014Experiences from the offshore oil industry in the 1970s and their relevance to marine renewables in the 2010s","description":"Ambition to create jobs and economic growth from the vast open spaces of the oceans and seas is made real by new and developing technologies. In the 2010s, renewable energy generated from wind, wave and tide is laying claim to large areas of marine space and driving the search to find new ways to manage ocean and coastal development. Many more activities are expected and precedents are currently being set for the future of marine governance. Several observers have drawn parallels with the development of offshore oil and gas in the 1970s, which also represented a step change in use of the seas and coasts. The change was particularly felt in the Orkney and Shetland archipelagos, at the centre of the North Sea oilfields. Special powers were granted to the county councils here to control development and share in its benefits. This paper compares the oil and renewables industries, separated in time by nearly 40 years, and their influence on adjacent communities. The similarities and differences are identified to test the hypothesis that the 1970s oil model of local participation could be repeated for the development of marine renewables in the 2010s. The conclusion is that the model could well be applied but that the political and policy drivers of today make it unlikely, at least for the time being. Most notably, the change in the role of the public and private sectors and the use of market instruments to achieve national objectives tend to favour a climate of central control.","author":["Johnson, K.","Kerr, S.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.035148600000","-3.999372500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/969","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-application-lifecycle-analysis-renewable-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0270467608315920","title":"A Review of the Application of Lifecycle Analysis to Renewable Energy Systems","description":"The lifecycle concept is a \u201ccradle to grave\u201d approach to thinking about products, processes, and services, recognizing that all stages have environmental and economic impacts. Any rigorous and meaningful comparison of energy supply options must be done using a lifecycle analysis approach. It has been applied to an increasing number of conventional and renewable energy generation systems and in an increasing range of countries. There is now a good amount of research reporting the lifecycle environmental and economic aspects of power generation systems. This article reviews the existing lifecycle analyses of renewable energy systems to determine the current understanding of their full lifecycle impacts. These are then compared with each other and those of conventional power generation systems. The renewable energy systems reviewed include wind, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal (for electricity), hydroelectric, solid biomass, wave, geothermal, biogas, and tidal. The article also highlights the areas where more lifecycle analysis is needed.","author":["Lund, C.","Biswas, W."],"organization":["Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2008-04-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/970","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/governance-challenges-marine-renewable-energy-developments-us-creating-enabling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17307029","title":"Governance challenges of marine renewable energy developments in the U.S. - Creating the enabling conditions for successful project development","description":"Increasingly, marine renewable energy developments are viewed as an opportunity to meet climate change obligations, with the added benefit of powering the economy and the creation of jobs. Technical, economic and engineering challenges co-exist with governance challenges in the development of large-scale marine renewable energy projects. This paper addresses the question, if the prerequisites for sustainable project development are evident in selected case studies. It also asks what lessons can be learned from current practice in the context of energy governance at the local level. The authors argue that these lessons can be central enablers to support decision makers in future programmes, to better understand how to build the enabling conditions for programme implementation towards renewable energy at higher spatial scales of governance, importantly the national level. The study builds on a multiple stakeholder approach involving interviews and group discussions with key individuals from industry, government and civil society in emerging pilot programmes along the East Coast of the United States (U.S.). New policy windows were opening at the time of the analysis and ambitious development was underway by a range of actors who are driving progress in the sector and positioning the area to become a major provider of blue energy.","author":["Lange, M.","Page, G.","Cummins, V."],"organization":["University College Cork","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.291467400000","-78.446123900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:07:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Langetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/982","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/transformational-paradigm-marine-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S221462961630250X","title":"A transformational paradigm for marine renewable energy development","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MREs) holds extensive environmental, social, and economic potential for rural coastal areas across the globe, which are often resource-rich but capital-poor, often due to historic paradigm of economic (under) development. Focusing on the Highland and Islands region (HIR) of Scotland, we identify a conundrum which is currently limiting overall development of MREs and their positive effects, mainly due to the lack of access to sustained sectorial investments and a stable demand for electricity. From a historic perspective, we identify in the Megaloplis paradigm the reasons for this conundrum. Further, we develop a new policy and governance paradigm, DICEP, rooted in the concepts of diffusion of benefits, inclusive governance, community engagement, regional entrepreneurship, and a balancing top-down approaches with bottom up initiatives. The paradigm builds upon local strengths and policies for combining MREs and economic development policies for expanding non-residential electricity demand through the support of productive activities. Finally, we present two case studies where elements of Megalopolis and DICEP emerge, as well as propose potential localized uses of energy for manufacturing and agricultural practices. DICEP acts as an operationalization of the New Rural Paradigm, and a bridge between the initial diffusion of MREs and their future full deployment.","author":["Graziano, M.","Billing, S.","Kenter, J.","Greenhill, L."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Central Michigan University"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/999","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-construction-risk-non-conventional-renewable-energy-risk-perception-function","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0921800917318013","title":"Social construction of risk in non-conventional renewable energy: Risk perception as a function of ecosystem services in La Araucan\u00eda, Chile","description":"The growth of renewable energy has been raised as a strategy to respond to the global demand to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, this type of energy infrastructure has faced local opposition that could be explained by the perceived risk associated with new energy technologies. Our research aims to understand how risk is socially constructed in relation to non-conventional renewable energy (NCRE) projects in Chile, considering ecosystem services (ES) as central. This research was carried out through a qualitative methodological framework, which involved the application of semi-structured interviews. The information was analysed based on a qualitative strategy of categorisation, combining the inductive and a-priori approaches to the definition of themes. Our results reveal that ecosystem services are a practical tool that can be applied in the social perception of risk to improve the management processes associated with NCRE projects. We provide an understanding of ES\u0027s role within the social amplification of risk theoretical framework. Our findings suggest that conflicts around NCRE projects would be linked to a reduction of an ES provision. These results contribute to understanding the function of ES in risk perception associated with the balance between supply and demand.","author":["Cordoves-S\u00e1nchez, M.","Vallejos-Romero, A."],"organization":["Universidad de La Frontera"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.608513100000","-73.298362600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1001","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidgen-power-system-commercialization-project-final-technical-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1115743","title":"TidGen Power System Commercialization Project Final Technical Report","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (collectively ORPC), submits this Final Technical Report for the TidGen\u00ae Power System Commercialization Project (Project), partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-EE0003647). The Project was built and operated in compliance with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) pilot project license (P12711) and other permits and approvals needed for the Project. This report documents the methodologies, activities and results of the various phases of the Project, including design, engineering, procurement, assembly, installation, operation, licensing, environmental monitoring, retrieval, maintenance and repair. The Project represents a significant achievement for the renewable energy portfolio of the U.S. in general, and for the U.S. marine hydrokinetic (MHK) industry in particular.  The stated Project goal was to advance, demonstrate and accelerate deployment and commercialization of ORPC\u2019s tidal-current based hydrokinetic power generation system, including the energy extraction and conversion technology, associated power electronics, and interconnection equipment capable of reliably delivering electricity to the domestic power grid.  ORPC achieved this goal by designing, building and operating the TidGen\u00ae Power System in 2012 and becoming the first federally licensed hydrokinetic tidal energy project to deliver electricity to a power grid under a power purchase agreement in North America. Located in Cobscook Bay between Eastport and Lubec, Maine, the TidGen\u00ae Power System was connected to the Bangor Hydro Electric utility grid at an on-shore station in North Lubec on September 13, 2012. ORPC obtained a FERC pilot project license for the Project on February 12, 2012 and the first Maine Department of Environmental Protection General Permit issued for a tidal energy project on January 31, 2012. In addition, ORPC entered into a 20-year agreement with Bangor Hydro Electric Company on January 1, 2013 for up to 5 megawatts at a price of $215\/MWh, escalating at 2.0% per year.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:55:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC-2013-Technical-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1002","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/perspectives-environmental-ethics-sustainability-membrane-based-technologies-water","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352186415000292","title":"Perspectives on environmental ethics in sustainability of membrane based technologies for water and energy production","description":"Securing a sustainable supply of water and energy is nowadays a key global issue. In the current practice of water and energy supply, there is still some gap in meeting the value criteria for sustainable development mainly related to environmental pollution as well as ecosystem disturbances. In this work, the sustainability of integrated membrane based processes for water and energy production is assessed with a special focus on environmental and ecosystem impacts. Feasibility of bridging the available gaps through process performance improvements is presented. Major environmental impacts from hybridmembrane based technologies for water and energy production are identified and considered for upstream balance of social benefits and burdens to the present and future generations. Ethical considerations were pointed mainly in the aspect of intergenerational justice (IRG-J) and ecological justice (EC-J) while setting value criteria for sustainability. The ethical significance of the identified impacts was predicted based on the associated difficulties to meet these criteria. The overall outcome will be beneficial in designing strategies for development and implementation of sustainable hybrid processes for clean water and energy production.","author":["Tufa, R."],"organization":["University of Calabria"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1003","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-salinity-gradients-australian-example","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S136403211500461X","title":"The power of salinity gradients: An Australian example","description":"The development and exploitation of sustainable and environmentally friendly energy sources are required in order to resolve global energy shortages and to reduce the reliance of many countries on fossil fuel combustion. Salinity gradient energy has been considered a potential candidate for renewable energy due to the abundance of saline waters that could be combined with less saline solutions across the globe. Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) is one of the technologies to harness salinity gradient energy. Apart from zero carbon dioxide emission, PRO is capable of producing power with less periodicity, abundance and low environmental impacts. One of the preconditions for the technical and financial feasibility of PRO, however, is the development of a PRO-specific membrane\u2014one that meets the conditions that none of the current commercially-available membranes have met so far. The current paper discusses the progress made in PRO membrane development, particularly during the past decade, and analyses the challenges that are still hindering the implementation of PRO at large scales. Also, this paper explores possibilities for the implementation of PRO by analysing various combinations of existent solutions of various salt concentrations. Australia has been chosen to demonstrate some potential applications of PRO. This vast country has extensive reserves of saline waters that could be paired with less concentrated solutions to generate power. For each combination of solutions, a conceptual idea is presented, and an estimate of power production is given. Also, advantages and disadvantages of each scheme are discussed. The ideas and estimates can be easily extrapolated, with minor adjustments, to other countries with similar conditions. It is hoped that this publication will be valuable to those nations that have similar policies as Australia\u2019s, with government incentives for the development and implementation of new technologies to explore new renewable energy sources.","author":["Helfer, F.","Lemckert, C."],"organization":["Griffith University"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1004","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-first-wave-fish-invertebrate-colonization-new-offshore-petroleum","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz077\/5485757","title":"Characterizing the first wave of fish and invertebrate colonization on a new offshore petroleum platform","description":"Offshore Oil \u0026amp; Gas (O\u0026amp;G) infrastructure creates artificial reef complexes that support marine communities in oceans. No studies have characterized the first wave of colonization, which can reveal information about habitat attraction and ecological connectivity. Here we used opportunistically-collected industrial Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) to investigate fish and invertebrate colonization on a new North Sea O\u0026amp;G platform and trenching of an associated pipeline. We observed rapid colonization of fish communities, with increases in species richness (S), abundance (N), and diversity (H\u2032) over the first four days (the entire study period). By contrast, there was minimal change in motile invertebrate communities over the survey period. After trenching, invertebrate S, N and H\u2032 decreased significantly, whilst fish S, N and H\u2032 increased. This study is the first to report on the pioneer wave of fish and invertebrate colonization on O\u0026amp;G infrastructure, thereby providing rare insight into formation of new reef communities in the sea. These short and opportunistic data are valuable in terms of showing what can be discovered from analysis of \u2018pre-installation\u2019 ROV footage of O\u0026amp;G structures, of which there are terabytes of data held by O\u0026amp;G companies waiting to be analyzed by environmental scientists.","author":["Todd, V.","Williamson, L.","Cox, S.","Todd, I.","Macreadie, P."],"organization":["Solent University","Ocean Science Consulting","Deakin University"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1008","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combined-exploitation-offshore-wind-wave-energy-italian-seas-spatial-planning-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenrg.2019.00042\/full","title":"Combined Exploitation of Offshore Wind and Wave Energy in the Italian Seas: A Spatial Planning Approach","description":"The opportunity to co-locate wind and wave energy exploitation is analyzed in the Italian seas grounding on the rationale that benefits are greater when un-correlated resources are combined. The study shows that, although waves and winds are generally strongly correlated, in some conditions their correlation is lower and the combined energy harvesting more interesting. As spatial conflicts of sea use and demand for maritime space are increasing, the development of the marine renewable energy sector needs to be evaluated in the perspective of the cumulative pressures deriving from present activities or expected from future developments. The evaluation of areas of potential conflicts among human activities, environmental vulnerabilities and marine renewable developments may facilitate the early development of mitigation actions and negotiations between stakeholders. In this study the opportunity of co-locating offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters is analyzed through a spatial planning approach. Both the potential for combining different renewable technologies, and the impact associated to such development was considered in the context of the existing pressures (e.g., naval traffic; mariculture activities; submarine cables routes; dredge spoils dumping; offshore activities; windfarms and ocean energy projects) and vulnerabilities (Marine Protected Areas, Key habitat presence) through quantitative indicators. The portion of Tyrrhenian coast south of Elba island, the northern-western Sardinian coast, and the southern Adriatic and Ionian coastal waters appear to be the most suitable sites. Moreover, the study presents a spatial quantitative methodology to identify sites of potential interest for the development of the marine renewable energy sector in the perspective of cost-effectiveness and environmental impact minimization.","author":["Azzellino, A.","Lanfredi, C.","Riefolo, L.","De Santis, V.","Contestabile, P.","Vicinanza, D."],"organization":["Polytechnic University of Milan","University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"],"originationDate":"2019-04-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.872285000000","13.181640000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Azzellino-2019-Colocation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1011","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-reefs-facilitate-tropical-fish-their-range-edge","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-019-0398-2","title":"Artificial reefs facilitate tropical fish at their range edge","description":"Spatial planning increasingly incorporates theoretical predictions that artificial habitats assist species movement at or beyond range edges, yet evidence for this is uncommon. We conducted surveys of highly mobile fauna (fishes) on artificial habitats (reefs) on the southeastern USA continental shelf to test whether, in comparison to natural reefs, artificial reefs enhance local abundance and biomass of fishes at their poleward range margins. Here, we show that while temperate fishes were more abundant on natural reefs, tropical, and subtropical fishes exhibited higher abundances and biomasses on deep (25\u201335\u2009m) artificial reefs. Further analyses reveal that this effect depended on feeding guilds because planktivorous and piscivorous but not herbivorous fishes were more abundant on artificial reefs. This is potentially due to heightened prey availability on and structural complexity of artificial reefs. Our findings demonstrate that artificial habitats can facilitate highly mobile species at range edges and suggest these habitats assist poleward species movement.","author":["Paxton, A.","Peterson, C.","Taylor, J.","Adler, A.","Pickering, E.","Silliman, B."],"organization":["University of North Carolina","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Duke University"],"originationDate":"2019-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.599121000000","-77.201854000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Paxton-2019-Artificial-Reefs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1012","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-trends-ecological-socioeconomic-research-artificial-reefs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113618307888","title":"Overview and trends of ecological and socioeconomic research on artificial reefs","description":"It is presented a systematic\u00a0literature\u00a0review of\u00a0artificial reef\u00a0research, including 620 studies throughout the world from 1962 to 2018. The primary focus of this study was to examine\u00a0long-term trends\u00a0in research, focusing on ecological and\u00a0socioeconomic\u00a0questions, and to develop new research directions for this\u00a0field. From 1962 to the beginning of the 1990s, the\u00a0United States\u00a0and Japan were the main centers of\u00a0artificial reef\u00a0research. Subsequently, researchers in several other countries (particularly China,\u00a0Australia,\u00a0Italy,\u00a0Brazil, and the United Kingdom) began to focus on this subject, resulting in an increase in the number of artificial reef studies. In general,\u00a0publications\u00a0about artificial reefs have concentrated on investigating the structure of populations and marine communities and evaluating new technical\u00a0designs\u00a0and materials to construct artificial\u00a0habitats. The science of artificial reefs is responding to new challenges with an increase in more elaborate techniques, such as the use of remotely-operated\u00a0submarines, organic indicators,\u00a0isotopes, and\u00a0molecular biology, while research that evaluates the\u00a0socioeconomic\u00a0aspects of artificial reefs is lacking. There are many aspects that deserve more research attention, such as the use of alternative inert materials,\u00a0environmental impact\u00a0assessment and\u00a0mitigation, and analysis of\u00a0conflicts\u00a0with affected\u00a0fisheries\u00a0communities. The greater challenge is to overcome the apparent division between theory vs. application and to include robust\u00a0management\u00a0models\u00a0of these artificial environments.","author":["Lima, J.","Zalmon, I.","Love, M."],"organization":["State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro","University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1013","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-occurrence-inter-colony-segregation-seabird-foraging-areas-implications-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ibi.12677","title":"A review of the occurrence of inter-colony segregation of seabird foraging areas and the implications for marine environmental impact assessment","description":"Understanding the determinants of species\u2019 distributions is a fundamental aim in ecology and a prerequisite for conservation but is particularly challenging in the marine environment. Advances in bio\u2010logging technology have resulted in a rapid increase in studies of seabird movement and distribution in recent years. Multi\u2010colony studies examining the effects of intra\u2010 and inter\u2010colony competition on distribution have found that several species exhibit inter\u2010colony segregation of foraging areas, rather than overlapping distributions. These findings are timely given the increasing rate of human exploitation of marine resources and the need to make robust assessments of likely impacts of proposed marine developments on biodiversity. Here we review the occurrence of foraging area segregation reported by published tracking studies in relation to the density\u2010dependent hinterland (DDH) model, which predicts that segregation occurs in response to inter\u2010colony competition, itself a function of colony size, distance from the colony and prey distribution. We found that inter\u2010colony foraging area segregation occurred in 79% of 39 studies. The frequency of occurrence was similar across the four seabird orders for which data were available, and included species with both smaller (10\u2013100\u00a0km) and larger (100\u20131000\u00a0km) foraging ranges. Many predictions of the DDH model were confirmed, with examples of segregation in response to high levels of inter\u2010colony competition related to colony size and proximity, and enclosed landform restricting the extent of available habitat. Moreover, as predicted by the DDH model, inter\u2010colony overlap tended to occur where birds aggregated in highly productive areas, often remote from all colonies. The apparent prevalence of inter\u2010colony foraging segregation has important implications for assessment of impacts of marine development on protected seabird colonies. If a development area is accessible from multiple colonies, it may impact those colonies much more asymmetrically than previously supposed. Current impact assessment approaches that do not consider spatial inter\u2010colony segregation will therefore be subject to error. We recommend the collection of tracking data from multiple colonies and modelling of inter\u2010colony interactions to predict colony\u2010specific distributions.","author":["Bolton, M.","Conolly, G.","Carroll, M.","Wakefield, E.","Caldow, R."],"organization":["Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","Natural England","University of Glasgow"],"originationDate":"2018-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1015","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-arrays-wave-energy-converters-nearshore-wave-climate","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801818321140","title":"The effect of arrays of wave energy converters on the nearshore wave climate","description":"The\u00a0exploitation\u00a0of\u00a0wave energy\u00a0using arrays of wave\u00a0energy converters\u00a0(WEC), which contain a\u00a0large number\u00a0of devices, could have significant impact on the\u00a0wave climate in the nearshore region. This research investigates the impact of WEC arrays at the Westwave demonstration commercial site, which is located on the West coast of\u00a0Ireland. The methodology involves the determination of an appropriate\u00a0transmission coefficient\u00a0(Ct) from a\u00a0computational fluid dynamic\u00a0(CFD) model of a numerical wave tank (NWT) simulation using ANSYS CFX and the subsequent implementation of WEC arrays using SWAN (Version 41.01). Within this analysis, the\u00a0Ct value\u00a0from the\u00a0CFD\u00a0NWT model was used in SWAN to represent WEC arrays which are treated as obstacles. Hence, a nested local\u00a0wave model\u00a0at the Westwave site have been developed and validated for the period of December 2015 in order to accommodate the simulation of WEC arrays. Three\u00a0array configurations, which contain 12 WECs (single row, two row arrays and three row arrays), have been simulated and analysed to estimate the impact to the wave conditions at the nearshore area, while also considering the effect of array configuration on power captured. The results of the analysis suggest there is minor impact on the nearshore wave climate for all the scenarios, where the\u00a0reduction\u00a0in\u00a0wave height\u00a0and\u00a0wave power\u00a0was below 1% at a distance of between 1 and 3\u00a0km from the\u00a0shoreline\u00a0(at water depths varying from 20 to 60\u00a0m). At a distance of 100\u2013300\u00a0m from the shoreline (at a\u00a0water depth of\u00a0approximately 10\u00a0m and below), a decrease in\u00a0wave height\u00a0and\u00a0wave power\u00a0of 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively, was observed. In addition, the methodology can also be applied to other types of WEC and study areas depending on the purpose of the project.","author":["Atan, R.","Finnegan, W.","Nash, S.","Goggins, J."],"organization":["NUI Galway"],"originationDate":"2019-01-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.112263300000","-9.426747900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1016","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/critical-challenges-capacity-building-needs-renewable-energy-deployment-pacific-small","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117300290","title":"Critical challenges and capacity building needs for renewable energy deployment in Pacific Small Island Developing States (Pacific SIDS)","description":"The Pacific Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are among the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Besides, they are some of the most dependent on imported petroleum products in the world, the use of renewable energy (RE) can help minimize the economic risk associated with the price volatility of fossil fuels. The region is increasingly adopting renewable energy (RE) targets and policies. Successful examples of RE deployment in the Pacific SIDS exist; however, many barriers persist and prevent the use of the region\u2019s RE resources in a larger scale. Challenges for RE deployment in islands can be grouped in six categories: i) lack of RE data, ii) need for policy and regulatory frameworks, iii) scarcity of financial opportunities, iv) lack of human resources, v) costly infrastructure, and vi) socio-cultural impediments. Based on a survey conducted among main stakeholders in the region, within the framework of the Pacific Region Capacity Building Initiative of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) carried out in cooperation with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), this paper identifies the specific characteristics of these challenges in the context of the Pacific SIDS, provide a qualitative assessment and identifies recommendations to overcome these challenges.","author":["Lucas, H.","Talab, I.","Marschel, C.","Cabeza, L."],"organization":["York University"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1019","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/low-frequency-acoustic-pressure-velocity-intensity-thresholds-bottlenose-dolphin","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.1423925","title":"Low-frequency acoustic pressure, velocity, and intensity thresholds in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas)","description":"The relative contributions of\u00a0acoustic pressure\u00a0and\u00a0particle velocity\u00a0to the low-frequency, underwater\u00a0hearing\u00a0abilities of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) were investigated by\u00a0measuring(masked)\u00a0hearing\u00a0thresholds while manipulating the relationship between the\u00a0pressure\u00a0and\u00a0velocity.\u00a0This was accomplished by varying the distance within the near field of a single\u00a0underwater sound\u00a0projector (experiment I) and using two\u00a0underwater sound\u00a0projectors and an active\u00a0soundcontrol system\u00a0(experiment II). The results of experiment I showed no significant change in\u00a0pressure\u00a0thresholds as the distance between the subject and the\u00a0sound\u00a0source was changed. In contrast,\u00a0velocity\u00a0thresholds tended to increase and intensity thresholds tended to decrease as the source distance decreased. These data suggest that\u00a0acoustic pressure\u00a0is a better indicator of threshold, compared to\u00a0particle velocity\u00a0or mean active intensity, in the subjects tested. Interpretation of the results of experiment II (the active\u00a0sound\u00a0control system)\u00a0was difficult because of complex acoustic conditions and the unknown effects of the subject on the generated acoustic field; however, these data also tend to support the results of experiment I and suggest that odontocete thresholds should be reported in units of\u00a0acoustic pressure,\u00a0rather than intensity.","author":["Finneran, J.","Carder, D.","Ridgway, S."],"organization":["Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center"],"originationDate":"2002-01-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.708748000000","-117.247421000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1020","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ship-noise-cortisol-secretion-european-freshwater-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320705004350","title":"Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishes","description":"Underwater noise pollution is a growing problem in aquatic environments and as such may be a major source of stress for fish. In the present study, we addressed the effects of ship noise and continuous Gaussian noise on adrenal activity in three European freshwater species. Underwater ship noise recorded in the Danube River and two Austrian lakes was played back to fish at levels encountered in the field (153\u00a0dB re 1\u00a0\u03bcPa, 30\u00a0min). Post exposure cortisol secretion was compared with control situations. Cortisol was measured with enzyme immunoassay techniques (EIA, ng cortisol\/l water\/g fish) in extracted aquarium water with corrections for fish mass. In the first series, two hearing specialists, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and one hearing generalist, the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) were exposed to ship noise. The noise level was well above hearing thresholds in these species. In a second series, fish were exposed to continuous Gaussian noise at a similar level (156\u00a0dB) which is known to induce temporary hearing loss in hearing specialists. All three species responded with increased cortisol secretion when exposed to ship noise. Interestingly, no elevation was observed when fish were exposed to continuous Gaussian noise. Our results indicate that ship noise characterized by amplitude and frequency fluctuations, constitutes a potential stressor in contrast to continuous noise. Surprisingly, the data also demonstrate no apparent differences between species possessing excellent hearing abilities (hearing specialists) and species with poor hearing abilities like perch.","author":["Wysocki, L.","Dittami, J.","Ladich, F."],"organization":["University of Vienna"],"originationDate":"2006-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1021","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-air-bubble-curtain-reduce-underwater-noise-percussive-piling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113699000501","title":"Development of an air bubble curtain to reduce underwater noise of percussive piling","description":"Underwater bubbles can inhibit sound transmission through water due to density mismatch and concomitant reflection and absorption of sound waves. For the present study, a perforated rubber hose was used to produce a bubble curtain, or screen, around pile-driving activity in 6\u20138-m depth waters of western Hong Kong. The percussive hammer blow sounds of the pile driver were measured on 2 days at distances of 250, 500, and 1000 m; broadband pulse levels were reduced by 3\u20135 dB by the bubble curtain. Sound intensities were measured from 100 Hz to 25.6 kHz, and greatest sound reduction by the bubble curtain was evident from 400 to 6400 Hz. Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis) occurred in the immediate area of the industrial activity before and during pile driving, but with a lower abundance immediately after it. While hump-backed dolphins generally showed no overt behavioral changes with and without pile driving, their speeds of travel increased during pile driving, indicating that bubble screening did not eliminate all behavioral responses to the loud noise. Because the bubble curtain effectively lowered sound levels within 1 km of the activity, the experiment and its application during construction represented a success, and this measure should be considered for other appropriate areas with high industrial noises and resident or migrating sound-sensitive animals.","author":["W\u00fcrsig, B.","Greene, C.","Jefferson, T."],"organization":["Texas A\u0026M University","Greeneridge Science Inc."],"originationDate":"2000-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["22.235608000000","114.172041000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1022","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-underwater-noise-auditory-sensitivity-cyprinid-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378595500002136","title":"Effects of underwater noise on auditory sensitivity of a cyprinid fish","description":"The ability of a fish to interpret acoustic information in its environment is crucial for its survival. Thus, it is important to understand how underwater noise affects fish hearing. In this study, the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) was used to examine: (1) the immediate effects of white noise exposure (0.3\u20134.0 kHz, 142 dB re: 1 \u03bcPa) on auditory thresholds and (2) recovery after exposure. Audiograms were measured using the\u00a0auditory brainstem response\u00a0protocol and compared to baseline audiograms of fathead minnows not exposed to noise. Immediately after exposure to 24 h of white noise, five out of the eight frequencies tested showed a significantly higher threshold compared to the baseline fish. Recovery was found to depend on both duration of noise exposure and auditory frequency. These results support the hypothesis that the auditory threshold of the fathead minnow can be altered by white noise, especially in its most sensitive hearing range (0.8\u20132.0 kHz), and provide evidence that these effects can be long term (\u003E14 days).","author":["Scholik, A.","Yan, H."],"organization":["University of Kentucky"],"originationDate":"2001-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.030423000000","-84.504077000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1023","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-sound-effects-behavior-physiology-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2003\/00000037\/00000004\/art00004","title":"Anthropogenic Sound: Effects on the Behavior and Physiology of Fishes","description":"Anthropogenic sound in the marine environment continues to increase. Sound sources range from increased vessel traffic to transient but intense sounds such as those produced by seismic air guns, pile driving, or some sonars. While most interest in anthropogenic sounds has focused on marine mammals, there is an increasing concern regarding the impact of such sounds on fishes and marine invertebrates. Since the inner ear hearing receptors of fishes are similar to those of marine mammals, any effects seen on the hearing receptors of marine mammals may also be found in fishes and\u00a0vice versa. Despite increasing interest in the effects of sounds on fishes, this issue has only been addressed on the most limited scale. Here we review the current literature in this area. It has been reported that high sound levels can damage the inner ear sensory cells, produce hearing loss (threshold shifts), elicit stress responses, and alter the behavior of fishes. At least in terms of hearing loss, these effects are modulated by exposure sound level and duration. The effects of various types of sound (e.g., impulsive vs. continuous) and long-term impacts of how anthropogenic sounds affect the behavior and ecology of fishes need exploration in the future.","author":["Popper, A.","Fewtrell, J.","Smith, M.","McCauley, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2003-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1024","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-long-term-changes-right-whale-calling-behavior-potential-effects-noise-acoustic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.2799904","title":"Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: The potential effects of noise on acoustic communication","description":"The\u00a0impact\u00a0of anthropogenic\u00a0noise\u00a0on marine mammals has been an area of increasing concern over the past two decades. Most low-frequency anthropogenic\u00a0noise\u00a0in the\u00a0ocean\u00a0comes from commercial shipping which has contributed to an increase in\u00a0ocean\u00a0background\u00a0noise\u00a0over the past 150 years. The long-term\u00a0impacts\u00a0of these changes on marine mammals are not well understood. This paper describes both short- and long-term behavioral changes in calls produced by the\u00a0endangered\u00a0North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and South Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena australis) in the presence of increased low-frequency\u00a0noise.\u00a0Right whales produce calls with a higher average fundamental frequency and they call at a lower rate in high\u00a0noise\u00a0conditions, possibly in response to masking from low-frequency\u00a0noise.\u00a0The long-term changes have occurred within the known lifespan of individual whales, indicating that a behavioral change, rather than selective pressure, has resulted in the observed differences. This study provides evidence of a behavioral change in\u00a0soundproduction of right whales that is correlated with increased\u00a0noise\u00a0levels and indicates that right whales may shift call frequency to compensate for increased band-limited background\u00a0noise.","author":["Parks, S.","Clark, C."],"organization":["Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2007-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1025","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/individual-right-whales-call-louder-increased-environmental-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rsbl.2010.0451","title":"Individual right whales call louder in increased environmental noise","description":"The ability to modify vocalizations to compensate for environmental noise is critical for successful communication in a dynamic acoustic environment. Many marine species rely on sound for vital life functions including communication, navigation and feeding. The impacts of significant increases in ocean noise levels from human activities are a current area of concern for the conservation of marine mammals. Here, we document changes in calling behaviour by individual endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in increased background noise. Right whales, like several bird and primate species, respond to periods of increased noise by increasing the amplitude of their calls. This behaviour may help maintain the communication range with conspecifics during periods of increased noise. These call modifications have implications for conservation efforts for right whales, affecting both the way whales use sound to communicate and our ability to detect them with passive acoustic monitoring systems.","author":["Parks, S.","Johnson, M.","Nowacek, D.","Tyack, P."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Duke University"],"originationDate":"2011-02-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1026","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/whale-call-response-masking-boat-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/428910a","title":"Whale-call response to masking boat noise","description":"Background noise can interfere with the detection and discrimination of crucial signals among members of a species. Here we investigate the vocal behaviour in the presence and absence of whale-watcher boat traffic of three social groups (pods) of killer whales (Orcinus orca) living in the nearshore waters of Washington state. We find longer call durations in the presence of boats for all three pods, but only in recent recordings made following a period of increasing boat traffic. This result indicates that these whales adjust their behaviour to compensate for anthropogenic noise once it reaches a threshold level.","author":["Foote, A.","Osborne, R.","Hoelzel, R."],"organization":["Durham University"],"originationDate":"2004-04-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.335104000000","-124.548616000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1036","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-nekton-distributions-two-tidal-energy-sites-suggests-potential-generic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166916300492","title":"Comparing nekton distributions at two tidal energy sites suggests potential for generic environmental monitoring","description":"Tidal energy is a renewable resource that can contribute towards meeting growing energy demands, but uncertainties remain about environmental impacts of device installation and operation. Environmental monitoring programs are used to detect and evaluate impacts caused by anthropogenic disturbances and are a mandatory requirement of project operating licenses in the United States. In the United Kingdom, consent conditions require monitoring of any adverse impacts on species of concern. While tidal turbine sites share similar physical characteristics (e.g. strong tidal flows), similarities in their biological characteristics have not been examined. To characterize the generality of biological attributes at tidal energy sites, metrics derived from acoustic backscatter describing temporal and spatial distributions of fish and macrozooplankton at Admiralty Inlet, Washington State and the Fall of Warness, Scotland were compared using t-tests, F-tests, linear regressions, spectral analysis, and extreme value analysis (EVA). EVA was used to characterize metric values that are rare but potentially associated with biological impacts, defined as relevant change as a consequence of human activity. Pelagic nekton densities were similar at both sites, as evidenced by no statistically significant difference in densities, and similar daily density patterns of pelagic nekton between sites. Biological characteristics were similar, suggesting that generic biological monitoring programs could be implemented at these two sites, which would streamline permitting, facilitate site comparison, and enable environmental impact detection associated with tidal energy deployment.","author":["Wiesebron, L.","Horne, J.","Scott, B.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["University of Washington","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.130649900000","-122.672120000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WiesebronETAL_NetkonDistributionsatMREsites.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1039","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-introduced-infrastructure-sea-cameras-case-study-spatial-scale-time","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113618308201","title":"Assessing the impact of introduced infrastructure at sea with cameras: A case study for spatial scale, time and statistical power","description":"Detecting the effects of introduced artificial structures on the marine environment relies upon research and monitoring programs that can provide baseline data and the necessary statistical power to detect biological and\/or ecological change over relevant spatial and temporal scales. Here we report on, and assess the use of, Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) systems as a technique to monitor diversity, abundance and assemblage composition data to evaluate the effects of marine renewable energy infrastructure on mobile epi-benthic species. The results from our five-year study at a wave energy development facility demonstrate how annual natural variation (time) and survey design (spatial scale and power) are important factors in the ability to robustly detect change in common ecological metrics of benthic and bentho-pelagic ecosystems of the northeast Atlantic. BRUV systems demonstrate their capacity for use in temperate, high energy marine environments, but also how weather, logistical and technical issues require increased sampling effort to ensure statistical power to detect relevant change is achieved. These factors require consideration within environmental impact assessments if such survey methods are to identify and contribute towards the management of potential positive or negative effects on benthic systems.","author":["Bicknell, A.","Sheehan, E.","Godley, B.","Doherty, P.","Witt, M."],"organization":["University of Exeter","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2019-04-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.445859000000","-5.657102000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bicknell-2019-Introduced-Infrastructure.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1042","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-sensors-used-marine-environmental-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X19303583","title":"Acoustic characterization of sensors used for marine environmental monitoring","description":"Active acoustic sensors are widely used in oceanographic and environmental studies. Although many have nominal operating frequencies above the range of marine mammal hearing, they can produce out-of-band sound that may be audible to marine mammals. Acoustic emissions from four active acoustic transducers were characterized and compared to marine mammal hearing thresholds. All four transducers had nominal operating frequencies above the reported upper limit of marine mammal hearing, but produced measurable sound below 160\u202fkHz. A spatial map of the acoustic emissions of each sonar is used to evaluate potential effects on marine mammal hearing when the transducer is continuously operated from a stationary platform. Based on the cumulative sound exposure level metric, the acoustic emissions from the transducers are unlikely to cause temporary threshold shifts in marine mammals, but could affect animal behavior. The extent of audibility is estimated to be, at most, on the order of 100\u202fm.","author":["Cotter, E.","Murphy, P.","Bassett, C.","Williamson, B.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.648963000000","-122.312338000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1043","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predictable-changes-fish-school-characteristics-due-tidal-turbine-support-structure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811930549X","title":"Predictable changes in fish school characteristics due to a tidal turbine support structure","description":"There is uncertainty on the ecological effects of tidal stream turbines. Concerns include animal collision with turbine blades, disruption of migratory and foraging behaviour, attraction of animals to prey aggregating around turbines, or conversely displacement of animals from preferred habitat.  This study used concurrent ecological and physical measurements to show the predictability of fish school characteristics (presence, school area and height above seabed) in a high energy tidal site across spring\/neap, ebb\/flood and daily cycles, and how this changed around a turbine structure.  The rate of schools and school area per hour increased by 1.74 and 1.75 times respectively around a turbine structure compared to observations under similar conditions without a turbine structure. The largest schools occurred at peak flow speeds and the vertical distribution of schools over the diel cycle was altered around the turbine structure.  While predictable attraction or aggregation of prey may increase prey availability and predator foraging efficiency, attraction of predators has the potential to increase animal collision risk. Predictable changes from the installation of turbine structures can be used to estimate cumulative effects on predators at a population level. This study can guide a strategic approach to the monitoring and management of turbines and arrays.","author":["Williamson, B.","Fraser, S.","Williamson, L.","Nikora, V.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","NAFC Marine Centre"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.148317000000","-2.813690000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williamson-2019-Fish-School.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1044","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/trade-between-tidal-turbine-array-yield-environmental-impact-habitat-suitability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148119306251","title":"The trade-off between tidal-turbine array yield and environmental impact: A habitat suitability modelling approach","description":"In the drive towards a carbon-free society, tidal energy has the potential to become a valuable part of the UK energy supply. Developments are subject to intense scrutiny, and potential environmental impacts must be assessed. Unfortunately many of these impacts are still poorly understood, including the implications that come with altering the hydrodynamics. Here, methods are proposed to quantify ecological impact and to incorporate its minimisation into the array design process. Four tidal developments in the Pentland Firth are modelled with the array optimisation tool OpenTidalFarm, that designs arrays to generate the maximum possible profit. Maximum entropy modelling is used to create habitat suitability maps for species that respond to changes in bed-shear stress. Changes in habitat suitability caused by an altered tidal regime are assessed. OpenTidalFarm is adapted to simultaneously optimise array design to maximise both this habitat suitability and to maximise the profit of the array. The problem is thus posed as a multi-objective optimisation problem, and a set of Pareto solutions found, allowing trade-offs between these two objectives to be identified. The methods proposed generate array designs that have reduced negative impact, or even positive impact, on the habitat suitability of specific species or habitats of interest.","author":["du Feu, R.","Funke, S.","Kramer, S.","Hill, J.","Piggott, M."],"organization":["Imperial College London","Simula","University of York"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/deFeuetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1047","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholder-requirements-commercially-successful-wave-energy-converter-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117305451","title":"Stakeholder requirements for commercially successful wave energy converter farms","description":"In this study, systems engineering techniques are applied to wave energy to identify and specify stakeholders\u2019 requirements for a commercially successful wave energy farm. The focus is on the continental scale utility market. Lifecycle stages and stakeholders are identified. Stakeholders\u2019 needs across the whole lifecycle of the wave energy farm are analyzed. A list of 33 stakeholder requirements are identified and specified. This list of requirements should serve as components of a technology performance level metric that could be used by investors and funding agencies to make informed decisions when allocating resources. It is hoped that the technology performance level metric will accelerate wave energy conversion technology convergence.","author":["Babarit, A.","Bull, D.","Dykes, K.","Malins, R.","Nielsen, K.","Costello, R.","Roberts, J.","Ferreira, C.","Kennedy, B.","Weber, J."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1048","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-physical-biochemical-influence-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-plant-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1055480","title":"Modeling the Physical and Biochemical Influence of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant Discharges into their Adjacent Waters","description":"This paper describes the modeling work by Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. to simulate the biochemical effects of of the nutrient-enhanced seawater plumes that are discharged by one or several 100 megawatt OTEC plants. The modeling is needed to properly design OTEC plants that can operate sustainably with acceptably low biological impact.  Summary of Findings: This study has showed that the biochemical response of OTEC discharges can be modeled, quantified, and dynamically visualized for OTEC plants having different discharge configurations. We now have an extremely useful tool for use by OTEC regulators and designers. In all cases modeled (discharge at 70 meters depth or more), no perturbation occurs in the upper 40 meters of the ocean\u0027s surface. The picoplankton response in the 110 - 70 meter depth layer is approximately a 10-25% increase, which is well within naturally occurring variability. The nanoplankton response is negligible. The enhanced productivity of diatoms (microplankton) is small, but this additional \u0022standing stock\u0022 may potentially enhance growth if the plume water subsequently advects into nearshore water. Another significant finding is that detecting the plume of an OTEC pilot plant, as envisioned for the \u0022NAVFAC OTEC Pilot Plant\u0022, will require many more samples in time and space than was originally envisioned, because ocean variability is greater than anticipated. Finally, the model does not attempt to calculate the higher order trophic levels where fauna consume the phytoplankton, but these results could be readily extended to this purpose. The subtle phytoplankton increase of our baseline design suggests that higher-order effects will be very small.","author":["Grandelli, P.","Rocheleau, G.","Hamrick, J.","Church, M.","Powell, B."],"organization":["Makai Ocean Engineering Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.987326000000","-156.225649000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grandelli-2012-OTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1049","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-seagen-marine-current-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1243\/14750902JEME94","title":"Life cycle assessment of the Seagen marine current turbine","description":"The world\u0027s first commercial\u2010scale grid\u2010connected tidal current energy installation will feature the Seagen marine current turbine developed by Marine Current Turbines Ltd. With potential for the manufacture of significant numbers of such devices there is a need to assess their environmental impact and, in particular, their life cycle energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) performance. This paper presents an analysis of the life cycle energy use and CO2 emissions associated with the first generation of Seagen turbines. The detailed assessment covers the embodied energy and CO2 in the materials and manufacturing of components, device installation, and operation along with those for decommissioning. With relatively conservative assumptions, and despite the early stage of development, the study shows that at 214 kJ\/kWh and 15 g CO2\/kWh, the respective energy and carbon intensities are comparable with large wind turbines and very low relative to the 400 to 1000 g CO2\/kWh typical of fossil\u2010fuelled generation. The energy payback period is approximately 14 months and the CO2 payback is around 8 months. The embodied energy and carbon show limited sensitivity to assumptions with environmental performance remains excellent even under the most adverse scenarios considered. Materials use is identified as the primary contributors to embodied energy and carbon with shipping also significant. Improvements in the environmental impact of the Seagen can be achieved primarily by increased structural efficiency and the use of alternative installation methods to increase recovery of steel at decommissioning.","author":["Douglas, C.","Harrison, G.","Chick, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2008-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 08:29:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/douglas-et-al-2008-life-cycle-assessment-of-the-seagen-marine-current-turbine.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1050","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-comparison-wave-tidal-energy-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1475090211418892","title":"Life cycle comparison of a wave and tidal energy device","description":"Tidal and wave energy devices are often discussed as a future contributor to the UK\u2019s energy mix. Indeed, marine energy resources are said to have the potential to supply up to 20\u2009per\u2009cent of the nation\u2019s electricity demand. However, these technologies are currently at the development stage and make no meaningful contribution to the national grid. A number of devices have been developed, but no single method has emerged as the leading technology. This paper aims to compare two promising devices, one wave device and one tidal device, and assess the life cycle properties of each. A life cycle assessment of the Oyster wave energy device was conducted as part of this study, and a comparison of this and the SeaGen marine current turbine was undertaken. In both cases a \u2018cradle-to-grave\u2019 assessment was carried out, calculating emissions from materials, fabrication, transport, installation, lifetime maintenance, and decommissioning (including recycling). The SeaGen tidal device was calculated to have an energy payback period of 14 months, and a CO2\u00a0payback period of 8 months. The equivalent figures for the Oyster device were 12 and 8 months, respectively. The respective energy and carbon intensities for the two devices were 214\u2009kJ\/kWh and 15\u2009gCO2\/kWh for the SeaGen and 236\u2009kJ\/kWh and 25\u2009gCO2\/kWh for the Oyster. The calculated intensities and payback periods are close to those of established wind turbine technologies, and low relative to the 400\u20131000\u2009g\u2009CO2\/kWh of typical fossil fuel generation. With further developments in construction and deployment efficiency these intensities are expected to fall, so the devices appear to have the potential to offer a viable contribution to the UK\u2019s future energy mix.","author":["Walker, S.","Howell, R."],"organization":["University of Sheffield"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1051","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-machines-comparative-life-cycle-assessment-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1475090213506184","title":"Tidal energy machines: A comparative life cycle assessment study","description":"Marine\u00a0energy in the United Kingdom is undergoing a period of growth in terms of development and implementation. The current installed tidal energy capacity is expected to rise to provide 20% of the United Kingdom\u0027s electricity demand by 2050. This article used\u00a0life cycle\u00a0assessment to study four tidal energy devices, comparing their embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions. The device designs studied included a multi-blade\u00a0turbine, two three-blade horizontal axis\u00a0turbine\u00a0machines and an Archimedes\u0027 screw device. These machines were chosen to represent a cross section of design for the device, foundation, installation and operation. Embodied energy was considered over the lifetime of each device. Energy use from fabrication, transport, installation, maintenance, decommissioning and recycling was all calculated and compared to the energy generated by each device. Finally, the embodied energy, CO2 intensity and energy payback periods were compared to those of conventional power generating systems and other renewable energy sources. Devices were studied based on a functional unit, defined as a 10 MW array installed for 100 years. Of the devices studied, the OpenHydro Open Centre\u00a0turbine\u00a0was found to have the best ratio of generated to embodied energy. All devices achieved CO2 and energy payback within 12 years and exhibited CO2 intensity between 18 and 35 gCO(2)\/kW h. This compares favourably against current energy sources such as wind (8-12 gCO(2)\/kW h), solar photovoltaic (similar to 30 gCO(2)\/kW h), nuclear (similar to 70 gCO(2)\/kW h) and coal (similar to 1000 gCO(2)\/kW h).","author":["Walker, S.","Howell, R.","Hodgson, P.","Griffin, A."],"organization":["University of Sheffield"],"originationDate":"2015-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1052","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-energy-impact-transient-residual-flow-estuary-3d-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261913009598","title":"Tidal stream energy impact on the transient and residual flow in an estuary: A 3D analysis","description":"The interest in the exploitation of the tidal stream energy has increased significantly over the last years and several tidal farms have been proposed. In spite of this, only a few studies dealt with the potential impacts on the environment resulting from the extraction of this energy, most of them by using 2D numerical models. However, some of the areas of interest for tidal stream exploitation, such as the Galician Rias, present complex transient and residual circulation patterns which in turn result in one of the largest oceanic productivities in the world and whose potential changes cannot be properly studied by means of 2D models. In this work, a 3D numerical model was implemented in Ria de Ortigueira, a promising region for tidal stream energy exploitation, to study the potential flow changes due to the operation of a power plant, including the assessment of the potential impacts on the 3D residual flow in a real estuary. First, the model was validated on the basis of current velocity measurements, then, it was used to describe the potential effects resulting from the operation of a previously proposed tidal stream farm during typical winter and summer conditions. For this purpose, the momentum sink approach was used. Overall, it was found that the resulting transient flow modifications were concentrated in the area occupied by and next to the farm, with nearly negligible effects outside the inner ria. Furthermore, important asymmetry effects were also observed; although the inner part of the estuary is flood dominated, the most important effects occur during the ebb as a result of the complex geometry of this area. Finally, the effects on the residual flow are of the same order, in terms of percentage of velocity variation, as in the case of the transient flow; however, they extend over a wider region, affecting the middle ria, where a complex 3D circulation pattern (a positive estuarine circulation) develops. Nevertheless, the operation of the tidal plant is not capable of modifying the general 3D flow structure in this area.","author":["Sanchez, M.","Carballo, R.","Ramos, V.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.723022000000","-7.848938000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1053","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-tidal-turbines-water-levels-shallow-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166917300619","title":"The impacts of tidal turbines on water levels in a shallow estuary","description":"This study aims to provide further understanding about the effects that tidal turbines arranged in block farms could have over the water levels when they are deployed in estuaries with shallow bathymetry. As an application of the methodology presented for this purpose, a real case study, the Solway Firth estuary in the UK, has been modelled by means of MIKE21. An idealised model of the estuary has been used to identify the trends in extractable energy and impacts on tidal range for different farm densities and contrasted with a fully detailed model. A spring tide and a coastal flooding scenario have been considered for the detailed model as well as different densities and configurations of the tidal farms. For the densest arrays the extractable energy tends to a limit and the impacts on tidal range become relevant, although they are still lower than the ones resulting from tidal range schemes with similar installed capacities. It has been found that the effects on water levels are not linearly proportional to the increase of the farm density but they seem more closely related to the energy dissipated by the farms. The results of the changes on high and low tide levels over the estuary and time-series at specific locations have been analysed for the detailed models. When comparing between different layouts, changes during low tide levels are slightly higher for the parallel arrays. It can also be concluded that flood risk levels could be potentially reduced in the shoreline whereas some of the intertidal areas and their habitats could disappear as a consequence of significant water level rise at low tides.","author":["Garcia-Oliva, M.","Djordjevi\u0107, S.","Tabor, G."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.899575000000","3.543475700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1054","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-impacts-tidal-stream-energy-through-high-resolution-numerical-modeling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544213007408","title":"Assessment of the impacts of tidal stream energy through high-resolution numerical modeling","description":"When planning the installation of a tidal farm, the disturbances on the marine environment associated with its operation must be studied in detail. The objectives of this paper are to assess the impacts on the hydrodynamics (water level and flow velocity) and to determine how these impacts can alter the tidal resource. For this purpose, a high-resolution model of Ria de Ribadeo (NW Spain) is used to describe the potential effects resulting from the operation of two prospective tidal farms. Two different scenarios of extracted power from the flow (high and low) are analyzed. Overall, it is found that the impact on the water level is negligible, but that on the flow velocity is significant. The velocity is reduced upstream and downstream the farm, and increased beside it. These effects are enhanced in the scenario with the higher power extraction. Finally, these modifications in the flow pattern alter the available energy density at the tidal turbine, with a reduction of 21% and 12% for the high and low levels of power extraction, respectively.","author":["Ramos, V.","Carballo, R.","\u00c1lvarez, M.","Sanchez, M.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1055","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-energy-impacts-estuarine-circulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196890414000715","title":"Tidal stream energy impacts on estuarine circulation","description":"Among the impacts on the marine environment associated with the operation of a tidal farm, the alteration of the transient and residual flow velocities must be assessed in detail, for they constitute the driving force of important environmental processes such as sediment and pollutant transport, and nutrient dispersion. The objective of this study is to assess the impacts caused by the operation of a tidal farm on the transient and residual flow by means of a case study: a tidal stream farm in Ria de Ribadeo, an estuary in NW Spain. For this purpose a 3D numerical model of the estuary is implemented and successfully validated based on field data of tidal levels and flow velocities. The energy extracted by the tidal stream farm from the flow is accounted for by adding a momentum sink term in the equations of the model. Two scenarios representative of typical winter and summer conditions are considered. The results show that the disturbances to the transient flow patterns are concentrated in the proximity of the farm, with a weakening of the flow upstream and, especially, downstream of the farm (up to 0.25\u00a0ms\u22121) and an intensification on both sides (up to 0.10\u00a0ms\u22121). As for the residual flow, we find that the operation of the tidal farm does not disrupt the complex 3D residual circulation of the ria, but it does lead to modifications of the residual flow of up to 0.025\u00a0ms\u22121, or approximately 10% of the baseline residual flow, which affect a much larger area than in the case of the transient flow (up to approximately 2\u00a0km from the farm). The repercussions of these alterations of the transient and residual flow patterns of the estuary for its sedimentary and biological processes warrant further research. Overall, these results confirm the importance of assessing the impacts of a tidal stream farm on the flow.","author":["Ramos, V.","Carballo, R.","Sanchez, M.","Veigas, M.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.547795000000","-7.030499000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1056","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lifecycle-environmental-impact-assessment-overtopping-wave-energy-converter-embedded","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenrg.2019.00032\/full","title":"Lifecycle Environmental Impact Assessment of an Overtopping Wave Energy Converter Embedded in Breakwater Systems","description":"Overtopping breakwater systems are among the most promising technologies for exploiting wave energy to generate electricity. They consist in water reservoirs, embedded in piers, placed on top of ramps, higher than sea-level. Pushed by wave energy, seawater fills up the reservoirs and produces electricity by flowing back down through low headhydro turbines. Different overtopping breakwater systems have been tested worldwide in recent years. This study focuses on the Overtopping BReakwater for Energy Conversion (OBREC) system that has been implemented and tested in the harbor of Naples (Italy). The Life Cycle Assessment of a single replicable module of OBREC has been performed for analyzing potential environmental impacts, in terms of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, considering construction, installation, maintenance, and the operational phases. The Carbon Footprint (i.e., mass of CO2eq) to build wave energy converters integrated in breakwater systems has been estimated, more specifically the \u201cenvironmental investment\u201d (i.e., the share of Carbon Footprint due to the integration of wave energy converter) needed to generate renewable electricity has been assessed. The Carbon Intensity of Electricity (i.e., the ratio between the CO2eq emitted and the electricity produced) has been then assessed in order to demonstrate the profitability and the opportunity to foster innovation in the field of blue energy. Considering the impact for implementing an operational OBREC module (Carbon Footprint = 1.08 t CO2eq; Environmental Investment = 0.48 t CO2eq) and the electricity production (12.6 MWh\/year per module), environmental benefits (avoided emissions) would compensate environmental costs (i.e., Carbon Footprint; Environmental Investment) those provided within a range of 25 and 13 months respectively.","author":["Patrizi, N.","Pulselli, R.","Neri, E.","Niccolucci, V.","Vicinanza, D.","Contestabile, P.","Bastianoni, S."],"organization":["Universit\u00e0 di Siena","University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"],"originationDate":"2019-04-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 06:50:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/overtopping_wec.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1058","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-clatsop-county-or-economic-impact-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu\/nerc_pub\/17\/","title":"Wave Energy in Clatsop County, OR: An Economic Impact Analysis","description":"This study analyzes the economic impacts of building a wave energy commercial generation project in Clatsop County, Oregon. The modeled project is relatively small, and was produced by reviewing relevant wave energy literature and working with two local wave energy developers to estimate the expenditures and related costs of the project. We find that the construction and ongoing operation of a commercial wave energy project would create gains in employment, income, and output in the area as well as preparing Astoria for further wave energy development.  Concern about the full costs of our reliance on fossil fuels, as well as an increased recognition of the vast energy-generating potential of ocean waves, has created renewed interest in wave energy projects. Compared to other renewable energy sources like wind and solar, wave energy is still in early development but project sites in Europe and small-scale demonstrations elsewhere have increased interest. Additionally, the Oregon coast has been identified as an area particularly suited for wave energy generation.  In order to estimate the total economic impact of the project we used IMPLAN, an input-output software. IMPLAN uses social-accounting matrices (SAMs) to model the industry interactions in the economy. These interactions are used to estimate the multipliers associated with expansions of various industries, which produce the total economic impacts.  After consulting relevant literature and wave energy developers, we created a hypothetical project that we feel could be developed in the near future at the Camp Rilea site. The project would have an installed capacity of 5 MW and a capacity factor of 35%. Using data from the wave energy developers and the literature, we created an amalgam of available cost information that matched the characteristics of the project site.","author":["Northwest Economic Research Center"],"organization":["Portland State University","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.119129000000","-123.955799000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NERC_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1059","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-potential-sites-salinity-gradient-renewable-energy-north-carolina-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdr.lib.unc.edu\/concern\/dissertations\/1v53jx67d","title":"Exploring Potential Sites for Salinity Gradient Renewable Energy on the North Carolina Coast and Evaluating the Potential Effects of Local Salinity Regime Variation on SAV Communities Due to Reverse Electrodialysis Effluent","description":"North Carolina has many rivers, tributaries, and back barrier sounds that form complex estuarine systems, the largest of which is the Albemarle Pamlico Estuarine System. The extensive nature of North Carolina estuaries\u2019 vertical and horizontal salinity gradients makes this region a suitable subject for the exploration of salinity gradient energy as an alternative clean energy source. Geographic Information Systems was used to analyze North Carolina salinity data and explore potential natural and anthropogenic salinity gradient energy sites. Though salinity gradients exist within North Carolina estuaries, it was found that citing options were limited due to the proximity of high and low salinity water and the salinity variability at potential sites. The potential environmental impacts of salinity gradient energy and reverse electrodialysis technology, primarily installation effluent-induced salinity change effects on submerged aquatic vegetation growth, distribution, and abundance, were evaluated through literature review. Results were compiled in an annotated bibliography.","author":["Palko, H."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.353883900000","-76.899869600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1060","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-studies-impacts-harbour-sediments-resuspension-marine-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X97001902","title":"Experimental studies of impacts of harbour sediments resuspension to marine invertebrates larvae: bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn and toxicity","description":"The larvae of three marine species (Artemia salina, Crassostrea gigas, Paracentrotus lividus) reared within the suspended particulate phases of contaminated sediments from harbours were used in bioassays firstly to assess their ability to accumulate four metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) and secondly to show the toxicity of such rearing media by recording delays in growth and possible abnormal larval development. The results show that resuspension processes of dredged harbour sediments may induce both a release of Cd, Cu and Pb which are bioavailable for larvae (levels of bioaccumulation depending on the species) and biological perturbations, i.e. abnormal development in C. gigas and P. lividus larvae for the more contaminated sediments and growth inhibition in all three larvae for slightly contaminated sediments. The concentrations of Pb reached in the C. gigas D-shaped larvae and the P. lividus pluteus were unusually high; in contrast, Zn was not accumulated by the three species. The impact of dumping operations thus appears to depend both on the metal considered and on the larvae used in such tests. In this context, Pb seems a more worrying metal than Zn and C. gigas and P. lividus are better indicator species than A. salina larvae.","author":["Fichet, D.","Radenac, G.","Miramand, P."],"organization":["University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)"],"originationDate":"1998-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.150123000000","-1.235917000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1061","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-sea-its-impacts-marine-organisms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/12\/10\/12304","title":"Noise in the Sea and Its Impacts on Marine Organisms","description":"With the growing utilization and exploration of the ocean, anthropogenic noise increases significantly and gives rise to a new kind of pollution: noise pollution. In this review, the source and the characteristics of noise in the sea, the significance of sound to marine organisms, and the impacts of noise on marine organisms are summarized. In general, the studies about the impact of noise on marine organisms are mainly on adult fish and mammals, which account for more than 50% and 20% of all the cases reported. Studies showed that anthropogenic noise can cause auditory masking, leading to cochlear damage, changes in individual and social behavior, altered metabolisms, hampered population recruitment, and can subsequently affect the health and service functions of marine ecosystems. However, since different sampling methodologies and unstandarized measurements were used and the effects of noise on marine organisms are dependent on the characteristics of the species and noise investigated, it is difficult to compare the reported results. Moreover, the scarcity of studies carried out with other species and with larval or juvenile individuals severely constrains the present understanding of noise pollution. In addition, further studies are needed to reveal in detail the causes for the detected impacts.\u00a0","author":["Peng, C.","Zhao, X.","Liu, G."],"organization":["Zhejiang University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peng-2015-Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1062","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-noise-causes-body-malformations-delays-development-marine-larvae","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep02831","title":"Anthropogenic noise causes body malformations and delays development in marine larvae","description":"Understanding the impact of noise on marine fauna at the population level requires knowledge about the vulnerability of different life-stages. Here we provide the first evidence that noise exposure during larval development produces body malformations in marine invertebrates. Scallop larvae exposed to playbacks of seismic pulses showed significant developmental delays and 46% developed body abnormalities. Similar effects were observed in all independent samples exposed to noise while no malformations were found in the control groups (4881 larvae examined). Malformations appeared in the D-veliger larval phase, perhaps due to the cumulative exposure attained by this stage or to a greater vulnerability of D-veliger to sound-mediated physiological or mechanical stress. Such strong impacts suggest that abnormalities and growth delays may also result from lower sound levels or discrete exposures during the D-stage, increasing the potential for routinely-occurring anthropogenic noise sources to affect recruitment of wild scallop larvae in natural stocks.","author":["de Soto, N.","Delorme, N.","Atkins, J.","Howard, S.","Williams, J.","Johnson, M."],"organization":["University of La Laguna","University of St Andrews","University of Auckland","University of Otago","National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/deSoto-2013-Noise-Marine-Larvae.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1063","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/widely-used-marine-seismic-survey-air-gun-operations-negatively-impact-zooplankton","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-017-0195","title":"Widely used marine seismic survey air gun operations negatively impact zooplankton","description":"Zooplankton underpin the health and productivity of global marine ecosystems. Here we present evidence that suggests seismic surveys cause significant mortality to zooplankton populations. Seismic surveys are used extensively to explore for petroleum resources using intense, low-frequency, acoustic impulse signals. Experimental air gun signal exposure decreased zooplankton abundance when compared with controls, as measured by sonar (~3\u20134 dB drop within 15\u201330 min) and net tows (median 64% decrease within 1 h), and caused a two- to threefold increase in dead adult and larval zooplankton. Impacts were observed out to the maximum 1.2 km range sampled, which was more than two orders of magnitude greater than the previously assumed impact range of 10 m. Although no adult krill were present, all larval krill were killed after air gun passage. There is a significant and unacknowledged potential for ocean ecosystem function and productivity to be negatively impacted by present seismic technology.","author":["McCauley, R.","Day, R.","Swadling, K.","Fitzgibbon, Q.","Watson, R.","Semmens, J."],"organization":["Curtin University","University of Tasmania","Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2017-06-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.170520000000","147.434540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1064","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-environmental-issues-concerning-deployment-otec-power-plant-martinique","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11356-017-8749-3","title":"Analysis of the environmental issues concerning the deployment of an OTEC power plant in Martinique","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a form of power generation, which exploits the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and cold deep seawater. Suitable conditions for OTEC occur in deep warm seas, especially the Caribbean, the Red Sea and parts of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. The continuous power provided by this renewable power source makes a useful contribution to a renewable energy mix because of the intermittence of the other major renewable power sources, i.e. solar or wind power. Industrial-scale OTEC power plants have simply not been built. However, recent innovations and greater political awareness of power transition to renewable energy sources have strengthened the support for such power plants and, after preliminary studies in the Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), the Martinique Island (West Indies) has been selected for the development of the first full-size OTEC power plant in the world, to be a showcase for testing and demonstration. An OTEC plant, even if the energy produced is cheap, calls for high initial capital investment. However, this technology is of interest mainly in tropical areas where funding is limited. The cost of innovations to create an operational OTEC plant has to be amortized, and this technology remains expensive. This paper will discuss the heuristic, technical and socio-economic limits and consequences of deploying an OTEC plant in Martinique to highlight respectively the impact of the OTEC plant on the environment the impact of the environment on the OTEC plant. After defining OTEC, we will describe the different constraints relating to the setting up of the first operational-scale plant worldwide. This includes the investigations performed (reporting declassified data), the political context and the local acceptance of the project. We will then provide an overview of the processes involved in the OTEC plant and discuss the feasibility of future OTEC installations. We will also list the extensive marine investigations required prior to installation and the dangers of setting up OTEC plants in inappropriate locations.","author":["Devault, D.","P\u00e9n\u00e9-Annette, A."],"organization":["Paris-Saclay University (Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay)"],"originationDate":"2017-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["14.698761000000","-61.023036000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1065","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-aspects-economics-salinity-gradient-power-sgp-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780081003121000109","title":"Environmental aspects and economics of salinity gradient power (SGP) processes","description":"In this chapter we cover the potential\u00a0environmental impacts, the economic performance, the resource availability, and the relevant regulatory aspects of salinity gradient power (SGP) technologies. We discuss how these issues depend on the\u00a0technology applied(reverse electrodialysis or pressure retarded osmosis), on the sources of water used and on the specific site conditions. Regarding the environmental impacts, we analyse the water intake, the water disposal, and the infrastructure impacts. On the economics, the\u00a0levelized cost of electricity\u00a0metric\u00a0is introduced along with the variables we need to define to calculate it for SGP plants. The expected and required\u00a0cost development\u00a0of key components for making the technology competitive is also discussed. The global resource potential for the seawater\/freshwater applications is estimated, while the possible brine sources and the heat availability for driving the heat engines are also discussed. Finally, the\u00a0regulatory issues\u00a0are introduced, covering the\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0support schemes, subsidies for R\u0026D activities, public acceptance, and the necessary permits for\u00a0construction\u00a0and operation of SGP plants.","author":["Papapetrou, M.","Kumpavat, K."],"organization":["WIP Renewable Energies","DNV GL"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1066","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-droughts-variable-renewable-energy-sources-european-climates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118302829","title":"Energy droughts from variable renewable energy sources in European climates","description":"The increasing share of variable renewable energy sources in the power supply system raises questions about the reliability and the steadiness of the production. In this study, we assess the main statistical characteristics of \u201cenergy droughts\u201d for wind, solar and run-of-the-river hydro power in Europe. We propose two concepts of energy droughts, considering either: Energy Production Droughts (EPD) as sequences of days with low power production or Energy Supply Droughts (ESD) as sequences of days with a high production\/demand mismatch.\n\nUsing a set of adhoc weather-to-energy conversion models, we characterize energy droughts in 12 European regions from 30-yr series of daily wind, solar, hydro power and energy demand. The characteristics of EPD are very different between sources with short but frequent wind power droughts and rare but long hydro power ones. Solar power droughts are very region-dependent with much longer droughts in Northern Europe. ESD are next characterized in a 100% renewable energy scenario. The features of EPD and ESD differ significantly, highlighting the interplay with the energy demand. Moreover, both duration and frequency of energy droughts decrease when mixing energy sources or when some storage capacity balances the temporal production\/demand mismatch.","author":["Raynaud, D.","Hingray, B.","Fran\u00e7ois, B.","Creutin, J."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1069","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/prospective-energy-security-scenarios-spain-future-role-renewable-power-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118303550","title":"Prospective energy security scenarios in Spain: The future role of renewable power generation technologies and climate change implications","description":"Energy security is a complex issue that arises as one of the main concerns for most of the countries when regarding the future. In this sense, given the acknowledged lack of future-oriented studies in this field, this article performs a prospective analysis of the energy security of a national energy system. This is done through a novel methodological framework combining Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Systems Modelling. In particular, the recently proposed Renewable Energy Security Index (RESI) is endogenously integrated into a national power generation model in order to prospectively evaluate the energy security of the Spanish electricity production mix. This facilitates the exploration of alternative energy security scenarios based on RESI targets and focused on the penetration of renewables. The results show that, despite the relatively high renewable contribution reached in a business-as-usual scenario, a significantly higher and faster renewable penetration is attained when implementing RESI targets of 70%, 80% and 90% by 2030 in Spain. This is found to be associated with a large deployment of (onshore and offshore) wind power generation technology. Finally, a favourable life-cycle climate change performance is found when pursuing ambitious energy security targets.","author":["Garc\u00eda-Gusano, D.","Iribarren, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.925329700000","-4.205419700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1070","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/over-or-under-autonomous-sensor-fish-reveals-why-overshot-weirs-may-be-safer-undershot","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925857419300941","title":"Over or under? Autonomous sensor fish reveals why overshot weirs may be safer than undershot weirs for fish passage","description":"Many riverine fish species disperse downstream as eggs,\u00a0juveniles, or adults, which can expose them to injury and death at\u00a0hydraulic structures. Low-head\u00a0weirs\u00a0are one example of a structure that can\u00a0kill fish, and this impact has been shown to be substantially higher for undershot weirs when compared to overshot weirs. In this study, autonomous sensor devices were released at an overshot and undershot\u00a0weirunder similar discharges to assess what stressors maybe contributing to differences in the survival rates of fish. Although the undershot weir was more likely to expose fish to rapid\u00a0decompression, the intensity of decompression was mild and it is more likely that higher levels of fluid\u00a0shear\u00a0at the undershot are more damaging to early life stage and small-bodied fish. Both weirs showed potential for strike, but this could be managed through improvements in design.","author":["Pflugrath, B.","Boys, C.","Cathers, B.","Deng, Z."],"organization":["Port Stephens Fisheries Institute (PSFI)","University of New South Wales","Charles Sturt University","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-35.441056000000","144.735028000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1073","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-turbine-collision-detection-review-state-art-sensors-imaging-systems-detecting","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal Turbine Collision Detection: A review of the state-of-the-art sensors and imaging systems for detecting mammal collisions","description":"This report presents the findings from a review of state-of-the-art sensing and imaging (SIS) technologies relevant to Tidal Turbine Collision Detection (TTCD) application. The study includes an assessment of the approximate technology readiness and the applicability of marine animal collision detection technologies and devices being proposed, in testing and development or already deployed in prototype tidal turbine projects.   There are a number of challenges in collecting the supporting evidence of marine animal collision events; the principal challenge is the monitoring environment and the deployment and operation of sensor systems in this. Highly energetic tidal flows are characterised by high levels of noise from the turbine and from the moving water, variable levels of water turbidity and abrasive materials moving at high velocities. Another challenge is the low maturity of some applicable sensor technologies and the need in each case to collect a sufficient body of data in a short time span to validate the technology design, conclude an optimal system and determine with high certainty that a turbine blade has collided with, or nearly collided with a marine animal.   This report attempts to identify benefits, constraints, barriers to implementation, technology readiness level (TRL1 ) and recommendations on the next steps to further development. The report describes available and emerging sensor technologies against the following stated TTCD detection needs:     proximity\/collision warning   collision detection: object striking tidal turbine blade   post-event condition monitoring: identify and warn of structural damage to turbine blade (e.g. hairline fracture)   post-event object identification: differentiate between animal or debris following impact   The SIS technologies explored in this report include hydrophones active sound navigation and ranging (sonar), video camera and optical imaging, blade mounted strain gauges, blademounted accelerometers, electromagnetic field sensors and tactile sensing technologies. Also addressed are approaches to system architecture. The principal knowledge gap area is SIS to monitor post collision events. The principal evidence gaps are data for sonar imaging and tracking and blade collision impact. A collaborative mechanism to share relevant evidential SIS data would be helpful in progressing the closure of some of these gaps. Seven areas for further study have been suggested including the identified knowledge and evidence gaps, and also suggests feasibility studies to explore emerging technologies that may have additional value in TTCD. Financial resources remain a barrier to progression, with some tidal developments reaching the point of implementation but lacking sufficient funding to deploy and runcomprehensive trials with the application. A common test and development site that implements some of the SIS that require further data input may help standardise experimental results and provide an economically viable opportunity to trial new approaches and technologies.","author":["Jha, S."],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jha-2016-Tidal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1076","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-impacts-tidal-stream-turbines-surface-waves","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118306232","title":"Modelling impacts of tidal stream turbines on surface waves","description":"A high resolution Computational\u00a0Flow Dynamics\u00a0(CFD) numerical model is built based on a laboratory experiment in this research to study impacts of tidal\u00a0turbines on surface wave dynamics. A reduction of\u00a0\u223c3%\u00a0in\u00a0wave height\u00a0is observed under the influence of a standalone turbine located 0.4\u202fm from the\u00a0free surface. The artificial wave\u00a0energy dissipation\u00a0routine \u2018OBSTACLE\u2019 within FVCOM is shown to effectively capture the correct level of wave height reduction, reproducing the CFD results with significantly less computational effort.\n\nThe turbine\u00a0simulation system\u00a0is then applied to a series of test cases to investigate impact of a standalone turbine on bed shear stress. Results suggest an apparent increase in bed stress (\u223c7%) upstream of the turbine due to the inclusion of surface waves. However, in the immediate wake of the turbine, bed stress is dominated by the presence of the turbine itself, accounting for a\u00a0\u223c50%\u00a0increase, with waves having a seemingly\u00a0negligible effect\u00a0up to 9D (D is the turbine diameter) downstream of the turbine. Beyond this point, the effect of waves on bed shear stress become apparent again. The influence of OBSTACLE on bed stress is also noticeable in the far wake, showing a reduction of\u00a0\u223c2%\u00a0in wave height.","author":["Li, X.","Li, M.","Jordan, L.","McLelland, S.","Parsons, D.","Amoudry, L.","Song, Q.","Comerford, L."],"organization":["University of Liverpool","University of Hull","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Kiel University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1079","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biases-literature-direct-wildlife-mortality-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bioscience\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/biosci\/biz026\/5427051","title":"Biases in the Literature on Direct Wildlife Mortality from Energy Development","description":"Comparing environmental impacts of different energy sources can inform energy investments and environmental conservation. Direct wildlife mortality from energy development receives substantial public and scientific attention, but it is unclear whether rigorous comparisons of mortality among energy sources are possible. To address this question, we compared availability of mortality studies among energy sources, wildlife groups, and regions, and assessed comparability of mortality indicators measured. Whereas wind and hydropower have received substantial mortality research exceeding their proportional contributions to global energy production, coal, oil and gas, and bioenergy have received fewer studies and are underrepresented relative to their contributions. Furthermore, research is biased toward birds and fish and North America and Europe, and there are inconsistencies among energy sources and limited replication of most indicators measured. These results indicate that rigorous comparisons of direct wildlife mortality among energy sources are not currently possible and highlight research needs for improving understanding of energy\u0027s environmental impacts.","author":["Loss, S.","Dorning, M.","Diffendorfer, J."],"organization":["Oklahoma State University","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1080","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-framework-ocean-thermal-energy-plant-site-selection-sustainability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.04.032","title":"Decision framework for ocean thermal energy plant site selection from a sustainability perspective: The case of China","description":"Site selection is a key factor to the success of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) project. It is a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem with a series of conflicting criteria involved. However, limited studies were found concerning this area and problems existing in classical MCDM methods tended to fail OTEC site selection decisions. Therefore, this paper proposes an extended MCDM method and establishes a new decision-making framework to select the optimal location. First, a comprehensive evaluation criteria system for OTEC site selection from the view of sustainability with 16 criteria involved is established. Second, feasible alternative sites for OTEC project are identified by PEST analysis. Third, an extended PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation) under intuitionistic fuzzy environment is proposed to avoid compensation assumptions. During the decision process, seven groups of experts shared the work and cooperated with each other according to their backgrounds. Finally, a real case is studied and sensitive analysis is conducted, demonstrating the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed method. This study can effectively improve OTEC site selection decision making quality and also extends the domains of intuitionistic fuzzy PROMETHEE applications.","author":["Zhang, J.","Xu, C.","Song, Z.","Huang, Y.","Wu, Y."],"organization":["North China Electric Power University"],"originationDate":"2019-07-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["22.848442200000","111.237801400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1081","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-employment-returns-wave-tidal-energy-welsh-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544214010688","title":"The regional employment returns from wave and tidal energy: A Welsh analysis","description":"The paper examines the expected regional employment returns connected to the development of tidal stream and wave-based electricity generation in a UK region \u2013 Wales. New employment provides economic development opportunities and the paper demonstrates that there is a need to develop the evidence base on these regional employment impacts. It addresses how far a region which is adjacent to significant marine resources is likely to benefit from a change in the energy generation mix which could feature more wave and tidal stream technologies.","author":["Fanning, T.","Jones, C.","Munday, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.417612000000","-4.425265400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1082","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/do-tidal-stream-energy-projects-offer-more-value-offshore-wind-farms-case-study-united","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421517306900","title":"Do tidal stream energy projects offer more value than offshore wind farms? A case study in the United Kingdom","description":"Marine-based\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0could help the United Kingdom (UK) move towards a more sustainable and low-carbon energy system. Today, offshore wind is the prevailing marine renewable technology but there is growing progress towards developing others, such as tidal stream energy (TSE)\u00a0turbines\u00a0which capture\u00a0kinetic energy\u00a0from\u00a0tidal currents. Using historical operations data from 18\u00a0wind farms\u00a0and simulated generation data for two TSE sites in the UK, we estimate that TSE projects offer about $10\/MW\u00a0h more in net\u00a0social benefits\u00a0than offshore wind projects. This estimate includes the value of\u00a0energy generated, value of reduced marginal CO2\u00a0emissions, cost of visual changes to the landscape, and cost of\u00a0energy generation\u00a0forecast errors. However, relative to offshore wind, the increased cost of TSE projects far outweighs the increased social benefits. The\u00a0levelized cost of energy\u00a0(LCOE) of TSE projects is expected to be about $74\/MW\u00a0h to $330\/MW\u00a0h higher than offshore wind projects through 2050. Only with optimistic LCOE projections, small TSE projects (20\u00a0MW) may be competitive (when including increased net social benefits) with small offshore wind projects by 2020.","author":["Lamy, J.","Azevedo, I."],"organization":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.068429800000","-3.528431700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1085","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-hydrokinetics-regulatory-processes-literature-review","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Hydrokinetics Regulatory Processes Literature Review","description":"Under a project with the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office Marine Hydrokinetic Program (Program), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is reviewing existing marine renewable energy regulatory material in published, docketed, or circulated forms. This literature review describes existing regulatory conditions, details the regulatory history of seminal marine renewable energy projects, and summarizes recommendations from key reports about marine energy regulation.  There is substantial available literature regarding the environmental effects of marine energy. The authors intentionally avoided reviewing literature regarding direct environmental effects, instead focusing on the literature that provided insight into the regulatory impact of having little knowledge or no established mechanism to address those effects.  This report will be combined with over 30 interviews conducted in 2017 with experienced marine renewable energy regulators, stakeholders, and developers into an analysis of marine energy regulation.  The goal of the greater project is to identify actionable tasks to improve regulatory efficiency for marine renewable energy, to reduce the cost and time of deployment while preserving environmental stewardship and the needs of other ocean users.","author":["O\u0027Neil, R.","Staines, G.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.061913200000","-103.770736300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MHK-Regulatory-Processes-Literature-Review_Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1086","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ambemar-dss-decision-support-system-environmental-impact-assessment-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"","title":"AMBEMAR-DSS: A decision support system for the environmental impact assessment of marine renewable energies","description":"The high energy demand and the threat of climate change have led to a remarkable development of renewable energies, initially through technologies applied to the terrestrial environment and, recently, through the awakening of marine renewable energies. However, the development of these types of projects is often hampered by failure to pass the corresponding environmental impact assessment process. The complexity of working in the marine environment and the uncertainties associated with assessing the impacts of such projects make it difficult to carry out objective and precise environmental impact assessments. AMBEMAR-DSS seeks to establish a basis for understanding and agreement between the different stakeholders (project developers, public administrations, environmental organizations and the public in general), in order to find solutions that allow the development of marine renewable energies, minimizing their environmental cost. For this purpose, a DSS is proposed which, based on cartographic information and using objective and quantifiable criteria, allows comparative assessments and analyses between different project alternatives. The analytical procedures used by the system include, among others, hydrodynamic modeling tools and visual impact simulators. In addition, impacts on marine species are assessed taking into account intrinsic ecological and biological aspects. The magnitude of the impacts is quantified by means of fuzzy logic operations and the integration of all the elements is carried out by an interactive multi-criteria analysis. The results are shown in tables, graphs and figures of easy interpretation and can be also visualized geographically by means of a cartographic viewer. The system identifies the main impacts generated in the different phases of the project and allows establishing adequate mitigation measures in search of optimized solutions. The establishment of the assessment criteria has been based on the abundant, but dispersed, scientific literature on the various elements of the system and having the opinion of experts in the various fields. Nevertheless, the DSS developed constitutes a preliminary basis on which to build and improve a system with the input of researchers, promoters and experts from different disciplines.","author":["Guinda, X.","Puente, A.","Juanes, J.","Royano, F.","Fernandez, F.","Vega, M.","Garcia, A.","Garcia, J.","Aragon, G.","Abascal, A.","Otero, C.","Manchado, C.","Gomez-Jauregui, V.","Lopez, J.","Monteoliva, A."],"organization":["University of Cantabria"],"originationDate":"2018-06-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guinda-2018-OMAE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1087","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/are-magnetic-electromagnetic-fields-anthropogenic-origin-potential-threats-early-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30780112","title":"Are magnetic and electromagnetic fields of anthropogenic origin potential threats to early life stages of fish?","description":"The number of underwater cables transferring electric current in sea and freshwater environments is constantly increasing. As a result, the risk of negative effects of magnetic fields generated in the vicinity of those cables on fish eggs and larvae is also growing. This is especially the case for species that settle on the bottom for certain periods of time during early development. To study those effects, eggs and larvae of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were subjected under experimental conditions to a static magnetic field (MF) of 10\u2009m\u2009T and a 50\u2009Hz electromagnetic field (EMF) of 1\u2009m\u2009T for a period of 36 days (i.e., from eyed egg stage to approximately 26 days post hatching, dph). Neither MF nor EMF had significant effect on embryonic or larval mortality, hatching time, larval growth, or the time of larvae swim-up from the bottom. However, both MF and EMF enhanced the yolk-sac absorption rate. Although it was not related directly to magnetic field effect, it was also shown that larvae with absorbed yolk-sacs by the time of swim-up were less efficient in taking advantage of available food at first feeding (i.e., obtained smaller weight at age). That indicates the importance of processes affecting yolk-sac absorption rate.","author":["Fey, D.","Jakubowska, M.","Greszkiewicz, M.","Andrulewicz, E.","Otremba, Z.","Urban-Malinga, B."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Research Institute","Gdynia Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1091","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-solutions-address-climate-change-its-effects-marine-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2018.00337\/full","title":"Ocean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems","description":"The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5\u20132\u2218C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.","author":["Gattuso, J.","Magnan, A.","Bopp, L.","Cheung, W.","Duarte, C.","Hinkel, J.","Mcleod, E.","Micheli, F.","Oschlies, A.","Williamson, P.","Bill\u00e9, R.","Chalastani , V.","Gates, R.","Irisson, J.","Middelburg, J.","P\u00f6rtner, H.","Rau, G."],"organization":["Sorbonne University","University of British Columbia","King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","Aarhus University","The Nature Conservancy","Stanford University","GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","University of East Anglia","University of Hawaii","Utrecht University","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2018-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean_Solutions_to_Address_Climate_Change_and_Its_Effects_on_Marine_Ecosystems.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1093","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feeding-home-ranges-pacific-coast-feeding-group-gray-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/jwmg.21642","title":"Feeding home ranges of pacific coast feeding group gray whales","description":"There is a lack of detailed information about the range and habitat use of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) during their seasonal occupation off the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coast from northern California to southeast Alaska, USA. These data are important for management because of anthropogenic pressures (e.g., indigenous harvesting, fishing gear entanglements, ship strikes, naval exercises, siting of marine renewable energy facilities). We applied satellite tags to 35 gray whales in the eastern north Pacific (ENP) off the coasts of Oregon and northern California from September to December 2009, 2012, and 2013. These whales are members of the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG), a subset of gray whales in the ENP that feed off the PNW, during summer and fall. Tracking periods for the satellite\u2010tagged whales in this study ranged from 3 days to 383 days. We applied a Bayesian switching state\u2010space model (SSSM) to locations for each whale track to provide a regularized track with 2 estimated locations per day and associated movement behavior (either transiting or area\u2010restricted searching [ARS]). We isolated the portion of the SSSM track in the feeding area for each whale by removing all southward and northward migration locations. We calculated home ranges (90% isopleths) and core areas (50% isopleths) for these non\u2010migrating, feeding\u2010area tracks with \u0026gt;50 SSSM locations using local convex hull utilization distributions. Feeding\u2010area home ranges for the resulting 23 whales covered most of the near\u2010shore waters from northern California to Icy Bay, Alaska, and ranged in size from 81\u2009km2 to 13,634\u2009km2. Core areas varied widely in size (11\u20133,976\u2009km2) and location between individuals, with the highest\u2010use areas off Point St. George in northern California, the central coast of Oregon, and the southern coast of Washington, USA. Nearshore waters off Point St. George were a hot spot for whales in the PCFG in late fall, close to where most of the whales were tagged; 19 whales had overlapping home ranges and 15 whales had overlapping core areas there. One whale, a male tracked for 383 days, did not migrate, spending the entire winter off Point St. George and the California\u2010Oregon border. Residence times (portions of the track with a minimum of 3 successive locations in ARS behavioral mode) ranged from 1 day to 142.5 days; 19 whales had residencies \u0026gt;30 days in some areas. Because most of the whales in this study were tagged in the fall in the southern portion of the feeding area, off northern California, results are weighted toward fall and winter movements. Although some whales were tracked into the spring and summer, additional tagging earlier in the year and in more northerly locations would provide an even clearer picture of gray whale use of feeding areas in the PNW. Nevertheless, these results constitute valuable information about high\u2010use areas for gray whales in this region, providing baseline home range data for future comparisons with regard to year\u2010to\u2010year variability, potential responses to climate change, and exposure to anthropogenic activities in the marine environment.","author":["Lagerquist, B.","Palacios, D.","Winsor, M.","Irvine, L.","Follett, T.","Mate, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.177209000000","-124.373759000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Feeding-home-ranges-of-pacific-coast-feeding-group-gray-whales.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1094","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainably-reconciling-offshore-renewable-energy-natura-2000-sites-interim-adaptive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.02.007","title":"Sustainably reconciling offshore renewable energy with Natura 2000 sites: An interim adaptive management framework","description":"The nascent nature of offshore renewable energy (ORE) technologies coupled with the existence of considerable data gaps and uncertainty on the receiving marine environment demands a paradigm shift in our approach to assessing and managing the impacts of the ORE sector on marine Natura 2000 sites. This paper investigates how the ecosystem-based principles of resilience and adaptive management can be best applied under the appropriate assessment process of the Habitats Directive to reconcile the increasing demand for offshore renewables and biodiversity conservation. In so doing, it challenges the strict interpretation of the precautionary principle which has been crystallised by the EU judiciary under the regime of Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive and suggests embracing adaptive management as a better methodology to enhance the outcomes of the appropriate assessment in the face of uncertain impacts on Natura 2000 sites and their qualifying features. The aim of this study is solution-based: it seeks to improve the implementation of the assessment procedure of the Habitats Directive before it truly becomes an \u2018obstacle course\u2019 for offshore renewable energy developers.","author":["Le Li\u00e8vre, C."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1096","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-noise-exposure-criteria-updated-scientific-recommendations-residual","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/45_2_southall.pdf","title":"Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Updated Scientific Recommendations for Residual Hearing Effects","description":"This article evaluates Southall et al. (2007) in light of subsequent scientific findings and proposes revised noise exposure criteria to predict the onset of auditory effects in marine mammals. Estimated audiograms, weighting functions, and underwater noise exposure criteria for temporary and permanent auditory effects of noise are presented for six species groupings, including all marine mammal species. In-air criteria are also provided for amphibious species. Earlier marine mammal hearing groupings were reviewed and modified based on phylogenetic relationships and a comprehensive review of studies on hearing, auditory anatomy, and sound production. Auditory weighting functions are derived for each group; those proposed here are less flattened and closer to audiograms than the Southall et al. M-weightings. As in Southall et al., noise sources are categorized as either impulsive or non-impulsive, and criteria use multiple exposure metrics to account for different aspects of exposure. For continuous (non-impulsive) noise sources, exposure criteria are given in frequency-weighted sound exposure level (SEL, given in units relative to 1 \u03bcPa2-s or (20 \u03bcPa2)-s for water and air, respectively). Dual exposure metrics are provided for impulsive noise criteria, including frequency-weighted SEL and unweighted peak sound pressure level (SPL, given in units relative to 1 \u03bcPa or 20 \u03bcPa for water and air, respectively). Exposures exceeding the specified respective criteria level for any exposure metric are interpreted as resulting in predicted temporary threshold shift (TTS) or permanent threshold shift (PTS) onset. Scientific findings in the last decade provide substantial new insight but also underscore remaining challenges in deriving simple, broadly applicable quantitative exposure criteria for such diverse taxa. These criteria should be considered with regard to relevant caveats, recommended research, and with the expectation of subsequent revision.","author":["Southall, B.","Finneran, J.","Reichmuth, C.","Nachtigall, P.","Ketten, D.","Bowles, A.","Ellison, W.","Nowacek, D.","Tyack, P."],"organization":["Southhall Environmental Associates, Inc.","University of California Santa Cruz","Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center","University of Hawaii","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Harvard University","Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute","Marine Acoustics Inc","Duke University","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2019-03-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Southall-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1097","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-environments-challenges-integrated-management-multi-use-settings","sourceURL":"https:\/\/erda-rte.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/Principles_of_env_policy_2018.pdf","title":"Coastal Environments \u2014 Challenges for Integrated Management in Multi-use Settings","description":"This chapter examines a range of contemporary issues relating to coastal management, and the challenge of delivering sustainable development of coastal and marine resources. While the geographic focus is European, literature from other regions of the globe is incorporated within the chapter sections. Indeed, many of the coastal issues addressed in this chapter are not specific to Europe\u2019s coastal domain; therefore, the content is applicable to many coastal locations outside of Europe. Within this chapter, coastal environments (including the marine component) are presented in terms of their socio-environmental character, how they are managed, salient issues and challenges, and associated management responses, and finally an examination of the outlook for the management of coastal environments is provided. Case study material is used to communicate contemporary approaches to integrated management of coastal environments.","author":["O\u0027Mahony, C.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Gault, J.","Falaleeva, M."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2018-12-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1099","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-wave-energy-propagation-patterns-western-black-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/8\/6\/993","title":"Study of the Wave Energy Propagation Patterns in the Western Black Sea","description":"The most relevant patterns of the wave energy propagation in the western side of the Black Sea were assessed in the present work. The emphasis was put on the western side because this is also the most energetic part of the Black Sea. The assessments performed relate some recent results provided by a numerical wave modeling system based on the spectrum concept. The SWAN model (acronym for Simulating Waves Nearshore) was considered. This was implemented over the entire sea basin and focused with increasing resolution in the geographical space towards the Romanian nearshore. Furthermore, some data assimilation techniques have also been implemented, such that the results provided are accurate and reliable. Special attention was paid to the high, but not extreme, winter wave energy conditions. The cases considered are focused on the coastal waves generated by distant storms, which means the local wind has not very high values in the targeted areas. This also takes into account the fact that the configuration of the environmental matrix in the Black Sea is currently subjected to significant changes mainly due to the climate change. From this perspective, the present work illustrates some of the most recent patterns of wave energy propagation in the western side of the Black Sea, considering eight different SWAN computational domains. According to most of the recent evaluations, the nearshore of the Black Sea is characterized by an average wave power lower than 6 kW\/m. The results of the present work show that there is a real tendency of the wave energy enhancement. This tendency, especially concerns the western side of the basin, where in the high conditions considered, values of the wave power about 10 times greater than the average have been noticed.","author":["Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.382109800000","28.204289600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Study-of-the-Wave-Energy-Propagation-Patterns-in-the-Western-Black-Sea.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1103","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-geography-variable-renewable-energy-impacts-trade-formulations-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032119301194?via%3Dihub","title":"The economic geography of variable renewable energy and impacts of trade formulations for renewable mandates","description":"This paper examines electricity market responses to flexibility provisions in prospective renewable energy mandates and the geographical incidence of impacts. Using an integrated model of electric sector investments and operations with detailed spatial and temporal resolutions, the analysis demonstrates how renewable mandate trade formulations for electricity and renewable energy certificates can materially impact power sector outcomes like capacity planning decisions, compliance costs, CO2 emissions, and the regional distribution of renewable development. There are substantial welfare gains, up to $84 billion in present value terms through 2050, from inter-regional electricity and permit trade (and costs of market fragmentation), but the degree and direction of impact depend on region-specific considerations. Allowing permit trade encourages greater deployment of wind and solar in regions with favorable investment environments and resources, but renewable capacity additions are appreciable in all regions since diminishing marginal returns and transmission constraints limit the benefits of overdevelopment in any single region. Model results suggest that regions will likely find it beneficial to generate at least half of their renewable mandate compliance obligations through in-state resources and that most of the economic benefits from inter-regional REC exchange can be captured with a relatively modest amount of trading flexibility. Trade flexibility is shown to have minimal impacts on CO2 emissions leakage nationally.","author":["Bistline, J.","Santen, N.","Young, D."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1104","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/where-decibels-hit-water-perspectives-application-science-real-world-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acousticstoday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/Decibels.pdf","title":"Where the Decibels Hit the Water: Perspectives on the Application of Science to Real-World Underwater Noise and Marine Protected Species Issues","description":"Understanding the potential impacts of man-made underwater sound on the marine environment is a complicated and often controversial issue. Working as a scientist for over eight years at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a US federal agency, has afforded me a unique perspective on the importance and challenges of applying science to real-world issues associated with underwater noise and marine protected species. This article shares and highlights some of those aspects.","author":["Scholik-Schlomer, A."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scholik-Schlomer-2015-Decibels.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1106","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-minke-whales-balaenoptera-acutorostrata-experimental-fishing-gear","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S002209811100517X","title":"Behavioral responses of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) to experimental fishing gear in a coastal environment","description":"Whale entanglement in fishing gear is a global problem, and underwater ropes associated with this gear are often the cause of injuries that can lead to fatalities. Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are especially at risk because they are relatively small, widely distributed, and often occur in coastal habitats where many types of fishing gear are deployed. It is unknown whether minke whales can detect and avoid ropes associated with fishing gear. To address this question we conducted a series of field experiments to measure behavioral responses of nearshore minke whales to underwater ropes simulating crab and whelk fishing gear. We also investigated correlations between whale behaviors and specific environmental variables. Our methods involved both visual and acoustic monitoring of whale behaviors near experimental ropes and buoys of different colors. A remote sensing system was also used to simultaneously monitor oceanographic conditions, record underwater sounds, and capture underwater video of whales swimming near ropes. Minke whales (N\u00a0=\u00a042) decreased their swimming velocity and altered their bearing when passing near experimental ropes, especially during trials with white and black ropes. Some minkes (N\u00a0=\u00a07) also altered their underwater swimming trajectories when passing near ropes, and often appeared to produce low-frequency vocalizations. Collectively this information provides strong evidence that minke whales detect and react behaviorally to the presence of underwater ropes that simulate fishing gear in nearshore areas. We hypothesize that visual and perhaps passive acoustic sensory abilities may be the mechanisms behind these rope avoidance behaviors. We recommend that high contrast ropes (white and black) be used with fishing gear in coastal areas to help minimize entanglements of minke and perhaps other whale species.","author":["Kot, B.","Sears, R.","Nowacek, D.","Anis, A.","Gedamke, J.","Marshall, C."],"organization":["Texas A\u0026M University","Duke University","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.238295300000","-64.277067300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1107","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-potential-impacts-energized-submarine-power-cables-crab-harvests","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434317301759","title":"Assessing potential impacts of energized submarine power cables on crab harvests","description":"Offshore renewable energy facilities transmit electricity to shore through submarine power cables. Electromagnetic field emissions (EMFs) are generated from the transmission of electricity through these cables, such as the AC inter-array (between unit) and AC export (to shore) cables often used in offshore energy production. The EMF has both an electric component and a magnetic component. While sheathing can block the direct electric field, the magnetic field is not blocked. A concern raised by fishermen on the Pacific Coast of North America is that commercially important Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister Dana, 1852)) might not cross over an energized submarine power cable to enter a baited crab trap, thus potentially reducing their catch. The presence of operating energized cables off southern California and in Puget Sound (cables that are comparable to those within the arrays of existing offshore wind energy devices) allowed us to conduct experiments on how energized power cables might affect the harvesting of both M. magister and another commercially important crab species, Cancer productus Randall, 1839. In this study we tested the questions: 1) Is the catchability of crabs reduced if these animals must traverse an energized power cable to enter a trap and 2) if crabs preferentially do not cross an energized cable, is it the cable structure or the EMF emitted from that cable that deters crabs from crossing? In field experiments off southern California and in Puget Sound, crabs were given a choice of walking over an energized power cable to a baited trap or walking directly away from that cable to a second baited trap. Based on our research we found no evidence that the EMF emitted by energized submarine power cables influenced the catchability of these two species of commercially important crabs. In addition, there was no difference in the crabs\u2019 responses to lightly buried versus unburied cables. We did observe that, regardless of the position of the cable, Cancer productus in southern California tended to move to the west and Metacarcinus magister tended to move to the east.","author":["Love, M.","Nishimoto, M.","Clark, S.","McCrea, M.","Bull, A."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.429194000000","-120.584969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1109","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rite-monitoring-environmental-effects-rmee-reports-draft-ver-mar-2016-rite-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1327331","title":"RITE Monitoring of Environmental Effects (RMEE) Reports (DRAFT ver. Mar 2016) RITE Project (FERC No. P-12611)","description":"2015 Annual Report - Monitoring of Rare, Threatened and Endangered (RTE) Species   Verdant Power hereby submits this 2015 annual report in accordance with Article 401 - Commission Approval, Notification, and Filing of Amendments of the above captioned FERC Pilot Project License for the RITE Project and NYSDEC WQC permit condition 14:  WQC Condition 14. Monitoring Rare, Threatened, and Endangered Species  Upon FERC License issuance, the licensee shall continue to monitor for rare, threatened and endangered species in the project area. The permittee shall submit annual reports by February 15 of each year. The report shall include, at a minimum:  1) a list of any rare, threatened, or endangered species observed at the project over the previous year;  2) the date, time, and duration the species was present in the project area;  3) a discussion of whether the installed project or any project features appeared to be impacting the observed species;  4) information on any actions taken or proposed by the permittee to limit impacts on those species. FERC further requires that the report be filed with the Commission incorporating comments from relevant agencies.","author":["Smith, R."],"organization":["Verdant Power","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.763909600000","-73.947136700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1110","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-finances-feasibility-concerns-about-tidal-energy-development-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2019.02.024","title":"Fish, finances, and feasibility: Concerns about tidal energy development in the United States","description":"This article explores stakeholder views on tidal energy in the state of Washington. Through compiling and analyzing three qualitative datasets, we take a triangulated approach to better understand stakeholders\u2019 positive and negative views, concerns, and needs regarding tidal energy and if and how these are represented through print and online news sources. We analyzed comments submitted during the permitting process for the Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project, comments included as part of a tidal energy mail survey sent to Washington residents, and media articles about tidal energy. We found four types of concern themes within negative views towards tidal energy: environmental, social, economic, and technical. Shared concerns between organized stakeholder groups and resident stakeholders about the project and tidal energy in general included concerns related to the harm to marine life, the loss of native fishing rights, expensiveness of development, increased electricity costs, and the engineering challenge of developing tidal energy. Concerns unique to stakeholder groups for the project included threats from scaling up, issues related to public safety and security, damage to cables, inability to stop the turbine, harm to terrestrial flora, and sediment disruption and contamination. Positive views were commonly associated with the need to address environmental issues, technological innovation and leadership, desire to have a diverse energy portfolio, and economic benefits.","author":["Dreyer, S.","Beaver, E.","Polis, H.","Jenkins, L."],"organization":["University of Washington","Arizona State University"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.060068700000","-122.775986700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1112","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-sound-field-impact-pile-driving-its-potential-effects-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acousticstoday.org\/the-underwater-sound-field-from-impact-pile-driving-and-its-potential-effects-on-marine-life-peter-h-dahl-christ-a-f-de-jong-and-arthur-n-popper\/","title":"The Underwater Sound Field from Impact Pile Driving and Its Potential Effects on Marine Life","description":"Impact pile driving is a method used to install piles for marine and inland water construction projects using high-energy impact hammers. The installation of hollow steel piles in this manner can produce extremely high sound levels in the surrounding waters (as well as in the air). Given the large-scale development of offshore wind in European waters and plans for such development in US waters, along with an increasing need for upgrades in the in-water infrastructure, there is a growing concern about the potential effect of construction-related underwater sounds on marine mammal and fish populations.","author":["Dahl, P.","de Jong, C.","Popper, A."],"organization":["University of Washington","TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1113","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-exposure-pile-driving-sounds-fish-inner-ear-tissues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpa.2013.07.008","title":"Effects of exposure to pile driving sounds on fish inner ear tissues","description":"Impulsive pile driving sound can cause injury to fishes, but no studies to date have examined whether such injuries include damage to sensory hair cells in the ear. Possible effects on hair cells were tested using a specially designed wave tube to expose two species, hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops \u00d7 striped bass Morone saxatilis) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), to pile driving sounds. Fish were exposed to 960 pile driving strikes at one of three treatment levels: 216, 213, or 210 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2\u00b7s cumulative Sound Exposure Level. Both hybrid striped bass and tilapia exhibited barotraumas such as swim bladder ruptures, herniations, and hematomas to several organs. Hybrid striped bass exposed to the highest sound level had significant numbers of damaged hair cells, while no damage was found when fish were exposed at lower sound levels. Considerable hair cell damage was found in only one out of 11 tilapia specimens exposed at the highest sound level. Results suggest that impulsive sounds such as from pile driving may have a more significant effect on the swim bladders and surrounding organs than on the inner ears of fishes, at least at the sound exposure levels used in this study.","author":["Casper, B.","Smith, M.","Halvorsen, M.","Sun, H.","Carlson, T.","Popper, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1114","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-fish-bioacoustics-impacts-anthropogenic-sounds-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jfb.13948","title":"An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes","description":"Fishes use a variety of sensory systems to learn about their environments and to communicate. Of the various senses, hearing plays a particularly important role for fishes in providing information, often from great distances, from all around these animals. This information is in all three spatial dimensions, often overcoming the limitations of other senses such as vision, touch, taste and smell. Sound is used for communication between fishes, mating behaviour, the detection of prey and predators, orientation and migration and habitat selection. Thus, anything that interferes with the ability of a fish to detect and respond to biologically relevant sounds can decrease survival and fitness of individuals and populations.  Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a growing increase in the noise that humans put into the water. These anthropogenic sounds are from a wide range of sources that include shipping, sonars, construction activities (e.g., wind farms, harbours), trawling, dredging and exploration for oil and gas. Anthropogenic sounds may be sufficiently intense to result in death or mortal injury. However, anthropogenic sounds at lower levels may result in temporary hearing impairment, physiological changes including stress effects, changes in behaviour or the masking of biologically important sounds.  The intent of this paper is to review the potential effects of anthropogenic sounds upon fishes, the potential consequences for populations and ecosystems and the need to develop sound exposure criteria and relevant regulations. However, assuming that many readers may not have a background in fish bioacoustics, the paper first provides information on underwater acoustics, with a focus on introducing the very important concept of particle motion, the primary acoustic stimulus for all fishes, including elasmobranchs. The paper then provides background material on fish hearing, sound production and acoustic behaviour. This is followed by an overview of what is known about effects of anthropogenic sounds on fishes and considers the current guidelines and criteria being used world\u2010wide to assess potential effects on fishes.  Most importantly, the paper provides the most complete summary of the effects of anthropogenic noise on fishes to date. It is also made clear that there are currently so many information gaps that it is almost impossible to reach clear conclusions on the nature and levels of anthropogenic sounds that have potential to cause changes in animal behaviour, or even result in physical harm. Further research is required on the responses of a range of fish species to different sound sources, under different conditions. There is a need both to examine the immediate effects of sound exposure and the longer\u2010term effects, in terms of fitness and likely impacts upon populations.","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2019-03-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/An-overview-of-fish-bioacoustics-and-the-impacts-of-anthropogenic-sounds-on-fishes.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1115","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interaction-between-hydrokinetic-turbine-wakes-sediment-dynamics-array-performance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148119301533","title":"Interaction between hydrokinetic turbine wakes and sediment dynamics: array performance and geomorphic effects under different siting strategies and sediment transport conditions","description":"In-stream hydrokinetic energy conversion devices can be deployed in large scale rivers to produce energy with minimal infrastructure costs. They are however shown to actively interact with the channel bathymetry and sediment transport generating a scour and deposition pattern similar to bridge pier. Symmetric, streamwise, aligned turbine installations have shown to introduce only local effects, yet complex configurations may trigger non-local morphodynamic instabilities. Experimental investigations, based on continuous spatio-temporal measurements of bed topography, explore a number of inflow conditions and siting strategies for axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine models. Results show that asymmetric turbine installations in a portion of the channel cross section may introduce weak non-local deformation of the mean bed topography and alter bedform migration velocities. Geomorphic effects become stronger with increasing shear stress and with rotors deployed up to half of the channel width, resulting in mean flow distortion within the channel cross section and inducing an alternating scour-deposition pattern resembling the signature of steady, forced fluvial bars. Non-local effects can be mitigated, narrowing the turbine array, or amplified, distributing turbines in a vane-like installation, leading to different estimates of energy production averaged at the power plant scale. A discussion on the key quantities governing geomorphic effects and the potential benefits of asymmetric turbine deployments is provided as a preliminary guideline towards the expansion of Marine Hydrokinetic energy in rivers.","author":["Musa, M.","Hill, C.","Guala, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota","University of Minnesota Duluth"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.982523000000","-93.255011000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1116","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/performance-resilience-hydrokinetic-turbine-arrays-under-large-migrating-fluvial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41560-018-0218-9","title":"Performance and resilience of hydrokinetic turbine arrays under large migrating fluvial bedforms","description":"The deployment of in-stream flow-energy converters in rivers is an opportunity to expand the renewable energy portfolio and limit carbon emissions. Device performance and lifetime, environmental conservation, and the safety of fluvial communities against flood events, however, present unresolved challenges. In particular, we need to understand how multiple submerged hydrokinetic turbines interact with the sediment bed and whether existing technologies can be deployed in morphodynamically active natural rivers. Here, we present a scaled demonstration of a hydrokinetic turbine power plant deployed in a quasi-field-scale channel with sediment transport and migrating bedforms. We measure high-frequency sediment flux, the spatiotemporally resolved bathymetry and the turbine model performance. We find that with opportune siting, kinetic energy can be extracted efficiently without compromising the geomorphic equilibrium of the river and the structural safety of the turbine foundation, even in the presence of large migrating dunes, thus paving the way for harnessing sustainable and renewable energy in rivers.","author":["Musa, M.","Hill, C.","Sotiropoulos, F.","Guala, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota","University of Washington","Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Stony Brook University"],"originationDate":"2018-07-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.982520000000","-93.255043000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1117","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/localised-anthropogenic-wake-generates-predictable-foraging-hotspot-top-predators","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-019-0364-z#Abs1","title":"Localised anthropogenic wake generates a predictable foraging hotspot for top predators","description":"With rapid expansion of offshore renewables, a broader perspective on their ecological implications is timely to predict marine predator responses to environmental change. Strong currents interacting with man-made structures can generate complex three-dimensional wakes that can make prey more accessible. Whether localised wakes from man-made structures can generate predictable foraging hotspots for top predators is unknown. Here we address this question by quantifying the relative use of an anthropogenically-generated wake by surface foraging seabirds, verified using drone transects and hydroacoustics. We show that the wake of a tidal energy structure promotes a localised and persistent foraging hotspot, with seabird numbers greatly exceeding those at adjacent natural wake features. The wake mixes material throughout the water column, potentially acting like a prey conveyer belt. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying the physical scales and mechanisms underlying predator hotspot formation when assessing the ecological consequences of installing or removing anthropogenic structures.","author":["Lieber, L.","Nimmo-Smith, W.","Waggitt, J.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queens University","University of Plymouth","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2019-04-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.367579000000","-5.544616000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Attraction","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lieber-2019-Localised.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1120","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modelling-effect-hydro-kinetic-turbines-transport-sediments-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.matec-conferences.org\/articles\/matecconf\/abs\/2019\/10\/matecconf_cifma2019_05003\/matecconf_cifma2019_05003.html","title":"Numerical modelling of the effect of the hydro-kinetic turbines on the transport of sediments - Application to the Rhone site.","description":"Interest in electricity generation from low carbon technologies and renewable energy has become recently the most discussed concern. The need of sustainable, predictable energy generation has led in recent years to the development of Stream Turbines (ST) and has become a near reality, to reach 20% from the total energy production in France on 2020. Determining the impact of ST on their environment is becoming a significant interest nowadays. Regional modeling with a representation of the turbines\u2019 array with bed friction or momentum sink approach were proposed to quantify the impacts far away from the turbines. Sanchez and al. (2014) have studied the flow changes around a farm of stream turbines operated in Ria de Ortigueira. They concluded that the flow modifications were concentrated at local scale. While Fairley and al. (2015) found that, a farm of ST does not have remarkable effects on the baseline morphodynamics of sandbanks at regional scale. The energy extracted by the turbine will alter the hydrodynamics of the stream by increasing or reducing the friction in areas around the turbines. The present contribution investigates further the impact of the deployment of riverine turbines on the variation of the sandy bed at local scale. The aim is to provide prediction of the evolution caused by multiple stream turbines.  The first part of study is dedicated to represent the turbine, by a momentum source, without the sandy bed, using first the Actuator Disk, then the Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) to determine the effects of hydrodynamic blades efforts (Shives et al.2016). The second part is dedicated to study the transport of sands affected by the turbine. The mixture of water and sediment is modeled by an Euler-Euler two-phase flow approach (Zhen Cheng et al. 2016), it involves one phase as a granular phase which is treated as a continuum one such as the sediment phase. The open source CFD software package OpenFOAM (Field Operation And Manipulation) is used in this study. The numerical results are validated with experimental measures of Mycek and al. 2014 for the BEMT (figure I), and with Pham Van Bang et al. 2006\u2019s measures for sedimentation processes (figure II).  In terms of perspectives, the validated models have been used to study the evolution of the bed level and the dynamic processes of sedimentation near an optimized farm of turbines.","author":["Khaled, F.","Guillou, S.","Hadri, F.","Mear, Y."],"organization":["University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN)","Versailles Systems Engineering Laboratory (LISV) of the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin"],"originationDate":"2019-01-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.533454000000","4.723168000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Numerical-modelling-of-the-effect-of-the-hyrdo-kinetic-turbines-on-the-transport-of-sediments-Application-to-the-Rhone-site.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1122","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/toward-common-understanding-ocean-multi-use","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00165\/full","title":"Toward a Common Understanding of Ocean Multi-Use","description":"The \u201copen ocean\u201d has become a highly contested space as coastal populations and maritime uses soared in abundance and intensity over the last decades. Changing marine utilization patterns represent a considerable challenge to society and governments. Maritime spatial planning has emerged as one tool to manage conflicts between users and achieve societal goals for the use of marine space; however, single-sector management approaches are too often still the norm. The last decades have seen the rise of a new ocean use concept: the joint \u201cmulti-use\u201d of ocean space. This paper aims to explain and refine the concept of ocean multi-use of space by reviewing the development and state of the art of multi-use in Europe and presenting a clear definition and a comprehensive typology for existing multi-use combinations. It builds on the connectivity of uses and users in spatial, temporal, provisional, and functional dimensions as the underlying key characteristic of multi-use dimensions. Combinations of these dimensions yield four distinct types of multi-use with little overlap between them. The diversity of types demonstrates that there is no one-size-fits-all management approach, but rather that adaptive management plans are needed, focusing on achieving the highest societal benefit while minimizing conflicts. This work will help to sharpen, refine and advance the public and academic discourse over marine spatial planning by offering a common framework to planners, researchers and users alike, when discussing multi-use and its management implications.","author":["Schupp, M.","Bocci, M.","Depellegrin, D.","Kafas, A.","Kyriazi, Z.","Lukic, I.","Schultz-Zehden, A.","Krause, G.","Onyango, V.","Buck, B."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","University of Dundee","Thetis SpA","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","Marine Scotland Science","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","SUBMARINER Network for Blue Growth EEIG","University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven"],"originationDate":"2019-04-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1126","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-unsupervised-learning-approach-characterizing-latent-behaviours-accelerometer-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ece3.1914","title":"The Use of an Unsupervised Learning Approach for Characterizing Latent Behaviours in Accelerometer Data","description":"The recent increase in data accuracy from high resolution accelerometers offers substantial potential for improved understanding and prediction of animal movements. However, current approaches used for analysing these multivariable datasets typically require existing knowledge of the behaviors of the animals to inform the behavioral classification process. These methods are thus not well\u2010suited for the many cases where limited knowledge of the different behaviors performed exist. Here, we introduce the use of an unsupervised learning algorithm. To illustrate the method\u0027s capability we analyse data collected using a combination of GPS and Accelerometers on two seabird species: razorbills (Alca torda) and common guillemots (Uria aalge). We applied the unsupervised learning algorithm Expectation Maximization to characterize latent behavioral states both above and below water at both individual and group level. The application of this flexible approach yielded significant new insights into the foraging strategies of the two study species, both above and below the surface of the water. In addition to general behavioral modes such as flying, floating, as well as descending and ascending phases within the water column, this approach allowed an exploration of previously unstudied and important behaviors such as searching and prey chasing\/capture events. We propose that this unsupervised learning approach provides an ideal tool for the systematic analysis of such complex multivariable movement data that are increasingly being obtained with accelerometer tags across species. In particular, we recommend its application in cases where we have limited current knowledge of the behaviors performed and existing supervised learning approaches may have limited utility.","author":["Chimienti, M.","Cornulier, T.","Owen, E.","Bolton, M.","Davies, I.","Travis, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.065000000000","-6.408027300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1127","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-impact-hybrid-marine-farm-operating-close-sardinia-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/7271249","title":"Coastal impact of a hybrid marine farm operating close to the Sardinia Island","description":"The objective of the present work is to evaluate the down wave conditions and the coastal impact induced by a hybrid wave-wind farm that would operate close to the Sardinia Island in the Mediterranean Sea. The target area was selected in the vicinity of Porto Ferro, which is located in the northern part of the island. Considering the most relevant environmental patterns, SWAN model simulations have been performed in order to assess the possible impact of the marine power plant. As regards the hybrid farm considered, it can be mentioned that this is located in the center of the target area and it is developed around some WindFloat offshore wind turbines. Such kind of floating wind turbines are already operational, both in the North Sea and in the Iberian nearshore. For the present study, a number of 11 floating platforms were considered, the spatial configuration of the farm being designed according to the standard prescriptions of the wind turbine manufacturer. Furthermore, a generic wave farm was considered to be implemented over a distance of 3.5 km at about 500 m up wave the wind farm. The most important conclusion coming from the present work is that the future marine power plants, besides extracting renewable energy, can play also an active role in coastal protection.","author":["Onea, F.","Rusu, L."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2015-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.683781000000","8.179579000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1131","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-bird-identification-offshore-wind-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05520-2_9","title":"Automatic Bird Identification for Offshore Wind Farms","description":"There is a need for automatic bird identification system at offshore wind farms in Finland. The developed system should be able to operate from onshore, which is cost-effective in terms of installations and maintenance. Indubitably, a radar is the obvious choice to detect flying birds, but external information is required for actual identification. A conceivable method is to exploit visual camera images. In the proposed system, the radar detects birds and provides the coordinates to camera steering system. The camera steering system tracks the flying birds, thus enabling capturing a series of images. Classification is based on the images, and it is implemented by a small convolutional neural network trained with a deep learning algorithm. We also propose a data augmentation method in which images are rotated and converted in accordance with the desired color temperatures. The final identification is based on a fusion of data provided by the radar and image data. We present the results of the number of correctly identified species based on manually taken images.\n\nBook information listed here.","author":["Niemi, J.","Tanttu, J."],"organization":["Tampere University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2019-03-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.109867800000","24.738510200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 12:14:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1133","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-large-scale-offshore-aerial-survey-using-high-resolution-camera-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05520-2_7","title":"The First Large-Scale Offshore Aerial Survey Using a High-Resolution Camera System","description":"Aerial digital surveying techniques using aircraft flying at significantly higher and safer altitudes than observer-based aerial surveys have become a key tool in surveying offshore environments worldwide. In preparation for offshore wind energy development, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) has initiated what is probably the world\u2019s largest (43,500 km2) and highest-resolution offshore aerial survey of marine wildlife. The survey uses ultrahigh-resolution aerial digital imagery captured with the purpose-built camera system \u201cShearwater III\u201d at 1.5 cm ground sampling distance (GSD) from a twin-engine aircraft flying at 415 m. This baseline study using an innovative survey technique will facilitate a more efficient planning of energy production offshore by providing the necessary information to meet regulatory requirements for environmental review of wind energy areas (WEAs). This review includes a high-level summary of methods and highlights the advantages of undertaking the NYSERDA surveys using high-resolution digital aerial techniques.\n\nBook information listed here.","author":["McGovern, S.","Wilmott, J.","Lampman, G.","Pembroke, A.","Warford, S.","Rehfisch, M.","Clough, S."],"organization":["Normandeau Associates Inc","New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)","APEM Ltd"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.220234700000","-73.443817000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 12:14:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1135","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/avoidance-behaviour-migrating-raptors-approaching-offshore-wind-farm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05520-2_3","title":"Avoidance Behaviour of Migrating Raptors Approaching an Offshore Wind Farm","description":"During three seasons, we studied avoidance behaviour of migrating raptors when approaching an offshore wind farm in northern Baltic Sea 20 km from the coast.  From a substation 1.8 km west of the wind farm, we recorded macro, meso and micro avoidance behaviour of individual raptors approaching the wind farm, using a pre-defined protocol. We defined macro avoidance as when the raptor completely avoids entering the wind farm, meso avoidance as a significant change in altitude or direction before arrival and micro avoidance as a sudden change of flight when passing a turbine at close range.  In total, 466 migrating raptors representing 13 species were observed of which 73% representing 9 species showed macro, meso and\/or micro avoidance behaviour.  Macro avoidance was recorded among ten of the species including 59% of red kites, 46% of common kestrels, 42% of sparrowhawks and 30% of honey buzzards. Three quarters of these raptors subsequently left the AOWF in a westerly direction, indicating that they returned to the mainland. The remaining birds flew either north or south parallel to the first row of turbines, suggesting they tried to navigate around the wind farm.  Our study demonstrated a barrier effect from the offshore wind farm influencing the migration of raptors by forcing some birds to use alternative and potentially more risky sea crossings. This may potentially affect survival and fitness of individuals and populations. Accordingly, we recommend that the location of important raptor migration routes is taken into consideration in siting of future offshore wind farms.   Book information can be found here.","author":["Jacobsen, E.","Jensen, F.","Blew, J."],"organization":["BioConsult SH","Orbicon"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.953135600000","10.781719400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Raptors"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:25:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1138","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-ecosystem-approach-assess-impacts-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-05520-2_10","title":"Towards an Ecosystem Approach to Assess the Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Since the beginning of the 2000\u2019, the French government ambition was to have an offshore wind production formed 40% of the renewable electricity in 2030. Three calls tenders of Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) construction have been pronounced since 2011. However, no offshore wind farm (OWF) had been constructed at the end of 2017 due to long administrative procedures and numerous appeals in justice, at French and European levels. Nevertheless, several studies have been enterprised to identify the environmental conditions and ecosystem functioning in selected sites before OWF implantations. However, these studies are generally focused on the conservation of some species or groups of species, and there is no holistic study on the effects of the construction and operation of OWF on an ecosystem taken as a whole. In 2017, a complete and integrated view of the ecosystem of two future OWF sites of the eastern English Channel (Courseulles-sur-Mer and Dieppe-Le Tr\u00e9port) was developed to model the marine ecosystems before OWF implementation and to simulate reef effects due to new spatial occupation of maritime territory. Results contribute to a better knowledge of the impacts of the OWFs on the functioning of marine ecosystems. They also allow to define recommendations for environmental managers and industry in terms of monitoring the effects of marine renewable energy (MRE), not only locally but also on other sites, at national and European levels.\n\nBook information can we found here","author":["Pezy, J.","Raoux, A.","Niquil, N.","Dauvin, J."],"organization":["Normandie Universit\u00e9"],"originationDate":"2019-03-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.802980700000","-4.117743700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 12:14:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1139","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-nearshore-impact-hybrid-wave-wind-energy-farm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ijern.com\/images\/February-2013\/24.pdf","title":"Evaluation of the nearshore impact of a hybrid wave-wind energy farm","description":"The main objective of the present work is to evaluate the coastal impact of a hybrid wave-wind farm that would operate in the Romanian nearshore. The target area was chosen in the proximity of the Danube Delta. The simulations performed with the SWAN spectral model were focused on three main objectives: a) analysis in the geographical space of the influence induced by the hybrid farm; b) variations of the incident wave field on the contact with the wave-wind configuration line; and c) influence of the hybrid farm on the shoreline dynamics. Finally, it was observed that in the presence of the hybrid wave-wind farm for the average wave conditions the impact in the geographical space is rather insignificant with more significant variations for the nearshore currents, while for the second and more energetic case study the wave fields between the hybrid farm and the shoreline are significantly reduced.","author":["Diaconu, S.","Onea, F.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Diaconu-2013-Hybrid.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1141","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-report-2011-2013","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-monitoring-report-2011-2013","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Report 2011-2013","description":"FORCE is Canada\u0027s leading research centre for the demonstration and evaluation of tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) technology. A key component of FORCE\u0027s mandate is to act as a watchdog regarding the environment. If TISEC technology is to grow to a larger, commercial scale project, development must happen safely. As turbines are deployed in the Minas Passage, FORCE is committed to understanding what effects they have on the environment, and reporting those effects to the public.   This is the second Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) report for the FORCE demonstration project and provides an overview of the EEM studies and projects completed in 2011 to 2013.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.371351000000","-64.403471000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2014-Annual-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1142","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2017","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2017","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2017","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) is Canada\u2019s leading research centre for the demonstration and evaluation of tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) technology. This technology (commonly known as \u201cin-stream tidal turbines\u201d) is part of an emerging sector designed to generate electricity from the ebb and flow of the tide. It also has application in river systems and has the potential to introduce another non-carbon emitting source of electricity to the Nova Scotia electrical grid.   The first demonstration in-stream tidal energy turbine was operational at the FORCE site for a short time in 2009 and removed in 2010. There were no turbines present at FORCE until Cape Sharp Tidal Venture (CSTV) deployed a two-megawatt demonstration turbine in November 2016 and began a commissioning process. In April 2017, CSTV announced the turbine would be disconnected for temporary retrieval; on June 15th , the turbine was retrieved and moved to Saint John, New Brunswick shortly thereafter.  Environmental effects monitoring programs (EEMPs) began at FORCE 2009; to-date, over 90 tidal-related research studies have been completed or are underway with funding from FORCE and the Offshore Energy Research Association.  In 2016\/2017, EEMP work is being conducted with academic and research partners, including the University of Maine, the Sea Mammal Research Unit Consulting (Canada), Envirosphere Consultants, Acadia University, Luna Ocean Consulting, JASCO Applied Scientists, Ocean Sonics, and Nexus Coastal Resource Management.  The following document is a 2017 summary of mid-field monitoring work at the FORCE site that has taken place this year. The 2017 EEM Program has completed approximately: 11 days of lobster surveys using 48 traps, ~ 130 hours of hydro-acoustic fish surveys, 334 days of C-POD data collection resulting in \u0026gt;1,300 \u2018C-POD days,\u2019 16 seabird surveys, bi-weekly beach surveys, and four marine noise surveys. At the start of 2017, monitoring activities took place in relation to an operational turbine and continued throughout 2017 in the absence of a deployed instream tidal turbine. Monitoring is scheduled to continue into 2018. Year 1 reports on fish, marine mammals, and seabirds have undergone review by FORCE\u2019s environmental monitoring advisory committee (EMAC)2 and are included as appendices to this report.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.371351000000","-64.403471000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2017-Annual-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1143","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-macro-economic-benefit-installing-farm-oscillating-water-columns-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/10\/2824","title":"Assessing the Macro-Economic Benefit of Installing a Farm of Oscillating Water Columns in Scotland and Portugal","description":"The nascent wave energy sector has the potential to contribute significantly to global renewables targets, yet at present there are no proven commercially viable technologies. Macro-economic assessment is seldom used to assess wave energy projects, yet can provide insightful information on the wider economic benefits and can be used in conjunction with techno-economic analysis to inform policy makers, investors and funding bodies. Herein, we present a coupled techno\u2013macro-economic model, which is used to assess the macro-economic benefit of installing a 5.25 MW farm of oscillating water column wave energy devices at two locations: Orkney in Scotland and Leixoes in Portugal. Through an input-output analysis, the wide-reaching macro-economic benefit of the prospective projects is highlighted; evidenced by the finding that all 29 industry sectors considered are either directly or indirectly stimulated by the project for both locations. Peak annual employment is expected to be 420 and 190 jobs in Portugal and Scotland respectively during the combined installation and manufacturing stage, with an associated peak annual GVA of over \u20ac16.6 m and \u20ac12.8 m. The discrepancies between the two locations is concluded to largely be a result of the site-specific attributes of the farm locations: specifically, increased water depth and distance to shore for the Portuguese site, resulting in higher costs associated with mooring and electrical cables and vessels. The insights gained through the presented results demonstrate the merit of macro-economic analysis for understanding the wider economic benefit of wave energy projects, while providing an understanding over key physical factors which will dominate estimated effects.","author":["Draycott, S.","Szadkowska, I.","Silva, M.","Ingram, D."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2018-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.182729600000","-8.703423800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Draycottetal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1145","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-acceptance-ocean-wave-energy-case-study-owc-shoreline-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032113004772","title":"Social acceptance of ocean wave energy: A case study of an OWC shoreline plant","description":"Social acceptance, along with technical, economic and legal aspects, is a prerequisite for the successful adoption of renewable energies. Research into the social acceptance of the underlying implementation of different renewable energy technologies, such as grid connected photovoltaic solar, biomass and wind power plants, is increasingly gaining interest. Nevertheless, studies that address the issue of the social acceptance of sea wave energy plants are very rare. This article aims at making a contribution towards filling this gap analyzing the community acceptance of the oscillating water column (OWC) shoreline plant of Mutriku, a facility that has been subject of great interest due to its innovative technical characteristics. This article\u2032s findings emphasize the importance of effective and meaningful social involvement in the successful promotion and diffusion of renewable energy infrastructures such as wave energy plants.","author":["Heras-Saizarbitoria, I.","Zamanillo, I.","Laskurain, I."],"organization":["University of the Basque Country"],"originationDate":"2013-08-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.307097000000","-2.390316000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1146","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-policy-framework-promoting-marine-energy-sector-spain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1063\/1.4938405?class=pdf","title":"A strategic policy framework for promoting the marine energy sector in Spain","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE), which includes wave, tidal, and offshore wind energy, has the potential to make significant contributions towards a sustainable energy future in a number of countries worldwide. One such country is Spain, where MREs are among the largest renewable resources; yet they are not playing their full part in the national energymix. Among other constraints, the lack of a specific policy framework promoting this emerging sector is often pointed to as the main barrier for MRE grid penetration. This paper assesses the Spanish MRE sector, in terms of resource availability, government plans, policyregulations, and projects undertaken, with a view to establish a comparison with the situation in other European countries. In particular, the United Kingdom is used as a case study to analyze ongoing research activities, pilot projects, and lessons learned. As a result, it is found that public funding needs to be increased; the economic crisis should be seen as an opportunity for job creation and industrial development rather than a barrier; administrative procedures must be simplified and cross-national cooperation should be increased. Policies focused on these aspects may contribute to boost the MRE sector in Spain.","author":["Vazquez, S.","Astariz, S.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2015-12-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.437869800000","-3.819620000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vazquezetal2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1147","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-effects-coast-alongshore-position","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969718319326","title":"Wave farm effects on the coast: The alongshore position","description":"For wave energy to become a fully-fledged renewable and thus contribute to the much-needed decarbonisation of the energy mix, the effects of wave farms (arrays of wave energy converters) on coastal systems must be addressed. The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of wave farms on the longshore sediment transport and shoreline evolution of a gravel-dominated beach and, in particular, its sensitivity to the longshore position of the farm based on eight scenarios. Nearshore wave propagation patterns are computed by means of a spectral wave propagation model (SWAN), variations in sediment transport rates induced by the farm are calculated, and a one-line model is applied to determine the shoreline position and dry beach area. The significant wave height at breaking is reduced in the lee of the wave farm, dampening sediment transport. We find that changes in the dry beach area induced by the wave farm are highly sensitive to its alongshore position, and may result in: (i) erosion relative to the baseline scenario (without wave farm) in three of the eight scenarios, (ii) accretion in three other scenarios, and (iii) negligible effects in the remaining two. These results prove that the alongshore position of the wave farm controls the response of the beach to the extent that it may shift from accretionary to erosionary, and provide evidence of its effectiveness in countering erosion if appropriately positioned. This effectiveness opens up the possibility of using wave farms not only to generate carbon-free energy but also to manage coastal erosion, thus strengthening the case for the development of wave energy.","author":["Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Bergillos, R.","Ortega-S\u00e1nchez, M.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Granada"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.709085000000","-3.542666000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1148","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-wave-energy-converter-arrays-wave-induced-forcing-surf-zone","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801818303597","title":"The impact of wave energy converter arrays on wave-induced forcing in the surf zone","description":"An alternative metric for assessing nearshore hydrodynamic impact due to Wave Energy Converter (WEC) arrays is presented that is based on the modeled changes in alongshore radiation stress gradients in the lee of the array. The metric is developed using a previously observed relationship between measured radiation stresses and alongshore current magnitudes. Next, a parametric study is conducted using the spectral model SWAN to analyze the nearshore impact of different WEC array designs. A realistic range of array configurations, locations, and incident wave conditions are examined and conditions that generate alongshore radiation stress gradients exceeding a chosen impact threshold on a uniform beach are identified. Finally, the methodology is applied to two permitted WEC test sites to assess the applicability of the results to sites with more realistic bathymetries. For these sites, the overall trends seen in the changes in wave height, direction, and radiation stress gradients in the lee of the array are similar to those seen in the parametric study. However, interactions between the wave field and real bathymetry induce additional alongshore variability in wave-induced forcing. Results indicate that array-induced changes can exceed the natural variability up to 15% of the time with certain array designs and locations.","author":["O\u0027Dea, A.","Haller, M.","Ozkan-Haller, H."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.684279000000","-124.092341000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1149","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protection-gravel-dominated-coasts-through-wave-farms-layout-shoreline-evolution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969718315110","title":"Protection of gravel-dominated coasts through wave farms: Layout and shoreline evolution","description":"The impacts of wave farms (arrays of wave\u00a0energy converters, or WECs) on the nearshore must be fully understood for wave technology to develop and thus contribute to a sustainable, carbon-free energy mix in the near future. The objective of this work is to investigate the role played by the farm layout on the\u00a0wave propagation\u00a0patterns leewards and the implications for longshore\u00a0sediment transport\u00a0(LST) and\u00a0shoreline evolution\u00a0on a gravel-dominated deltaic coast. Changes in wave propagation in four scenarios, corresponding to as many wave farm layouts, are computed by means of a spectral numerical model (Delft3D-WAVE) under (i) low-energy and storm conditions, and (ii) westerly and\u00a0easterly waves\u00a0- the two prevailing wave directions. On this basis, sediment transport rates are computed and changes in the shoreline position assessed using a one-line model. To quantify the impact of the wave farm on the nearshore wave conditions, sediment transport and shoreline, we define three ad hoc indicators: the non-dimensional wave height reduction, the non-dimensional\u00a0LST\u00a0rate reduction and the non-dimensional shoreline advance.\u00a0Significant wave heightsdecrease in the lee of the wave farm, with the consequent reduction in LST rates. As a result, the dry beach area increases in every scenario under both westerly and easterly waves. We find that case studies with the WECs arranged on fewer rows but covering a greater stretch of coastline provide better\u00a0coastal protection. These results confirm that wave farms can be used not only to generate carbon-free energy but also to protect gravel-dominated coasts.","author":["Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Bergillos, R.","Ortega-S\u00e1nchez, M.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Granada"],"originationDate":"2018-09-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.710874000000","-3.557007000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1150","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-optimum-size-tidal-array-multi-inlet-system-considering-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261918315216","title":"Estimating the optimum size of a tidal array at a multi-inlet system considering environmental and performance constraints","description":"This paper investigates the optimum tidal energy converter array density at a tidal inlet by applying surrogate-based optimisation. The SBO procedure comprises problem formulation, design of experiments, numerical simulations, surrogate model construction and constrained optimisation. This study presents an example for the Faro-Olh\u00e3o Inlet in the Ria Formosa (Portugal), a potential site for tidal in-stream energy extraction. A 35\u202fkW Evopod\u2122 floating tidal energy converter from Oceanflow Energy Ltd. has been used for array size calculations considering two design variables: (1) number of array rows, and (2) number of tidal energy converter per row. Arrays up to 13 rows with 6\u201311 tidal energy converters each are studied to assess their impacts on array performance, inlets discharges and bathymetry changes. The analysis identified the positive\/negative feedbacks between the two design variables in real case complex flow fields under variable bathymetry and channel morphology. The non-uniformity of tidal currents along the array region causes the variability of the resource in each row, as well as makes it difficult to predict the resultant array configuration interactions. Four different multi-objective optimisation models are formulated subject to a set of performance and environmental constraints. Results from the optimisation models imply that the largest array size that meets the environmental constraints is made of 5 rows with 6 tidal energy converter each and an overall capacity factor of 11.6% resulting in an energy production of 1.01 GWh year\u22121. On the other hand, a higher energy production (1.20 GWh year\u22121) is achieved by an optimum array configuration, made of 3 rows with 10 tidal energy converters per row, which maximises power output satisfying environmental and performance restrictions. This optimal configuration permits a good level of energy extraction while having a reduced effect on the hydrodynamic functioning of the multi-inlet system. These results prove the suitability and the potential wide use of the surrogate-based optimisation method to define array characteristics that enhance power production and at the same time respect the environmental surrounding conditions.","author":["Gonz\u00e1lez-Gorbe\u00f1a, E.","Pacheco, A.","Plomaritis, T.","Ferreira, O.","Sequeira, C."],"organization":["University of Algarve","University of Cadiz"],"originationDate":"2018-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.018515000000","-8.002957000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1151","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-2018-annual-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2018","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program 2018 Annual Report","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) is Canada\u2019s leading research centre for the demonstration and evaluation of in-stream tidal energy devices. The technology is part of an emerging sector designed to generate electricity from the ebb and flow of the tides that is being explored in countries throughout the world.\n\nFORCE was established in 2009 after undergoing a joint federal-provincial environmental assessment with the mandate to enable the testing and demonstration of these devices. Since that time, more than 100 related research studies have been completed or are underway with funding from FORCE, the Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia, and others. These studies have considered socio-economics, biological, and other research areas.\n\nThe latest monitoring programs at the FORCE site were initiated in 2016 in anticipation of turbine deployments by one of FORCE\u2019s \u2018berth holders\u2019, Cape Sharp Tidal Venture (CSTV) in 2016. These efforts are divided into two components: mid-field (i.e., 100 m or greater from a turbine) monitoring activities led by FORCE, and near-field (i.e., less than 100 m from a turbine) or \u2018turbine-specific\u2019 monitoring led by individual tidal energy developers or \u2018berth holders\u2019 at the FORCE site. All plans are reviewed by FORCE\u2019s independent Environmental Monitoring Advisory Committee and federal and provincial regulators prior to implementation.\n\nMid-field monitoring at the FORCE site presently consists of monitoring for fish, marine mammals, seabirds, lobster, and marine sound. Since the commencement of this latest monitoring effort in 2016, FORCE has completed:\n\n\u2022 ~408 hours of hydroacoustic fish surveys; \u2022 more than 2,600 \u2018C-POD\u2019 marine mammal monitoring days; \u2022 bi-weekly shoreline observations; \u2022 42 observational seabird surveys; \u2022 four drifting marine sound surveys and additional sound monitoring; and \u2022 11 days of lobster surveys.\n\nIn July 2018, CSTV installed a two-megawatt OpenHydro turbine at \u2018Berth D\u2019 of the FORCE site. Due to the insolvency of OpenHydro, announced four days after turbine installation, the approved near-field monitoring program and contingency monitoring program for this turbine could not be initiated. Efforts were taken to monitor the turbine in the interim, with a focus on fish and marine mammals, until the turbine was re-energized on September 4th, 2018. At that time, it was confirmed that the turbine\u2019s rotor was not turning, and the turbine-mounted monitoring sensors were re-energized (with the exception of one non-functioning hydrophone).\n\nAs a result of the status of the turbine\u2019s rotor, the monitoring requirements and reporting timelines approved as part of CSTV\u2019s authorization from Fisheries and Oceans Canada were subsequently modified to monthly confirmation of the turbine rotor\u2019s status. This is done through data collected from turbine-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers during peak 2 tidal flow. Data from other operating turbine-mounted sensors are being used by FORCE and its partners to inform research objectives.\n\nFurther information regarding the turbine\u2019s status, CSTV project updates, and contingency monitoring efforts, is included in this report and Appendix 1.\n\nThis Annual Report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analysis completed at the FORCE site throughout 2018. In addition, it also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work of FORCE and its partners. This includes supporting fish tagging efforts with Acadia University and the Ocean Tracking Network, radar research projects, and subsea instrumentation platform deployments through the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) Program. Finally, the report presents details regarding future research and monitoring efforts at the FORCE test site.\n\nAll reports, including quarterly monitoring summaries, are available online at www.fundyforce.ca\/environment.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.692324400000","-66.681345500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 06:16:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2018-Annual-Monitoring_report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-ocean-sprawl-ecological-connectivity-impacts-solutions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098117300618","title":"Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: impacts and solutions","description":"The growing number of artificial structures in estuarine, coastal and marine environments is causing \u201cocean sprawl\u201d. Artificial structures do not only modify marine and coastal ecosystems at the sites of their placement, but may also produce larger-scale impacts through their alteration of ecological connectivity - the movement of organisms, materials and energy between habitat units within seascapes. Despite the growing awareness of the capacity of ocean sprawl to influence ecological connectivity, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how artificial structures modify ecological connectivity in near- and off-shore environments, and when and where their effects on connectivity are greatest.We reviewthe mechanisms bywhich ocean sprawl maymodify ecological connectivity, including trophic connectivity associated with the flow of nutrients and resources. We also review demonstrated, inferred and likely ecological impacts of such changes to connectivity, at scales from genes to ecosystems, and potential strategies of management for mitigating these effects. Ocean sprawl may alter connectivity by: (1) creating barriers to the movement of some organisms and resources - by adding physical barriers or by modifying and fragmenting habitats; (2) introducing new structural material that acts as a conduit for themovement of other organisms or resources across the landscape; and (3) altering trophic connectivity. Changes to connectivitymay, in turn, influence the genetic structure and size of populations, the distribution of species, and community structure and ecological functioning. Twomain approaches to the assessment of ecological connectivity have been taken: (1)measurement of structural connectivity - the configuration of the landscape and habitat patches and their dynamics; and (2) measurement of functional connectivity - the response of organisms or particles to the landscape. Our review reveals the paucity of studies directly addressing the effects of artificial structures on ecological connectivity in the marine environment, particularly at large spatial and temporal scales. With the ongoing development of estuarine andmarine environments, there is a pressing need for additional studies that quantify the effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity.Understanding the mechanisms by which structures modify connectivity is essential if marine spatial planning and ecoengineering are to be effectively utilised to minimise impacts.","author":["Bishop, M.","Mayer-Pinto, M.","Airoldi, L.","Firth, L.","Morris, R.","Loke, L.","Hawkins, S.","Naylor, L.","Coleman, R.","Chee, S.","Dafforn, K."],"organization":["Macquarie University","Sydney Institute of Marine Science","University of New South Wales"],"originationDate":"2017-02-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bishopetal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1153","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/basin-wide-contributions-underwater-soundscape-multiple-seismic-surveys-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X18308154","title":"Basin-wide contributions to the underwater soundscape by multiple seismic surveys with implications for marine mammals in Baffin Bay, Greenland","description":"Seismic surveys increasingly operate in deeper Arctic waters with propagation conditions and marine mammal fauna different from the better-studied temperate, or shallow-water, regions. Using 31 calibrated sound recorders, we quantified noise contributions from four concurrent seismic surveys in Baffin Bay, Greenland, to estimate their potential impacts on marine mammals. The impact was cumulative as the noise level rose in response to the onset of each survey: on a minute-by-minute scale the sound-exposure-levels varied by up to 70\u202fdB (20\u202fdB on average), depending on range to the seismic vessel, local bathymetry effects and interference patterns, representing a significant change in the auditory scene for marine mammals. Airgun pulse energy did not decrease to ambient before arrival of the next pulse leaving very little low-frequency masking-free time. Overall, the measured values matched well with pre-season-modeling, emphasizing the importance of noise-modeling in impact assessments, if responses of focal marine mammals are known.","author":["Kyhn, L.","Wisniewska, D.","Beedholm, K.","Tougaard, J.","Simon, M.","Mosbech, A.","Madsen, P."],"organization":["Aarhus University","Stanford University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["73.926280000000","-62.534180000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-21 10:00:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1154","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-platform-concepts-combining-offshore-wind-energy-fish-farming-freezing-sea-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2704521","title":"Multi-Platform Concepts for Combining Offshore Wind Energy and Fish Farming in Freezing Sea Areas: Case Study in the Gulf of Bothnia","description":"Climate change together with increasing demand for space pose a challenge to energy and food production at sea areas. Co-location of offshore renewable energy production, aquaculture and other blue economy activities can answer the need for more sustainable marine space utilization while reducing and dividing costs of the different activities. This paper presents a case study of a multi-use platform that combines wind energy and fish farming in the Gulf of Bothnia, where the sea freezes every winter. A marine spatial planning (MSP) tool is used to find suitable locations for the multi-use platform with respect to economic potential of energy and nutrient production, structural solutions and environmental impact. The tool is used to visualize site selection criteria based on geographic information system (GIS) data such as seabed data, wind and wave data and ice data as well as protected marine areas. Production potential scenarios for the multi-use platform at different scales are calculated. Synergies of combining offshore wind energy and fish farming are discussed.","author":["Mikkola, E.","Heinonen, J.","Kankainen, M.","Hekkala, T.","Kurkela, J."],"organization":["Natural Resources Institute Finland","VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland"],"originationDate":"2018-06-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.825385700000","16.625226400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1155","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-physiological-effects-pile-driving-noise-marine-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ore.exeter.ac.uk\/repository\/handle\/10871\/36001","title":"The Behavioural and Physiological Effects of Pile-driving Noise on Marine Species","description":"Anthropogenic noise is a recognised pollutant in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Noise levels in the ocean have risen greatly over the past few decades. The principal low-frequency background noise in the oceans is generated by commercial shipping, and can have a profound impact on fitness in a variety of marine species. Additionally, the loud impulsive noise from industrial pile-driving activity is increasingly prevalent in the oceans due to the recent development of offshore windfarms to meet renewable energy targets. Little research has explored the impact that this noise is having on marine species, especially invertebrates. The aim of this thesis is to explore the physiological and behavioural responses of marine species to playback of pile-driving noise, using playback of ambient marine sound as a control. The first study aimed to assess the physiological and behavioural response of the decapod crustacean Carcinus maenas to pile-driving noise playback in experimental tanks. In the physiological experiment, crabs did not significantly differ in their oxygen consumption or haemolymph parameters in response to pile-driving noise and ambient sound. However, in the behavioural feeding experiment, crab behaviour was significantly altered during pile-driving playback, including increased time spent immobile and decreased likelihood to feed. The second study aimed to assess the avoidance behavioural response of marine fish in their natural environment to pile-driving noise playback by use of a baited remote underwater video (BRUV) system coupled with a loudspeaker. Playback of pile-driving noise had a significant effect on the number of pelagic fish species surrounding the BRUV, indicating an avoidance effect. However, playback did not have a significant effect on the number of benthic fish species or species richness. Both these studies demonstrate that pile-driving noise causes behavioural changes in marine species, which could have potential fitness costs. Thus, exploration into ways of mitigating noise impacts when undertaking pile-driving activities in the ocean should be further explored.\n\u00a0","author":["Corbett, W."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2019-02-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.737156900000","-3.543902300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1157","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-mitigation-during-pile-driving-efficiently-reduces-disturbance-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_92","title":"Noise mitigation during pile-driving efficiently reduces disturbance of marine mammals","description":"Acoustic monitoring of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena\u00a0L., 1758) indicated a strongly reduced disturbance by noise emitted by pile driving for offshore wind turbine foundations insulated by a big bubble curtain (BBC). This newly developed noise mitigation system was tested during construction of the offshore wind farm Borkum West II (North Sea). Because porpoise activity strongly corresponded to the sound level, operation of the new system under its most suitable configuration reduced the porpoise disturbance area by ~90%. Hence, for the first time, a positive effect of a noise mitigation system during offshore pile driving on an affected marine mammal species could be demonstrated.","author":["Nehls, G.","Rose, A.","Diederichs, A.","Bellmann, M.","Pehlke, H."],"organization":["Institute of Technical and Applied Physics (itap) GmbH","BioConsult SH"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.681421000000","2.758411000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1158","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-law-policy-bay-fundy-impact-ambiguous-domestic-boundaries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu\/oclj\/vol24\/iss1\/2\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Law and Policy in the Bay of Fundy: The Impact of Ambiguous Domestic Boundaries in Canada on Nova Scotia\u0027s Regulatory Framework","description":"Using a legal history methodology, this paper examines existing marine renewable energy law and policy in Nova Scotia with a focus on its application in the Bay of Fundy. This paper critically assesses the current approach to coastal management in light of recent recommendations summarized in the Fournier report. This paper argues that, despite clear calls to develop integrated ocean management and marine spatial planning in policies and regulations, Canada and Nova Scotia have failed to do so because of unclear federal-provincial boundaries. Ambiguous domestic borders in the Bay of Fundy have been at the source of an overly cautious, issue-driven and jurisdictionally uncertain approach to ocean governance which has permeated marine renewable energy law. This approach is unsuited for today\u0027s environmental objectives and does not hold promise for goals to reconcile competing interests in increasingly industrialised waters. Through a historical account of shifting limits in the Bay of Fundy, this paper connects existing doubts and frictions associated with domestic offshore boundaries to ineffective coastal management in an attempt to renew interest in federal-provincial maritime delimitation.","author":["Salcedo, E."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.021506300000","-67.514263600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Salcedo2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1160","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-resolution-hindcast-sea-level-3d-currents-marine-renewable-energy-applications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118313880","title":"A high-resolution hindcast of sea level and 3D currents for marine renewable energy applications: A case study in the Bay of Biscay","description":"In this work, we develop a high-resolution oceanographic database, suitable for marine renewable energy (MRE) applications. We apply downscaling techniques, using ROMS numerical model, to generate a 29-year (1985\u20132013), high-resolution (325\u202fm), hourly sea level and currents (10 vertical levels) hindcast that reproduces storm surge and astronomical tide dynamics at a MRE test site (BiMEP) in the Bay of Biscay.\nThe results are fully validated using instrumental data. We also analyze the result sensitivity to the open boundary conditions. We find that using boundary conditions from a baroclinic reanalysis, reproducing a wide range of physical processes, does not give more accurate results than a barotropic reanalysis, reproducing storm surge and astronomical tides, the main forcings at the study area. This analysis also leads us to address the importance of the temporal extent in the databases used for MRE applications.\nFinally, the generated hindcast is used to analyze normal and extreme currents and sea level regimes in BiMEP, following the internationally accepted standards for the design of MRE converters. The generated database offers MRE converter developers an alternative to the often-proposed empirical formulae for the definition of the design cases to consider in the loads and safety analysis of their devices.","author":["Chiri, H.","Cid, A.","Abascal, A.","Garcia-Alba, J.","Garcia, A.","Iturrioz, A."],"organization":["University of Cantabria"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.578404100000","6.701414000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1166","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/billia-croo-fisheries-project-final-report-scottish-government","sourceURL":"","title":"Billia Croo Fisheries Project: Final Report to the Scottish Government","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) wave energy converter test site, at Billia Croo, Orkney Islands, is within an area commonly used as a lobster fishery. In summer 2010 a Scottish Government funded project to investigate the possible effects of marine energy converter deployments on resident crustacean species within the area of the EMEC Billia Croo test site was established. This collaborative project, led by EMEC, had scientific input from Herriot Watt University\u2019s International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT) and Seafood Scotland, and industry input from Orkney Fishermen\u2019s Society (OFS) and Orkney Fishermen\u2019s Association (OFA).   The project encompassed two broad aims: firstly, to determine the likely influence of a small-scale refuge area on local lobster population abundance and availability to the fishery; and secondly to explore the potential for using such areas to augment local lobster stocks by using them as nursery grounds for the release of hatchery-reared juveniles. A supplementary aim of the project was to characterise experimental creel catches of all crustacean species in the area in the context of catches experienced by the commercial fishery operating in adjacent areas open to fishing.   The study concludes that the area within the EMEC wave test site at Billia Croo provides suitable feeding and refuge habitat for lobster, and has the potential to act as a nursery area to both the local fishery and to the Orkney Islands as a whole. Continuation of the project will be essential in order to assess the survivability and mobility of juvenile lobster electronically tagged and released during this project. The potential for artificial structures placed on the seabed during development of marine renewable projects to act as juvenile lobster habitat also requires further investigation. Previous sampling of lobster and brown crab landings across Orkney can provide valuable information on catch composition, but data on effort and catch rate are lacking and should be an important component of any future monitoring programme in order to determine stock abundance.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-11-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.960955000000","-3.293149000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-2012-Billia-Croo-Fisheries.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1167","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-statistical-models-baseline-characterization-measuring-change-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/Linder_thesis_2016.pdf","title":"Evaluating Statistical Models for Baseline Characterization and Measuring Change in Environmental Monitoring Data","description":"In Before-After monitoring studies, statistical models are used to characterize baseline (i.e., predisturbance) conditions, and to detect, quantify, and forecast change during operational monitoring (i.e., post-disturbance). To establish best practices for analyzing monitoring data, a model evaluation was developed and applied using Marine Renewable Energy (MRE); a case study of a disturbance with no best practice monitoring methods. The evaluation was performed on normal and non-normal acoustic metrics representative of MRE monitoring data. Evaluated models included: generalized regression models, time series models, and nonparametric models. 10-fold Cross Validation was used to evaluate baseline model fit. Models were then fit to 5 simulated Before-After change scenarios using Intervention Analysis. A power analysis was used to evaluate model ability to detect change. Residual error diagnostics were used to quantify model fit and forecast accuracy. State-space models are recommended for baseline characterization. Deterministic Parametric models are recommended to detect change. Time series and semi-parametric models are recommended to quantify change. Nonparametric models are recommended to forecast change. These recommendations form best practices for analyzing MRE monitoring data, which enables comparisons among MRE sites and reduces uncertainty in environmental effects. The evaluation approach is applicable to any monitoring program.","author":["Linder, H."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.145524000000","-122.694783000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1168","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-scenario-analysis-holistic-stakeholder-considerations-sustainable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/UWMastersThesis_Tidal_Energy_Scenario_Analysis.pdf","title":"Tidal Energy Scenario Analysis: Holistic Stakeholder Considerations for Sustainable Development","description":"Interest in renewable energy development to mitigate climate change and provide a secure energy source includes investigation into the feasibility of marine renewable energy sources, including the harnessing of tides. Tidal renewable energy is a growing area of research and development with key benefits including its location near coastal communities, minimal viewshed impacts, a powerful ocean resource, and a uniquely high level of predictability. I conducted a research study to understand perceptions of risk and benefit around tidal energy development, focusing on lessons learned from a proposed project in Puget Sound, WA. I used grounded theory methodology to conduct interviews and a focus group, and to analyze these data. I used scenarios to show conceptual tidal energy technology alternatives, with a focus on considering not only technical differences, but also economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Results of my study show\u00a0that there is much uncertainty in this new technology, and aspects of its development were perceived as being risks or benefits. Spatial position and scale were both common frameworks for considering trade-offs, and marine life interactions were a particularly sensitive area of risk. Market applications of tidal energy aligned seemingly conflicting goals, as slow, sustainable development of this technology enhanced the benefits from many perspectives. My study shows that slowly building from small to commercial scale, working collaboratively with many disciplines, and focusing on holistic learning may be crucial for tidal energy development, especially in advance of a clear drive for a fully renewable energy market.","author":["McTiernan, K."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.760924000000","-122.428904000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McTiernan-2017-Tidal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1178","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-monitoring-reveals-times-tides-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-distribution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/mms.12537","title":"Acoustic monitoring reveals the times and tides of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) distribution off central Oregon, U.S.A.","description":"Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are commonly observed in Oregon\u0027s nearshore marine environment yet knowledge of their ecosystem use and behavior remains limited, generating concerns for potential impacts on this species from future coastal development. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to investigate spatial and temporal variations in the presence and foraging activity of harbor porpoises off the Oregon coast from May through October 2014. Digital monitoring devices (DMONs) were deployed to record acoustic data (320 kHz sample rate) in two neighboring but bathymetrically different locations off the Oregon coast: (1) a site on the 30 m isobath in close proximity (\u0026lt;50 m) to a rocky reef, and (2) a site on the 60 m isobath in an open sandy environment. Data were analyzed with respect to two dynamic cyclic variables: diel and tidal phase. Porpoise presence at the rocky reef site was aligned with the ebb phase of the tidal forcing, while, harbor porpoise presence and foraging at the offshore, sandy bottom site was associated with night\u2010time foraging. The spatial and temporal patterns identified in this study suggest harbor porpoise habitat use is modulated by specific environmental conditions particular to each site that maximize foraging efficiency.","author":["Holdman, A.","Haxel, J.","Klinck, H.","Torres, L."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Cornell University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.247904000000","-124.808926000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Holdman-2019-Acoustic.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1180","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vessel-noise-cuts-down-communication-space-vocalizing-fish-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/gcb.13996","title":"Vessel noise cuts down communication space for vocalizing fish and marine mammals","description":"Anthropogenic noise across the world\u0027s oceans threatens the ability of vocalizing marine species to communicate. Some species vocalize at key life stages or whilst foraging, and disruption to the acoustic habitat at these times could lead to adverse consequences at the population level. To investigate the risk of these impacts, we investigated the effect of vessel noise on the communication space of the Bryde\u0027s whale\u00a0Balaenoptera edeni, an endangered species which vocalizes at low frequencies, and bigeye\u00a0Pempheris adspersa, a nocturnal fish species which uses contact calls to maintain group cohesion while foraging. By combining long\u2010term acoustic monitoring data with AIS vessel\u2010tracking data and acoustic propagation modelling, the impact of vessel noise on their communication space was determined. Routine vessel passages cut down communication space by up to 61.5% for bigeyes and 87.4% for Bryde\u0027s whales. This influence of vessel noise on communication space exceeded natural variability for between 3.9 and 18.9% of the monitoring period. Additionally, during the closest point of approach of a large commercial vessel,","author":["Putland, R.","Merchant, N.","Farcas, A.","Radford, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2017-11-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.451146000000","175.150156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1181","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lost-listening-area-assessment-anthropogenic-sounds-chukchi-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/citedby\/10.1121\/1.4969572","title":"Lost listening area assessment of anthropogenic sounds in the Chukchi Sea","description":"The term listening area, refers to the region of\u00a0oceanover which sources of\u00a0sound\u00a0can be detected by an animal at the center of the space. The lost listening area assessment method has been applied to in-air\u00a0sounds\u00a0for a noise\u00a0effects\u00a0assessment on birds but not, in our knowledge, previously to the assessment of\u00a0underwater\u00a0noise\u00a0effects\u00a0on marine mammals. The lost listening area method calculates a fractional reduction in listening area due to the addition of anthropogenic noise to ambient noise. It does not provide absolute areas or volumes of space, as does the communication space method; however, a benefit of the lost listening area method is that it does not rely on source levels of the\u00a0sounds\u00a0of interest. Instead, the method depends only on the rate of\u00a0sound\u00a0transmission loss. We present a preliminary application of the method from an assessment of \u201ccumulative and chronic effects\u201d of noise produced by\u00a0oil\u00a0and gas\u00a0exploration\u00a0activities used in the National Marine Fisheries Service\u0027s\u00a0Effects\u00a0of\u00a0Oil\u00a0and Gas\u00a0Exploration\u00a0in the Arctic\u00a0Ocean\u00a0Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement.","author":["Hannay, D.","Hatch, L.","Harrison, J."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2016-11-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["69.312075000000","-171.847721000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1182","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-marine-mammal-audiograms-summary-available-information","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cupdf.com\/document\/fish-and-marine-mammal-audiograms-a-summary-of-.html?page=1","title":"Fish and Marine Mammal Audiograms: A summary of available information","description":"Compendium and review of audiograms of underwater animals, including a brief overview of the methods used to obtain them and fuller details of the method used for each experiment.","author":["Nedwell, J.","Edwards, B.","Turnpenny, A.","Gordon, J."],"organization":["Subacoustech Ltd","Fawley Aquatic Research Laboratories"],"originationDate":"2004-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedwell-2004-Audiograms.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1188","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-energy-africa-comprehensive-data-andpolicies-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114003943","title":"Sustainable energy in Africa: A comprehensive data andpolicies review","description":"Achieving sustainable energy development in a region requires rational use of energy resources and technologies, and the development of appropriate policies. Three concerns are therefore required to achieve these issues: (i) to acquire a picture of the local current energy situation, (ii) to measure the state of development and the progress towards a sustainable energy system, and (iii) to have energy decision- and policy-makers fully aware of the implications on sustainable development of selected policies. It is in this perspective and in the frame of activities on sustainable energy for all and access to energy in developing countries carried out by the UNESCO Chair in Energy for Sustainable Development, that we developed this review. The objective of this paper is to depict the current energy situation of Africa by using the most up to date data, describing it as far as the concept of sustainable development is concerned, and to see if and how energy policies promoted by local players fi t with this asset. We assess the energy situation of Africa by combining (i) data, mainly by the International Energy Agency, about national energy balances for primary and electric energy, the Energy Development Index and energy resources, with (ii) a more comprehensive analysis of the African energy system, accomplished by the Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development. An overview of the energy-related policies and action plans developed by different local players in the African continent is also carried out with the goal of providing remarks by coupling such plans with the above mentioned energy analysis.","author":["Mandelli, S.","Barbieri, J.","Mattarolo, L.","Colombo, E."],"organization":["Polytechnic University of Milan"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-18 10:55:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1189","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/north-atlantic-right-whale-eubalaena-glacialis-occurrence-offshore-wind-energy-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v34\/p45-59\/","title":"North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis occurrence in offshore wind energy areas near Massachusetts and Rhode Island, USA","description":"Recent surveys of wind energy areas offshore of Massachusetts and Rhode Island (USA) have demonstrated that they encompass habitat used by the Endangered North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis. Prior to 2011, little systematic survey effort had been conducted in the area. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and the state of Massachusetts supported 3.5 yr of twice-monthly aerial surveys by the Northeast Large Pelagic Survey Collaborative (NLPSC). Additional survey teams including the Northeast Fisheries Science Center and the Center for Coastal Studies have collected sightings data in the region. Data systematically collected by the NLPSC allowed analyses of monthly sightings rates, sightings per unit effort, and hot spots which provided information on current temporal and spatial use patterns. Abundance estimates for each season-year (i.e. a 3 mo period within a given survey year) were calculated. Behaviors observed included feeding and surface active groups. Photo-identification of whales since 2010 yielded a minimum count of 196 unique individuals (annual average = 35), or over one-third of the current population estimate. Analyses of demographics of these individuals revealed that 34 known calving females (30% of the total currently presumed alive) visited the study area. These results demonstrate consistent annual use of this area by a significant portion of the E. glacialis population, with a strong correlation between season and presence. These findings can inform management activities and development planning, and be used as a baseline dataset for assessing long-term impacts to the species.","author":["Leiter, S.","Stone, K.","Thompson, J.","Accardo, A.","Wikgren, B.","Zani, M.","Cole, T.","Kenny, R.","Mayo, C.","Kraus, S."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","Northwest Fisheries Science Center","New England Aquarium","Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.279435000000","-71.054966000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leiteretal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1191","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-pile-driving-hectors-dolphin-lyttelton-harbour-new-zealand","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X19302012","title":"Impact of pile-driving on Hector\u0027s dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand","description":"Several dolphin species occur close inshore and in harbours, where underwater noise generated by pile-driving used in wharf construction may constitute an important impact. Such impacts are likely to be greatest on species such as the endangered Hector\u0027s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori), which has small home ranges and uses this habitat type routinely. Using automated echolocation detectors in Lyttelton Harbour (New Zealand), we studied the distribution of Hector\u0027s dolphins using a gradient sampling design over 92 days within which pile-driving occurred on 46 days. During piling operations, dolphin positive minutes per day decreased at the detector closest to the piling but increased at the mid-harbour detector. Finer-grained analyses showed that close to the piling operation, detections decreased with increasing sound exposure level, that longer piling events were associated with longer reductions in detections, and that effects were long-lasting - detection rates took up to 83 h to return to pre-piling levels.","author":["Leunissen, E.","Rayment, W.","Dawson, S."],"organization":["University of Otago"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.819336100000","172.926776300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leunissenetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1193","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-cumulative-exposure-wildlife-offshore-wind-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479719300222","title":"Assessing the cumulative exposure of wildlife to offshore wind energy development","description":"Governments and developers are pursuing offshore wind energy to address climate change, but multiple wind farms may cumulatively affect wildlife populations. Assessments of cumulative effects must first calculate the cumulative exposure of a wildlife population to a hazard and then estimate how the exposure will affect the population. Our research responds to the first need by developing a model designed to assess how different wind farm siting scenarios cumulatively expose wildlife. The model assesses cumulative exposure by identifying all locations where development could occur, placing wind farms within this suitability layer, and then overlaying wind engineering and biological data sets. The first model output is a graphical representation of how offshore wind farm siting decisions affect wildlife cumulative exposure. The second output is an index that ranks which offshore wind farm siting decisions will have the greatest influence on wildlife cumulative exposure. Together these outputs provide stakeholders with valuable information that could be used to guide siting and management decisions.","author":["Wing Goodale, M.","Milman, A."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts","Biodiversity Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.687781400000","-70.283653100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1194","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/world-seas-environmental-evaluation-volume-iii-ecological-issues-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/book\/9780128050521\/world-seas-an-environmental-evaluation","title":"World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","description":"World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, Second Edition, Volume Three: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts covers global issues relating to our seas, including a biological description of the coast and continental shelf waters, the development and use of the coast, landfills and their effects, pollutant discharges over time, the effects of over-fishing, and the management methods and techniques used to ensure continued ecosystem functioning. The relative importance of water-borne and airborne routes differ in different parts of the world is explored, along with extensive coverage of major habitats and species groups, governmental, education and legal issues, fisheries effects, remote sensing, climate change and management.  This book is an invaluable, worldwide reference source for students and researchers concerned with marine environmental science, fisheries, oceanography and engineering and coastal zone development.  Chapter 1 - The Mangrove Ecosystem  Chapter 2 - Global Status of Coral Reefs: In Combination, Disturbances and Stressors Become Ratchets  Chapter 3 - Status and Trends for the World\u2019s Kelp Forests  Chapter 4 - Salt Marshes: Their Role in Our Society and Threats Posed to Their Existence  Chapter 5 - Remote Sensing for Marine Management  Chapter 6 - New Advances in Benthic Monitoring Technology and Methodology  Chapter 7 - Seabirds  Chapter 8 - Blooms of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia: Causes, Consequences and Controls  Chapter 9 - European Protection of Fisheries in the North East Atlantic  Chapter 10 - Ghost Fishing  Chapter 11 - Far-Field and Near-Field Effects of Marine Aquaculture  Chapter 12 - The Making of a Global Marine Fisheries Catch Database for Policy Development  Chapter 13 - Ballast Water: Problems and Management  Chapter 14 - Debris in Deep Water  Chapter 15 - Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Global Ocean  Chapter 16 - Microbial Remediation of Organic Pollutants  Chapter 17 - Macroplastics Pollution in the Marine Environment  Chapter 18 - Microplastics Pollution in the Marine Environment  Chapter 19 - International Instruments for the Prevention of Marine Alien Invasive Species  Chapter 20 - Underwater Noise: Sources and Effects on Marine Life  Chapter 21 - Marine Oil Spills\u2014Oil Pollution, Sources and Effects  Chapter 22 - Marine Oil Spills\u2014Preparedness and Countermeasures  Chapter 23 - Threats to Seamount Ecosystems and Their Management  Chapter 24 - Dead Zones: Oxygen Depletion in Coastal Ecosystems  Chapter 25 - Marine Protected Areas: Attempting the Sustainability of the Seas  Chapter 26 - Shoreline Defenses  Chapter 27 - Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation  Chapter 28 - Collisions of Vessels With Cetaceans\u2014The Underestimated Threat  Chapter 29 - Marine Protected Areas  Chapter 30 - Marine Spatial Planning  Chapter 31 - The Role of Ports in a Global Economy, Issues of Relevance and Environmental Initiatives  Chapter 32 - Molecular Approaches for an Operational Marine Biodiversity Observation Network","author":["Sheppard, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1197","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-impacts-coastal-flooding-under-sea-level-rise-case-study-southern-spain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969718343213","title":"Wave farm impacts on coastal flooding under sea-level rise: A case study in southern Spain","description":"Coastal flooding, already an acute problem in many parts of the world, will be exacerbated in the near future by the sea level rise induced by climate change. The influence of wave farms, i.e., arrays of wave energy converters, on coastal processes, in particular sediment transport patterns, has been analysed in recent works; however, their influence on coastal flooding has not been addressed so far. The objective of this work is to investigate whether a wave farm can provide some protection from flooding on the coast in its lee through a case study: a gravel-dominated beach in southern Spain (Playa Granada). We consider three sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios: the present situation (SLR0), an optimistic projection (SLR1) and a pessimistic projection (SLR2). Two state-of-the-art numerical models, SWAN and XBeach-G, are applied to determine the wave propagation patterns, total run-up and flooded dry beach area. The results indicate that the absorption of wave power by the wave farm affects wave propagation in its lee and, in particular, wave heights, with alongshore-averaged reductions in breaking wave heights about 10% (25%) under westerly (easterly) storms. These lower significant wave heights, in turn, result in alongshore-averaged run-up reductions for the three scenarios, which decreases with increasing SLR values from 5.9% (6.8%) to 1.5% (5.1%) for western (eastern) storms. Importantly, the dry beach area flooded under westerly (easterly) storms is also reduced by 5.7% (3.2%), 3.3% (4.9%) and 1.99% (4.5%) in scenarios SLR0, SLR1 and SLR2, respectively. These findings prove that a wave farm can actually reduce coastal flooding on its leeward coast.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Granada","University of C\u00f3rdoba","Plymouth University","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-02-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.724907900000","-3.541722400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1198","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mineral-raw-material-requirements-associated-climate-change-impacts-french-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652618331718","title":"Mineral raw material requirements and associated climate-change impacts of the French energy transition by 2050","description":"In France, significant investments regarding\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0power plants will be required in future years in order to attain targets set by French and European regulations. This study aims\u00a0i)\u00a0at quantifying the requirements for steel, aluminium, copper (among the most impactful metal productions with respect to\u00a0climate change\u00a0in the world) and concrete resulting from the projected\u00a0energy transition\u00a0in France by 2050 (with a focus on the power sector) and\u00a0ii)\u00a0at estimating the climate change impacts associated with the production of these raw materials. As a basis to the modelling exercise, coefficients of material intensities of\u00a0electricity generation\u00a0systems were collected from the literature. Despite the variety of data sources, uncertainties regarding the information gathered on material intensity are of an epistemic nature, reflecting incompleteness. Therefore possibility theory was used to represent uncertainties relative to these parameters and to propagate uncertainty in the calculation. Results are expressed as upper and lower bounds on the probability that requirement for materials, and subsequent climate change impacts of their production, should be lower than a certain value. From these limiting bounds, values are derived for an 80% confidence index and put in perspective with\u00a0current consumption\u00a0of raw materials and\u00a0greenhouse gas emissions\u00a0of specific French economic activities. In particular, there is a 20% risk that requirements for steel be greater than 46,000 ktonnes (corresponding to 20 years of\u00a0steel products\u00a0consumption by the French automotive sector) and for aluminium be greater than 6360 ktonnes (21 years of aluminium consumption by the French building sector). Moreover, there is a 20% risk that the production of steel, copper, aluminium and concrete, as a response to the French energy transition, induces more than 445 million tonnes of CO2-eq. The results provide decision-makers with a basis to decide whether the calculated risks of\u00a0raw material consumption\u00a0and corresponding climate change impacts are acceptable, taking into account other types of activities.","author":["Beylot, A.","Guyonnet, D.","M\u00fcller, S.","Vaxelaire, S.","Villeneuve, J."],"organization":["French Geological Survey (BRGM)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.700757900000","1.344896300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1200","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-assessment-fish-passage-through-small-low-head-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/risk-assessment-for-fish-passage-through-small-low-head-turbines\/oclc\/316564537","title":"Risk assessment for fish passage through small, low-head turbines","description":"This report summarises the findings of a study to improve the accuracy of prediction methods for fish fatalities for small-head Francis and Kaplan propeller turbine designs and gives details of computational fluid dynamic modelling to estimate pressure fluxes and shear stresses. Biological data is reviewed, and the STRIKER Excel spreadsheet model is used to predict death caused by pressure flux, shear turbulence, and blade strike. Field validation is discussed, and drawings of the Francis 1 and Kaplan 1 turbines, results of the fish passage trials, and STRIKER instructions and sample runs are presented in the appendices.","author":["Turnpenny, A.","Clough, S.","Hanson, K.","Ramsay, R.","McEwan, D."],"organization":["Fawley Aquatic Research Laboratories"],"originationDate":"2000-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Turnpennyetal2000.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1205","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wake-effect-assessment-flap-type-wave-energy-converter-farm-under-realistic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383917305549","title":"Wake effect assessment of a flap type wave energy converter farm under realistic environmental conditions by using a numerical coupling methodology","description":"Ocean Energy Europe has estimated that 100\u202fGW of ocean energy capacity (wave and tidal) could be deployed in Europe by 2050. Along with the European targets it is expected that large farms of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) will be installed in the sea and, as part of the consenting process for their installation, it will be necessary to quantify their impact on the local environment. The objective of this study is to improve the assessment of WEC farms impact on the surrounding wave field (wake effect) through the use of a numerical coupling methodology. The methodology consists of a Boundary Element Method (BEM) solver to obtain the wave perturbation generated by the WEC farm for the near-field accounting for the wave-body interactions within the farm whilst a Wave Propagation Model (WPM) based on the mild-slope equations determines the wave transformation in the far-field. The near-field solution obtained from the BEM solver is described as an internal boundary condition in the WPM and then it is propagated throughout the WPM numerical domain. The internal boundary is described by imposing the solution of the surface elevation and velocity potential at the free-surface at each instant of time along a line surrounding the WEC farm. As a case study the methodology was applied to flap type WECs that are deployed in shallow water conditions. The validation of the technique was done first for a single flap and then for a farm of 5 flaps. Once validated, a realistic scenario was assessed by quantifying the impact of irregular sea states composed of long crested waves on a large WEC farm composed of 18 flaps and located on a real bathymetry. The irregular waves were obtained by superposing the regular wave field solutions for all wave frequencies represented in the considered sea state based on the linear water wave theory. Within the limits of this theory these simulations demonstrate the versatility of the methodology to accurately represent the impact of a WEC farm on the surrounding wave climate. The influence of the peak period and the spacing between flaps on the WEC farm wake effect was assessed as well.","author":["Tomey-Bozo, N.","Babarit, A.","Murphy, J.","Stratigaki, V.","Troch, P.","Thomas, G.","Lewis, T."],"organization":["University College Cork","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.455826300000","-8.465752500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1207","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consideration-scales-offshore-wind-environmental-impact-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925518300830","title":"Consideration of scales in offshore wind environmental impact assessments","description":"Quality of environmental impact assessments (EIAs) has been criticized, in part due to a lack of accounting in these tools for differing spatial and temporal scales inherent in ecological data. In the United States, leases of outer continental shelf blocks for offshore wind projects and their construction and operation plans require EIAs in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the 1978 Council on Environmental Quality Regulations for Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act. This study evaluated consideration of spatiotemporal scales of stressors, receptors (specifically cetaceans), and effects in eight federal offshore wind energy EIAs against 26 criteria extracted from federal regulations. The criteria analysis determined that EIAs do not consistently or comprehensively address spatiotemporal scales with respect to federal requirements. Deficiencies in addressing spatiotemporal scales may result from imprecise regulations, intent to simplify encyclopedic documents, or lack of data resulting in incomplete assessments, inappropriate mitigation actions, and projects delays. Recommendations to improve compliance with federal regulations include making federal guidance binding, focusing on non-trivial impacts of species, tiering information, and incorporating outcomes of marine spatial planning.","author":["Ryan, K.","Danylchuk, A.","Jordaan, A."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.023228000000","-74.331066000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1208","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000334","title":"Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Planning of marine areas is being developed worldwide to foster sustainable ocean management and governance. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a process that aims to organize the use of the ocean space, as well as the interactions among human uses (e.g., fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, tourism, renewable energy production) and between users and the marine environment. Over the past 30 years, significant progress has been made by governments in their thinking about MSP. The MSP is currently under development in over 66 countries (44% of the nations with marine waters), encompassing six continents and four ocean basins, and the interest in MSP continues to grow. While most countries are still in the early phase of their MSP initiatives, others have already approved, implemented, or even revised marine spatial plans for many years. Despite its acceptance and use, development and implementation of MSP still faces several conceptual and practical challenges, from political to institutional, social, economic, scientific, and environmental sources. The present chapter provides a review on all these topics by addressing three main questions: what is MSP and why is it needed; what is the global distribution of MSP around the world, together with its state of development by region; and what are some of the most prominent and widespread challenges, present and future, that are linked to the development of MSP?  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Santos, C.","Ehler, C.","Agardy, T.","Andrade, F.","Orbach, M.","Crowder, L."],"organization":["University of Lisbon","United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","Duke University","Stanford University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1209","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/startle-response-captive-north-sea-fish-species-underwater-tones-between-01-64-khz","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ronald_Kastelein\/publication\/254215135_Acoustic_dose-response_effects_in_marine_fish\/links\/00b7d51fe67c8a4260000000\/Acoustic-dose-response-effects-in-marine-fish.pdf","title":"Startle response of captive North Sea fish species to underwater tones between 0.1 and 64 kHz","description":"World-wide, underwater background noise levels are increasing due to anthropogenic activities. Little is known about the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine fish, and information is needed to predict any negative effects. Behavioural startle response thresholds were determined for eight marine fish species, held in a large tank, to tones of 0.1\u201364 kHz. Response threshold levels varied per frequency within and between species. For sea bass, the 50% reaction threshold occurred for signals of 0.1\u20130.7 kHz, for thicklip mullet 0.4\u20130.7 kHz, for pout 0.1\u20130.25 kHz, for horse mackerel 0.1\u20132 kHz and for Atlantic herring 4 kHz. For cod, pollack and eel, no 50% reaction thresholds were reached. Reaction threshold levels increased from 100 dB (re 1 lPa, rms) at 0.1 kHz to 160 dB at 0.7 kHz. The 50% reaction thresholds did not run parallel to the hearing curves. This shows that fish species react very differently to sound, and that generalisations about the effects of sound on fish should be made with care. As well as on the spectrum and level of anthropogenic sounds, the reactions of fish probably depend on the context (e.g. location, temperature, physiological state, age, body size, and school size).","author":["Kastelein, A.","van der Heul, S.","Verboom, W.","Jennings, N.","van der Veen, J.","Haam, D."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","SEAMARCO"],"originationDate":"2008-01-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.532827000000","3.895385700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1210","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-marine-transportation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000309","title":"Environmental Effects of Marine Transportation","description":"Marine transportation drives global trade, moving \u0026gt; 10 billion tons of containers, solid, and liquid bulk cargo across the world\u2019s seas annually. Historically, shipping companies and ports operated with limited environmental oversight, but accidental oil spills in the 1960s, caused widespread coastal pollution and seabird mortality, triggering the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). MARPOL is the main international convention to prevent marine pollution by ships from operational or accidental causes. Additionally, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) uses various instruments to protect the marine environment from shipping activities. Nevertheless, marine transportation still generates negative impacts on the marine environment, including air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, releases of ballast water containing aquatic invasive species, historical use of antifoulants, oil and chemical spills, dry bulk cargo releases, garbage, underwater noise pollution; ship-strikes on marine megafauna, risk of ship grounding or sinkings, and widespread sediment contamination of ports during transshipment or ship breaking activities. This chapter summarizes the environmental effects of marine transportation and describes the mitigative, legislative, and environmental performance measures currently available to improve management of these global issues.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Walker, T.","Adebambo, O.","Feijoo, M.","Elhaimer, E.","Hossain, T.","Edwards, S.","Morrison, C.","Romo, J.","Sharma, N.","Taylor, S.","Zomorodi, S."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1211","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-protected-areas-attempting-sustainability-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000280","title":"Marine Protected Areas: Attempting the Sustainability of the Seas","description":"Current population and development trends are leading to an acute deterioration of the environmental state of the oceans. One of the tools to manage the world\u2019s seas more sustainably is marine protected areas(MPAs). MPAs are legally designated areas to protect and conserve valuable marine and coastal biodiversity and associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The recent pace of MPA designation and coverage has resulted in large increases in global MPA coverage, currently at 6.4%. However, most of this area concentrates in few huge offshore MPAs designated by few countries and lacks effective management. MPAs can be effective at preventing important local pressures such as overexploitation of marine resources or habitat destruction, but may be of little or no use to tackle some broad-scale marine pressures such as pollution or global warming. Although legal stringency is a broadly acknowledged factor for MPA environmental effectiveness, their ecological and socioeconomic effects are very context-specific and trade-offs among environmental features, between environmental and socioeconomic effects, and among socioeconomic stakeholders, are expected. Future marine conservation challenges include increasing demand for marine resources, global change, and scarce management budgets. In contrast, positive trends in MPA coverage, aquaculture production, and water quality make us slightly optimistic on the future of our oceans. Nevertheless, ultimate sustainability of the world\u2019s seas will very much depend on global human population, consumption, and behavioral patterns.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez, D."],"organization":["Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)","University of M\u00e1laga","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:25:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1212","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predicting-tidal-turbine-noise-environmental-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdn.southampton.ac.uk\/assets\/imported\/transforms\/content-block\/UsefulDownloads_Download\/7C58C38010AB40B7B63709445E09230D\/Lloyd_Thomas.pdf","title":"Predicting Tidal Turbine Noise for Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"Background  \u2022 The development of tidal turbine technology is key to the capture of renewable energy, with an estimated 18TWh\/year1 available from the UK\u2019s tidal resource alone. \u2022 In the design and implementation of such devices environmental impact assessment is mandatory, including an investigation of the noise generated by the turbine and its likely effect on marine animals (summarised in Figure 1). \u2022 Modelling noise at the design stage will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of generation, and save costs related to re-design and mitigation.  Aims  \u2022 Identify the key sources of flow-generated noise in a typical tidal turbine, such as that shown in Figure 2. \u2022 Model these sources using analytical and numerical techniques. \u2022 Estimate the propagation of the generated sound, and its effect on marine animals.","author":["Lloyd, T.","Turnock, S.","Humphrey, V."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lloydetal2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1213","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/threats-seamount-ecosystems-their-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000188","title":"Threats to Seamount Ecosystems and Their Management","description":"Seamounts are isolated topographic elevations with summit depths at least 100 m above the seafloor. Recent estimates of the number of seamounts have ranged from 171,864 seamounts and to more than 25 million seamounts with a relief of more than 100 m in height. Those with a relief of \u0026gt; 1000 m cover an estimated 4.7% of the ocean floor while features \u0026lt; 1000 m in elevation cover 16.3% of the seafloor, which is equivalent to or greater than the area covered by tropical dry forestsor by temperate broad-leafed forest or grassland. They are hotspots of biological diversity, and one of the main forms of impact have come from deep-sea fisheries, including bottom trawling. Other and future impacts come from deep-sea mineral mining. Management of these areas and implementation of sustainable fisheries has been problematic, but there has been some modest progress in limiting damage to seamount ecosystems, but to date this is inadequate.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Rogers, A."],"organization":["University of Oxford"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1214","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-oil-spills-preparedness-countermeasures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000255","title":"Marine Oil Spills\u2014Preparedness and Countermeasures","description":"Marine oil spills have been of tremendous concern due to the adverse impact on economic and ecological systems. Major oil spills such as the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill triggered worldwide consciousness of marine spill response. In past decades, significant advances have been made in diverse aspects including prevention and preparedness, spill response and cleanup options, modeling of marine oil spill, and response decision support; however, challenges still remain particularly associated with cold and harsh environmental conditions such as in the Arctic. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of marine oil spill preparedness and countermeasures, tackling topics such as preparedness and contingency planning, sensitivity and vulnerability, policies and regulations, cleanup technologies, oil trajectory and weathering modeling, early warning, response technology screening, net environmental benefit analysis, risk assessment, cleanup process simulation, and response decision-making. Knowledge gaps and technical challenges are also discussed indicating future research opportunities.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Chen, B.","Ye, X.","Zhang, B.","Jing, L.","Lee, K."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1215","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-oil-spills-oil-pollution-sources-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000243","title":"Marine Oil Spills\u2014Oil Pollution, Sources and Effects","description":"As the major energy source worldwide, petroleum products have been increasingly produced and consumed, and the environmental impact involved also rises. Despite significant progress in reducing spillagethrough a variety of technological and regulatory prevention measuresand better industry practices, the risk of significant oil spills remains. On a daily basis, hundreds to thousands of spills are likely to occur worldwide including in the oceans. Marine oil spills involve accidental release of oil ranging from various types of crude oil to a large array of refined products, from heavy persistent fuels to light, less persistent, but very toxic fuels. The chemical composition and bulk properties of the spilled oil, and the associated weathering reactions, govern their fate, behavior, and impact in the marine environments. Oil spills are of great concern due to the enormous economic loss and the long-term, significant harm to marine ecosystems, local economy, and coastal society and community. During the long period of oil and gas exploitation, the adverse impacts of marine oil spill have been documented in various aspects. This chapter summarizes facts and effects of oil spills in oceans, and based on this, the response strategies and policies can be improved.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Zhang, B.","Matchinski, E.","Chen, B.","Ye, X.","Jing, L.","Lee, K."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1216","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-sources-effects-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000231","title":"Underwater Noise: Sources and Effects on Marine Life","description":"Sound travels fast in the sea and has good propagation abilities, which makes it an excellent mean of rapid information acquisition and exchange. Many marine animals have therefore developed auditory capabilities and rely on the sound to overcome the many challenges of living in the sea. However, the advantages of using sound (to communicate, locate prey, and navigate) have been jeopardized in recent times, as the world seas have become noisier. Noise generated by diverse human activities (anthropogenic noise) has altered the quality of the marine environment with consequences on physiology, communication, behavior, and energetics of different marine species. Their responses to sound depend on characteristics such as sound levels and frequency, duration of exposure to it, animals\u2019 state and distance from the sound source, and they differ between species based on their hearing sensitivity. Anthropogenic sound in the sea is acknowledged as an important environmental stressor that can, in the long term, have detrimental consequences on the fitness, survival, and reproductive success of entire populations and species. Owing to this, the responsibility to minimize the environmental impact of noise on marine organisms has become a part of many international agreements and conventions. The effects of noise at the physiological and behavioral levels have been most studied in cetaceans and fish, though in more recent times, effects on invertebrates and larvae have also been identified. Here we summarize current knowledge on the sources of anthropogenic noise in the sea and the effects this humanly generated noise may have on different acoustically sensitive marine species.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Rako-Gospi\u0107, N.","Picciulin, M."],"organization":["Blue World Institute of Marine Research and Conservation"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1217","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/debris-deep-water","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000152","title":"Debris in Deep Water","description":"Marine debris is a recognized global ecological concern. Increasing numbers of quantitative studies worldwide are investigating litterdistribution and its influence on deep habitats (50\u20137000 m depth), but little is still known about the extent of the problem. Anthropogenic and environmental factors influence the distribution of debris that enters the seas from both land-based and marine sources. Debris can be displaced for long distances by wind and currents before sinking and can converge in accumulation areas, such as canyons. Plastics typically comprise 50%\u201380% of debris, due to their wide use and high resistance to degradation. Plastic-related-fishing debris are typical in rocky habitats (\u2248 70% of items), which traditionally are subject to intense fishing effort. The widespread presence of debris is strongly impacting deep-water organisms and habitats worldwide. Standardized approaches and specific conservation measures are needed in order to protect unique deep-sea ecosystems that are progressively under threat.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Angiolillo, M."],"organization":["Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1218","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/far-field-near-field-effects-marine-aquaculture","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000115","title":"Far-Field and Near-Field Effects of Marine Aquaculture","description":"Aquaculture for finfish, bivalves, and seaweed is an important and growing food producing sector globally. However, culturing of species in the marine environment implies multiple interactions between farmed species and their environment. This has led to concerns over the ecological effects of aquaculture, which include benthic organic loading, changes to water quality, habitat modification, disease spread, and introduction of exotic or invasive species, interaction with wild species, coastal eutrophication, and marine litter. Over the years, governments and international organizations have recognized the need to identify, mitigate, and reduce these ecological effects. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations proposes an Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture (EAA), which implies recognizing its effects at multiple spatial scales, including near-field effect (farm scale) and far-field (bay scale and global scale) effect. This chapter reviews ecological effects of finfish, bivalve, and seaweed aquaculture in marine coastal waters, and describes the mitigation efforts currently used to improve its sustainable management.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Weitzman, J.","Steeves, L.","Bradford, J.","Filgueira, R."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1219","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabirds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000073","title":"Seabirds","description":"Seabirds have a global distribution, are numerous throughout the world\u2019s oceans, and have been used for decades to track and understand changes in the marine environment. They are dependent on a variety of ecosystems, including terrestrial, coastal, and pelagic, and are thus vulnerable to both marine and terrestrial environmental stressors. This chapter examines impacts on seabird populations that occur in the marine environment and are global in nature (touch more than one ocean basin). Both widespread (i.e., climate change induced alterations to marine food webs and sea level rise) and more point-source impacts (i.e., incidental bycatch in fisheries, hunting) are discussed. Additionally, natural occurrences in marine ecosystems (i.e., oceanographic regime shifts, parasites) and issues related to anthropogenic activities (i.e., plastic and oil pollution) are covered. Lastly, we discuss marine protected areasand other efforts aimed at conserving global seabird populations, including colony restoration, community-based research, and international conservation actions.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Provencher, J.","Borrelle, S.","Sherley, R.","Avery-Gomm, S.","Hodum, P.","Bond, A.","Major, H.","McCoy, K.","Crawford, R.","Merkel, F.","Votier, S.","Reynolds, M.","Hatfield, J.","Spatz, D.","Mallory, M."],"organization":["Acadia University","Auckland University of Technology","University of Exeter","University of Queensland","University of Puget Sound","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","University of New Brunswick","Montpellier 1 University","Aarhus University","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1220","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-advances-benthic-monitoring-technology-methodology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000061","title":"New Advances in Benthic Monitoring Technology and Methodology","description":"The last few decades have seen dramatic increases in the abundance and variety of data that can be collected within benthic marine environments to monitor species and ecosystems. These developments are now allowing ecologists to view their study systems in ever greater detail and over scales ranging from microscopic to global. Here we give an overview of current widely used techniques, touch on a number of recent advances in both technologies and methodologies, and focus on photogrammetry. We recommend that greater synergies, standardization, and automation of a range of these methods could further improve many monitoring programs\u2019 effectiveness.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Bayley, D.","Mogg, A."],"organization":["University College London","Zoological Society of London","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1222","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/remote-sensing-marine-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978012805052100005X","title":"Remote Sensing for Marine Management","description":"Remote sensing has become an important tool for the management of the marine environment. Currently, researchers are able to map several important facets of the marine environment from space. This includes chlorophyll-a, ocean salinity, and sea surface temperature. In addition, researchers are able to use satellite data to assist in mapping out marine regions including seagrasses, corals, mangroves, wetlands, and even shallow benthic environments. Satellite data currently enable the researcher to determine significant wave height and ocean currents. They are being used to track biota ranging from fish, whales, turtles, and even large birds. Oil spill remote sensing continues to develop apace. This chapter briefly reviews these technologies and gives examples of the application to the various disciplines.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Fingas, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1223","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/salt-marshes-their-role-our-society-threats-posed-their-existence","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000048","title":"Salt Marshes: Their Role in Our Society and Threats Posed to Their Existence","description":"Salt marshes are middle to high latitude intertidal wetlands of great value. They play a major role in coastal defense, wildlife conservation, and as a key sink\/source of organic material and nutrients, and are vitally important for a wide range of marine communities. Salt marshes also function as a sink for pollutants that would otherwise damage the surrounding environment. They also represent important historical and scientific archives. However, the majority of them are increasingly threatened by direct (e.g., land reclamation, groundwater extraction) and indirect (e.g., the so-called \u201ccoastal squeeze\u201d) human actions, or by the effects of climate change. Indeed, salt marsh habitats have shrunk to half their historical coverage in the last century, and the enhanced sea level rise will be responsible for the loss of 60%\u201390% of today\u2019s salt marsh areal coverage in the near future, according to whether or not effective measures to limit greenhouse gas emissions are undertaken. Local, small-scale solutions, such as barriers and fences, can be effective only on a short-term perspective or when dealing with immediate risk. Managed realignment techniques that require the landward retreat of coastal defenses and the subsequent tidal inundation of previously claimed agricultural land are actions that ensure the survival of existing salt marshes (or the creation of new ones) over a longer temporal period. However, only the transition to a global model of development that is environmentally sustainable can ensure the persistence of salt marsh habitats and the maintenance of ecosystem services that they provide.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Giuliani, S.","Bellucci, L."],"organization":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1224","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-drives-biotic-patterns-beyond-surf-zone-factors-influencing-abundance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352485518302482","title":"Wave energy drives biotic patterns beyond the surf zone: Factors influencing abundance and occurrence of mobile fauna adjacent to subtropical beaches","description":"Management of beach ecosystems often focuses on geomorphic and socio-economic issues. Yet understanding patterns and processes affecting fishes and invertebrates in this dynamic inshore environment will better inform ecosystem management. We used Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUVs) to survey fish and mobile invertebrate assemblages immediately beyond the surf zone (in 5\u20138 m depth) across 12 beaches of varying energy and geomorphology, to assess drivers of abundance and occurrence. These beaches in subtropical eastern Australia were categorised based on various morphological, energy, connectivity and management characteristics. Characteristics associated with wave energy (aspect, exposure, modal value) were the strongest drivers of assemblages and functional groups overall. Patterns were strongest for crabs, with high relative abundance of Diogenid crabs (hermit crabs) at low energy beaches, and high relative abundance of Matutid crabs (moon crabs) at higher energy beaches. Bony fish and elasmobranchs were also predominantly influenced by energy characteristics, but these patterns were highly variable. This habitat beyond the surf zone was richer in species relative to adjacent deeper unconsolidated habitats, especially for elasmobranchs. It included target fished species and was a juvenile nursery for several Carangid species. These patterns and values should be considered when management actions are undertaken.","author":["Schultz, A.","Malcolm, H.","Ferrari, R.","Smith, S."],"organization":["Southern Cross University","University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.199038700000","146.483675800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1226","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-trends-worlds-kelp-forests","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000036","title":"Status and Trends for the World\u0027s Kelp Forests","description":"Kelp forests are extensive underwater habitats that range along 25% of the world\u2019s coastlines, providing valuable resources, habitat, and services for coastal communities. They grow best in cold, nutrient-rich water, where they attain some of the highest rates of primary production of any natural ecosystem. Kelps exhibit a great diversity of growth forms and life strategies, with the largest individuals reaching lengths of \u0026gt; 30 m and biomasses of 42 kg. In the past half century, threats to kelp forests have increased in number and severity, leading to a global decline of kelp abundances of ~ 2% per year. Trajectories of change vary considerable across regions and include range contractions, range expansions, species replacements, establishment of invasive kelps, replacement by turf algae reefs, or regime shifts to sea urchinbarrens. These changes will likely have significant impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning because kelps are foundation species for a plethora of habitat-associated plants and animals, many of which are socioeconomically important. Some forms of management have been effective in restoring kelp forests, but in many cases the threats facing kelp forests in the future greatly exceed local conservation strategies, necessitating novel conservation solutions to protect and conserve these ecosystems. Although the diversity of changes to kelp forest globally make it challenging to generalize about their future, it seems almost certain that many kelp forests a few decades from now will differ substantially from what they are today.  Book: World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Wernberg, T.","Krumhansl, K.","Filbee-Dexter, K.","Pedersen, M."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","Roskilde University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1227","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-status-coral-reefs-combination-disturbances-stressors-become-ratchets","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128050521000024","title":"Global Status of Coral Reefs: In Combination, Disturbances and Stressors Become Ratchets","description":"Although there are still many local coral-reef communities that display remarkably rapid recovery, numerous surveys have indicated that the average living coral cover is decreasing circumtropically. This is partly because disturbance is nearly always faster than recovery, damaged or stressed corals tend to produce fewer larvae, reef community recovery times become longer when fast-growing branching corals are more vulnerable to stresses and disturbances and are replaced by more tolerant slow-growing corals, disturbances become more frequent and do not allow sufficient time for recovery, combinations of local and global disturbances and stresses result in positive feedbacks that accelerate reef degradation, and degraded reefs decrease the proportion of habitat acceptable to recruiting larvae. In the recent past, many reefs had time to largely recover before the next disturbance; otherwise, the reefs at the sites would not have developed as well as they had. As more reefs are disturbed and become less favorable for survival of recruits, connectivity is reduced by fewer larvae produced, more areas become unattractive to larvae for settlement, distances between fewer favorable sites become longer, and larval pelagic duration sometimes becomes shorter with increasing temperature. The processes listed above determine that prevention is more efficient and effective than repair. Marine reserves and fixing local problems are important to continue, but they are not buying time. The time has arrived and we have to act directly on the reduction of CO2 emissions.\n\nBook:\u00a0World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition) Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts","author":["Birkeland, C."],"organization":["University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1228","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-clustering-mediterranean-sea-case-pelagos-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenrg.2019.00016\/full","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Clustering in the Mediterranean Sea: The Case of PELAGOS Project","description":"The main ideas presented in this work are an outcome of the Interreg MED project PELAGOS (Promoting innovative nEtworks and cLusters for mArine renewable energy synerGies in Mediterranean cOasts and iSlands). Since Blue Energy development is at its very beginning in the Mediterranean Sea, the aim of the paper is to present and discuss in depth the key-issues for a Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) cluster development in the Mediterranean and reveal its necessity for the commercial and sustainable development of Blue Energy in the area. This cluster is expected to stimulate the relevant Blue Energy sectors under the perspective of smart and sustainable growth. A healthy cluster is based on an efficient cluster policy. The main policy constituents (innovation, legislation and financial frameworks) are discussed taking into account the interrelated characteristics that are expected to specify the commercial development of MRE in the area. Key issues that can contribute to the establishment and acceleration of deployment of the related technological innovation are identified, and existent hindrances and challenges encountered in MRE sector are determined. The importance of solid financing instruments and strong collaborations among interested stakeholders is also highlighted for the viability of the MRE cluster. Finally, as an example of the cluster activities at a national level, the Greek Hub for Blue Energy is introduced. In this respect, aspects in terms of its structure and the services provided to its members are analyzed.","author":["Soukissian, T.","Adamopoulos, C.","Prospathopoulos, A."],"organization":["National Technical University of Athens"],"originationDate":"2019-02-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Soukissian-2019-Med-Sea.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1229","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-maritime-spatial-planning-advance-blue-energy-european-union","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1830304X","title":"The role of maritime spatial planning on the advance of blue energy in the European Union","description":"In recent years the European Union has firmly committed itself to energy from oceans as a means of decarbonising the European energy system. Despite a favourable political landscape, the development of offshorerenewables still faces economic and technological barriers, which are coupled with the inherent difficulties of anincreasingly industrialised marine environment, such as complex evolving regulation, lack of knowledge re-garding the possible environmental impact of such an activity, as well as spatial conflicts with other traditionaland emerging uses. Most of the coastal Member States have adopted Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) as afundamental tool for integrated and sustainable management of human activities in the marine environment.MSP is capable of definitively driving the use of offshore renewable facilities. Its proper application supportsdecision making, simplifies and accelerates the process of obtaining permits, improves compatibility of uses,integrates stakeholders in planning, prevents environmental deterioration of sensitive areas, enhances theavailability of information and promotes cross-border co-operation. This paper aims to evaluate the influence ofmaritime spatial planning processes on the advance of blue energy within the framework of the European Union.The results show positive relationships between MSP and the development of offshore renewable energy incountries such as Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.","author":["Garc\u00eda, P.","Sanabria, J.","Ruiz, J."],"organization":["University of Cadiz"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1230","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-ocean-waves-workshop-2013","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarworks.uno.edu\/oceanwaves\/2013\/","title":"Proceedings of Ocean Waves Workshop (2013)","description":"Ocean wave information relies on the collection of oceanographic and meteorological data, analysis and interpretation of the data, and dissemination of the resulting information products. These products can range from statistical tables and charts to bulletins and technical reports. Operational oceanography is distinct in that the science is focused on the development of information products that are used for decision making. Ocean wave conditions are a major constituent in any operational plan and are important to support safe maritime activities such as navigation, loading ships, fishing, recreation, mineral extraction, power generation, and military exercises. This workshop goes beyond consideration of descriptive wave products such as spectra from buoys, hindcasts from historical weather records, and forecasts from wave models. It provides the opportunity for participants to share their procedures for preparing and distributing wave information products; workshop attendees will discuss how their products are actually used to support decision making.  Scientists, engineers, and managers have been invited to present ideas, research results, case studies, work in progress, and system demonstrations related to the use of wave buoys, models, and information to support operations. Discussions will highlight how wave information is used to make decisions such as the issuance of warnings to mariners, evacuation of coastal areas, routing of ships into favorable seaways, and efficient deployment of marine spill response equipment. This workshop provides a forum for operational oceanographers to stimulate discussion, provide new insights, and provide feedback for focused experiments.  Workshop Objectives:  (1) Discuss technologies and applications that provide information on ocean waves.  (2) Improve the exchange of information on state-of-the-art wave measuring and modeling capabilities through cross-fertilization by participants of diverse backgrounds and areas of expertise.  (3) Share information on projects using ocean wave measurements to illustrate the kinds of problems and solutions encountered in real world oceanography.","author":["Nichols, C.","Williams, R."],"organization":["University of New Orleans"],"originationDate":"2013-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.027254300000","-90.064225800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nichols-2013-Proceedings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1231","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-ocean-waves-workshop-2015","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarworks.uno.edu\/oceanwaves\/2015\/","title":"Proceedings of Ocean Waves Workshop (2015)","description":"Ocean wave information relies on the collection of oceanographic and meteorological data, analysis and interpretation of the data, and dissemination of the resulting information products. These products can range from statistical tables and charts to bulletins and technical reports. Operational oceanography is distinct in that the science is focused on the development of information products that are used for decision making. Ocean wave conditions are a major constituent in any operational plan and are important to support safe maritime activities such as navigation, loading ships, fishing, recreation, mineral extraction, power generation, and military exercises. This workshop goes beyond consideration of descriptive wave products such as spectra from buoys, hindcasts from historical weather records, and forecasts from wave models. It provides the opportunity for participants to share their procedures for preparing and distributing wave information products; workshop attendees will discuss how their products are actually used to support decision making.  Scientists, engineers, and managers have been invited to present ideas, research results, case studies, work in progress, and system demonstrations related to the use of wave buoys, models, and information to support operations. Discussions will highlight how wave information is used to make decisions such as the issuance of warnings to mariners, evacuation of coastal areas, routing of ships into favorable seaways, and efficient deployment of marine spill response equipment. This workshop provides a forum for operational oceanographers to stimulate discussion, provide new insights, and provide feedback for focused experiments.  Topics that were discussed included, but were not limited to:    (1) Wave measurements to support coastal construction.  (2) Numerical studies of waves, currents, and sediment transport.  (3) Sediment model applications with wave observations.  (4) Coastal wave buoys to save lives and protect property.  (5) Accessibility of wave information for scientists, engineers, and managers.","author":["Nichols, C."],"organization":["University of New Orleans"],"originationDate":"2015-01-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.028522200000","-90.065604400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1232","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modeling-effects-wave-energy-converter-characteristics-nearshore-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148115305528","title":"Numerical modeling of the effects of wave energy converter characteristics on nearshore wave conditions","description":"Modeled nearshore wave propagation was investigated downstream of simulated wave energy converters (WECs) to evaluate overall near- and far-field effects of WEC arrays. Model sensitivity to WEC characteristics and WEC array deployment scenarios was evaluated using a modified version of an industry standard wave model, Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN), which allows the incorporation of device-specific WEC characteristics to specify obstacle transmission. The sensitivity study illustrated that WEC device type and subsequently its size directly resulted in wave height variations in the lee of the WEC array. Wave heights decreased up to 30% between modeled scenarios with and without WECs for large arrays (100 devices) of relatively sizable devices (26 m in diameter) with peak power generation near to the modeled incident wave height. Other WEC types resulted in less than 15% differences in modeled wave height with and without WECs, with lesser influence for WECs less than 10 m in diameter.Wave directions and periods were largely insensitive to changes in parameters. However, additional model parameterization and analysis are required to fully explore the model sensitivity of peak wave period and mean wave direction to the varying of the parameters.","author":["Chang, G.","Ruehl, K.","Jones, C.","Roberts, J.","Chartrand, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1233","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-ecological-implications-generating-electricity-coastal-zone","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01060.x","title":"Offshore renewable energy: ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone","description":"Summary:  1) Global\u2010scale environmental degradation and its links with non\u2010renewable fossil fuels have led to an increasing interest in generating electricity from renewable energy resources. Much of this interest centres on offshore renewable energy developments (ORED). The large scale of proposed ORED will add to the existing human pressures on coastal ecosystems, therefore any ecological costs and benefits must be determined.  2) The current pressures on coastal ecology set the context within which the potential impacts (both positive and negative) of offshore renewable energy generation are discussed.  3) The number of published peer\u2010review articles relating to renewable energy has increased dramatically since 1991. Significantly, only a small proportion of these articles relate to environmental impacts and none considers coastal ecology.  4) Actual or potential environmental impact can occur during construction, operation and\/or decommissioning of ORED.  5) Construction and decommissioning are likely to cause significant physical disturbance to the local environment. There are both short\u2010 and long\u2010term implications for the local biological communities. The significance of any effects is likely to depend on the natural disturbance regime and the stability and resilience of the communities.  6) During day\u2010to\u2010day operation, underwater noise, emission of electromagnetic fields and collision or avoidance with the energy structures represent further potential impacts on coastal species, particularly large predators. The wider ecological implications of any direct and indirect effects are discussed.  7) Synthesis and applications. This review demonstrates that offshore renewable energy developments will have direct and, potentially, indirect consequences for coastal ecology, with these effects occurring at different scales. Ecologists should be involved throughout all the phases of an ORED to ensure that appropriate assessments of the interaction of single and multiple developments with the coastal environment are undertaken.","author":["Gill, A."],"organization":["Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2005-08-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gill2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1234","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-cetaceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Sarah_Dolman2\/publication\/228658933_Marine_Renewable_Energy_and_Cetaceans\/links\/00b7d516fe794f160e000000.pdf","title":"Marine renewable energy and cetaceans","description":"There is an ongoing development of offshore renewable energy projects worldwide. Marine wind power technology is the most advanced and tidal and wave power projects are creating increasing interest. Marine renewable energy projects to date have been focused in northern Europe, yet developments are also planned and underway in other parts of the world. Whilst these offshore renewable energy developments are typically characterised as environmentally desirable, there are some associated adverse impacts that deserve careful consideration. However, the renewable energy industry is in some ways still in its infancy and, as such, not all of its impacts are clear or fully assessed. This paper outlines the global development of this sector, identifies species of particular concern, outlines some of the possible effects from renewable energy developments on cetaceans and identifies research and monitoring needs to address important knowledge gaps.","author":["Dolman, S.","Simmonds, M.","Green, M."],"organization":["Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dolman_et_al_2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1238","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-artificial-structures-amplifiers-aurelia-aurita-sl-blooms-case-study-newly","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10872-014-0249-1","title":"Marine artificial structures as amplifiers of Aurelia aurita s.l. blooms: a case study of a newly installed floating pier","description":"Increase of marine artificial structures, providing more substrate for jellyfish polyps, has been argued to increase jellyfish outbreaks, although no explicit evidence exists. We report a case study demonstrating a remarkable increase of Aurelia aurita s.l. ephyrae after the installation of a floating pier (48 9 6 m) in a fishing port on the Inland Sea of Japan. Monitoring of ephyrae from January 2010, prior to the installation of the floating pier in April 2010, to July 2011, revealed that their time-weighted average density increased 3.5 fold, from 1.1 to 3.9 ephyrae m-3, and the integrated number of ephyrae exported from the port increased 4.3 fold, from 5.7 9 106 to 25 9 106 ephyrae, after the installation. However, in a nearby port, a control site, the abundance of ephyrae decreased by ca. one third during the same period. Monitoring of polyps showed that they initially colonized the undersurface of the pier by August 2010, followed by a rapid population increase. They strobilated from December 2010 to May 2011. We computed the number of ephyrae released from the strobilae to be ca. 25 9 106, very close to the net increase of ephyrae produced and exported from the port. This study corroborates that the installation of an artificial structure provides new a substrate for polyps, which allows them to produce more ephyrae to induce medusa blooms.","author":["Makabe, R.","Furukawa, R.","Takao, M.","Uye, S."],"organization":["Hiroshima University","Ishinomaki Senshu University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.407545000000","131.296415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Makbeetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1239","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-potential-effects-wave-energy-devices-kelp-biotopes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-commissioned-report-783-understanding-potential-effects-wave-energy-devices-kelp-biotopes","title":"Understanding the potential effects of wave energy devices on kelp biotopes","description":"Background:  Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) has identified a research need to improve understanding of the changes to kelp habitats as a result of the development of wave energy projects around Scotland. Notable development is planned in The Crown Estate\u2019s current leasing round with further zones being identified by Scottish Government in the latest draft plan options for the sector. Some of these developments have the potential to occur within the subtidal zone, where kelp habitats are prevalent.  Activities associated with wave projects such as installation, operation, maintenance and decommissioning may impact kelp communities in a number of ways, including kelp removal to permit installation of devices and associated infrastructure (cables and pipelines).  Main findings:    Areas designated for the deployment of shallow-water and shore-based wave energy converters (WECs) in Scotland coincide with important kelp habitats (dominated by Laminaria hyperborea).  Kelp covers approximately 3600 km2 of Scotland\u0027s coast and the estimated 10 million tonnes of kelp biomass supports more than 1800 different species of flora and fauna including other seaweeds, invertebrates, fish, diving birds and otters.  Existing wave lease areas coincide with 1.2% of Scotland\u2019s kelp habitats where kelp has a 50% likelihood of being rare or more abundant on the SACFOR scale.  The expected area of impact on kelp habitats will be much lower, given that the footprint of individual WECs will be far smaller than the wave lease areas.  Environmental impacts associated with wave energy projects may occur during construction, operation, maintenance and decommissioning project phases. Activities with potential impacts on kelp include: site preparation; installation of mooring anchors, cabling, mono-piling and \/ or construction of breakwaters; introduction of new substrates such as rock mattressing, metal or plastic piping; routine maintenance and decommissioning. These activities may result in direct loss of kelp habitats and \/ or temporary disturbances from which kelp can recover.  WECs may indirectly impact kelp habitats and wider nearshore ecosystems by inducing changes in hydrodynamics, sedimentation and wave energy, which favour the establishment of less diverse seaweed communities. The introduction of non-native species also poses a risk to kelp communities. However, the degree of this threat is largely uncertain.  Kelp habitats are subject to a high level of natural disturbance (for example loss of biomass during storms) and have an inherent capacity to recover rapidly.  After clearing, the kelp canopy can return to virgin biomass within 2-5 years and associated flora and fauna may take 1 to \u0026gt;6 years to return to their original density, dependent on species. Kelps are also able to colonise a variety of artificial substrates such as concrete blocks and rock mattressing. Repeat clearing of kelp at intervals of less than 2 years will prevent recovery of kelp habitat.  Recovery of kelp habitats after disturbance can be facilitated by: - Introducing new substrates that best match the natural environment. - Not sterilising new surfaces unless essential for device operation. - Leaving kelp holdfasts intact when clearing and thereby retaining refuges for associated fauna. - Allowing kelp canopy to mature (\u0026gt;5 years age) between successive clearings. - Avoiding sites that are adjacent to extensive areas of fine sediments.  The findings of the objective risk assessment are that kelp habitats have a medium to very high sensitivity to site-specific disturbances that may be induced by wave energy projects. However, given the extent of kelp habitat in Scotland and the level of natural disturbance tolerated by these habitats, the magnitude of the predicted impact is generally minor or negligible on a regional and national scale.","author":["Macleod, A.","Orr, K.","Greenhill, L.","Burrows, M."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.854193200000","-4.791505500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Understanding-the-potential-effects-of-wave-energy-devices-on-kelp-biotopes.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1240","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/riding-waves-use-pelamis-device-seabirds","sourceURL":"","title":"Riding the waves: use of the Pelamis device by seabirds","description":"Seabirds are important marine predators that may be influenced by developments in marine renewable energy. To explore how seabirds might exploit novel floating structures at sea, an autonomous camera system was used to record attendance of seabirds on a Pelamis wave-energy device. Numbers and identities of seabirds on the machine were explored in relation to a set of metocean variables. Use of the machine was most affected by time of day, but less so by state of the tide. Birds did not use the machine during strong winds or when waves were large. Cameras can provide an effective, low-cost way to collect data about seabirds over weeks or months in inaccessible locations and under inclement metocean conditions.","author":["Jackson, A."],"organization":["Cornwall College","North Highland College"],"originationDate":"2014-04-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.982000000000","3.391000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jacksonetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1241","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-magnetic-pulses-caribbean-spiny-lobsters-implications-magnetoreception","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/219\/12\/1827.abstract","title":"Effect of magnetic pulses on Caribbean spiny lobsters: implications for magnetoreception","description":"The Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, is a migratory crustacean that uses Earth\u2019s magnetic field as a navigational cue, but how these lobsters detect magnetic fields is not known. Magnetic material thought to be magnetite has previously been detected in spiny lobsters, but its role in magnetoreception, if any, remains unclear. As a first step toward investigating whether lobsters might have magnetite-based magnetoreceptors, we subjected lobsters to strong, pulsed magnetic fields capable of reversing the magnetic dipole moment of biogenic magnetite crystals. Lobsters were subjected to a single pulse directed from posterior to anterior and either: (1) parallel to the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field (i.e. toward magnetic north); or (2) antiparallel to the horizontal field (i.e. toward magnetic south). An additional control group was handled but not subjected to a magnetic pulse. After treatment, each lobster was tethered in a water-filled arena located within 200 m of the capture location and allowed to walk in any direction. Control lobsters walked in seemingly random directions and were not significantly oriented as a group. In contrast, the two groups exposed to pulsed fields were significantly oriented in approximately opposite directions. Lobsters subjected to a magnetic pulse applied parallel to the geomagnetic horizontal component walked westward; those subjected to a pulse directed antiparallel to the geomagnetic horizontal component oriented approximately northeast. The finding that a magnetic pulse alters subsequent orientation behavior is consistent with the hypothesis that magnetoreception in spiny lobsters is based at least partly on magnetite-based magnetoreceptors.","author":["Ernst, D.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2016-06-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.826327700000","-80.816127100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ernst-Lohmann-2016-Spiny-Lobsters.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1242","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-tidal-power-schemes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icevirtuallibrary.com\/doi\/10.1680\/maen.2009.162.4.165","title":"Environmental impacts of tidal power schemes","description":"This paper describes the potential environmental changes caused by tidal power installations with illustration for schemes in the eastern Irish Sea, focussing mainly on major estuarine barrages. The generic impacts in the near-field and far-field are discussed. Results from a 0-D and a 2-D model are presented: the former allows rapid calculations to be made for a large range of options while the latter allows the full effect on 2D hydrodynamics to be investigated. It is shown that there may be a significant change in tidal amplitude at the coast of Northern Ireland. The bed stress in the Bristol Channel will be significantly reduced if a Severn barrage is constructed. Some effects on the tidal mixing are expected although the location of tidal fronts in the Irish and Celtic Seas will not be changed significantly. The largest environmental impact is expected to be on the amount of inter-tidal area retained after construction of an estuarine barrage. It is shown that the loss of mudflats can be substantially reduced by using a dual-mode (ebb and flood generation) scheme with an increased number of turbines over the lowest-cost option.","author":["Wolf, J.","Walkington, I.","Holt, J.","Burrows, R."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.464099500000","-6.195259100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/wolfetal2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1243","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-benthic-conditions-organisms-oregon-south-coast-areas-targeted-wave","sourceURL":"","title":"Characterization of Benthic Conditions and Organisms on the Oregon South Coast in areas targeted for Wave Energy Development","description":"This project was a single assessment of the benthic habitat characteristics and organisms near the future Ocean Power Technologies Demonstration facility near Reedsport, OR, and a reference location. The goal of this project was to assess sediment characteristics, infaunal invertebrates, epifaunal invertebrates, and fish at the future installation site, inshore of the target site, and at a reference site. Specifically, CTD casts, box cores, and beam trawl collections were conducted at the sited in summer 2011. In summary, all assemblages sampled had distributions strongly driven by depth. Other factors contributing to the variability among sampling stations were potentially due to differences in temperature and dissolved oxygen, which co-vary with depth. In the following document we report in detail on the spatial variability of the habitat features and biological assemblages. Finally, we make recommendations for plans for future monitoring at these or similar sites.","author":["Henkel, S."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.680843000000","-124.229817000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 10:49:43","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Henkel-2011-Oregon-South-Coast.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1244","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baseline-characterization-monitoring-oregon-state-universitys-ocean-test-facility-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacificoceanenergy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Baseline-Characterization-of-Benthic-Habitats-and-Organisms-Newport-December-2011.pdf","title":"Baseline Characterization and Monitoring of Oregon State University\u0027s Ocean Test Facility Site","description":"This project was carried out collaboratively by Oregon State University (OSU) scientists and involved participation by scientists from the Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife (ODFW) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Northwest Fisheries Science Center. The goal of this project was baseline characterization via observations and sample collection of the habitat and biological assemblages present at the future site of the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) Ocean Test Facility near Newport, OR. Specifically, CTD casts, box core and beam trawl collections, and video observations were conducted at the site from spring 2010 to fall 2011. These collections and observations help characterize the baseline variability in habitat and species characteristics across seasons over two years. Below we summarize overall findings. In the following document we report on the spatial and temporal variability of the habitat features and biological assemblages. Finally, we review our participation to date in disseminating these results and outline plans for post-installation monitoring of the Ocean Test Facility site.","author":["Henkel, S.","Ciannelli, L.","Barth, J."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.675829000000","-124.099587000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 10:47:33","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Henkel-2011-Ocean-Test-Facility.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1245","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholder-perceptions-wave-hub-development-cornwall-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Stakeholder Perceptions of the Wave Hub Development in Cornwall, UK.","description":"Despite a growing body of research examining stakeholder perceptions of offshore wind-farms, little social research has focused on offshore wave energy devices. With the Wave Hub project proposed for Hayle Bay, Cornwall, in 2010, it is apparent that even developments that are \u2018out of sight, out of mind\u2019 still require extensive stakeholder engagement if opposition is to be reduced. Findings from ongoing research into stakeholder perceptions of marine renewable energy suggest that the science underpinning these devices needs to be more robust and clearly articulated, with baseline data accounting for temporal shifts in marine environments, to allay stakeholder concerns. There also needs to be realistic information by project proponents on the local benefits of the Wave Hub project, as many stakeholders feel the public will be disappointed if benefits are artificially inflated. The Wave Hub also creates a quandary for some stakeholders who see supporting the Wave Hub as paving the way for widespread deployment of marine renewables, leading to significant impacts on marine environments. The more general findings from the study are that it cannot be assumed that \u2018out of sight\u2019 means \u2018out of mind\u2019 or that the same opposition factors identified for offshore wind developments apply to wave and tidal devices.","author":["West, J.","Bailey, I.","Whithead, I."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2009-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.578287700000","-4.918734600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:43:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Westetal2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1246","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-coast-marine-bird-surveys-quantitative-shipboard-surveys-species-distribution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacificoceanenergy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Baseline-Seabird-Assessment-August-2008.pdf","title":"West Coast Marine Bird Surveys - Quantitative shipboard surveys of species distribution and abundance on the continental shelf during April 2008 and July-August 2008","description":"As part of the California Current Ecosystem Survey, NOAA Fisheries sponsored pairs of seabird observers who collected quantitative information on marine bird species, abundance, and behavior during all daylight hours when the ship was under way. Observers participated on Leg 1 and Leg 2 of the April 2008 Miller Freeman survey, and Legs 1, 2, and 3 of the July-August David Starr Jordan survey. OWET provided funding for observers on Leg 2 of the April cruise and Legs 1 and 2 of the July cruise; data from non-OWET funded legs are included for completeness. This report is meant to provide a concise data summary of methods, survey dates and locations, and relative abundance of bird species seen during the surveys. It is not a final analysis, nor have data been fully processed to provide absolute abundances.","author":["Zamon, J."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2008-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.981425000000","-125.221706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zamon-2008-West-Coast-Bird-Surveys.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1247","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/winter-marine-bird-surveys","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacificoceanenergy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Marine-Bird-Winter-Surveys%E2%80%94March-2012.pdf","title":"Winter Marine Bird Surveys","description":"Information on winter marine bird and mammal distributions in Oregon coastal waters has been identified as a data need for marine spatial planning of ocean energy development. As part of the annual marine mammal surveys of the critical habitat for Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries mobilized a winter research survey during 16 February to 06 March 2012. To study marine birds. Partnership between NOAA Fisheries Northwest Fisheries Science Center (Conservation Biology and Fish Ecology divisions) and the Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) allowed the principal investigator to place two contract seabird observers on board the Shimada for the entire survey. Deployment of seabird observers during this winter survey allowed quantitative information of marine bird species, abundance and behavior to be collected during all daylight hours when the ship was under way and weather conditions permitted. This report is meant to provide a concise data summary of methods, survey dates and locations, and basic information about bird species seen during the surveys. It is not a final analysis, nor have data been fully processed to provide absolute at-sea density estimates. Marine mammal observations and other ecosystem data collection were funded entirely by NOAA Fisheries; these data are in the custody of M. Bradley Hanson and Dawn Noren, who served as Chief Scientists for the 2012 research survey.","author":["Mills, G."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.057494800000","-125.071869700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:08:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mills-2012-Winter-Bird-Surveys.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1248","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/project-assess-potential-impacts-reedsport-ocean-power-technologies-wave-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Project to Assess Potential Impacts of the Reedsport Ocean Power Technologies Wave Energy Generation Facility on Migration and Habitat use of Green Sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris)","description":"Sites selected for ocean energy projects (e.g., wave energy) are typically near estuaries and bays. A wave energy project had been planned in the ocean at depths of 62\u201369 m near Reedsport, Oregon, northwest of the Umpqua River estuary. Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) from the southern and northern distinct population segments (DPS) use this estuary during the spring\u2013fall, presumably for feeding. The Southern DPS is listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. A \u201cbeforeafter\u201d study was designed to identify potential interactions between the proposed wave energy project and green sturgeon, but the project was terminated before fieldwork ended. Nonetheless, understanding movements and habitat use of green sturgeon near estuaries and bays is important for site selection of future ocean energy projects. Using up to 43 automated acoustic receivers within and outside of the proposed project area, we monitored for the occurrence of 770 subadult and adult green sturgeon tagged with coded ultrasonic transmitters, which were affixed by other researchers on unrelated projects. We detected 248 green sturgeon within the receiver array from January 2013 through June 2014. Green sturgeon were detected on 492 of 515 monitoring days (95.5%) by the ocean array of receivers anchored at depths of 12\u2013110 m. Peak detections occurred at 50\u201370 m. Some individuals migrated through the area quickly, whereas others used the area for extended periods of time (e.g., months). Although there was some migration of green sturgeon between receivers anchored in the Umqpua River estuary and the ocean receivers, most of the individuals detected on the ocean array were not detected inside of the estuary. These results suggest that the ocean immediately offshore and upcoast\/downcoast of estuaries that support green sturgeon may be important green sturgeon habitats, and significant numbers of green sturgeon may interact with wave energy project projects in such areas.","author":["Payne, J.","Erickson, D.","Donnellan, M.","Lindley, S."],"organization":["Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife","Alaska Department of Fish \u0026 Game","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.686563600000","-124.235447100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Payne-2015-Green-Sturgeon.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1249","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-use-oceanic-areas-atlantic-leatherback-sea-turtles-dermochelys-coriacea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-006-0262-z","title":"High-use oceanic areas for Atlantic leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) as identified using satellite telemetered location and dive information","description":"The movements and behavior of nine female leatherback sea turtles, Dermochelys coriacea (L.) were monitored for up to 370 days from their nesting beaches on the Caribbean island of Trinidad between 1995 and 2004 using satellite-linked time and depth recorders. During the inter-nesting period (typically March\u2013July) turtles ranged widely, but frequented the area around Galera Point on the NE corner of Trinidad. Diving depths were typically 26 min) as the turtles left the Caribbean, but became very shallow (\u003E50 m) and short at high latitudes. Between midOctober and mid-November, the turtles left high latitudes for a presumed foraging area in the Mauritania upwelling where they resided until their tracking records ended. Diving remained relatively shallow. It is proposed that movements of these turtles from one foraging area to another are driven by the opportunity to forage in areas of distinct oceanic structure which serve to concentrate their gelatinous prey (e.g., salps, Scyphomedusae, Siphonophora) either at or below the surface.","author":["Eckert, S."],"organization":["Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute","Duke University"],"originationDate":"2006-03-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:47:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1251","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/endogenous-cycles-activity-patterns-energy-expenditure-intertidal-fish-modified","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749118335656","title":"Endogenous cycles, activity patterns and energy expenditure of an intertidal fish is modified by artificial light pollution at night (ALAN)","description":"The increase of global light emissions in recent years has highlighted the need for urgent evaluation of their impacts on the behaviour, ecology and physiology of organisms. Numerous species exhibit daily cycles or strong scototaxic behaviours that could potentially be influenced if natural lighting conditions or cycles are disrupted. Artificial Light Pollution at Night (ALAN) stands for situations where artificial light alters natural light-dark cycles, as well as light intensities and wavelengths. ALAN is increasingly recognized as a potential threat to biodiversity, mainly because a growing number of studies are demonstrating its influence on animal behaviour, migration, reproduction and biological interactions. Most of these studies have focused on terrestrial organisms and ecosystems with studies on the effects of ALAN on marine ecosystems being more occasional. However, with the increasing human use and development of the coastal zone, organisms that inhabit shallow coastal or intertidal systems could be at increasing risk from ALAN. In this study we measured the levels of artificial light intensity in the field and used these levels to conduct experimental trials to determine the impact of ALAN on an intertidal fish. Specifically, we measured ALAN effects on physiological performance (oxygen consumption) and behaviour (activity patterns) of \u201cBaunco\u201d the rockfish Girella laevifrons, one of the most abundant and ecologically important intertidal fish in the Southeastern Pacific littoral. Our results indicated that individuals exposed to ALAN exhibited increased oxygen consumption and activity when compared with control animals. Moreover, those fish exposed to ALAN stopped displaying the natural (circatidal and circadian) activity cycles that were observed in control fish throughout the experiment. These changes in physiological function and behaviour could have serious implications for the long-term sustainability of fish populations and indirect impacts on intertidal communities in areas affected by ALAN.","author":["Pulgar, J.","Zeballos, D.","Vargas, J.","Aldana, M.","Manriquez, P.","Manriquez, K.","Quij\u00f3n, P.","Widdicombe, S.","Anguita, C.","Quintanilla, D.","Duarte, C."],"organization":["Universidad Andres Bello","Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1252","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-effects-offshore-renewables-identification-knowledge-gaps-urgently-needed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz018\/5368123?redirectedFrom=fulltext","title":"Benthic effects of offshore renewables: identification of knowledge gaps and urgently needed research","description":"As the EU\u0027s commitment to renewable energy is projected to grow to 20% of energy generation by 2020, the use of marine renewable energy from wind, wave and tidal resources is increasing. This literature review (233 studies) (i) summarizes knowledge on how marine renewable energy devices affect benthic environments, (ii) explains how these effects could alter ecosystem processes that support major ecosystem services and (iii) provides an approach to determine urgent research needs. Conceptual diagrams were set up to structure hypothesized cause-effect relationships (i.e. paths). Paths were scored for (i) temporal and spatial scale of the effect, (ii) benthic sensitivity to these effects, (iii) the effect consistency and iv) scoring confidence, and consecutively ranked. This approach identified prominent knowledge gaps and research needs about (a) hydrodynamic changes possibly resulting in altered primary production with potential consequences for filter feeders, (b) the introduction and range expansion of non-native species (through stepping stone effects) and, (c) noise and vibration effects on benthic organisms. Our results further provide evidence that benthic sensitivity to offshore renewable effects is higher than previously indicated. Knowledge on changes of ecological functioning through cascading effects is limited and requires distinct hypothesis-driven research combined with integrative ecological modelling.","author":["Dannheim, J.","Bergstr\u00f6m, L.","Birchenough, S.","Brzana, R.","Boon, A.","Coolen, J.","Dauvin, J.","De Mesel, I.","Derweduwen, J.","Gill, A.","Hutchison, Z.","Jackson, A.","Janas, U.","Martin, G.","Raoux, A.","Reubens, L.","Rostin, L.","Vanaverbeke, J.","Wilding, T.","Wilhelmsson, D.","Degraer, S."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory","University of Gda\u0144sk","Deltares (NL)","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Normandie Universit\u00e9","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","PANGALIA Environmental","Cornwall College","University of Rhode Island","University of Tartu","Flanders Marine Institute","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Royal Swedish Academy of Science"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1253","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/parameterization-wind-turbine-impacts-hydrodynamics-sediment-transport","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10236-016-0983-6#citeas","title":"Parameterization of wind turbine impacts on hydrodynamics and sediment transport","description":"Monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines modify the hydrodynamics and sediment transport at local and regional scales. The aim of this work is to assess these modifications and to parameterize them in a regional model. In the present study, this is achieved through a regional circulation model, coupled with a sediment transport module, using two approaches. One approach is to explicitly model the monopiles in the mesh as dry cells, and the other is to parameterize them by adding a drag force term to the momentum and turbulence equations. Idealised cases are run using hydrodynamical conditions and sediment grain sizes typical from the area located off Courseulles-sur-Mer (Normandy, France), where an offshore windfarm is under planning, to assess the capacity of the model to reproduce the effect of the monopile on the environment. Then, the model is applied to a real configuration on an area including the future offshore windfarm of Courseulles-sur-Mer. Four monopiles are represented in the model using both approaches, and modifications of the hydrodynamics and sediment transport are assessed over a tidal cycle. In relation to local hydrodynamic effects, it is observed that currents increase at the side of the monopile and decrease in front of and downstream of the monopile. In relation to sediment transport effect, the results show that resuspension and erosion occur around the monopile in locations where the current speed increases due to the monopile presence, and sediments deposit downstream where the bed shear stress is lower. During the tidal cycle, wakes downstream of the monopile reach the following monopile and modify the velocity magnitude and suspended sediment concentration patterns around the second monopile.","author":["Rivier, A.","Bennis, A.","Pinon, G.","Magar, V.","Gross, M."],"organization":["Normandie Universit\u00e9"],"originationDate":"2016-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.587525700000","-1.245278300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/rivieretal2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1258","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-artificial-reef-development-sea-turtle-conservation-florida","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/13140","title":"Potential impacts of artificial reef development on sea turtle conservation in Florida","description":"Artificial reefs have been constructed and deployed worldwide to enhance marine habitat, primarily to increase socio-economic benefits stemming from associated fishing and diving activities, but also for habitat restoration and mitigation purposes. As a result, the majority of studies focused on artificial reefs to date have centered on measuring performance, with metrics such as species\u2019 richness and abundance compared to natural reefs, or economic benefits to local users. While there may be demonstrable benefits to artificial reef development, there may also be unforeseen consequences. This study investigates the impacts Florida artificial reefs may have on sea turtle populations, such as increased predation stemming from altered predator complexes, mortality due to entrapment, and entanglement issues. Based on some of the associated effects artificial reef development may have on sea turtles, management recommendations to minimize potential impacts are offered for consideration.","author":["Barnette, M."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.206614000000","-81.809107900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:42:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NOAA-2017-SeaTurtle.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1259","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-visual-signatures-marine-mammals-fish-within-marine-renewable-energy-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/7\/2\/22","title":"Detection of Visual Signatures of Marine Mammals and Fish within Marine Renewable Energy Farms using Multibeam Imaging Sonar","description":"Techniques for marine monitoring have been greatly evolved over the past decades, making the acquisition of environmental data safer, more reliable and more efficient. On the other hand, the marine renewable energy sector has introduced dissimilar ways of exploring the oceans. Marine energy is mostly harvested in murky and high energetic places where conventional data acquisition techniques are impractical. This new frontier on marine operations brings the need for finding new techniques for environmental data acquisition, processing and analysis. Modern sonar systems, operating at high frequencies, can acquire detailed images of the underwater environment. Variables such as occurrence, size, class and behavior of a variety of aquatic species of fish, birds, and mammals that coexist within marine energy sites can be monitored using imaging sonar systems. Although sonar images can provide high levels of detail, in most of the cases they are still difficult to decipher. In order to facilitate the classification of targets using sonar images, this study introduces a framework of extracting visual features of marine animals that would serve as unique signatures. The acoustic visibility measure (AVM) is here introduced as technique of identification and classification of targets by comparing the observed size with a standard value. This information can be used to instruct algorithms and protocols in order to automate the identification and classification of underwater targets using imaging sonar systems. Using image processing algorithms embedded in Proviwer4 and FIJI software, this study found that acoustic images can be effectively used to classify cod, harbour and grey seals, and orcas through their size, shape and swimming behavior. The sonar images showed that cod occurred as bright, 0.9 m long, ellipsoidal targets shoaling in groups. Harbour seals occurred as bright torpedo-like fast moving targets, whereas grey seals occurred as bulky-ellipsoidal targets with serpentine movements. Orca or larger marine mammals occurred with relatively low visibility on the acoustic images compared to their body size, which measured between 4 m and 7 m. This framework provide a new window of performing qualitative and quantitative observations of underwater targets, and with further improvements, this method can be useful for environmental studies within marine renewable energy farms and for other purposes.","author":["Francisco, F.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:59:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fransisco-and-Sundberg-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1260","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-practice-framework-reconcile-full-scale-marine-renewable-energy-deployments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/library\/conference\/icoe-2018\/","title":"A Best Practice Framework to Reconcile Full-scale Marine Renewable Energy Deployments with Marine Natura 2000 Sites","description":"As the marine renewable energy industry is now rapidly scaling up from single devices to arrays of multiple turbines, this paper brings science and law together to investigate how the mechanisms of adaptive management can be best applied under the appropriate assessment procedure of the Habitats Directive to provide regulators with the best scientific knowledge about the ecological risks of full-scale deployments on marine Natura 2000 species.","author":["Le Li\u00e8vre, C."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2018-06-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/A_Best_Practice_Framework_to_Reconcile_Full-scale_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Deployments_with_Marine_Natura_2000_Sites.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1261","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-hydrokinetic-turbine-sound-behavior-four-species-fish-within-experimental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783617300218","title":"Effects of hydrokinetic turbine sound on the behavior of four species of fish within an experimental mesocosm","description":"The development of hydrokinetic energy technologies (e.g., tidal turbines) has raised concern over the potential impacts of underwater sound produced by hydrokinetic turbines on fish species likely to encounter these turbines. To assess the potential for behavioral impacts, we exposed four species of fish to varying intensities of recorded hydrokinetic turbine sound in a semi-natural environment. Although we tested freshwater species (redhorse suckers [Moxostoma spp], freshwater drum [Aplondinotus grunniens], largemouth bass [Micropterus salmoides], and rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss]), these species are also representative of the hearing physiology and sensitivity of estuarine species that would be affected at tidal energy sites. We evaluated changes in fish position relative to different intensities of turbine sound as well as trends in location over time with linear mixed-effects and generalized additive mixed models. We also evaluated changes in the proportion of near-source detections relative to sound intensity and exposure time with generalized linear mixed models and generalized additive models. Models indicated that redhorse suckers may respond to sustained turbine sound by increasing distance from the sound source. Freshwater drum models suggested a mixed response to turbine sound, and largemouth bass and rainbow trout models did not indicate any likely responses to turbine sound. Findings highlight the importance for future research to utilize accurate localization systems, different species, validated sound transmission distances, and to consider different types of behavioral responses to different turbine designs and to the cumulative sound of arrays of multiple turbines.","author":["Schramm, M.","Bevelhimer, M.","Scherelis, C."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.928788400000","-84.312513100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1263","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-behavioral-response-tidal-turbine-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1458457","title":"Marine Mammal Behavioral Response to Tidal Turbine Sound","description":"The sound emitted by tidal turbines overlaps with the generalized hearing ranges for marine mammals and may, consequently, affect marine mammal behavior. Because of the strong environmental protections for marine mammals, these effects are of interest to resource agencies and project developers. The primary goal of this project is to improve the understanding of how sound emitted by tidal turbines may affect marine mammal behavior, with the intent that such understanding may allow this environmental risk to be \u201cretired\u201d for initial demonstrations and arrays. A secondary project goal is to evaluate the efficacy of marine mammal observations from a shore-based vantage point as a method to detect change as a consequence of marine energy stressors. Three, two-week trials were conducted across spring, summer and autumn of 2017 during which vantage-point observations of marine mammals were made from land. We refer to these two-week periods as \u2018trials\u2019 as they represent different periods of field data collection. These observations consisted of scan samples every 10 minutes with a set of binoculars and a DSLR camera. When pinnipeds were sighted, still images were taken. When harbor porpoise were sighted, focal follows using video were initiated. These data were later analyzed to estimate the location of animals sighted using photogrammetric techniques. For approximately half of each trial period, a boat was moored in the study area from which an underwater projector was used to play back tidal turbine sounds at a broadband source level of 158 dB re \u00b5Pa @ 1 m. The other half of each trial period had no playbacks and was used as a control period. During the control and playback periods, ancillary data were collected in the study area near the sea floor (ambient noise, tidal velocity, and porpoise clicks) while weather and vessel tracks were recorded near the vantage-point station. Harbor seals did not show a significant response to the simulated turbine noise, nor did harbor porpoise change their closest point of approach or change the direction\/deviation of the paths during periods when the playback was occurring. While porpoise sightings and porpoise acoustic detections were significantly reduced during playback periods in the first two trials, the number of detections during the playback periods increased during the third trial. Similarly, the calculated distance from porpoises to the playback location suggests that harbor porpoises avoided an area around the playback location of approximately 300 m during Trial 1, which decreased to approximately 100 m in Trial 2, and disappeared in Trial 3. This could be an indication of habituation or increased tolerance, either to the playback sound or the vessel presence. Our finding of no significant effect of turbine noise on harbor seals contrast with the findings in a previous study by Hastie et al. (2017) conducted in United Kingdom waters. However, due to substantive differences in source levels and propagation loss, seals in our study would need to have been within 10 m of the playback location to experience similar received levels to those in the Hastie et al. study. Consequently, the two studies may actually be in agreement. Our findings of significant effect of turbine noise on harbor porpoise are in line with previous studies suggesting the harbor porpoise are sensitive to noise. However, we note that, due to cost and logistical constraints, the playback vessel was only mooring during the playback periods. Consequently, we cannot definitively ascribe the changes in porpoise behavior to the simulated turbine noise, playback vessel presence, or a combination of both factors. This methodological limitation and other lessons learned are discussed to benefit future studies that explore the effects of acoustic stressors on marine mammals.","author":["Robertson, F.","Wood, J.","Joslin, J.","Joy, R.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2018-06-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.176320000000","-122.768226000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Plagye-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1264","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-wave-energy-generators-nephrops-norvegicus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1250482\u0026dswid=-1784","title":"Effects of Wave Energy Generators on Nephrops norvegicus","description":"Wave energy research is primarily focused on the technical developments of energy conversion but the parallel evaluation of environmental effects related to wave energy is also essential and reflects sustainable development of renewable energy. At the west coast of Sweden, 120 km north of Gothenburg, the Wave Energy Park \u201cSoten\u00e4s Project\u201d is located. This area has been the location of environmental impact studies from wave energy generators on the macro crustacean species Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758), the Norway lobster. The Norway lobster is an ecologically as well as economically important species in Sweden and across Europe. The aim of this preliminary study was to detect possible positive or negative effects on numbers of individuals by the presence of the wave energy generators and the created \u201cno take\u201d zone. For that purpose, ROV aided seabed recordings of the characteristic Norway lobster burrow entrances were conducted inside the Wave Energy Park and respective control areas in 2016 and 2017. Preliminary results do not show a clear distinct result between the different transects and years. Long-term observations and complementary studies are necessary to draw conclusions and outweigh extreme and rare events of annual one-time samplings.","author":["Bender, A.","Sunberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2018-09-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.387444000000","11.128556000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:57:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-283.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1265","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigation-monitoring-fish-using-underwater-fish-eye-camera-test-site-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2704509","title":"Investigation of Monitoring Fish Using Underwater Fish-Eye Camera at the Test Site of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Assessment of any significant effects on the local marine environment when considering the installation of a marine renewable energy device is of the utmost importance. In particular, the effect of such device on fish is concerned by local fishermen. To confirm variation of fish before and after installing the device of marine renewable energy, we investigated effective monitoring system using an underwater fish-eye camera. In this paper, visibility of the fish-eye camera was tested off Kamaishi city, Iwate prefecture, Japan, which is a test site of marine renewable energy in Japan. Device of wave power generation is planning to install at this site in the future. We confirmed the visibility of the fish-eye camera using a fish-shaped target by changing the distance between the target and camera. The water depth and photon were simultaneously measured. From the result, the horizontal visibility was discussed, and then we made a plan to observe around wave power generator using this fish-eye camera.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Kitazawa, D.","Mizukami, Y.","Chen, Q.","Mochizuki, A."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2018-06-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.275818000000","141.885608000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1266","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-analysis-tidal-current-energy-conversion-systems-european-union","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261917317609#s0100","title":"A strategic analysis of tidal current energy conversion systems in the European Union","description":"The exploitation of ocean energy is currently recognized as an abundant, geographically diverse and renewable energy source that could benefit European citizens by increasing energy independence, enhancing economic growth, creating jobs, allowing decarbonization or serving as a complement to other renewable sources within the global energy mix. Of the various types of ocean energy (wave, tidal, offshore wind, salinity gradient and thermal gradient), this paper is focused on technologies with which to harness the energy from ocean currents. This energy will have considerable possibilities in the future thanks to its high predictability and its enormous potential for the production of electricity. Most of the review papers concerning tidal energy systems are focused on engineering topics. However, there continues to be limited information as regards other aspects, such as those of an economical, social, political, legislative and environmental nature which, together with their interrelationships, need to be dealt with as a whole in order to detect the key drivers that could affect the success or failure of making tidal energy technologies marketable. The objective of this review paper is to address this gap by providing a detailed strategic analysis based on the most up-to-date literature, reports and guidelines. The paper discusses the different disciplines of which the PESTEL analysis (political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal) is composed and provides different strategies\/recommendations through which to mitigate many of the risks identified in order to facilitate the successful development of these technologies and bring them onto the market. Finally, some recent advances in tidal technologies developed by our research group (GIT-ERM) are also highlighted in the technological part of this paper.\n\nHighlights:\nA strategic analysis for offshore tidal energy conversion systems is provided.\nIt covers political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal aspects.\nDifferent strategies\/recommendations to mitigate all risks are suggested.\nThe presented analysis can be used to support future R\u0026D and deployment.","author":["Segura, E.","Morales, R.","Somolinos, J."],"organization":["University of Castilla\u2013La Mancha","Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid"],"originationDate":"2018-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1267","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biofree-international-study-biofouling-impacts-marine-renewable-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8559322","title":"BioFREE: An International Study of Biofouling Impacts on the Marine Renewable Energy Industry","description":"The success of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is dependent upon maximising energy capture and minimising down-time. Device performance is negatively impacted by the growth of fouling organisms, leading to reduced efficiency and reliability; anti-fouling strategies are costly and time consuming. Biofouling also reduces accuracy of data buoys and sensors used to assess the hydrodynamic resource and device performance. While biofouling has been a recognised problem for centuries, deployment of MRE devices creates several unique issues. Additional concerns exist over the role that MRE infrastructure may play as `stepping-stones\u0027 promoting the spread of non-native and invasive species. A paucity of published studies exists concerning biofouling in this sector. With a general trend towards stricter environmental controls, it is essential that the MRE industry demonstrate commitments that minimise disturbance and promote positive impacts. Given small margins for MRE, there are potentially substantive benefits from tackling biofouling in terms of increased investor confidence. The BioFREE project (a collaboration between Heriot-Watt University and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in the UK) is addressing these issues by detailed characterisation of the biofouling communities from multiple habitats used by the MRE sector, and monitoring benthic impacts following deployment and decommissioning. BioFREE is developing a workable Standard Monitoring System designed to facilitate data collection using practical and effective methods. Frames are populated with settlement panels, data loggers, and components comprised of materials of greatest concern to MRE developers. Components of this system can be treated with anti-fouling coatings. Frames are being deployed in a variety of habitats at additional test centres and research institutes located in Japan, Chile, France, and the USA; organisms are recorded quarterly to identify the major foulants, determine the rate of settlement and growth, and study successional changes. These studies indicate strong species-specific seasonal settlement patterns. Fouling communities vary between deployment habitats depending on factors such as hydrodynamic conditions, water depth, and substrate type. These findings will allow recommendations for test centres and developers to minimise the impacts of fouling, chiefly through selective scheduling of deployments and maintenance, in different habitats, to times when the settlement of fouling organisms will be minimal or their removal will be least costly. In addition, BioFREE has created training materials to help inform the MRE industry of ways to better capture biofouling information when conducting operations at sea. Practical suggestions are informed by recent maintenance and decommissioning operations conducted on MRE infrastructure. These studies have identified structural areas and materials of particular concern from the impacts of biofouling. The lead role of EMEC, as a representative of MRE developers in the sector, is allowing promotion of project outputs within the industry and between test centres. These findings are being disseminated through conference presentations, technical reports, scientific publications, public engagement, and webinars planned for the near future.\n\nMore information about the OCEANS\u201918 MTS\/IEEE Kobe \/ Techno-Ocean 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Want, A.","Porter, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2018-12-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-24 06:42:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1268","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-disturbance-facilitates-non-native-species-offshore-oil-platforms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13104","title":"Anthropogenic disturbance facilitates a non-native species on offshore oil platforms","description":"Anthropogenic practices that facilitate species introductions must be identified and modified to improve management and control the spread of non\u2010native taxa in many environments. Maintenance practices that remove dense epifaunal invertebrates attached to offshore structures create a disturbance that may facilitate the establishment of non\u2010native species.  We evaluated the effect of disturbance on the abundance (percent cover) of a non\u2010native bryozoan, Watersipora subatra, on an offshore oil platform in the Santa Barbara Channel, USA by removing the existing epifaunal community in experimental plots and comparing Watersipora cover in these plots to that in undisturbed control plots over a 15\u2010month period. We explored the importance of larval supply and the epifaunal community in driving observed patterns, using measurements of Watersipora larval availability and colony recruitment and growth in the disturbed and control plots. We also examined the effect of disturbance on Watersipora establishment at the larger, platform\u2010scale over c. 18 months with comparative surveys of cleaned and uncleaned portions of another oil platform.  Both the experimental disturbance and the larger platform cleaning facilitated Watersipora establishment, with cover increasing from c. 5% to 20\u201360% at shallower (\u226412 m) depths within 15 to 18 months following disturbance.  Initial Watersipora recruitment to the disturbed plots occurred during a period of elevated larval availability, as indicated by recruitment onto settlement plates. However, 1 year after the experimental disturbance, sessile invertebrates occupied all available settlement space, and there was little recruitment of Watersipora into disturbed plots despite the availability of larvae.  Synthesis and applications. Maintenance operations for offshore structures can include the manual removal of subtidal epibenthic invertebrates attached to the structure. Our study at offshore oil platforms found that this anthropogenic disturbance enhanced the establishment of the non\u2010native invertebrate Watersipora subatra. The timing of disturbance relative to Watersipora\u0027s reproductive season was an important driver of this pattern. Scheduling maintenance practices to occur soon after the reproductive period of Watersipora could allow adequate time for native species to recruit and occupy the available bare space, thereby reducing the potential for establishment of this non\u2010native species.","author":["Viola, S.","Page, H.","Zaleski, S.","Miller, R.","Doheny, B.","Dugan, J.","Schroeder, D.","Schroeter, S."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.316652000000","-119.616663000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viola-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1275","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-maritime-spatial-planning-development-marine-renewable-energies-portugal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421518308693","title":"The influence of maritime spatial planning on the development of marine renewable energies in Portugal and Spain: Legal challenges and opportunities","description":"The objective of this study is to analyse, from a legal point of view, the influence of the transposition of Marine Spatial Planning Directive into both Spanish and Portuguese domestic laws on the development of marine renewable energies in both countries. This article concludes that the Portuguese legal system is more favourable for the development of marine renewable energies than the Spanish legal regime, since the former establishes a more flexible planning system, sets criteria for the prioritisation of marine uses, incorporates trade-off mechanisms, introduces an electronic single-window system and regulates a pilot zone. These measures can help streamline licensing processes, avoid and resolve conflicts with other sea users, and adapt planning instruments to the rapid development of new marine renewable technologies. However, both legal regimes lack specific legal mechanisms aimed at offering effective protection of the marine environment against negative effects arising from the installation of such devices. Similarly, there is a lack of coordination between maritime spatial planning instruments and land planning instruments, and between the Central Government and the autonomous regions. This may hinder the installation of marine renewable energies. This study has implications in relation to the EU integrated marine policy aimed at achieving a balance between blue growth and the conservation of the marine environment, as well as an inter-administrative coordination improvement in decision-making.","author":["Salvador, S.","Gimeno, L.","Larruga, F."],"organization":["Universidad de Vigo","Universidade da Coruna"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1276","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/systematic-review-transferable-solution-options-environmental-impacts-tidal-lagoons","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1830294X","title":"A systematic review of transferable solution options for the environmental impacts of tidal lagoons","description":"Tidal lagoons are presented as an environmentally friendly alternative to tidal barrages. This does not mean that their environmental impacts can be overlooked. A UK government review recommended a pilot scheme lagoon go ahead, with careful environmental monitoring. Despite recent government rejection of a lagoon scheme, it is still more important than ever to consider environmental solution options for any future lagoon developments. There are no operating lagoons in the world and so their environmental impacts are not fully understood. However, there is a vast quantity of literature available from other industries addressing similar impacts in the coastal, ocean and river environments. This systematic review follows the PRISMA and CEE guidance. Using this methodology the available literature covering relevant solution options from other industries that could be applied to future lagoon developments was quantified. This presents an investigation into solution options only, giving a quantitative analysis of what resources are available, how this compares to industry understanding, where the expertise lies globally, what impacts are being addressed and how applicable the solutions are for lagoon application. This paper analyses the extent and relevance of this available research on solutions as a resource for the nascent lagoon industry. Over half of the solutions found in this review require only small shifts in development for them to be realistic solution options for the lagoon industry in the future. This review opens the door on a vast and valuable resource and justifies the need for further investigation into solutions for the lagoon industry.","author":["Elliott, K.","Smith, H.","Moore, F.","van der Weijde, A.","Lazakis, I."],"organization":["Black \u0026 Veatch","University of Exeter","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Elliot-et-al-2019.pdf.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/testing-effectiveness-acoustic-deterrent-grey-whales-along-oregon-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/ht24wj826","title":"Testing the Effectiveness of an Acoustic Deterrent for Grey Whales Along the Oregon Coast","description":"This study was conducted to determine whether a low-powered sound source could be effective at deterring gray whales from areas that may prove harmful to them. With increased interest in the development of marine renewal energy along the Oregon coast the concern that such development may pose a collision or entanglement risk for gray whales. A successful acoustic deterrent could act as a mitigation tool to prevent harm to whales from such risks. In this study, an acoustic device was moored on the seafloor in the pathway of migrating gray whales off Yaquina Head on the central Oregon coast. Shore-based observers tracked whales with a theodolite (surveyor\u2019s tool) to accurately locate whales as they passed the headland. Individual locations of different whales\/whale groups as well as tracklines of the same whale\/whale groups were obtained and compared between times with the acoustic device was transmitting and when it was off. Observations were conducted on 51 d between January 1 and April 15, 2012. A total of 143 individual whale locations were collected for a total of 243 whales, as well as 57 tracklines for a total of 142 whales. Inclement weather and equipment problems resulted in very small sample sizes, especially during experimental periods, when the device was transmitting. Because of this, the results of this study were inconclusive. We feel that another season of field testing is warranted to successfully test the effectiveness of the deterrent, but recommend increasing the zone of influence to 3 km to ensure the collection of adequate sample sizes. Steps have been taken to acquire the necessary federal research permit modification to authorize the increased zone of influence and to modify the acoustic device for the increased power. With these changes we are confident we will be able to determine whether the deterrent is effective at deflecting gray whales. A successful deterrent device may serve as a valuable mitigation tool to protect gray whales, and other baleen whales, in the event that marine energy development poses a collision or entanglement risk.","author":["Lagerquist, B.","Windsor, M.","Mate, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.675878000000","-124.095336000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Collision","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lagerquist_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1278","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-hydrokinetic-turbine-technology-environment-device-biota-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/5664055","title":"Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine Technology and the Environment: Device-Biota Interactions","description":"Because marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine technologies are still in their infancy, their impacts on the environment remain largely unknown. Although few empirical data exist for MHK technologies, more data are available for other man-made structures. This paper discusses fish, mammal, bird, and benthic organism interactions with MHK devices and other man-made structures that may be analogous to these MHK technologies. In experiments conducted on the Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 2, the survival of several species of small and large fish that passed through an MHK turbine was 99%. No data on mammal, sea turtle, or bird interactions with MHK turbines were available, but other types of anthropogenic mortality and traumatic injuries to these groups of animals have been well documented. Collisions with ships and fishing gear have greatly impacted most groups of marine mammals. Large whales that inhabit shallow coastal waters and diving birds that use sight to pursue prey underwater are at risk for collision. However, many devices have a positive impact on fish or benthic organism populations because they act as fish aggregation devices or artificial reefs.","author":["Crevison, S.","Li, Y.","Thresher, R."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2010-12-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.760920000000","-92.875562300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1279","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/obtaining-baseline-measurements-ocean-ambient-sound-mobile-test-berth-site-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6107223","title":"Obtaining Baseline Measurements of Ocean Ambient Sound at a Mobile Test Berth Site for Wave Energy Conversion Off the Central Oregon Coast","description":"A year-long experiment to monitor underwater ambient noise measurements in shallow, (~50m) open water along an energetic coastline in the Pacific Northwest (USA) was conducted. Bottom mounted passive acoustic recorders were deployed in March 2010 by Oregon State University (OSU) and NOAA\/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory\u0027s Marine Acoustics Research Group in an area designated by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) as a mobile ocean test berth (MOTB) site for wave energy conversion (WEC) platforms off the central coast of Oregon. Acoustic recording packages recorded continuous (1 Hz-2 kHz) sampling at two offshore locations near and within the MOTB. Maximum and minimum total sound pressure levels recorded during the experiment reached 136 dB re 1 \u03bcPa and 95 dB re 1 \u03bcPa respectively. Meanwhile, the time averaged sound pressure levels for the year long deployment were 113 dB re 1\u03bcPa. These data provide the initial baseline recordings required for a meaningful assessment of the shallow water ambient noise levels in the Oregon nearshore coastal environment prior to the installation and operation of wave energy conversion devices.","author":["Haxel, J.","Dziak, R.","Matsumoto, H."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.851435500000","-124.346450300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 10:54:28","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-technologies-migratory-species-guidelines-sustainable-deployment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cms.int\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/ETF1_Inf.1.pdf","title":"Renewable Energy Technologies and Migratory Species: Guidelines for sustainable deployment","description":"In order to plan future renewable energy technologies (RET) in a sustainable way, impacts on migrating species should be minimised. As RET proceed rapidly worldwide, impacts might be serious but on the other hand knowledge on minimising these impacts increases as well. CMS, AEWA and BirdLife International realised this and started a cooperative initiative to present an overview of current knowledge (Van der Winden et al. 2015) to be used in minimising impacts on migratory species.\n\nThis guidelines report provides expert guidance on minimising the impacts of RET on migratory species. This includes steps in the planning, design and policy process as well as mitigating and avoiding possible impacts by renewable energy technologies. The types of renewable energy and site specific situations make it impossible to provide straightforward guidelines ensuring sustainable planning in an easy way. This means that procedures, policy as well as mitigation techniques should be integrated in the planning process to make it most effectively. This document combines existing guidelines and examples of good practices related to six types of renewable energy technology, including bioenergy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean energy, solar energy and wind energy.","author":["van der Winden, J.","van Vliet, F.","Patterson, A.","Lane, B."],"organization":["Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)","African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Agreement (AEWA)","BirdLife International","African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Agreement (AEWA)","BirdLife International","Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)"],"originationDate":"2015-02-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/van-der-Winden-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1297","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-ecologically-important-marine-areas-seabirds-using-behavioural-information","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320711004873#bb0095","title":"Identifying ecologically important marine areas for seabirds using behavioural information in combination with distribution patterns","description":"The identification of marine areas of importance for seabirds is a challenge, because it is often unclear how birds are using the different areas in which they occur. Species differ in habitat choice, foraging behaviour and feeding range, but also in tendencies to roost at sea or to utilise resting places closer to or even on land. Because the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) for seabirds should bear relevance to the ecological importance of these regions, simple presence\/absence information is not sufficiently accurate and could even be misleading. Large amounts of data have been collected to assess distribution patterns of seabirds around the world. Two sources of data are highlighted here: ship-based surveys and sensor data from instruments attached to individual birds. Recently developed protocols to systematically record seabird behaviour at sea during ship-based surveys and novel tracking technology that facilitate spatio-temporal quantification of space use and identification of behaviour will be evaluated in the context of MPA designations. We present some limitations of traditional techniques and exciting possibilities of new protocols and the latest generations of electronic devices attached to seabirds. These advanced approaches in data collection and spatial analysis will reveal important ecological information that will enhance our understanding of offshore seabird distribution and activity which can guide the designation of marine protected areas.","author":["Camphuysen, K.","Shamoun-Baranes, J.","Bouten, W.","Garthe, S."],"organization":["Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","University of Amsterdam","Kiel University"],"originationDate":"2012-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1298","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tracking-seabirds-identify-ecologically-important-high-risk-marine-areas-western-north","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320711004642","title":"Tracking seabirds to identify ecologically important and high risk marine areas in the western North Atlantic","description":"Protection of the marine environment lags far behind that of terrestrial domains. To help ameliorate this circumstance, top predators are being tracked to identify important ocean habitats, biodiversity hotspots and high risk areas and to assess effects of anthropogenic developments, pollution and environmental perturbations. We used GPS, Global Location Sensors (GLSs) and satellite platform terminal transmitters (PTTs) to track foraging and migrating thick-billed and common murres and northern gannets along with vessel surveys to identify potential Marine Protected Areas, to assess risk and to evaluate the consequences of the recent Gulf of Mexico oil disaster. Multi-year persistent sites of forage fishes generated multi-species predator aggregations. Species- and colony-specific winter inshore and offshore distributions of murres are associated with risks of climate change (ice), by-catch in fishing gear, hunting and oil extraction. Some thick-billed murres wintered in oceanic areas beyond the continental slope, and an area of high biological diversity was identified west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that, owing to its location beyond national jurisdictions, presents unique challenges for protection. Migration research indicated a substantial proportion of the North American gannet population wintering in the Gulf of Mexico near the\u00a0Deepwater Horizon\u00a0pollution area. Northern gannets incurred the highest incidence of oiling\/recoveries and were the third-most oiled avian species; distributions and exit dates suggest that sub-adult birds suffered much, likely most, of this mortality. Environmental risk is being assessed by tracking combined with stable isotope and blood assays to probe trophic interactions, habitat relationships and to identify and protect biologically significant marine areas.","author":["Montevecchi, W.","Hedd, A.","Tranquilla, L.","Fifield, D.","Burke, C.","Regular, P.","Davoren, G.","Garthe, S.","Robertson, G.","Phillips, R."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland","University of Manitoba","Kiel University","Environment Canada","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2012-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-mid-frequency-active-sonar-hearing-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.3664082","title":"Effects of mid-frequency active sonar on hearing in fish","description":"Caged fish were exposed to sound from mid-frequency active (MFA) transducers in a 5\u2009\u00d7\u20095 planar array which simulated MFA sounds at received sound pressure levels of 210 dB SPL(re 1 \u03bcPa). The exposure sound consisted of a 2 s frequency sweep from 2.8 to 3.8 kHz followed by a 1 s tone at 3.3 kHz. The sound sequence was repeated every 25 s for five repetitions resulting in a cumulative sound exposure level (SELcum) of 220 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2 s. The cumulative exposure level did not affect the hearing sensitivity of rainbow trout, a species whose hearing range is lower than the frequencies in the presented MFA sound. In contrast, one cohort of channel catfish showed a statistically significant temporary threshold shift of 4\u20136 dB at 2300 Hz, but not at lower tested frequencies, whereas a second cohort showed no change. It is likely that this threshold shift resulted from the frequency spectrum of the MFA sound overlapping with the upper end of the hearing frequency range of the channel catfish. The observed threshold shifts in channel catfish recovered within 24 h. There was no mortality associated with the MFA sound exposure used in this test","author":["Halvorsen, M.","Zeddies, D.","Ellison, W.","Chicoine, D.","Popper, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Marine Acoustics Inc"],"originationDate":"2012-01-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.698218000000","-76.924820000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1313","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-systems-annual-report-2017","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/","title":"Ocean Energy Systems Annual Report 2017","description":"Ocean Energy Systems (OES) is the short name for the Technology Collaboration Programme on Ocean Energy Systems under the International Energy Agency (IEA). This Annual Report presents an overview of the activities undertaken within OES in 2017, as well as updated country reviews prepared by the Delegates.  The year 2017 marked the beginning of the fourth 5-year mandate (2017 \u2013 2022) of the OES.  The Strategic Plan for this next five years continues to be the guiding document for the OES work programme. The development of ocean energy has been slower than expected. A longer term vision is required to see the development of ocean energy to the stage where it becomes a viable, cost-effective and reliable alternative to other forms of renewable energy. The added value of the OES arises from good, truly international cooperation. OES is the only intergovernmental, multinational organization in the ocean energy sector, independent of any commercial interests and composed of active members, that encompass the full range of interests from government policy to industry developments. For this new work period, OES will bring added value to national activities by coordinated efforts on priority topics for the whole sector and by delivering clear key technology policy messages to decision makers.  The OES has 25 members, which provide a broad international base of information, sharing experience and knowledge and further a diversified representation of interests: members are from governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. This is one of the benefits of joining OES: participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.  The OES is always looking for new members across the globe, and key representatives from potential new member countries are encouraged to attend meetings as Observers.  The OES international co-operation facilitates:  \u2022 Securing access to advanced R\u0026amp;D teams in the participating countries; \u2022 Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing protocols for the testing of prototypes; \u2022 Reducing national costs by collaborating internationally; \u2022 Creating valuable international contacts between government, industry and science; \u2022 Sharing information and networking.  This Executive Summary provides a brief summary of the OES Annual Report for the year 2017. It synthesizes the main achievements in the OES collaborative activities and presents relevant policies and projects by each OES member country. It also includes, as in previous years, an interview on a specific topic, this year about environmental issues on ocean energy: Andrea Copping, coordinator of the work done under Task 4 (known as Annex IV) gives her views to six questions from OES.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Annual-Report-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1317","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/motus-wildlife-tracking-system-collaborative-research-network-enhance-understanding","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ace-eco.org\/vol12\/iss1\/art8\/","title":"The Motus Wildlife Tracking System: a collaborative research network to enhance the understanding of wildlife movement","description":"We describe a new collaborative network, the Motus Wildlife Tracking System, which is an international network of researchers using coordinated automated radio-telemetry arrays to study movements of small flying organisms including birds, bats, and insects, at local, regional, and hemispheric scales. Radio-telemetry has been a cornerstone of tracking studies for over 50 years, and because of current limitations of geographic positioning systems (GPS) and satellite transmitters, has remained the primary means to track movements of small animals with high temporal and spatial precision. Automated receivers, along with recent miniaturization and digital coding of tags, have further improved the utility of radio-telemetry by allowing many individuals to be tracked continuously and simultaneously across broad landscapes. Motus is novel among automated arrays in that collaborators employ a single radio frequency across receiving stations over a broad geographic scale, allowing individuals to be detected at sites maintained by others. Motus also coordinates, disseminates, and archives detections and associated metadata in a central repository. Combined with the ability to track many individuals simultaneously, Motus has expanded the scope and spatial scale of research questions that can be addressed using radio-telemetry from local to regional and even hemispheric scales. Since its inception in 2012, more than 9000 individuals of over 87 species of birds, bats, and insects have been tracked, resulting in more than 250 million detections. This rich and comprehensive dataset includes detections of individuals during all phases of the annual cycle (breeding, migration, and nonbreeding), and at a variety of spatial scales, resulting in novel insights into the movement behavior of small flying animals. The value of the Motus network will grow as spatial coverage of stations and number of partners and collaborators increases. With continued expansion and support, Motus can provide a framework for global collaboration, and a coordinated approach to solving some of the most complex problems in movement biology and ecology.","author":["Taylor, P.","Crewe,T.","Mackenzie, S.","Lepage, D.","Aubry, Y.","Crysler, Z.","Finney, G.","Francis, C.","Guglielmo, C.","Hamilton, D.","Holberton, R.","Loring, P.","Mitchell, G.","Norris, D.","Paquet, J.","Ronconi, R.","Smetzer, J.","Smith, P.","Welch, L.","Woodworth, B."],"organization":["Acadia University","Bird Studies Canada","University of Western Ontario","Canadian Wildlife Service","Mount Allison University","University of Maine","University of Massachusetts","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","Environment and Climate Change Canada","University of Guelph"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Taylor-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1324","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/prioritisation-monitoring-research-diadromous-fish-context-marineoffshore-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-5-number-4-prioritisation-monitoring\/pages\/2\/","title":"Prioritisation of monitoring and research for diadromous fish in the context of Marine\/Offshore Renewables: A summary of stakeholder engagement meetings between Marine Scotland, wild fisheries interests and wind, wave and tidal developers","description":"Marine Scotland Science (MSS) prepared a scoping report of the research requirements for Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel in the context of offshore renewables (Malcolm et al, 2013). This report was intended to inform the development of a National Research and Monitoring Strategy for Diadromous Fish (hereafter NRMSD) to investigate the potential for interactions between diadromous fish and wind, wave and tidal renewable energy developments. To ensure that the NRMSD had broad sectorial support, meetings were convened to identify and discuss priority areas.  There was general agreement on information requirements between the stakeholder groups. The following areas were considered priorities:    Fish Distribution,  Population Status,  Response to noise,  Effects of electromagnetic fields  Risk of collision.   Future engagement events will be convened at suitable stages in the development of the National Research and Monitoring Strategy for Diadromous Fish.","author":["Hunter, D.","Malcolm, I.","Armstrong, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-03-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.186690400000","-4.659774500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/hunteretal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1325","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-state-knowledge-effects-offshore-renewable-energy-generation-devices-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/current-state-knowledge-effects-offshore-renewable-energy-generation-devices-marine\/pages\/5\/","title":"Current state of knowledge of effects of offshore renewable energy generation devices on marine mammals \u0026 research requirements","description":"This report is designed to fulfil requirements MR1 and MR2 within the Marine Mammal Scientific Support Research Programme MMSS\/001\/11. The report describes the current state of knowledge of effects of offshore renewable energy generators on marine mammals and then identifies a prioritised list of research gaps.  A total of 28 specific research gaps are identified. Of these, 16 are already under investigation to some extent with either active research projects or planned and funded future projects.  The 12 remaining projects have yet to secure funding. These are prioritised but the list of priorities has yet to be agreed with the steering group for the MMSS\/001\/11. A final project list with agreed priorities will be included in the next update of this report.  In parallel with this study an analysis of research requirements for developing models to identify population consequences of disturbance (PCOD) has been carried out under the Offshore Renewable Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP). The results of that analysis will be used to extend the list of research gaps and amend the priorities of specific projects in the next update of this report.","author":["Thompson, D.","Hall, A.","Lonergan, M.","McConnell, B.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/thompsonetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1326","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-surveys-seabirds-west-coast-lewis-determine-use-seaspace-areas-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/strategic-surveys-seabirds-west-coast-lewis-determine-use-seaspace-areas-potential-marine","title":"Strategic Surveys of Seabirds off the West Coast of Lewis to Determine Use of Seaspace in Areas of Potential Marine Renewable Energy Developments","description":"1.1 By 2020 the percentage of Scotland\u0027s energy coming from renewable sources will increase. Studies have identified that there is a need to research how offshore renewable developments affect wildlife populations. The surveys presented here will help to find out how one area of marine development, the west coast of Lewis, is used by waterbirds and marine mammals. Areas close to the Isle of Lewis have already been identified as being important for these groups of animals, through the Special Protection Areas ( SPA) network.  1.2 Methods used during these surveys included a desk-based study, a digital aerial survey and ground-based counts. The digital aerial survey involved an aircraft flying systematic 2km spaced transects through the survey area recording high definition video along four 200m strips thus achieving 10% sampling coverage of the area. The images recorded were processed, and bird and mammal species were identified by analysts post survey and strip transect analysis undertaken to derive abundance estimates for the study area. Density surface modelling was undertaken for fulmars, gannets and auk species.  1.3 Ground-based counts involved an ornithologist undertaking a bird and marine mammal survey from 14 vantage points along the west coast of Lewis. These counts were co-ordinated as much as possible with the aerial survey, and were used to gain more information about more difficult to identify species, or undertaken in places known to be important for seabirds but likely to be missed by the aerial survey. A further vantage point study covering the majority of Loch Roag was also undertaken, covering areas outside the aerial survey study area.  1.4 Aerial and coastal ground-count surveys were undertaken in April, June, July, September and December 2012 and February 2013 with additional surveys of Loch Roag in April, June, July and October 2012 and January and February 2013.  1.5 In April the digital aerial survey recorded 792 birds and 11 mammals from 31 species and species groups. Fulmars were the most abundant bird. In May 347 birds from 24 species and species groups were recorded, with Fulmar again the most abundant bird. In June 491 birds, 24 mammals and one shark were counted, from 41 species and species groups. Fulmars again had the highest count. In July, 525 birds, 15 mammals and one shark were recorded, from 36 species and species groups. In this month gannets were the most numerous bird species. Gannets were again the most commonly recorded bird in September with 247 recorded out of 494 bird records of 25 species or species groups. Five basking sharks were recorded in September, together with eight other marine mammal records. Fulmars were again the most commonly recorded bird species in December 2012 and February 2013 with 133 and 186 records out of 410 and 589 bird records from 22 and 23 species or species groups respectively. The only marine mammals recorded in December and February were two and one harbour porpoises respectively.  1.6 From the west coast of Lewis ground-based counts, a total of 122 birds were counted in April, from 19 species and species groups, in May 145 birds were counted from 18 species and species groups. In June 245 birds and seven mammals from 24 species and species groups were recorded. Recorded bird activity declined in July with 111 birds, three mammals and one shark counted in total, from 21 species and species groups. Fulmars and auks were commonly the most numerous birds counted. 315 birds of 10 species and species groups and eight grey seals and a basking shark were recorded in September, 247 birds of 11 species or species groups were recorded in December with no mammals and the busiest survey was in February 2013 with 655 birds of 12 species or species groups and one grey seal.  1.7 Overall numbers of birds recorded from the aerial and ground counts were low in comparison to numbers of these species breeding on colonies within foraging range.  1.8 Thirty eight species of bird were recorded from the six Loch Roag surveys, including six species of high conservation importance and small numbers of harbour seal and grey seals.  1.9 A comparison of the aerial and ground counts was undertaken. Small sample sizes precluded detailed statistical analysis and the identification of conclusive trends, although some general trends were identified. These included more diving birds such as shags, divers, and auks, particularly black guillemots recorded during ground counts than by aerial surveys, due partly to them spending a proportion of their time underwater in dives and thus unavailable for counting by the almost instantaneous aerial surveys.","author":["Simpson, M.","Woodward, R."],"organization":["Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT)","HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-07-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.303820000000","-6.898926000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/simpsonetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1327","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/depth-use-movements-homing-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-scottish-coastal-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-5-number-18-depth-use\/","title":"Depth use and movements of homing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish coastal waters in relation to marine renewable energy development","description":"The depth use of homing Atlantic salmon caught and released on the north coast of Scotland was recorded over 1-20 days using pop-up satellite telemetry during the summers of 2013 and 2014. Data were returned from 47 out of 50 salmon tagged in 2013 and 80 out of 85 salmon tagged in 2014. Overall the fish were predominantly surface-orientated, spending a median of 80.4% of their time in the upper 5m of the water column. There was, however, significant variation between individuals: the time spent in the upper 5 m ranged from 8-99%, while individual median swimming depths ranged from 0-28.5 m. All fish undertook dives to below 10m of depth and the mean maximum depth was 67 m (range 13\u2011256 m), of similar magnitude to the likely available water depth. Pop-up locations were obtained for 122 tags and indicated that salmon swam in all possible directions from the release point.","author":["Godfrey, J.","Stewart, D.","Middlemas, S.","Armstrong, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-12-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.556000000000","-4.093000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Godfreyetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1328","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/request-advice-populations-cetaceans-might-be-involved-significant-interactions-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/work-package-c2-request-advice-populations-cetaceans\/","title":"Request for advice on the populations of cetaceans that might be involved in significant interactions with marine renewable energy developments in Scottish marine waters","description":"This report aims to provide advice on appropriate biological population units to be used in environmental impact assessments of the potential impacts on cetacean populations of marine renewable energy developments in Scottish waters. The advice takes account of and where appropriate, is consistent with population units already established in related contexts, including Moray Firth SAC population of bottlenose dolphins, population units used for the assessment of the significance of by-catch of harbour porpoise in the ICES area, and population units for minke whale and other cetaceans used by the IWC, ASCOBANS etc. The report focuses on the most regularly present and significant cetacean species in Scottish waters - i.e. bottlenose dolphins, harbour porpoise, minke whales, risso\u0027s dolphins, white-beaked dolphins, common dolphins, white-sided dolphins and killer whales - and provides scientific support, as appropriate, for the populations selected. The tabulated species data below provides information on the structure of populations of regularly present and significant cetacean species (see above) in Scottish waters (out to 200 nm) and the geographical scale of biologically meaningful population units of the relevant species where these units extend beyond Scottish waters.  It can be used to provide advice on the relevant population units of these regularly present and significant cetacean species, which can be found in areas of search for renewable developments identified in Marine Scotland Scoping Studies for wind (2011), wave (2012) and tidal stream (2012) energy, and which therefore should be used in SEAs and project EIAs.","author":["Northridge, S."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.749999200000","-3.508776200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/northridge.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1331","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/population-trends-breeding-seabird-colonies-scottish-spas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/population-trends-breeding-seabirds-colonies-scottish-spas\/","title":"Population Trends of Breeding Seabird Colonies in Scottish SPAs","description":"In accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulation Appraisal (HRA) developers need to consider the impacts of a plan or project on Special Protection Areas (SPA) populations where there is the potential for an interaction to exist. At present there is no single source of information that identifies the best available population trends of SPA breeding populations to inform this process. As a result there is often inconsistent population estimates with high degrees of uncertainty used in impact assessments. The application of various approaches to EIA and HRA places additional resourcing requirements on Marine Scotland and their statutory nature conservation advisors who will review each approach adopted. To address this issue Marine Scotland commissioned Natural Power Consultants (NPC) to undertake a review of extant data on SPA breeding populations around the Scottish Coast to:     Provide an overview of current data availability for key seabird species relevant to offshore renewable developments at SPA\u2019s for which they are designated.   Demonstrate evidence for any population trends in species on an SPA basis with a view to estimating current population sizes if possible.  Provide a resource detailing the allocation of data from colony counts from JNCC to specific SPA colonies.","author":["Malcolm, F.","Lye, G.","Lewis, M."],"organization":["Natural Power","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-07-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.532476300000","-1.645239700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/malcolmetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1332","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/population-sizes-seabirds-breeding-scottish-special-protection-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/population-sizes-seabirds-breeding-scottish-special-protection-areas\/","title":"Population Sizes of Seabirds breeding in Scottish Special Protection Areas","description":"For proposed renewable developments in the marine environment, accurate SPA population estimates are required to inform the EIA process. Citation data for SPAs are often out of date as much of it is from the early 1990s, with some of it dating back to as early as 1970. As such, Natural Power Consultants (NPC) was commissioned by Marine Scotland to collate existing data on SPA populations breeding around the Scottish coast (from JNCC, SNH, RSPB \u0026amp; other sources), with a view to:    Provide a single source of information on the current SPA breeding population levels specifically for renewables  Provide any information on trends obtainable from these data  Fill the \u2018data gap\u2019 between Seabird 2000 and the next national seabird census (likely to be between 2013 and 2015)   It is of key importance to note that the purpose of this collation of data for Marine Scotland is to help inform renewable developers, rather than acting as a specific review of SPAs.  The task was originally to include all features of \u2018SPAs with marine components\u2019. However, a \u2018marine component\u2019 of an SPA refers to a species that is dependent on a marine habitat, such as a sea inlet, estuary or mud flats, or salt marsh. A total of 119 species of birds are listed by JNCC as being dependent on marine environments, including wildfowl, divers, grebes, waders, true seabirds, and certain species that can occupy littoral habitats such as short-eared owl, kingfisher, and twite. Therefore, Marine Scotland focused the scope of the work towards species which are more frequently recorded in locations proposed for offshore renewable developments (offshore wind, wave \u0026amp; tidal schemes), the list of species to be considered was restricted to SPA populations of true seabirds (petrels, shearwaters, northern gannet, great cormorants, skuas, gulls, terns, and auks) that relied on marine habitats during the breeding season.","author":["Lewis, M.","Lye, G.","Pendlebury, C.","Walls, R."],"organization":["Natural Power","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-07-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.532476300000","-1.645239700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/lewisetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1337","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-stage-3-stakeholder-participation-feedback","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mresf.rpsgroup.com\/Resources%2fDocuments%2fSPP%20and%20Public%20Documents%2fPublic%20Resources%2fStage%203%2fStakeholder%20Participation%20Process%2fStakeholder%20Participation%20Feedback%20(December%202010).pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Stage 3 - Stakeholder Participation Feedback","description":"This document reports on the results of the Stage 3 Stakeholder Participation Process for the \u2018Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework\u2019 (MRESF) for Wales; a three stage project currently being undertaken by RPS within Welsh territorial waters on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government. The MRESF is aimed at exploring and enabling the potential for renewable energy extraction from Welsh waters, with the intention being to minimise impacts on environmental resources and socio-economic activities, while maximising the potential for sustainable energy production. Stakeholder participation forms a key part of Stage 3, providing stakeholders with an opportunity to comment on and provide input to the proposed methodology for the development of the MRESF Framework. The Stakeholder Participation Process (SPP) commenced on 10th June 2010 and ran for 8 weeks, ending on 4th August 2010. A total of 113 organisations were contacted, with stakeholder participation invited through two main routes: via the stakeholder questionnaire; and two workshops. Feedback from the SPP will be incorporated appropriately into the development of the MRESF. Several of the comments made by stakeholders have been addressed where possible within this report.  The Approach to Sustainable Development Report presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["RPS group"],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-MRESF-Stake-Feedback.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1338","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-stage-3-stakeholder-participation-process","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mresf.rpsgroup.com\/Resources%2fDocuments%2fSPP%20and%20Public%20Documents%2fPublic%20Resources%2fStage%203%2fStakeholder%20Participation%20Process%2fStakeholder%20Participation%20Process%20(December%202010).pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Stage 3 - Stakeholder Participation Process","description":"This document has been compiled to facilitate stakeholder participation on the \u2019Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework\u2019 (MRESF) for Wales; a three stage project currently being undertaken by RPS within Welsh territorial waters on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government. The MRESF is aimed at exploring and enabling the potential for renewable energy extraction from Welsh waters, with the intention being to minimise impacts on environmental resources and socio-economic activities, while maximising the potential for sustainable energy production to be gained from Welsh waters. The MRESF project forms part of the Welsh Assembly Government\u2019s commitment to promoting economic development of Welsh waters in a truly sustainable manner, and through such, achieving Wales\u2019 ambitions for low carbon energy generation and the significant contribution marine energy can make to meeting carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emission reduction targets.  The MRESF work programme is divided into three stages. Stages 1 and 2 have been undertaken over the past 2 years, with the project outputs from these precursor steps laying the foundation for Stage 3. Stage 3 will now progress through 2010 to develop and deliver the overarching Framework. The focus of this stakeholder participation is the proposed methodology for developing the Framework, with the aim of this document being to support and inform the process.   The Approach to Sustainable Development Report presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["RPS group"],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-MRESF-Stake-Participation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1339","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-review-policy-context-sustainable-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Review of the Policy Context for Sustainable Marine Renewable Development","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework project has investigated the potential marine renewable energy resource of Welsh Territorial Waters (TWs) and considered potential scenarios for the sustainable development of that resource primarily as an aid to policy development and also an indicator of resource for potential developers. The project has been undertaken by RPS Group in three stages, starting in 2007 with Stage 1, which was focused on the initial literature reviews, data gathering, stakeholder engagement and GIS mapping. Stage 2 was conducted primarily in 2009-2010 and involved a number of discrete reports, each aimed at increasing the knowledge base for a number of key data gaps in Welsh TWs identified as part of Stage 1. Stage 3 has drawn on the findings of Stages 1 and 2 to develop the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Approach to Sustainable Development.   This section of Stage 3 provides a review of policy context for sustainable marine renewable development. In order to achieve \u0022a sustainable, innovative and productive economy\u0022, the UK Government, Scottish Executive, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Administration have agreed on a set of five shared principles for sustainable development and four priority areas for immediate action. They are as follows:    Sustainable Consumption and Production,  Climate Change and Energy,  Natural Resource Protection and Environmental Enhancement, and  Sustainable Communities.","author":["McGarry, T."],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-MRESF-Stage3-Policy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1340","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-risk-marine-mammals-underwater-marine-renewable-devices-welsh-waters-phase","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Assessment-of-Risk-to-Marine-Mammals-from-Marine-in-Wilson\/c77a821f056173b98e38135b469c246b3fa690d3","title":"Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Marine Mammals and Risks from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales (MRESF) is seeking to provide for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in Welsh waters. As one of the recommendations from the Stage 1 study, a requirement for further evaluation of potential environmental impacts on marine mammals from marine renewable devices was identified. This report summarises information on marine mammals that frequent those areas within Welsh waters with high tidal currents identified as likely candidate sites for tidal turbine installations. The types of devices that are being developed are briefly reviewed and an assessment of the range of potential hazards that these could pose for marine mammals is made. Particular emphasis is placed on collision risk, which is considered to be one of the most significant hazards. Physical, biological and behavioural factors that might affect the probability and severity of collisions are reviewed and comments are offered on the likely sensitivity of different species and regions. Potential strategies for mitigation and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed are also discussed.   The Approach to Sustainable Development Report presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["Wilson, B.","Gordon, J."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-03-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-03 11:38:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-MRESF-Stage2-Phase1-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1341","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-wales-stage-1-report-final","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mresf.rpsgroup.com\/Resources%2fDocuments%2fSPP%20and%20Public%20Documents%2fPublic%20Resources%2fStage%201%2fMRESF%20Stage%201%20-%20Report%20Nov%202008.pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales: Stage 1 Report Final","description":"RPS was commissioned by the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) to undertake work towards the development of a \u2018Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework\u00a0for Wales (MRESF). The project forms part of WAGs commitment to strong economic development combined with sustainable growth and prosperity. The work programme is broadly divided into three stages, with the current report describing the outputs from Stage 1. The outputs achieved during Stage 1 can be summarised as follows:\nTo describe and, where possible, map in GIS the existing natural and human environmental baseline for Welsh waters (including the wind, wave and tidal resource);\nDetermine current understanding of environmental impacts (potential and known);\nIdentify development constraints; and\nIdentification of the key constraints on development arising from information gaps, with a brief method to address these issues.\nFollowing discussion and agreement with the Steering Group, Stage 2 is anticipated to take the key constraints forward with the aim of addressing the issues. The final stage, Stage 3, will build on the findings of Stages 1 and 2, aiming towards the development of a strategic approach to the deployment of marine renewable energy technologies in Wales, with the intention of meeting energy targets in a sustainable manner.\n\nThe\u00a0Approach to Sustainable Development Report\u00a0presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["Kazer, S.","Golding, T."],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2008-11-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRESF-Stage1-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1342","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-approach-sustainable-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mresf.rpsgroup.com\/Resources%2fDocuments%2fSPP%20and%20Public%20Documents%2fPublic%20Resources%2fStage%203%2fApproach%20to%20Sustainable%20Development%2fMRESF%20Stage%203%20-%20Approach%20to%20Sustainable%20Development%20March%202011.pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Approach to Sustainable Development","description":"This report has been prepared by RPS on behalf of the Welsh Assembly Government (the WAG) as part of the development of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF project has been undertaken in three stages, with this report presenting a summary of the findings of the final part of Stage 3. The main aim of the MRESF project has been to investigate the potential marine renewable energy resource of Welsh Territorial Waters (TWs), and to consider potential scenarios for the sustainable development of that resource.   The current report provides a descriptive text to the final outputs of the MRESF, which are essentially a series of GIS maps that compare areas of potential wave and tidal stream resource with the level of existing development constraint. This report has been preceded by a number of documents, which laid the foundations for the Framework and provide the background for the overall assessment. The accompanying reports are summarised below:    Stage 1: Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales (2008)  Stage 2:     Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices (2010)   The Potential for Interaction between Wave and Tidal Stream with Military Interests in Welsh Waters (2010)   Positive effects of wave and tidal energy devices. Literature review and desk study (2010)   Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Collision Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Devices in Welsh Waters (2011)   Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 2 - Studies of Marine Mammals in Welsh High Tide Waters (2011)       Annex I: Movements and Diving Behaviour of Juvenile Grey Seals in Areas of High Tidal Energy (2012)         Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Birds in Welsh Waters and Preliminary Risk Assessment (2011)   Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 2 - Field Methodologies and Site Assessments (2011)      Stage 3:     Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales: Stakeholder Participation Process (2010)   Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales: Stakeholder Participation Feedback (2010)   Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Review of the Policy Context for Sustainable Marine Renewable Development (2011)   Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Technical Addendum (2011)","author":["RPS group"],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-MRESF-March-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1343","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-risk-diving-birds-underwater-marine-renewable-devices-welsh-waters-phase-2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/MRESF-Stage-2-Diving-Birds-and-Underwater-Renewable-Devices-Site-Surveys.pdf","title":"Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 2 - Field Methodologies and Site Assessments","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework project has investigated the potential marine renewable energy resource of Welsh Territorial Waters (TWs) and considered potential scenarios for the sustainable development of that resource primarily as an aid to policy development and also an indicator of resource for potential developers. This report is Phase 2\u00a0of the Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters and\u00a0presents seabird survey methods, suitable for collecting data to inform an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) at sites identified as suitable for wave and\/or tidal stream energy generation.\u00a0Methods were developed at two Welsh sites, Carmel Head, Anglesey and Ramsey Sound, Pembrokeshire. Because of the coastal nature of these sites, and the parallels between tidal energy extraction and wind turbines, the starting points for method development were vantage point surveys for birds (typically used in relation to proposed onshore wind farms), and boat surveys (typically used for offshore wind farm assessments).\n\nThe\u00a0Approach to Sustainable Development Report\u00a0presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["Robinson, C.","Cook, G."],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.483173000000","-5.088196000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Collision","Avoidance","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-Robinson-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1344","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-risk-diving-birds-underwater-marine-renewable-devices-welsh-waters-phase-1","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/MRESF-Stage-2-Diving-Birds-and-Underwater-Renewable-Devices-Desk-Top-Review.pdf","title":"Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Birds in Welsh Waters and Preliminary Risk Assessment","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework project has investigated the potential marine renewable energy resource of Welsh Territorial Waters (TWs) and considered potential scenarios for the sustainable development of that resource primarily as an aid to policy development and also an indicator of resource for potential developers. This report is Phase 1 of the Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters and reviews potential risk to diving birds from marine underwater renewable energy devices (MUREDs). The review is based on the results of desktop research into device type and diving bird ecology, and also includes examination of existing Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) of MUREDs, together with research from the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC).\u00a0MUREDs considered in this report fall into two broad designs: tidal stream and wave power. Tidal stream devices are similar to submerged wind turbines and harness the energy of fast ocean currents around headlands, inlets and channels. The four categories of tidal stream device are: horizontal axis turbine, vertical axis turbine, oscillating hydrofoil and turbines which exploit the Venturi effect. Wave power devices are positioned on or near the sea surface and are driven by wave motion. The six categories of wave power device are: attenuators, point absorbers, oscillating wave surge converters, oscillating water columns (OWCs), overtopping devices and submerged pressure differentials.\u00a0\n\nA literature review presents the underwater ecology of 35 diving bird species occurring in Welsh waters. Species population and distribution are discussed, along with foraging range, foraging depth, dive profile, underwater vision and prey preferences. Species discussed are of conservation importance at an international or national scale due to their relative abundance in Welsh waters, their citation in internationally or nationally designated sites, or their legal protection status.\u00a0Potential risks to diving birds posed by these MUREDs are: direct habitat loss; displacement; risk of collision; risk of entrapment; and impacts arising from disturbance or displacement of prey.\u00a0Risk also increases with the size of device array \u2013 the greater the rotor-swept volume of water, the greater the risk. Risk also varies with exposure of the devices\u2019 moving parts: where moving parts are fully exposed risk will be higher than\u00a0where they are partially enclosed.\u00a0\n\nThis report therefore presents an extensive literature review of the underwater behaviour of diving birds. The aim is to inform assessment of the suite of species that are most at risk from the potential impacts of a specific wave or tidal development in Welsh offshore waters. Once identified, this suite of species would form the list of target bird species for baseline surveys during the EIA process. The trialling of survey methodologies appropriate for the collection of baseline EIA ornithology data is being undertaken as part of the second phase of this project.\n\nThe\u00a0Approach to Sustainable Development Report\u00a0presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["Loughrey, J.","Austin, M.","Sweeney, J.","Robinson, C.","Dewar, R."],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.483173000000","-5.088196000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-Loughrey-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1345","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-risk-marine-mammals-underwater-marine-renewable-devices-welsh-waters-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/Resources2fDocuments2fSPP-and-Public-Documents2fPublic-Resources2fStage-22fMRESF-Stage-2-Phase-2-Studies-of-Marine-Mammals-in-Welsh-High-Tidal-Energy-Waters-Mar-2011.pdf","title":"Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 2 - Studies of Marine Mammals in Welsh High Tidal Waters","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales (MRESF) provides for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in Welsh waters. Phase 2 of the\u00a0Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters provides additional baseline characterisation information on the occurrence and use of Welsh waters by marine mammals\u00a0to ensure that marine renewable energy developments occur with as little adverse environmental impact as possible. Cetaceans, which are European Protected Species (EPS) and seals, for which Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) have been designated close to and encompassing areas of tidal rapid in Wales,\u00a0are groups of particular interest, and for both there are concerns that they may suffer collisions with rotating turbine blades. In addition, turbines may act as barriers to movement, especially if many devices are deployed together in arrays. Marine mammals are often seen within tidal rapids and there are some observations that suggest that these can be important areas for them. However, our understanding of marine mammal distributions and behaviours within high tidal energy areas is actually very poor for two reasons. In the first place, tidal rapids are an extremely difficult environment in which to conduct research, especially when currents are running strongly, which is exactly the time when the potential risk of collision with turbines is greatest. Consequently, very little relevant quantitative data has been collected from these habitats. The second consideration is that these areas are a very small part of the range of any marine mammal species and are so unusual, that it is not possible to extrapolate from observations of densities or behaviour made on a much larger spatial scale outside these areas. The purpose of the project reported here was to undertake directed research on marine mammals at tidal rapid sites in Wales and to collect data relevant to assessing risks if tidal turbines were installed at these sites. As this was very much a new area of investigation a variety of research approaches were trialled and some new techniques were developed and tested.\u00a0  The\u00a0Approach to Sustainable Development Report\u00a0presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["Gordon, J.","Thompson, D.","Leaper, R.","Gillespie, D.","Pierpoint, C.","Calderan, S.","Macaulay, J.","Gordon, T."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-03-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.508553000000","-5.088241000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-03 11:39:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-Gordon-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1346","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-cetacean-monitoring-guidelines-welsh-wave-tidal-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/SEACAMS-Nuuttila_Marine-mammal-guideline-review_final-report-2015.pdf","title":"Review of Cetacean Monitoring Guidelines for Welsh Wave and Tidal Energy Developments","description":"SEACAMS has been engaged on a collaborative project with Tidal Energy Limited (TEL) and Marine Current Turbines (MCT) with technical advice from NRW Marine Advisory Team to review existing marine mammal monitoring guidelines for marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, with particular reference to wave and tidal energy developments in Wales. The rationale for the project arose from the Natural Resources Wales (NRW) Marine Advisory Team and various developers\u2019 request to develop a user friendly, practical set of guidelines to cetacean monitoring at wave and tidal developments in order to reduce discrepancies in survey design and data collection methods in particular. This report is a first step in developing such guidelines for the developers, by reviewing existing information and standard methodologies used in Wales. The aim was to compile available information and summarising current understanding on issues related to cetacean monitoring at tidal sites in order to assist developers with survey design, methodologies used and data analysis and interpretation. Please note this report is not intended to be an exhaustive account of all types of survey and analytical methods appropriate for marine renewable energy sites. Additional information on designing surveys to monitor seals will be published in a follow up report. The project was divided into several discrete tasks: identifying existing marine mammal and specifically cetacean surveying guidelines, reviewing the identified guidelines and reports; approaching and interviewing stakeholders (developers, consultants and marine mammal observers) for their opinions on current guidelines and practices and finally compiling these into one coherent report.","author":["Nuuttila, H."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.400004900000","-5.283560200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEACAMS-Nuuttila-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1348","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oceanographic-drivers-marine-mammal-seabird-habitat-use-across-shelf-seas-guide-key","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771417309587#bib81","title":"Oceanographic drivers of marine mammal and seabird habitat-use across shelf-seas: A guide to key features and recommendations for future research and conservation management","description":"Mid-latitude (\u223c30-60\u00b0) seasonally stratifying shelf-seas support a high abundance and diversity of marine predators such as\u00a0marine mammals\u00a0and\u00a0seabirds. However,\u00a0anthropogenic activities\u00a0and\u00a0climate change impacts\u00a0are driving changes in the distributions and\u00a0population dynamics\u00a0of these animals, with negative consequences for\u00a0ecosystem functioning. Across mid-latitude shelf-seas marine mammals and seabirds are known to\u00a0forage\u00a0across a number of oceanographic habitats that structure the spatio-temporal distributions of prey fields. Knowledge of these and the bio-physical mechanisms driving such associations are needed to improve marine management and policy. Here, we provide a concise and easily accessible guide for both researchers and managers of marine systems on the predominant oceanographic habitats that are favoured for\u00a0foraging\u00a0by marine mammals and seabirds across mid-latitude shelf-seas. We (1) identify and describe key discrete physical features present across the\u00a0continental shelf, working inshore from the shelf-edge to the shore line, (2) provide an overview of findings relating to associations between these habitats and marine mammals and seabirds, (3) identify areas for future research and (4) discuss the relevance of such information to\u00a0conservation management. We show that\u00a0oceanographic features\u00a0preferentially foraged at by marine mammals and seabirds include shelf-edge fronts,\u00a0upwellingand tidal-mixing fronts, offshore banks and\u00a0internal waves, regions of stratification, and topographically complex coastal areas subject to strong tidal flow. Whilst associations were variable across taxa and through space and time, in the majority of cases interactions between\u00a0bathymetry\u00a0and\u00a0tidal currents\u00a0appear to play a dominant role, alongside patterns in seasonal stratification and shelf-edge upwelling. We suggest that the ecological significance of these bio-physical structures\u00a0stemsfrom a capacity to alter the\u00a0densities, distributions\u00a0(both horizontally and vertically) and\/or behaviours of prey in a persistent and\/or predictable manner that increases accessibility for predators, and likely enhances foraging efficiency. Future conservation management should aim to preserve and protect these habitats. This will require adaptive and holistic strategies that are specifically tailored to the characteristics of an oceanographic feature, and where necessary, evolve through space and time in response to spatio-temporal variability. Improved monitoring\u00a0of animal movements\u00a0and bio-physical conditions across shelf-seas would aid in this. Areas for future research include multi-disciplinary\/trophic studies of the mechanisms linking bio-physical processes, prey and marine mammals and seabirds (which may elucidate the importance of lesser studied features such as bottom fronts and\u00a0Langmuir circulation\u00a0cells), alongside a better understanding of how predators perceive their environment and develop foraging strategies during immature\/juvenile stages. Estimates of the importance of oceanographic habitat features at a population level should also be obtained. Such information is vital to ensuring the future health of these complex ecosystems, and can be used to assess how anthropogenic activities and future environmental changes will impact the functioning and spatio-temporal dynamics of these bio-physical features and their use by marine predators.","author":["Cox, S.","Embling, C.","Hosegood, P.","Votier, S.","Ingram, S."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2018-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/empirical-measures-harbor-seal-behavior-avoidance-operational-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X18306222","title":"Empirical measures of harbor seal behavior and avoidance of an operational tidal turbine","description":"There is global interest in marine renewable energy from underwater tidal turbines. Due to overlap in animal habitat with locations for tidal turbines, the potential for collisions has led to concern around strike risk. Using data from tagged harbor seals collected before construction and after operation of the SeaGen tidal turbine in Northern Ireland, this study quantifies risks of an operational turbine to harbor seals by taking into account turbine characteristics, tidal state, and seal behavior. We found 68% spatial avoidance (95% C.I., 37%, 83%) by harbor seals within 200\u202fm of the turbine. When additionally accounting for variation in seal occupancy over depth and tidal flows, there is an overall reduction in collision risk from 1.29 to 0.125 seals per tidal cycle (90.3% reduction; (95% C.I., 83%, 98%)) compared to risk calculated under assumptions of uniform habitat use. This demonstrates the need to incorporate environmental conditions to properly assess strike risk.","author":["Joy, R.","Wood, J.","Sparling, C.","Tollit, D.","Copping, A.","McConnell, B."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Simon Fraser University","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.368700000000","-5.545820000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1350","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ornithodolite-tool-quantify-animal-space-use-habitat-selection-case-study-birds-diving","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12327","title":"The Ornithodolite as a tool to quantify animal space use and habitat selection: a case study with birds diving in tidal waters","description":"Animal\u2010attached technologies can be powerful means to quantify space\u2010use and behaviour, however, there are also ethical implications associated with capturing and instrumenting animals. Furthermore, tagging approaches are not necessarily well\u2010suited for examining the movements of multiple individuals within specific, local areas of interest. Here, we assess a method of quantifying animal space use based on a modified theodolite with an inbuilt laser rangefinder. Using a database of \u0026gt; 4,200 tracks of migrating birds, we show that detection distance increases with bird body mass (range 5 g \u2013 \u0026gt;10 kg). The maximum distance recorded to a bird was 5500 m and measurement error was \u2264 5 m for targets within this distance range; a level comparable to methods such as GPS tagging. We go on to present a case study where this method was used to assess habitat selection in seabirds operating in dynamic coastal waters close to a tidal turbine. Combining positional data with outputs from a hydrographic model revealed that great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) appeared to be highly selective of current characteristics in space and time; exploiting areas where mean current speeds were \u0026lt; 0.8 m s\u22121, and diving at times when turbulent energy levels were low. These birds also orientated into tidal currents during dives. Taken together, this suggests that collision risks are low for cormorants at this site, as the two conditions avoided by cormorants (high mean current speeds and turbulence levels), are associated with operational tidal turbines. Overall, we suggest that this modified theodolite system is well\u2010suited to the quantification of movement in small areas associated with particular development strategies, including sustainable energy devices.","author":["Cole, E.","Waggitt, J.","Hedenstrom, A.","Piano, M.","Holton, M.","Borger, L.","Shepard, E."],"organization":["Swansea University","Bangor University","Lund University"],"originationDate":"2018-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.878440000000","-5.310667000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1351","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/providing-ecological-context-anthropogenic-subsea-noise-assessing-listening-space","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032118308190","title":"Providing ecological context to anthropogenic subsea noise: Assessing listening space reductions of marine mammals from tidal energy devices","description":"The deployment of tidal energy arrays is gaining momentum to provide marine renewable energy (MRE) to the global market. However, there are concerns over the potential impacts underwater noise emissions from operational devices may have on marine fauna. Auditory masking (the interference of important biological signals by anthropogenic noise) is a highly pervasive impact to marine fauna. We used a relatively new approach to evaluate the effects of noise from operational tidal energy devices on the listening space of marine mammals. Here, listening space reductions (LSR) for harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were assessed in winter and summer for two tidal energy devices of different designs. Results demonstrated that LSR was influenced by type of turbine, species, and season. For instance, LSRs for harbour seals were in excess of 80% within 60\u202fm, whilst for harbour porpoises they were in excess of 55% within 10\u202fm of the devices. For both species, LSRs were highest during winter, characterised by low ambient noise conditions. These findings highlight the importance of assessing masking over seasons, as masking effects are highly influenced by ambient noise conditions. Understanding the natural variation within seasons is also particularly relevant for tidal turbine noise assessments as devices are typically situated in highly dynamic environments. Since masking effects occur at the lower level of behavioural impacts in marine mammals, assessing the spatial extent of masking as part of environmental impact assessments is recommended. The listening space formula, which is largely based on measurable environmental factors (device and ambient noise), is transferable to any MRE device, or arrays, for any species (for which an audiogram can be assumed) and therefore provides an effective method to better inform MRE pre- and post-consenting processes.","author":["Pine, M.","Schmitt, P.","Culloch, R.","Lieber, L.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["University of Victoria","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.385000000000","-5.571944000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1352","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-local-environmental-impacts-salinity-gradient-energy-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032118307986","title":"Potential local environmental impacts of salinity gradient energy: A review","description":"Marine\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0development aims to harness the vast resources of the coastal environment to meet growing\u00a0energy demands. Among the variety of coastal energy sources,\u00a0salinity gradient\u00a0energy (SGE) technology captures the energy released from the controlled mixing of waters of different salinities found naturally in estuarine systems or in other combinations of anthropogenic sources of brine and\u00a0fresh waters. Although SGE technology is in the pilot stage of development, there is currently no comprehensive published assessment of its\u00a0environmental impacts. This assessment uses research from proxy facilities and pilot SGE projects to predict impacts of an SGE facility through\u00a0construction, operation and decommission phases. Construction and decommission of an SGE facility is expected to disrupt habitat and organisms via noise, land modification, and release of pollutants, similar to other coastal facilities such as\u00a0desalination plants\u00a0or water intake cooling structures. During operation, however, impacts unique to SGE result from intake of both high- and low-salinity waters, which in natural sources will involve\u00a0impingement, entrainment, and chemical treatment to reduce\u00a0biofouling. In addition, SGE effluent is expected to be of lower salinity and higher volume than effluent from a desalination plant, thereby posing unique risks to discharge sites. This review highlights areas of concern and lack of knowledge, which can guide\u00a0environmental impact assessment\u00a0and monitoring priorities of site managers.","author":["Seyfried, C.","Palko, H..","Dubbs, L."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1353","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-socio-economic-benefits-development-wave-energy-greece","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811831070X","title":"Energy and socio-economic benefits from the development of wave energy in Greece","description":"The study quantifies socio-economic benefits by the integration of wave energy in Greece, through resource examination, availability and deployment considerations. Greece has a large number of inhabited islands that mostly utilise conventional fuels for power generation, inclusion of wave energy will contribute both in terms of energy independence but also in job creation. The Greek region is often overlooked, due to its lower resources, but through proper converter selection energy benefits can be significant. Furthermore, milder resources offer opportunities for capital expenditure reductions, hence reducing cost of device and energy.\u00a0\n\n\nScenarios consider technological maturity, legislation, and resource potential to quantify future cumulative installations that can be developed. If a\u00a0wave energy converter\u00a0(WEC) is selected properly, accounting for climate variability and persistence, currently several WEC designs can operate at capacity factors near at from 20%. Based on a resource and availability assessment, the learning rates from an incremental approach are more suitable and allow cost reductions. Job creation targets island regions where majority of exploitable resource is located and can provide up to 1400 direct jobs. Adaptation of wave energy by Greece has the potential to offer major technological, energy and employment benefits.","author":["Lavidas, G."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.120917600000","21.602974200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1354","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-selection-net-zero-energy-communities-life-cycle-based-decision","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118307389#bib24","title":"Renewable energy selection for net-zero energy communities: Life cycle based decision making under uncertainty","description":"Developing net-zero energy communities powered by\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0(RE) resources has become a popular concept. To make the best choices for community-level net-zero energy systems, it is necessary to identify the best\u00a0energy technologies\u00a0at local level. Evaluation of RE technologies has to be extended from technical and economic aspects to include environmental and social wellbeing. It is possible to identify the true costs and benefits of\u00a0energy use\u00a0by taking a cradle-to-grave life cycle perspective. In this study, a RE screening and\u00a0multi-stage\u00a0energy selection framework was developed. A fuzzy\u00a0multi-criteria decision making\u00a0approach was used in ranking the technologies to incorporate the conflicting requirements, stakeholder priorities, and uncertainties. Different scenarios were investigated to reflect different decision maker priorities. Under a pro-environment scenario,\u00a0small hydro,\u00a0onshore wind, and\u00a0biomass\u00a0combustion technologies perform best. Under a pro-economic decision scenario, biomass combustion, small hydro, and landfill gas have the best rankings. Triple bottom line sustainability was combined with\u00a0technical feasibility\u00a0through a ruled-based approach to avoid the theoretical pitfalls inherent in energy-related\u00a0decision making. This assessment is geared towards providing decision makers with flexible tools, and is expected to aid in the pre-project planning stage of RE projects.\n\nHighlights:\nEnergy planning needs to be done at community level for optimal outcomes.\nConsidering life cycle impacts and uncertainty is important in energy planning.\nDifferent decision scenarios were considered in selecting technologies.\nSmall hydro and biomass perform particularly well for British Columbia.\nThe developed method provides decision makers with flexible planning tools.","author":["Karunathilake, H.","Hewage, K.","Merida, W.","Sadiq, R."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1356","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-targeting-synergies-scale-exploring-criteria-smart-practices-siting-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421518303355","title":"Spatial targeting, synergies and scale: Exploring the criteria of smart practices for siting renewable energy projects","description":"Policies and strategies to develop\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0and the rates of successful deployment vary from country to country. Academic literature is rife with examples of recurring problems and malpractice in the implementation of renewable energy projects. We could see each national and\u00a0sectoral\u00a0effort as an \u2018experiment\u2019 in the early phase of our attempted transition to a low\u00a0carbon energy system. What lessons can we learn from a\u00a0comparative analysis\u00a0of these experiments? This paper seeks to draw generic lessons not from what has gone wrong but from national\u00a0case studies\u00a0that stand out in a best way. Through a European academic network, we have selected and analysed 51 \u2018smart practice\u2019 case studies of renewable energy development from 20 countries. We present the outcomes of both\u00a0qualitative and quantitative analysis of these case studies (smart practice criteria) and discuss a set of generic findings concerning specific types of smart practices and problems of potential transferability of projects to other regions. With regards to policy relevance, the findings can be used for evaluating portfolios of renewable energy projects developed to date and for setting guiding principles for\u00a0project design,\u00a0spatial planning\u00a0and consent by means of cross-national learning and fertilization.\n\nHighlights:\u00a0\nWe classify criteria of smart practice in renewable energy implementation.\nProper spatial targeting, synergies and scale are key criteria of smart practice.\nWe discuss potential transferability of local smart projects to other regions.\nPractical relevance for guiding principles for spatial planning \u0026 project design.","author":["Frantal, B.","Van der Horst, D.","Martinat, S.","Schmitz, S.","Teschner, N.","Silva, L.","Golobic, M.","Roth, M."],"organization":["Czech Academy of Sciences","University of Edinburgh","\u00a0University of Li\u00e8ge","Technion Israel Institute for Technology","Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA)","University of Ljubljana","N\u00fcrtingen-Geislingen University"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1358","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/handbook-marine-environment-protection-science-impacts-sustainable-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-60156-4","title":"Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts, and Sustainable Management","description":"This handbook is the first of its kind to provide a clear, accessible, and comprehensive introduction to the most important scientific and management topics in marine environmental protection. Leading experts discuss the latest perspectives and best practices in the field with a particular focus on the functioning of marine ecosystems, natural processes, and anthropogenic pressures. The book familiarizes readers with the intricacies and challenges of managing coasts and oceans more sustainably, and guides them through the maze of concepts and strategies, laws and policies, and the various actors that define our ability to manage marine activities. Providing valuable thematic insights into marine management to inspire thoughtful application and further study, it is essential reading for marine environmental scientists, policy-makers, lawyers, practitioners and anyone interested in the field.\n\nContents:\nNatural Science Basics\nIntrodution into Physical Oceanography (Rebecca Hummels)\nEcological Organization of the Sea (Birte Matthiessen, Franziska Julie Werner, \u0026 Matthias Paulsen)\nMarine Ecosystem Services (Markus Salomon \u0026 Henriette Dahms)\n\nImpacts of Sectoral Marine Activities\nImpact of Fishing Activities on Marine Life (Gerd Kraus \u0026\u00a0Rabea Diekmann)\nMariculture (Thomas A. Wilding, Kenneth D. Black, Steven Benjamins, \u0026 Iona Campbell)\nShipping (Alan Simcock)\nImpacts of Coastal Developments on Ecosystems (Christian Winter)\nOffshore Oil and Gas Production and Transportation (Stanislav Patin)\nExploitation of Offshore Wind Energy (Jens L\u00fcdeke)\nDredging for Navigation, for Environmental Cleanup, and for Sand\/Aggregates (Craig Vogt, Eugene Peck, \u0026 Gregory Hartman)\nEnvironmental Risks of Deep-sea Mining (Philip P. E. Weaver, David S. M. Billett, \u0026 Cindy L. Van Dover)\nDumped Chemical Weapons (Jacek Be\u0142dowski)\nMarine Climate Engineering (David P. Keller)\n\nImpacts of Land-Based Activities\nAgriculture (Oene Oenema, Qian Liu, \u0026 Jingmeng Wang)\nLand-Based Industries (Elisabeth Schmid)\nLand-Based Wastewater Management (Stephan Koester)\nTourism (Alan Simcock)\n\nPollution from Diffuse Sources\nClimate Change: Warming Impacts on Marine Biodiversity (Helmut Hillebrand, Thomas Brey, Julian Gutt, Wilhelm Hagen, Katja Metfies, Bettina Meyer, \u0026 Aleksandra Lewandowska)\nOcean Acidification (Peter Thor \u0026\u00a0Sam Dupont)\nPollution with Hazardous Substances (Katja Broeg \u0026\u00a0Norbert Theobald)\nPollution with Radioactive Substances (Hartmut Nies)\nEutrophication (Justus E. E. van Beusekom)\nMarine Litter (Stefanie Werner \u0026\u00a0Aleke St\u00f6fen O\u2019Brien)\nInput of Energy\/Underwater Sound (Olaf Boebel, Elke Burkhardt \u0026 Ilse van Opzeeland)\nIntroduction of Non-indigenous Species (Ralph Kuhlenkamp \u0026 Britta Kind)\n\nSocial Drivers, Developments, and Perspectives of Increasing Ocean Uses\nA Short History of the Use of Seas and Oceans (Sunhild Kleing\u00e4rtner)\nFactors Behind Increasing Ocean Use: The IPAT Equation and the Marine Environment (Troels J. Hegland)\n\nGeneral Aspects of Management and Governance of Human Activities\nChallenges and Foundations of Sustainable Ocean Governance (Till Markus)\nInstitutional Framework for Marine Environmental Governance (Pradeep Singh)\nInternational Principles of Marine Environmental Protection (Gerd Winter)\u00a0\nOverview of Management Strategies and Instruments (Carolin Kie\u00df)\nFuture Prospects of Marine Environmental Governance (Pradeep Singh \u0026\u00a0Aline Jaeckel)\n\nTraditional Marine Management Topics\nThe International Legal Framework for Conservation and Management of Fisheries and Marine Mammals (Andrew Serdy)\nAqua- and Mariculture Management: A Holistic Perspective on Best Practices (Marc H. Taylor \u0026\u00a0Lotta C. Kluger)\nOffshore Oil and Gas Exploitation (Henning Jessen)\nSustainable Shipping (Ciar\u00e1n McCarthy \u0026\u00a0B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte Sage-Fuller)\nManagement of Hazardous Substances in the Marine Environment (Mikael Karlsson \u0026\u00a0Michael Gilek)\nOrigin and Management of Radioactive Substances in the Marine Environment (Hartmut Nies)\nWaste\/Litter and Sewage Management (Aleke St\u00f6fen-O\u2019Brien \u0026 Stefanie Werner)\nCoastal and Ocean Tourism (Stefan G\u00f6ssling, C. Michael Hall, \u0026 Daniel Scott)\n\nEmerging Management Topics\nOffshore Windfarms (Greg Severinsen)\nWave and Tidal Energy\u00a0(Kate Johnson \u0026\u00a0Sandy Kerr)\nDeep-Seabed Mining (Philomene Verlaan)\nMarine Biodiversity: Opportunities for Global Governance and Management Coherence (Daniela Diz)\nMarine Protected Areas: Global Framework, Regional MPA Networks and a National Example (Henning von Nordheim)\nMarine Environmental Protection and Climate Change (Birgit Peters)\nManagement of Non-indigenous Species and Invasive Alien Species (Wolfgang K\u00f6ck \u0026\u00a0Bj\u00f8rn-Oliver Magsig)\nIntegrating Sectoral Ocean Policies (Markus Salomon \u0026\u00a0Miriam Dross)\nMarine Scientific Research (Anna-Maria Hubert)\nAn Emerging Environmental Issue: Marine Discharge of Mine Tailings (Craig Vogt \u0026\u00a0Jens Skei)\nManaging and Regulating Underwater Noise Pollution (Till Markus \u0026\u00a0Pedro Pablo Silva S\u00e1nchez)\nMarine Geo-Engineering (Harald Ginzky)\nMarine Spatial Planning (Mathias Schubert)","author":["Salomon, M.","Markus, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1359","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/site-selection-hybrid-offshore-wind-wave-energy-systems-greece-incorporating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/8\/2095\/htm","title":"Site Selection of Hybrid Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Systems in Greece Incorporating Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"This paper presents a methodological framework for evaluating marine areas in Greece for the purpose of identifying the most adequate sites for Hybrid Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Systems (HOWiWaES), with special focus on the HOWiWaES\u2019 environmental impact assessment evaluation. Nine evaluation criteria that reflect various environmental, economic, technical and socio-political aspects are considered, including Wind Velocity (WV), Wave Energy Potential (WEP), Water Depth (WD), Distance from Shore (DS), Connection to Local Electrical Grid (CLEG), Population Served (PS), Shipping Density (SD), Distance from Ports (DP) and Environmental Performance Value (EPV). Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is performed to hierarchically rank twelve predefined siting alternatives. Questionnaires are used to collect information on pairwise comparisons of the evaluation criteria from a group of stakeholders\/experts. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used as a metric tool for pairwise comparisons of each siting alternative with respect to the first eight evaluation criteria, while the last criterion is assessed through the development of an innovative environmental impact assessment tool. The results indicate that WV, WEP and EPV present the evaluation criteria with the highest relative significance, while PS, DP and SD correspond to less influencing criteria. The proposed methodology can be easily applied to other countries worldwide for supporting socially accepted siting of HOWiWaES.","author":["Loukogeorgaki, E.","Vagiona, D.","Vasileiou, M."],"organization":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki"],"originationDate":"2018-08-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.002401800000","23.650346000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Loukogeorgaki-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1362","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oil-gas-infrastructure-decommissioning-marine-protected-areas-system-complexity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X18305642","title":"Oil and gas infrastructure decommissioning in marine protected areas: System complexity, analysis and challenges","description":"Many offshore oil and\u00a0gas production\u00a0facilities are nearing the end of their operational life, with decommissioning now becoming a global challenge. The compatibility of decommissioning operations to\u00a0marine protected areas\u00a0(MPAs) creates further challenges. The recently-developed DAPSI(W)R(M) problem structuring framework (covering Drivers, Activities, Pressures, State changes, Impacts (on Welfare) and Responses (as Measures)) was applied here to interrogate the complexity of decommissioning oil and gas infrastructure within MPAs, with outputs feeding into the development of a novel database tool for Screening Potential Impacts of Decommissioning Activities (SPIDA). In meeting the current requirements of the marine regulatory regime, SPIDA provides a more streamlined, evidence-based process which can be applied by industry, statutory\u00a0nature conservation\u00a0bodies and regulators for identifying and evaluating evidence that supports the implications of decommissioning alternatives on the condition of MPAs. SPIDA has been developed to be adapted for other activities and sectors, including offshore renewables.\n\nHighlights:\nDecommissioning oil and gas infrastructure in marine protected areas is complex.\nA decision support framework was co-produced with key marine stakeholders.\nNovel tool was built for Screening Potential Impacts of Decommissioning Activities.\nSPIDA identifies risks, opportunities and impacts of decommissioning on features.\nThe framework and tool are of relevance to other marine sectors (e.g. offshore wind.)","author":["Burdon, D.","Barnard, S.","Boyes, S.","Elliott, M."],"organization":["University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1365","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/severn-tidal-power-feasibility-study-conclusions-summary-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/1-severn-tidal-power-feasibility-study-conclusions-and-summary-report","title":"Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study: Conclusions and Summary Report","description":"Following a positive recommendation from the Sustainable Development Commission, a 2-year cross-government feasibility study was launched to inform a decision whether or not to promote a scheme to generate electricity from the tides of the Severn estuary. The study has looked at 5 potentially feasible scheme options in outline and assessed their costs, benefits and risks.","author":["Department of Energy \u0026 Climate Change (DECC)"],"organization":["UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)","Welsh Government","UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.480972000000","-3.350624000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Severn-Feasibility-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1366","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-range-technologies-state-art-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S136403211501730X","title":"Tidal range technologies and state of the art in review","description":"Tidal range technology has seen much development and interest in recent years. The times when a\u00a0barrage\u00a0scheme would be rejected due to environmental and cost concerns is coming to an end. A large variety of new lower cost and less invasive methods have since emerged in the forms of tidal lagoons, reefs and fences. Since the\u00a0construction\u00a0of La Rance in 1967, advancements in\u00a0turbine\u00a0technologies and design has since resulted in a plethora of new, exciting turbine designs for\u00a0tidal energy. A selection of new turbines with possible tidal range applications includes the modified\u00a0bulb turbinewith two sets of\u00a0guide vanes, a counter-rotating turbine,\u00a0Archimedes\u00a0screw and a gyro device. However, the same design is continuously being chosen \u2013 the Kaplan bulb turbine. Through the use of a marking criterion covering key aspects that should be considered when choosing a turbine a variety of the new designs available are investigated. The key aspects researched include,\u00a0environmental effects, the two-way efficiency, initial costs and maintenance costs\/difficulty.","author":["Waters, S.","Aggidis, G."],"organization":["Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1367","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-range-energy-resource-optimization-past-perspectives-future-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118305263#bib81","title":"Tidal range energy resource and optimization - Past perspectives and future challenges","description":"Tidal energy\u00a0is one of the most predictable forms of\u00a0renewable energy. Although there has been much commercial and R\u0026D progress in tidal stream energy, tidal range is a more mature technology, with tidal range power plants having a history that extends back over 50 years. With the 2017 publication of the \u201cHendry Review\u201d that examined the feasibility of tidal lagoon power plants in the UK, it is timely to review tidal range power plants. Here, we explain the main principles of tidal range power plants, and review two main research areas: the present and future tidal range resource, and the optimization of tidal range power plants. We also discuss how variability in the electricity generated from tidal range power plants could be partially offset by the development of multiple power plants (e.g. lagoons) that are complementary in phase, and by the provision of energy storage. Finally, we discuss the implications of the Hendry Review, and what this means for the future of tidal range power plants in the UK and internationally.","author":["Neill, S.","Angeloudis, A.","Robins, P.","Walkington, I.","Ward, S.","Masters, I.","Lewis, M.","Piano, M.","Avdis, A.","Piggott, M.","Aggidis, G.","Evans, P.","Adcock, T.","Zidonis, A.","Ahmadian, R.","Falconer, R."],"organization":["Bangor University","Imperial College London","Liverpool John Moores University","Swansea University","Cardiff University","Lancaster University","Wallingford HydroSolutions (WHS)","University of Oxford"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neill-et-al-20183.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1368","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/perspectives-way-forward-ocean-renewable-energy-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118305573#sec3.2","title":"Perspectives on a way forward for ocean renewable energy in Australia","description":"Australia has considerable wave and tidal\u00a0ocean energy\u00a0resources. Development of the emerging ocean\u00a0renewable energy\u00a0(ORE) industry in Australia offers opportunities to build Australia\u0027s blue economy, while actively contributing to committed carbon mitigation measures. Many interdisciplinary challenges are currently hampering development of the industry in Australia, and globally, including technology, cost reduction, policy and regulations, potential for\u00a0environmental effects, awareness and investment, amongst others. In October 2016, ORE technology and project developers, researchers, academics, policy makers and other stakeholders in Australia\u0027s emerging ORE industry came together to identify these challenges and develop possible pathways to grow ocean energy in Australia. Four themes were identified: Technology Development; Education and Awareness; Policy and Regulation; and Finance and Investment. This paper documents the outcomes of the meeting identifying challenges and a way\u00a0forward\u00a0against each theme. A key element identified across all themes was the need for stronger coordination across the sector, and the need for a representing body to lead necessary initiatives to support growth and management of the ORE industry in Australia, as one element of a burgeoning blue economy.","author":["Hemer, M.","Manasseh, R.","McInnes, K.","Penesis, I.","Pitman, T."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","Swinburne University of Technology","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-23.244181400000","131.393920600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemer-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1371","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-criteria-decision-making-assessment-proposed-tidal-barrage-schemes-terms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X17307002","title":"Multi-Criteria Decision-Making on Assessment of Proposed Tidal Barrage Schemes in Terms of Environmental Impacts","description":"For\u00a0tidal range\u00a0power plants\u00a0to be sustainable, the environmental impacts caused by the implement of various tidal barrage schemes must be assessed before construction. However, several problems exist in the current researches: firstly, evaluation criteria of the tidal barrage schemes\u00a0environmental impact assessment\u00a0(EIA) are not adequate; secondly, uncertainty of criteria information fails to be processed properly; thirdly, correlation among criteria is unreasonably measured. Hence the contributions of this paper are as follows: firstly, an evaluation criteria system is established from three dimensions of\u00a0hydrodynamic, biological and morphological aspects. Secondly, cloud model is applied to describe the uncertainty of criteria information. Thirdly, Choquet integral with respect to\u00a0\u03bb-fuzzy measure is introduced to measure the correlation among criteria. On the above bases, a multi-criteria decision-making decision framework for tidal barrage scheme EIA is established to select the optimal scheme. Finally, a case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework.","author":["Wu, Y.","Xu, C.","Ke, Y.","Chen, K.","Xu, H."],"organization":["North China Electric Power University"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1372","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-hydro-environmental-impacts-ebb-only-two-way-generation-severn-barrage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0098300414001198","title":"Comparison of hydro-environmental impacts for ebb-only and two-way generation for a Severn Barrage","description":"Marine renewable energy is playing an increasing significant role in many parts of the world, mainly due to a rise in the awareness of climate change, and its detrimental effects, and the increasing cost of natural resources. The Severn Estuary, located between South West England and South Wales, has a tidal range of up to 14\u00a0m which makes it the second highest tidal range in the world. There are a number of barrage proposals amongst various marine renewable energy schemes proposed to be built in the estuary. The Cardiff-Weston STPG (Severn Tidal Power Group) Barrage, which would be one of the world\u05f3s largest tidal renewable energy schemes if built, is one of the most publicised schemes to-date. This barrage would generate about 17\u00a0TWh\/annum of power, which is approximately 5% of the UK\u05f3s electricity consumption, whilst causing significant hydro-environmental and ecological impact on the estuary.\n\nThis study mainly focuses on investigating the hydro-environmental impacts of the STPG barrage for the option of two-way generation, and compares this with the commonly investigated option of ebb-only generation. The impacts of the barrage were modelled by implementing a linked 1-D\/2-D hydro-environmental model, with the capability of modelling several key environmental processes. The model predictions show that the hydro-environmental impacts of the barrage on the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel, such as changes in the maximum velocity and reduction in suspended sediment and bacteria levels, were less significant for the two-way generation scheme when compared with the corresponding impacts for ebb-only generation.","author":["Ahmadian, R.","Falconer, R.","Bockelmann-Evans, B."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.409798000000","-3.026132000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1373","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-impacts-tidal-renewable-energy-scheme-eutrophication-potential-severn","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0098300414001848","title":"An assessment of the impacts of a tidal renewable energy scheme on the eutrophication potential of the Severn Estuary, UK","description":"The potential impacts of ebb-only (one-way) and flood-ebb (two-way) modes of operation of a tidal barrage on the eutrophication potential of the Severn Estuary were investigated in this study using the simple modelling approach adopted by the UK\u2019s Comprehensive Studies Task Team (CSTT). The model predictions were compared against CSTT thresholds for assessing eutrophication in estuaries and coastal waters. For the no barrage scenario, as well as the ebb-only and flood-ebb operating modes, the estuary was found to be potentially eutrophic as the predicted equilibrium nutrient concentrations and potential maximum phytoplankton biomass chlorophyll concentrations exceeded the threshold limits. Potential maximum phytoplankton primary productivity under both ebb-only and flood-ebb operating modes were found to be noticeably higher than that for the no barrage scenario. This is believed to be due to a combination of increased water residence time and greater light availability behind the barrage. However, the conditions for phytoplankton production are likely to be more favourable under ebb-only operating mode as the potential for maximum phytoplankton primary production was found to be significantly increased under ebb-only operating mode, with largely decreased suspended particulate matter concentration compared to flood-ebb operating mode where only a small reduction in suspended particulate matter concentration is predicted.","author":["Kadiri, M.","Ahmadian, R.","Bockelmann-Evans, B.","Falconer, R.","Kay, D."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Aberystwyth University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.409798000000","-3.026132000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1412","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-vulnerability-marine-bird-community-western-north-sea-climate-change-other","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v507\/p277-295\/","title":"Assessing the Vulnerability of the Marine Bird Community in the Western North Sea to Climate Change and Other Anthropogenic Impacts","description":"Ocean warming and anthropogenic activities such as fishing, shipping and marine renewable developments are affecting marine top predators. Research has focussed on the impacts of single stressors on single species, yet understanding cumulative effects of multiple stressors on communities is vital for effective conservation management. We studied a marine bird community (45 species; 11 families) that used the Forth and Tay region of the North Sea for breeding, overwintering or migration between 1980 and 2011. Local sea surface temperature (SST) increased significantly over this period, with concomitant changes in lower trophic levels. Simultaneously, the region has been subject to fishing pressure and shipping disturbance and is a priority area for renewable energy developments. We used colony-based and at-sea data to quantitatively assess relationships between SST and counts, productivity and survival of 25 species for which sufficient data were available for analysis. For the remaining species, we applied a qualitative approach using published population trends, published climate relationships and foraging sensitivity. In total, 53% of species showed negative relationships with SST. Trends in counts and demography were combined with climate vulnerability to give an index of population concern to future climate warming, and 44% of species were classified as high or very high concern, notably cormorants, grebes, skuas, shearwaters, terns and auks, as well as species breeding in the region. Qualitative assessments of vulnerability to fisheries, pollutants, disturbance (including introduced predators), marine renewables and climate found that 93% of species were vulnerable to \u0026gt;= 2 threats, and 58% to \u0026gt;= 4. Our results indicate that the majority of birds in this region of the North Sea face an uncertain future, potentially threatening the resilience of this important marine bird community.","author":["Burthe, S.","Wanless, S.","Newell, M.","Butler, A.","Daunt, F."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)"],"originationDate":"2014-07-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.080924000000","-3.007291000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1423","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-mitigation-plan-shetland-tidal-array-bluemull-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/data\/environmental-monitoring-and-mitigation-plan-deposits-tidal-array-bluemull-sound-shetland-04859","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan: Shetland Tidal Array, Bluemull Sound","description":"Nova Innovation implements an integrated Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) policy that underpins everything we do. For individual projects the company produces an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP) specific to the project. This document details our EMMP for the Shetland Tidal Array project in the Bluemull Sound. It outlines how we will meet our environmental requirements with particular reference to the conditions set down by Marine Scotland.","author":["McPherson, G."],"organization":["Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2015-07-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.699478200000","-0.985542600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:02:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NovaInnovation-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1424","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/black-rock-tidal-power-grand-passage-mre-permit","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.novascotia.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/MRE-Permit-Black-Rock-Tidal-Powers-Project-Summary.pdf","title":"Black Rock Tidal Power Grand Passage MRE Permit","description":"Black Rock Tidal Power Inc. (BRTP), and its partners SCHOTTEL Hydro, Sustainable Marine Energy (SME) and Sustainable Oceans Applied Research (SOAR), wish to conduct an off-grid demonstration of the 280kW PLAT-I tidal energy platform at Grand Passage, located between communities of Westport and Freeport in Digby County, Nova Scotia. The proposed demonstration will be the first North American application of the technology. PLAT-I had a successful inaugural deployment in Connel, Scotland throughout late 2017 and the first half of 2018. For the proposed project, this prototype will be brought to Nova Scotia, assembled, and transported by sea to Grand Passage where it will undergo testing according to a pre-determined schedule for a period of a minimum of three months beginning in late Summer and into Fall 2018.  The Grand Passage location has the great advantage of having strong tidal currents and shelter from open ocean waves but also allowing easy access to the platform. The water clarity and visibility at Grand Passage is also good. These site characteristics create the ideal test location for technology development and proving while also affording an opportunity for key stakeholders to observe and visit the platform. In addition to assessing and proving the engineering performance of the system, the deployment will also provide ample opportunity to conduct environmental monitoring to detect marine life such as fish and marine mammals and assess any interactions they may have with the platform. Through this project BRTP and its partners intend to continue progressive development of community and utility-scale floating tidal energy devices that can be installed in rivers and tidal currents around the world to provide clean, renewable electricity for remote communities, industrial facilities, and utilities.","author":["Black Rock Tidal Power"],"organization":["Black Rock Tidal Power"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.263230900000","-66.337935200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:13:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Black-Rock-Tidal-Power-2018-Permit.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1425","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-current-power-resources-influence-sea-level-rise-coastal-waters-kinmen-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/10\/5\/652","title":"Tidal Current Power Resources and Influence of Sea-Level Rise in the Coastal Waters of Kinmen Island, Taiwan","description":"The tidal current power (TCP) resource, the impact of TCP extraction on hydrodynamics and the influence of sea-level rise (SLR) on TCP output in the coastal waters of Kinmen Island (Taiwan) are investigated using a state-of-the-art unstructured-grid depth-integrated numerical model. The model was driven by eight tidal constituents extracted from a global tidal prediction model and verified with time series of measured data for tide level and depth-averaged current. The simulations showed reasonable agreement with the observations; the\u00a0skill\u00a0index was in the excellent (0.71\u20130.93) range with regard to simulating tide level and currents. Model predictions indicated that the channel between Kinmen and Lieyu serves as an appropriate site for deploying the tidal turbines because of its higher tidal current and deeper water depth. The bottom friction approach was utilized to compute the average TCP over a spring-neap cycle (i.e., 15 days). Mean TCP reached its maximum to 45.51 kW for a coverage area of 0.036 km2\u00a0when an additional turbine friction coefficient (Ct) increased to 0.08, and a cut-in speed of 0.5 m\/s was used. The annual TCP output was estimated to be 1.08 MW. The impact of TCP extraction on the change in current is significant, with a maximum reduction rate of instant current exceeding 60%, and the extent of influence for the average current is 1.26 km in length and 0.30 km in width for the \u22120.05 m\/s contour line. However, the impact of TCP extraction on the change in tide level is insignificant; the maximum change in amplitude is only 0.73 cm for the K2\u00a0tide. The influence of SLR on the TCP output in Kinmen waters was also estimated. Modeling assessments showed that due to SLR produces faster tidal current, the annual TCP output increased to 1.52 MW, 2.01 MW, 2.48 MW and 2.97 MW under the same cut-in speed and coverage area conditions when SLR 0.25 m, SLR 0.5 m, SLR 0.75 m and SLR 1.0 m were imposed on the model.","author":["Chen, W.","Chen, H.","Lin, L.","Yu, Y."],"organization":["National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction","National Taiwan University"],"originationDate":"2017-05-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.691907500000","118.564034000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal_Current_Power_Resources_and_Influence_of_Sea-Level_Rise_in_the_Coastal_Waters_of_Kinmen_Island_Taiwan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1426","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cape-sharp-tidal-environmental-effects-monitoring-program-2018","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/2018-cape-sharp-tidal-venture-monitoring-program-update","title":"Cape Sharp Tidal Environmental Effects Monitoring Program 2018","description":"This document provides details for an updated Environm ental Effects Monitoring Program (EEMP) (the Program) for Cape Sharp Tidal Venture (CSTV) for 2018. This document is submitted to meet the conditions listed under the Environmental Assessment (EA) Approval granted to the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) in 2009 (September 15, 2009) by Nova Scotia Environment (NSE) for effects monitoring, as defined under the Nova Scotia Environment Act.  As required by the conditions of the FORCE EA Approval (2009), the EEMP was developed in collaboration with experts in the field of in-stream tidal energy, monitoring and technology developers and with input from government agencies, including Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and NSE, as well as other in-stream tidal energy interests including the Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA), FORCE, and the associated FORCE Environmental Monitoring and Advisory Committee (EMAC).  The 2018 EEMP has been updated from the 2016\/2017 CSTV EEMP which was implemented for the first turbine deployment from November 2016 to June 2017 (refer to Section 3).","author":["Cape Sharp Tidal"],"organization":["Cape Sharp Tidal"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.364000000000","-64.422000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CapeSharpTidal-EEMP-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1427","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/contrasting-effects-gps-device-harness-attachment-adult-survival-lesser-black-backed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ibi.12340","title":"Contrasting effects of GPS device and harness attachment on adult survival of Lesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus and Great Skuas Stercorarius skua","description":"Telemetry has become an important method for studying the biology and ecology of animals. However, the impact of tracking devices and their method of attachment on different species across multiple temporal scales has seldom been assessed. We compared the behavioural and demographic responses of two species of seabird, Lesser Black\u2010backed Gull\u00a0Larus fuscus\u00a0and Great Skua\u00a0Stercorarius skua, to a GPS device attached using a crossover wing harness. We used telemetry information and monitoring of breeding colonies to compare birds equipped with a device and harness, and control birds without an attachment. We assessed whether tagged birds have lower short\u2010term breeding productivity or lower longer term overwinter return rates (indicative of overwinter survival) than controls. For Great Skua, we also assessed whether territory attendance within the breeding season differed between tagged and control birds. As with previous studies on Lesser Black\u2010backed Gull, we found no short\u2010term impacts on breeding productivity or long\u2010term impacts on overwinter return rates. For Great Skua, there was no evidence for impacts of the device and harness on territory attendance or breeding productivity. However, as found by a previous study of Great Skuas using a different (body) harness design, there was strong evidence of reduced overwinter return rates. Consequently, a device attached using a wing harness was considered suitable for long\u2010term deployment on Lesser Black\u2010backed Gulls, but not on Great Skuas. These findings will inform the planning of future tracking studies.","author":["Thaxter, C.","Ross-Smith, V.","Clark, J.","Clark, N.","Conway, G.","Masden, E.","Wade, H.","Leat, E.","Gear, S.","Marsh, M.","Booth, C.","Furness, R.","Votier, S.","Burton, N."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Glasgow","Landguard Bird Observatory","MacArthur Green","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.083332400000","1.557911900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1428","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/handling-environmental-knowledge-paradox-estuarine-coastal-policy-making","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114003378","title":"Handling the \u0027environmental knowledge paradox\u0027 in estuarine and coastal policy making","description":"Knowledge is a key feature in our attempts to achieve sustainable development during environmental decision-making. Particularly complex decision making processes, where integrated economic, social and ecological issues need to be handled, suffer from what could be called the \u2018Environmental Knowledge Paradox\u2019 or EKP (having more and more detailed knowledge does not necessarily reduce uncertainty and settle competing truth-claims). We need to make significant changes in the decision-making process itself and the way we use scientific models to support these decisions. Starting from a simple linear decision-making model we explore potential improvements. Supported by recent progress in the environmental as well as the social sciences, we suggest four main procedural and technical adjustments. (1) To reduce the uncertainty in exploratory studies the \u2018contra expertise\u2019 approach should be explicitly applied. (2) The \u2018uncertainty\u2019 in impact assessments needs to be reduced by combining completely different approaches and model techniques. (3) The discussions during the decision-making process should be led by an independent not discipline-related professional facilitator. (4) Formal and informal actors need to be able to play an explicit and significant role during the decision-making process by contributing to a \u2018divergence\u2019 as well as a \u2018convergence\u2019 of ideas, options and solutions.","author":["de Jonge, V.","Giebels, D."],"organization":["University of Hull","Erasmus University Rotterdam"],"originationDate":"2015-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1432","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-habitat-prey-mesopredator-associations-community-marine-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-abstract\/75\/5\/1602\/4973731","title":"Evaluating habitat, prey, and mesopredator associations in a community of marine birds","description":"Offshore wind energy development on the US Atlantic Continental Shelf has brought attention to the need for marine spatial planning efforts to reduce potential conflict between wind turbines and marine animals, including seabirds. We evaluated the effects of marine mammals, fishes, and habitat characteristics on the distribution and relative abundance of marine birds off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. From May 2012 to 2014, we collected line transect data from 14 shipboard surveys, and novel high-resolution digital videography data from 14 aerial surveys. We compiled five habitat covariates: three static (distance to shore, sea floor slope, and sediment grain size), and two dynamic (sea surface temperature, salinity). We additionally analysed two seabird community covariates: the density of observed marine mammals and detected fish. Using zero-altered models, we tested our hypothesis that plunge-diving seabird species would show positive associations with marine mammals. Our results provide statistical evidence that, alongside competition, facilitative interactions occur among pelagic communities, where subsurface predators improve the detectability and accessibility of prey to surface-feeding seabirds. This study highlights the importance of quantifying community and ecological influences on avian abundance, particularly in predicting the potential exposure of marine birds and mammals to offshore development.","author":["Goyert, H.","Gardner, B.","Veit, R.","Gilbert, A.","Connelly, E.","Duron, M.","Johnson, S.","Williams, K."],"organization":["North Carolina State University","The City University of New York (CUNY)","Biodiversity Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.269322000000","-75.559526000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1434","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improving-knowledge-exchange-among-scientists-decision-makers-facilitate-adaptive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569115001167","title":"Improving knowledge exchange among scientists and decision-makers to facilitate the adaptive governance of marine resources: A review of knowledge and research needs","description":"The science-based management of natural resources requires knowledge exchange between scientists and environmental decision-makers, however, this exchange remains a significant challenge. Rather, evidence suggests that decision-makers rely on individual experience or other secondary sources of knowledge in isolation from scientific evidence when formulating decisions, potentially compromising the effectiveness of their decisions. As a result a new field of research broadly characterised as \u2018knowledge exchange\u2019 has emerged, focused largely on identifying and overcoming the barriers to knowledge exchange among scientists and decision-makers. More recently knowledge exchange research has also begun to explore the relationship between science and decision-making specifically in relation to marine ecosystems and resources. The aim of this paper is to review the literature in relation to knowledge exchange for natural resource management, with a focus on recent evidence in relation to the management of marine resources. This review identifies critical barriers inhibiting knowledge exchange among marine scientists and decisions-makers, such as the inaccessibility of science to decision-makers as well as institutional barriers that limit the extent to which scientists and decision-makers can prioritise knowledge exchange activities. Options for overcoming these barriers, such as novel approaches to knowledge exchange (e.g. \u2013 knowledge co-production, knowledge brokers and boundary organisations) and the enabling environments and institutional reforms needed to complement efforts to improve knowledge exchange, are also identified. This review concludes by articulating the gaps in our understanding of knowledge exchange, to help guide future research in this field and improve the sustainable management of marine resources.","author":["Cvitanovic, C.","Hobday, A.","van Kerkhoff, L.","Wilson, S.","Dobbs, K.","Marshall, N."],"organization":["Australian National University","University of Tasmania","University of Western Australia"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1461","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritime-renewable-energy-markets-power-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/mts\/mtsj\/2018\/00000052\/00000005\/art00011","title":"Maritime Renewable Energy Markets: Power From the Sea","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) is in the early stages of contributing to the energy portfolios of the United States and many other nations around the world. Although many MRE developers are designing devices that will harvest energy to contribute to the electrical grid from waves, tides, and ocean currents, a number of other promising maritime markets could be supplied with MRE power at sea. These maritime markets are often less price sensitive, have fewer options than utility-scale electricity markets, and can handle some degree of intermittency. Some of the promising maritime markets that could benefit from co-located power generation include ocean observation nodes, underwater recharge of autonomous vehicles, desalination of seawater for remote coastal areas, offshore aquaculture, shoreline protection and electricity generation, providing electricity and freshwater following coastal emergencies, providing power to islanded and isolated communities, powering and cooling nearshore underwater data centers, recharging of electric surface vessels, and personal charging of electronics. Pairing of MRE power generation with these and other maritime markets is in the early stages, but the potential for synergy and growth of MRE coupled to these markets is promising.","author":["Copping, A.","LiVecchi, A.","Spence, H.","Gorton, A.","Jenne, S.","Preus, R.","Gill, G.","Robichaud, R.","Gore, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:09:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1523","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-effect-tidal-hydroelectric-propeller-turbine-populations-three-anadromous","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jfb.13755","title":"Long-term effect of a tidal, hydroelectric propeller turbine on the populations of three anadromous fish species","description":"Tidal hydroelectric power has been proposed as one potential solution for sustainable energy sources. The first tidal turbine in North America began continuous operation in the Annapolis River estuary (44 degrees 45\u0027N; 65 degrees 29\u0027W) in June, 1985. The machine is an axial-flow, hydraulic-lift propeller turbine, a type known to cause fish mortality. Anadromous populations of American shad Alosa sapidissima, striped bass Morone saxatilis and Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus utilize the Annapolis River for spawning and other life history phases. After power generation commenced obvious turbine mortalities of these fishes began appearing downstream of the turbine. Assessments of the A. sapidissima adult spawning runs during 1981-1982 (pre-operation) and 1989-1996 (operational) indicated significant changes in population characteristics after power generation began. Adult length, mass, age and per cent repeat spawners declined and total instantaneous mortality (Z) increased from 0.30 to 0.55. The pre-turbine spawning runs had older fish with numerous adult cohorts whereas by 12 years after operation began runs consisted of younger fish with fewer adult cohorts. During 1972-1987 numerous studies indicated the Annapolis River had an important angling fishery for M. saxatilis, but detailed annual records kept by a fishing contest during 1983-1987 and an elite angler family during the period 1976-2008 demonstrated a rapid decline in the number of fish \u003E4.0 kg after turbine operation began. Pre-turbine catch by the angling family of fish \u003E4.0 kg accounted for 84.1% of total catch, but declined significantly to 39.6% of total catch from 1986-1999, and to none from 2000-2008. The existence of an A. oxyrinchus stock in the Annapolis River was unknown before turbine operation, but during 1985-2017, 21 mortalities were recovered by chance seaward of the turbine. Mechanical strike and cavitation mortalities consisted of juveniles, mature males and gravid and spent females of ages 10 to 53 years found during June to October, the period when this anadromous species returns to its natal river to spawn. The results of the long-term studies at Annapolis indicate managers should realize substantial risks exist for the fish resources of the world\u0027s oceans from deployment of instream propeller turbines.","author":["Dadswell, M.","Spares, A.","McIean, M.","Harris, P.","Rulifson, R."],"organization":["Acadia University","East Carolina University"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.750000000000","-65.483330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1525","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/creation-microhabitats-tidepools-ripraps-climax-communities-way-mitigate-negative","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925857418302362","title":"Creation of microhabitats (tidepools) in ripraps with climax communities as a way to mitigate negative effects of artificial substrate on marine biodiversity","description":"Urbanisation and the construction of commercial structures on coasts cause a significant impact on natural marine habitats. The concept of \u00a8Ecological Engineering\u00a8, recently applied to marine biology, integrates ecology, economy and society\u2019s needs into the design of artificial marine structures. Recently, some ecological designs, such as the addition of pools, pits, and crevices, have been proposed in order to reduce habitat modification, diminish colonization by invasive species, and spread and maintain ecosystem functioning and biodiversity indexes that are more similar to those of the natural environment. Within the features that may increase artificial habitats\u2019 diversity, tidepools are unique habitats that reduce stress in the intertidal, favouring breeding and feeding, as well as providing shelter and a greater degree of moisture to a certain group of species, which may present an advantage for them. Nevertheless, the ecological benefits that arise from the inclusion of these features on fully mature artificial structures are still poorly known. In the present study, tidepools were created on artificial substrate with an affordable method (jackhammer) in the locality of Ceuta (Strait of Gibraltar). The pools were carved on dolomitic riprap at two different intertidal levels, high and low shore (+0.75\u202fm and +0.25\u202fm higher than the lowest tide, respectively) with an average area of 195.2\u202fcm2\u00a0and 353.01\u202fcm3\u00a0of volume. These coastal defence structures were built more than eight years ago, thus the biota has substantially completed its colonization period and is set in terms of species composition. To test humidity effects on benthic assemblages around tidepools, the adjacent halo around the pool, with a width of 5\u202fcm, was equally traced. Pool assemblages were compared to adjacent artificial and natural substrate and also to nearby natural pools. One year later, the results in species richness and diversity were significantly higher in the tidepools than the other two studied treatments (5\u202fcm and control), artificial pools exceeded control species richness by 39.21% and control diversity by 30.70%. Focusing on the tidepool halo (5\u202fcm) effect in the artificial substrate, the results show that the biological assemblages were different than tidepool and emerged rock, indicating that the newly created habitat extends its influence beyond the limits of the tidepools. Tidepools increased the number of species on ripraps and contributed to reduced fragmentation of some vagile species\u2019 populations, as they favoured settlement of species that previously seemed excluded from artificial substrate such as\u00a0Pisania striata, Fisurella\u00a0sp., Phorcus turbinatus\u00a0and\u00a0Lepidochitona\u00a0sp. In the case of\u00a0Siphonaria pectinata,\u00a0it increased its presence in the tidepools and most of its egg masses were observed inside the pools. Finally, it should be mentioned that the pools have extended the upper vertical limits of infra-littoral level species such as\u00a0Paracentrotus\u00a0sp.,\u00a0mostly young individuals, and\u00a0Aiptasia\u00a0sp. These results may help to modify existing artificial shores to reduce their ecological impact.","author":["Ostale-Valriberas, E.","Sempere-Valverde, J.","Coppa, S.","Garcia-Gomez, J.","Espinosa, F."],"organization":["University of Seville","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.887002000000","-5.318533000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1559","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project-2014-environmental-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orpc.co\/storage\/2022\/02\/2014-Environmental-Monitoring-Report.pdf","title":"Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2014 Environmental Monitoring Report","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC, (collectively, ORPC), is a Maine-based developer of hydrokinetic power systems and projects that harness the power of oceans and rivers to generate clean, predictable renewable energy. In partnership with coastal and river communities, ORPC works to create and sustain local jobs while promoting energy independence and protecting the environment. ORPC received a pilot project license for the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (Project) from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on February 27, 2012 (FERC Project No. P-12711-005). The purpose of the Project is to evaluate the potential for a new source of clean, renewable energy generation using tidal energy resources in Cobscook Bay, Maine. ORPC obtained a preliminary permit for the Project area in Cobscook Bay from FERC on July 23, 2007; FERC issued a successive preliminary permit on January 13, 2011. Feasibility studies, including environmental surveys, and pre-filing consultation were conducted, resulting in ORPC\u2019s filing of a draft pilot project license application with FERC on July 24, 2009 and subsequently, the final pilot project license application in September 2011. The FERC pilot project license boundary for the Project encompasses the proposed development area (Figure 1). In March 2012, ORPC began construction of the Project off the coast of Eastport and Lubec, Maine (Figure 1). Following installation of the initial phase of the Project during the spring and summer of 2012, the Project began delivering electricity to the Emera Maine grid in September 2012. This is the first grid-connected installation of ORPC\u2019s TidGen\u00ae Power System.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2015-03-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.914400000000","-67.051400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:45:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC-2014-Monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project-2016-environmental-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2016 Environmental Monitoring Report","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC, (collectively, ORPC), is a Maine-based developer of hydrokinetic power systems and projects that harness the power of oceans and rivers to generate clean, predictable renewable energy. In partnership with coastal and river communities, ORPC works to create and sustain local jobs while promoting energy independence and protecting the environment. ORPC received a pilot project license for the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (Project) from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on February 27, 2012 (FERC Project No. P-12711-005). The purpose of the Project is to evaluate the potential for a new source of clean, renewable energy generation using tidal energy resources in Cobscook Bay, Maine. ORPC obtained a preliminary permit for the Project area in Cobscook Bay from FERC on July 23, 2007; FERC issued a successive preliminary permit on January 13, 2011. Feasibility studies, including environmental surveys, and pre-filing consultation were conducted, resulting in ORPC\u2019s filing of a draft pilot project license application with FERC on July 24, 2009 and subsequently, the final pilot project license application in September 2011. The FERC pilot project license boundary for the Project encompasses the proposed development area (Figure 1). In March 2012, ORPC began construction of the Project off the coast of Eastport and Lubec, Maine (Figure 1). Following installation of the initial phase of the Project during the spring and summer of 2012, the Project began delivering electricity to the Emera Maine grid in September 2012. This is the first grid-connected installation of ORPC\u2019s TidGen\u00ae Power System.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2017-04-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.914400000000","-67.051400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:46:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC-2016-Monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1562","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-soundscape-effects-noise-aquatic-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jcaa.caa-aca.ca\/index.php\/jcaa\/article\/view\/2224","title":"The Marine Soundscape and the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Mammals","description":"The marine soundscape is made up of natural ambient sounds (e.g. wind and waves), biological sounds (e.g. animal calls) and anthropogenic sounds (e.g. ship noise). Acoustic ecology studies the relationships\u2014 mediated through sound\u2014between organisms and their environment. As ocean water conducts light very poorly yet sound very well, marine mammals rely heavily on acoustics for communication and navigation. Since the onset of the industrial revolution, man-made noise in the ocean has steadily increased. The effects of noise on marine animals can be short-term or long-term, transient or chronic, negligible to biologically significant, where the survival of a population is at risk. This article gives an overview of the components constituting the marine soundscape, of the use of sound by marine mammals and of the effects of noise. The acoustic ecology of animals other than mammals and the effects of noise on animals other than mammals are less understood.","author":["Erbe, C."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1563","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/algorithms-marine-mammal-modelling-application-ramsey-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319311507_Algorithms_for_marine_mammal_modelling_and_an_application_in_Ramsey_Sound","title":"Algorithms for Marine Mammal Modelling and an Application in Ramsey Sound","description":"The main function of a marine renewable energy device is to remove energy from a marine environment and transform it into (generally) electrical energy for further use. This has potential for environmental benefits in the form of reducing global carbon emissions, but also has the potential for impact on the local ecology.  Using computer models and simulations to design and develop devices is not a new or uncommon idea, but this use is often concentrated on the mechanics of a design and its interaction with the physical environment. A simulation framework has been developed in an attempt to mimic the movement of marine mammals in a tidal environment, specifically looking at the potential interaction between tidal stream turbines and harbour porpoise.  Following from the basic rules and principles presented previously, a set of simulations have been conducted based on a tidal model of Ramsey Sound - a tidal channel off the south western tip of Wales. Four different simulations are examined, based on combinations of the behavioural influences incorporated into the model - food and noise. This allows the potential interactions between these factors to be examined, as well as how changes in these results might appear in real observational data.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Lake, T.","Masters, I.","Croft, N."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-5.326110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1564","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methods-individual-based-modelling-harbour-porpoise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281279995_Methods_for_Individual_Based_Modelling_of_Harbour_Porpoise","title":"Methods for Individual Based Modelling of Harbour Porpoise","description":"Individual Based Models (IBMs) can be used to investigate emergent behaviours of groups and flocks of animals. Early uses of IBMs showed plausible looking behaviours emerging from simple rules and were used in computer generated animations and images. This type of model has since seen use simulating behaviours of a range of animals ranging from clam larvae to moose in a range of environments. The flexibility of the model allows a range of environmental parameters to be included, allowing the response of the simulated animals to the environment to be investigated. The complexity of these models can vary considerably, and a number of additions can be made to the basic IBM structure. The detail and complexity of these models is in part constrained by the availability of environmental data and in part by available data of the animals to be simulated, which can be particularly difficult to obtain in a marine environment. A planned model for the behaviour of Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) is given as an example use of these techniques.","author":["Croft, N.","Masters, I.","Lake, T."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1565","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/particles-porpoise-applying-cfd-results-environmental-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281280339_Particles_as_Porpoise_-Applying_CFD_Results_to_Environmental_Interactions","title":"Particles as Porpoise - Applying CFD Results to Environmental Interactions","description":"Individual Based Models (IBMs) provide a way of taking simple rules and principles and simulating the movement and interaction of living creatures with each other and\/or the environment around them. These models have been used to investigate habitat use and movements of a variety of animals, including both marine and terrestrial mammals, fish and birds, over a range of timescales and degrees of sophistication. An advantage of this type of model is the potential to allow changes to the environment to be simulated, and potential effects of these changes to be investigated before they take place. This could include potential impacts of marine energy devices on local marine mammals. This model uses meshes and tidal flow data from an openTELEMAC model, with the 3D mesh being composed of linear, wedge shaped elements with nodes fixed in x, y but with time varying z coordinates. Data values (such as x, y and z flow velocities, prey density or noise levels) are specified at each node and are interpolated spatially using mean value coordinates and interpolated linearly with respect to time in order to obtain values at the location of each individual animal, or boid, within the simulation. The movement of the mesh, including the changing heights of the elements, leads to a variety of issues when tracking the location of the boids within the mesh.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Lake, T.","Masters, I.","Croft, N."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1566","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lcri-2015-overview-lcri-research-2008-2015","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/279443248_LCRI_2015_Overview_of_LCRI_Research_2008_to_2015","title":"LCRI 2015 Overview of LCRI Research 2008 to 2015","description":"The LCRI has built research capacity in Wales, linking academic research with industry and government relating to the low carbon agenda. Many projects have been near market, working with industry partners on emerging low carbon technologies. Each have a key role to play in supporting recent legislation in Wales and contributing to a more sustainable future.\n\nThe Low Carbon Built Environment (LCBE) programme based at the Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, has carried out research at a range of scales, from components, to buildings, to urban, and finally to the Wales region. New products developed at component level have been integrated into the design of new buildings as well as the retrofit of existing buildings. The Sustainable Building Envelope Centre (SBEC) at Tata Shotton and the SOLCER energy positive house are two buildings that were designed within the LCBE programme. They demonstrate new technologies for generating energy from fully integrated renewable energy systems that also form a construction component of the building envelope. Energy retrofits have been investigated for housing, factories, retail and schools. Buildings in-use have been monitored and design guidance produced. Computer simulation models developed at building scale have been extended to urban scale, for new build and retro\u012et applications. The implementation of new technologies and processes has been examined at regional scale, in relation to industry innovation and government policy and regulations. Research on transitions to a low carbon future has included projects in the UK, Europe and China. International collaboration activities have taken place, including, the European Smart Energy Regions COST network, and research links with China. The built environment is key to achieving a low carbon future. The challenges now are to further develop and demonstrate new low carbon technologies and processes that can be integrated into building design in an a\u012bordable and replicable way, to measure their performance in use, to develop simulation tools to assist research and design activities at building and city-region scale, and to work with industry and government to understand the barriers and opportunities in relation to the wide-scale implementation in practice of sustainability and low carbon policy.\n\nThe Solar Photovoltaic Academic Research Consortium (SPARC) has formed a strategic link between the solar energy research in the partner universities of Glyndwr, Bangor and Swansea. This has established Wales as an innovation centre for new PV solar energy products and, together with LCBE activities at SBEC, has contributed to the establishment of the SPECIFIC centre in Swansea where manufacturing processes are being developed based on the materials research carried out on SPARC. Wales has a strong tradition of PV supply chain companies from power electronics through to module manufacture and the SPARC team have been effective in working with these industries to help to develop new products that will fuel the rapidly growing solar PV industry. SPARC has built the world\u2019s \u012erst in-line atmospheric pressure deposition system for thin film PV manufacture based at its dedicated centre for solar energy research (CSER) in the OpTIC Centre at St Asaph. It has new rapid processing techniques for dye sensitised solar cells (DSC) compatible with high volume manufacturing. It has researched new power electronics designs for e\u0138cient extraction of the electrical power from PV solar energy modules, leading to a new ultra-light-weight thin film PV technology for space in collaboration with Welsh industry.\n\nThe LCRI Hydrogen theme investigates the development and deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies as a low or zero carbon solution for both energy and transport systems. Led by the University of South Wales, much of the research and development activity is world-leading and covers many aspects of hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Research includes hydrogen production techniques, novel hydrogen storage material development, infrastructure and distribution development, and a range of application technologies including fuel cell materials research and development of both fuel cell and combustion technologies for energy conversion. The hydrogen theme also incorporates techno-economic and environmental assessment of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. As the relevance of hydrogen and fuel cells is being understood, worldwide interest in hydrogen and fuel cell technology has dramatically increased in recent years. Industrial deployment of hydrogen and fuel cell technology for energy and transport is now a reality and future challenges centre around technological and economic improvement. There remain a number of critical R\u0026D issues to be addressed, including, the development of hydrogen solutions for grid-scale energy storage to allow for increased penetration of renewable electricity, utilisation of existing grid assets to enable hydrogen based energy storage (power-to-gas), investigation of novel hydrogen storage and fuel cell materials and techniques including the engineering to incorporate these at commercial scale, development of improved hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle and hydrogen combustion based propulsion systems, optimisation of the deployment of hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, continued improvement of fermentative and bioelectrochemical hydrogen and methane production processes, development of industrial hydrogen separation and recovery techniques including upgrading via reforming and other methods. With active academic and industrial partners and the engagement of government, Wales is ideally placed to be a leading European region deploying hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and deriving economic and environmental benefit in the process.\n\nCardiff\u00a0University\u2019s Gas Turbine Research Centre (GTRC) at Margam is carrying out research on a wide variety of projects including fuel variability, operational flexibility and risk and hazard assessment. LCRI capital funding has been used to set up a world leading experimental simulation facility through the addition of a flexible 5-component gas mixing station to its highpressure\/ temperature facilities\u2019. This new mixing station can accurately mix different gas fuel compositions, including varying concentrations of hydrogen, and is investigating hydrogen-rich syngas from high-efficiency gasification processes with or without carbon capture. In the short term, increasing amounts of imported natural gas and LNG from around the world are having a significant affect on the natural gas composition being utilised by power generators. As a result modern gas turbines can experience operational instability issues which adversely affect reliability and emissions. Further research is required to understand this phenomena to assist UK and EU natural gas regulators in standardising gas composition and quality. The research is also important to the gas turbine Original Equipment Manufacturers and end users to optimise the reliability of current and future gas turbines. In the medium term, consideration must be given to increasing levels of Hydrogen created from renewable sources being injected into the natural gas grid and being utilised by power generators. Hydrogen has been shown to increase burning rate and flame temperatures which could adversely affect gas turbine operation. Due to the reliance on natural gas for power generation in the UK, the integration of carbon capture and storage alongside gas turbine power stations is required. The GTRCs input in this area will be with oxygen enriched combustion and exhaust gas recirculation which are both techniques for enriching the CO2 stream in the exhaust to enhance capture e\u0138ciency. With the research infrastructure now in place at the GTRC it is well positioned to be a signifcant contributor in these research fields.\n\nLCRI Marine led by Swansea University provides independent and world-class research to enable, support and help build a sustainable marine energy sector in Wales. It develops engineering tools, which optimise the design and performance of technology that recovers energy from waves, tidal streams and tidal ranges around the Welsh coast. In addition, it considers the likely effects that these devices have on the environment, such as their effect on seabed communities, sediment transport and marine wildlife. The future of the Marine Renewable Energy sector in Wales is very positive. Technology development continues, devices are ready to deploy, and commercial projects planned. Two 100MW demonstration zones have been created (one wave, one tidal) which are managed by community companies; Strategic investment planned by WEFO into the infrastructure of these sites will make Wales a world class destination for the sector. The universities are fully engaged with the companies deploying on the demonstration sites, providing a pipeline of the highest quality research and development to continue the growth of the sector into a mature industry. The key issues for future R\u0026D are: uncertainty of energy resource, particularly where waves and currents interact; extreme storm loadings; fatigue and life prediction; optimum positioning of arrays and devices within them; cost reduction intelligent design; standardisation and supply chain diversification. An integrated partnership of universities, developers and supply chain is working to make this a reality.\n\nLCRI now aims to build on its success and continue to provide Wales with a research network that can work with industry and government to help deliver and implement low carbon policy in Wales, and help promote low carbon research on the international stage.","author":["Jones, P.","Irvine, S.","Guwy, A.","Masters, I.","Bowen, P."],"organization":["Cardiff University","University of South Wales","Swansea University","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/LCRI_Report2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1567","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-marine-mammal-observation-methods-vantage-point-surveys-ramsey-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/279885287_Development_of_marine_mammal_observation_methods_for_vantage_Point_surveys_in_Ramsey_sound","title":"Development of Marine Mammal Observation Methods for Vantage Point Surveys in Ramsey Sound","description":"SEACAMS has been working on a collaborative R\u0026amp;D project with Pembrokeshire Guided Walks (PGW) to develop and trial equipment and methods for collecting marine mammal sightings data from fixed vantage points in Ramsey Sound. The study site has been subject to various marine mammal studies, mainly due to the planned deployment of a demonstration tidal turbine by Tidal Energy Limited (TEL).  Here we briefly cover the rationale for fixed vantage point surveys for marine mammals, their limitations and possible methodological solutions to some of the main problems identified. The report described the steps taken to build and trial fieldwork equipment to accurately collect data on animal distances for marine mammal observations, as well as one method for achieving simultaneous data from two adjacent but independent observation stations.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Nuuttila, H.","Mendzil, A."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-51.877780000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NuuttilaandMendzil_ReportD75_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1580","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-shoreline-effect-marine-energy-farms-different-coastal-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.e3s-conferences.org\/articles\/e3sconf\/abs\/2018\/26\/e3sconf_icacer2018_03005\/e3sconf_icacer2018_03005.html","title":"Evaluation of the shoreline effect of the marine energy farms in different coastal environments","description":"The objective of the proposed work is to assess the possible effects on the shoreline dynamics of the marine energy farms. Three different coastal environments have been considered as case studies. The first area is located in the Portuguese continental nearshore at the European western coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The second in the Mediterranean Sea in the coastal environment of Sardinia Island and the third on the western side of the Black Sea in the Romanian nearshore. Besides the fact that, from a geographical point of view, the three areas targeted are located in very different zones, they represent also coastal environments with very different characteristics. A computational framework joining a spectral phase averaged wave model with a 1D parametric circulation model has been used. The numerical models are SWAN (acronym from Simulating Waves Nearshore) for the waves and NSSM (the Navy Standard Surf Model) for estimating the longshore currents. For each case study, the main characteristics of the environmental matrix have been analyzed first. Then, various transmission scenarios have been, designed considering also in each case different distances from the marine energy farm to the shoreline. A general conclusion of the proposed work is that the longshore currents are very sensitive to the presence of the marine energy farms and that is why such farms can also play an active role in coastal protection. Moreover, since it presents in parallel similar analyses for three coastal environments that have very different features, the present study provides a more comprehensive picture concerning the medium to long term impact on the shoreline dynamics of the future marine energy farms operating in the nearshore.","author":["Rusu, E.","Onea, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-08-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rusu-Onea-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1582","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-environmental-assessment-tool-seat-modeling-tool-evaluate-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/8\/2036","title":"Spatial Environmental Assessment Tool (SEAT): A Modeling Tool to Evaluate Potential Environmental Risks Associated with Wave Energy Converter Deployments","description":"Wave energy converter (WEC) arrays deployed in coastal regions may create physical disturbances, potentially resulting in environmental stresses. Presently, limited information is available on the nature of these physical disturbance or the resultant effects. A quantitative Spatial Environmental Assessment Tool (SEAT) for evaluating the potential effects of wave energy converter (WEC) arrays on nearshore hydrodynamics and sediment transport is presented for the central Oregon coast (USA) through coupled numerical model simulations of an array of WECs. Derived climatological wave conditions were used as inputs to the model to allow for the calculation of risk metrics associated with various hydrodynamic and sediment transport variables such as maximum shear stress, bottom velocity, and change in bed elevation. The risk maps provided simple, quantitative, and spatially-resolved means of evaluating physical changes in the vicinity of a hypothetical WEC array in response to varying wave conditions. The near-field risk of sediment mobility was determined to be moderate in the lee of the densely spaced array, where the potential for increased sediment deposition could result in benthic habitat alteration. Modifications to the nearshore sediment deposition and erosion patterns were observed near headlands and topographic features, which could have implications for littoral sediment transport. The results illustrate the benefits of a risk evaluation tool for facilitating coastal resource management at early market marine renewable energy sites.","author":["Jones, C.","Chang, G.","Raghukumar, K.","McWilliams, S.","Dallman, A.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1587","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-distribution-abundance-offshore-environment-final-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Seabird Distribution and Abundance in the Offshore Environment Final Report","description":"Seabirds are wide-ranging upper trophic level foragers and good indicators of changes in marine ecosystems. Seabirds spend most of the year offshore, yet our data gaps are greatest for the pelagic aspect of their lives. The goal of the Seabirds Offshore Project was to conduct at-sea surveys in lease sale areas and adjacent ocean planning areas, to provide current temporal and spatial data on marine birds and mammals, and submit the data to the North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database (NPPSD). During this project, 2010-2016, we placed seabird observers on 45 research and monitoring vessels, usually in association with multidisciplinary ecosystem projects. Because many of these cruises transited from southern Alaska ports, we included all surveyed routes in this report. We surveyed a total of 97,525 km, with the majority (31,497 km) in the Chukchi Sea, followed by the southern Bering Sea (30,265 km), northern Bering Sea (26,326 km) and Beaufort Sea (9,438 km). Our survey coverage extended from the northern GOA shelf to the eastern Aleutian Islands, north throughout the Bering Sea shelf, into the eastern Chukchi Sea, and the western Beaufort Sea shelf, including the Arctic Basin. The seabird survey data collected under the Seabirds Offshore Project has been included in over 30 presentations and 17 publications to date, as well as at least 12 public outreach and education venues and 7 websites. We have described seasonal distribution patterns of seabirds in offshore waters of Alaska, and identified \u2018hotspots\u2019 of foraging and migration activity. Through several collaborative projects, including on-going efforts, we have linked seabird survey data to oceanographic and prey data collected during concurrent cruises, and from remote sensing data. These efforts test hypotheses about the distribution of upper trophic level predators in response to changes in prey and ice cover. All seabird data collected during this project has been submitted to the NPPSD, to the Alaska BOEM office, and to affiliated ecosystem projects (available via Alaska Ocean Observing System work spaces).","author":["Kuletz, K.","Labunski, E."],"organization":["US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Seabird-distribution-and-abundance.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1629","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-sea-occurrence-abundance-marine-birds-support-atlantic-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coastalscience.noaa.gov\/data_reports\/modeling-at-sea-occurrence-and-abundance-of-marine-birds-to-support-atlantic-marine-renewable-energy-planning-phase-i-report\/","title":"Modeling At-Sea Occurrence and Abundance of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning: Phase 1 Report","description":"This report describes the first phase of a project aimed at producing maps of the spatial distributions of marine bird species in U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) waters that can be used to inform marine spatial planning in the region. Visual sighting survey data from over three decades were analyzed to derive seasonal and annual maps of the spatial distributions of 40 marine bird species in U.S. Atlantic OCS waters from Florida to Maine. Spatial predictive modeling was applied to the survey data to account for spatial and temporal heterogeneity in survey effort, platform, and protocol. Model predictions are presented as seasonal and annual maps of the relative probability of occurrence and relative abundance of study species throughout the U.S. Atlantic OCS. The relative importance of different predictor variables is presented, indicating which variables most influenced the predicted distributions for each species in each season. While the primary objective of this study was not to determine the ecological drivers and mechanisms behind the spatial distributions of marine bird species in the study area, our model results may provide useful hypotheses for future studies aimed more at ecological inference.","author":["Kinlan, B.","Winship, A.","White, T.","Christensen, J."],"organization":["US Department of Commerce (DOC)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2016-039.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1632","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/phase-1-bay-fundy-nova-scotia-including-fundy-tidal-energy-demonstration-project-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oera.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/MEKS-Phase-I-Final-Report.pdf","title":"Phase 1 - Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia including the Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project Site - Mi\u0027kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study","description":"This Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study, also commonly referred to as MEKS or a TEKS, was developed by Membertou Geomatics Consultants for the Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Minas Basin Pulp and Power Co Ltd on behalf of the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE).\u00a0 In January 2008, the Province of Nova Scotia announced that Minas Basin Pulp and Power Co Ltd. had been awarded the opportunity to construct a tidal energy testing and research facility in the Minas Basin, known as the Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Facility.\u00a0 This Facility will be managed by a non-profit corporation called FORCE.\n\nThe objectives of this study are twofold;\n\nto undertake a broad MEKS\u00a0study for the Bay of Fundy Phase I Area as it may relate to future renewable energy projects i.e. wind, tidal and wave, specifically in Phase 1 area of the Bay of Fundy (as identified in MGC Proposal - Minas Channel and Minas Basin), and\n\nto undertake a more focused MEKS review specific to the Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project area which would consider the land and water area potentially affected by the project, identify what is the Mi\u2019kmaq traditional use activity that has or is currently taking place within the Project Site and Study Area and what Mi\u2019kmaq ecological knowledge presently exists in regards to the Project Site and Study Area.\n\nIn order for to the Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project to proceed with the implementation of the project, the project proponent must receive required approvals from the involved regulatory departments, which involves the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEAA) for the federal environmental assessment.\u00a0 The Proposed Project is being assessed under a Joint Federal -\u00a0Provincial Assessment Process and the Environmental Assessment Document was registered with Nova Scotia Department of the Environment under the NS Environmental Assessment Regulations on June 17, 2009. This MEKS has been developed as a mechanism to ensure that Mi\u2019kmaq traditional knowledge and use of the Study Area is included in the environmental data and considered in the development of the Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan if the project proceeds.\n\nIn order to ensure accountability and ethic responsibility of this MEKS, the MEKS development has adhered to the \u201cMi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Protocol\u201d.\u00a0 The protocol is a document that has been established by the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi\u2019kmaq Chiefs, which speaks to the process, procedures and results that are expected of a MEKS.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nThe Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study consisted of two major components:\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mi\u2019kmaq Traditional Land and Resource Use Activities, both past and present,\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 A Mi\u2019kmaq Significance Species Analysis, considering the resources that are important to Mi\u2019kmaq use.\n\nThe Mi\u2019kmaq Traditional Land and Resource Use Activities component utilized interviews as the key source of information regarding Mi\u2019kmaq use in the Project Site, Study Area and the Phase I Overall Area.\u00a0 The Project Site is located on the seabed in Minas Passage in the vicinity of Black Rock (west of Cape Sharp) on the Parrsboro (north) side of the Passage which includes the three turbines that will be located due west of Black Rock, approximately 1.25 km from the shoreline which will be installed on the seabed in approximately 30 - 45 m depth at low tide and an on-shore facility in the municipality of the County of Cumberland.\u00a0 The Study Area, is a 10\u00a0kilometer radius zone around the Project Site which encompasses Parrsboro and Greenhill, up into the Cobequid Mountains to south west of Lake Road Crooner, over Glasgow Mountain to Port Greville, crossing the Minas Basin and including Blomidon Peninsula from Cape Split to South Scots Bay to Cape Blomidon.\u00a0 The Phase I Overall Area, known as the Phase I Area, covers a part of the Chignecto Bay, the Bay of Fundy, Greville Bay, Minas Channel, and a large portion of the Minas Basin.\u00a0 This area also included:\n\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to the south west: Berwick, Morden, and Dempseys Corner\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to the south east: Hantsport, Horton, Cheverie, and the Avon River\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to the north east: Parrsboro, Green Hill, Moose River, New Canaan\n\u2022\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 to the north west: New Yarmouth, West Apple River, and Advocate harbour.\n\nNumerous interviews were undertaken by the MEKS Team with Mi\u2019kmaq hunters, fishers and plant gatherers, who shared with the team the details of their knowledge of traditional use activities.\u00a0 The interviews were undertaken during the months of June and July 2009, whereby Mi\u2019kmaq were shown topographical maps of the Project Site, Study Area and the Phase I Area.\u00a0 Those interviewed were then asked to identify where they undertake their activities as well as to identify where and what activities were undertook by other Mi\u2019kmaq.\u00a0 All interviews were recorded with permission of the interviewee.\u00a0 If permitted by the interviewee, their information was incorporated into the GIS data.\u00a0 These interviews allowed the team to develop data that reflects the most recent Mi\u2019kmaq traditional use in this area.\u00a0 All interviewee\u2019s names are kept confidential and will not be released by MGC as part of a consent form between MGC and the interviewee to ensure confidentiality.\n\nThe data gathered was also considered in regards to Mi\u2019kmaq Significance whereby each Species identified was analyzed through the consideration as food\/sustenance resources, medicinal\/ceremonial plant resources and art\/tools resources.\u00a0\u00a0 These resources were also considered for their availability or abundance in the areas listed above, and their availability in areas adjacent or in other areas outside of these areas, their use, and their importance, with regards to the Mi\u2019kmaq.\n\nThis Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study has also gathered, documented and analyzed the traditional use activities that have been occurring in the Project Site, Study Area and Phase I Area by undertaking interviews with individuals who practice traditional use or know of traditional use activities within these areas and reside in the nearby Mi\u2019kmaq communities.\n\nProject Site:\n\nBased on the data documentation and analysis, it was found that the Mi\u2019kmaq have historically undertaken traditional fishing activities in the Project Site, and that this practice continues to occur today.\u00a0 Commercial Fishing and harvesting activities by members of the Annapolis Valley First Nation was found to have occurred and is still occurring today.\u00a0 Lobster, Mackeral and Herring are currently, and have been in the recent past, fished for commercial purposes while Lobster and Halibut are currently being fished for harvesting.\n\nStudy Area:\n\nBased on the data documentation and analysis, it was concluded that the Mi\u2019kmaq have historically undertaken traditional use activities in the Study Area, and that this practice continues to occur today.\u00a0 These activities involve the harvesting of fish species, plants and animals; all of which occurs in varying locations throughout the Study Area and at varying times of the year.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nFlounder, Lobster and Mackeral was found to be the most fished species in the Study Area.\u00a0 Halibut, Haddock, Herring, Perch, Periwinkle, Trout, Cod, Clams and Mussels were also found to a somewhat lesser degree. Deer, Rabbit and Partridge were found to be the most hunted species within Study Area.\u00a0 Blueberries, Apples and Strawberry were the most harvested plant species that was found within the Study Area.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nBear, Beaver, Bobcat, Deer, Lynx, Muskrat, Otter, Partridge, Pheasant, Porpoise, Rabbit and Raccoon were found to be hunted within the Study Area with no specific species identified as the majority species harvested.\u00a0 Dulse was the only plant identified that is harvested by the Mi\u2019kmaq in the Study Area.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nA historical site, a historical fishing area and a reported burial site was also identified through the interview process within the Study Area.\n\nPhase I Area:\n\nBased on the data documentation and analysis, it was concluded that the Mi\u2019kmaq have historically undertaken traditional use activities in the Phase I Area, and that this practice continues to occur today.\u00a0 These activities involve the harvesting of fish species, plants and animals; all of which occurs in varying locations throughout the Phase I Area and at varying times of the year.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nLobster, Mackeral, Flounder, and Herring were found to the most fished species in the area both currently and traditionally.\u00a0 Deer, Rabbit and Partridge were found to be the most hunted species within Phase 1 Area, both currently and traditionally.\u00a0 Blueberries, Apples and Strawberry were the most harvested plant species that was found within the Phase 1 Area.\u00a0\u00a0\n\nSeveral archaeological sites, historical sites, legend areas and a reported burial site were also identified within the Phase 1 Area through the interview process and historical documents.","author":["Moore, D.","Hodder, G."],"organization":["Membertou Geomatics Solutions","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Nova Scotia Department of Energy"],"originationDate":"2009-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.325539800000","-64.412410600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BayofFundy-Phase1-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1633","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/phase-2-bay-fundy-nova-scotia-including-outer-bay-fundy-tidal-energy-project-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oera.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/MEKS-Phase-II-Final-Report.pdf","title":"Phase 2 - Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia including the Outer Bay of Fundy Tidal Energy Project Site - Mi\u0027kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study","description":"This Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study, also commonly referred to as a MEKS or a TEKS, was developed by Membertou Geomatics Solutions for the Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Fundy Tidal Inc.\u00a0 Fundy Tidal Inc. plans to install and operate Tidal In-stream Energy Conversion devices, supporting technologies, and infrastructure within the Outer Bay of Fundy and Digby County, Nova Scotia, known as the Outer Bay of Fundy Tidal Energy project.\n\nThe objectives of this study are twofold:\n\nTo undertake a broad MEKS for the Bay of Fundy Phase II Area as it may relate to future renewable energy projects (i.e. wind, tidal and wave), specifically in the Phase II Area of the Bay of Fundy), and\nTo undertake a more focused MEKS review specific to the Outer Bay of Fundy Energy Project Site and Study Area.\n\nThis MEKS mandate has been to consider the land and water area that the project will utilize and identify what is the Mi\u2019kmaq traditional use activity that has or is currently taking place within, and what Mi\u2019kmaq ecological knowledge presently exists in regards to the Project Site, Study Area and Phase II Area.\u00a0 In order to ensure accountability and ethic responsibility of this MEKS, the MEKS development has adhered to the \u201cMi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Protocol\u201d.\u00a0 The protocol is a document that has been established by the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi\u2019kmaq Chiefs, which speaks to the process, procedures and results that are expected of a MEKS.\u00a0\n\nThe Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study consisted of two major components:\n\n\u00a0Mi\u2019kmaq Traditional Land and Resource Use Activities,both past and present,\n\u00a0A Mi\u2019kmaq Significance Species Analysis, considering the resources that are important to Mi\u2019kmaq use.\n\nThe Mi\u2019kmaq Traditional Land and Resource Use Activities component utilized interviews as the key source of information regarding Mi\u2019kmaq use in the Project Site, Study Area and the Phase II Area.\u00a0 \u00a0\n\nThe Project Site(s) cover an area in the Digby Gut around Bay View, and Victoria Beach; the southern tip of Digby Neck, including East Ferry, Petit Passage, and a northern portion of Long Island including Tiverton to just northeast of Central Grove; the southern tip of Long Island, including Freeport, a northeastern part of Brier Island, including Westport and Peter Island, as well as Grand Passage; as well as a southwest portion of Brier Island, extending into the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine.\u00a0 The Study Area is the area within a five kilometer (5km) radius of the Project Site(s).\u00a0\n\nThe Phase II Area includes areas of the Bay of Fundy directly north, west and south of the Project Sites straddling back through St. Mary\u2019s Bay to Digby Gut.\u00a0 The Phase II Areas also include lands between Bear Cove, Nova Scotia, following a northeast direction to areas just north of the Tobeatic Wilderness Area.\n\nNumerous interviews were undertaken by the MEKS Team with Mi\u2019kmaq hunters, fishers, and plant gatherers, who shared with the team the details of their knowledge of traditional use activities.\u00a0 The interviews took place in February and March, 2012.\u00a0 These informants were shown topographical maps of the Project Site, Study Area and Phase II Area and then asked to identify where they undertake their activities as well as to identify where and what activities were undertaken by other Mi\u2019kmaq.\u00a0 All interviews were voice recorded with permission of the interviewee for the sole purpose of data verification during the analysis to collected information.\u00a0 If permitted by the interviewee, their information was incorporated into the GIS data.\u00a0 These interviews allowed the team to develop a collection of data that reflected the most recent Mi\u2019kmaq traditional use in this area.\u00a0 All interviewee\u2019s names are kept confidential and will not be released by MGS as part of a consent agreement between MGS and the interviewee to ensure confidentiality.\n\nThe data gathered was also considered in regards to Mi\u2019kmaq Significance.\u00a0 Each species identified was analyzed by considering their use as food\/sustenance resources, medicinal\/ceremonial plant resources and art\/tools resources. These resources were also considered for their availability or abundance in the areas listed above, and their availability in areas adjacent or in other areas outside of these areas, their use, and their importance, with regards to the Mi\u2019kmaq.\n\nThis Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study has also gathered, documented and analyzed the traditional use activities that have been occurring within the Project Site, Study Area and Phase II Area, by undertaking interviews with individuals who practice traditional use or know of traditional use activities within these areas and reside in the nearby Mi\u2019kmaq communities.\n\nProject Site\n\nBased on the data documentation and analysis, it was found that the Mi\u2019kmaq have historically undertaken some fishing, hunting, and gathering activities in the Project Site and that this practice continues to occur today.\u00a0 It appears the majority of activity that occurs in the area is the fishing of lobster and mackerel.\n\nStudy Area\n\nBased on the data documentation and analysis, it was concluded that the Mi\u2019kmaq have historically undertaken traditional use activities in the Study Area, and that this practice continues to occur today.\u00a0 These activities primarily involve the harvesting of fish species, but also include plants and animals; all of which occurs in varying locations throughout the Study Area and at varying times of the year.\n\nLobster was found to be the most fished species in the Study Area.\u00a0 Mackerel and clam were also found to be harvested in the area, but at a somewhat relatively lesser degree.\u00a0 Seal, deer, partridge, pheasant and porpoise were all found to be hunted in the Study Area, but not in enough numbers to determine a primary hunted species.\u00a0 Dulse and sweetgrass were the most harvested plant species that was found within the Study Area.\n\nPhase II Area\n\nBased on the data documentation and analysis, it was concluded that the Mi\u2019kmaq have historically undertaken traditional use activities in the Phase II Area, and that this practice continues to occur today.\u00a0 These activities primarily involve the harvesting of fish species, but also include plants and animals; all of which occurs in varying locations throughout the Phase II Area and at varying times of the year.\u00a0 \u00a0\n\nLobster was found to be the most fished species in the Phase II Area.\u00a0 Mackerel and clam were also found to be harvested in the area, but at a somewhat relatively lesser degree.\u00a0 Deer was found to be the most hunted species in the Phase II Area.\u00a0 Rabbit, partridge, seal and other species were also found to be hunted in the Phase II Area, but at a somewhat relatively lesser degree.\u00a0 Dulse and sweetgrass were the most harvested plant species that was found within the Phase II Area.","author":["Moore, D.","Hodder, C."],"organization":["Membertou Geomatics Solutions","Fundy Tidal Inc","Nova Scotia Department of Energy"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.247593800000","-66.393170700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BayofFundy-Phase2-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1634","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-sea-density-marine-birds-support-atlantic-marine-renewable-energy-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coastalscience.noaa.gov\/data_reports\/modeling-at-sea-density-of-marine-birds-to-support-atlantic-marine-renewable-energy-planning-final-report\/","title":"Modeling At-Sea Density of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning","description":"Marine birds have the potential to be affected by human activities in the ocean environment such as offshore wind energy development. This report describes a project that developed maps of the spatial distributions of marine bird species in U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) waters that can be used to aid ocean planning in the region and guide future data collection efforts. Sighting survey data from over three decades contained in the \u2018Northwest Atlantic Seabird Catalog\u2019 database, along with Eastern Canada Seabirds at Sea data from Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, were analyzed to derive seasonal maps of the spatial distributions of 47 marine bird species in U.S. Atlantic OCS and adjacent waters from Florida to Maine. Spatial predictive modeling was applied to the survey data to account for spatial and temporal heterogeneity in survey effort, platform, and protocol. An ensemble machine-learning technique, component-wise boosting of hierarchical zero-inflated count models, was used to relate the relative density of each species to multiple spatial and temporal predictor variables while accounting for survey heterogeneity and the aggregated nature of sightings. Dynamic spatial environmental predictor variables were formulated as long-term climatologies. The modeling technique allowed for complex non-linear relationships between response and predictor variables and interacting effects among predictors. Bootstrapping was used to derive estimates of the uncertainty in model predictions. Model predictions are presented as seasonal maps of the relative density of each study species throughout the study area. The maps were reviewed by experts with experience and knowledge of marine birds in the study area and their comments were incorporated in this report. The maps indicate where species are likely to be more or less abundant. The analysis was not designed to estimate the actual number of individuals\/density of a given species that would be expected in any location, so the maps should not be interpreted that way. Also, the maps represent the spatial distributions of birds averaged over time (e.g., across days within a season and across years for a given season). The analysis was not designed to provide predictions of the density of birds that would be expected in a specific location at a specific date or time, so the maps should also not be interpreted that way. Two indications of the uncertainty associated with the model predictions are provided. First, a hatched overlay is included on the maps of predicted relative density to indicate areas with no survey effort. Model predictions in areas with no survey effort should be interpreted with extreme caution. Predictions in these areas were often questionable or unrealistic, so we recommend additional field surveys in these areas to validate the model predictions. Second, estimates of the precision of model predictions are presented as maps of the coefficient of variation (CV) of predicted relative density. Less precise predictions (i.e., higher CV) should be interpreted with more caution. The maps of predicted relative density should always be considered in conjunction with these two indications of uncertainty. The relative importance of different predictor variables is also presented, indicating which variables most influenced the predicted distributions for each species in each season. While the primary objective of this study was not to determine the ecological drivers and mechanisms behind the spatial distributions of marine bird species in the study area, our model results may provide useful hypotheses for future studies aimed more at ecological inference.\n\nAppendix A:\u00a0Description of individual survey datasets analyzed\nAppendix B:\u00a0Predictor variable plots and grids\nAppendix C:\u00a0Maps of predicted relative density and its coefficient of variation (CV) for each species and season modeled\nAppendix D:\u00a0Tables of predicted relative abundance as a proportion of total relative abundance in the\u00a0study area by BOEM wind energy planning\/lease area and season for each species modeled","author":["Winship, A.","Kinlan, B.","White, T.","Leirness, J.","Christensen, J."],"organization":["US Department of Commerce (DOC)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2018-010_Appendix_D.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1639","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cape-breton-resource-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/research\/cape-breton-tidal-energy-resource-assessment","title":"Cape Breton Resource Assessment","description":"The following document was prepared for the O\ufb00shore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERANS). It summarizes the \ufb02ow measurements that were made using acoustic Doppler current pro\ufb01lers (ADCPs) at three locations in Cape Breton: two in the Great Bras d\u2019Or Channel (Carey Point and Seal Island Bridge), and one in the Barra Strait (near Iona). The measurements at Seal Island Bridge and Barra Strait were recorded over the duration of a month using a bottom mounted 600 kHz ADCP beginning in November 2011 and April 2012, respectively. These two deployments were conducted by Dalhousie University. The measurements at Carey Point were recorded for over 7 months beginning in October 2002 using a 300 kHz ADCP that was situated approximately 4 m above the sea\ufb02oor and held in place by a taut wire mooring. The deployment at Carey Point was conducted by the Bedford Institute of Oceanography.  Of the three sites, Carey Point has the most energetic \ufb02ow with horizontal currents reaching 2.8 m\/s. The maximum currents at Seal Island Bridge and Barra Strait were 1.9 m\/s and 1.1 m\/s, respectively. Furthermore, the vertical velocities at all three sites exceeded 4 cm\/s during some tidal cycles. The vertical pro\ufb01le of the horizontal currents at Seal Island Bridge and Barra Strait were used to determine the bottom friction coef-\ufb01cients during both the \ufb02ood and ebb phases of the tide. The Barra Strait values were in agreement with the canonical value of 0.003, whereas the Seal Island Bridge values were an order of magnitude larger which suggests the possibility of turbulent \ufb02ow in the boundary layer.  This document also presents the predicted output of four typical Tidal Energy Con-version (TEC) devices at each site. The TEC devices were assumed to be passive yaw devices with a water-to-wire e\ufb03ciency of 0.4. Recognizing that these assumptions result in estimates greater than a realisable value, we compare the average daily energy produc-tion, maximum power output and operating time for the devices. The predictions indicate that an optimal 10 m diameter turbine could produce over 1000 kWh per day at the Carey Point ADCP deployment site. Given a Feed-In Tari\ufb00 (FIT) rate of 60 cents\/kWh, the resulting gross revenue would be $600\/day. At the same FIT rate, the 10 m device at Seal Island Bridge and Barra Strait would produce $110\/day and $20\/day, respectively, due to lower \ufb02ow speeds and power density. It is important to note that the water depth at all three sites is less than 22 m; therefore, a 10 m device may prove to be unfeasible due to navigational restrictions.","author":["McMillan, J.","Trowse, D.","Schillinger, D.","Hay, A.","Hatcher, B."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Cape Breton University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2012-08-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.959900000000","-60.798500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cape-Breton-Resource-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1640","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-characterization-subsea-tidal-kite","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.5080268","title":"Noise characterization of a subsea tidal kite","description":"This paper presents the first noise measurements of a quarter-scale subsea tidal kite (anchored to the sea floor by a tether and flying in a figure-eight configuration in the water column) operating in field conditions. Challenges in the measurement and post-processing of the data are detailed. Results are presented for three operating conditions of the kite: (1) varying turbine rotations per minute (RPM), (2) varying kite speed, and (3) a twisted tether. Turbine RPM was identified as the main parameter influencing noise emissions.","author":["Schmitt, P.","Pine, M.","Culloch, R.","Lieber, L.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University of Victoria","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2018-11-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.383371600000","-5.566558300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1695","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-biological-characteristics-marine-renewable-energy-sites-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/","title":"Evaluating biological characteristics of marine renewable energy sites for environmental monitoring","description":"Tidal energy is a renewable resource that helps meet growing energy demands, but uncertainties remain about environmental impacts of device installation and operation. Monitoring programs are used to detect impacts caused by anthropogenic disturbances and are a mandatory requirement of project operating licenses in the United States. Because tidal technology is new, studies describing environmental change due to tidal devices are scarce, limiting the information that can be used to characterize environmental impacts for monitoring requirements. Extreme value analysis (EVA) was used to characterize infrequent values from monitoring studies that are potentially associated with impact, defined as relevant biological change as a consequence of human activity, at a tidal energy site. EVA was adapted for monitoring aquatic organisms in the water column using an active acoustic dataset from Admiralty Inlet, a proposed tidal energy site. First derivatives were used to identify extreme value thresholds to improve estimation precision. Return level plots, which indicate the average period that extreme values are expected to appear, and uncertainty estimates of return level predictions, were generated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Managers and site developers could use EVA to characterize rare values that may be associated with impacts, and tailor monitoring programs to include operational protocols for conditions under which these events occur. To characterize the generality of tidal energy sites, metrics describing temporal and spatial distributions of fish and macrozooplankton at the Admiralty Inlet site and a second tidal energy site from the Fall of Warness, Scotland were compared using statistical methods (t-test, F-test, linear regression), spectral analysis, and EVA. General biological characteristics were similar enough that generic biological monitoring programs could be implemented at these two sites, which would streamline the permitting process as well as facilitate site comparison and detection of environmental impact due to tidal technology deployment.","author":["Wiesebron, L."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wiesebron_thesis_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1698","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/future-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-17","title":"The future of marine spatial planning","description":"This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book provides how effective marine spatial planning can minimise the negative impacts of offshore-energy developments and realise new opportunities for multi-sector benefits. It highlights some of many challenges that remain for marine spatial planning, and suggests how increased collaboration, more meaningful participation, and more aligned governance structures combined with transparent planning tools can contribute to future successes. The book provides an in-depth assessment of the stakeholder-engagement process and describes that effective participation is essential to successful planning outcomes and that participation needs to each stakeholder to be effective. It examines how the process of stakeholder engagement can be a form of data generation and validation that can work in conjunction with ecosystem service trade-off analysis. The book discusses the marine spatial planning invoking a complex array of disciplines that must be harmonised-from the scientific, socio-economic, legal, political, to the psychological.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Bradshaw, C.","Greenhill, L.","Yates, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1699","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-national-project-management-framework-audit-european-union-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/multi-national-project-management-framework-audit-european-union-marine-spatial-planning-1","title":"A Multi-National Project Management Framework Audit of a European Union Marine Spatial Planning Project","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) is an emerging field of management aimed at promoting the sustainable use of the marine environment. In order to further the progression of MSP, a European Union funded Project is exploring the opportunities for multi-use across Europe\u2019s sea basins. Given the complex multi-national partner approach, and the relatively immature status of MSP, the utilization of an effective project management regime is vital in order to achieve the vision set out by The Project. This paper details the development of a Multi-National Project Management Framework Audit (MPMFA) matrix informed by the Project Management Body of Knowledge. The MPMFA is applied to The Project\u2019s ongoing project management practices in order to identify knowledge and process gaps and recommend a suite of tools and techniques. The results demonstrate that The Project has underdeveloped cost, schedule, and change management plans in relation to project execution and monitoring phases.","author":["Sangiuliano, S."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2018-03-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sangiuliano-2018-MSP-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1700","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/co-locating-offshore-wind-farms-marine-protected-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-14","title":"Co-locating offshore wind farms and marine protected areas","description":"Offshore wind farms have been operational in the United Kingdom since 2003 and continue to be constructed, driven by the United Kingdom\u2019s commitment to meet 15% of energy needs from renewable sources by 2020. As a result, United Kingdom seas contain many offshore wind farms. The presence of infrastructure such as foundations and cables could limit the types of economic activities that can take place around them, such as fishing or aggregate dredging. By restricting activities that can negatively affect the environment, offshore wind farms potentially create de facto marine protected areas. Formalising this arrangement and co-locating offshore wind farms and marine protected areas might therefore maximise spatial efficiency by allowing these activities to occur concurrently in time and space where they are compatible. In our case study, we review the scenario within United Kingdom waters by examining the planning and licencing requirements in relation to co-location of offshore wind farms and marine protected areas, using case-study sites with two different forms of marine protected area designation in the United Kingdom. We examine the compatibility of these co-location scenarios and discuss implications for management and mitigation to ensure marine protected area objectives are met.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Ashley, M.","Austen, M.","Rodwell, L.","Mangi, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1701","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-stakeholder-collaboration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-13","title":"Marine spatial planning and stakeholder collaboration","description":"Over the past decade in the United States, there has been growing interest among governmental, academic, environmental, and resource-user communities in managing the ocean in a more comprehensive and ecosystem-based manner. Proposals for new uses of ocean resources and space\u2014most notably from the energy sector\u2014have left resource managers grappling with how to protect our increasingly compromised ocean ecosystems while allowing for sustainable use. Debate over this issue has been heated in New England where proposals for offshore, liquefied natural gas terminals, sand and gravel mining, desalination plants, gas pipelines, and wind and tidal energy facilities have raised concerns among local, state, and federal agencies and the general public about how to manage the diversity of uses and minimise the negative impacts of this intensified development pressure on the marine environment. In response, the region has embraced marine spatial planning as a tool to optimise use and advance ocean health; maximizing what the ocean has to offer in the way of food, transportation, recreation, jobs, and energy, while ensuring protection of the ecosystem. Massachusetts and Rhode Island have completed marine spatial plans (known locally as \u2018ocean plans\u2019) for their state ocean waters. More recently, a Northeast Regional Ocean Plan was completed in 2016 to guide management of state and federal ocean waters from Maine to Connecticut. Intensive planning for offshore wind energy development is sparking new scientific research, data collection, and stakeholder collaboration that aims both to advance renewable energy development and to ensure ecosystem protection. In this case study, we focus on marine spatial planning in New England and collaboration between wind energy developers and environmental organisations to advance offshore wind development and effective protection of North Atlantic right whales\u2014one of the world\u2019s most endangered species of marine mammals.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Brooks, P.","Jedele, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1702","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/capturing-benefits","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-11","title":"Capturing benefits","description":"The infrastructure required for offshore energy creates new substrata that provide settlement surfaces for a range of benthic species. These artificial reef effects are well-documented, and there is growing evidence that the enhanced prey availability and shelter can attract species of interest to commercial and recreational fishers, creating potential co-location opportunities. The exclusion of towed bottom gears from the proximity of energy installations due to concerns about safety and infrastructure damage creates further opportunities for static gear and small-scale fishers. However, even for these groups, taking advantage of fishing opportunities might not be straightforward in practice. We review the ecological evidence supporting the potential for energy infrastructure to enhance fisheries, considering which target fish and shellfish species appear to benefit, at which stage in their lifecycle, and whether there is evidence for any contribution to fisheries production, as opposed to the simple attraction of individuals from elsewhere. We also discuss the socio-economic issues related to the potential exploitation of any enhanced fishery resource, considering the attitudes, opinions, and existing practice of fishers, boat skippers and developers with respect to such factors as the feasibility, safety, and economic viability of co-location. We also review the possibilities for the co-location of aquaculture as an alternative to capture fisheries. We conclude by considering how this information on the potential for fishery and aquaculture co-location might be incorporated into future marine spatial planning.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Hooper, T.","Ashley, M.","Austen, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1703","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tracing-regime-shifts-provision-coastal-marine-cultural-ecosystem-services","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-8","title":"Tracing regime shifts in the provision of coastal-marine cultural ecosystem services","description":"Marine spatial planners need to understand the potential consequences of offshore wind farm development at multiple levels and spatial\/temporal scales. Comparatively little is still known about how offshore wind farms affect cultural ecosystem services and how this in turn can affect individual and societal well-being. Based on a survey of local residents in a case-study region on the North Sea coast of Germany, we describe the values commonly associated with the seascape and how these can be threatened by offshore wind farm development. We show that regime shifts in the cultural ecosystem-services domain can have knock-on effects in the socio-economic system on the coast, in particular at the level of perceived individual quality of life. At the same time, opportunities exist for using this change constructively and for the benefit of the region. Marine planning, if used on appropriate spatial scales and societal levels, can help to deal constructively with changes in sea use.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Gee, K.","Burkhard, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1704","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/displacement-existing-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-7","title":"Displacement of existing activities","description":"The introduction of a new marine activity in marine spatial planning often imposes spatial restrictions on existing marine users. This chapter describes the potential effects of offshore energy developments on established widespread marine users, using the commercial wild-capture fishing sector as an example. The potential for fishing effort displacement is a concern amongst stakeholders and has a range of direct and indirect, positive and negative, economic, social, and environmental effects on individual fishers, the fishing industry, fishery-dependent coastal communities, and wider society. We present methods for assessment of possible impacts, as well as management recommendations for prevention and mitigation.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Kafas, A.","Donohue, P.","Davies, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1705","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-opportunities-governance-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-5","title":"Challenges and opportunities for governance in marine spatial planning","description":"Marine spatial planning integrates the planning of multiple sectors and interests to support public negotiation and decision making regarding sustainable resource use. Marine spatial planning is integrated and holistic, which are important features of governance required to address competing demands of growing and diversifying maritime economies within social and ecological limits. Marine spatial planning presents an opportunity to reflect on the currently fragmented governance of marine activities, and could provide a focus for improving management and supporting the sustainable development of sectors such as offshore energy, alongside other interests. The implementation of marine spatial planning is highly context-specific, and this chapter outlines some of the main challenges faced, and how these can be approached to improve governance. Conceptual and practical challenges exist in: (a) understanding the respective roles of government, industry and civil society in marine spatial planning; (b) reaching consensus on the purpose of marine spatial planning (including its definition and \u2018operationalising\u2019 concepts such as \u2018sustainability\u2019 and \u2018ecosystem-based management\u2019); (c) understanding how marine spatial planning relates to existing governance structures of decision making and management of individual activities; (d) how to evaluate the effectiveness of marine spatial planning and enable on-going improvements through adaptive management; and (e) how to ensure the knowledge and capacity to support the process. While the influence of marine spatial planning on existing decision-making processes depends on the characteristics of each case, we suggest that the integrated perspective of marine spatial planning and dialogue among participants it supports can enable changes in related governance. Considering the issues, proactively and collaboratively engaging through dynamic and adaptive processes could facilitate change, reduce existing complexity, and support progress towards \u2018sustainability\u2019 in marine resource use.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Greenhill, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1706","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methods-utility-ecosystem-service-trade-analysis-guiding-marine-planning-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-3","title":"Methods and utility of ecosystem service trade-off analysis for guiding marine planning of offshore energy","description":"Successful development of offshore energy will require strategic planning in relation to incumbent ocean users and activities (i.e., sectors) in order to maximise their respective benefits. Marine ecosystems are finite in size and resource availability, creating the potential for extensive overlap between areas preferred for energy development and those already in use by fisheries, shipping, conservation, and other sectors. Further, operational and market activities by the offshore energy industry can interact with incumbent sectors both biophysically and socioeconomically. Consequently, strategic planning of offshore energy across a seascape is a highly complex problem that cannot be solved without the aid of analytical tools that explicitly account for these factors and interactions when calculating the costs and benefits of alternative spatial plans. Herein, we discuss such a tool\u2014ecosystem service trade-off analysis\u2014and its utility for guiding strategic planning of offshore energy. Ecosystem service trade-off analysis imbeds outputs of coupled biophysical-socioeconomic models of sector interactions into a weighted multi-sector objective function that is used to determine optimal spatial plans that maximise individual-sector values and minimise conflicts to the extent possible. We describe the history of the development of ecosystem service trade-off analysis, and outline its main analytical components and procedural steps. Next, we draw on actual and conceptual case studies and estimate the potential value of using ecosystem trade-off analysis over conventional planning approaches for guiding strategic planning. Finally, we look beyond energy to studies that used ecosystem service trade-off analysis to guide other planning processes, and highlight lessons from those studies that could help guide marine planning of offshore energy.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Stevens, J.","Lester, S.","White, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1707","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-2","title":"Marine spatial planning","description":"Marine spatial planning is a process now employed in more than 60 countries around the world to identify and resolve conflicts among competing uses of ocean space, and to resolve conflicts between human uses and the natural marine environment. Marine spatial planning is often driven by the need to find space for new users\u2014including energy extraction and generation\u2014in increasingly busy seas, and to reduce conflicts in space and time among uses and between use and conservation. Marine spatial planning should be (1) place-based, with a focus on marine spaces that people can understand, relate to, and care about; (2) participatory, building on a broad base of stakeholders to ensure long-term support for management; (3) integrated and multi-objective, including all important economic sectors\u2014and economic and social objectives as well as ecological ones; (4) strategic and future-oriented, considering alternative means to achieve desired future conditions of the marine area; (5) ecosystem-based, with a focus on maintaining ecosystem services over time; and (6) continuing and adaptive, with an emphasis on monitoring and evaluating the performance of management actions, and learning by doing. Good marine spatial planning is a public process done mainly by government, but it should also effectively involve users and stakeholders. While often presented as an overly complicated process, marine spatial planning reduces to four simple questions: (1) Where are we now? (2) Where do we want to be? (3) How do we get there? (4) What have we accomplished? One of its assumptions is that not all areas of the ocean are equally important from an ecological, economic, or social perspective, and many opportunities exist to identify the most important areas and resolve any conflicts among alternative uses (or non-use) of those areas.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Ehler, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1708","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meaningful-stakeholder-participation-marine-spatial-planning-offshore-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-10","title":"Meaningful stakeholder participation in marine spatial planning with offshore energy","description":"Within an increasingly busy seascape, competition between different uses of marine resources is growing. Offshore energy generation in particular is expanding rapidly, with implications for both existing users and nature conservation. Marine spatial planning is seen as the primary tool for mitigating conflicts and optimising resources allocation, and within its processes, effective and timely stakeholder involvement is essential to success. In reality, however, stakeholder involvement in planning is rarely seen as effective, especially from the stakeholders\u2019 perspective. Using illustrative examples, the author\u00a0reviews why stakeholder involvement is so important, what constitutes meaningful participation, and what prevents the successful incorporation of stakeholders into planning processes, examins\u00a0issues of integration, transparency and communication. They\u00a0look at how stakeholder engagement in planning process driven by pressure to expand offshore energy can have unique characteristics that need to be accounted for. Finally, they\u00a0consider ways to make stakeholder participation in planning inclusive, meaningful, and transparent. In particular, they\u00a0describe how participatory mapping can be used to collect quantitative, spatial stakeholder data that can be incorporated into trade-off analysis and optimisation processes.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Yates, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1709","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/compatibility-offshore-energy-installations-marine-protected-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-12","title":"Compatibility of offshore energy installations with marine protected areas","description":"Energy generation sites are increasingly being constructed in coastal and marine spaces and the rate of implementation is likely to increase in coming decades, due to a combination of increasing energy demand and international targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In many cases, the installation of energy generation structures greatly reduces or entirely prevents other potentially damaging industries, such as fishing and mining, from operating in surrounding areas. These sites also provide hard substratum and complex habitat in what are commonly soft sediment environments. As such, they have been associated with high rates of colonisation by marine life, increased biodiversity and increased productivity. However, energy generation sites also have the potential to damage and fragment habitats and associated communities, and increase noise and\/or chemical pollution in the marine environment. As competition for marine space grows, an emerging literature is increasingly considering whether conservation objectives and energy generation can be co-located. We synthesise available literature from around the world to consider what the potential conservation benefits of marine energy generation sites are. We discuss whether such sites are compatible with marine protected area designation, and examine this argument both from a biodiversity and policy perspective.\n\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Thurstan, R.","Yates, K.","O\u0027Leary, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1714","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-array-configuration-hydro-environmental-impacts-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148113005661","title":"The effects of array configuration on the hydro-environmental impacts of tidal turbines","description":"The economic viability of tidal turbines will require the deployment of multiple devices in array formations in a manner analogous to wind farms. This research investigates the effects of the configuration of a tidal turbine array, specifically the turbine spacing and capacity, on the hydro-environmental impacts of the array. The hydrodynamic regime of the Shannon Estuary, a highly energetic estuary on the west coast of Ireland, was simulated using a depth integrated 2D hydro-environmental model. The numerical model was modified to incorporate the mechanics of energy extraction using linear momentum actuator disc theory and the impacts of a multiple device array were simulated. Three different array configurations were examined with turbine spacings of 0.5, 2 and 5 rotor diameters. The model results demonstrate that flows are attenuated inside the array and accelerated around the array. Water levels are also affected with a reduction in tidal range within, and upstream of, the array and a delay in high and low tides upstream of the array. The magnitude and extent of the observed impacts are found to reduce as the density and capacity are increased and that the impacts of large-scale arrays can be acceptable if deployed using a low density spacing of 5 rotor diameters.","author":["Fallon, D.","Hartnett, M.","Olbert, A.","Nash, S."],"organization":["National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.608904000000","-9.223261000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1721","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-60156-4_43","title":"Wave and Tidal Energy","description":"Wave and tidal energy is a visible expression of the power of nature. Ambition to convert the natural energy bound up in marine systems into something useable by mankind goes back a long way and practical measures date from at least the 1940s. In the twenty-first Century efforts have increased enormously in response to the search for clean energy sources, a reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases and the mitigation of the effects of climate change. Hundreds of millions of Euros have been invested in research and development and much has been learned. However, the solutions to a viable Ocean Energy industry remain elusive. The outstanding challenges are daunting in scale:\n\u00a0\nThe engineering challenge in the search for a device technology which will convert marine energy to usable energy with a degree of operational and economic efficiency.\n\n\nThe operational challenge of installing, servicing and maintaining thousands of floating and fixed structures in high energy marine environments.\n\n\nThe environmental and social challenge of understanding and managing the ecosystem and spatial impacts of such a heavy industrial intrusion into mainly coastal waters.\nThere have been recent setbacks with the failure of companies promoting what seemed to be promising technical solutions. However, the level of investment in research remains high involving ten or more nations including China, Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom. It must be expected that the ambition will be realised in the medium term. This chapter explores the state of the industry and the management challenges it reveals. The central challenge for the planning and management of a future wave and tidal energy industry is to move from a very early developmental stage in the lifecycle to a mature activity in a measured and sustainable way. Best practice in management and the step by step approach to precaution is examined.\n\nChapter from the\u00a0Handbook on Marine Environment Protection: Science, Impacts, and Sustainable Management.","author":["Johnson, K.","Kerr, S."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1723","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/efficient-unstructured-mesh-generation-marine-renewable-energy-applications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117309205","title":"Efficient unstructured mesh generation for marine renewable energy applications","description":"Renewable energy is the cornerstone of preventing dangerous climate change whilst maintaining a robust energy supply. Tidal energy will arguably play a critical role in the renewable energy portfolio as it is both predictable and reliable, and can be put in place across the globe. However, installation may impact the local and regional ecology via changes in tidal dynamics, sediment transport pathways or bathymetric changes. In order to mitigate these effects, tidal energy devices need to be modelled, to predict hydrodynamic changes. Robust mesh generation is a fundamental component required for developing simulations with high accuracy. However, mesh generation for coastal domains can be an elaborate procedure. Here, we describe an approach combining mesh generators with Geographical Information Systems. We demonstrate robustness and ef\ufb01ciency by constructing a mesh with which to examine the potential environmental impact of a tidal turbine farm installation in the Orkney Islands.The mesh is then used with two well-validated ocean models, to compare their \ufb02ow predictions with and without a turbine array. The results demonstrate that it is possible to create an easy-to-use tool to generate high-quality meshes for combined coastal engineering, here tidal turbines, and coastal ocean simulations","author":["Avdis, A.","Candy, A.","Hill, J.","Kramer, S.","Piggott, M."],"organization":["Imperial College London","Delft University of Technology","University of York"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-18 10:56:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1724","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-implications-offshore-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9781315666877\/chapters\/10.4324\/9781315666877-9","title":"Environmental implications of offshore energy","description":"The marine environment has long been a major source of energy across the globe and will continue to be central to future energy provision to meet growing human demands. Historically, energy has been extracted in the form of fossil fuels from below the seabed, but more recently there has been an increase towards harnessing renewable energy resources. While these industrial-scale activities generate power in different ways, they can all potentially degrade the surrounding environment. At present, understanding how the localised extraction of energy affects the marine environment is highly uncertain. Although some information exists, the available evidence is patchy and incomplete such that optimal decision making is difficult. Furthermore, most of the available evidence relates to direct effects on a few particular species or habitats. There is also a tendency to report only the negative effects, principally driven by targeted environmental impact assessments. Unanswered questions often remain about whether the effects recorded are biologically meaningful. To determine if a negative impact has occurred requires considering both direct and indirect effects, identifying pathways of effects, and taking into account the spatial and temporal scales over which changes occur. Properly considering the demonstrable effects of predicted impacts over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales is fundamental to the development and understanding of cumulative environmental effects arising from offshore energy development. Accounting for cumulative effects is essential for the sustainable use of the marine environment and thus must be a central consideration in marine spatial planning processes. The results of cumulative impacts assessments underpin decision making by licensors, regulators and stakeholders. A robust and transparent process when assessing interactions and making planning decisions associated with cumulative environmental impacts will reduce conflict surrounding offshore energy development. As many countries aim to increase offshore energy development and improve the efficiency of the associated licencing processes, marine spatial planning will play a pivotal role by providing integrated process for the mitigation of user-nature as well as user-user conflicts.\n\nThis is a book chapter in\u00a0Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning.\u00a0","author":["Gill, A.","Birchenough, S.","Jones, A.","Judd, A.","Jude, S.","Payo-Payo, A.","Wilson, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1726","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-methods-suitable-monitoring-marine-mammals-low-visibility-conditions-during","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X17308809","title":"Comparing methods suitable for monitoring marine mammals in low visibility conditions during seismic surveys","description":"Loud sound emitted during offshore industrial activities can impact marine mammals. Regulations typically prescribe marine mammal monitoring before and\/or during these activities to implement mitigation measures that minimise potential acoustic impacts. Using seismic surveys under low visibility conditions as a case study, we review which monitoring methods are suitable and compare their relative strengths and weaknesses. Passive acoustic monitoring has been implemented as either a complementary or alternative method to visual monitoring in low visibility conditions. Other methods such as RADAR, active sonar and thermal infrared have also been tested, but are rarely recommended by regulatory bodies. The efficiency of the monitoring method(s) will depend on the animal behaviour and environmental conditions, however, using a combination of complementary systems generally improves the overall detection performance. We recommend that the performance of monitoring systems, over a range of conditions, is explored in a modelling framework for a variety of species.","author":["Verfuss, U.","Gillespie, D.","Gordon, J.","Marques, T.","Miller, B.","Plunkett, R.","Theriault, J.","Tollit, D.","Zitterbart, D.","Hubert, P.","Thomas, L."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1727","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-exploitation-mediterranean-region-steps-forward-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenrg.2018.00109\/full","title":"Marine Energy Exploitation in the Mediterranean Region: Steps Forward and Challenges","description":"This works aims to describe current perspectives for marine energy exploitation in the Mediterranean basin, highlighting challenges and opportunities as well as the factors that still limit its market deployment. Technologies for the conversion of Marine Energy (ME) into electricity are now ready for full-scale deployment in farms of devices, making the final step from demonstration to operability and commercial exploitation. Although marine energy is more abundant along the Atlantic and Nordic European coasts, significant resources are also available in the Mediterranean Sea, opening up new perspectives for sustainable energy production in sensitive coastal areas and for the economic development of Southern Europe. The implementation of ME converters in the Mediterranean is in fact liable to induce significant technological advancements leading to product innovation, due to the local low energy levels which impose more restrictive constraints on device efficiency and environmental compatibility. In addition, the milder climate allows the testing of concepts and prototypes in the natural environment at more affordable costs, lowering capital risks for new and innovative small and medium enterprises. Research institutions and industrial players in Mediterranean countries have already taken up the challenge, despite the numerous limiting factors that still need to be removed. In particular, the ME sector adds up to the many different traditional maritime activities and to the new ocean-related industries that are developing, potentially exacerbating the competition for the use of marine space in the Mediterranean region and threatening its environmental status. The ME sector needs therefore to design suitable instruments to involve all the relevant stakeholders in a participative public debate as to how to best manage the maritime space. As the prospective sea use patterns are rapidly changing, an adequate international legal and policy framework needs to be designed for the coherent management of sea space, and Marine Spatial Planning needs to be finally implemented by EU Member States also in the Mediterranean area. To this end, the creation of transnational clusters of stakeholders is expected be an effective catalyzer, especially as they can foster the exchange of knowledge and best practices both across European countries and between the North and the South shore of the Mediterranean basin.","author":["Pisacane, G.","Sannino, G.","Carillo, A.","Struglia, M.","Bastianoni, S."],"organization":["National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA)","Universit\u00e0 di Siena"],"originationDate":"2018-10-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.687514100000","6.083741500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MarineEnergyExploitationMediterraneanRegion_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1728","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practical-implementation-auditory-time-frequency-weighting-marine-bioacoustics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X18303967","title":"Practical implementation of auditory time and frequency weighting in marine bioacoustics","description":"Much effort is currently directed at describing the behavioral reactions of marine mammals following exposure to sound with the aim of deriving generalized thresholds and dose-response functions. The perceived loudness of a given sound is a candidate for a common metric for sound exposure. The loudness of a signal relates to various factors, including the stimulus duration and frequency content, and it can be approximated by an appropriate time and frequency weighting of the signal. Auditory frequency weighting is achieved by applying a frequency weighting function (band-pass filter), with a frequency response resembling the shape of an inverted audiogram. Temporal weighting may be achieved by computing the running rms-average (Leq) with a time constant that is comparable to that of the mammalian auditory system. The practical implementation of such weighting functions are presented in the form of Matlab functions. These functions generate output signals that are weighted according to current recommendations for different groups of marine mammals. With these functions, it is possible to derive the weighted peak Leq of a signal, which is likely to be a good proxy for the loudness of the signal. Ultimately, this weighted level is conjectured to be a predictor of behavioral response of marine mammals to the sound.","author":["Tougaard, J.","Beedholm, K."],"organization":["Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1729","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-cetacean-density-abundance-central-western-mediterranean-sea-through-aerial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967064517301418","title":"Estimating cetacean density and abundance in the Central and Western Mediterranean Sea through aerial surveys: Implications for management","description":"Systematic, effective monitoring of animal population parameters underpins successful conservation strategy and wildlife management, but it is often neglected in many regions, including much of the Mediterranean Sea. Nonetheless, a series of systematic multispecies aerial surveys was carried out in the seas around Italy to gather important baseline information on cetacean occurrence, distribution and abundance. The monitored areas included the Pelagos Sanctuary, the Tyrrhenian Sea, portions of the Seas of Corsica and Sardinia, the Ionian Seas as well as the Gulf of Taranto. Overall, approximately 48,000\u00a0km were flown in either spring, summer and winter between 2009\u20132014, covering an area of 444,621\u00a0km2. The most commonly observed species were the striped dolphin and the fin whale, with 975 and 83 recorded sightings, respectively. Other sighted cetacean species were the common bottlenose dolphin, the Risso\u0027s dolphin, the sperm whale, the pilot whale and the Cuvier\u0027s beaked whale. Uncorrected model- and design-based estimates of density and abundance for striped dolphins and fin whales were produced, resulting in a best estimate (model-based) of around 95,000 striped dolphins (CV=11.6%; 95% CI=92,900\u2013120,300) occurring in the Pelagos Sanctuary, Central Tyrrhenian and Western Seas of Corsica and Sardinia combined area in summer 2010. Estimates were also obtained for each individual study region and year. An initial attempt to estimate perception bias for striped dolphins is also provided. The preferred summer 2010 uncorrected best estimate (design-based) for the same areas for fin whales was around 665 (CV=33.1%; 95% CI=350\u20131260). Estimates are also provided for the individual study regions and years. The results represent baseline data to develop efficient, long-term, systematic monitoring programmes, essential to evaluate trends, as required by a number of national and international frameworks, and stress the need to ensure that surveys are undertaken regularly and at a sufficient spatial scale. The management implications of the results are discussed also in light of a possible decline of fin whales abundance over the period from the mid-1990s to the present. Further work to understand changes in distribution and to allow for improved spatial models is emphasized.","author":["Panigada, S.","Lauriano, G.","Donovan, G.","Pierantonio, N.","Ca\u00f1adas, A.","V\u00e1zquez, J.","Burt, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.124408400000","12.599590600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1730","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fine-scale-hydrodynamics-influence-spatio-temporal-distribution-harbour-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0079661114001256","title":"Fine-scale hydrodynamics influence the spatio-temporal distribution of harbour porpoises at a coastal hotspot","description":"The coastal Runnelstone Reef, off southwest Cornwall (UK), is characterised by complex topography and strong tidal flows and is a known high-density site for harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena); a European protected species. Using a multidisciplinary dataset including: porpoise sightings from a multi-year land-based survey, Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling (ADCP), vertical profiling of water properties and high-resolution bathymetry; we investigate how interactions between tidal flow and topography drive the fine-scale porpoise spatio-temporal distribution at the site. Porpoise sightings were distributed non-uniformly within the survey area with highest sighting density recorded in areas with steep slopes and moderate depths. Greater numbers of sightings were recorded during strong westward (ebbing) tidal flows compared to strong eastward (flooding) flows and slack water periods. ADCP and Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) data identified fine-scale hydrodynamic features, associated with cross-reef tidal flows in the sections of the survey area with the highest recorded densities of porpoises. We observed layered, vertically sheared flows that were susceptible to the generation of turbulence by shear instability. Additionally, the intense, oscillatory near surface currents led to hydraulically controlled flow that transitioned from subcritical to supercritical conditions; indicating that highly turbulent and energetic hydraulic jumps were generated along the eastern and western slopes of the reef. The depression and release of isopycnals in the lee of the reef during cross-reef flows revealed that the flow released lee waves during upslope currents at specific phases of the tidal cycle when the highest sighting rates were recorded. The results of this unique, fine-scale field study provide new insights into specific hydrodynamic features, produced through tidal forcing, that may be important for creating predictable foraging opportunities for porpoises at a local scale. Information on the functional mechanisms linking porpoise distribution to static and dynamic physical habitat variables is extremely valuable to the monitoring and management of the species within the context of European conservation policies and marine renewable energy infrastructure development.","author":["Jones, A.","Hosegood, P.","Wynn, R.","De Boer, M.","Butler-Cowdry, S.","Embling, C."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Plymouth University","IMARES - Wageningen UR","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.975040800000","-5.589996700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1731","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-wave-energy-overview-research-oregon-state-university","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5208333","title":"Ocean wave energy overview and research at Oregon State University","description":"The solutions to today\u0027s energy challenges need to be explored through alternative, renewable and clean energy sources to enable a diverse national energy resource plan. An extremely abundant and promising source of energy exists in the world\u0027s oceans. Ocean energy exists in the forms of wave, tidal, marine currents, thermal (temperature gradient) and salinity. Among these forms, significant opportunities and benefits have been identified in the area of ocean wave energy extraction, i.e., harnessing the motion of the ocean waves, and converting that motion into electrical energy. This paper presents the fundamentals of ocean wave energy, and also a summary of the wave energy research being conducted at Oregon State University. This paper is intended to serve as an introduction to wave energy for scientists and engineers, particularly those with a wind energy background.","author":["Brekken, T.","von Jouanne, A.","Han, H."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2009-06-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1732","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/applying-simple-model-estimating-likelihood-collision-marine-mammals-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/21","title":"Applying a simple model for estimating the likelihood of collision of marine mammals with tidal turbines","description":"As tidal turbine deployments continue at test sites and in commercial areas, the potential risk for injury or death of marine mammals from colliding with rotating turbine blades continues to confound efficient consenting (permitting) of devices. Direct observation of collisions is technically very challenging and costly. Estimates of collision risk to date have been derived from complex collision risk models that depend on estimates of the number of marine mammals found in the area. Using a simple collision model, the risk of collision was examined at three real-world sites, each of which featured an indigenous marine mammal. Two different turbine designs were examined at each site to extend the range of the estimates. The results of the model runs allow for comparison of risk at a range of tidal sites for a variety of the marine mammals thought to be at potential risk.","author":["Copping, A.","Grear, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-Grear-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1734","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/costs-chronic-noise-exposure-terrestrial-organisms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534709002614","title":"The Costs of Chronic Noise Exposure for Terrestrial Organisms","description":"Growth in transportation networks, resource extraction, motorized recreation and urban development is responsible for chronic noise exposure in most terrestrial areas, including remote wilderness sites. Increased noise levels reduce the distance and area over which acoustic signals can be perceived by animals. Here, we review a broad range of findings that indicate the potential severity of this threat to diverse taxa, and recent studies that document substantial changes in foraging and anti-predator behavior, reproductive success, density and community structure in response to noise. Effective management of protected areas must include noise assessment, and research is needed to further quantify the ecological consequences of chronic noise exposure in terrestrial environments.","author":["Barber, J.","Crooks, K.","Fristrup, K."],"organization":["Colorado State University","National Park Service"],"originationDate":"2010-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1735","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/information-gaps-understanding-effects-noise-fishes-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11160-014-9369-3","title":"Information gaps in understanding the effects of noise on fishes and invertebrates","description":"The expansion of shipping and aquatic industrial activities in recent years has led to growing concern about the effects of man-made sounds on aquatic life. Sources include (but are not limited to) pleasure boating, fishing, the shipping of goods, offshore exploration for oil and gas, dredging, construction of bridges, harbors, oil and gas platforms, wind farms and other renewable energy devices, and the use of sonar by commercial and military vessels. There are very substantial gaps in our understanding of the effects of these sounds, especially for fishes and invertebrates. Currently, it is almost impossible to come to clear conclusions on the nature and levels of man-made sound that have potential to cause effects upon these animals. In order to develop a better understanding of effects of man-made sound, this paper identifies the most critical information needs and data gaps on the effects of various sounds on fishes, fisheries, and invertebrates resulting from the use of sound-generating devices. It highlights the major issues and discusses the information currently available on each of the information needs and data gaps. The paper then identifies the critical questions concerning the effects of man-made sounds on aquatic life for which answers are not readily available and articulates the types of information needed to fulfill each of these drivers for information\u2014the key information gaps. Finally, a list of priorities for research and development is presented.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Pembroke, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":["Normandeau Associates Inc","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1740","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/building-industries-sea-blue-growth-new-maritime-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.riverpublishers.com\/research_details.php?book_id=469","title":"Building Industries at Sea: \u0027Blue Growth\u0027 and the New Maritime Economy","description":"Throughout the world there is evidence of mounting interest in marine resources and new maritime industries to create jobs, economic growth and to help in the provision of energy and food security. Expanding populations, insecurity of traditional sources of supply and the effects of climate change add urgency to a perceived need to address and overcome the serious challenges of working in the maritime environment. Four promising areas of activity for \u0027Blue Growth\u0027 have been identified at European Union policy level including Aquaculture; Renewable Energy (offshore wind, wave and tide); Seabed Mining; and Blue Biotechnology. Work has started to raise the technological and investment readiness levels (TRLs and IRLs) of these prospective industries drawing on the experience of established maritime industries such as Offshore Oil and Gas; Shipping; Fisheries and Tourism. An accord has to be struck between policy makers and regulators on the one hand, anxious to direct research and business incentives in effective and efficient directions, and developers, investors and businesses on the other, anxious to reduce the risks of such potentially profitable but innovative investments.  The EU H2020 MARIBE (Marine Investment for the Blue Economy) funded project was designed to identify the key technical and non-technical challenges facing maritime industries and to place them into the social and economic context of the coastal and ocean economy. MARIBE went on to examine with companies, real projects for the combination of marine industry sectors into multi-use platforms (MUPs). The purpose of this book is to publish the detailed analysis of each prospective and established maritime business sector. Sector experts working to a common template explain what these industries are, how they work, their prospects to create wealth and employment, and where they currently stand in terms of innovation, trends and their lifecycle. The book goes on to describe progress with the changing regulatory and planning regimes in the European Sea Basins including the Caribbean where there are significant European interests. The book includes:    Experienced chapter authors from a truly multidisciplinary team of sector specialisms  First extensive study to compare and contrast traditional Blue Economy with Blue Growth  Complementary to EU and National policies for multi-use of maritime space","author":["Johnson, K.","Dalton, G.","Masters, I."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","University College Cork","Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2018-01-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Johnsonetal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1751","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-biodiversity-implications-transitioning-green-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032116304622","title":"Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy","description":"This literature review identifies the impacts of different renewable energy pathways on ecosystems and biodiversity, and the implications of these impacts for transitioning to a Green Economy. While the higher penetration of renewable energy is currently the backbone of Green Economy efforts, an emerging body of literature demonstrates that the renewable energy sector can affect ecosystems and biodiversity. The current review synthesizes the existing knowledge at the interface of renewable energy and biodiversity accross the five drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) framework (i.e. habitat loss\/change, pollution, overexploitation, climate change and introduction of invasive species). It identifies the main impact mechanisms for different renewable energy pathways, including solar, wind, hydro, ocean, geothermal and bioenergy. Our review demonstrates that while all reviewed renewable energy pathways are associated (directly or indirectly) with each of the five MA drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss, the actual impact mechanisms depend significantly between the different pathways, specific technologies and the environmental contexts within which they operate. With this review we do not question the fundamental logic of renewable energy expansion as it has been shown to have high environmental and socio-economic benefits. However, we want to make the point that some negative impacts on biodiversity do exist, and need to be considered when developing renewable energy policies. We put these findings into perspective by illustrating the major knowledge\/practices gaps and policy implications at the interface of renewable energy, biodiversity conservation and the Green Economy.","author":["Gasparatos, A.","Doll, C.","Esteban, M.","Ahmed, A.","Olang, T."],"organization":["University of Tokyo","United Nations University"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1758","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/finding-out-fate-displaced-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/finding-out-fate-displaced-birds","title":"Finding out the Fate of Displaced Birds","description":"Scotland is committed to meeting 100% of its electricity demands from renewable sources by 2020. Marine renewables are a significant contributor to these targets, but the industry must comply with strict legislation (EU Birds Directive [2009\/147\/EC]) that protects internationally important seabird populations. This is a critical challenge because marine renewable developments have the potential to impact on seabird populations. The two effects that have received the most attention are collisions with turbine blades and displacement from developments (Drewitt \u0026amp; Langston 2006; Larsen \u0026amp; Guillemette 2007; Masden et al. 2010; Grecian et al. 2010, Langton et al. 2011, Scottish Government 2011). Other factors that may be important include barrier effects to the movement of migrating or commuting birds, disturbance during construction and operation, contamination, noise and indirect effects via impact of developments on seabird prey.  This project will focus on the means by which marine developments may affect seabirds from displacement and barrier effects. If the development is located in a foraging area then birds can be displaced, a process that may equate to habitat loss. If the development is on a route used by birds for daily or seasonal commuting then this may create a barrier to movement, potentially forcing affected individuals to travel further to meet their requirements.  This project first undertook a literature review of displacement and barrier effects (see Appendix A). This review demonstrated that there is considerable uncertainty about the potential impacts on seabird populations from these effects. To assess the state of knowledge, displacement can be split into two components for assessment: the proportion of the population that are displaced from the development and the magnitude of the demographic consequences on colony SPAs that arises from displacement and barrier effects.  Estimates of the former have been obtained primarily from at-sea surveys. Studies have shown marked variation in barrier effects and displacement among species. However, they have also shown substantial variation within species among studies, suggesting that effects are highly context dependent. One potential cause of this variation is intrinsic differences among individuals in different populations studied, for example the extent to which they are central place foraging or operating as independent individuals. However, another potential cause is the challenge in obtaining robust quantification of displacement and barrier effects. In particular, these quantifications rely on key assumptions, arguably the most important of which is that the relative differences in density of birds inside and outside the wind farm are due to displacement or barrier effects, when alternative explanations such as the relative distribution of prey are equally plausible.  Such studies based on monitoring surveys are also not structured to address the second component outlined above - the magnitude of demographic consequences. The absence of empirical data has necessitated the use of a precautionary approach to assessments. When based on well-grounded assumptions and reliable parameter estimates, individual-based simulation models can provide a valuable framework for estimating the demographic consequences of a variety of environmental perturbations. As such, this approach can be used to estimate demographic effects for seabirds of offshore renewable developments (ORD) mediated via the costs of barrier effects and displacement, whilst incorporating the uncertainty surrounding these estimates. This project sought to develop an analytical tool that uses this approach to quantify the demographic consequences of displacement and barrier effects, thereby improving the precision of assessment of ORD impact on seabirds so that regulatory bodies and their statutory advisors can reach informed, evidencebased decisions on the potential impacts of renewable developments whilst also encouraging sustainable use of the sea, consistent with the Scottish Government\u0027s twin goals of meeting its obligations with respect to climate change mitigation and safeguarding the marine environment.","author":["Searle, K.","Mobbs, D.","Butler, A.","Furness, R.","Trinder, M.","Daunt, F."],"organization":["MacArthur Green","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2018-02-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/searletal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1759","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mechanical-properties-harbor-seal-skin-blubber-test-anisotropy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0944200617301484","title":"Mechanical properties of harbor seal skin and blubber a test of anisotropy","description":"The skin and blubber of marine mammals provides protection from the surrounding environment, whether that be temperature, microbes, or direct mechanical impacts. To understand the ability of harbor seals\u2019 (Phoca vitulina) skin and blubber to resist blunt force trauma, we tested the material properties of these tissues. We quanti\ufb01ed two mechanical properties of the tissue: tensile strength and tensile sti\ufb00ness, at two test speeds, three sample orientations, and two age groups. We found signi\ufb01cant di\ufb00erences in material properties between test speeds, orientation, and age of the animal, but did not \ufb01nd a large di\ufb00erence with orientation. From this analysis, we conclude that harbor seal skin and blubber should be modeled as an isotropic non-linear elastic material with strain rate dependence. Moreover, we were interested in the e\ufb00ects of freezing on the biomechanical properties. The material was tested fresh and after being frozen for four months. Frozen data revealed an increase in sti\ufb00ness and strength for the skin (epidermis and dermis), but did not show a conclusive trend in the blubber material properties. While the availability of frozen marine mammal tissue is greater than that of fresh material, frozen tissue of harbor seals, especially the skin, cannot serve as an accurate replacement for testing of fresh material.","author":["Grear, M.","Motley, M.","Crofts, S.","Witts, A.","Summers, A.","Ditsche, P."],"organization":["University of Washington","University of Alaska Anchorage"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.605308900000","-122.967075200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1761","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/project-pacific-marine-energy-center-south-energy-test-site-pmec-sets-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1419795-pacific-marine-energy-center-south-energy-test-site-pmec-sets","title":"Project: The Pacific Marine Energy Center South Energy Test Site (PMEC-SETS) Final Report: Final Site Selection, Preliminary Facility Design, and Cost \u0026 Schedule Estimates","description":"The overall goal of this project was to build on existing progress to establish the Pacific Marine Energy Center South Energy Test Site (PMEC-SETS) as the nation\u0027s first fully permitted test site for wave energy converter arrays. Specifically, it plays an essential role in reducing levelized cost of energy for the wave energy industry by providing both the facility and resources to address the challenges of cost reduction.","author":["Alcorn, R.","Amon, E.","Armstrong, S.","Batten, B.","Bull, D.","Cahill, B.","Cotilla-Sanchez, E.","Dalton, G.","Hellin, D.","Henkel, S.","Husky, A.","Klure, J.","Langley, B.","Polagye, B.","Rea, J.","Sanders, M.","Stewart, A.","Sutton, G.","Weber, J."],"organization":["Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)","University College Cork","Oregon State University (OSU)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Pacific Energy Ventures LLC","University of Washington","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-11-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.621445700000","-124.189982800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:59:03","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PMEC-SETS-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1762","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-feasibility-study-california-wave-energy-test-center-calwave-volume-2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1406135-final-report-feasibility-study-california-wave-energy-test-center-calwavesm-volume-appendices","title":"Final Report Feasibility Study for the California Wave Energy Test Center (CalWave) Volume 2","description":"The California Wave Energy Test Center (CalWave) Feasibility Study project was funded over multiple phases by the Department of Energy to perform an interdisciplinary feasibility assessment to analyze the engineering, permitting, and stakeholder requirements to establish an open water, fully energetic, grid connected, wave energy test center off the coast of California for the purposes of advancing U.S. wave energy research, development, and testing capabilities. Work under this grant included wave energy resource characterization, grid impact and interconnection requirements, port infrastructure and maritime industry capability\/suitability to accommodate the industry at research, demonstration and commercial scale, and macro and micro siting considerations. CalWave Phase I performed a macro-siting and down-selection process focusing on two potential test sites in California: Humboldt Bay and Vandenberg Air Force Base. This work resulted in the Vandenberg Air Force Base site being chosen as the most favorable site based on a peer reviewed criteria matrix. CalWave Phase II focused on four siting location alternatives along the Vandenberg Air Force Base coastline and culminated with a final siting down-selection. Key outcomes from this work include completion of preliminary engineering and systems integration work, a robust turnkey cost estimate, shoreside and subsea hazards assessment, storm wave analysis, lessons learned reports from several maritime disciplines, test center benchmarking as compared to existing international test sites, analysis of existing applicable environmental literature, the completion of a preliminary regulatory, permitting and licensing roadmap, robust interaction and engagement with state and federal regulatory agency personnel and local stakeholders, and the population of a Draft Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Preliminary Application Document (PAD). Analysis of existing offshore oil and gas infrastructure was also performed to assess the potential value and re-use scenarios of offshore platform infrastructure and associated subsea power cables and shoreside substations. The CalWave project team was well balanced and was comprised of experts from industry, academia, state and federal regulatory agencies. The result of the CalWave feasibility study finds that the CalWave Test Center has the potential to provide the most viable path to commercialization for wave energy in the United States.","author":["Dooher, B.","Toman, W.","Davy, D.","Blakslee, S."],"organization":["Pacific Gas and Electric Company","California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)","CH2M Hill","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.742026700000","-120.642478200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-05 05:19:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/dooheretal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1763","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-feasibility-study-california-wave-energy-test-center-calwave-volume-1","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1406134-final-report-feasibility-study-california-wave-energy-test-center-calwavesm","title":"Final Report Feasibility Study for the California Wave Energy Test Center (CalWave) Volume 1","description":"The California Wave Energy Test Center (CalWave) Feasibility Study project was funded over multiple phases by the Department of Energy to perform an interdisciplinary feasibility assessment to analyze the engineering, permitting, and stakeholder requirements to establish an open water, fully energetic, grid connected, wave energy test center off the coast of California for the purposes of advancing U.S. wave energy research, development, and testing capabilities. Work under this grant included wave energy resource characterization, grid impact and interconnection requirements, port infrastructure and maritime industry capability\/suitability to accommodate the industry at research, demonstration and commercial scale, and macro and micro siting considerations. CalWave Phase I performed a macro-siting and down-selection process focusing on two potential test sites in California: Humboldt Bay and Vandenberg Air Force Base. This work resulted in the Vandenberg Air Force Base site being chosen as the most favorable site based on a peer reviewed criteria matrix. CalWave Phase II focused on four siting location alternatives along the Vandenberg Air Force Base coastline and culminated with a final siting down-selection. Key outcomes from this work include completion of preliminary engineering and systems integration work, a robust turnkey cost estimate, shoreside and subsea hazards assessment, storm wave analysis, lessons learned reports from several maritime disciplines, test center benchmarking as compared to existing international test sites, analysis of existing applicable environmental literature, the completion of a preliminary regulatory, permitting and licensing roadmap, robust interaction and engagement with state and federal regulatory agency personnel and local stakeholders, and the population of a Draft Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Preliminary Application Document (PAD). Analysis of existing offshore oil and gas infrastructure was also performed to assess the potential value and re-use scenarios of offshore platform infrastructure and associated subsea power cables and shoreside substations. The CalWave project team was well balanced and was comprised of experts from industry, academia, state and federal regulatory agencies. The result of the CalWave feasibility study finds that the CalWave Test Center has the potential to provide the most viable path to commercialization for wave energy in the United States.","author":["Blakeslee, S.","Toman, W.","Willaims, R.","Davy, D.","West, A.","Connet, R.","Thompson, J.","Dolan, D.","Baltimore, C.","Jacobson, P.","Hagerman, G.","Potter, C.","Dooher, B.","Wendt, D.","Sheppard, C.","Harris, A.","Lawson, W."],"organization":["California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)","Protean Wave Energy Ltd.","Leidos","CH2M Hill","Kearns \u0026 West","Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","California Natural Resources Agency","Pacific Gas and Electric Company","Humboldt State University","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.742873700000","-120.584546200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-05 05:19:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/blakesleeetal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1765","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-engagement-offshore-renewable-energy-critical-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/wcc.282","title":"Public engagement with offshore renewable energy: A critical review","description":"Offshore renewable energy, including offshore wind, tidal and wave energy, has sometimes been represented as opposition\u2010free alternatives to controversial technologies such as onshore wind turbines, and has received increasing attention from social scientists in recent years. A fragmented literature has emerged investigating public engagement with these technologies and the determinants of public acceptance, comprising 59 key studies\u2014the majority investigating offshore wind energy (59%). This literature review argues that while the ways in which public actors engage with offshore renewable energy are to some extent similar to onshore energy infrastructure, there are also important differences. These include the generally lower levels of public knowledge about the technologies, a changing role for visual impacts, a fundamentally different, marine, spatial context, and different sets of stakeholders in different decision\u2010making arenas. There is a need to explore as yet unasked and unanswered questions\u2014going beyond \u2018established\u2019 variables identified in the onshore wind\u2010based \u2018beyond NIMBY\u2019 literature\u2014especially regarding the role of the marine location of these technologies, and the cross\u2010technology and cross\u2010disciplinary applicability of findings. In order to more fully understand public responses to energy infrastructures, future research needs to move beyond case studies of onshore wind developments, adopting more diverse and ambitious research designs and methodologies.","author":["Wiersma, B.","Devine-Wright, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-06-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1766","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-change-renewable-energy-ocean-tides-calming-sea-regulatory-uncertainty","sourceURL":"https:\/\/booksandjournals.brillonline.com\/content\/journals\/10.1163\/092735209x12499043518269","title":"Climate change and renewable energy from the ocean and tides: Calming the sea of regulatory uncertainty","description":"We examine the state of ocean energy in 2009 and consider its potential as a source of renewable energy. We provide a background on the current state of technology and commercial development, and examine the implications for law and policy of the re-emergence of ocean energy as a source of renewable energy in 2009. In the 1970s much of the academic and policy literature highlighted jurisdictional uncertainty surrounding ocean energy under international law. This is not the case today. Although some questions remain with respect to navigation rights, most questions surrounding the nature and extent of coastal State jurisdiction in relation to ocean energy have been resolved by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Instead we argue that one of the biggest challenges faced by ocean energy today is the uncertain state of regulation under domestic legal systems. We highlight issues requiring attention by policy-makers and legislators, including managing hazards to navigation, providing further financial incentives for wide-scale commercialisation of this technology (such as increased research and development funding and feed-in tariffs) and managing ocean energy\u0027s relatively benign environmental impacts.","author":["Leary, D.","Esteban, M."],"organization":["University of New South Wales","Yokohama National University"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:10:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1770","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-optical-detection-classification-marine-animals-around-mhk-converters-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1416953","title":"Automatic optical detection and classification of marine animals around MHK converters using machine vision","description":"Optical systems provide valuable information for evaluating interactions and associations between organisms and MHK energy converters and for capturing potentially rare encounters between marine organisms and MHK device. The deluge of optical data from cabled monitoring packages makes expert review time-consuming and expensive. We propose algorithms and a processing framework to automatically extract events of interest from underwater video. The open-source software framework consists of background subtraction, filtering, feature extraction and hierarchical classification algorithms. This principle classification pipeline was validated on real-world data collected with an experimental underwater monitoring package. An event detection rate of 100% was achieved using robust principal components analysis (RPCA), Fourier feature extraction and a support vector machine (SVM) binary classifier. The detected events were then further classified into more complex classes \u2013 algae | invertebrate | vertebrate, one species | multiple species of fish, and interest rank. Greater than 80% accuracy was achieved using a combination of machine learning techniques.","author":["Brunton, S."],"organization":["University of Washington","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brunton_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1778","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-sector-analysis-report-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/msp.wa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/EnergySectorAnalysis.pdf","title":"Marine Sector Analysis Report: Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The Washington Department of Ecology is leading an effort to develop a marine spatial plan (MSP) for Washington\u2019s Pacific coast. The plan is being developed in coordination with an interagency team that includes the Office of the Governor, the Washington Department of Natural Resources (DNR), the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (DFW), Washington Sea Grant, and the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. The planning process also involves and engages coastal stakeholders, the public and local, tribal and federal governments. In particular, the Washington Coastal Marine Advisory Council (WCMAC) is advising on the development of the plan. WCMAC is a 26-member advisory group established in the Governor\u2019s office and comprised of a diverse range of stakeholder interests. In support of this effort, DNR has engaged Industrial Economics, Incorporated and BST Associates to develop reports on five major sectors of the state\u2019s marine economy: aquaculture; fishing (non-tribal); marine renewable energy; recreation and tourism; and shipping. These reports are intended to help state agencies, the WCMAC, and other stakeholders understand the trends and potential issues associated with economically important activity in the marine environment.  This report focuses on the marine renewable energy sector. It synthesizes information from publicly available sources to provide an overview of current economic activity, major trends in activity, and potential future resource uses and needs. In addition, the report draws on perspectives and insights from industry experts and relevant government agencies to highlight critical issues affecting the sector \u2013 including any current or potential future conflicts within the sector or with other sectors \u2013 and the role of marine spatial planning in addressing these issues (see Appendix A for a complete list of individuals interviewed). It also identifies key remaining questions, data quality issues, and data gaps.","author":["Industrial Economics Inc"],"organization":["Industrial Economics Inc"],"originationDate":"2014-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IEC_EnergySectorReport_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1781","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impact-submarine-power-cables-crab-harvest","sourceURL":"https:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2016AGUOSHI53A..08B","title":"Potential Impact of Submarine Power Cables on Crab Harvest","description":"Offshore renewable energy installations convert wave or wind energy to electricity and transfer the power to shore through transmission cables laid on or buried beneath the seafloor. West coast commercial fishermen, who harvest the highly prized Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister) and the rock crab (Cancer spp.), are concerned that the interface of crabs and electromagnetic fields (EMF) from these cables will present an electrified fence on the seafloor that their target resource will not cross. Combined with the assistance of professional fishermen, submarine transmission cables that electrify island communities and offshore oil platforms in the eastern Pacific provide an opportunity to test the harvest of crab species across power transmission cables. In situ field techniques give commercial crab species a choice to decide if they will cross fully energized, EMF emitting, power transmission cables, in response to baited traps. Each independent trial is either one of two possible responses: the crab crosses the cable to enter a trap (1) or the crab does not cross the cable to enter a trap (0). Conditions vary among sample units by the following categorical, fixed factors (i.e., covariates) of cable structure (buried or unburied); direction of cable from crab position (west or east, north or south); time and season. A generalized linear model is fit to the data to determine whether any of these factors affect the probability of crabs crossing an energized cable to enter baited traps. Additionally, the experimental design, aside from the number of runs (set of sample trials) and the dates of the runs, is the same in the Santa Barbara Channel for rock crab and Puget Sound for Dungeness crab, and allows us to compare the capture rates of the two species in the two areas. We present preliminary results from field testing in 2015.","author":["Bull, A.","Nishimoto, M."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.684172000000","-126.899990000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Avoidance","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1783","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sensitivity-tidal-lagoon-barrage-hydrodynamic-impacts-energy-outputs-operational","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116307340","title":"Sensitivity of tidal lagoon and barrage hydrodynamic impacts and energy outputs to operational characteristics","description":"The feasibility and sustainable operation of tidal lagoons and barrages has been under scrutiny over uncertainties with regards to their environmental impacts, potential interactions and energy output. A numerical modelling methodology that evaluates their effects on the hydro-environment has been refined to consider technical constraints and specifications associated with variable turbine designs and operational sequences. The method has been employed to assess a number of proposals and their combinations within the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary in the UK. Operational challenges associated with tidal range power plants are highlighted, while also presenting the capabilities of modelling tools tailored to their assessment. Results indicate that as the project scale increases so does its relative hydrodynamic impact, which may compromise annual energy output expectations if not accounted for. However, the manner in which such projects are operated can also have a significant impact on changing the local hydro-environment, including the ecology and morphology. Therefore, it is imperative that tidal range power plants are designed in such a way that efficiently taps into renewable energy sources, with minimal interference to the regional hydro-environment through their operation.","author":["Angeloudis, A.","Falconer, R."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.290817000000","-3.344981000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Angeloudis-Falconer-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1784","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/clean-energy-safeguards-ecosystems-livelihoods-integrated-assessments-unleash-full","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112000845","title":"Clean energy that safeguards ecosystems and livelihoods: Integrated assessments to unleash full sustainable potential for renewable energy","description":"In promoting renewable energy options, the environmental problem of GHG emissions should not be replaced with other environmental problems. Large-scale renewable infrastructure projects in particular \u2013 from offshore wind farms to concentrated solar towers to hydropower installations \u2013 need to be accompanied by adequate environmental and social impact assessments. For policies, plans and programmes around renewable energy investments, strategic environmental assessments should be applied. Such assessments will increasingly need to consider the changing nature of supporting ecosystem services and the need for climate adaptation. Financing institutions should promote appropriate safeguards, supported by capacity building activities from international organizations, including IRENA, in order to unleash the full sustainable potential of renewable energy options. This paper explores the experiences of applying impact assessment tools and processes to renewable investments and highlights some of the key aspects which should be taken into consideration when pursuing a renewable energy future.","author":["Athanas, A.","McCormick, N."],"organization":["African Wildlife Foundation","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1785","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-barrages-uk-ecological-social-impacts-potential-mitigation-tools-support-barrage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032113001500","title":"Tidal barrages in the UK: Ecological and social impacts, potential mitigation, and tools to support barrage planning","description":"The UK Government is committed to ambitious targets to reduce carbon emissions. The large tidal ranges in estuaries on the west coast of the UK make the deployment of tidal barrages an attractive proposition, and repeated feasibility studies have been undertaken. No barrage scheme has yet been taken forward, and one factor contributing to this reluctance to proceed is the significant environmental impacts that could result from the barrage construction and operation. This paper provides a detailed review of the current understanding of the potential ecological and social impacts of tidal barrages, including a case study of La Rance in northern France, and a discussion of strategies for mitigating barrage impacts. The review considers how more comprehensive ecological modelling could reduce uncertainty in predicting the impacts in specific estuaries, and discusses the use of Multi-criteria Analysis and ecosystem valuation as tools for evaluating the disparate costs and benefits of barrages schemes.","author":["Hooper, T.","Austen, M."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1786","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/human-dimensions-tidal-energy-review-theories-frameworks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032118306208","title":"Human dimensions of tidal energy: A review of theories and frameworks","description":"This paper provides a comprehensive review of theories and frameworks for understanding and managing human dimensions of tidal energy. The methods for this review were: 1) the construction of an annotated bibliography of the human dimensions of marine renewable energy literature, 2) an analytical review of the core theories and frameworks found in the literature as applied to tidal energy development in the United States, and 3) an iterative process of conceptual refinement through peer review. Only 48.9% of the articles in the literature review included a theoretical underpinning, or discussed an existing framework. Of these, 42.2% were theories or frameworks that were only featured in a single paper, highlighting the need for theoretical focus within this field of study. For those theories and frameworks that had been explored in multiple articles, these theories and frameworks were grouped into nine overarching concepts: acceptance, place attachment, justice, economics, technology innovation systems, environmental assessment, strategic environmental assessment, adaptive management, and marine spatial planning (MSP). Each of these concepts were expounded on to discuss the limitations of the current research on the concept and identify promising avenues for future research. In comparing the functionality of these concepts, most have a realized capacity for understanding costs and benefits, risk and uncertainty. However less than half have a realized capacity for managing costs and benefits and risk, while less than a third have a realized capacity for managing uncertainty. This paper offers a summary table of existing theories and frameworks that could be used as a launching point for detailing a research agenda for more systematically exploring theories and frameworks for human dimensions of tidal energy.","author":["Jenkins, L.","Dreyer, S.","Polis, H.","Beaver, E.","Kowalski, A.","Linder, H.","McMillin, T.","McTiernan, K.","Rogier, T.","Wiesebron, L."],"organization":["Arizona State University","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1787","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-hydrokinetic-renewable-energy-technologies-potential-navigational-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/970954","title":"Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Technologies: Potential Navigational Impacts and Mitigation Measures","description":"On April 15, 2008, the Department of Energy (DOE) issued a Funding Opportunity Announcement for Advanced Water Power Projects which included a Topic Area for Marine and Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Market Acceleration Projects. Within this Topic Area, DOE identified potential navigational impacts of marine and hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies and measures to prevent adverse impacts on navigation as a sub-topic area. DOE defines marine and hydrokinetic technologies as those capable of utilizing one or more of the following resource categories for energy generation: ocean waves; tides or ocean currents; free flowing water in rivers or streams; and energy generation from the differentials in ocean temperature. PCCI was awarded Cooperative Agreement DE-FC36-08GO18177 from the DOE to identify the potential navigational impacts and mitigation measures for marine hydrokinetic technologies, as summarized herein. The contract also required cooperation with the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and two recipients of awards (Pacific Energy Ventures and reVision) in a sub-topic area to develop a protocol to identify streamlined, best-siting practices. Over the period of this contract, PCCI and our sub-consultants, David Basco, Ph.D., and Neil Rondorf of Science Applications International Corporation, met with USCG headquarters personnel, with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers headquarters and regional personnel,\u00a0with U.S. Navy regional personnel and other ocean users in order to develop an understanding of existing practices for the identification of navigational impacts that might occur during construction, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning. At these same meetings, \u201cstandard\u201d and potential mitigation measures were discussed so that guidance could be prepared for project developers. Concurrently, PCCI reviewed navigation guidance published by the USCG and international community. This report summarizes the results of this effort, provides guidance in the form of a checklist for assessing the navigational impacts of potential marine and hydrokinetic projects, and provides guidance for improving the existing navigational guidance promulgated by the USCG in Navigation Vessel Inspection Circular 02 07. At the request of the USCG, our checklist and mitigation guidance was written in a generic nature so that it could be equally applied to offshore wind projects. PCCI teleconferenced on a monthly basis with DOE, Pacific Energy Ventures and reVision in order to share information and review work products. Although the focus of our effort was on marine and hydrokinetic technologies, as defined above, this effort drew upon earlier work by the USCG on offshore wind renewable energy installations. The guidance provided herein can be applied equally to marine and hydrokinetic technologies and to offshore wind, which are collectively referred to by the USCG as Renewable Energy Installations.","author":["Cool, R.","Hudon, T.","Basco, D.","Rondorf, N."],"organization":["PCCI, Inc.","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cool_et_al_2009_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1788","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stream-hydrokinetic-power-review-appraisal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1061\/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000197","title":"In-Stream Hydrokinetic Power: Review and Appraisal","description":"The objective of this paper is to provide a review of in-stream hydrokinetic power, which is defined as electric power generated by devices capturing the energy of naturally flowing water\u2014stream, tidal, or open ocean flows\u2014without impounding the water. North America has significant in-stream energy resources, and hydrokinetic electric power technologies to harness those resources have the potential to make a significant contribution to U.S. electricity needs by adding as much as 120\u2009\u2009TWh\/year from rivers alone to the present hydroelectric power generation capacity. Additionally, tidal and ocean current resources in the U.S. respectively contain 438\u2009\u2009TWh\/year and 163 TWh\/year of extractable power. Among their attractive features, in-stream hydrokinetic operations do not contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or other air pollution and have less visual impact than wind turbines. Since these systems do no utilize dams the way traditional hydropower systems typically do, their impact on the environment will differ, and a small but growing number of studies support conclusions regarding those impacts. Potential environmental impacts include altered water quality, altered sediment deposition, altered habitats, direct impact on biota, and navigability of waterways.","author":["VanZwieten, J.","McAnally, W.","Ahmad, J.","Davis, T.","Martin, J.","Bevelhimer, M.","Cribbs, A.","Lippert, R.","Hudon, T.","Trudeau, M."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Mississippi State University","Cooper Union College","US Army Engineer Research and Development Center","Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Ecomerit Technologies","Boeing"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1789","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-hydrokinetic-energy-development-technical-support-general-environmental-studies","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Development Technical Support and General Environmental Studies","description":"In response to the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Waterpower Program Office developed a program on marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy development. During fiscal year 2009 (FY09) the EERE Waterpower Program provided support to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to enable staff to interact with the MHK industry, regulators, and other stakeholders to learn more about the challenges of accelerating the MHK industry to a sustainable source of energy and to make connections among those groups.\nPNNL staff carried out a program of stakeholder outreach during FY09 to accomplish the following:\n\nIdentify the breadth of individuals and groups with a stake in MHK development to understand which groups have the ability to affect the course and success of MHK industrial development.\n\u00a0Develop an understanding of the key environmental and socioeconomic issues facing MHK development.\nIdentify stakeholders who can provide information about key environmental issues and outcomes of MHK development.\nDevelop and deliver unbiased information about MHK development for the interested public.\n\nStakeholders were initially identified and contacted informally, and each contact led to others. Conferences and workshops were a rich source of contacts. Using standard outreach techniques, PNNL staff parsed the stakeholders into three groups:\n\n\u00a0an essential group without whose involvement the industry cannot progress (essential)\ninfluential stakeholders who may have an impact on the outcome of a technology, siting or permitting processes, or who have influence over essential players (influential\nstakeholders interested in the outcome of the MHK industry due to place-based interests or concerns (interested).\nSpecific activities and products generated during FY09 included\n\na capitalization survey of the largest U.S. MHK companies\na survey of the regulatory landscape\na modeling report on Tacoma Narrows tidal energy.\n\nLessons learned from PNNL\u2019s outreach effort include the following:\n\nEach stakeholder group has important information to contribute to the understanding of what is needed to develop the MHK industry, in terms of technical perspectives as well as acceleration to market.\nThe MHK industry in the United States and in other countries with active MHK endeavors is an important source of information about the technologies, project proposals, and challenges of developing a sustainable MHK industry.\nThe industry generally has limited insight into regulatory needs for siting and permitting processes.\nThe MHK industry in the United States is severely undercapitalized, which can exacerbate a potential adversarial relationship with regulatory agencies and other stakeholders as they struggle to meet environmental assessment and siting needs.\nThe regulatory community is struggling to develop appropriate regulatory processes and steps to permit MHK devices.\nInfluential stakeholders, including Indian Tribes, major nongovernmental organizations, elected officials, and place-based groups, have little understanding of MHK technologies and limited knowledge of the regulatory environment that will be needed to establish the industry.\n\nFuture directions that will help to accelerate the development of a sustainable MHK industry in the United States include the following:\n\na broad-based education and outreach program\ninteraction with individuals in the industry, as well as regulatory and resource management agencies\nparticipation in ongoing planning exercises, including coastal and marine spatial planning and regional ocean planning\na framework and roadmapping activities that help to organize information.","author":["Copping, A.","Geerlofs, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CoppingandGeerlofs_2010_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1790","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/going-flow-tidal-influence-occurrence-harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-marsdiep-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1385110115300332","title":"Going with the flow: Tidal influence on the occurrence of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Marsdiep area, The Netherlands","description":"One of the most important factors explaining the distribution and behaviour of coastal marine mammals are tides. Tidal forces drive a large number of primary and secondary processes, such as changes in water depth, salinity, temperature, current velocity and direction. Unravelling which tidal process is the most influential for a certain species is often challenging, due to a lack of observations of all tide related covariates, strong correlation between them, and the elusive nature of most marine organisms which often hampers their detection.\n\nIn the Marsdiep area, a tidal inlet between the North Sea and the Dutch Wadden Sea, the presence of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) was studied as a function of tide related covariates. Observations were carried out in early spring from a ferry crossing the inlet on a half hourly basis. Environmental and sightings data were collected by one observer, while an on-board Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and temperature sensor continuously recorded current velocity profiles and temperature, respectively. Sea surface temperature and salinity were measured at a nearby jetty. Sightings (n\u00a0=\u00a0134) were linked to tidal elevation, geographical position, local depth-averaged current velocity, water temperature (with and without trend correction) and salinity.\n\nVariation in sighting rate was best described by salinity, with highest sighting rate at high levels of salinity (\u003E\u00a030\u00a0g\u00a0kg\u2212\u00a01), indicating that porpoises enter the area in bodies of (more saline) North Sea water. Second best variable was time of day, with the highest sighting rate early morning, and decreasing during the day. However, surveys in the morning happened to coincide more often with high water and hence, the apparent time of day effect could be due to collinearity. Most porpoises were present in the northern part of the Marsdiep, particularly during high tide.\n\nTide dependent sighting rates confirmed that porpoises reside in the North Sea, and enter the western Wadden Sea during the flood and leave during ebb. This tidal influx is most likely related to prey availability, which corresponds to other recent studies in this area showing higher fish abundance during high tide. Documenting information on tide related patterns could be used in practice, when e.g. planning anthropogenic activities or assessing critical habitats for this species.","author":["IJsseldijk, L.","Camhuysen, K.","Nauw, J.","Aarts, G."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","Utrecht University","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.981284900000","4.776528900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1797","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-lca-wave-dragon-platform-wind-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/ISOPE-I-16-546","title":"Feasibility and LCA for a Wave Dragon platform with wind turbines","description":"The objective of this study is to assess the environmental and economic performance of a combined wind-wave energy converter over its entire lifecycle. The lifecycle analysis covers embedded costs, energy balance and carbon footprint, right from the raw materials to the final decommissioning. It is demonstrated that Wave Dragon in combination with wind has a 17% lower LCOE than a Wave Dragon without wind turbines. This is due to the fact that wind turbines are a very cost efficient technology when deployed in high wind speed sites if the costs of foundation and grid connection can be kept at a reasonable level \u2013 and this is obviously the case when installing on top of a heavy and stable platform like Wave Dragon.","author":["Soerensen, H.","Friis-Madsen, E.","Russell, I.","Parmeggiani, S.","Fernandez-Chozas, J."],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2016-06-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 04:04:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1798","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/progress-renewable-energies-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qBINDgAAQBAJ\u0026printsec=frontcover\u0026dq=Progress+in+Renewable+Energies+Offshore\u0026hl=en\u0026sa=X\u0026ved=0ahUKEwj_t8fV45LdAhVmllQKHUqCBHcQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage\u0026q\u0026f=false","title":"Progress in Renewable Energies Offshore","description":"Renewable energies offshore are becoming a significant contributor to the total energy produced in some countries and the interest in the subject is increasing worldwide. Various forms of renewable energy are being developed, from which some are at sea. There are some forms of energy that depend on the sea such as wave, tides and OTEC, which are the ones traditionally known as ocean energy but there are others like wind energy that can also be located at sea and thus be subjected to the same environmental conditions. Therefore, this conference is aimed at addressing all forms of renewable energy at sea, expanding from the concept of ocean energies.   The first International Conference on Renewable Energies Offshore (RENEW2014) was organized at Instituto Superior Tecnico contributing to the exchange of information on the developments and experience obtained in concept development, design and operation of such devices.   The scope of this second Conference is broad, covering all aspects of the renewable energies offshore activities such as resource assessment; wind energy; wave energy; tidal energy; ocean energy devices; multiuse platforms; PTO design; grid connection; economic assessment; installment and maintenance planning.   The Conference aims at covering academically oriented papers, although not only from academic audiences, complementing the various existing initiatives that are associated with exhibitions of equipment both of ocean energy and of wind energy. Therefore, the papers have been subjected to a review process on the full papers and we leave here the recognition of the efforts of the various anonymous reviewers and of the Technical Programme Committee, who shared an important part of the review process.   The final result after the review process of the 180 submitted abstracts are around 103 papers presented in 4 parallel sessions during the 3 days of the conference. The conference included also plenary presentations in the first morning with a number of invited speakers providing overviews of relevant matters in the various areas.   The contents of the present book are organized in the main subject areas corresponding to the sessions of the Conference and within each group the papers are listed by the alphabetic order of the authors.      Resource assessment - waves       A hindcast study on wave energy variablility and trends in Le Croisic, France M. Goncalves, P. Martinho \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares  On the peak period distributions conditions on significant wave heights in Aqucadoura, Portugal G. Muraleedharan, C. Lucas, D. Martins \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Assessing the wave energy potential in the Mediterranean Sea using WAVEWATCH III D. Pelli, L. Cappietti \u0026amp; H. Oumeraci   Assessing the utility and effectiveness of the IEC standards for wave energy resource characterisation V. Ramos, R. Carballo \u0026amp; J.V. Ringwood  Wave energy potential assessment along the west coast of Fuerteventura G. Rodriguez, G. Clarindo \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Wave energy resource assessment from a 12-year hindcast, for Pembrokshire, Wales A.R. Bento, P. Martinho \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Trends in the available wave power at the Portuguese pilot zone D. Silva, P. Martinho \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Development of a numerical modelling tool for combined near field and far field wave transformations using a coupling of potential flow solvers T. Verbrugghe, P. Troch, A. Kortenhaus, V. Stratigaki \u0026amp; A.P. Engsig-Karup       Resource assessment - tidal        Evaluation of the Agucadoura pilot area as an ocean current turbine site with ROMS modeled ocean current data T.C. Costa, L.T. Pereira, M. Marta-Almeida \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Assessing the importance of including waves in simulations of tidal stream turbine impacts I. Fairley \u0026amp; H. Karunarathna   Exploring the utility and effectiveness of tidal stream energy resource assessment and characterisation standards: A case study V. Ramos, R. Carballo \u0026amp; J.V. Ringwood  Tidal energy resource characterisation in the Dover Strait by using VHF radar and ADCP measurements M. Thiebaut \u0026amp; A. Sentchev       Resource assessment - wind       Assessing climate change effect in offshore wind power in the North of Portugal M. Bernardino \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Regional frequency analysis of wind speed on the coast of Portugal R.M. Campos \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   A methodology for the power performance assessment of floating offshore wind turbines A. Couto, P.A.P. Justino, J. Silva \u0026amp; A. Estanqueiro   Application of reanalysis data for offshore wind power potential assessment off the west coast of India G. Nagababu, N.K. Naidu, S.S. Kachhwaha \u0026amp; V. Savsani        Environmental monitoring       Development of an autonomous offshore monitoring system D.B.S. Lopes \u0026amp; H. Sarmento   Evaluation of offshore wind power potential of India by combining satellite and moored buoy data N.K. Naidu, G. Nagababu, S.S. Kachhwaha \u0026amp; V. Savsani   High resolution monitoring for marine renewable energy L. Ren \u0026amp; M. Hartnett   Additional attenuation detection and correction of radar wave within the interior region of offshore wind farm L. Xie, S.W. Wang, X.P. Yan, F. Ma \u0026amp; S. Haugen        Wave energy devices       Energy capture optimization for an adaptive wave energy converter J.J. Barradas-Berglind, H. Meijer, M. van Rooij, S. Clemente-Pinol, B. Galvan-Garcia, W.A. Prins, A.I. Vakis \u0026amp; B. Jayawardhana  Biomimetic marine energy devices in waves and sheared currents K.A. Belibassakis, E.S. Filippas \u0026amp; Th.P. Gerostathis   Systems engineering applied to the development of a wave energy farm D. Bull, J. Roberts, R. Malins, A. Babarit, J. Weber, K. Dykes, R. Costello, B. Kennedy, K. Neilson \u0026amp; C. Bittencourt   Numerical simulation of a single Floating Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter using OpenFOAM\u00a9 B. Devolder, P. Rauwoens \u0026amp; P. Troch   Revenue optimization for the Ocean Grazer wave energy converter through storage utilization H.T. Dijkstra, J.J. Barradas-Berglind, H. Meijer, M. van Rooij, W.A. Prins, A.I. Vakis \u0026amp; B. Jayawardhana   Numerical and experimental studies of water impact on conical point absorber buoys H. Li, H. -Z. He, S. -H. Yang, J. Zhang, J. Liang \u0026amp; W. Sheng   Study of the influence of design parameters on the structural behavior of a point absorber wave converter using a finite element approach C. Malca, R. Felismina \u0026amp; P. Beirao   Design optimization of a multifunctional wave energy device G. Palma, S.M. Formentin, B. Zanuttigh, P. Contestabile \u0026amp; D. Vicinanza   Wave energy generation with thermo-chemical storage: Getting a uniform injection into the grid M.C. Rodriguez-Hidalgo, A. Lopez, A. de Bonis, P.A. Rodriguez-Aumente \u0026amp; A. Lecuona   Wave dragon -- \u0027Coldward and Stormward\u0027 I. Russell, E. Friis-Madsen \u0026amp; H.-C. Soerensen   Wave Energy converters: Fix- or self-referenced? W. Sheng \u0026amp; T. Lewis   Modelling of the 3-float WEC M4 with nonlinear PTO options and longer bow beam P.K. Stansby, E. Carpintero Moreno \u0026amp; T. Stallard   Performance of the three-float wave energy converter M4 in regular and random waves L. Sun, J. Zang, P.K. Stansby \u0026amp; E. Carpintero Moreno  The modelling of a flap type wave energy converter in a time-dependent mild-slope equation model N. Tomey-Bozo, J. Murphy, T. Lewis, P. Troch, A. Babarit \u0026amp; G. Thomas    Hydodynamic analysis and optimization of a wave activated device S. Xu, J.M. Rodrigues \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares        Wave energy devices - OWC       Performance of oscillating water column wave energy converters integrated in breakwaters V. Anvesh, D. Karmakar \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   The first worldwide application at full-scale of the REWEC3 device in the Port of Civitavecchia: Inital energetic performances F. Arena, A. Romolo, G. Malara, V. Fiamma \u0026amp; V. Laface   Parametric study of blade shape to enhance performance of a turbine used in OWC K. Ezhilsabareesh \u0026amp; A. Samad   Turbine choice and optimization for a shoreline OWC wave energy plant A.F.O. Falcao, J.C.C. Henriques \u0026amp; L.M.C. Gato   A CFD analysis of the wave field in front of a U-OWC breakwater P. Filianoti \u0026amp; L. Gurnari   Mathematical modeling of a non-axisymmetric floating OWC P.A.P. Justino   Site-specific optimization of an OWC wave energy converter in a Mediterranean area I. Simonetti, I. Crema, L. Cappietti, H. El Safti \u0026amp; H. Oumeraci   Integration of breakthrough concepts into the OWC spar buoy B. Teillant, Y. Debruyne, A. Sarmento, R. Gomes, L.M.C. Gato, M. Fontana, M. Philippe \u0026amp; A. Combourieu        Wave energy devices - arrays       A 3D-BEM coupled-mode method for WEC arrays in variable bathymetry K.A. Belibassakis, Th.P. Gerostathis \u0026amp; G.A. Athanassoulis   Time domain analysis of array interaction and different heading angles for wave energy converter arrays F. Kara   A critical discussion about optimisation approaches for ocean energy array design V. Nava, M.B.R. Topper, P. Ruiz-Minguela, A. de Andres \u0026amp; H. Jeffrey   Influence of a parabolic reflector wall on the sea state in an array of point absorber wave energy converters R.J. van der Wiel, J. Kramer, P.P.D. van der Ven, M.J.A. Borsboom \u0026amp; M.P.C. de Jong       Wave energy devices - control       Control and instrumentation topologies for an integrated wave energy array C.J. Kenny, D. Findlay, I. Lazakis, J. Shek \u0026amp; P.R. Thies  Improving seabed cable plough performance for offshore renewable energy S. Robinson, M.J. Brown, A.J. Brennan, M. Cortis, C.E. Augarde \u0026amp; W.M. Coombs   Tuning a linear quadratic regulator for point absorber wave energy converters D. Valerio, P. Beirao, G. Vissio, G. Bracco \u0026amp; G. Mattiazzo   ISWEC control tuning: Lessons learned G. Vissio, G. Bracco, E. Giorcelli, G. Mattiazzo, D. Valerio \u0026amp; P. Beirao        Wave energy devices - PTO       Optimization of an oil-hydraulic Power Take-Off system based on an adaptable mechanism interface M. Calvario, J.F. Gaspar, A. Sinha \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Best practices for the use of electrical test infrastructures to validate control strategies: A case study in wave energy conversion F.X. Fay, E. Robles, J.C.H. Henriques \u0026amp; M. Marcos   Practical performances of MPC for wave energy converters F. Ferri, A. Tetu \u0026amp; J. Hals   Concept of reciprocating oil-hydraulic cylinders for increased wave power harvesting J.F. Gaspar, A. Sinha, M. Calvario \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares       Ocean energy devices       Performance assessment for high temperature OTEC plant H.S. Lee, S.T. Lim, J.H. Moon \u0026amp; H.J. Kim   The performance comparison of the OTEC cycles with an ejector J.H. Moon, H.S. Lee, H.J. Kim \u0026amp; J.I. Yoon  Conceptual design of a floating plant of fresh water production by using the ocean thermal energy as power source L.R. Nunez Rivas, J.A. Somolinos Sanchez, L. Blay Munoz \u0026amp; M.P. Portilla   Analytical and numerical investigation of a sea water desalination plant with integration of renewable marine energy (Jorf Lasfar OCP Morocco) D. Saifaoui, M. Rouway, M. Nachtane \u0026amp; M. Tarfaoui        Tidal energy devices       Operation modelling of tidal energy lagoon proposals within the Bristol channel and Severn Estuary A. Angeloudis \u0026amp; R.A. Falconer   Assessing the performance of tidal turbines arrays using an analytical method: Application to the Alderney Race (France) O.A. Lo Brutto, J. Thiebot, S.S. Guillou, H. Gualous \u0026amp; V.T. Nguyen   Load alleviation technology for extending life in tidal turbines A.M. Young, J.R. Farman \u0026amp; R.J. Miller   Experimental investigation of the turbulent flow behind a horizontal axis tidal current turbine C. Del Frate, F. Di Felice, F. Alves Pereira, G.P. Romano, D. Dhome \u0026amp; J.C. Allo   Design and operation of a 1MW four turbine tidal fence F. Heathcote, C.R. Vogel \u0026amp; R.H.J. Willden   Parametric analysis of a tidal current turbine using CFD techniques T. Karthikeyan, K. Ezhilsabareesh, A. Samad, N. Venkatesan \u0026amp; E.J. Avital   Predictions of the dynamic performance of horizontal axis marine current turbines under the effect of different impact scenarios M. Nachtane, M. Tarfaoui, A. El Moumen, M. Ait Mohamed \u0026amp; D. Saifaoui   PD control with buoyancy compensation for automatic emersion maneuvers of first generation TEC J.A. Somolinos Sanchez, M.P. Portilla, M. Espin, L.R. Nunez Rivas, A. Lopez \u0026amp; E. Segura  Assessing the turbulence in a tidal estuary and the effect of turbulence on marine current turbine performance M. Thiebaut, A. Sentchev, F.G. Schmitt \u0026amp; T. Le Kien   Numerical modeling with porous media for current field around HAMT array Y. Watanabe, T. Ikoma, K. Masuda \u0026amp; H. Eto   Computational analysis of blockage designed tidal turbine rotors A. Wimshurst \u0026amp; R.H.J. Willden        Wind energy devices       Pre-Design of a TLP steel-concrete composite substructure for a 6 MW wind turbine as a way to essential cost-reduction F. Adam, U. Ritschel, E. Plumridge \u0026amp; J. Grobmann   Open-sea 1:30 scale tests on a spar-type offshore wind turbine in parked conditions: Progress and future work C. Ruzzo, V. Fiamma, G. Failla, F. Arena, M. Collu \u0026amp; V. Nava   Aero-elastic analysis and classical flutter of a multi-megawatt slender bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine M.A. Sayed, T. Lutz, E. Kramer \u0026amp; F. Borisade   Supervisory system for the automation of model building and simulations with the wind turbine code FAST E. Uzunoglu \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Performance of barge-type floaters for floating wind turbine K.G. Vijay, D. Karmakar, E. Uzunoglu \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Design and automation of a pile test facility for offshore foundations and first experimental results E. Weichhold, F. Dahlhaus, F. Adam, T. Meier \u0026amp; J. Grobmann   Modular jacket offshore wind turbine support structure for the Northern Portuguese coastal zone B. Yeter, Y. Garbatov \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares        Multiuse solutions       Experimental and numerical design of a combined wind-wave concept A. Iturrioz, J. Sarmiento, V. Ayllon, J.A. Armesto, A. Jurado, R. Guanche, C. Vidal \u0026amp; I.J. Losada   Energy yield for co-located offshore wind and tidal stream turbines D.R. Lande-Sudall, T. Stallard \u0026amp; P.K. Stansby   Design of a TLP floating structure concept for combined wind and wave energy exploitation T.P. Mazarakos, D.N. Konispoliatis \u0026amp; S.A. Mavrakos        Mooring systems       Mooring cable simulations with snap load capturing for wave energy applications J. Palm, C. Eskilsson \u0026amp; L. Bergdahl   Experimental testing of mooring for large floating wave energy converters J.B. Thomsen, F. Ferri \u0026amp; J.P. Kofoed   The influence of biofouling on power capture and the fatigue life of mooring lines and power cables used in wave energy converters S.-H. Yang, J.W. Ringsberg \u0026amp; E. Johnson   The dynamic effects of marine growth on a tension moored floating wind turbine C. Wright, J. Murphy \u0026amp; V. Pakrashi        Risk and reliability       Evaluating a novel approach to reliability decision support for offshore wind turbine installation T. Gintautas \u0026amp; J.D. Sorensen   Fault tree analysis of the failure of floating offshore wind turbines support structures and blade systems J.C. Kang, L.P. Sun \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Reliability assessment of tidal stream energy: Significance for large-scale deployment in the UK F. Khalid, P.R. Thies \u0026amp; L. Johanning   Uncertainty management in risk assessment of offshore energy structures U. Okoro \u0026amp; A. Kolios   Uncertainty associated with the estimation of drag and inertia coefficients of fixed vertical cylinders K. Raed, E. Uzunoglu \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   A novel reliability-based simulation tool for offshore renewable technologies G. Rinaldi, L. Johanning, P.R. Thies \u0026amp; R.T. Walker   On the model uncertainty of wave induced responses of a floating semisubmersible wind system E. Uzunoglu \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares       Maintenance planning       Operations and maintenance planning for community-scale, off-grid wave energy devices A. Gray, D. Findlay \u0026amp; L. Johanning   Towards improved forecasting for offshore wind turbine O\u0026amp;M transfers P.R. Mills, B. Stephen, D. McMillan \u0026amp; I. Lazakis   Development of innovative coatings for marine renewable energy A. Rodriguez, B. Santos, V. Gonzalez de Lena, A. Yedra \u0026amp; C. Manteca  Modelling the propagation of underwater acoustic emissions for condition monitoring of marine renewable energy J. Walsh, I. Bashir, P.R. Thies, L. Johanning \u0026amp; Ph. Blondel        Economic assessments       Enhancing marine energy competitiveness: Economic assessment of a co-located wave-wind energy farm S. Astariz \u0026amp; G. Iglesias   Economic feasibility of floating offshore wave farms in Galicia, Spain L. Castro-Santos \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Preliminary cost assessment of an offshore floating wind farm installation on the Galician coast H. Diaz, J.M. Rodrigues \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares  The economic potential value of offshore wind near Berlengas A. Faria Lopes  Mapping economic performance of wave energy C. Frost, D. Findlay, L. Johanning, E. Macpherson \u0026amp; P. Sayer   The potential offshore energy cluster in Portugal A. Pego, M. Marques, R. Salvador, C. Guedes Soares \u0026amp; A. Monteiro   Evaluation of the expected power output of wave energy converters in the north of the Portugueses nearshore D. Silva, E. Rusu \u0026amp; C. Guedes Soares   Capital costs in tidal stream energy projects: A site-specific approach A. Vazquez \u0026amp; G. Iglesias","author":["Soares, C."],"organization":["University of Lisbon"],"originationDate":"2016-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1799","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/case-study-wave-dragon-milford-haven-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaret.com\/images\/stories\/aquaret\/pdf\/cswavewavedragon.pdf","title":"Case Study - Wave Dragon Milford Haven Project","description":"The Milford Haven Wave Dragon Pre-Commercial Demonstrator is a floating slack moored wave energy converter with a rated capacity of 7MW. The demonstrator device will be located 2 - 3 miles off the southwest Wales coast, off St Ann\u2019s Head, northwest of Milford Haven, on an area of approximately 0.25 km2. The deployment of the 7 MW Wave Dragon device is the largest undertaking of wave energy deployment to date, and consists of one single device. Unlike other wave energy converters, the Wave Dragon can be scaled up with relative ease compared to multi-MW devices. The first objective of the project is to prove the feasibility of installing and grid connecting the device at commercial scale, with the intention of undertaking tests and verifying performance for a period of up to five years. The intention would then be to commercialise the development of multiple devices to be deployed further offshore as part of a wave farm or array. The second objective of the project is to generate clean electricity from a renewable source of energy. The device is intended to be tested for three to five years, and then removed and the site decommissioned. This demonstrator project has been linked to a further development of a 77MW wave energy farm in the Celtic Sea following the successful demonstrator testing. The demonstration project is being supported by the Welsh Assembly under the Objective 1 initiative and the Welsh Development Agency (WDA) has been supporting the efforts of the project over the last few years. The Welsh Demonstrator project will also host an EC research and development project funded under the Framework Programme 6. Wave Dragon Wales Ltd is backed by KP Renewables Plc who is providing the required co-funding to deliver the project. Wave Dragon is the offshore wave energy technology that has endured one of the most extensive consecutive testing periods: \u201cA 1:4.5 scale prototype launched in 2003 was the world\u2019s first offshore grid-connected wave energy conversion device. Deployed off the coast of Denmark at Nissum Bredning, this test unit has accumulated over 20,000 hours of experience supplying electricity to domestic homes\u201d (www.wavedragon.net)","author":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2008-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:49:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Case-Study-Wave-Dragon-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1805","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-fish-impact-method-development-determine-impact-open-water-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/library.wur.nl\/WebQuery\/wurpubs\/524357","title":"Tidal Energy Fish Impact: Method Development to Determine the Impact of Open Water Tidal Energy Converters on Fish","description":"The goals of the proposed project are: 1. to develop a robust method and experimental set\u2010up to determine behaviour of fish in the vicinity of tidal turbines and collision risk in the strong turbid currents of the Marsdiep based on DIDSON technology, 2. to provide a first insight and measure avoidance and collision rate of fish (and although the focus will be on fish, also if marine mammals such as harbour porpoises and seals approach the device this will be determined within the project), 3. to develop data analysis methodology since analysing large DIDSON datasets manually is very labour\u2010intensive and will enhance the efficiency of future large scale studies using DIDSON.","author":["Smit, M.","Winter, E.","Scheijgrond, P.","Bergmeijer, P.","Schuitema, R.","Nichols, C.","Visser, B.","Thijssen, M.","Quesson, B.","van Duren, L.","Griffioen, B.","van Keeken, O.","Boom, L.","Nauw, J."],"organization":["Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","IMARES - Wageningen UR"],"originationDate":"2016-12-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smit_et_al_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1807","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/laboratory-study-effects-hydro-kinetic-turbines-hydrodynamics-sediment-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118306190","title":"Laboratory study on the effects of hydro kinetic turbines on hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics","description":"The need for hydrokinetic turbine wake characterisation and their environmental impact has led to a number of studies. However, a small number of them have taken into account mobile sediment bed effects. The aim of the present work is to study the impact of the presence of a horizontal-axis three-bladed turbine with the flow and a mobile sediment bed. We use a series of laboratory experiments with a scaled modelled turbine installed in a flume with a mobile sandy bed at the bottom. Acoustic instruments were used to monitor flow, suspended sediment and bed behaviour. Results show a velocity decrease of about 50% throughout the water column and no flow recovery after a distance of 15 rotor diameters. Clearly visible ripples in the absence of the model turbine were replaced by horseshoe-shaped scour pit in the near wake region, and a depositional heap in the far wake. Suspended sediment differences were recorded in the streamwise direction with a possible effect of the wake as far as 15 rotor diameters. These results imply potentially important effects on the efficiency of turbine arrays, if the flow were to be lower than expected, on turbine foundations and modify coastal sediment transport.","author":["Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza, R.","Amoudry, L.","Thorne, P.","Cooke, R.","McLelland, S.","Jordan, L.","Simmons, S.","Parsons, D.","Murdoch, L."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Hull","CFD People Ltd"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ramirez-Mendoza-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1808","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/local-scour-around-model-hydrokinetic-turbine-erodible-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/10.1061\/%28ASCE%29HY.1943-7900.0000900","title":"Local scour around a model hydrokinetic turbine in an erodible channel","description":"Laboratory experiments were performed to study the effect of an axial-flow hydrokinetic turbine model on an erodible channel under both clear water and live-bed conditions. Clear water experiments were performed at two scales with a local bed shear stress just below the critical state. Live-bed experiments, performed at small scale, examined the interactions between relatively large-scale bedforms and the flow induced by an axial flow turbine. Spatiotemporal topographic measurements were obtained by sonar and by a state-of-the-art high-resolution scanning system integrated into an automated data acquisition carriage designed and fabricated at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory at the Univ. of Minnesota. Results indicate that the presence of the turbine rotor increases the local shear stress resulting in accelerated and expanded scour development when compared with typical bridge pier scour mechanisms. The inferred key difference is the alteration of the flow patterns in the rotor wake leading to an accelerated flow region below the bottom tip. The footprint of the rotor is observed in the extension and scaling of the bed surface area impacted by the turbine and consistent with the near-wake region. Temporally averaged bed topography data from live-bed experiments indicate amplified scour depths in the turbine near-wake region as compared with the clear water results despite spatial patterns remaining qualitatively similar.","author":["Hill, C.","Musa, M.","Chamorro, L.","Ellis, C.","Guala, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota","University of Trento","University of Illinois"],"originationDate":"2018-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1809","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predictive-model-local-scour-downstream-hydrokinetic-turbines-erodible-channels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prfluids\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.3.024606","title":"Predictive model for local scour downstream of hydrokinetic turbines in erodible channels","description":"A modeling framework is derived to predict the scour induced by marine hydrokinetic turbines installed on fluvial or tidal erodible bed surfaces. Following recent advances in bridge scour formulation, the phenomenological theory of turbulence is applied to describe the flow structures that dictate the equilibrium scour depth condition at the turbine base. Using scaling arguments, we link the turbine operating conditions to the flow structures and scour depth through the drag force exerted by the device on the flow. The resulting theoretical model predicts scour depth using dimensionless parameters and considers two potential scenarios depending on the proximity of the turbine rotor to the erodible bed. The model is validated at the laboratory scale with experimental data comprising the two sediment mobility regimes (clear water and live bed), different turbine configurations, hydraulic settings, bed material compositions, and migrating bedform types. The present work provides future developers of flow energy conversion technologies with a physics-based predictive formula for local scour depth beneficial to feasibility studies and anchoring system design. A potential prototype-scale deployment in a large sandy river is also considered with our model to quantify how the expected scour depth varies as a function of the flow discharge and rotor diameter.","author":["Musa, M.","Heisel, M.","Guala, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota","University of Illinois"],"originationDate":"2018-02-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1814","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-potential-impacts-submarine-power-cables-marine-environment-knowledge-gaps","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032118305355","title":"A review of potential impacts of submarine power cables on the marine environment: Knowledge gaps, recommendations and future directions","description":"Submarine power cables (SPC) have been in use since the mid-19th century, but environmental concerns about them are much more recent. With the development of marine renewable energy technologies, it is vital to understand their potential impacts. The commissioning of SPC may temporarily or permanently impact the marine environment through habitat damage or loss, noise, chemical pollution, heat and electromagnetic field emissions, risk of entanglement, introduction of artificial substrates, and the creation of reserve effects. While growing numbers of scientific publications focus on impacts of the marine energy harnessing devices, data on impacts of associated power connections such as SPC are scarce and knowledge gaps persist. The present study (1) examines the different categories of potential ecological effects of SPC during installation, operation and decommissioning phases and hierarchizes these types of interactions according to their ecological relevance and existing scientific knowledge, (2) identifies the main knowledge gaps and needs for research, and (3) sets recommendations for better monitoring and mitigation of the most significant impacts. Overall, ecological impacts associated with SPC can be considered weak or moderate, although many uncertainties remain, particularly concerning electromagnetic effects.","author":["Taormina, B.","Bald, J.","Want, A.","Thouzeau, G.","Lejart, M.","Desroy, N.","Carlier, A."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","AZTI","Heriot-Watt University","Technop\u00f4le Brest-Iroise"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:28:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1817","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-environmental-interactions-tidal-devices-how-do-we-achieve-what-required","sourceURL":"","title":"Monitoring the environmental interactions of tidal devices - how do we achieve what is required in a practical and cost effective manner whilst retaining focus on the key issues to assist the consenting of future projects?","description":"The tidal industry is still in its infancy; numerous designs of devices are being tested at sea to prove the technology, and there has been some deployment of early small scale arrays. The consents issued for these early deployments have included conditions that require the monitoring of environmental effects. It is fair to say some developers have considered these to be onerous and they have certainly generated a number of challenges for the Project developers. The presentation will draw on developer specific experience to provide an overview of the scope of the environmental monitoring that has taken place to date, highlighting:    a)   Topics that have been\/are being studied\/monitored;  b)   Practicalities of the monitoring techniques deployed; and  c)   Key outcomes (where available) with regards to verification of potential impacts.    The author will then go on to present her views on what can be learnt from this early environmental monitoring. Not only with regards to the impacts associated with the use of tidal technology, but perhaps more importantly what is an appropriate monitoring plan for a tidal project? What should project developers be expected to take responsibility for and what should be left to the wider research community? And critically, how do the regulators and their advisors make best use of lessons learnt to date.  Does the current research agenda focus on the right issues or can it be further developed to help expedite commercial deployments and avoid unnecessary duplication of effort between project developers, as well as between different jurisdictions? There is a balance to strike between developer responsibility and the wider academic research agenda, but where does the balance lie and how do the regulators and their advisors use the results available to influence future consent conditions?  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Foubister, L."],"organization":["Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2018-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Foubister2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1819","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimisation-underwater-imagery-analysis-method-characterise-reef-effect-caused","sourceURL":"","title":"Optimisation of an underwater imagery analysis method to characterise the reef effect caused by submarine power cables on epibenthic communities","description":"The number of submarine power cables (SPC) will drastically increase in the next decades with the development of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE). Thus it becomes vital to better understand their potential impacts on the benthic compartment. Unburied SPC and associated protection\/stabilisation structures represent artificial hard substrates available for benthic species. The spatio-temporal dynamics of this \u2018reef effect\u2018 depend on physical parameters (size, nature of structure) but also on biological characteristics of the surrounding area.  Underwater imagery is a relevant approach to monitor benthic colonisation at sites difficult to access (e.g. tidal sites) and to rapidly collect biodiversity data in a non-destructive way and with high spatial resolution. Although image acquisition is rapid, analysis is time-consuming, thus requiring optimised exploitation methods. A method to estimate benthic community on sill images is the random point count method, this method is organized in three successive steps:   randomly distribute a number of points on an image, identify the features (e.g. taxa or substrate-type) lying under each point, and then estimate the different covering rates. We used this method to estimate change of biodiversity on cable protection devices, concrete mattresses and natural substratum (taken as a reference) at the Paimpol-Br\u00e9hat tidal test site in France.  The aim of this study was to optimise methods of underwater imagery analysis to efficiently characterise the reef effect of SPC on epibenthic communities of the study site. To reach this objective, the authors answered three distinct questions:  1)    What is the optimum point density (number of points\/area) needed for the random point count approach?  2)    What is the optimum number of photographs to analyse?  3)    What is the taxonomic level of identification needed?  Our results showed that the random point count applied with underwater imagery can be an efficient and standardized tool (in terms of time allocated and accuracy achieved) used to investigate the reef effect of MRE structures. Although we optimised this method for a single French MRE site, this approach should be useful to compare the extent of reef effects in different ecological contexts.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Taormina, B.","Lejart, M.","Thiesse, E.","Carlier, A.","Desroy, N."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","Technop\u00f4le Brest-Iroise"],"originationDate":"2018-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/055_Bastien_Taormina_EIMR2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1820","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-improving-biofouling-information-within-mre-environments","sourceURL":"","title":"Towards improving biofouling information within MRE environments","description":"Biofouling, i.e. the colonisation of surfaces remaining within aquatic ecosystems by living organisms, is a process that affects all structures at sea including marine renewable energy (MRE) devices. This phenomenon can specifically impact hydrodynamic loadings and therefore contribute to component fatigue and decrease device performance, thus challenging engineers during the design and maintenance phases of MRE projects. Currently, engineers apply conservative norms found in the Oil\u0026amp;Gas sector which are ill-adapted to MRE applications as the operational environments differ significantly and the demands for low levelised costs of energy in the MRE sector require restricted development budgets. In particular, biofouling most probably impacts MRE devices in different ways depending on the location (which directly affects the composition of the biofouling, a site-dependant process) and the technology\/device component. For these reasons, there is a strong need for in-situ knowledge and new approaches to improve the understanding of biofouling in the MRE context. As a first step towards achieving this ambitious objective, published literature, investigative reports, and information gathered directly from device developers and engineers were examined to 1) extricate information about communities colonising both natural and artificial substrates within differing environments (both temperate and tropical systems), and 2) analyse the different methods used to characterise\/measure macrofouling variables. The extracted data support the development of a biofouling atlas (through the creation of a Geographical Information System) that focusses on 6 areas within French marine systems (including oversea territories), and which allows for the highlighting of site-specific trends. In addition, the combination of this macro-scale analysis and the review of methods formed a foundation for multidisciplinary adaptations to existing methods used to quantify biofouling in different MRE contexts\/problematics. This work provides an improved understanding of biofouling processes and implications for MRE, as well as valuable tools for increasing the range and scope of standardized approaches.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Quillienn, N.","Cayocca, K.","Damblans, G.","Lejart, M.","Ameryoun, H.","Schoefs, F.","Reynaud, M.","Felix-Henry, A.","Bressy, C.","Briand, J.","Gueun\u00e9, H.","Jacob, D.","Leblanc, V.","Boukerma, K.","Comp\u00e8re, C.","Dreanno, C.","Pagot, J.","Barillier, A.","Grenier, A.","Debout, V.","Dubois, F."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","EDF Renewable Energy"],"originationDate":"2018-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/042_Quillien_et_al_ABIOP_EIMR.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1821","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multiple-maritime-uses-european-seas-findings-muses-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Multiple maritime uses in European seas: Findings from the MUSES project","description":"The ever increasing demands on ocean resources in all European Sea Basins and resulting pressure on the use of ocean space, are underlining issues of compatibility (or conflicts) between different maritime uses as well as between economic activities and environmental protection. As a result ocean space is a valuable asset deserving special attention in marine management and planning.  Management should be systematic, coordinated, as well as account both for existing maritime uses and anticipate future needs. This means that co-uses, synergies and multiple spatial uses should be promoted as much as possible. Integrating different functions\/ uses\/ activities in time and space in the sea, in a complementary way, termed here as Multi-Use (MU), can offer multiple benefits.  While there are good reasons for promoting MU, its realisation is rendered difficult by conceptual problems and the need to overcome sectoral demands, vested interests, and any other barriers associated with existing political institutions and practices. The goal of Multi-Use in European Seas (MUSES) project is to identify and highlight the real opportunities for MU in European Seas.  The MUSES project has explored practical solutions on overcoming existing barriers and minimizing risks associated with MU development at a local level, through a range of case studies around Europe. MUSES case studies focused on the challenges arising from tensions between maritime activities demanding ocean space. Key findings suggest that combining compatible activities in the same marine space can serve to share and reduce costs, and generate further synergies between those activities. MUSES case study findings focusing on offshore energy will be presented, including the environmental, spatial, economic \u0026amp; societal benefits of MU, as well as practical solutions to overcome identified barriers.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Kafas, A.","Davies, I.","Roberts, T."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2018-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MUSES-Findings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1822","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-energy-planning-provisions-transnational-maritime-spatial-planning-north-sea","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore Energy Planning Provisions and transnational Maritime Spatial Planning in the North Sea Region: Findings from the NorthSEE project","description":"The North Sea is one of the busiest seas for maritime industries in the world. Its shared resources represent a crucial asset, but also a shared territorial challenge to North Sea Region (NSR) countries, including Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (England and Scotland). Various maritime sectors, such as offshore energy, play a major part in generating economic value and employment and are set to expand in line with smart \u2018Blue Growth\u2019 objectives. Given the transnational nature of offshore energy activities and the transnational character of most marine ecosystems, facilitating greater transnational coherence and cooperation in marine planning represents a key shared challenge. The European-funded NorthSEE project addresses this challenge directly.  The NorthSEE project promotes a better exchange of information among NSR marine planning authorities and related experts and institutions. The NorthSEE project aims at achieving greater coherence in MSP across the NSR for three topics of transnational nature: environmental aspects, shipping routes, and energy infrastructure. Here, the focus of our presentation will be offshore energy planning provisions, the sustainable development of offshore renewable energies, related offshore grid infrastructure, and relevant transnational marine planning aspects in NSR. We will present an overview of the state-of-the-art of offshore energy planning provisions for the production and transportation of energy in the North Sea, including:     the existing international MSP institutional framework in the NSR, including past and current experience of transnational energy cooperation between North Sea countries;  an overview of short- (2020), mid- (2030), and long- (2050) term national and transnational energy planning provisions, including energy objectives, policies, and planning areas; and  future trends in the offshore energy policy landscape and industry developments across the NSR   More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Wright, K.","Kafas, A.","Davies, I."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH)"],"originationDate":"2018-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wright2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1823","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparative-effects-climate-change-tidal-stream-energy-extraction-nw-european","sourceURL":"","title":"Comparative effects of climate change and tidal stream energy extraction in the NW European continental shelf","description":"The environmental implications of tidal stream energy extraction need to be evaluated against the potential climate change impacts on the marine environment. Here, we present how hypothetical very large tidal stream arrays and a \u0022business as usual\u0027\u0027 future climate scenario can change the hydrodynamics of a seasonally stratified shelf sea.  The Scottish Shelf Model, an unstructured grid three-dimensional ocean model, has been used to reproduce the present and the future state of the NW European continental shelf. Four scenarios have been modelled: present conditions and projected future climate in 2050 with and without very large scale tidal stream arrays in Scottish Waters (UK). This allows us to evaluate the potential effect of climate change on the hydrodynamics and compare it with the future state of the seas modified by large scale energy extraction.  It is found that where tidal range is reduced of by few cm by tidal stream energy extraction, it can help to counter extreme water levels associated with future sea level rise. Tidal velocities, and consequently tidal mixing, are also overall reduced by the action of the tidal turbine arrays. A key finding is that climate change and tidal energy extraction both act in the same direction, in terms of increasing stratification due to warming and reduced mixing, however, the effect of climate change is an order of magnitude larger.  The results presented in this work are the basis for other studies that evaluate the impacts of the above mentioned physical changes on animal behaviours, in particular the distributions of mobile predator and prey species, on sediment dynamics with special attention to water turbidity, and on benthic communities.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["De Dominicis, M.","Wolf, J.","Murray, R."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2018-04-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/030_dedominicis_EIMR2018_web.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1824","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/us-west-coast-large-whale-entanglement-information-sharing-workshop-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov\/publications\/protected_species\/marine_mammals\/finalentanglementwsreport.pdf","title":"U.S. West Coast Large Whale Entanglement Information Sharing Workshop Report","description":"Addressing the serious injury and mortality of large whales due to entanglement in fishing gear is a national priority for the NOAA\u2019s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). However, along the U.S. west coast, much is unknown about why, when, where, and how whales are seriously injured or killed due to entanglement, how this threat may be affecting their populations, and what can be done to minimize the risk. For some fisheries NMFS tracks entanglements along with other bycatch using onboard observers; however, for the majority of fisheries, entanglement information comes from opportunistic reports by the public or other agencies. Of the reports received, fixed gear (e.g., pot and trap gear) is the most commonly recognized and reported gear type causing entanglements since 2000 (Saez et al., In prep.). Over the past four years, NMFS WCR has been compiling data on entanglements and large whale migratory movements to identify areas of overlap and increased risk of entanglement. The results of that effort are presented in a NOAA technical memorandum titled Understanding the co-occurrence of larges whales and commercial fixed gear fisheries off the west coast of the United States (Saez et al., 2013). NMFS WCR hosted a two day workshop to review, share, and analyze the information from the Tech Memo along with results from similar analyses from other fisheries in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and other current research with interested stakeholders, promote feedback, and consider next steps in achieving the long-term goal of reducing large whale interactions with fixed gear fisheries (Appendix 1 \u2013 Agenda).  The three primary goals for this workshop were to:    Bring together experts in the fields of marine mammals, fisheries, modeling, bycatch, lost gear\/marine debris, and management, to share information relevant to this issue;  Identify data gaps, data needs, and next steps;  If possible, begin to develop research and outreach priorities. These steps are necessary to better understand large whale entanglement and continue to build a strong sciencebased foundation for any actions that may be necessary to protect whales.   Workshop participants included scientists, managers, and experts with knowledge of large whales, large whale entanglement and fisheries (Appendix 2 \u2013 List of Participants). Presentations spanned several topics including: risk assessment models; large whale abundance, distribution and behavior; fishery characterizations and management regimes; and, gear reduction\/recovery efforts. The workshop concluded that although the models presented provide direction on where whales are more likely to encounter commercial fishing gear, more research is needed to understand the conservation concern and mechanisms of large whale entanglement to help better inform future management actions aimed at reducing whale entanglement risks. In the interim, workshop participants identified action items that may be pursued such as gear marking and engagement with the commercial fishing industry through port-based meetings. Participants identified four recommendations concerning reducing large whale entanglements off the U.S. west coast. The four recommendations are listed under the Workshop Recommendations\/Action Items in Section 1.1 below.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NOAA-Fisheries-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1832","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-whale-encounters-offshore-renewable-energy-mooring-lines-electrical-cables","sourceURL":"","title":"Risk of whale encounters with offshore renewable energy mooring lines and electrical cables","description":"Surface-placed wave energy converters, floating tidal turbines, and floating offshore wind platforms all require anchoring to the seabed with multiple mooring lines and electrical cables passing through the water column, from near the sea surface to the sea floor. Concerns have been raised that large whales may collide with and\/or become entangled in lines and cables from renewable energy installations, causing injury or death. Currently, there are few floating arrays where this encounter can be tested, and no appropriate industrial analogues that can be applied. Using literature values for humpback swimming behavior, diving speed, dive duration, foraging behavior, as well as specifications for a generic floating marine energy array, we have modeled the passage of the whales through the array. Using animation software, we have visualized the passage of an adult-calf pair through the array, as well as the foraging behavior of an adult humpback. From this animation, we hope to gain insight and provide visual context for the risk of large whales and offshore mooring lines and cables.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Copping, A.","Grear, M.","Sanders, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2018-04-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Collision","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2018-065_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1836","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparative-effects-climate-change-tidal-stream-energy-extraction-shelf-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1029\/2018JC013832","title":"Comparative Effects of Climate Change and Tidal Stream Energy Extraction in a Shelf Sea","description":"The environmental implications of tidal stream energy extraction need to be evaluated against the potential climate change impacts on the marine environment. Here we study how hypothetical very large tidal stream arrays and a business as usual future climate scenario can change the hydrodynamics of a seasonally stratified shelf sea. The Scottish Shelf Model, an unstructured grid three\u2010dimensional ocean model, has been used to reproduce the present and the future state of the NW European continental shelf. Four scenarios have been modeled: present conditions and projected future climate in 2050, each with and without very large scale tidal stream arrays in Scottish Waters (UK). It is found that where tidal range is reduced a few centimeters by tidal stream energy extraction, it can help to counter extreme water levels associated with future sea level rise. Tidal velocities, and consequently tidal mixing, are also reduced overall by the action of the tidal turbine arrays. A key finding is that climate change and tidal energy extraction both act in the same direction, in terms of increasing stratification due to warming and reduced mixing; however, the effect of climate change is an order of magnitude larger.","author":["De Dominicis, M.","Wolf, J.","Murray, R."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.320850600000","-5.967896300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dominicis-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1839","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/small-beautiful-will-small-wecs-ever-become-commercial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326261186_Small_is_beautiful_-_but_will_small_WECs_ever_become_commercial","title":"\u0022Small is Beautiful\u0022 - But will Small WECs Ever Become Commercial?","description":"This paper presents a short overview of the development of wave energy converters (WECs) since the 1970s where the oil crises raised the interest in renewable power generation. The \u201csmall is beautiful\u201d motto is dealt with and dismissed when regarding the commercial viability of utility scale WEC power plants. The potential future developmental pathway towards commercialisation of wave energy is compared to the development of the Danish wind mill sector where the first series production of 22 kW started in 1978 \u2013 four years after Prof. Stephen Salter presented his MW sized so called Duck. The paper discusses the capital expenditure CAPEX and operation and maintenance costs (OPEX) for small and large WECs seen over the WEC lifetime and the resulting levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for power plant size wave energy parks. The following statement is taken from the 2014 JRC Ocean Energy Status Report [8]: \u201cMaintenance: small-scale devices are associated with reduced maintenance, since they are designed to operate in farms and a defect to one unit may not affect the overall array performance, hence reducing the time necessary for maintenance.\u201d The paper explains why this is a false statement - maintenance costs will inevitably decrease with increasing WEC size. The paper also justifies that large WECs can obtain relatively low CAPEX and OPEX compared to small WECs, and that large WECs can be expected to match the LCOE for floating wind turbines. Combined offshore wave-wind power plants can be expected to deliver lower LCOE than pure wave or wind parks.","author":["Friis-Madsen, E.","Soerensen, H.","Russell, I."],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2018-07-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 04:05:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Friis-Madsen-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1850","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biofree-international-collaboration-assess-impacts-biofouling-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"BioFREE: an international collaboration to assess the impacts of biofouling on the marine renewable energy industry","description":"The success of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is dependent upon maximising energy capture and minimising down-time. Device performance is negatively impacted by the growth of fouling organisms, leading to reduced efficiency and reliability; anti-fouling strategies are costly and time consuming. Biofouling also reduces accuracy of data buoys and sensors used to assess the hydrodynamic resource and device performance. While biofouling has been a recognised problem for centuries, deployment of MRE devices creates several issues unique to this sector. \u201cBiofouling of Renewable Energy Environments \u2013 Marine\u201d (BioFREE) is a NERC-funded multidisciplinary project that partners Heriot-Watt University with the European Marine Energy Centre. This project is addressing these issues by detailed characterisation of the biofouling communities from multiple habitats used by the MRE sector, and monitoring benthic impacts following deployment and decommissioning. BioFREE has designed a system using framemounted settlement panels to facilitate data collection. Frames are populated with materials of greatest concern to MRE developers, and allow testing of antifouling coatings. Frames are being deployed at several international test centres. Ongoing studies indicate strong species specific seasonal settlement patterns. Fouling communities varied between deployment habitats depending on factors such as hydrodynamic conditions, water depth, and substrate type.  These findings will allow recommendations for test centres and developers to minimise the impacts of fouling, chiefly through selective scheduling of deployments and maintenance, in different habitats, to times when the settlement of fouling organisms will be minimal or their removal will be least costly. In addition, BioFREE has created training materials to help inform the MRE industry of ways to better capture biofouling information when conducting operations at sea. Practical suggestions are informed by recent decommissioning operations conducted on MRE infrastructure. These studies have identified structural areas and materials of particular concern from the impacts of biofouling.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Want, A.","Porter, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2018-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wantetal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1852","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overcoming-barriers-marine-renewables-energy-development","sourceURL":"","title":"Overcoming Barriers to Marine Renewables Energy Development","description":"Currently, the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is struggling with high costs of baseline environmental assessments and post-installation monitoring, as well as long timelines for obtaining permits, leading to uncertainty and risk for financing projects. One solution to overcome such barriers and help advance the MRE industry could be the ability to transfer learning, analyses, and datasets among countries, projects, and across jurisdictional boundaries. Encouraging transfer of data between projects can help satisfy regulatory requirements, amplify understanding of environmental effects of MRE devices, and lead to standardized processes for data collection and analysis. Key to enabling the transfer of data among projects is ensuring that the regulators and advisers are engaged and willing to help implement a process for sharing data.  In 2017, the Annex IV team engaged US regulators through online webinars, and carried out a survey to understand the state of regulator knowledge and preferences for permitting MRE developments. Based on these exchanges, progress can be made by: 1) disseminating information of MRE interactions with the marine environment; 2) conducting new research for outstanding questions of environmental effects; 3) making a case that data transfer can occur with confidence, including developing a set of best practices for data transferability and to ensure data collection consistency.  This paper will present the findings of the survey and other engagements with regulators, provide insight into the process of data transferability, and seek to engage the research community in furthering this process.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Freeman, M.","Copping, A.","Gorton, A.","Dreyer, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Arizona State University"],"originationDate":"2018-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Freemanetal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1853","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-rows-tidal-stream-turbines-overtides-m2-presentation","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessing the Impact of Rows of Tidal-Stream Turbines on the Overtides of the M2 [Presentation]","description":"Flood-ebb asymmetry of a tidal flow has important implications for net sediment transport (e.g. Wang 1999) and the potential extractable resource (Neill et al. 2014, Robins et al. 2015). The asymmetry of the tide may be understood through the interaction of the M2 (principal lunar) and M4 (first even overtide of the M2) tidal constituents in UK waters (Pingree \u0026amp; Griffiths, 1979). The interaction of the M2 tide with a tidal-stream turbine will alter the M4 tide, both augmenting and reducing the M4 amplitude, leading to an alteration of flood-ebb asymmetry (Potter et al., 2017). In this paper, through numerical modelling, the impact of multiple turbines, deployed in a row aligned normal to the tidal flow direction, on the overtides of the M2 have been investigated, along with the way that additional turbines change the way the turbines impact shallow-water tides individually. The results of the modelling show that in rows of turbines, each individual turbine has less impact on the asymmetry than it would individually. In rows with spacings of 1D and 2D, where D is the turbine diameter, despite the smaller impact of the turbines individually, the footprint of the row on the asymmetry (defined as the area where the change to the asymmetry is \u2265 2%) grows with additional turbines and therefore reduced spacing. For a more sparsely packed row, with a spacing of 3D, the footprint of the row is the same as that of an individual turbine. This suggests that for N \u2265 2, where N is the number of turbines in the row, and spacings \u0026gt; 3D a row of turbines may have a smaller footprint than an individual turbine. This requires further testing to confirm.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Potter, D.","Folkard, A.","Ili\u0107, S."],"organization":["Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2018-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/016_POTTER_EMIR2018_3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1856","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/can-tidal-stream-turbines-change-tides-pentland-firth-there-acceptable-limit","sourceURL":"","title":"Can tidal stream turbines change the tides in the Pentland Firth, and is there an acceptable limit?","description":"Around half of Scotland\u2019s tidal stream resource is located in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW), with most of it in the Pentland Firth. This work investigates the effect that extracting tidal stream energy in the region may have on the tide (tidal amplitudes, speeds, phases and transport) and addresses the following questions: (i) what is the maximum energy that can be extracted, and (ii) is there a sustainable upper limit of energy extraction? A hydrodynamic model of the PFOW was used to study a number of idealised tidal stream array layouts in the Pentland Firth. The tidal stream turbines were represented as sub grid scale objects using a momentum sink. This work shows that, on average, 5.3 GW could be extracted from the Pentland Firth using tidal stream turbines, but that doing this would cause a large change in water levels and tidal currents in specific areas within this region. It is therefore important to consider how much energy to extract from this region, taking into consideration the potential environmental impact. This work shows that it is important to consider where and how to extract energy, as this will influence the degree of change to the tides and, consequently, the marine environment.  More information about the EIMR 2018 Conference is available here.","author":["Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2018-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/002_2018-04-24_EIMR_ROMurray.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1857","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spotlight-ocean-energy-20-projects-5-policy-initiatives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/articles\/ocean-energy-systems-releases-spotlight-ocean-energy-report","title":"Spotlight on Ocean Energy: 20 Projects + 5 Policy Initiatives","description":"This report provides insights of 20 ocean energy projects and 5 policy initiatives on the OES member countries. These projects are good examples of the intense activity of this emerging sector but there is a much larger number of relevant projects being developed world wide.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1858","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-troubles-evaluating-user-conflicts-development-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/seagrant.oregonstate.edu\/sgpubs\/sea-troubles-evaluating-user-conflicts-development-ocean-energy","title":"A Sea of Troubles? Evaluating User Conflicts in the Development of Ocean Energy","description":"As an emerging industry, ocean energy (OE) is expected to play a major contributory role to reach long-term global emissions reductions targets. The offshore environment has become the new frontier for renewable energy production with many high-capacity wind parks and other technologies such as tidal and wave energy being increasingly developed. The scale and extent of the ocean renewables industry is unprecedented. Their demands for space places increased pressure on the marine area.","author":["de Groot, J.","Campbell, M.","Reilly, K.","Colton, J.","Conway, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1859","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ensuring-sustainable-development-ocean-energy-technologies-through-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.9774\/gleaf.9781315618586_10\/ensuring-sustainable-development-ocean-energy-technologies-environmental-assessment-laws-policies-glen-wright-edward-willsteed-anne-marie-hagan","title":"Ensuring the sustainable development of ocean energy technologies through environmental assessment laws and policies","description":"Environmental assessments (EA) are a range of tools commonly used in the regulation and consenting of projects and plans to estimate and evaluate the effects of a course of action on the environment. EA helps project proponents and decision makers consider the environmental consequences of proposed actions by identifying impacts and considering ways to minimise, mitigate or compensate for them.","author":["Wright, G.","Willsteed, E.","O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1860","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consenting-ocean-energy-projects-issues-challenges-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/ocean-energy-governance-challenges-for-wave-and-tidal-stream-technologies\/oclc\/1011559804","title":"Consenting ocean energy projects: issues, challenges and opportunities","description":"Most jurisdictions have not yet implemented specific consenting processes for ocean energy (OE), and instead rely on a patchwork of existing instruments to consent various aspects of OE projects. The inefficient and ad hoc consenting frameworks that result have been consistently recognised as a major barrier to the progress of OE. Policymakers are, however, beginning to modernise regulatory frameworks in order to better facilitate and manage OE projects. In particular, some jurisdictions have started streamlining their regulatory frameworks, for example through the establishment of a one-stop shop (OSS) for consenting and the development of targeted legislation and regulatory processes.","author":["O\u0027Hagen, A.","Wright, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1861","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-planning-ocean-energy-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchportal.hw.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/marine-planning-an-ocean-energy-perspective","title":"Marine Planning: An Ocean Energy Perspective","description":"It was long thought that the marine environment was not amenable to planning. Property rights, the core of the terrestrial planning system, were virtually non-existent in the marine environment, jurisdictions were vague, and the whole maritime area appeared as a single homogeneous mass of unstable waters without boundaries. The dominant and traditional maritime industries, fishing and shipping, had managed to coexist in relative peace for hundreds of years without formal planning processes to guide them.","author":["Johnson, K.","Wright, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1862","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-migrating-juvenile-salmonids-subsea-high-voltage-dc-power-cable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-018-3385-0","title":"Behavioral responses by migrating juvenile salmonids to a subsea high-voltage DC power cable","description":"Currently, there is large-scale interest in developing marine-based energy sources and extensive subsea power cable networks. Despite growing concern that local perturbations in the magnetic field produced by current passing through these cables may negatively affect electromagnetically sensitive marine species, e.g., disrupted migration; few studies have examined free-living animals. We used acoustic biotelemetry tracking data to examine movement behaviors and migration success of a magneto-sensitive fish, late-fall run Chinook (LFC) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), in relation to the energization of a magnetic field-producing subsea power cable, as well as other potentially influential environmental parameters. We analyzed detection records of tagged LFC salmon smolts during their out-migration through the San Francisco Bay before and after the installation of an 85-km high-voltage direct-current transmission cable. Cable energization did not significantly impact the proportion of fish that successfully migrated through the bay or the probability of successful migration. However, after cable energization, higher proportions of fish crossed the cable location and fish were more likely to be detected south of their normal migration route. Transit times through some regions were reduced during cable activity, but other environmental factors were more influential. Resource selection models indicated that proximity to the active cable varied by location: migration paths moved closer to the cable at some locations, but further away at others. Overall, cable activity appeared to have mixed, but limited effects on movements and migration success of smolts. Additional studies are recommended to further investigate impacts of subsea cables on fish migrations, including potential long-term consequences.","author":["Wyman, M.","Klimley, A.","Battleson, R.","Agosta, T.","Chapman, E.","Haverkamp, P.","Pagel, M.","Kavet, R."],"organization":["University of California Davis","University of Zurich","Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.021861100000","-122.317617800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1863","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-governance-challenges-wave-tidal-stream-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/ocean-energy-governance-challenges-for-wave-and-tidal-stream-technologies\/oclc\/1011559804","title":"Ocean Energy: Governance Challenges for Wave and Tidal Stream Technologies","description":"Energy from wave and tidal power is a key component of current policies for renewable sources of energy. This book provides the first comprehensive exploration of legal, economic, and social issues related to the emerging ocean energy industry, in particular wave and tidal energy technologies.    This industry is rapidly developing, and considerable technical literature has developed around the technology. However, it is shown that challenges relating to regulation and policy are major impediments to industry development, and these aspects have not previously been sufficiently highlighted and studied. The book informs policymakers, industry participants, and researchers of the key issues in this developing field. Ocean energy is considered in the context of the blue economy and an industrialising ocean, and the topics covered include: development of policy (policy instruments, risk and delay in technology development); legal aspects (consenting processes, resource management, impact assessment); human interactions (conflicts, consultation, community benefits); and spatial planning of the marine environment.    While offshore wind energy, sited in the oceans but not strictly derived from the ocean, is not the primary focus of the book, there is also discussion of the similarities and differences between offshore wind and wave and tidal power policy dimensions.    Preliminary Material             1. Introduction G. Wright, S.  Kerr  and K. Johnson Part I: Risk and economics             2. Risk and ocean energy S. Jude, Simon, A. Gill, C.  Mauelshagen and E. Willsteed             3. Government policy, risk and investment timing S. MacDougall    Part II: Marine governance             4. Building governance at sea K. Johnson             5. Marine planning: an ocean energy perspective K. Johnson and G. Wright             6. Mare reservarum: enclosure of the commons and the evolution of marine rights in an era of ocean industrialisation S. Kerr, K. Johnson, J. Colton, G. Wright and S. Weir   Part III: Project consenting and regulation             7. Consenting ocean energy projects: issues, challenges and opportunities A. O\u2019Hagan and G. Wright             8. Consenting ocean energy projects: an overview of procedures in selected jurisdictions A. O\u2019Hagan and G. Wright             9. Ensuring the sustainable development of ocean energy technologies through environmental assessment laws and policies G. Wright, E. Willsteed and A. O\u2019Hagan   Part IV: Community and conflicts             10. A sea of troubles? Evaluating user conflicts in the development of ocean energy J. de Groot, M. Campbell, K. Reilly, J. Colton and  F. Conway             11. Community benefits schemes S. Kerr and S. Weir              12. Consultation in ocean energy development J. Colton, F. Conway, B. Wiersma, J.  Carlson and P. Devine-Wright             13. Ocean energy at the edge L. Watts and B. R.  Winthereik","author":["Wright, G.","Kerr, S.","Johnson, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1867","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lca-pelamis-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11367-018-1504-2","title":"An LCA of the Pelamis wave energy converter","description":"Purpose: To date, very few studies have attempted to quantify the environmental impacts of a wave energy converter, and almost all of these focus solely on the potential climate change impacts and embodied energy. This paper presents a full life cycle assessment (LCA) of the first-generation Pelamis wave energy converter, aiming to contribute to the body of published studies and examine any potential trade-offs or co-benefits across a broad range of environmental impacts.  Methods: The process-based attributional LCA was carried out on the full cradle-to-grave life cycle of the Pelamis P1 wave energy converter, including the device, its moorings and sub-sea connecting cable up to the point of connection with the grid. The case study was for a typical wave farm located off the north-west coast of Scotland. Foreground data was mostly sourced from the manufacturer. Background inventory data was mostly sourced from the ecoinvent database (v3.3), and the ReCiPe and CED impact assessment methods were applied.  Results and discussion: The Pelamis was found to have significantly lower environmental impacts than conventional fossil generation in 6 impact categories, but performed worse than most other types of generation in 8 of the remaining 13 categories studied. The greatest impacts were from steel manufacture and sea vessel operations. The device performs quite well in the two most frequently assessed impacts for renewable energy converters: climate change and cumulative energy demand. The carbon payback period is estimated to be around 24 months (depending on the emissions intensity of the displaced generation mix), and the energy return on investment is 7.5. The contrast between this and the poor performance in other impact categories demonstrates the limitations of focussing only on carbon and energy.  Conclusions: The Pelamis was found to generally have relatively high environmental impacts across many impact categories when compared to other types of power generation; however, these are mostly attributable to the current reliance on fossil fuels in the global economy and the early development stage of the technology. Opportunities to reduce this also lie in reducing requirements for steel in the device structure, and decreasing the requirements for sea vessel operations during installation, maintenance and decommissioning.","author":["Thomson, R.","Chick, J.","Harrison, G."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963614000000","-3.301120000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:27:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thomsonetal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1870","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-wave-energy-converters-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285579453_Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Of_Wave_Energy_Converters_A_Review","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment Of Wave Energy Converters: A Review","description":"In Europe, wave energy developments are increasing in both number and size. Even though, most wave devices are still at the prototype development stage, an increasing number are now approaching sufficient levels of development where more advanced projects are already operative, in particular in North Europe. Accordingly, there is a growing need to consider the environmental consequences and potential impacts of these renewables activities on the marine environment. This paper presents an overview of the state of art in Europe of the existing environmental impact studies on Wave Energy Converters (hereafter WECs). A summary of the European legislation is also provided and together with an overview of the current WECs technology operating in Europe. Then, the different identified environmental impacts by technologies and life process (construction, operation and decommissioning) in the European seas is also described. This review represents a starting point to identify which are the main effects of WECs on marine and coastal environment. Possible future strategies to minimize such environmental impacts are provided. Finally, recommendations are given for future studies of Environmental Impact Assessment EIA of Marine Renewable Energy Installations MREIs in the perspective to enhance future deployments minimizing the associated impacts.","author":["Riefolo, L.","Lanfredi, C.","Azzellino, A.","Vicinanza, D."],"organization":["Polytechnic University of Milan","Seconda Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.769560000000","11.255814000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1871","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-effects-leading-edge-hydrokinetic-energy-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/12471","title":"Potential Environmental Effects of Leading Edge Hydrokinetic Energy Technology","description":"The Volpe Center evaluated potential environmental challenges and benefits of the ARPA-E funded research project, Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Harvesting Using Cyber-Physical Systems, led by Brown University. The \u201cLeading Edge\u201d research team developed and tested an innovative hydrofoil-type power conversion device to capture energy from flowing water. The technology could provide low-carbon energy to power remote homes\/businesses, port and marine facilities, or other coastal facilities, among other uses. This primary aim of this study was to assess which potential environmental impacts of the Leading Edge technology are similar to other tidal energy devices and which might be unique. This report identifies best practices and mitigation measures that could minimize environmental risk during design and deployment of hydrokinetic energy devices. To support future permitting processes, this report includes a summary of NEPA requirements and information that could contribute to a site-specific environmental impact assessment. Volpe also collected environmental data during Leading Edge prototype testing and found that for a vessel-mounted stationary deployment, alteration of water currents and acoustic impacts are likely to be at the lower range of possible impacts.","author":["Sudderth, E.","Lewis, K.","Cumper, J.","Mangar, A.","Flynn, D."],"organization":["US Department of Transportation (DOT)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sudderth_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1872","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-public-nimby-participation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en\u0026lr=\u0026id=Fld0TnYF504C\u0026oi=fnd\u0026pg=PR3\u0026dq=environmental+impact+statements+wave+energy\u0026ots=ycdVj-nuj9\u0026sig=w5wPXbHEQ0HeYKsK75hpQqjDQco","title":"Renewable Energy and the Public: from NIMBY to Participation","description":"Throughout the world, the threat of climate change is pressing governments to accelerate the deployment of technologies to generate low carbon electricity or heat. But this is frequently leading to controversy, as energy and planning policies are revised to support new energy sources or technologies (e.g. offshore wind, tidal, bioenergy or hydrogen energy) and communities face the prospect of unfamiliar, often large-scale energy technologies being sited near to their homes. Policy makers in many countries face tensions between \u0027streamlining\u0027 planning procedures, engaging with diverse publics to address what is commonly conceived as \u0027NIMBY\u0027 (not in my back yard) opposition, and the need to maintain democratic, participatory values in planning systems.\u00a0\n\nThis volume provides a timely, international review of research on public engagement, in contexts of diverse, innovative energy technologies. Public engagement is conceived broadly - as the interaction between how developers and other key actors engage with publics about energy technologies (including assumptions held about the methods used, such as the provision of financial benefits or the holding of deliberative events), and how individuals and groups engage with energy policies and projects (including indirectly through the media and directly through emotional and behavioural responses).\u00a0\n\nThe book\u0027s contributors are leading experts in the UK, Europe, North and South America and Australia drawn from a variety of relevant social science disciplinary perspectives. The book makes a significant contribution to our existing knowledge, as well as providing interested professionals, policymakers and members of the public with a timely overview of the critical issues involved in public engagement with low carbon energy technologies.\n\nIntroduction -\u00a0P. Devine-Wright\nSection 1: Conceptual approaches\nSymmetries, expectations, dynamics and contexts: A\u00a0framework for understanding public engagement with renewable energy projects -\u00a0G. Walker, P. Devine-Wright, J. Barnett, K. Burningham, N. Cass, H. Devine-Wright, G. Speller, J. Barton, B. Evans, Y. Heath, D. Infield, J. Parks, and K. Theobald\n\u0027Planning and persuasion\u0027: The principles, procedures, and pitfalls of public engagement in decision-making about renewable energy -\u00a0C. Haggett\nBeyond consensus? Agonism, republicanism and a low carbon future -\u00a0J. Barry and G. Ellis\nPublic roles and socio-technical configurations: Diversity in renewable energy deployment in the UK and its implications -\u00a0G. Walker and N. Cass\nFrom backyards to places: Public engagement and the emplacement of renewable energy technologies - P.\u00a0Devine-Wright\n\nSection 2: Empirical studies of public engagement\nPart 1: Stakeholder and media representations of public engagementDiscourses on the implementation of wind power: Stakeholder views on public engagement -\u00a0M. Wolsink\nGoverning the reconfiguration of energy in Greater London: Practical public engagement as \u0027delivery\u0027 -\u00a0M. Hodson and S. Marvin\nEnvisioning public engagement with renewable energy: an empirical analysis of images within the UK National Press 2006\/2007 -\u00a0H. Devine-Wright\nNIMBYism and community consultation in electricity transmission network planning -\u00a0M. Cotton and P. Devine-Wright\n\nPart 2: Case studies of public beliefs and responses:\nFuture energy scenarios:Turning the heat on: Public engagement in Australia\u0027s energy future -\u00a0P. Ashworth, A. Littleboy, P. Graham, and\u00a0S. Niemeyer\n\nSolar energy and microgeneration:Shaping people\u0027s engagement with microgeneration technology: the case of solar photovoltaics in UK homes -\u00a0D. Abi-Ghanem and C. Haggett\nSiting solar power in Arizona: A public value failure? -\u00a0M. Pasqualetti and C. Schwartz\nSocio-environmental research on energy sustainable Communities: Participation experiences of two decades -\u00a0P. Schweizer-Ries\nYes in my back yard: UK householders pioneering microgeneration heat -\u00a0R. Roy and S. Caird\n\nWind energySocio-environmental impacts of Brazil\u0027s first large-scale wind farm -\u00a0R.L. Improta and J.Q. Pinheiro\nPerceptions and preferences regarding offshore wind power in the United States:\u00a0The leading edge of a new energy source for the Americas -\u00a0J. Firestone\n\nHydrogen energyThe limits of upstream engagement in an emergent technology: Lay perceptions of hydrogen energy technologies -\u00a0R. Flynn, P. Bellaby, and\u00a0M. Ricci\nPublic engagement with wind-hydrogen energy technology: A\u00a0comparative study -\u00a0F. Sherry-Brennan, P. Devine-Wright, and H. Devine-Wright\n\nMarine energySymbolic interpretations of wave energy in the UK: surfers\u0027 perspectives - C. McLachlan\n\nBioenergyHeat and light: Understanding bioenergy siting controversy -\u00a0P. Upham\n\nNuclear and low carbon energyFrom the material to the imagined: Public engagement with low carbon technologies in a nuclear community -\u00a0C. Butler, K. Parkhill, and N. Pidgeon\n\n\n\nConclusions:\u00a0P. Devine-Wright","author":["Devine-Wright, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1873","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/you-dont-do-chemistry-experiment-your-best-china-symbolic-interpretations-place","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421509005758","title":"\u0027You don\u0027t do a chemistry experiment in your best china\u0027: Symbolic interpretations of place and technology in a wave energy case","description":"In-depth interviews were combined with analysis of a wide range of secondary data to assess the formation of opposition and support in the case of the Wave Hub in Cornwall, UK. It is argued that stakeholder responses to renewable energy developments are, in part, related to interpretations of what both the technology and the location or \u2018place\u2019 are seen to represent or symbolise. There is a need to move beyond knowledge deficit and NIMBY models if these issues are to be explored. Place was interpreted at different scales and was seen as: economically vulnerable, as having a sense of local ownership, as a resource and as nature. Symbolic interpretations of the technology related to the contested environmental status and significance of electricity produced, as well as it being seen as a project for local people, commercial, experimental, pioneering, industrial and at one with Mother Nature. These interpretations gave rise to various symbolic logics of opposition and support, some of which are outlined. Although a case study of a wave energy development, many of the issues discussed relate to renewable energy developments more widely. Therefore the findings are discussed in relation to their implications for renewable energy developers and UK energy strategy.","author":["McLachlan, C."],"organization":["University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.266047000000","-5.052713000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1877","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/responses-bottlenose-dolphins-harbor-porpoises-impact-vibration-piling-noise-during","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ecs2.1793","title":"Responses of bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises to impact and vibration piling noise during harbor construction","description":"The development of risk assessments for the exposure of protected populations to noise from coastal construction is constrained by uncertainty over the nature and extent of marine mammal responses to man\u2010made noise. Stakeholder concern often focuses on the potential for local displacement caused by impact piling, where piles are hammered into the seabed. To mitigate this threat, use of vibration piling, where piles are shaken into place with a vibratory hammer, is often encouraged due to presumed impact reduction. However, data on comparative responses of cetaceans to these different noise sources are lacking. We studied the responses of bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises to both impact and vibration pile driving noise during harbor construction works in northeast Scotland, using passive acoustic monitoring devices to record cetacean activity and noise recorders to measure and predict received noise levels. Local abundance and patterns of occurrence of bottlenose dolphins were also compared with a five\u2010year baseline. The median peak\u2010to\u2010peak source level estimated for impact piling was 240 dB re 1 \u03bcPa (single\u2010pulse sound exposure level [SEL] 198 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2 s), and the r.m.s. source level for vibration piling was 192 dB re 1 \u03bcPa. Predicted received broadband SEL values 812 m from the piling site were markedly lower due to high propagation loss: 133.4 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2 s (impact) and 128.9 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2 s (vibration). Bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises were not excluded from sites in the vicinity of impact piling or vibration piling; nevertheless, some small effects were detected. Bottlenose dolphins spent a reduced period of time in the vicinity of construction works during both impact and vibration piling. The probability of occurrence of both cetacean species was also slightly less during periods of vibration piling. This work provides developers and managers with the first evidence of the comparative effects of vibration and impact piling on small cetaceans, enabling more informed risk assessments, policy frameworks, and mitigation plans. In particular, our results emphasize the need for better understanding of noise levels and behavioral responses to vibration piling before recommending its use to mitigate impact piling.","author":["Graham, I.","Pirotta, E.","Merchant, N.","Farcas, A.","Barton, T.","Cheney, B.","Hastie, G.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2017-05-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.623927000000","-4.023353000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Graham_et_al-2017-Ecosphere.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1883","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/trends-challenges-maritime-energy-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-74576-3","title":"Trends and Challenges in Maritime Energy Management","description":"This book provides an overview of contemporary trends and challenges in maritime energy management (MEM). Coordinated action is necessary to achieve a low carbon and energy-efficient maritime future, and MEM is the prevailing framework aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions resulting from maritime industry activities. The book familiarizes readers with the status quo in the field, and paves the way for finding solutions to perceived challenges. The 34 contributions cover six important aspects: regulatory framework; energy-efficient ship design; energy efficient ship and port operation; economic and social dimensions; alternative fuels and wind-assisted ship propulsion; and marine renewable energy. This pioneering work is intended for researchers and academics as well as practitioners and policymakers involved in this important field.","author":["\u00d6l\u00e7er, A.","Kitada, M.","Dalaklis, D.","Ballini, F."],"organization":["World Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1884","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-different-tidal-renewable-energy-projects-hydrodynamic-processes-severn-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S146350030900208X","title":"Impact of different tidal renewable energy projects on the hydrodynamic processes in the Severn Estuary, UK","description":"The Severn\u00a0Estuary, located in the UK between south east Wales and south west England, is an ideal site for tidal renewable energy projects, since this estuary has the third highest\u00a0tidal range\u00a0in the world, with a spring tidal range approaching 14\u00a0m. The UK Government recently invited proposals for tidal renewable energy projects from the estuary and many proposals were submitted for consideration. Among the proposals submitted and subsequently shortlisted were: the Cardiff\u2013Weston Barrage, the Fleming\u00a0Lagoon\u00a0and the Shoots Barrage, all three of which are nationally public interest. Therefore a two-dimensional finite volume numerical model, based on an unstructured triangular mesh, has been refined to study the\u00a0hydrodynamic\u00a0impact and flood inundation extent, post construction, of all three of these proposed\u00a0tidal power\u00a0projects. The model-predicted hydrodynamic processes have been analysed in detail, both without and with the structures, including the discharge processes at key sections, the contours of maximum and minimum water levels, the envelope curves of high and low water levels, the maximum\u00a0tidal currents, the local\u00a0velocity fields\u00a0around the structures and the mean power output curves. Simulated results indicate that: (i) although the construction of the Cardiff\u2013Weston Barrage would have an adverse impact on a range of environmental aspects, due to there being approximately a 50% decrease in the\u00a0peak discharge\u00a0entering the upstream region, it would reduce the maximum water levels upstream of the barrage by typically 0.3\u20131.2\u00a0m, which could be positive in respect of\u00a0coastal flooding; (ii) the construction of the Fleming Lagoon would have little influence on the hydrodynamic processes in the Severn Estuary; and (iii) the construction of the Shoots Barrage would decrease the maximum water levels upstream of the M4 bridge by between 0.3 and 1.0\u00a0m, but it could lead to an increase in the maximum water levels downstream of the barrage by typically 20\u201330\u00a0cm.","author":["Xia, J.","Falconer, R.","Lin, B."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Tsinghua University"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.295916000000","-3.392950000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1897","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-sound-detection-spaces-acoustic-animal-sampling-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320716302452","title":"Measuring sound detection spaces for acoustic animal sampling and monitoring","description":"Sound recordings obtained from passive acoustic monitoring systems are increasingly used to sample animal biodiversity. However, sound recorders sample variable detection spaces, so that data may not be comparable between sampling sites and recording setups.\n\nFocusing on terrestrial systems, we measured understory vegetation, tree structure, sound transmission, ambient sound pressure level, and derived sound detection spaces of 38 plots in lowland rainforest, jungle rubber, and oil palm and rubber plantations, using different combinations of sound frequency (0.05 to 40\u00a0kHz) and source height (0 to 5\u00a0m).\n\nWe show that simple vegetation structure measures poorly predict sound transmission, so that direct sound transmission measurements are indispensable. We depict highly variable sound detection spaces in different land-use types. Finally we estimated species richness of exemplary animal groups and found considerable differences between land-use types on the basis of variable detection space areas alone.\n\nSound detection spaces respond non-linearly to sound frequency and source height, and they need to be quantified in acoustic surveys to avoid substantial bias in biodiversity estimates between sampling sites. Detection spaces also determine species detection probabilities and allow comparing data between recording setups. We provide guidelines and computer scripts for measuring sound transmission and ambient sound level using consumer audio equipment, and for computing detection spaces. Appreciating the effective sampling area of acoustic recorders closes a gap between acoustic and traditional animal survey methods. Species richness estimates can now be reported for measured sampling areas, and animal population variables such as abundance, density, and activity can be compared at equal areas.","author":["Darras, K.","P\u00fctz, P.","Fahrurrozi","Rembold, K.","Tscharntke, T."],"organization":["Georg-August University of G\u00f6ttingen","University of Jambi"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1898","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-integration-conservation-leveraging-multiple-data-types-advance-ecological","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1574954114000041","title":"Data integration for conservation: Leveraging multiple data types to advance ecological assessments and habitat modeling for marine megavertebrates using OBIS\u2013SEAMAP","description":"Spatially explicit conservation efforts to identify, designate, and prioritize protected areas or biologically significant areas require analyses beyond basic species distribution and abundance studies, including assessments of migration patterns, habitat use, and ecological drivers of behavior. With the advent of alternate survey methods and platforms within the marine environment (e.g. satellite telemetry, passive acoustics, photo identification, nesting site monitoring and genetic sampling) in addition to traditional shipboard or aerial visual surveys, researchers have been developing novel analytical and modeling methodologies to fulfill such in-depth ecological assessments. This trend has raised interests and needs not only in filling spatial, temporal and \u2018ecological\u2019 gaps but also in the synthesis of these disparate data from multiple methods\/platforms. OBIS\u2013SEAMAP, a thematic node of the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) specializing on marine megavertebrates, takes a unique approach to data integration into the OBIS\u2013SEAMAP database to enable novel applications of a global biogeographic database. In this paper, we summarize our efforts to accomplish this integration and to develop novel mapping and visualization tools available on the OBIS\u2013SEAMAP web site. We also discuss advantages and implications of an integrated database in advancing ecological assessments and modeling efforts based on preliminary assessments of the OBIS\u2013SEAMAP data and derived products. Finally, we make critical suggestions for the design and function of biogeographic databases to make contributed data more useful for conservation efforts.","author":["Fujioka, E.","Kot, C.","Wallace, B.","Best, B.","Moxley, J.","Cleary, J.","Donnelly, B.","Halpin, P."],"organization":["Duke University"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1904","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-characterization-floatable-tidal-energy-converter-tidal-channel-ria-formosa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544218310934","title":"Deployment characterization of a floatable tidal energy converter on a tidal channel, Ria Formosa, Portugal","description":"This paper presents the results of a pilot experiment with an existing tidal energy converter (TEC), Evopod 1\u202fkW floatable prototype, in a real test case scenario (Faro Channel, Ria Formosa, Portugal). A baseline marine geophysical, hydrodynamic and ecological study based on the experience collected on the test site is presented. The collected data was used to validate a hydro-morphodynamic model, allowing the selection of the installation area based on both operational and environmental constraints. Operational results related to the description of power generation capacity, energy capture area and proportion of energy flux are presented and discussed, including the failures occurring during the experimental setup. The data is now available to the scientific community and to TEC industry developers, enhancing the operational knowledge of TEC technology concerning efficiency, environmental effects, and interactions (i.e. device\/environment). The results can be used by developers on the licensing process, on overcoming the commercial deployment barriers, on offering extra assurance and confidence to investors, who traditionally have seen environmental concerns as a barrier, and on providing the foundations whereupon similar deployment areas can be considered around the world for marine tidal energy extraction.","author":["Pacheco, A.","Gorbe\u00f1a, E.","Garel, E.","Gon\u00e7alves, J.","Bentes, L.","Monteiro, P.","Afonso, C.","Oliveira, F.","Soares, C.","Zabel, F.","Sequeira, C."],"organization":["University of Algarve","Marine Sensing and Acoustic Technologies (MarSensing)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.971634400000","-7.870425400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 08:10:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1905","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-energy-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/9781119014492.ch9","title":"Wave and Tidal Energy: Environmental Effects","description":"Wave and tidal energy devices extract energy from the environment. This extraction is bound to have effects at different levels, from the physical to the biological, which are the subject of this chapter. This chapter deals with the physical effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) on the environment: the effects of wave farms on the wave field and coastal processes, and those of tidal stream farms on the hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes. It considers the impacts of MRE on the marine biota, focusing on the environmental impact assessment that must form part of any MRE project. The chapter summarises the work carried out to date on hydrodynamics and sediment transport. It also deals with the effects on the marine biota, combined with those of wave farms. As far as concerns MRE projects, an evaluation of the sensitivity of the site with regard to both environmental and socioeconomic issues, should be carried out during the initial stage of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) process.  This is a chapter from Wave and Tidal Energy.","author":["Iglesias, G.","Tercero, J.","Simas, T.","Machado, I.","Cruz, E."],"organization":["Plymouth University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fine-scale-hydrodynamic-metrics-underlying-predator-occupancy-patterns-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X18305181","title":"Fine-Scale Hydrodynamic Metrics Underlying Predator Occupancy Patterns in Tidal Stream Environments","description":"Whilst the development of the tidal stream industry will help meet marine renewable energy (MRE) targets, the potential impacts on mobile marine predators using these highly dynamic environments need consideration. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) required for potential MRE sites generally involve site-specific animal density estimates obtained from lengthy and costly surveys. Recent studies indicate that whilst large-scale tidal forcing is predictable, local hydrodynamics are variable and often result in spatio-temporal patchiness of marine predators. Therefore, understanding how fine-scale hydrodynamics influence animal distribution patterns could inform the placing of devices to reduce collision and displacement risks. Quantifying distributions requires animal at-sea locations and the concurrent collection of high-resolution hydrodynamic measurements. As the latter are routinely collected during tidal resource characterization at potential MRE sites, there is an untapped opportunity to efficiently collect information on the former to improve EIAs. Here we describe a survey approach that uses vessel-mounted ADCP (Acoustic Doppler current profiler) transects in combination with marine mammal surveys to collect high-resolution and concurrent hydrodynamic data in relation to pinniped (harbour seals Phoca vitulina, grey seals Halichoerus grypus) at-sea occupancy patterns within an energetic tidal channel (peak current magnitudes \u0026gt;4.5\u202fms\u22121). We identified novel ADCP-derived fine-scale hydrodynamic metrics that could have ecological relevance for seals using these habitats. We show that our local acoustic backscattering strength metric (an indicator for macro-turbulence) had the highest influence on seal encounters. During peak flows, pinnipeds avoided the mid-channel characterized by extreme backscatter. At-sea occupancy further corresponded with the increased shear and eddies that are strong relative to the mean flows found at the edges of the channel. Our approach, providing oceanographic context to animal habitat use through combined survey methodologies, enhances environmental management of potential MRE sites. The cost-effective collection of such data and the application of our metrics could streamline the EIA process in the early stages of the consenting process.","author":["Lieber, L.","Nimmo-Smith, A.","Waggitt, J.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Plymouth University","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.363959600000","-5.544411100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1907","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spanish-approach-marine-spatial-planning-marine-strategy-framework-directive-vs-eu","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11000522","title":"The Spanish approach to marine spatial planning. Marine Strategy Framework Directive vs. EU Integrated Maritime Policy","description":"The coming into effect of the Directive 2008\/56\/EC (Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)) will induce European Union member States to create mechanisms for managing maritime space in order to comply with the goals set out in this binding legislation. This leads one to think that marine spatial planning in various countries in the EU will be directed at complying with the Directive\u0027s environmental goals, as is the case in Spain, rather than undertaking proactive planning for developing the maritime sectors. To put the case of Spain into perspective, a review is conducted of the initiatives taken, especially in Europe and the European Union, exploring the correlations between the main focuses of the maritime sectors and the planning systems. The analysis of the Spanish initiative demonstrates how the maritime economy model and geopolitical factors explain the planning options for the marine environment. In other respects, with the coming into effect of the MSFD, a dual institutional course for marine spatial planning seems to be opening up in the EU: Integrated Maritime Policy vs. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.","author":["Su\u00e1rez de Vivero, J.","Rodr\u00edguez Mateos, M."],"organization":["University of Seville"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1908","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practical-tools-support-marine-spatial-planning-review-some-prototype-tools","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X12001364","title":"Practical tools to support marine spatial planning: A review and some prototype tools","description":"Marine planners use spatial data to assess planning options. They need analytical approaches, methods, applications and practical software tools to enable assessment of the relationships between human uses and ecosystem components. Here the results of a two-stage process, aimed at developing practical and GIS-based tools for direct use by planners, are presented. First, some available tools for use in the early stages of plan development were reviewed; for example, to identify interaction between activities to reduce potential conflicts or assist in zone delineation, methods to facilitate a risk assessment of the cumulative effect of human pressures and tools offering decision support. Second, a stakeholder workshop was organised to identify routine marine planning tasks and the technical tools required to support those tasks. From the 39 practical tools reviewed, mostly published in peer-reviewed literature between 1998 and 2009, the majority have been applied in the marine environment in Europe, USA and Australia. It was observed that many of the tools are designed to be used by scientists, programmers or strategic planners with only a few that could be used by case officers (regulators). Together with the results of the stakeholder workshop a suite of prototype tools were developed that offer utility to marine planners. Thus the developed tools provide a solid basis for future development as they are a result of a transparent and participatory process.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Lee, J.","South, A.","Foden, J.","Rogers, S."],"organization":["Johann Heinrich von Th\u00fcnen Institute (vTI)","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1909","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-reality-introduction-case-studies-discussion-findings","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16302147","title":"Marine spatial planning in reality: Introduction to case studies and discussion of findings","description":"This paper explores the realities of marine spatial planning (MSP\u2019ing), drawing on 12 case studies around Europe, employing a structured qualitative empirical approach. The findings indicate that (1) MSP\u2019ing is often focused on achieving specific sectoral objectives, related to nationally important strategic priorities, and might better be termed \u2018strategic sectoral planning\u2019. (2) MSP\u2019ing processes tend to be complex, fragmented and emergent on an ad hoc basis, rather than cyclical, adaptive and prescribed on an a priori basis. (3) Top-down processes tend to dominate, more participative platforms tending to be \u2018disconnected by design\u2019 from executive decision-making. (4) Blue growth is the dominant overall priority, often aligned with strategic sectoral priorities, despite growing indications that the target for Good Environmental Status (GES) by 2020 is unlikely to be met. This is consistent with growing concerns about the tensions between the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Directive Establishing a Framework for Maritime Spatial Planning. It is concluded that the realities of how MSP\u2019ing is working contrast with widely recognised concepts and ideals as to how MSP\u2019ing should work, as integrated-use MSP\u2019ing based on political expedience and blue growth priorities is diverging from and potentially competing with ecosystem-based MSP\u2019ing, including marine protected area networks, based on GES priorities. It is argued that a more empirical approach should be taken to MSP\u2019ing research, whereby conceptual approaches which integrate sustainable blue growth and GES co-evolve with marine spatial planning practices through critical analyses of whether the realities of MSP\u2019ing are consistent with these concepts.","author":["Jones, P.","Lieberknecht, L.","Qiu, W."],"organization":["University College London","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1910","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-advancing-ecosystem-based-approach-coastal-zone-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16300161","title":"Marine Spatial Planning Advancing the Ecosystem-Based Approach to Coastal Zone Management: A Review","description":"Planning a sustainable future for coastal populations requires the effective implementation of ecosystem management frameworks that explicitly incorporate human activities. A coupled framework of the Ecosystem-Based Approach with Marine Spatial Planning has been discussed and promoted by coastal managers for more than a decade. The proposed framework supports a balanced approach between development needs and the natural environment. This paper presents a qualitative review of Marine Spatial Planning case studies to gain insights into methodological approaches that account for human systems as components of the coastal environment. A total of twelve Marine Spatial Planning case studies were evaluated. Their use and integration of the Ecosystem-Based framework was assessed through a linguistic scale linked to a score of fuzzy numbers. Two management issues of interest were highlighted: how social, economic and environmental values were integrated into the spatial planning analysis; and how cross-realm connectivity was addressed by planning teams. Although the majority of case studies claimed to use the Ecosystem-Based Approach as the guiding framework, mixed results were observed. Relevant features of the Ecosystem-Based Approach were rarely included; such as the standardization of pressures from human activities, the integration of frameworks to assess ecosystem services and the implementation of Precautionary and Adaptive Management approaches. Important knowledge gaps were observed with regards to the assessment of social values, including the lack of spatial representation of \u2018social connections\u2019 to the marine environment and the lack of economic estimates of non-market values. Terrestrial and catchment units were not included in the majority of case studies; however, water quality management was used as a key element for the consideration of transboundary impacts. This comparative study reveals major differences in how coastal managers understand and integrate Ecosystem-Based Approaches with Marine Spatial Planning.","author":["Dom\u00ednguez-Tejo, E.","Metternicht, G.","Johnston, E.","Hedge, L."],"organization":["University of New South Wales","Sydney Institute of Marine Science"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1911","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-sustainable-sustainable-marine-spatial-planning-part-ii-portuguese-experience","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1400116X","title":"How sustainable is sustainable marine spatial planning? Part II - The Portuguese experience","description":"With one of Europe\u05f3s largest exclusive economic zones, Portugal has a paramount role in the implementation of EU maritime policies. In the Portuguese context, ocean planning and management are presently undergoing major advances. This paper analyzes and discusses the present state of affairs regarding the Portuguese marine spatial planning (MSP) process, comprising: (1) an update on the status of MSP in Portugal; (2) an analysis on how sustainability concepts are to be implemented in the Portuguese MSP process and (3) a discussion on major challenges to Portuguese MSP long-term sustainability. The Portuguese MSP process can be divided in two phases: development of the \u201cPlano de Ordenamento do Espa\u00e7o Mar\u00edtimo\u201d (POEM) \u2013 initially intended to be the first Portuguese \u201cmarine spatial plan\u201d but then published as a \u201cstudy\u201d; and development of the Law Proposal 133\/XII on marine planning and management \u2013 soon to be approved. A key question for the long-term adequacy of Portuguese MSP is how is it addressing environmental sustainability: is it relying on soft or hard sustainability concepts? Is it prioritizing the achievement of good environmental status (GES) or blue growth? In both cases (POEM and Law Proposal), soft sustainability seems to be the underlying principle, because although the ecosystem approach is recognized as fundamental, environmental quality seems to come second when set against economic goals.","author":["Santos, C.","Domingos, T.","Ferreira, M.","Orbach, M.","Andrade, F."],"organization":["Duke University","University of Lisbon","New University of Lisbon"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1912","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X12000917","title":"Evaluation of marine spatial planning","description":"Evaluation is generally recognised as an essential step for learning and improvement in marine spatial planning (MSP). Practical guidance and experience relative to evaluation in MSP is, however, very limited. To address this gap, this paper addresses a set of issues relevant for evaluation design and performance: the object of evaluation is discussed in relation to the functions of planning, the choice of objectives and the timing of evaluation; factors affecting causality attribution are analysed, namely multi-causality of observed effects, counterfactual design, time lags and uncertainty; and possibilities and requirements regarding stakeholder involvement in evaluation are considered.  Six models of planning evaluation are reviewed, based on which a step-wise framework for MSP evaluation is developed. Future research should pilot test and assess this framework and broaden the evidence base relative to impacts of marine management initiatives.","author":["Carneiro, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1924","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-underwater-noise-propagation-marine-hydrokinetic-power-devices-through-time","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.5039839","title":"Modeling underwater noise propagation from marine hydrokinetic power devices through a time-domain, velocity-pressure solution","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices generate electricity from the motion of tidal and ocean currents, as well as ocean waves, to provide an additional source of renewable energy available to the United States. These devices are a source of anthropogenic noise in the marine ecosystem and must meet regulatory guidelines that mandate a maximum amount of noise that may be generated. In the absence of measured levels from in situ deployments, a model for predicting the propagation of sound from an array of MHK sources in a real environment is essential. A set of coupled, linearized velocity-pressure equations in the time-domain are derived and presented in this paper, which are an alternative solution to the Helmholtz and wave equation methods traditionally employed. Discretizing these equations on a three-dimensional (3D), finite-difference grid ultimately permits a finite number of complex sources and spatially varying sound speeds, bathymetry, and bed composition. The solution to this system of equations has been parallelized in an acoustic-wave propagation package developed at Sandia National Labs, called Paracousti. This work presents the broadband sound pressure levels from a single source in two-dimensional (2D) ideal and Pekeris wave-guides and in a 3D domain with a sloping boundary. The paper concludes with demonstration of Paracousti for an array of MHK sources in a simple wave-guide.","author":["Halfa, E.","Johnson, E.","Johnson, C.","Preston, L.","Aldridge, D.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Montana State University","DNV GL","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1925","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-effects-electromagnetic-field-emissions-marine-renewable-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X18302935","title":"Understanding the effects of electromagnetic field emissions from Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) on the commercially important edible crab, Cancer pagurus (L.)","description":"The effects of simulated electromagnetic fields (EMF), emitted from sub-sea power cables, on the commercially important decapod, edible crab (Cancer pagurus), were assessed. Stress related parameters were measured (l-Lactate, d-Glucose, Haemocyanin and respiration rate) along with behavioural and response parameters (antennular flicking, activity level, attraction\/avoidance, shelter preference and time spent resting\/roaming) during 24-h periods. Exposure to EMF had no effect on Haemocyanin concentrations, respiration rate, activity level or antennular flicking rate. EMF exposure significantly disrupted haemolymph l-Lactate and d-Glucose natural circadian rhythms. Crabs showed a clear attraction to EMF exposed shelter (69%) compared to control shelter (9%) and significantly reduced their time spent roaming by 21%. Consequently, EMF emitted from Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) will likely affect edible crabs both behaviourally and physiologically, suggesting that the impact of EMF on crustaceans must be considered when planning MREDs.","author":["Scott, K.","Harsanyi, P.","Lyndon, A."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1931","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/management-acoustic-metadata-bioacoustics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1574954115001983","title":"Management of Acoustic Metadata for Bioacoustics","description":"Recent expansion in the capabilities of passive acoustic monitoring of sound-producing animals is providing expansive data sets in many locations. These long-term data sets will allow the investigation of questions related to the ecology of sound-producing animals on time scales ranging from diel and seasonal to inter-annual and decadal. Analyses of these data often span multiple analysts from various research groups over several years of effort and, as a consequence, have begun to generate large amounts of scattered acoustic metadata. It has therefore become imperative to standardize the types of metadata being generated. A critical aspect of being able to learn from such large and varied acoustic data sets is providing consistent and transparent access that can enable the integration of various analysis efforts. This is juxtaposed with the need to include new information for specific research questions that evolve over time. Hence, a method is proposed for organizing acoustic metadata that addresses many of the problems associated with the retention of metadata from large passive acoustic data sets.\n\nA structure was developed for organizing acoustic metadata in a consistent manner, specifying required and optional terms to describe acoustic information derived from a recording. A client-server database was created to implement this data representation as a networked data service that can be accessed from several programming languages. Support for data import from a wide variety of sources such as spreadsheets and databases is provided. The implementation was extended to access Internet-available data products, permitting access to a variety of environmental information types (e.g. sea surface temperature, sunrise\/sunset, etc.) from a wide range of sources as if they were part of the data service. This metadata service is in use at several institutions and has been used to track and analyze millions of acoustic detections from marine mammals, fish, elephants, and anthropogenic sound sources.","author":["Roch, M.","Batchelor, H.","Baumann-Pickering, S.","Berchok, C.","Cholewiak, D.","Fujioka, E.","Garland, E.","Herbert, S.","Hildebrand, J.","Oleson, E.","Van Parijs, S.","Risch, D.","\u0160irovi\u0107, A.","Soldevilla, M."],"organization":["San Diego State University","Scripps Institution of Oceanography","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","Duke University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Roch-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1932","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-coupled-hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-models-predict-effects-tidal-turbine-arrays","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/6\/2\/58","title":"Using Coupled Hydrodynamic Biogeochemical Models to Predict the Effects of Tidal Turbine Arrays on Phytoplankton Dynamics","description":"The effects of large scale tidal energy device (TED) arrays on phytoplankton processes owing to the changes in hydrodynamic flows are unknown. Coupled two-dimensional biogeochemical and hydrodynamic models offer the opportunity to predict potential effects of large scale TED arrays on the local and regional phytoplankton dynamics in coastal and inshore environments. Using MIKE 21 Software by DHI, coupled two-dimensional biogeochemical and hydrodynamic models were developed with simulations including no turbines or an array of 55 turbines with four solar radiation scenarios to assess the temporal and spatial changes of phytoplankton dynamics in an idealised domain. Results suggest that the effect of TEDs on phytoplankton dynamics accounted for up to 25% of the variability in phytoplankton concentrations, most likely associated with an increased residence time in an inshore basin. However, natural variation, such as the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation, had a larger effect on phytoplankton dynamics than an array of TEDs.","author":["Schuchert, P.","Kregting, L.","Pritchard, D.","Savidge, G.","Els\u00e4\u00dfer, B."],"organization":["Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute Northern Ireland","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University of Otago","New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI)","Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-04 12:04:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schuchert-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1933","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/governance-barriers-sustainable-energy-transitions-assessing-irelands-capacity-towards","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421517307668","title":"Governance barriers to sustainable energy transitions - Assessing Ireland\u0027s capacity towards marine energy futures","description":"Marine energies (ME), including offshore hydcrocarbons along with marine renewable energies (MRE), such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy, are increasingly important in the future energy mix of many nations. We observe that ME governance is complex, as development offshore involves engagement and may often result in conflict.\n\nThis paper examines the Irish case, where offshore gas and oil remain relatively undeveloped, and yet have provoked extensive controversy. Moreover, Ireland exhibits very ambitious plans for MRE developments. Against a background, where ME development seems to have stalled, the objective of the paper is to analyse the Irish governance setup and its capacity to deliver ME and whether the current system is equipped to enable transition to MREs. Current governance systems lack efficacy in terms of policy integration and enforcement, government oversight, and public trust due to past failures. Although, management approaches have been developed to address some of the barriers, domains such as policy\/regulation, industry development and public engagement are disconnected.\n\nResults presented may not simply be generalised, as each country context is different. An analysis of examples with similar issues must focus on studying the context of the governance setup and balances of power across domains.","author":["Lange, M.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Devoy, R.","Tissier, M.","Cummins, V."],"organization":["University College Cork","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.994650200000","-9.607514600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lange-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1934","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2018-state-sector-report-marine-renewable-energy-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marinerenewables.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/MRC-State-of-the-Sector-2018.pdf","title":"2018 State of the Sector Report: Marine Renewable Energy in Canada","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) from waves, tides and river currents has been harnessed for centuries \u2013 powering mills, transporting nutrient-rich sediment, moving vessels, supporting marine life migration \u2013 but only over the past few decades has it become more of a focus for its vast untapped reserve of power. Seventy-one per cent of the Earth\u2019s surface is composed of moving water, all containing energy that can be converted to electricity.\n\nTheoretical estimates for global MRE potential indicate resources exceeding 100,000 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity, equal to the power needs of over 8 billion Canadian households 1 \u2013 more than the current power demands of the entire planet.\n\nCanada continues to deepen its exploration of MRE as a potential solution to clean energy, greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reduction, and economic growth targets.\n\nGiven the country\u2019s natural resource assets as well as existing expertise in the marine sector, ocean waves, wind, tides, salinity, temperature differences and river currents can all contribute to Canada\u2019s clean energy bottom line. Canada has an estimated 35,700 megawatts (MW) of tidal energy potential, enough clean power to displace over 113 million tonnes of CO2 (equal to removing over 24 million cars off the road). Adding wave and river, the potential climbs to 340 gigawatts, enough energy to power every home in Canada five times over. The country\u2019s offshore wind energy potential is still being mapped, but projected to be larger still.\n\nThe opportunity includes both large-scale transmission projects and small, distributed community generation. Over 300 companies have already found work in the Bay of Fundy\u2019s emerging tidal stream sector. A total of 251 remote Canadian communities rely on their own fossil fuel plants; 176 of them are fueled by imported diesel. Canada is now demonstrating river current technologies that offer remote communities a solution that can be cost competitive, avoid emissions, and create jobs.","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-State-of-the-Sector-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1943","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integration-passive-acoustic-monitoring-data-obis-seamap-global-biogeographic-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1574954113001258","title":"Integration of passive acoustic monitoring data into OBIS-SEAMAP, a global biogeographic database, to advance spatially-explicit ecological assessments","description":"We successfully developed an extension of the OBIS-SEAMAP database, a global biogeographic database specializing in marine mammals, seabirds and sea turtles, to integrate passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data with other commonly collected data types (i.e. line-transect visual sightings, animal telemetry, and photo-identification). As part of this effort, we made significant improvements in mapping and visualization tools for PAM data, including spatially and temporally interactive summary statistics, diel plots, temporal effort representation, and the unique rendering of PAM data to distinguish them from other data types. In this paper, we summarize technical challenges we overcame, report the methodologies and implementation of the integration, and conduct case studies using visual sightings and PAM data from bowhead whales and Risso\u0027s dolphins to demonstrate how the integrated database facilitates in-depth ecological assessments that form the foundation for spatially-explicit conservation efforts.","author":["Fujioka, E.","Soldevilla, M.","Read, A.","Halpin, P."],"organization":["Duke University","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:08:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1944","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collaboration-innovation-challenges-faced-ocean-energy-sector-possible-solutions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mria.ie\/site\/assets\/files\/1016\/mria_paper_on_collaboration_and_innovation.pdf","title":"Collaboration and Innovation Challenges faced by the Ocean Energy Sector and Possible Solutions","description":"This Paper was prepared and published by the Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA) with the generous support of the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland. The MRIA represents the marine renewables emerging technologies on the island of Ireland, although this Paper focuses on wave and tidal energy (\u2018ocean energy\u2019). This is the tenth annual Paper published by the Association about policy topics relevant to marine renewables.  The jobs and income potential of ocean energy globally is well documented (see recent MRIA Papers at www.mria.ie for detail on this) and Ireland is uniquely qualified to exploit this given our abundant wave resource off the West coast (and a significant tidal resource in Northern Ireland) as well as our significant R\u0026amp;D facilities and supportive Government policies, although the ongoing saga of the new consenting regime to be set out in the Maritime Area and Foresh ore (Amendment) Bill is an issue. Of wider concern is the small scale of almost all ocean energy companies - Ireland is home to about 9% of the global population at present - and their failure to collaborate on R\u0026amp;D. Ocean energy companies are unique \u2013 small, with limited financial resources and yet engaged in capital intensive innovation on the frontiers of man\u2019s knowledge. They have been quite effective in advancing our knowledge of how to convert the kinetic energy contained in waves and tides into electricity. They could do more with greater intercompany collaboration and with tailored company development support from the agency with experience and expertise in ocean energy, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI).  This Paper deals with these issues and sets out the research and industry views which led to the actions recommended. The recommendations boil down to giving SEAI the remit, under a special protocol with Enterprise Ireland, to provide company development support to ocean energy firms in their early years. The recommendations, if implemented, could make the difference between Ireland playing a lead role in this potentially huge industry of tomorrow and being an \u2018also ran\u2019 in the one field where we have a natural resource of scale.","author":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Industry Association (MRIA)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRIA-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1946","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-motion-wave-power-generation-water-tank-test","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2655670","title":"Assessment of the Motion of Wave Power Generation by Water Tank Test","description":"Installing devices of marine renewable energy is planned off Kamaishi city, Iwate prefecture, Japan. A device of wave power generation was settled at this site as a test case. It is important to coexist the power generation device and local fishermen. Since Kamaishi is known as a good fishing area, acceptance of fishermen is required to run the wave power generation at the test site. Especially, local fishermen in Kamaishi have a concern about how wave power generation moves along with ocean waves and currents. To acquire an acceptance from local fishermen in terms of setting wave power generation, a model test was conducted to understand the device of wave power generation. It consists of float, spar, middle float, gimbal mechanism and anchor. Middle float, gimbal mechanism and anchor are mooring. The submerged weights of the model almost satisfy the targeted values calculated by the scale ratio and actual submerged weights. The experiment was conducted for 1\/125 scale model at a water tank in marine environmental and ecosystem laboratory, the university of Tokyo. We monitored the motion of the model under several conditions of regular waves and currents. The motions of the model were recorded by a video camera and were analyzed. The model was moved with respect to the surface waves and currents. We assessed the motions of the float based on the experiment. The experimental results will be used to explain local fishermen.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Kitazawa, D.","Mizukami, Y."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2017-06-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.225000000000","141.996000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1947","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observing-fish-using-underwater-camera-test-site-installing-ocean-power-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2655671","title":"Observing Fish Using Underwater Camera at the Test Site before Installing Ocean Power Generation","description":"Assessment of local ocean environment is significant when devices of marine renewable energy are installed at a demonstration site. A concern about how these devices affect the existence of fish is remained among local fishermen. To confirm variation of fish before and after installing the devices of marine renewable energy, we investigated fish using an underwater camera before installation as a main objective of this paper. First, fish-eye video camera was tested to monitor in a fish cage off Kamaishi city, Iwate prefecture, Japan. We aimed to observe the abundance of fish and to specify the species of fish. The fish-eye video camera is composed of a dome-shaped lens, a container, and a digital video equipped into the container. The recorded video showed outlines of fish, consequently it may be possible to know the abundance of fish. However, specifying the species of fish has a difficulty if we use fish-eye camera since the recorded image is unclear enough to identify correctly. In addition, we examined horizontal transparency of fish-eye camera using a fish-shaped target. Before recording by the video camera, vertical transparency was measured using a white plate. Then we recorded the images by varying the water depth and the distance between the camera and target. When the target was close to the camera, it can be displayed clearly, nevertheless the outline of the target was smeared with increasing the distances between them. Our measurement suggested that the horizontal transparency might be relating to the parameters of water depth and vertical transparency. The investigation was conducted under the one condition, thus we need to obtain further data to understand horizontal transparency qualitatively. Next time, we will conduct another test using additional underwater optical video camera, which is attached on the fish-eye video camera. The combination of these two types of video cameras may enable to observe the abundance of fish as well as to specify the species of fish.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Kitazawa, D.","Mizukami, Y."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2017-06-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.258712500000","141.907482400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1948","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-marine-ecosystem-acoustic-diversity-across-ocean-basins","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1574954113001167","title":"Assessing Marine Ecosystem Acoustic Diversity Across Ocean Basins","description":"Concurrent with the elevation of the concern over the state of sound in the ocean, advances in terrestrial acoustic monitoring techniques have produced concepts and tools that may be applicable to the underwater world. Several index values that convey information related to acoustic diversity with a single numeric measurement made from acoustic recordings have been proposed for rapidly assessing community biodiversity. Here we apply the acoustic biodiversity index method to low frequency recordings made from three different ocean basins to assess its appropriateness for characterizing species richness in the marine environment. Initial results indicated that raw acoustic entropy (H) values did not correspond to biological patterns identified from individual signal detections and classification. Noise from seismic airgun activity masked the weaker biological signals and confounded the entropy calculation. A simple background removal technique that subtracted an average complex spectrum characteristic of seismic exploration signals from the average spectra of each analysis period that contained seismic signals was applied to compensate for salient seismic airgun signals present in all locations. The noise compensated (HN) entropy index was more reflective of biological patterns and holds promise for the use of rapid acoustic biodiversity in the marine environment as an indicator of habitat biodiversity and health.","author":["Parks, S.","Miksis-Olds, J.","Denes, S."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.300000000000","166.600000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1949","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-cross-platform-performance-marine-mammal-indicators-between-two-collocated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/articles\/sx61dp068","title":"Assessing the Cross Platform Performance of Marine Mammal Indicators Between Two Collocated Acoustic Recorders","description":"Equipment and deployment strategies for remote passive acoustic sensing of marine environments must balance memory capacity, power requirements, sampling rate, duty-cycle, deployment duration, instrument size, and environmental concerns. The impact of different parameters on the data and applicability of the data to the specific questions being asked should be considered before deployment. Here we explore the effect of recording and detection parameters on marine mammal acoustic data across two platforms. Daily classifications of marine mammal vocalizations from two passive acoustic monitors with different subsampling parameters, an AURAL and a Passive Aquatic Listener (PAL), collocated in the Bering Sea were compared. The AURAL subsampled on a pre-set schedule, whereas the PAL sampled via an adaptive protocol. Detected signals of interest were manually classified in each dataset independently. The daily classification rates of vocalizations were similar. Detections from the higher duty-cycle but lower sample rate AURAL were limited to species and vocalizations with energy below 4 kHz precluding detection of echolocation signals. Temporal coverage from the PAL audio files was limited by the adaptive sub-sampling protocol. A method for classifying ribbon (Histriophoca fasciata) and bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations from the sparse spectral time histories of the PAL was developed. Although application of the acoustic entropy as a rapid assessment of biodiversity was not reflective of the number of species detected, acoustic entropy was robust to changes in sample rate and window length.","author":["Denes, S.","Miksis-Olds, J.","Mellinger, D.","Nystuen, J."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Denes-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1958","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-effectiveness-acoustic-deterrent-devices-minke-whale-balaenoptera","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/321965772_Understanding_the_Effectiveness_of_Acoustic_Deterrent_Devices_ADDs_on_Minke_Whale_Balaenoptera_acutorostrata_a_Low_Frequency_Cetacean","title":"Understanding the Effectiveness of Acoustic Deterrent Devices on Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), A Low Frequency Cetacean","description":"Increasing scale and complexity of offshore wind farms (OWF) and on-going concern for European Protected Species (EPS) has led to interest in identifying alternative mitigation strategies to commonly used visual observation and acoustic detection methods for marine mammals. Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) have been identified as a potentially effective tool for a number of small cetacean species, but research has been lacking for some other key species that occur within prospective OWF sites.  A controlled exposure experiment (CEE) was designed and implemented to test the efficacy of the Lofitech ADD as a potential mitigation tool for the minke whale during piling operations. During August and September 2016, visual tracking of minke whales was undertaken in Faxafl\u00f3i Bay, Iceland by a team of researchers on the R.V. Song of the Whale. When a focal animal had been identified and tracked for at least 30 minutes, the ADD was deployed at a distance of 1,000 m in order to expose the animal to the ADD signal. The behaviour of the focal animal was tracked during a control, treatment and post-treatment phase in order to understand the potential reactions to the ADD signal. Biological parameters such as inter-sequence interval, inter-blow interval, net swim speed, and measures of path predictability were recorded and later analysed to examine the behaviour in detail. In addition, the variable \u2018away speed\u2019 was derived in order to determine both the directionality and the longevity of any effect on the behaviour of the focal animal.  The ADD itself was fully characterised in the field. The unit deployed was found to have a source root mean square (rms) sound pressure level of 198 dB re 1 \u03bcPa re 1m, for a fundamental frequency of 14.6 kHz. The pulse length had an average of 752 ms. As noted in the literature, variability among individual units is expected.  A total of 46 minke whales were successfully tracked. Of these, 15 included successful deployments of the ADD. The focal animal moved away from the ADD deployment site in all cases. A significant increase in net swim speed during the treatment phase was observed, with whales increasing their speed by an average of 7.4 kmh-1. The away speed variable showed a significant increase in speed during the second half of the treatment phase, indicating that animals both increase their speed and the directness of their path in relation to exposure to the ADD signal.  The results highlight that the Lofitech ADD is effective at evoking a deterrence response in minke whales, suggesting that such devices could be effective at reducing any potential for injurious effects from exposure to subsea noise generated during pile-driving activity at OWF sites.","author":["McGarry, T.","Boisseau, O.","Stephenson, S.","Compton, R."],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","RPS group","The Carbon Trust"],"originationDate":"2017-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McGarry-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1959","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-europe-views-experiences-progress-date","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166915000338","title":"Wave energy in Europe: Views on experiences and progress to date","description":"Through the Intelligent Energy Europe-funded SOWFIA project, the experiences of developers, regulators and stakeholders in relation to consenting wave energy deployments to date was assessed and analysed. The work focussed on wave energy test centres in Europe and involved consultation with wave energy device and project developers, regulatory authorities, stakeholders, environmental consultants and others through dedicated workshops and questionnaire surveys. Themes that arise in the analysis relate to planning and consenting processes, administrative procedures, Environmental Impact Assessment and stakeholder consultation. An analysis of the barriers as perceived by those consulted is presented and discussed, and recommendations are drawn from the analysis within each of the themes. In particular the need for Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) to alleviate complex planning and consenting processes; the need for coordination of administrative procedures; the need for clearer requirements in the EIA process; and the need for early participation of stakeholders in consultation are discussed. Progress has been made in many EU countries but certain priority areas remain to be addressed if wave energy is to realise its full potential.","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A.","Huertas, C.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Abengoa Seapower","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.324537000000","4.078552000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1965","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/variation-ocean-acoustic-environments-along-western-north-atlantic-coast-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1574954114000065","title":"Variation of ocean acoustic environments along the western North Atlantic coast: A case study in context of the right whale migration route","description":"Differing physical characteristics and levels of biological, environmental, and anthropogenic sounds contribute in varying levels of noise in different ocean environments. As a result, animals migrating over large ranges or widely distributed species are now exposed to a myriad of different acoustic environments, within which they must navigate, forage and reproduce. Given current increases in low-frequency (","author":["Rice, A.","Tielens, J.","Estabrook, B.","Muirhead, C.","Rahaman, A.","Guerra, M.","Clark, C."],"organization":["Cornell University"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1966","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-energy-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/e\/9781317356424","title":"Offshore Energy and Marine Spatial Planning","description":"The generation of offshore energy is a rapidly growing sector, competing for space in an already busy seascape. This book brings together the ecological, economic, and social implications of the spatial conflict this growth entails. Covering all energy-generation types (wind, wave, tidal, oil, and gas), it explores the direct and indirect impacts the growth of offshore energy generation has on both the marine environment and the existing uses of marine space.\n\nChapters explore main issues associated with offshore energy, such as the displacement of existing activities and the negative impacts it can have on marine species and ecosystems. Chapters also discuss how the growth of offshore energy generation presents new opportunities for collaboration and co-location with other sectors, for example, the co-location of wild-capture fisheries and wind farms.\n\nThe book integrates these issues and opportunities, and demonstrates the importance of holistic marine spatial planning for optimising the location of offshore energy-generation sites. It highlights the importance of stakeholder engagement in these planning processes and the role of integrated governance, with illustrative case studies from the United States, United Kingdom, northern Europe, and the Mediterranean. It also discusses trade-off analysis and decision theory and provides a range of tools and best practices to inform future planning processes.\n\nIntroduction:\nThe global demand for energy continues to grow, with a projected 30% increase over the next 25 years (International Energy Agency 2016). By 2022, global spending on offshore oil and gas development and operations is estimated to be US$114 billion, which is more than 2.5 times the US$43 billion spent in 2012 (Marine Board 2013). New, highly lucrative resource discoveries are being made regularly (Chapter 14), and multibillion-dollar investments in previously unexplored areas are announced every year (Eurasia Group 2014; Mann 2016). Likewise, the Environmental and Energy Study Institute (www.eesi.org) predicts substantial growth in offshore renewable-energy generation, with more than seven times the capacity expected in 2020 compared to 2015, and potentially more than triple the 2020 capacity by 2030 (Small et al. 2016). As many countries endeavour to meet international obligations to reduce carbon emissions (EC 2015; Heard et al. 2017), the expansion of renewable energy becomes incorporated into national strategic priorities (e.g., Department for the Economy 2009), with some countries boldly committing to legally binding targets for renewable-energy production (EC 2007; International Energy Agency 2014). Much of the increase in renewable-energy generation is focussed on offshore areas: offshore wind, wave, and tidal energy (also referred to as \u2018ocean energy\u2019). Indeed, offshore renewable-energy generation is expected to expand markedly in Europe and across the world (Ecofys 2014; EC 2015; International Energy Agency 2015), with predictions that as much as 7% of the total global electrical energy will be generated from marine renewables by 2050 (Esteban and Leary 2012).\n\nTable of Contents:\n\n\nMarine Spatial Planning\nCharles Ehler\nPages 6-17\n\n\nMethods and utility of ecosystem service trade-off analysis for guiding marine planning of offshore energy\u00a0\nJoel Stevens, Sarah Lester and Crow White\nPages 18-33\n\n\nIt starts with a conversation\nJohanna Polsenberg and Anna Kilponen\nPages 34-55\n\n\nChallenges and opportunities for governance in marine spatial planning\nLucy Greenhill\nPages 56-73\n\n\nLegal aspects of marine spatial planning\nErik van Doorn and Sarah Fiona Gahlen\nPages 74-87\n\n\nDisplacement of existing activities\nAndronikos Kafas, Penelope Donohue, Ian Davies and Beth\u00a0Scott\nPages 88-112\n\n\nTracing regime shifts in the provision of coastal-marine cultural ecosystem services\nKira Gee and\u00a0Benjamin Burkhard\nPages 113-131\n\nEnvironmental implications of offshore energy\nAndrew Gill, Silvana Birchenough, Alice Jones, Adrian Judd, Simon Jude, Ana Payo-Payo and Ben Wilson\nPages 132-168\n\nMeaningful stakeholder participation in marine spatial planning with offshore energy\nKatherine Yates\nPages 169-188\n\n\nCapturing benefits\nTara Hooper, Matthew Ashley and Melanie Austen\nPages 189-213\n\nCompatibility of offshore energy installations with marine protected areas\nRuth Thurstan, Katherine Yates and Bethan O\u2019Leary\nPages\u00a0214-230\n\n\nMarine spatial planning and stakeholder collaboration\nPriscilla Brooks and Tricia Jedele\nPages 231-245\n\n\nCo-locating offshore wind farms and marine protected areas\nMatthew Ashley, Melanie Austen, Lynda Rodwell and Stephen Mangi\nPages 246-259\n\n\nConservation challenges in the face of new hydrocarbon discoveries in the Mediterranean Sea\nTessa Mazor, Noam Levin, Eran Brokovich and Salit Kark\nPages 260-273\n\n\nSiting offshore energy arrays\nKaren Alexander, Ron Janssen and Timothy O\u2019Higgins\nPages 274-283\n\n\nThe future of marine spatial planning\nCorey Bradshaw, Lucy Greenhill and Katherine Yates\nPages 284-293","author":["Yates, K.","Bradshaw, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1967","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fisheries-marine-conservation-marine-renewable-energy-displacement-fresh-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pearl.plymouth.ac.uk\/handle\/10026.1\/8336","title":"Fisheries, Marine Conservation, Marine Renewable Energy and Displacement: A Fresh Approach","description":"Fishers are among the biggest commercial resource users in the marine environment. In order to meet international, national and local policies, the UK has to designate a suite of marine protected areas (MPAs) and reach marine renewable energy (MRE) targets. Inevitably, there will be conflict between these two industries and marine conservation. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine evaluate the suitability of various sources of data, which could be used to detect, assess, and ultimately predict, fishing effort displacement within the different sectors of the \u0026gt; 15 m fleet in the South West of the UK. Gear-specific Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data from 2005-2008 was used to assess potential effort displacement due to Haig Fras, a proposed MPA and Wave Hub, a marine renewable energy installation (MREI). The spatial distribution of fishing activity was highly heterogeneous and distinct areas of intense fishing could be identified for all gear-types. A closure of Haig Fras would have the greatest impact on gillnetters. Scallop dredgers also occasionally use the area. The current closure at Wave Hub has the greatest impact on potters and whelkers whose geographic specialisation is most pronounced and who use the area extensively. Longliners also use the area disproportionately would be affected. A simple index of variability was developed in order to determine baselines and two other sources of data were used. High resolution seabed data and low resolution catch data. A semi structured interview was conducted with forty fishers to elicit further information on the challenges, barriers to progress and priority issues in relation to MRE those fishers face. The theme of discontent with the consultation process scored highly throughout. Fishers\u2019 Knowledge (FK) another source of data also scored highly, although further work must be carried out to identify what aspects of this data are useful in assessment of fishing effort displacement.","author":["Campbell, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2015-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Campbell-2017-Thesis.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1969","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/landscape-scale-wildlife-species-richness-metrics-inform-wind-solar-energy-facility","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421518300600","title":"Landscape-Scale Wildlife Species Richness Metrics to Inform Wind and Solar Energy Facility Siting: An Arizona Case Study","description":"The juxtaposition of wildlife and wind or solar energy facility infrastructure can present problems for developers, planners, policy makers, and management agencies. Guidance on siting of these renewable energy facilities may help identify potential wildlife-facility conflicts with species of regulatory or economic concern. However, existing spatial guidance usually does not consider all wildlife that might use a potential facility location or corridors for its servicing infrastructure. We illustrate an approach toward assessing potential wildlife-facility conflicts using readily available vertebrate habitat models. The U.S. Geological Survey\u0027s Gap Analysis Program (GAP) has developed spatial models of potential habitat for vertebrate species across the entire nation. To illustrate their applicability, we used GAP models to estimate richness of all native, terrestrial vertebrates within Arizona and for those vertebrates grouped by class or by sensitivity to the type of facility infrastructure. We examined the spatial overlap of high species richness of each group with agency-developed guidance used to inform facility-siting decisions and found that GAP-based richness mappings augmented existing guidance. As the GAP vertebrate habitat models are publicly available for the entire USA, use of these data can provide a coarse view of potential wildlife-facility conflicts and inform facility planning early in the process.","author":["Thomas, K.","Jarchow, C.","Arundel, T.","Jamwal, P.","Borens, A.","Dorst, C."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.124717400000","-112.170299300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2014","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-wave-energy-converter-farms-coastal-protection-eroding-deltas-guadalfeo-southern","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652617323090","title":"The Role of Wave Energy Converter Farms on Coastal Protection in Eroding Deltas, Guadalfeo, Southern Spain","description":"Many worldwide coasts are under erosion with climate projections indicating that damages will rise in future decades. Specifically, deltaic coasts are highly vulnerable systems due to their low-lying characteristics. This paper investigates the role of wave energy converter (WEC) farms on the protection of an eroding gravel-dominated deltaic coast (Guadalfeo, southern Spain). Eight scenarios with different alongshore locations of the wave farm were defined and results were compared with the present (no farm) configuration of the coast. Assuming that storm conditions drive the main destruction to the coast, we analysed the impact of the most energetic storm conditions and quantified the effects of the location of the farm. Significant wave heights in the lee of the farm were calculated by means of a calibrated wave propagation model (Delft3D-Wave); whereas wave run-up and morphological changes in eight beach profiles were quantified by means of a calibrated morphodynamic model (XBeach-G). The farm induces average reductions in significant wave heights at 10\u00a0m water depth and wave run-up on the coast down to 18.3% and 10.6%, respectively, in the stretch of beach most affected by erosion problems (Playa Granada). Furthermore, the erosion of the beach reduces by 44.5% in Playa Granada and 23.3% in the entire deltaic coast. Combining these results with previous works at the study site allowed selecting the best alternative of wave farm location based not only on coastal protection but also on energetic performance criteria. This work, whose methodology is feasibly extensible to other coasts worldwide, provides insights into the role of the alongshore location of WEC farms on wave propagation, run-up and morphological storm response of deltaic coasts.","author":["Bergillos, R.","L\u00f3pez-Ruiz, A.","Medina-L\u00f3pez, E.","Mo\u00f1ino, A.","Ortega-S\u00e1nchez, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.722617600000","-3.580423100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2015","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-environmental-impact-analysis-tidal-current-energy-turbines-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/121\/4\/042003\/meta","title":"Development and the Environmental Impact Analysis of Tidal Current Energy  Turbines in China","description":"Chinese government pays more attentions to renewable energies (RE) in the context of increasing energy demand and climate change problems. As a promising RE, the utilization of marine renewable energy (MRE) is engaging in the world, including the wave energy and tidal current energy mainly. At the same time, the tidal current energy resources in China are abundant. Thus, the utilization of tidal current energy becomes an inevitable choice for China to meet the challenge of global climate change. The Renewable Energy Law (amendment) and \u0022Twelfth Five-Year\u0022 Plan of Renewable Energy Development (2011-2015) were released in recent years in China, the tidal current energy are successfully implemented in China, including the R\u0026D and pilot projects. After the summary of the status of tidal current energy converters in recent years in China, especially the devices being in the open sea test. The environmental impact study in China is also introduced in order to offer reference for the environmental impact assessment of tidal current power generation.","author":["Liu, Y.","Ma, C.","Jiang, B."],"organization":["National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.155577400000","122.207783900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Liu-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2017","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electromagnetic-field-emf-impacts-elasmobranch-shark-rays-skates-american-lobster","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Zoe_Hutchison\/publication\/323855234_Electromagnetic_Field_EMF_Impacts_on_Elasmobranch_shark_rays_and_skates_and_American_Lobster_Movement_and_Migration_from_Direct_Current_Cables\/links\/5aafb957a6fdcc1bc0bd022a\/Electromagnetic-Field-EMF-Impacts-on-Elasmobranch-shark-rays-and-skates-and-American-Lobster-Movement-and-Migration-from-Direct-Current-Cables.pdf","title":"Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Impacts on Elasmobranch (shark, rays, and skates) and American Lobster Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables","description":"In 2014, The University of Rhode Island and key partners were contracted by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) to conduct a two-year study entitled \u0022Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Impacts on Elasmobranch (sharks, rays, and skates) and American Lobster Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables.\u0022  The BOEM-URI project had five major components:    A synthesis of existing information published subsequent to the report entitled \u0022 Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species\u0022 (Normandeau et al., 2011) for BOEM on EMF and the potential effects on marine species;  Field surveys to characterize the EMF from two high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables; the Cross Sound Cable (CSC) and the Neptune Cable;  A computer model to predict the EMF generated by HVDC cables and a comparison of EMF model predictions with EMF field measurements for validation and to determine if the model could be extrapolated to higher capacity cables that are likely to be installed in the future;  A statistically robust field experiment that would detect potential effects of EMF from HVDC cables on the movements of marine species (American lobster, Homarus americanus and Little skate, Leucoraja erinacea) of concern; and  An integration, interpretation and evaluation of the multidisciplinary findings.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Sigray, P.","He, H.","Gill, A.","King, J.","Gibson, C."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","Cranfield University","FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hutchison2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2019","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotland-new-scotland-constructing-sectoral-marine-plan-tidal-energy-nova-scotia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17300970?via%3Dihub","title":"From Scotland to New Scotland: Constructing a Sectoral Marine Plan for Tidal Energy for Nova Scotia","description":"Competing usage of marine space has prompted several coastal nations to implement marine spatial planning (MSP). While progressive governments promote the deployment of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in order to meet renewable energy capacity and greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets, offshore RETs become another player operating within a \ufb01nite and already stressed marine environment. This paper applies the sectoral MSP process employed by Scotland to the Nova Scotia context in order to draft a MSP for the province\u0027s tidal energy sector. Applicable legislation is reviewed in order to establish the regulatory authorities with powers to plan for both the marine development and ecosystem protection agendas. The scoping process identi\ufb01es suitable resource areas based on the operational parameters of commercially viable tidal current turbines (TCTs), while the sustainability appraisal identi\ufb01es areas of cultural, industry, ecological, and socioeconomic constraint and exclusion. Plan option areas emanating from the applied methodology demonstrated a 238.345 km2 (98.1%) increase in suitable TCT deployment area than the marine renewable energy areas identi\ufb01ed in Nova Scotia\u0027s Marine Renewable Energy Act which did not undertake such a methodology.","author":["Sangiuliano, S.","Mastrantonis, S."],"organization":["York University"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.681986600000","-63.744311000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:27:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2022","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-hydrodynamic-morphological-impacts-tidal-stream-development-ramsey-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148118304014","title":"Modelling the Hydrodynamic and Morphological Impacts of a Tidal Stream Development in Ramsey Sound","description":"A number of sites around the UK are being considered for development of tidal stream energy, one of which is Ramsey Sound off the coast of Pembrokeshire, South Wales. The Sound was used to test the prototype of the Delta Stream by Tidal Energy Ltd. After initial testing, a 10 MW tidal array was proposed at St David\u2019s Head. To investigate any possible environmental impacts of the array due to energy extraction, a case study of the Pembrokeshire coast was performed using a high-resolution depth averaged hydrodynamic model, Telemac2D, to investigate changes to hydrodynamics and morphodynamics. Results show that the proposed array of nine tidal energy converters will cause alterations to eddy propagation leading to changes in the velocity field up to 24km from the tidal array. Changes in morphodynamics are predicted through alterations to the bed shear stress. Changes to the mean and maximum bed shear stress, over a 30-day period, are found to be more localised and extend 12km from the array. These changes indicate that the proposed tidal array will lead to localised sediment accumulation and will act as a barrier to sediment transport, with potential consequences for the benthic ecology of the region.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Haverson, D.","Bacon, J.","Smith, H.","Venugopal, V.","Xiao, Q."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Exeter","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-5.326110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2023","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-chemicals-released-marine-environment-dielectric-elastomers-useful-active","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304389417305587","title":"Assessment of Chemicals Released in the Marine Environment by Dielectric Elastomers Useful as Active Elements in Wave Energy Harvesters","description":"A series of elastomers, either natural or synthetic (some of them commercial, while others prepared in the laboratory), suitable for use as active elements in devices for wave energy harvesting, were evaluated concerning their behavior and effects on the marine environment. In this aim, the elastomer films, initially evaluated regarding their aspect, structure, surface wettability, and tolerance of microorganisms growth, were immersed in synthetic seawater (SSW) within six months for assessing compounds released. There were analyzed the changes occurred both in the elastomers and salt water in which they were immersed. For this, water samples taken at set time intervals were analyzed by using a sequence of sensitive spectral techniques: UV\u2013vis, IR, and in relevant cases 1H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI\u2013MS), able to detect and identify organic compounds, while after six months, they were also investigated from the point of view of aspect, presence of metal traces, pH, and biological activity. The changes in aspect, structure and morphology of the dielectric films at the end of the dipping period were also evaluated by visual inspection, IR spectroscopy by using spectral subtraction method, and SEM-EDX technique.","author":["Zaltariov, M.","Bele, A.","Vasiliu, L.","Gradinaru, L.","Vornicu, N.","Racles, C.","Cazacu, M."],"organization":["Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry"],"originationDate":"2018-01-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2028","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/location-offshore-wave-power-devices-structures-epifaunal-assemblages","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166916300522?via%3Dihub","title":"The location of offshore wave power devices structures epifaunal assemblages","description":"With large-scale development of offshore wave power conversion, artificial structures become more common in the open sea. To examine how wave power devices may be colonized by epifaunal organisms, 21 concrete foundations used for anchoring wave power generators were studied during two years, 2007 and 2008. The foundations were placed in two different clusters, located north and south within the Lysekil test site at the Swedish west coast. The degree to which early recruits covered the foundations and the succession of epibenthic communities were documented during two years. A succession in colonization over time was observed, with a higher degree of cover in the northern location. Furthermore, the northern location showed an increase in number of individuals, number of species and in Shannon-Wiener diversity in 2008. Dominant organisms on the foundations were the serpulid tubeworms (Pomatoceros triqueter) and barnacles (Balanus sp.). This comprehensive large-scale study about succession and colonization patterns on wave power foundations suggests that the location of wave energy devices affects colonization patterns. This gives indications on settlement patterns on already operating and planned offshore wave power parks further off the coasts.","author":["Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:59:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2029","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2017-marine-hydrokinetic-instrumentation-workshop-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy18osti\/70591.pdf","title":"2017 Marine Hydrokinetic Instrumentation Workshop Report","description":"The third Marine Hydrokinetic Instrumentation Workshop was held at Florida Atlantic University\u2019s Sea Tech Campus in Dania Beach, Florida, from February 28 to March 1, 2017. The workshop brought together 37 experts in marine energy measurement, testing, and technology development to present and discuss the instrumentation and data-processing needs of the marine energy industry. The goals of the meeting were to:    Better understand the state of instrumentation, measurement, and data-processing capabilities for testing, assessment, monitoring, and operation of marine energy converters (MECs)  Identify gaps (problems, deficiencies, or lack of capabilities) in marine hydrokinetic (MHK) measurement and data-processing technology, assess the impact of those gaps, and prioritize the gaps for solutions  Define pathways for developing solutions to the gaps  Present progress made to address gaps identified at previous workshops.   The workshop was comprised of a plenary session followed by two focused breakout sessions. The half-day plenary session reviewed findings from prior instrumentation workshops, presented research activities that aim to fill previously identified gaps, and had industry experts present the state of the marine energy measurement technologies. The bulk of the workshop was spent in the breakout sessions where the workshop participants split into three groups 1) wave energy converter (WEC) field testing and operation, 2) current energy converter (CEC) field testing and operation, and 3) laboratory testing (WEC and CEC). The first session defined and ranked gaps in measurement technology and data processing. The second session defined ways to develop measurement and data-processing technologies to fill the gaps.  The first section of this report provides the background for the workshop, review s the objectives, and details the structure. The body of this report details the findings from the workshop in terms of gaps i n existing technology, capabilities, and infrastructure. The findings also include descriptions of the benefits of closing the gaps and potential solutions to those gaps. A final section describes the common themes that emerged in several of the findings.  The workshop identified 28 primary findings in the areas of    Information dissemination and data processing  Standards, guidelines, and recommended practices  Enhanced measurement capabilities  New measurement and testing capabilities   Four cross-cutting themes emerged from many of the findings:    Limited knowledge transfer: a wealth of experience, knowhow, and tools have been generated from laboratory and field testing, yet much of this knowledge is not disseminated or is hard to find. There is a need to disseminate knowledge so the MHK industry can avoid repeating mistakes, minimize duplicate efforts, and leverage the experience of others to help accelerate technology development and reduce costs while not compromising intellectual property.  High cost of measurement: marine grade instruments can be expensive and strain tight test budgets; often leading to a tradeoff between the breadth and duration of a test and the number and quality of measurements. By adopting mechanisms to increase instrument availability, share instrument costs between projects, increase the measurement capabilities of existing instruments, adapt instruments for MHK application, share knowledge of instrument use, and standardize measurements, measurement costs can be reduced.  Better measurement capabilities at low technology readiness levels (TRLs): measurement capabilities for smaller-scale models (1:10 and smaller) typically used at low TRLs are inadequate and sensors either do not exist, are too expensive, or adversely impact device response. For technologies to advance at smaller TRLs, new measurement technologies are needed to enable accurate and affordable measurements.  Open-source tools for unified data processing and analysis: data processing and analysis is typically performed on a project-by-project basis using custom code with unique processing and visualization methods. By encouraging sharing of vetted data reduction, processing, QA, and visualizations code and by adopting standard methods, the MHK industry would be able to accelerate the analysis and increase the credibility of test results.   The gaps, impacts of the gaps, benefits of closing the gaps, and solutions to the gaps contained within this report were synthesized from the preworkshop survey and input from workshop participants. The findings are intended to be informative and used by government bodies, industry and the research community to help advance MHK testing and measurement \u2013 they do not necessarily represent the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) views or program objectives.","author":["Driscoll, F.","Mauer, E.","Rieks, J."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NREL-2018-Instrumentation-Workshop.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2030","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-situ-passive-acoustic-monitoring-marine-mammals-during-operation-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v590\/p247-266\/","title":"First in situ Passive Acoustic Monitoring for Marine Mammals during Operation of a Tidal Turbine in Ramsey Sound, Wales","description":"The development of marine renewables has raised concerns regarding impacts on wildlife, and environmental monitoring is often required. We examined 3 mo of continuous passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) data collected at the Tidal Energy Ltd. DeltaStream turbine deployment in Ramsey Sound, UK. We aimed to assess the performance of the PAM system at an operational turbine, describe the 3D movements and behaviours of small cetaceans in the vicinity of the turbine, and model changes in detection rates against temporal and environmental variables. The PAM system was designed to acoustically detect, classify and track porpoises and dolphins via their vocalisations within a ~100 m radius of the turbine. In total, 247 small cetacean encounters were identified from click detections, which were also used to reconstruct the spatial movements of porpoises and dolphins, including close approaches to the turbine. Not all hydrophones were functional, which limited the ability to localise porpoise clicks; the probability of detecting and localising a click decreased by 50% at a range of ~20 m. Mechanical sounds on the turbine may have alerted cetaceans of its presence. In models examining acoustic detection patterns, the tidal state, time of day, low low-frequency noise levels and moon phase best explained the acoustic presence of porpoises. The limited duration of turbine operation yielded insufficient data to understand the effect of turbine rotation on animal presence and movement near the turbine. This is the first description of how small cetaceans behave and move around a tidal turbine, and we present recommendations regarding how PAM can be used to improve environmental monitoring at future tidal energy sites.","author":["Malinka, C.","Gillespie, D.","Macaulay, J.","Joy, R.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","SMRU Consulting","Simon Fraser University","Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-5.326110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2031","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/corrections-fish-school-area-mean-volume-backscattering-strength-simulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsy009\/4924926","title":"Corrections of Fish School Area and Mean Volume Backscattering Strength by Simulation of an Omnidirectional Multi-Beam Sonar","description":"Fish school descriptors extracted from omnidirectional multi-beam data are biased due to beam width-related effects, and echotraces are distorted in a range-dependent manner that is a function of transducer intrinsic properties, as well as fish school characteristics. This work investigates a simulation approach that models the three-dimensional insonification of fish schools by an omnidirectional fishery sonar in order to assess the bias in measuring two key morphometric and energetic descriptors, namely the horizontal cross-sectional area of schools and their mean volume backscattering strength. Simulated fish schools of different sizes and backscattering properties were insonified at various ranges from the multi-beam transducer, outputting volume backscattering strength echograms. The simulated data were used to develop empirical models that correct the examined descriptors using only information extracted from the observed echotraces. Depending on the difference between the observed mean volume backscattering strength of a school and the echogram processing threshold, mean absolute percentage errors in measured area and volume backscatter reduced from 100.7% and 79.5% to 5.2% and 6.4%, respectively. The mean volume backscattering strength of a school is a key parameter for obtaining fish density estimates, and the results highlight the need for descriptor corrections to better interpret the multi-beam data.","author":["Trygonis, V.","Kapelponis, Z."],"organization":["University of the Aegean","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)"],"originationDate":"2018-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2034","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-assessment-anthropogenic-noise-sources-using-field-recording-method","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/dav\/aaua\/2018\/00000104\/00000001\/art00004","title":"Underwater Assessment of Anthropogenic Noise Sources Using a Field Recording Method","description":"Concern about underwater noise has been increasing due to the high number of projects needing environmental impact assessment to know how the underwater environment could be affected by pollutant noise, especially when living beings are involved. Since in countries like Chile there is no current legislation about anthropogenic underwater noise, the main objective of this work was to face this topic in Chile. To achieve it, noise sources present in rivers from Valdivia City-located in south center Chile-were evaluated. Underwater and airborne noise emissions measurement, coming from a high number of anthropogenic noise sources, both mobil and stationary, were carried out using a field method. It uses a digital recorder through which the noise emitted from the evaluated source is recorded. Subsequently, using a software, the desired noise descriptors are obtained. Measurements were carried out both in summer and winter seasons, between December 2015 and December 2016. To have a database of sources as those assessed in this study, measured in field conditions and with low natural background-noise, takes a relevant value when working with mathematics models of acoustic prediction. The information we have to introduce into them must be as accurate and as similar as possible to those acoustic characteristics of the noise sources considered. It is important to state how necessary standardizing procedures used to measure and present results of under-water measurements appears now. There exists a wide variety of literature showing divergences regarding this. This work tried to bring into the area of underwater measurements techniques and considerations used in air measurements, since, strictly speaking, the change is only in the involved fluids.","author":["Fernandez, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2035","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/black-guillemot-ecology-relation-tidal-stream-energy-generation-evaluation-current","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113617303859","title":"Black Guillemot Ecology in Relation to Tidal Stream Energy Generation: An Evaluation of Current Knowledge and Information Gaps","description":"The black guillemot Cepphus grylle has been identified as a species likely to interact with marine renewable energy devices, specifically tidal turbines, with the potential to experience negative impacts. This likelihood is primarily based on the species being a diving seabird, and an inshore, benthic forager often associating with tidal streams. These behavioural properties may bring them into contact with turbine blades, or make them susceptible to alterations to tidal current speed, and\/or changes in benthic habitat structure. We examine the knowledge currently available to assess the potential impacts of tidal stream turbines on black guillemot ecology, highlight knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research. The key ecological aspects investigated include: foraging movements, diving behaviour, seasonal distribution, other sources of disturbance and colony recovery. Relating to foraging behaviour, between studies there is heterogeneity in black guillemot habitat use in relation to season, tide, diurnal cycles, and bathymetry. Currently, there is also little knowledge regarding the benthic habitats associated with foraging. With respect to diving behaviour, there is currently no available research regarding how black guillemots orientate and manoeuvre within the water column. Black guillemots are considered to be a non-migratory species, however little is known about their winter foraging range and habitat. The effect of human disturbance on breeding habitat and the metapopulation responses to potential mortalities are unknown. It is clear further understanding of black guillemot foraging habitat and behaviour is needed to provide renewable energy developers with the knowledge to sustainably locate tidal turbines and mitigate their impacts.","author":["Johnston, D.","Furness, R.","Robbins, A.","Tyler, G.","Taggart, M.","Masden, E."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","MacArthur Green","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.024690600000","-6.490507300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2038","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-animal-alert-system-task-2153-development-monitoring-technologies-final-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Animal Alert System Task 2.1.5.3 - Development of Monitoring Technologies Final Report","description":"The Marine Animal Alert System (MAAS) was developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory as an element of compliance monitoring to support deployment of marine hydrokinetic energy devices.\u00a0 An initial focus is prototype tidal turbines to be deployed in Puget Sound in Washington State.\u00a0 The MAAS will help manage the risk of injury or mortality to marine animals from blade strike or contact with tidal turbines.\u00a0 In particular, development has focused on using both active and passive acoustic approaches to detect, classify, and localize listed Southern Resident killer whales within 200 m of prototype turbines.\u00a0 A passive acoustic system consisting of a pair of four-element symmetrical star arrays and parallel processing of eight channels of acoustic receptions has been designed, built, and evaluated under field conditions.\u00a0 Field evaluation of the performance of the system for detection and localization of killer whale calls and of the acoustic beacons was conducted in Sequim Bay, Washington, during the last calendar quarter of 2011.\u00a0 The probability of detection of whale calls with source levels of 150 dB referenced to a micropascal\u00a0 was found to be on the order of 0.75 when the whale playback transducer was at a range of approximately 190 m and increased to 1.0 at a range of approximately 130 m.\u00a0 The whale call classifier correctly classified essentially all of the calls detected.\u00a0 The location of sound sources was estimated by computing a two-dimensional (2D) bearing to the sound source from each star array and then computing the 2D location at which the 2D bearings crossed.\u00a0 Except for locations where the sound source was very close to the line passing through the centers of both star arrays, bearing errors were on the order of 1\u00b0, and range errors were less than 30 m at the maximum ranges tested.\u00a0 Inclusion of an active acoustic component into the system was not pursued following findings that the 200-kHz sonars selected based on whale target strength and acoustic propagation considerations were emitting sound within the hearing range of killer whales at levels that could possibly affect their behavior.\u00a0 The results of measurements of sideband sound made for the selected echo sounders are presented.\u00a0\u00a0","author":["Carlson, T.","Deng, Z.","Myers, J.","Matzner, S.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.079000000000","-123.044000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carlson-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2039","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-distributions-tidal-channel-indicate-behavioural-impact-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352484717301968","title":"Fish Distributions in a Tidal Channel Indicate the Behavioural Impact of a Marine Renewable Energy Installation","description":"In the dynamic environments targeted for marine renewable energy extraction, such as tidal channels, the natural distribution of fish and behavioural impacts of marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) are poorly understood. This study builds on recent methodological developments to reveal the behaviour of fish schools using data collected by a seabed-mounted echosounder deployed in extreme tidal flows and in the wake of a MREI (composed of the foundation of a full-scale tidal stream energy turbine). The results show a significant change (p \u0026lt;0.001) in the vertical distribution of fish schools in the vicinity of a MREI compared to a nearby control location representative of the natural conditions. The MREI is associated with an overall increased rate of fish school observations (+74%), particularly at night (+163%) and in the MREI wake flow (+378%), related to the disruption of natural diurnal behavioural patterns in school characteristics (size, relative density, and distance from seabed). These results indicate an attraction effect of the MREI, and show that the aggregation and vertical distribution of fish in the modified flow conditions is dependent on tidal phase with evidence of avoidance of the MREI depth range during peak flow velocities. The behavioural responses observed in this study provide new information relevant to the environmental impact assessment of marine renewable energy developments and highlight priorities for further research.","author":["Fraser, S.","Williamson, B.","Nikora, V.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.150000000000","-2.808333333000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:11:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fraser-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2040","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modelling-study-effects-suspended-aquaculture-farms-tidal-stream-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7271494\/","title":"Numerical Modelling Study of the Effects of Suspended Aquaculture Farms on Tidal Stream Energy Generation","description":"Recent endeavours have focused on the possibility of developing multi-use marine areas that integrate open-ocean aquaculture in conjunction with marine renewable energy device deployment. Advantages of performing mariculture activities within offshore tidal stream farms are manifold, including increased spatial efficiency, shared infrastructures and reduced labour costs due to linkage of individual activities of both industries. This work investigates the combined impacts of a suspended installation hosting aquaculture developments and potential energy-production capacity of tidal stream devices installed beneath the aquaculture farm. Numerical modelling studies of the impacts of the suspended aquaculture farms on energy production are conducted. The study adopts an amended version of an existing three-dimensional hydro-environmental model to describe the effects of aquaculture structures. The effects of suspended mariculture canopies are simulated using a laboratory validated, vertically varying drag coefficient profile within the canopy, along with a two-equation turbulence closure scheme, which includes additional turbulent production and dissipation terms. The quantifiable energy production capacity of the tidal stream devices with and without the suspended canopy is considered. In particular, the research investigates the optimum density and distribution of suspended shellfish cultivation that ensures viable growth and economic production of the shellfish while increasing production capacity of the tidal energy farms. Results demonstrate that there is potential to optimize energy generation by combining turbine arrays with suspended aquaculture farms.","author":["O\u0027Donncha, F.","James, S.","O\u0027Brien, N.","Ragnoli, E."],"organization":["IBM Research","Baylor University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2041","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-current-energy-converters-snl-efdc-model-development-verification-parameter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117306328","title":"Simulating Current-Energy Converters: SNL-EFDC Model Development, Verification, and Parameter Estimation","description":"Increasing interest in power production from ocean, tidal, and river currents has led to significant efforts to maximize energy conversion through optimal design and siting and to minimize effects on the environment. Turbine-based, current-energy-converter (CEC) technologies remove energy from current-driven systems and in the process generate distinct wakes, which can interact with other CEC devices and can alter flow regimes, sediment dynamics, and water quality. This work introduces Sandia National Laboratories-Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code CEC module and verifies it against a two-dimensional analytical solution for power generation and hydrodynamic response of flow through a CEC tidal fence. With a two-dimensional model that accurately reflects an analytical solution, the effort was extended to three-dimensional models of three different laboratory-flume experiments that measured the impacts of CEC devices on flow. Both flow and turbulence model parameters were then calibrated against wake characteristics and turbulence measurements. This is the first time that turbulence parameter values have been specified for CEC devices. Measurements and simulations compare favorably and demonstrate the utility and accuracy of this numerical approach for simulating the impacts of CEC devices on the flow field. The model can be extended to future siting and analyses of CEC arrays in complex domains.","author":["James, S.","Johnson, E.","Barco, J.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Baylor University","Montana State University","Universidad de Medell\u00edn","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2042","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-study-effects-suspended-aquaculture-installations-tidal-stream-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116308898","title":"Modelling Study of the Effects of Suspended Aquaculture Installations on Tidal Stream Generation in Cobscook Bay","description":"Recent endeavours have focused on the possibility of developing multi-use marine areas that integrate aquaculture with marine renewable energy device deployment. This work investigates both the individual and the combined impacts of suspended long-line mussel farms (canopies) and tidal stream devices. An amended version of an existing three-dimensional hydro-environmental code was used to describe the effects of both the aquaculture canopies and the tidal energy devices. The model was applied to a designated tidal energy test site on the East Coast of the United States, Cobscook Bay, ME. The quantifiable energy production capacity of the tidal stream devices with and without suspended canopies was considered. The effects of both types of structures on hydrodynamics and solute transport were analysed including flushing studies to quantify renewal timescales in the bay. Results demonstrate potential to optimise energy generation by combining turbine arrays with suspended aquaculture canopies. Combining MHK and aquaculture installations did not significantly impact the physical environment beyond the effects of the aquaculture canopies alone. Moreover, the potential energy production capacity was increased by up to 19% due to flow diversion and acceleration induced by the aquaculture canopies.","author":["O\u0027Donncha, F.","James, S.","Ragnoli, E."],"organization":["IBM Research","Baylor University"],"originationDate":"2017-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2045","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-knowledge-environmental-effects-driving-consentingpermitting-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/news\/oes-publishes-a-position-paper-the-state-of-knowledge-for-environmental-effects\/","title":"The State of Knowledge for Environmental Effects: Driving Consenting\/Permitting for the Marine Renewable Energy Industry","description":"The marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is young\u2014most technology development and testing for tidal and wave devices has taken place over the past 10\u201315 years. As wave and tidal devices continue to be deployed for demonstration, testing, and pilot projects, and the earliest commercial arrays are being developed, regulators around the world are requiring that a significant amount of data be collected to determine the effects of devices and systems on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystems. The collection of pre- and post-installation monitoring data places substantial cost burdens on device and project developers, threatening the financial viability of this young industry.  This paper describes the state of knowledge that drives the consenting (permitting) processes for the MRE industry in most of the Ocean Energy Systems Technology Collaboration Programme (OES) nations, and how that level of knowledge is, or is not, driving the processes for consenting projects and moving the industry forward. There are of course many differences among the levels of acceptance and application of this knowledge. This paper attempts to summarize the current status and suggest pathways for moving the industry forward through efficient consenting processes.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-2018-Environmental-Effects.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2047","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-seals-phoca-vitulina-around-operational-tidal-turbine-strangford-narrows-no","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/aqc.2790","title":"Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) around an operational tidal turbine in Strangford Narrows: No barrier effect but small changes in transit behaviour","description":"Data were obtained from 32 electronic tags that were glued to the fur of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in and around Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, during the environmental monitoring of the SeaGen tidal turbine.  This study provides the first detailed information on the behaviour of marine mammals close to a commercial\u2010scale tidal energy device. The turbine did not prevent transit of the animals through the channel and therefore did not result in a \u2018barrier\u2019 effect.  However, the animals\u0027 behaviour did change when the turbine was operating, demonstrating the importance of allowing for behavioural responses when estimating collision risks associated with tidal turbines.  Tagged animals passed the location of the device more frequently during slack water than when the current was running. In 2010 the frequency of transits by tagged seals reduced by 20% (95% CI: 10\u201350%) when the turbine was on, relative to when it was off. This effect was stronger when considering daylight hours only with a reduction of transit rate of 57%(95% CI: 25\u201364%). Seals tagged during the operational period transited approximately 250 m either side of the turbine suggesting some degree of local avoidance compared with the pre\u2010installation results.  The results presented here have implications for monitoring and managing the potential interactions between tidal turbines and marine wildlife. Principally that the design of telemetry studies for measuring change in response to developments should seek to understand and take into account variability in seal behaviour.  This study only looked at the effects of a single turbine rather than an array, and mitigation limited the ability to determine close range interactions. However, the study indicates that the effect of the turbine on Strangford Lough harbour seals was minor and that collision risk was reduced by the behaviour of the seals.","author":["Sparling, C.","Lonergan, M.","McConnell, B."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.483647000000","-5.583000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-30 07:33:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sparling_et_al-2017-Aquatic_Conservation__Marine_and_Freshwater_Ecosystems.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2048","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-operational-noise-level-emitted-tidal-current-turbine-its-potential-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4988869","title":"Underwater operational noise level emitted by a tidal current turbine and its potential impact on marine fauna","description":"Marine renewable energy development raised concerns over the impact of underwater noise. We assessed the acoustic impacts of an operating tidal current turbine (Paimpol-Br\u00e9hat site, France) on marine fauna. The turbine\u2019s source level (SL) was estimated using 19 acoustic drifting transects at distances between 100m to 2400m from the device. SL ranges from 118 to 152dBre1\u03bcPa@1m in the third-octave bands at frequencies between 40 and 8192Hz, a noise level comparable to the one emitted by a 19m boat travelling at 10kt. The SL was used to estimate the impact of the turbine\u2019s noise based on acoustic propagation simulations. The overall acoustic footprint of the device corresponds to a disk of 350 meters radius. Our results showed that within this footprint, physiological trauma is improbable but behavioral disturbance may occur up to 350m around the device for marine mammals (impact limited by the footprint area), and 55m, 5m and 5m respectively for pollocks, sea basses and a shrimp species. Feedbacks from this study show that the assessment of TTS and PTS risk areas for marine mammals is rather mature, but there are still many uncertainties about the assessment of risk areas for behavioral disturbance and masking for fishes and marine invertebrates.","author":["Lossent, J.","Gervaise, C.","Iorio, L.","Folegot, T.","Clorennec, D.","Lejart, M."],"organization":["CHORUS Acoustics","Quiet Oceans (QO)","France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2017-06-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2049","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-dimensional-optimisation-tidal-energy-converters-array-layouts-considering","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117309709","title":"Multi-Dimensional Optimisation of Tidal Energy Converters Array Layouts Considering Geometric, Economic and Environmental Constraints","description":"A study for the optimisation of in-stream tidal energy converter array layout for a three-dimensional fluid flow field is presented. The study involves design of experiments, computational fluid dynamics simulations, surrogate model construction, and constrained optimisation. Linear Radial Basis Functions (RBF) are used to build surrogate models as a function of four design variables: streamwise, spanwise, vertical and staggered spacings, with the purpose of approximating the capacity factor of an array with a fixed number of Tidal Energy Converters (TECs). Effects of arrays on maximum and minimum stream velocities at specific locations are also assessed. A constrained optimisation mathematical model is formulated considering geometric, economic and environmental aspects. Results are presented in terms of economic revenue for each optimisation model. The method proves to be very time efficient in the evaluation of numerous tidal energy convert array layouts with a view to satisfying optimality criteria.","author":["Gonz\u00e1lez-Gorbe\u00f1a, E.","Qassim, R.","Rosman, P."],"organization":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2050","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-interactions-tidal-lagoons-comparison-industry-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117311679","title":"Environmental Interactions of Tidal Lagoons: A Comparison of Industry Perspectives","description":"Tidal lagoons are an attractive renewable energy option that could aid the UK in meeting its ambitious renewable energy targets. One of the main barriers to tidal range development in the UK to date has been regulatory environmental concern. In order for the nascent lagoon industry to move forward into development, the views of the developers and other influential stakeholders such as government bodies, regulators, conservationists and practitioners (herein referred to as \u2018influencing stakeholders\u2019 or \u2018influencers\u2019) need to be aligned. This study is the first of its kind using online questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to present and compare the views of both developers and influencing stakeholders on the environmental interactions of tidal lagoons. We find that, whilst both influencers and developers are working towards the common goal of a good environmental outcome for tidal lagoons, there are mismatches in their views in terms of the priorities given to the key environmental impacts, benefits and potential solution options. The work provides insight into what is at the forefront of developers\u0027 and influencers\u0027 minds, highlighting the key themes within their views and transforming this information into policy recommendations that will help the industry\u0027s development move forward.","author":["Mackinnon, K.","Smith, H.","Moore, F.","van der Weijde, A.","Lazakis, I."],"organization":["Black \u0026 Veatch","University of Exeter","University of Hull","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mackinnon-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2051","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterisation-tidal-flows-european-marine-energy-centre-absence-ocean-waves","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/1\/176","title":"Characterisation of Tidal Flows at the European Marine Energy Centre in the Absence of Ocean Waves","description":"The data analyses and results presented here are based on the field measurement campaign of the Reliable Data Acquisition Platform for Tidal (ReDAPT) project (Energy Technologies Institute (ETI), U.K. 2010\u20132015). During ReDAPT, a 1 MW commercial prototype tidal turbine was deployed and operated at the Fall of Warness tidal test site within the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), Orkney, U.K. Mean flow speeds and Turbulence Intensity (TI) at multiple positions proximal to the machine are considered. Through the implemented wave identification techniques, the dataset can be filtered into conditions where the effects of waves are present or absent. Due to the volume of results, only flow conditions in the absence of waves are reported here. The analysis shows that TI and mean flows are found to vary considerably between flood and ebb tides whilst exhibiting sensitivity to the tidal phase and to the specification of spatial averaging and velocity binning. The principal measurement technique was acoustic Doppler profiling provided by seabed-mounted Diverging-beam Acoustic Doppler Profilers (D-ADP) together with remotely-operable Single-Beam Acoustic Doppler Profilers (SB-ADP) installed at mid-depth on the tidal turbine. This novel configuration allows inter-instrument comparisons, which were conducted. Turbulence intensity averaged over the rotor extents of the ReDAPT turbine for flood tides vary between 16.7% at flow speeds above 0.3 m\/s and 11.7% when considering only flow speeds in the turbine operating speed range, which reduces to 10.9% (6.8% relative reduction) following the implementation of noise correction techniques. Equivalent values for ebb tides are 14.7%, 10.1% and 9.3% (7.9% relative reduction). For flood and ebb tides, TI values resulting from noise correction are reduced in absolute terms by 3% and 2% respectively across a wide velocity range and approximately 1% for turbine operating speeds. Through comparison with SB-ADP-derived mid-depth TI values, this correction is shown to be conservative since uncorrected SB-ADP results remain, in relative terms, between 10% and 21% below corrected D-ADP values depending on tidal direction and the range of velocities considered. Results derived from other regions of the water column, those important to floating turbine devices for example, are reported for comparison.","author":["Sellar, B.","Wakelam, G.","Sutherland, D.","Ingram, D.","Venugopal, V."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sellar-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2052","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/triton-igiugig-fish-video-analysis","sourceURL":"","title":"Triton: Igiugig Fish Video Analysis","description":"Tidal and instream turbine technologies are currently being investigated for power generation in a variety of locations in the US. An environmental permitting and consenting requirement parallels this exploration generating the need to ensure little or no harm, in the form of strike or collision, befalls marine animals from device deployments. Monitoring methods (e.g., underwater cameras, active acoustics, passive acoustics) around turbine deployments provide empirical data allowing regulators and other stakeholders to assess risk. At present, there is a high level of concern and limited data precluding robust conclusions, which creates a challenge to regulators who must make decisions based on perceived risk versus actual risk. However, the data that are currently available to the scientific community for analysis indicate the issue to be of low risk to date, and strike or collision to be rare events. One such dataset that provides insight to the rarity of strike and collision risk to fish came from an instream turbine deployment in Alaska that used underwater video as the monitoring method.  This document describes the analysis of video data collected around the Ocean Renewable Power Company\u2019s RivGen\u00ae device deployed in the Kvichak River during July and August 2015 to gain an understanding of the implications of using underwater video cameras as a fish monitoring technique. The data were analyzed manually and used to develop automated algorithms for detecting fish in the video frames and describing their interaction behavior relative to the device. In addition, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) researchers developed a web application, EyeSea, to combine manual and automated processing, so that ultimately the automated algorithms could be used to identify where human analysis was needed (i.e., when fish are present in video frames).  The goal of the project was to develop software algorithms that could identify video frames with fish present to inform and accelerate manual analysis. To achieve this, independent manual analysis was completed for specific video clips (i.e., visual analysis and annotation by a human observer was the standard for assessing the algorithms). The analysis process indicated that some confounding aspects of the algorithm development could potentially be solved with recommended improvements in the initial camera data collection methods.  The manual analysis began to look at all data from the start of deployment of the RivGen\u00ae device, primarily using video from Camera 2 that looked directly at the upstream side of the turbine so any interaction could be identified; this was to ensure rare events were seen, and initially focused on Nighttime Data when more fish were present. This process highlighted the amount of time it takes to identify fish, and ultimately only 42.33 hours of video were reviewed because of the time-consuming analysis. The data were classified as \u201cFish\u201d when the reviewer was confident it was a fish, and \u201cMaybe\u201d fish when it was difficult to distinguish. The two classes were distinguished based on the movement, shape, and color characteristics. Fish Events were further classified by \u201cadult\u201d, \u201cjuvenile\u201d, or \u201cunidentifiable\u201d age. Behavioral attributes were noted and were broadly divided into Passive and Avoidance activities. In over 42 hours of the data reviewed, there were only 20 potential contact interactions, of which 3 were Maybe classifications, 12 were juveniles, and 5 were adults. While only 11.5% of the video data were analyzed from Camera 2, these results are from the time when most fish were present over the turbine deployment period (from Alaska Department of Fish and Game data) and provide preliminary evidence that fish strike or collision of fish in the Kvichak River with an instream turbine is rare.  On only one occasion was an actual contact confirmed, and this was an adult fish that contacted the camera, not the turbine itself. This experience highlights the difficulties associated with confirming a strike or collision event as either having occurred or having been a near-miss. More interactions were detected at night; this was probably biased by nighttime use of artificial light, which may have attracted fish, but also could have increased detection probability because the light is reflected from the fish itself.  For the algorithm development, background subtraction, optical flow, and Deep Learning techniques were considered. The Deep Learning approach was determined to need too much training data for this application, so its use was not continued. The optical flow analysis was considered promising, but did not give immediate results, so it needs further investigation. Therefore, background subtraction was the main focus in algorithm development. Three methods of background subtraction were tried: Robust Principal Components Analysis (RPCA), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), and Video Background Extraction (ViBE). A classification technique was then applied to the foreground images to determine fish presence. Using this combination, fish could be accurately identified when occupying a higher number of pixels (\u003E200 pixels, 98.2% correct; 100\u2013200 pixels, 99.6% correct; 5\u2013100 pixels, 85.4% correct; 2\u20135 pixels, 66.3% correct).  In parallel, EyeSea was developed to convert the video data to a usable form and to enable manual and automated analysis of the data that would have a standardized output.  Recommendations for further research, and optimizing methods for enhancing data collection and analysis include the following: Research Conduct more studies of the effect of lights on fish behavior. Investigate the use of low light video applications as an alternative to using lights. Further investigate optical flow techniques and their applicability for automated analysis. Further refine the parameters for background subtraction in automated analysis.  Standardized techniques Include markings on the turbines to determine relative range and size of fish within the field of view. Use a standardized (non-proprietary) video format that has a consistent frame rate of at least 25 frames per second. Use a scientific camera designed for underwater measurement in low light environments that has a field of view appropriate for the observations and a pixel resolution high enough to determine fish within the given range. Carefully consider the use of lights and how they illuminate the areas of interest. Standardized and detailed record keeping and metadata collection Use other monitoring technologies (e.g., strain sensors on turbine blades) to determine actual collision or strike events.","author":["Matzner, S.","Trostle, C.","Staines, G.","Hull, R.","Avila, A.","Harker-Klimes, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.325474800000","-155.913624500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 08:25:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Triton-Igiugig-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2067","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-methods-models-environmental-monitoring-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319939267_A_Review_of_Methods_and_Models_for_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Marine_Renewable_Energy","title":"A Review of Methods and Models for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"A continued expansion of the marine renewable energy sector will result in an increased demand in monitoring the natural marine environment. This may be due to a basic scientific interest but is foremost linked to the requirement of pre-and post-construction studies in relation to environmental impact assessments and consenting processes for marine renewable energy projects. With focus on wave and tidal power, but without attempting to provide a comprehensive list, we review methods, technologies and other scientific tools used for monitoring and predicting possible impacts from marine energy installations, on both population and behavioural levels. This includes traditional methods such as fishing gear, like nets and cages, modern technologies such as platforms with multi parameter equipment and the use of deterministic models. This paper is intended to serve as an overview for technology developers as well as authorities, regulators and decision makers with interests in general techniques, and naturally for scientists and consultants commonly being executors of studies and monitoring programs. By giving relevant and up to date references this paper may also be useful for finding more detailed information on study methods and variants. Finally, we give recommendations on where development of technologies is needed in order to face future requirements.","author":["Bender, A.","Francisco, F.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:02:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2068","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-range-energy-devices-offer-environmental-opportunities-artificial-reefs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319311720_Wave_and_Tidal_Range_Energy_Devices_Offer_Environmental_Opportunities_as_Artificial_Reefs","title":"Wave and Tidal Range Energy Devices Offer Environmental Opportunities as Artificial Reefs","description":"Artificial structures such as wave and tidal energy devices provide surfaces and structures that are naturally colonised by marine flora and fauna. Properties of the building material, surface texture and structural complexity of the infrastructure will determine the suitability as a habitat for marine organisms. While it may be desirable to inhibit fouling of some parts of the energy devices, the colonisation of other features may not compromise their overall functionality. Here we explore opportunities to not just tolerate the colonisation of marine infrastructure, but to design and manipulate features that would deliberately attract and host marine organisms. Serendipitous colonisation would be transformed into deliberately creating artificial reefs on the seafloor as well as floating reefs. This paper focuses on conceptual options for coastal, close-to-shore infrastructure, and it introduces two case studies: a proposed tidal lagoon that exploits tidal range energy and a wave energy converter. Positive reef-effects of these devices could include the enhancement of biodiversity of invertebrates and fish, habitat restoration or the production of commercial species.","author":["Callaway, R.","Bertelli, C.","Lock, G.","Carter, T.","Friis-Madsen, E.","Unsworth, R.","Sorense, H.","Neumann, F."],"organization":["Swansea University","Tidal Lagoon Power","Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2081","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/operational-noise-tidal-turbine-arrays-assessment-collision-risk-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4988862","title":"Operational Noise from Tidal Turbine Arrays and the Assessment of Collision Risk with Marine Mammals","description":"The ability for marine species to detect and thereby avoid potentially harmful collision with the moving parts of a tidal stream turbine depends on relative levels of the ambient sound with the acoustic emissions from the turbine. Tidal streams targeted for exploitation by renewable energy converters are by their nature highly energetic environments often with high ambient sound levels. Commonly the first time that the operational sound from new tidal turbines can be measured is after it has been installed and is already interacting with animals in the marine environment. A modelling solution is therefore required to estimate whether marine animal will be able to hear and avoid contact with turbines. An acoustic-structural interaction model is used to calculate the acoustic output of tidal turbines. The cumulative sound of an array of tidal turbines and its dependence on bathymetry is calculated using a parabolic equation code. Modelled and measured sound pressure levels give information on potential upstream warning distances\/times for animals which help us consider collision risk.","author":["Marmo, B."],"organization":["Xi Engineering Consutants"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-changes-ambient-noise-levels-installation-operation-surge-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/1400245","title":"Measuring Changes in Ambient Noise Levels from the Installation and Operation of a Surge Wave Energy Converter in the Coastal Ocean","description":"Ecosystem impacts resulting from elevated underwater noise levels generated by anthropogenic activities in the coastal ocean are poorly understood and remain difficult to address as a result of a significant gap in knowledge for existing nearshore sound levels. Ambient noise is an important habitat component for marine mammals and fish that use sound for essential functions such as communication, navigation, and foraging. Questions surrounding the amplitudes, frequency distributions, and durations of noise emissions from renewable wave energy conversion (WEC) projects during their construction and operation present concerns for long-term consequences in marine habitats. Oregon\u2019s dynamic nearshore environment presents significant challenges for passive acoustic monitoring that include flow noise contamination from wave orbital motions, turbulence from breaking surf, equipment burial, and fishing pressure from sport and commercial crabbers. This project included 2 techniques for passive acoustic data collection: 1) campaign style deployments of fixed hydrophone lander stations to capture temporal variations in noise levels and 2) a drifting hydrophone system to record spatial variations within the project site. The hydrophone lander deployments were effective and economically feasible for enabling robust temporal measurements of ambient noise levels in a variety of sea state conditions. Limiting factors for the fixed stations included 1) a flow shield mitigation strategy failure in the first deployment resulting in significant wideband data contamination and 2) flow noise contamination of the unshielded sensors restricting valuable analysis to frequencies above 500 Hz for subsequent deployments. Drifting hydrophone measurements were also effective and economically feasible (although logistically challenging in the beginning of the project due to vessel time constraints) providing a spatial distribution of sound levels, comparisons of noise levels in varying levels of vessel traffic during similar sea states, and reducing the frequencies contaminated by flow noise to f \u0026lt; 50 Hz by an effective drifting hydrophone system design strategy. Results from this project can still assist regulatory agencies and WEC developers in permitting and licensing, reducing project costs overall and assisting the economic development of the WEC industry, thus furthering the MHK energy industry and easing the U.S. reliance on foreign oil for energy production. Additionally, results from this project can be used to help inform coastal resource managers and regulatory agencies on existing baseline noise level variability and ecosystem health.","author":["Henkel, S.","Haxel, J."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-10-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Henkel-and-Haxel-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-generation-using-kuroshio-current","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ihi.co.jp\/var\/ezwebin_site\/storage\/original\/application\/149ee9de3149aba2e1215fd5f9cd46ec.pdf","title":"Power Generation Using the Kuroshio Current","description":"Ocean currents, such as the Kuroshio Current, are expected to be effectively used as marine renewable energy in order to supply sustainable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. IHI is aiming to realize power generation using an ocean current and is working toward development of a floating type ocean current turbine system.\n\nJapan\u2019s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extending outside Japanese territorial waters is the world\u2019s sixth largest EEZ. Development of marine renewable energy in the EEZ needs to be actively promoted from the viewpoints of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and energy security. As seen in the map on the next page, the ocean current known as the Kuroshio Current flows near the coastal areas of Japan stably throughout the year. Accordingly, it is expected that use of its enormous energy will allow us to establish a new clean and stable source of electricity based on Japan\u2019s own natural energy. In order to realize power generation by using this ocean current, IHI is developing a floating type ocean current turbine system. In this article, we introduce its technological characteristics.","author":["IHI Corporation"],"organization":["IHI Corporation"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.048646000000","129.893726000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IHI-Corporation-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d55-report-final-project-conference-aalborg-denmark","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8941\/WP5_-_Final_project_conference.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D5.5: Report of Final Project Conference, Aalborg, Denmark","description":"The SOWFIA project final conference was held as a side event of the European Wave and Tidal Conference EWTEC13 in Aalborg Denmark on the 3rd September 2013.  The SOWFIA Project team presented the final results of the project in four presentations given by Deborah Greaves, Cristina Huertas Olivares, Teresa Simas and Daniel Conley. This was followed by an interactive demonstration of the SOWFIA Data Management Platform, DMP, given by Jos\u00e9 Chambel Leit\u00e3o, and a reception.  The presentations are included in Annex A.  46 attended the final conference and the list of attendees is included in Annex B.","author":["Perez-Collazo, C.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2013-09-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.048819500000","9.921747000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WP5_-_Final_project_conference.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2086","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d44-interim-report-critical-environmental-impacts-relevant-socio","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8940\/WP4_-_Interim_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D.4.4 Interim Report: Critical Environmental Impacts for Relevant Socio-economic Activities and Mitigation Measures Including Main Conclusions and Feedback Analysis from Workshop B and Analysis of the Stakeholder Survey","description":"This report aims to compile the information gathered so far regarding environmental and socio-economic key issues for each test centre under analysis and integrate it with stakeholders opinions collected during Workshop B and the stakeholders\u2019 survey for each test centre (Deliverable 4.3). For that purpose the environmental key issues for each test centre have been reviewed using the EIA reports available so far.\n\n\nThe comparison of EIA results for the six wave energy test centres reveals some commonalities on the environmental descriptors and impact evaluation. The same environmental descriptors have usually been identified for most but not all test sites (i.e. benthos, marine mammals, avifauna, coastal processes and water quality). Perhaps surprisingly, potential impacts on fish and elasmobranches have only been looked at for a minority of test centres. Even though the classification of impacts in the EIAs for the different test centres is different, the significance of an impact is generally linked to whether and how quickly the original site conditions can be restored and often linked to the magnitude of the habitat or species population potentially affected in comparison to the overall size of the habitat or species population. The significance of a potential impact is also determined by comparing the potential effects from the wave energy test centres with effects caused by naturally occurring phenomenon. The impacts identified are generally not significant, sometimes after mitigation. The most significant impacts are those which are associated with the installation phases for both the subsea cable and WECs, including foundations and moorings. The impacts associated with the operational phase of WECs are generally considered to be not significant even though it is recognised that potential impacts are largely unknown. Some differences in impacts evaluation occur often because of this uncertainty over impacts and sometimes due to site sensitivity. Given the low expected impacts of test centres on most of the environmental descriptors, mitigation measures are not overly onerous and often aim to be preventative. These mostly take the form of good practice during construction, good project management, contingency planning and avoiding certain construction operations at sensitive periods. To deal with the uncertainty of impacts evaluation, monitoring plans have been proposed but the exact nature of these (e.g. objectives, methodologies and duration) are not however specified.\n\n\nThe main socio-economic issues identified in the review were impacts on fishing, navigation and tourism. This is in agreement with the key socio-economic issues identified in the second SOWFIA workshop and the stakeholder survey. Consultation with stakeholders groups prior to the design of test centres layout has been identified in the EIA reports as an effective measure which the test centre developers undertook to mitigate stakeholders\u2019 concerns. The potential for positive socio-economic impacts is also highlighted in some of the EIAs. These include the direct and indirect creation of employment, increased tourism and the potential for increased fish stocks due to the creation of no take zones. There was however an important warning that potential benefits from developments should not be oversold in order for stakeholders\u2019 trust to be retained.\n\n\nGuidance can be taken from this work regarding the environmental descriptors and socio-economic issues that may be assessed in commercial scale projects in the future even though these are likely to require assessment on a larger scale. Similarly, guidance can be taken on the types of mitigation measures that may be required from commercial scale projects although it is uncertain how these will scale up. Once more is known about the environmental and socio-economic impacts of wave energy developments, assessment requirements, mitigation measures and stakeholder opinions may change considerably. Indeed, in the stakeholder surveys, concerns were expressed that test centres were relatively small facilities and consulted stakeholders stressed that this should not be automatically taken as acceptance of commercial scale ocean energy sites.","author":["Simas, T.","Magagna, D.","Bailey, I.","Conley, D.","Greaves, D.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Marina, D.","Saulnier, J.","Sundberg, J.","Embling, C."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Plymouth University","University College Cork","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Uppsala University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WP4_-_Interim_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2087","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d-31-inventory-environmental-impact-monitoring-activities-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/9\/9987\/D3.1_Inventory_of_Environmental_Impact_Monitoring_Activities_at_Wave___Tidal_Energy_Sites_in_Europe.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D 3.1: Inventory of Environmental Impact Monitoring Activities at Wave \u0026 Tidal Energy Sites in Europe Final Report","description":"Whilst wind power is currently the main form of renewable energy generation in the marine environment, developments in the fields of wave and tidal power in recent years have brought these technologies to the forefront of renewable energy generation. Wave and tidal energy conversion devices have been in development for many years and numerous pilot projects for these devices are now underway in many countries across Europe, as well as areas such as Canada and the United States. In Europe, most developments of marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) require an Environmental Impact Assessment, the purpose of which is to ascertain the effects of the development on the natural environment, species, biological and physical processes. The permitting process can then weigh the scale of such impacts on the environment against the value of the installation in order to determine whether consent to proceed with the development will be granted or not. While some of the effects of introducing MREIs to the marine environment will be the same regardless of the installation involved, other effects will be device-specific. Effects will vary with the stage (construction, operation and decommissioning) and scale of the project, and will depend on location and the ecosystem in that area.","author":["Conley, D.","Leeney, R.","Greaves, D.","Holmes, B.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Godley, B.","McClellan, C.","Witt, M.","Mouslim, H.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University College Cork","University of Exeter","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2011-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D3.1_Inventory_of_Environmental_Impact_Monitoring_Activities_at_Wave___Tidal_Energy_Sites_in_Europe.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2088","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d33-interim-wp3-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8938\/WP3_-_Interim_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D.3.3: Interim WP3 Report","description":"The present report highlights the work carried out by the SOWFIA project within Work Package 3 (WP3): \u201cCollection and Representation of environmental assessment data for wave energy test sites\u201d.   The objectives of WP3 are to gain experience in activities related to the detection of environmental impacts at wave energy test centres and to use that experience along with information obtained from environmental impact assessment activities in analogue activities in order to refine recently developed EIA recommendations.    These are achieved by including examples of EIA data collected at wave energy test sites from across Europe.  This data is to be analysed to examine the effectiveness of different techniques for detecting potential impacts and to assess their effectiveness at communicating to stakeholders their potential for impact detection.  As a result, procedures improve data presentation methods and platforms to enhance stakeholder communicability will be implemented.    The experience gained and outputs developed in this work package will provide examples of will be used to inform the recommendations for the streamlining of pan-European consenting procedures.","author":["Magagna, D.","Greaves, D.","Conley, D.","Aires, E.","Leit\u00e3o, J.","Witt, M.","Embling, C.","Godley, B.","Saulnier, J.","Mouslim, H.","Simas, T.","O\u0027Hagen, A.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Holmes, B.","Sundberg, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Hidromod","University of Exeter","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","WavEC Offshore Renewables","University College Cork","Uppsala University","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WP3_-_Interim_Report-1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2089","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d21-catalogue-wave-energy-test-centres","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/9\/9986\/D2.1_Catalogue_of_Wave_Energy_Test_Centres.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D.2.1: Catalogue of Wave Energy Test Centres","description":"The objective of this catalogue is to provide context for the future development of wave energy. This is achieved by identifying the level of ocean energy that could be introduced in order to achieve the targets set by Member States, what progress has been made to date in this regard, what is needed by 2020, the timeframe associated with achieving this set of targets, and what this will look like in reality. To do this, the document is presented in four key sections, followed by an Annex of physical and technical data.\u00a0","author":["Mora-Figueroa, V.","Olivares, C.","Holmes, B.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Leeney, R."],"organization":["Inabensa","University College Cork","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D2.1_Catalogue_of_Wave_Energy_Test_Centres.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2090","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d24-interim-report-barriers-accelerators-lessons-learned-all-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8936\/WP2_-_Interim_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D.2.4: Interim Report on Barriers, Accelerators and Lessons Learned from all Wave Energy Site Experiences","description":"In October 2010, the SOWFIA project (Streamlining of Ocean Wave Farms Impact Assessment) was launched. The SOWFIA project draws together partners from across Europe that have an interest in streamlining impact assessment for wave farm developments.  This deliverable is part of the Work Package 2, aimed to identify non-technological barriers and accelerators of the Impact Assessment process among EU Member states and import the lessons learned to date in wave energy developments in Europe. Information has been gathered through a series of workshops, interviews, surveys and meetings. Within this framework an analysis of the workshop and questionnaires conducted in previous deliverables (D2.2 \u0026amp; D2.3) has been carried out to extract from developers\u2019 experiences the common barriers and accelerators to wave energy development in each country and compare them in order to reach recommendations for the streamlining of the impact assessment across all EU Member states. This report does not intend to be an exhaustive list of the non-technological barriers and accelerators to wave energy development as this was one of the outputs of the EU IEE WAVEPLAM (2007 \u2013 2010) project. Rather, it aims to analyse information gathered from real experience of recent wave energy developments and described in D2.2 and D2.3.  This analysis aims to describe the procedures experienced for the development of marine energy installations in each country and identify what the challenges are and what commitments should be made by policy makers and regulators if wave energy is to be brought to the forefront of the renewable energy market.  The countries analysed are those in which surveys were conducted. We can observe that more data is available for analysis from those countries that have been more active in the development of wave energy projects.  In these countries, the procedure is clearly defined whilst the analysis of the countries with less information is based on the experience of a smaller number of project developers.  The countries for which the analysis is carried out are the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Norway and Denmark.  The layout of this document consists of the analysis of the Workshop A (\u201cReal Experience to Date in Wave Energy Development\u201d), followed by the analysis of the questionnaires (\u201cSite and technology developers, project financers and authorities questionnaires\u201d)  divided by country. A summary of both analyses follows, comparing the main aspects from a general view, and can be used as a preview for the last section. Recommendations for the streamlining of the ocean wave farms impact assessment are given in the last section of the report expressing the suggestions of the SOWFIA project team at this interim stage of the project.","author":["Arjona, E.","Olivares, C.","Holmes, B.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Magagna, D.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["Inabensa","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Arjonaetal2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2093","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/too-loud-talk-do-wind-turbine-related-sounds-affect-harbour-seal-communication","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/us\/book\/9783835102354","title":"Too loud to talk?: Do wind turbine-related sounds affect harbour seal communication?","description":"The construction of wind turbines in the offshore areas of the German North and Baltic Seas represents a grave intrusion into the habitat of harbour seals and grey seals. One of the most important aspects in this context is the emission of intense acoustic impulses during the ramming of the turbine foundations. While hearing is of secondary importance in seals for locating prey, they use acoustic signals, and hence their hearing, for communication underwater and in air. Acoustic signals are used to keep contact between mother and pups during the nursing phase as well as for territorial display and to attract mating partners. The wind turbine-related sounds could mask these signals and severely impact seals on an individual basis but also on a population level. An auditory study was conducted on trained and wild seals to provide baseline data basis for the assessment of these effects. The experiments were conducted by measuring the auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in the seals. Subsequent to a refinement of the method an audiogram for in-air sound stimuli was measured in a trained seal at the Seal Centre in Friedrichskoog, Germany.To successfully apply this approach to wild seals, the animals had to be immobilised to avoid the strong aversive reaction of the seals to being handled. Five seal pups rehabilitated at the seal station and three free-ranging seals were tested for the hearing sensitivity. While the hearing thresholds of the trained seals were elevated at in some frequencies, the results for the wild seals are in agreement with previously published hearing data from other studies on harbour seals from the North Pacific and Atlantic. The use of previously published data on the underwater hearing sensitivity in harbour seals was therefore considered acceptable to assess the effect of wind turbine related sounds on their communication. This analysis reveals that the ramming impulses will be detectable by seals over a range of 100km and is likely to mask their communication over wide ranges, too. The potential for masking from the operational noise of wind turbines was considered to be comparably low due to its acoustic characteristics.","author":["Lucke, K.","Sundermeyer, J.","Driver, J.","Rosenberger, T.","Siebert, U."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-03-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2097","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-diel-patterns-cetacean-use-foraging-potential-marine-renewable-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X17308974","title":"Seasonal and Diel Patterns in Cetacean Use and Foraging at a Potential Marine Renewable Energy Site","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) developments often coincide with sites frequented by small cetaceans. To understand habitat use and assess potential impact from development, echolocation clicks were recorded with acoustic click loggers (C-PODs) in Swansea Bay, Wales (UK). General Additive Models (GAMs) were applied to assess the effects of covariates including month, hour, tidal range and temperature. Analysis of inter-click intervals allowed the identification of potential foraging events as well as patterns of presence and absence. Data revealed year-round presence of porpoise, with distinct seasonal and diel patterns. Occasional acoustic encounters of dolphins were also recorded. This study provides further evidence of the need for assessing temporal trends in cetacean presence and habitat use in areas considered for development. These findings could assist MRE companies to monitor and mitigate against disturbance from construction, operation and decommissioning activities by avoiding times when porpoise presence and foraging activity is highest in the area.","author":["Nuuttila, H.","Bertelli, C.","Mendzil, A.","Dearle, N."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["3.901084000000","51.597663000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2100","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nova-bluemull-sound-appropriate-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/nova\/nova-aa","title":"Nova Bluemull Sound - Appropriate Assessment","description":"The proposal is for the installation, operation and decommissioning of five 2 bladed 100 kW tidal turbines. The proposed devices are bottom mounted, gravity anchored, non-yawing horizontal axis tidal turbines comprising of a cylindrical nacelle unit, rotor and gravity base to secure it to the sea bed (no seabed drilling or additional site works are required). The negatively buoyant nacelle is securely connected to the base by means of a latching system. The rotor rotates in the tidal stream and powers a generator that is housed within the nacelle.  The turbine has a rotor diameter of 10m and a hub height of 9m, making the total height 14m from the bottom of the feet to the tip of the blades. In the Bluemull Array the devices will be installed in water depths greater than 30 m, so clearance will be more than 15 m below mean tide. The footprint of the device is 13.5 x 12.2 m, and the weight in water is 80 tonnes. The device will operate in a maximum sustained tidal speed of 2.6 m\/s.  This is a record of the appropriate assessment (AA) of the Nova Tidal Array proposal. The assessment has been undertaken by  MSS and MS-LOT. This assessment is required under Regulation 48 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, \u0026amp;c.) Regulations 1994. This AA is in accordance with Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats under wild fauna and flora (\u201cthe  Habitats Directive\u201d) and Council Directive 2009\/147\/EC on the conservation of wild birds (\u201cthe Birds Directive\u201d). MS-LOT, as the \u0027competent authority\u0027 under the Regulations, has to be satisfied that the project will not cause an adverse effect to the integrity of any European site (special areas of conservation (SACs) and special protection areas (SPAs)) before it can grant consent for the project.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-01-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:28:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NovaBluemullSound-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2101","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-wave-marine-evidence-based-management-emerging-challenges-solutions-transform","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx216\/4739744","title":"A New Wave of Marine Evidence-Based Management: Emerging Challenges and Solutions to Transform Monitoring, Evaluating, and Reporting","description":"Sustainable management and conservation of the world\u2019s oceans requires effective monitoring, evaluation, and reporting (MER). Despite the growing political and social imperative for these activities, there are some persistent and emerging challenges that marine practitioners face in undertaking these activities. In 2015, a diverse group of marine practitioners came together to discuss the emerging challenges associated with marine MER, and potential solutions to address these challenges. Three emerging challenges were identified: (i) the need to incorporate environmental, social and economic dimensions in evaluation and reporting; (ii) the implications of big data, creating challenges in data management and interpretation; and (iii) dealing with uncertainty throughout MER activities. We point to key solutions to address these challenges across MER activities: (i) integrating models into marine management systems to help understand, interpret, and manage the environmental and socio-economic dimensions of uncertain and complex marine systems; (ii) utilizing big data sources and new technologies to collect, process, store, and analyze data; and (iii) applying approaches to evaluate, account for, and report on the multiple sources and types of uncertainty. These solutions point towards a potential for a new wave of evidence-based marine management, through more innovative monitoring, rigorous evaluation and transparent reporting. Effective collaboration and institutional support across the science\u2013management\u2013policy interface will be crucial to deal with emerging challenges, and implement the tools and approaches embedded within these solutions.","author":["Addison, P.","Collins, D.","Trebilco, R.","Howe, S.","Bax, N.","Hedge, P.","Jones, G.","Miloslavich, P.","Roelfsema, C.","Sams, M.","Stuart-Smith, R.","Scanes, P.","von Baumgarten, P.","McQuatters-Gollop, A."],"organization":["University of Oxford","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","University of Tasmania","University of Queensland","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2017-12-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Addison-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tool-simulating-collision-probabilities-animals-marine-renewable-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0188780","title":"A Tool for Simulating Collision Probabilities of Animals with Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"The mathematical problem of establishing a collision probability distribution is often not trivial. The shape and motion of the animal as well as of the device must be evaluated in a four-dimensional space (3D motion over time). Earlier work on wind and tidal turbines was limited to a simplified two-dimensional representation, which cannot be applied to many new structures. We present a numerical algorithm to obtain such probability distributions using transient, three-dimensional numerical simulations. The method is demonstrated using a sub-surface tidal kite as an example. Necessary pre- and post-processing of the data created by the model is explained, numerical details and potential issues and limitations in the application of resulting probability distributions are highlighted.","author":["Schmitt, P.","Culloch, R.","Lieber, L.","Molander, S.","Hammar, L.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Chalmers University of Technology","Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)"],"originationDate":"2017-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schmitt-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-sectoral-planning-offshore-renewable-energy-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_11","title":"Strategic Sectoral Planning for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scotland","description":"The development-plan-based approach being taken to the establishment of the offshore wind, wave and tidal sectors in Scotland is outlined. The strategic planning framework and processes leading to the development of Draft Plans are explained, along with the relationships between these and the sustainability appraisal process. Detail is also given of the spatial planning methods used to identify development opportunities for one sector in Scottish waters.  This is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Davies, I.","Pratt, D."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-14 10:53:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2106","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/determining-water-column-usage-seals-brims-lease-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/determining-water-column-usage-seals-brims-lease-site","title":"Determining the Water Column Usage by Seals in the Brims Lease Site","description":"The report describes how adult harbour seals and grey seal pups use the water column within the Brims lease site.\nTelemetry data from 12 adult harbour seals and seven grey seal pups diving within the Brims lease site were analysed to extract descriptors of dive behaviour.\nDive data were summarised to provide estimates of the proportion of time seals spent at different depths relative to the sea surface and relative to the seafloor. In addition to estimates of the proportion of time at depth, the number of times seals transited through different depth bins relative to the sea surface and sea floor was also determined.\nWater depths at dive locations were estimated from high resolution bathymetry data corrected for tide height at that time and place.\nHarbour seals spent approximately 31 % of their time at intermediate depths between 10 m to 25 m from the surface, with a secondary but less pronounced peak between 75 m and 80 m from the surface. When expressed as a distance from the seafloor, harbour seals spent the highest proportion of time within 5 m of the seafloor (mean = 0.16; 95 % CIs: 0.04-0.46) with a secondary peak between 65 m and 70 m from the seafloor (mean = 0.12; 95 % CIs: 0.03-0.26) indicating a significant amount of mid water swimming by harbour seals at this site. Harbour seals spent on average 12.8 % of their time in the band between 5 m and 25 m above the sea floor.\nFor grey seal pups, the proportion of time spent in depth bands decreases monotonically with depth and the amount of time spent close to the sea floor was lower than in harbour seals. Grey seal pups spent on average 6.5 % of their time in the band between 5 m and 25 m above the sea floor.\nHarbour seals in the Brims site entered or transited through the zone between 5 m and 25 m from the sea floor on approximately 27 % of dives. Grey seal pups entered the depth bands closest to the seafloor less frequently than did the harbour seals.","author":["Evers, C.","Blight, C.","Thompson, D.","Onoufriou, J.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2017-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Evers-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2107","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rethinking-underwater-sound-recording-methods-work-tidal-stream-wave-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_9","title":"Rethinking Underwater Sound-Recording Methods to Work at Tidal-Stream and Wave-Energy Sites","description":"Commercial-scale devices to extract energy from tidal streams and waves may be new, but an associated industry is developing fast. In most countries, device introduction will require investigation and some level of proof that they do not unduly harm local wildlife. Of the impacts that they might have, the emission of acoustic energy (noise) into the marine environment is important. In operation, it is possible, though unlikely, that they will emit sufficient noise to cause auditory damage to sensitive species, but some level of area avoidance\/attraction and masking is likely. Nevertheless, all such devices will require perceivable acoustic signatures for animals to detect and avoid colliding with them. To understand these issues, information on operational device acoustic characteristics is required along with information on existing background noise levels at sites suitable for extraction of marine energy. However, the energetic features of these locations with intense lateral, vertical or oscillatory motion mean that conventional methods of underwater sound recording are unsuitable. Here new methods for sound measurement specifically tailored to tidal-stream and wave-energy sites are introduced. The methods are illustrated following performance tests and real measurements at the European Marine Energy Centre tidal test site in Orkney, UK.\n\nThis is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Wilson, B.","Lepper, P.","Carter, C.","Robinson, S."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Loughborough University","National Physical Laboratory (NPL)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2108","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-fisheries-exclusion-addition-hard-substrata-fish-crustaceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_5","title":"The Influence of Fisheries Exclusion and Addition of Hard Substrata on Fish and Crustaceans","description":"Offshore renewable energy development (ORED) could induce local ecological changes and put species assemblages of conservation interest at risk. If well planned and coordinated, however, ORED could be beneficial to the local subsurface marine environment in several aspects. Acknowledging the scale of ORED, there is increasing interest in the opportunities offered by the resulting changes in fishing patterns, such as exclusion or limi-tation of bottom trawling, in wind and wave farms. Areas encompassing several square kilometres may in some important aspects resemble Marine Protected Areas, and wind and wave-energy foundations and other associated structures can function as artificial reef modules and enhance the local abundance of marine organisms, including commercially important fish and crustaceans. It is also possible that floating offshore energy devices can function as fish aggregation devices for pelagic fish. Here, the potential influence of off-shore wind and wave farms on fish and commercially important crustaceans is described, mentioning the uncertainties with regard to positive and negative effects on benthic and pelagic assemblages and specific species.  This is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Wilhelmsson, D.","Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Royal Swedish Academy of Science","Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-14 10:55:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2109","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baselines-monitoring-methods-detecting-impacts-hydrodynamic-energy-extraction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_3","title":"Baselines and Monitoring Methods for Detecting Impacts of Hydrodynamic Energy Extraction on Intertidal Communities of Rocky Shores","description":"As part of the UK government\u2019s objective to deliver an increasing proportion of electricity from renewable sources, West Mainland, Orkney, is at the forefront of the development of wave-energy extraction devices. Exposure to wave energy plays a dominant role in shaping the Orkney landscape and determining the ecological community, but little is known of the consequences of commercial scale removal of energy from the environment. An extensive long-term monitoring programme to assess the impacts of altering wave-energy exposure on these rocky shores alongside responses to other systemic forcing agents such as climate change is continuing. Within the programme are photographic surveys, including quadrat and fixed viewpoint techniques, littoral studies of sentinel species, and the development of cost-effective wave-energy quantifying devices. Software has been developed to analyse images efficiently, to produce quantitative data on species and biotope coverage. Additionally, extensive surveys along the shoreline provide detailed image records, including areas without prior scientific description, and have helped identify locations of environmental sensitivity. Collectively, the data provide a comprehensive pre-development baseline along this important coast.\n\nThis\u00a0is a chapter from\u00a0Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Want, A.","Beharie, R.","Bell, M.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2110","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coating-selection-process-gulf-stream-hydroturbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coet.fau.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/theses\/DT-09-340.pdf","title":"Coating Selection Process for Gulf Stream Hydroturbines","description":"The study addresses the coating selection for a proposed placement of a hydroturbine into the Gulf Stream. The turbine will generate energy in a similar manner to a wind turbine. The effects of biofouling and corrosion in the current project are assessed. A review of different types of traditional paint coatings is given, as well as the option for a copper-nickel alloy. Testing that should be undertaken for the coating selection is described in detail. Coating considerations are offered and discussed. Design considerations and modifications are also offered.","author":["Bak, A."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2111","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/physics-hydrodynamic-setting-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/278711398_The_Physics_and_Hydrodynamic_Setting_of_Marine_Renewable_Energy","title":"The Physics and Hydrodynamic Setting of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Increasing interest is apparent in marine energy resources, particularly tidal and wave. Some TeraWatts of energy propagate from the world\u2019s oceans to its marginal seas in the form of surface waves (\u2248 2 TW) and tides (\u2245 2.6 TW) where that energy is naturally dissipated. The seas and coastlines around the UK and its neighbours are notable for dissipating a significant fraction of the global energy of waves (\u2248 50 MW km\u22121 on the Atlantic coast) and especially tides (\u0026gt; 250 GW north of Brittany). Displacing a significant fraction of the natural dissipation by energy capture is a tempting and reasonable proposition, but it does raise technical and environmental issues. Sustainable exploitation of the energy needs to consider diverse effects on the environment, waves and tides having a role in maintaining the shelf sea, coastal, estuarine and shoreline environment through associated advection, stirring and other processes. Tides are particularly significant in controlling the stratifica-tion of shelf seas and their flow characteristics. Surface waves are more important in deter-mining conditions nearshore and in the intertidal zone. Also, the exploitation of wave and tidal resources is only practical economically and technologically at a limited number of energetic and accessible sites, and societal and ecological considerations inevitably narrow the choice.  This is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Woolf, D.","Easton, M.","Bowyer, P.","McIvenny, J."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2112","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introduction-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_1","title":"An Introduction to Marine Renewable Energy","description":"It is now widely recognized that there is a need for long-term secure and suitable sustainable forms of energy. Renewable energy from the marine environment, in particular renewable energy from tidal currents, wave and wind, can help achieve a sustainable energy future. Our understanding of environmental impacts and suitable mitigation methods associated with extracting renewable energy from the marine environment is improving all the time and it is essential that we distinguish between natural and anthropocentric drivers and impacts.  This is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Sheilds, M."],"organization":["UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-14 10:53:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2113","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-underwater-background-noise-high-tidal-flow-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112000316","title":"Measuring Underwater Background Noise in High Tidal Flow Environments","description":"Understanding the effect of marine energy development on the underwater noise levels in a proposed installation area forms a crucial part of any Environmental Impact Assessment. This paper uses boat-based hydrophone survey data taken from an area subject to tidal currents up to 3 m s-1 and deter-mines how the background noise levels change with tidal \ufb02ow and \ufb02ow direction. It was found that a more meaningful expression of background noise was gained by reference to \u201cPower level\u201d as measured by the Root Mean Square of the spectrum. Hydrophone measurements were taken during low season (with respect to other maritime activity) and in high season over the entire tidal cycle. Back-ground noise levels ranged between 72 and 108 dB re 1 \u00b5PaRMS with higher sound pressure levels occurring at frequencies below 100 Hz. Background noise levels increased with increasing tidal \ufb02ow and were higher on ebb tides than \ufb02ood tides.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Willis, M.","Broudic, M.","Haywood, C.","Masters, I.","Thomas, S."],"organization":["Swansea University","Ecole d\u0027Ing\u00e9nieurs en G\u00e9nie des Syst\u00e9mes Industriels (EIGSI)","Tidal Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2118","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-seals-avoid-tidal-turbine-noise-implications-collision-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12981\/full","title":"Harbour Seals Avoid Tidal Turbine Noise: Implications for Collision Risk","description":"Tidal stream energy converters (turbines) are currently being installed in tidally energetic coastal sites. However, there is currently a high level of uncertainty surrounding the potential environmental impacts on marine mammals. This is a key consenting risk to commercial introduction of tidal energy technology. Concerns derive primarily from the potential for injury to marine mammals through collisions with moving components of turbines. To understand the nature of this risk, information on how animals respond to tidal turbines is urgently required.  We measured the behaviour of harbour seals in response to acoustic playbacks of simulated tidal turbine sound within a narrow coastal channel subject to strong, tidally induced currents. This was carried out using data from animal-borne GPS tags and shore-based observations, which were analysed to quantify behavioural responses to the turbine sound.  Results showed that the playback state (silent control or turbine signal) was not a significant predictor of the overall number of seals sighted within the channel.  However, there was a localised impact of the turbine signal; tagged harbour seals exhibited significant spatial avoidance of the sound which resulted in a reduction in the usage by seals of between 11% and 41% at the playback location. The significant decline in usage extended to 500 m from the playback location at which usage decreased by between 1% and 9% during playback.  Synthesis and applications. This study provides important information for policy makers looking to assess the potential impacts of tidal turbines and advise on development of the tidal energy industry. Results showing that seals avoid tidal turbine sound suggest that a proportion of seals encountering tidal turbines will exhibit behavioural responses resulting in avoidance of physical injury; in practice, the empirical changes in usage can be used directly as avoidance rates when using collision risk models to predict the effects of tidal turbines on seals. There is now a clear need to measure how marine mammals behave in response to actual operating tidal turbines in the long term to learn whether marine mammals and tidal turbines can coexist safely at the scales currently envisaged for the industry.","author":["Hastie, G.","Russell, D.","Lepper, P.","Elliot, J.","Wilson, B.","Benjamins, S.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Loughborough University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hastie-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2122","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-scale-ocean-response-large-tidal-stream-turbine-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811730678X","title":"Multi-Scale Ocean Response to a Large Tidal Stream Turbine Array","description":"The tidal stream energy sector is now at the stage of deploying the world\u0027s first pre-commercial arrays of multiple turbines. It is time to study the environmental effects of much larger full-size arrays, to scale and site them appropriately. A theoretical array of tidal stream turbines was designed for the Pentland Firth (UK), a strait between Scotland and the Orkney Islands, which has very fast tidal currents. The practical power resource of a large array spanning the Pentland Firth was estimated to be 1.64\u00a0GW on average. The ocean response to this amount of energy extraction was simulated by an unstructured grid three-dimensional FVCOM (Finite Volume Community Ocean Model) and analysed on both short-term and seasonal timescales. Tidal elevation mainly increases upstream of the tidal array, while a decrease is observed downstream, along the UK east coast. Tidal and residual flows are also affected: they can slow down due to the turbines action or speed up due to flow diversion and blockage processes, on both a local and regional scale. The strongest signal in tidal velocities is an overall reduction, which can in turn decrease the energy of tidal mixing and perturb the seasonal stratification on the NW European Shelf.","author":["De Dominicis, M.","Murray, R.","Wolf, J."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/De-Dominicis-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2132","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-sensitivity-suspended-sediment-profiles-tidal-current-wave-conditions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569116302587","title":"Modelling the Sensitivity of Suspended Sediment Profiles to Tidal Current and Wave Conditions","description":"Seawater turbidity due to suspended particulate material (SPM) is an important property of a marine ecosystem, determining the underwater light environment and many aspects of biological production and ecology. SPM concentrations are largely determined by patterns of sediment resuspension from the seabed due to shear stress caused by waves and currents. Hence planning for the construction of large scale offshore structures which will alter regional hydrodynamics needs to consider the consequences for SPM concentrations. Here we develop a one-dimensional (vertical) model of SPM dynamics which can be used to scope the effects of changes in wave and tidal current properties at a site. We implement the model for a number of sites off the east coast of Scotland where we have extensive data sets to enable numerical parameter optimisation. The model performs well at simulating fluctuations in turbidity varying from flood-ebb tidal cycles, spring-neap cycles, storm wave events, and an annual cycle of SPM concentration which is attributed to seasonal consolidation of seabed sediments. Sensitivity analysis shows that, for the range of seabed sediment types in the study (water depth 16\u201350\u00a0m; mud content 0.006\u20130.380 proportion by weight), relatively large (50%) attenuations of tidal current speed are required to produce changes in water column turbidity which would be detectable by observations given the variability in measurements. The model has potential for application to map the large scale sensitivity of turbidity distributions to the installation of wave and tidal energy extraction arrays.","author":["Heath, M.","Sabatino, A.","Serpetti, N.","McCaig, C.","Murray, R."],"organization":["University of Strathclyde","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.481283900000","-1.062339800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Heath-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2135","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/large-scale-three-dimensional-modelling-wave-tidal-energy-resource-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911630360X","title":"Large Scale Three-Dimensional Modelling for Wave and Tidal Energy Resource and Environmental Impact: Methodologies for Quantifying Acceptable Thresholds for Sustainable Exploitation","description":"We describe a modelling project to estimate the potential effects of wave \u0026 tidal stream renewables on the marine environment.\nRealistic generic devices to be used by those without access to the technical details available to developers are described.\nResults show largely local sea bed effects at the level of the currently proposed renewables developments in our study area.\nLarge scale 3D modelling is critical to quantify the direct, indirect and cumulative effects of renewable energy extraction.\nThis is critical to comply with planning \u0026 environmental impact assessment regulations and achieve Good Environmental Status.","author":["Gallego, A.","Side, J.","Baston, S.","Waldman, S.","Bell, M.","Davies, I.","Murray, R.","Heath, M.","Sabatino, A.","McKee, D.","McCraig, C.","Karunarathna, H.","Fairley, I.","Chatzirodou, A.","Venugopal, V.","Nemalidinne, R.","Yung, T.","Burrows, M."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Heriot-Watt University","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)","University of Strathclyde","Swansea University","University of Edinburgh","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2136","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-statistical-models-measure-environmental-change-tidal-turbine-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X1730609X","title":"Evaluating Statistical Models to Measure Environmental Change: A Tidal Turbine Case Study","description":"Statistical models are routinely used in Before-After monitoring studies to detect, quantify, and forecast environmental change caused by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. For monitoring programs that have not established standard statistical procedures, an evaluation of models\u2019 abilities to measure change over a range of scenarios is vital to develop best practices for analyzing monitoring data. A comprehensive evaluation was developed and applied using Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) tidal turbine site as a case study of a developing industry with no standard monitoring methods. Before-After monitoring datasets that contained change were simulated using normal and non-normal empirical baseline data collected at a MRE site. Thirteen regression models from three classes were evaluated: 6 generalized regression models, 4 time series models, and 3 nonparametric models. Intervention Analysis was used to fit models to five change scenarios that included three amplitudes of change and a lag in the onset of change. A power analysis was used to evaluate model ability to detect change. Residual error diagnostics were used to quantify model fit and forecast accuracy. Parametric models that did not include lagged dependent variables were the most capable at detecting change. A comparison of the fit and forecast metric results indicated that deterministic time series models in conjunction with semi-parametric generalized regression models provided a robust and informative quantification of change. Nonparametric models most accurately forecasted change. The results provide insight on model behavior, which is used to recommend specific models to measure change in the case study data. These recommendations form best practices for analyzing monitoring data, which enables comparisons among monitoring sites and reduces uncertainty when quantifying environmental effects.","author":["Linder, H.","Horne, J."],"organization":["Oceana","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2137","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dictionary-ocean-energy-chinese","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/energy-development-utilization-Dictionary-Chinese\/dp\/750278893X","title":"Dictionary of Ocean Energy (Chinese)","description":"As ocean energy develops, theres is a need to develop standardized terminology around the offshore renewable energy industry. The Chinese language Dictionary of Ocean Energy Development has thousands of entries, using a framework that follows 10 branches of marine renewable energy: Integration, The Development of Tidal Energy, The Development of Wave Energy, The Development of Tidal\/Sea Current Energy, The Development of Thermal and Salinity Gradient Energy, The Development of Offshore Wind Energy, Standards and Measurement of Ocean Energy, Marine Energy Programs and Conferences, Marine Energy and Economy, and Marine Energy Agencies. The dictionary includes many concisely defined words such as terminologies, concepts, and many technical terms. It also provides substantial information on the latest events, facts, photographs, and data.","author":["Wen, X.","Zhu, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.575733000000","123.336508000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2139","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-benthic-effects-operational-tidal-stream-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113616302860","title":"Tidal Energy: The Benthic Effects of an Operational Tidal Stream Turbine","description":"The effect of modified flow on epifaunal boulder reef communities adjacent to the SeaGen, the world\u0027s first grid-compliant tidal stream turbine, were assessed. The wake of the SeaGen was modelled and the outputs were used in conjunction with positional and substrate descriptor variables, to relate variation in epifaunal community structure to the modified physical environment. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Generalised Linear Model (GLM) were used to make predictions on the distribution of Ecological Status (ES) of epifaunal communities in relation to the turbulent wake of the SeaGen. ES was assigned using the High Energy Hard Substrate (HEHS) index. ES was largely High throughout the survey area and it was not possible to make predictions on the spatial distribution of ES using an ANN or GLM. Spatial pattern in epifaunal community structure was detected when the study area was partitioned into three treatment areas: area D1; within one rotor diameter (16 m) of the centre of SeaGen, area D2; between one and three rotor diameters, and area D3; outside of three rotor diameters. Area D1 was found to be significantly more variable than D2 and D3 in terms of epifaunal community structure, bare rock distributions and ES.","author":["O\u0027Carroll, J.","Kennedy, R.","Creech, A.","Savidge, G."],"organization":["National University of Ireland","University of Edinburgh","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.480202000000","-5.580769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2140","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-green-green-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534717302380","title":"How Green is \u0027Green\u0027 Energy?","description":"Renewable energy is an important piece of the puzzle in meeting growing energy demands and mitigating climate change, but the potentially adverse effects of such technologies are often overlooked. Given that climate and ecology are inextricably linked, assessing the effects of energy technologies requires one to consider their full suite of global environmental concerns. We review here the ecological impacts of three major types of renewable energy \u2013 hydro, solar, and wind energy \u2013 and highlight some strategies for mitigating their negative effects. All three types can have significant environmental consequences in certain contexts. Wind power has the fewest and most easily mitigated impacts; solar energy is comparably benign if designed and managed carefully. Hydropower clearly has the greatest risks, particularly in certain ecological and geographical settings. More research is needed to assess the environmental impacts of these \u2018green\u2019 energy technologies, given that all are rapidly expanding globally.","author":["Gibson, L.","Wilman, E.","Laurance, W."],"organization":["Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)","University of Hong Kong","James Cook University"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-life-cycle-assessment-offshore-renewables-implications-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4988867","title":"Acoustic Life Cycle Assessment of Offshore Renewables - Implications from a Wave-Energy Converter Deployment in Falmouth Bay, UK","description":"Marine Renewable Energy is developing fast, with hundreds of prototypes and operational devices worldwide. Two main challenges are assessing their environmental impacts (especially in near-shore, shallow environments) and ensuring efficient and effective maintenance (requiring specialised ships and fair weather windows), compounded by the lack of long-term measurements of full-scale devices. We present here broadband measurements (10 Hz to 32\/48 kHz) acquired at the Falmouth Bay Test site (FaBTest, UK) from 2010 onwards, for a 16-m ring-shaped Wave Energy Converter, in waters up to 45 m deep. This period covers baseline measurements, including shipping from the neighbouring English Channel, one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world (ca. 45,000 ship transits annually) and the full period of installation and energy production, including maintenance episodes. Acoustic signatures are measured as Sound Pressure Levels (e.g. for impacts) and time\/frequency variations (for condition-based monitoring via Acoustic Emissions). They change through time, depending on weather and modes of operation. Long-term measurements are compared with modelling of potential variations in this complex environment and with laboratory experiments. These are used to outline the varying acoustic contributions through the life cycle of a typical wave energy converter, yielding insights for other wave devices in other environments.","author":["Blondel, P.","Walsh, J."],"organization":["University of Bath","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.124230400000","-5.031881700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:45:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-methodologies-large-scale-wave-tidal-stream-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569116303106","title":"Developing Methodologies for Large Scale Wave and Tidal Stream Marine Renewable Energy Extraction and its Environmental Impact: An Overview of the TeraWatt Project","description":"This article presents an introduction and overview of a modelling project \u0022TeraWatt: Large scale interactive coupled 3D modelling for wave and tidal energy resource and environmental impact\u0022.\n\nThe project was funded by the SUstainable PowER GENeration (SUPERGEN) \u0022Marine Hub\u0022. SUPERGEN is an initiative of the Research Councils UK (RCUK) Energy Programme, led by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). It is focused on supporting resilient and sustainable generation, supply, transmission and storage of the UK\u0027s energy. The Marine Challenge addresses the UK Centre for Marine Energy Research\u0027s (UKCMER) mission to support the wave and tidal energy sector beyond their current state of development.","author":["Side, J.","Gallego, A.","James, M.","Davies, I.","Heath, M.","Karunarathna, H.","Venugopal, V.","V\u00f6gler, A.","Burrows, M."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","Marine Scotland Science","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)","University of Strathclyde","Swansea University","University of Edinburgh","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2148","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d52-reports-interactive-meetings-policy-makers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8942\/WP5_-_Report_on_interactive_meetings_with_policy_makers.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D5.2: Reports of Interactive Meetings with Policy Makers","description":"In October 2010, the SOWFIA project (Streamlining of Ocean Wave Farms Impact Assessment) was launched. The SOWFIA project draws together partners from across Europe with the aim to streamlining impact assessment for wave farm developments.\n\nThe streamlining process is carried out at local, national and European level though a gathering of the experiences of the key actors in the wave energy sector and dissemination of the finding to Policy makers at European and National level, by means of interactive meetings and presentations.\n\nIt is therefore intended to hold a series of meetings with at least 5 EC directorates, namely DG Mare, DG Environment, DG Climate change, DG Energy, DG RTD and with EACI to present the main outcomes of the project and measure of how European authorities will use the project findings.\n\nIn occasion of the EU-OEA Ocean Energy 2012 a nd a short notice a n informal meeting was held with representat ive of the EU - DG Mare, Dr. Brian Toll and EU \u2013 DG RTD, Dr Ir. Matthijs Soede in Brussels on Monday the 25 th of June 2012. The meeting represented the first possibility to raise awareness about the aims and objective of the SOWFIA process.\n\nThe meeting was aimed at presenting the up-to-date findings of the SOWFIA project, outlining the proposed outcome and paving the way for the integration of the SOWFIA outcome within the agendas of the different DGs in the form of recommendation and guidelines.","author":["Magagna, D.","Rousseau, N."],"organization":["Plymouth University","European Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA-WP5-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2149","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-d46-final-work-package-report-consenting-procedures-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8939\/WP4_-_Final_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable D.4.6 - Final Work Package Report: Consenting Procedures Review with Guidelines for Expansion to Larger Projects and Approval Process Streamlining, Incorporating the Findings of Interim Report and Feedback from Workshop D","description":"This report summarises the findings from SOWFIA project WP4 examining wave energy consenting processes and stakeholder opinions (other marine users and regulators) on wave energy approval processes in six European countries where wave energy test centres have been established. The barriers and accelerators to wave energy consenting identified in SOWFIA WP2 were also considered and general and country-specific recommendations were developed under four main themes which were identified as critical to the expansion of wave energy across Europe: (i) integrated planning; (ii) administrative procedures; (iii) environmental impact assessment (EIA); and (iv) consultation. For each theme, strategic and operational recommendations were assigned.\n\nBefore presenting country-specific recommendations, and to support them, a summary of the context for each theme is presented covering: the implementation of strategic plans; wave energy consenting systems; experiences derived from EIA for wave energy developments in various countries; and developers and stakeholders\u2019 opinions on consultation activities for wave energy developments. In general, strategic plans like Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) aimed at maximising and managing the sustainable use of maritime areas are not yet fully implemented. Suitably tailored licensing processes do not exist in most of the countries analysed, although some countries have taken steps recently to adapt existing legislation to accommodate wave energy licensing. Some experience exists on wave energy EIA but reliable baseline and long-term impact data are not yet available, partly because the industry is still relatively new. Such knowledge gaps hinder the transfer of knowledge and the improvement of the environmental assessment for projects. Consultation is sometimes perceived by stakeholders as mainly a \u201ctick-box\u201d exercise and there is a widespread perception that developers do not really take stakeholders\u2019 concerns and opinion into account. This may explain a common lack of interest in such events among many stakeholders. Furthermore, in some cases the time periods for consultation are too short to review technical and lengthy documentation. Nevertheless, most stakeholders are generally supportive of marine renewables, particularly wave energy, which is viewed as having lower visual and other impacts than some other marine renewable technologies, particularly offshore wind.\n\nThe following general recommendations to improve wave energy consenting processes in Europe are suggested:\nFurther efforts to promote the development and implementation of MSP;\nIncreased application of the SEA process to wave energy planning and future development;\nWhere possible, the introduction of \u2018one-stop-shop\u2019 consenting approaches (or the definition of a coordinating body) for wave energy project or at least better collaboration between authorities in a parallel processing approach;\nThe amendment of current consenting processes towards tailored and fit-for-purpose licensing and the availability of clear guidance documents on licensing procedures in each country;\nThe establishment of more common and consistent timeframes for licensing developments;\nGreater availability of EIA results, particularly impact evaluations and monitoring results to increase the knowledge base for prediction and evaluation of impacts;\nThe need for early engagement and consultation with stakeholders and the creation of a mechanism for considering and dealing with any concerns raised;\nThe importance of giving more time to stakeholders to analyse project documentation; The need to carefully plan (time and venue) consultation events according to the stakeholder group being targeted (e.g. evenings for fishermen).\nA number of country-specific recommendations are also identified and presented for each critical theme. These are based on the SOWFIA project team\u2019s expertise of their national context and feedback from stakeholders interviewed during the project.","author":["Simas, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Bailey, I.","Greaves, D.","Marina, D.","Sundberg, J.","Le Crom, I."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","University College Cork","Plymouth University","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Uppsala University","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA-WP4-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2150","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-35-work-package-3-final-report-report-analysis-environmental-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8937\/WP3_-_Final_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable 3.5 - Work Package 3 Final Report: Report on the Analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment Experience for Wave Energy","description":"The wave energy industry is an emerging sector and, in comparison to more established industries, is a new user of maritime space. In order to realise the potential for wave energy to contribute towards EU renewable energy goals several technological and non-technological barriers need to be overcome. Many of the non-technological barriers are due to wave energy being at a relatively early stage in its development. Much attention has focused on the potential environmental impacts of wave energy and the burden of responding to this attention represents a significant barrier to the wave energy industry. As part of the SOWFIA project, an evaluation of experience related to the detection of environmental impacts at EU wave energy test centres along with information gained from environmental impact assessments produced for other similar renewable energy developments has been undertaken. This experience has been examined to understand key receptors of concern and methods used for detecting impacts, to produce effective methods for communicating the information gathered and to identify where possible, the type and magnitude of impacts which may be expected.\n\nThe key environmental receptors of concern for wave energy EIA include the physical environment (morphology, waves and current etc.) and flora and fauna as represented by marine mammals, seabirds, benthos and fish and shellfish.\n\nThere is a concern that removal of energy from waves and currents in the marine environment may result in significant environmental impact, whether to the marine ecosystem or to users of the marine space. Standard measurements such as wave buoys and ADCPs along with numerical simulations and more innovative measurement techniques can be used to study this issue Preliminary studies suggest that the magnitude of the non-local effects on the amplitude of waves or currents from projects studied so far are of order 10% reduction or less.\n\nThe introduction of additional anthropogenic sound into the marine environment is of concern for its potential to impact marine species which use sound for communication, navigation, finding prey and evading predators. Key aspects of assessing the impacts from introduced noise include identifying the baseline noise signal at the site of interest, the noise signature of the planned devices and the auditory sensitivity of species present. There is very limited experience in measuring noise emissions from wave devices with results which varied from being unable to distinguish the device noise from the ambient anthropogenic signal to having to limit measurements to very low sea states in order to avoid sensor saturation. Limited measurements from a deployed Pelamis device confirm that the signal varies with sea state and that the noise emitted would be detectable by marine species.\n\nThat all marine mammals are protected by national, European and\/or international legislation is reflected in the fact that the impacts of wave energy on marine mammals was of significant concern at all the test centres in the SOWFIA project. There are a wide range of methods for monitoring marine mammals and the methods utilised will be determined by the questions to be assessed. Whatever methods are employed, it is critical to determine whether the survey design method will be able to detect an impact at an early stage. Limited existing experience within marine renewable energy developments suggests that marine mammals may avoid devices but further studies are needed. Experience with nets and static (but slack) fishing gear indicate that entanglement is a potential issue although the risk associated with wave energy devices is likely to be much lower than other ocean energy technology. This risk is potentially aggravated by the increased food arising from the FAD potential of WECs. Because of the highly mobile nature of marine mammals, cumulative effects from increasing MREI deployments are of a special concern which must be carefully considered primarily during SEA and secondarily in planning.\n\nSeabird species are subject to various levels of regulatory protection and monitoring of seabird distribution and behaviour is a universal component of wave energy EIA. A special and key feature of this work is understanding the connectivity of development sites with SPAs which can be achieved only through tagging studies. The potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on birds can be summarised in three main categories: direct (collision, entrapment, displacement), indirect (noise, habitat enhancement, de facto MPAs), and cumulative. WECs have a much smaller above-water profile than wind turbines, and so are likely to have much lower risk of collision but the considerable underwater structure of some devices may provide an enhanced collision or entrapment risk. Entrapment of birds can be mitigated by covering openings, where possible, with a protective mesh. Migratory species and species that are restricted to foraging in specific habitats may be particularly vulnerable but sensible development planning to avoid sensitive foraging areas will help mitigate possible population impacts.\n\nExpected impacts from wave energy developments on benthos are largely limited to the construction phase of development and relate to habitat disturbance, increased suspended sediment, sediment deposition, scour and abrasion and release of contaminants from dredged sediments. Potential operational impacts include changes in hydrodynamics and the introduction of new habitat types from foundation structures and\/or other submerged equipment. The experience provided from test centres EIA suggests that the effects of the deployment of wave energy converters on coastal processes and geology would be insignificant in comparison to the natural processes occurring at the sites. Similarly, seabed disturbance from construction are generally considered to be local, temporary and similar in magnitude to common natural occurrences in the marine environment. Similarly, the evidence to date is that the potential impacts to fish and shellfish from wave energy developments are limited and of a short duration. The greatest potential for displacement effects is limited to construction phase and can be mitigated by keeping this phase as brief as possible. Entrapment and, to a lesser extent, collision remain as viable threats during the operation phase but can be mitigated by appropriate protective measures. Wave energy developments have credible potential to exhibit positive impacts, for example, by behaving similarly to fish attraction devices, artificial reefs and no take zones. At the Swedish Lysekil test centre, WECs were judged to exhibit clear features of artificial reefs (ARs), with expected positive effects.\n\nA review of the EIAs performed at all of the test centres associated with SOWFIA confirms several lessons regarding the wave energy EIA process which were developed during SOWFIA. While the selection of receptors discussed in this report is confirmed by this experience, there is clear evidence that the receptors of primary interest are dependent on factors such as the local environmental characteristics, the presence\/absence of protected species and the regulatory authority under which the EIA is performed. Across all test centres, the impacts which were perceived as lowest significance were air quality and climate and water quality and ground water with physical processes as the next least significant.\n\nSome common themes appear in the study of EIA for wave energy projects. These include: the necessity of two years of monitoring to provide a baseline sufficient to detect changes attributable to the presence of WECs; the lack of any documented evidence of significant behavioural effect on a species level from EMF emissions by any existing undersea power cables; the logistical preference for BAG design on impact studies due to the BACI requirement for an appropriate independent control site and the high number of replicates required to achieve the desired level of impact detection sensitivity.\n\nFinally, concern related to cumulative impacts from an expanding level of wave energy development taking place in a background of growing utilisation of the marine environment which is difficult for individual developers to address adequately suggest that this issue be comprehensively addressed at the national level as part of SEA.","author":["Conley, D.","Magagna, D.","Greaves, D.","Aires, E.","Leit\u00e3o, J.","Witt, M.","Embling, C.","Godley, B.","Bicknell, A.","Saulnier, J.","Simas, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Holmes, B.","Sundberg, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Hidromod","University of Exeter","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","WavEC Offshore Renewables","University College Cork","Uppsala University","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA-WP3-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2151","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-deliverable-26-work-package-2-final-report-report-analysis-work-package-2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8935\/WP2_-_Final_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Deliverable 2.6 - Work Package 2 Final Report: Report on the Analysis of the Work Package 2 Findings Regarding Barriers and Accelerators of Wave Energy","description":"The wave energy industry is an innovative and developing industry which aims to contribute to meeting EU renewable energy targets. Consenting processes across the EU and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) legislation were not designed with the wave energy industry in mind. During SOWFIA Work Package 2 wave energy developers (wave energy test centre developers, device and project developers) and regulators with experience of the wave energy consenting process have identified barriers and accelerators (things which are working well), based on their experiences to date. These barriers and accelerators have been compiled and analysed in this document along with suggestions provided by these key actors for improving the situation.\n\nIt is important to note that only a relatively small amount of wave energy capacity, in comparison to 2020 ocean energy targets for Member States, has been installed to date. This implies that the consenting process for wave energy developments in Member States has not yet been seriously tested. Wave energy capacity that has been installed has largely been single devices deployed at specially built wave energy test centres in different Member States. As such, any accelerators identified cannot yet be judged to be robust and although there is a possibility that some of the barriers identified will diminish as the sector expands, it is more judicious to assume that some, if not most, of the barriers discussed will become more serious as the size of proposed developments increases and their environmental impacts and effects on other users of marine areas also increase. With this in mind, recommendations are presented for ameliorating barriers in the consenting process in Europe. The barriers, accelerators and recommendations are presented within three thematic areas:\nAdministrative Procedures\nEnvironmental Impacts (EIA Process and Environmental Monitoring)\nHuman Dimensions","author":["O\u0027Callaghan, J.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Holmes, B.","Arjona, E.","Olivares, C.","Magagna, D.","Bailey, I.","Greaves, D.","Embling, C.","Witt, M.","Godley, B.","Simas, T.","Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["University College Cork","Inabensa","Plymouth University","University of Exeter","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2013-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA-WP2-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/whales-entangled-deep-sea-cables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0146631356900405","title":"Whales entangled in deep sea cables","description":"Fourteen instances of whales entangled in submarine cables are reported. Ten entanglements occured off the Pacific coast of Central and South America. Six cases occurred in about 500 fathoms, with 620 fathoms the maximum depth reported. Five entanglements occured in the period, February\u2013March\u2013April. All whales positively identified were sperm whales. The submarine cable was generally wrapped around the jaw and often around the flukes and fins. The cable was rarely broken but always badly mauled. The entanglements often occurred near former repairs where there is a chance for extra slack cable on the bottom. Two pothographs of a sperm whale entangled in a cable and one photograph of a whale-jaw entangled in a cable are presented.\n\nIt is concluded that sperm whales often swim along the sea floor in depths as great as 620 fathoms. It is suggested that the whales become entangled while swimming along with their jaw plowing through the sediment in search of food. It is possible that the whales attacked tangled masses of slack cable mistaking them for items of food.","author":["Heezen, B."],"organization":["Columbia University"],"originationDate":"1957-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2153","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-guide-procedures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20120920030709\/https:\/\/www.communities.gov.uk\/documents\/planningandbuilding\/pdf\/157989.pdf","title":"Environmental impact assessment: guide to procedures","description":"Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important procedure for ensuring that the likely effects of new development on the environment are fully understood and taken into account before the development is allowed to go ahead. This booklet, which is intended primarily for developers and their advisers, explains how European Community (EC) requirements for the environmental impact assessment of major projects have been incorporated into consent procedures in the UK. It revises the booklet \u0027Environmental Assessment: A Guide to the Procedures\u0027, first published in 1989, to take account of the requirements of Directive 97\/11\/EC, which was adopted on 3 March 1997 and came into effect on 14 March 1999.  Directive 97\/11\/EC amends the original Directive 85\/337\/EEC on \u0027The assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment\u0027, which came into effect in July 1988. The text of the Directive as amended (with amendments shown in italics) is reproduced in Appendix 1 to this booklet. Throughout this booklet, references to `the Directive\u0027 mean Directive 85\/337\/ EEC as amended by Directive 97\/11\/EC. The effect of the Directive is to require environmental impact assessment to be carried out, before development consent is granted, for certain types of major project which are judged likely to have significant environmental effects.  Parts 1 and 2 of this booklet explain the procedures which apply to projects falling within the scope of the Directive and requiring planning permission in England and Wales. For such projects the Directive was given legal effect through the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (England and Wales) Regulations 1999 (SI No 293 https:\/\/www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk:443\/si \/si1995\/uksi_19950418_en_1.htm) (\u0027the EIA Regulations\u0027) which came into force on 14 March 1999 and apply to relevant planning applications lodged on or after that date. The full text of the Regulations is published separately by The Stationery Office. For ease of reference, those parts of the Regulations which list the types of project to which they apply, and specify what information an environmental statement must contain, are reproduced in Appendices 2 to 4 to this booklet. The booklet is not intended to be an authoritative interpretation of the law and does not remove the need to refer to the Regulations.  Formal guidance on procedures under the Regulations, directed principally at local planning authorities, was issued in DETR Circular 2\/99 (Welsh Office Circular 11\/99). Although the present booklet, like its predecessor, is meant to be reasonably self-contained, developers may need to refer to that Circular, particularly for fuller information on how planning authorities are expected to judge the significance of a project\u0027s likely effects for the purpose of deciding whether environmental impact assessment is required. Parts 1 and 2 also give some general guidance, applicable to all types of project, on the nature of environmental impact assessment and on the practical aspects of preparing an environmental statement.  Part 3 gives a brief account of the procedures which apply to other projects within the scope of the Directive but which are not approved under planning procedures, for example, motorways, harbour works and long distance pipe-lines. It also deals very briefly with environmental impact assessment procedures in Scotland and Northern Ireland. For the detailed requirements, reference will need to be made to the relevant statutory instruments and associated guidance (see Appendix 8 to this booklet). Throughout this booklet, the term \u0027environmental impact assessment\u0027 (EIA) is used to describe the whole process whereby information about the environmental effects of a project is collected, assessed and taken into account in reaching a decision on whether the project should go ahead or not. The process was formerly referred to in the UK as `environmental assessment\u0027 (EA). An \u0027environmental statement\u0027 is a document setting out the developer\u0027s own assessment of a project\u0027s likely environmental effects, which is prepared and submitted by the developer in conjunction with the application for consent.","author":["UK Communities and Local Government"],"organization":["Government of the United Kingdom"],"originationDate":"2000-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 10:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_impact_assessment-guide_to_procedures_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2154","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-power-devices-artificial-reefs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/241604133_Wave_Power_Devices_as_artificial_Reefs","title":"Wave power devices as artificial reefs","description":"Offshore energy installations, such as wave power parks have large area demands. Little is known about their effects on the marine environment, and early studies may minimize environmental risks and enhance potential positive effects on the marine environment. The Islandsberg project is a wave power park located on the Swedish west coast under construction since 2005. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. Most likely, biofouling has the potential to be an engineering concern but at the same time, these structures can be considered as artificial reefs. In the present study the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish was investigated. The influences of holes in and on the surface of the foundations on colonisation and species composition were examined and a succession in colonisation over time is shown. Structural heterogeneity may enhance the colonisation of macrobenthic organisms. This pilot study is the first contribution to what constitutes an important research topic based on different ideas of an effective and purposeful reef design integrating wave power devices and their development.","author":["Langhamer, O.","Wilhelmsson, D."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2007-09-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.203686000000","11.401747000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:04:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2155","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-invertebrate-assemblages-fish-offshore-wave-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1624516","title":"Development of Invertebrate Assemblages and Fish on Offshore Wave Power","description":"A significant development of offshore wave power is planned in the future, and its impact on the marine environment is unclear. Solid structures placed on the seabed create new habitats and function as artificial reefs for marine organisms. In this study we investigated the artificial reef effect and fouling impacts on offshore wave power devices deployed at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. We studied the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibiotic colonisation, and made in situ observations of micro-habitat use by fish and crustaceans over four years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys.","author":["Langhamer, O.","Wilhelmsson, D.","Engstro\u0308m, J."],"organization":["Stockholm University","Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.987988000000","11.210620000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:58:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2156","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d417-report-environmental-monitoring-protocols","sourceURL":"","title":"D4.17 Report on environmental monitoring protocols","description":"This document presents a short review and overview of monitoring protocols developed and employed for surveying species and habitats in relation to offshore renewable energy developments. The document summarises the design phase of the monitoring process as well as providing a quick overview for key environmental descriptors (mammals, seabirds and benthic communities) which are protected under EU and national regulation. The main outcomes of this will be taken forward into D4.7 (Best practice report on environmental monitoring and new study techniques).  The core of this document is based on the \u0022Guidance on survey and monitoring in relation to marine renewables deployment in Scotland1\u0022 developed by Scottish Natural Heritage and on \u0022Guidelines for data acquisition to support marine environmental assessment of offshore renewable energy projects\u0022 developed by CEFAS in 2012 which have provided in depth reviews and analysis of protocols for environmental monitoring. This document highlights the key points of environmental protocols which are under development for monitoring the impact of marine and offshore energy converters on the marine environment. It is not the intention of this document to replicate or duplicate the work available in literature but to point users in the direction of more in-depth methodologies.  It is expected that the monitoring protocols described in this document will be improved with the growth of offshore renewable energy technology and through monitoring technology improvements, allowing for more specific and less intrusive monitoring programmes.","author":["Magagna, D.","Lauri, C.","Butler, M.","Bristow, C."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Plymouth University","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D4.17.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2157","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marinet-d413-report-field-buoy-research","sourceURL":"","title":"MaRINET D4.13 Report on field buoy research","description":"This report constitutes deliverable WP4.D13 as part of MARINET project. The aim of this report is to provide a summary of the field buoy research at the South West Mooring Test Facility (SWMTF).  The initial section gives an overview of the facility: location, environmental conditions and configuration: the floating structure, its mooring and the wave and current transducer.  The instrumentation and data collection is presented. This includes the equipment to measure environmental conditions, mooring loads, motion of the floating structure, and other equipment. The equipment and data collection are summarized in tables.  Some results are shown: time series and summary data of environmental data, mooring load and buoy motion. These results will be the base for further studies which aim to test new materials or configuration in real sea conditions, and to gain understanding of mooring system for Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices.  The principal outcome of this deliverable is a common information source for all MARINET partners about sea trials. Sea trials are a key point in the development process of a MRE device. They should be used to develop methodologies for installation and operation of MRE devices.","author":["Johanning, L.","Harnois, V.","Rudolph, C.","Bauer, A."],"organization":["Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES)","University of Exeter","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2015-03-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D4.13.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2158","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d48-database-environmental-monitoring-techniques-equipment","sourceURL":"","title":"D4.8 Database for Environmental Monitoring Techniques and Equipment","description":"This document provides an introduction to the Database for Environmental Monitoring Techniques and Equipment which presents measuring instruments and survey techniques currently used by the MaRINET project partners. This is a common information source for all MaRINET partners to cross reference. This will be of key importance in synchronising the various approaches across Europe and working towards the creation of best practice methodologies for environmental monitoring.  The first part of this report also consists of a brief introduction on the conceptual basis of monitoring activities in the marine and coastal environment. It then links to a comparative table in which available monitoring techniques are matched with the various environmental compartments that characterize the marine environment.  In the final part of the report, existing gaps in the catalogue of instrumentation are discussed and some considerations about the actual thematic coverage of the techniques and instrumentation available are highlighted.","author":["Scanu, S.","Carli, F.","Peviani, M.","Dampney, K."],"organization":["Tuscia University","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D4.08.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2159","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d228-model-construction-methods","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.28 Model Construction Methods","description":"Harnessing wave energy is a new concept that requires the development of new technologies able to extract energy from the waves and transmit it to the shore. A large number of technologies are proposed and given the complexity of the task and the high cost of offshore work, a staged development path is required involving indoor and offshore testing at various scales. This offers a large reduction in the development costs of device testing in hydrodynamic facilities and low energy offshore test sites. This leads to the validation of the operation principle, verification of numerical model result, model optimisation, operation training, etc.  In order to ensure the reduced scale provides an accurate representation of the full scale model, a number of techniques can be applied. Two main scaling methods, called Froude and Reynolds, are commonly used for the scaling of hydrodynamic structures. The full design of a scaled model must follow the chosen scaling method and be chosen taking into account suitable materials which can vary with the scales.  This document aims at reviewing the techniques used for scaling, designing and building models for the best representation of the full scale prototype characteristics in controlled ocean test facilities. It provides a description of the full scale prototype characteristics and the scaling methods available. It then provides useful information on the design techniques and the last section concentrates on the verification methods to assess the quality of the model built. This work is based on experience from MARINET partners and documents such as (Gr\u00e9gory S. Payne 2009), (Lu\u00eds Mallen, D2.13, Collation of model construction methods 2012) and (ITTC 2014).  The most common scaling method for WEC testing is using the Froude similitude explained in this document and the most appropriate scale depends mainly on the stage of development of the device, the equipment available and related costs. When the approximate scale is chosen, the characteristics of the deployment location and\/or the material cost and availability may be used to select the final modelling scale.  For the model design, at the chosen scale, a large number of parameters are presented in this report and must be taken into account. It includes the test objectives (optimisation or validation), characteristics of the materials and instrumentation available. All the design parameters must be accurately set and measured in order to ensure repeatability of the results at all scales of testing. This document also suggests and describes a number of verification methods for the most commonly used parameters, weight and weight distribution, power take off systems, instrumentation and mooring lines.  Although the weight and weight distribution is a critical part in the design and construction of floating or underwater models in motion, this is not relevant for the modelling of fixed devices.","author":["Thiebaut, F.","Sutton, G.","Johnstone, C."],"organization":["University College Cork","University of Strathclyde","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2015-10-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D2.28.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2160","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparative-studies-reveal-variability-use-tidal-stream-environments-seabirds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16305024","title":"Comparative Studies Reveal Variability in the use of Tidal Stream Environments by Seabirds","description":"The global increase in tidal stream turbine installations creates a need to identify and mitigate any impacts on seabird populations. Within Scotland, UK, the vulnerability of black guillemots Cepphus grylle and European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis is dependent on their tendency to exploit microhabitats characterised by fast mean horizontal current speeds (\u22652 ms\u20131), and tidal states with maximum current speeds, within tidal stream environments. Identifying consistencies in their relative use of different microhabitats (fast versus slow mean horizontal current speeds) and tidal states (increasing\/decreasing versus maximum currents) across these habitats could assist risk assessment and mitigation measures at both a regional and development site level. Datasets from shore-based surveys collated across 6 tidal stream environments showed that the probability of detecting foraging black guillemots and European shags tended to be higher in fast and slow microhabitats, respectively. However, differences between microhabitats were reversed and\/or marginal in 3 out of the 5 sites used for each species. Differences between tidal states were almost always marginal. These variabilities show that a species\u0027 vulnerability could differ greatly among development sites, and environmental impact assessments (EIA) must quantify habitat-use using dedicated and site-specific surveys to reduce uncertainty. However, a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying variation in the use of tidal stream environments is needed when selecting a suite of potential development sites that reduce the possibility of population-level impacts. The current collection of physical and biological data across tidal stream environments could therefore prove invaluable for the protection of seabird populations.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Robbins, A.","Wade, H.","Masden, E.","Furness, R.","Jackson, A.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of Aberdeen","Marine Scotland Science","University of Glasgow","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Scottish Natural Heritage","MacArthur Green","Cornwall College"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2162","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-passive-acoustics-imaging-sonar-techniques-study-sperm-whales-foraging","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.5002895","title":"Combining Passive Acoustics and Imaging Sonar Techniques to Study Sperm Whales\u0027 Foraging Strategies","description":"Sperm whales forage in the deep ocean, hunting for squid. An innovative approach for the study of sperm whale foraging behavior and habitat selection is reported in this letter. A DIDSON imaging sonar mounted on a profiler with a conductivity, temperature, and depth sensor was used to count and measure potential prey in the deep ocean during sperm whales\u0027 acoustical foraging encounters in Hawaii. Preliminary results show how this technique can be applied to the study of deep diving whale foraging and habitat selection. Sperm whales foraged where the density of prey decreased with depth and where the size of prey increased with depth.","author":["Giorli, G."],"organization":["National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2163","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydroacoustic-assessment-behavioral-responses-fish-passing-near-operating-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00028487.2017.1339637","title":"Hydroacoustic Assessment of Behavioral Responses by Fish Passing Near an Operating Tidal Turbine in the East River, New York","description":"An important environmental issue facing the marine and hydrokinetic energy industry is whether fish that encounter underwater energy devices are likely to be struck and injured by moving components, primarily rotating turbine blades. The automated analysis of nearly 3 weeks of multibeam hydroacoustics data identified about 35,000 tracks of fish passing a tidal turbine in the East River, New York. These tracks included both individual fish and schools during periods with the turbine absent, the turbine present and operating, and the turbine present but not operating. The density of fish in the sampled area when the turbine was absent was roughly twice the density observed when the turbine was in place, particularly when the turbine was operating. This suggests that some avoidance occurred before fish were close enough to the turbine to be observed by the hydroacoustics system. Various measures of swimming behavior (direction, velocity, and linearity) were calculated for each track and evaluated for indication of behavioral responses to turbine presence and operation. Fish tracks were grouped based on tidal cycle, current velocity, and swimming direction and were evaluated with respect to turbine presence and operation and with respect to distance from the turbine. Nonparametric tests (Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov test) and multivariate analysis (canonical discriminant analysis) found significant differences among groups with respect to turbine presence and operation, suggesting that some fish responded to the turbine by adjusting swimming behavior, such as making small adjustments to swimming direction and velocity as they passed near the turbine. We found no evidence that fish were being struck by rotating blades, but there did appear to be large-scale avoidance initiated out of the range of the hydroacoustics detection system. More study is needed to determine whether such avoidance behavior has significant ramifications for normal fish movement patterns, bioenergetics, seasonal migrations, and predator exposure.","author":["Bevelhimer, M.","Scherelis, C.","Colby, J.","Adonizio, M."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2017-08-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:58:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2164","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-opportunities-monitoring-impacts-tidal-stream-energy-devices-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117309395","title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Monitoring the Impacts of Tidal-Stream Energy Devices on Marine Vertebrates","description":"Marine tidal-stream renewable energy devices (MREDs) are beginning to move from demonstration to early commercial deployment. However, the ecological impacts which may result when large arrays of these devices are deployed are unknown. This uncertainty is placing a considerable burden on developers who must collect biological data through baseline and post-deployment monitoring programs under the Environmental Impact Assessment process. Regulators and other stakeholders are often particularly concerned about impacts on marine vertebrates (fish, seabirds and mammals) because many of these receptors are of high conservation and public concern. Unfortunately monitoring for most marine vertebrates is challenging and expensive, especially in the energetic waters where tidal-stream MREDs will be deployed. Surveys for marine vertebrates often have low statistical power and so are likely to fail to detect all but substantial changes in abundance. Furthermore, many marine vertebrate species have large geographical ranges so that even if local changes in abundance are detected, they cannot usually be related to the wider populations. Much of the monitoring currently being undertaken at tidal-stream MRED development sites is thus leading to a \u2018data-rich but information-poor\u2019 (DRIP) situation. Such an approach adds to development costs whilst contributing little to wider ecosystem-based understanding. In the present article we discuss the issues surrounding the impacts of tidal-stream MREDs on marine vertebrates and address the questions regulators, developers and other stakeholders need to consider when agreeing monitoring programs for these receptors.","author":["Fox, C.","Benjamins, S.","Masden, E.","Miller, R."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2165","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/setting-agenda-biofouling-research-marine-renewable-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166917300711","title":"Setting an Agenda for Biofouling Research for the Marine Renewable Energy Industry","description":"Extensive marine growth on man-made structures in the ocean is commonplace, yet there has been limited discussion about the potential implications of marine growth for the wave and tidal energy industry. In response, the Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewables (EIMR) Biofouling Expert Workshop was convened. Discussions involved participants from the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, anti-fouling industry, academic institutions and regulatory bodies. The workshop aimed to consider both the benefits and negative effects of biofouling from engineering and ecological perspectives. In order to form an agenda for future research in the area of biofouling and the marine renewable energy industry, 119 topics were generated, categorised and prioritised. Identified areas for future focus fell within four overarching categories: operation and maintenance; structured design and engineering; ecology; and knowledge exchange. It is clear that understanding and minimising biofouling impacts on MRE infrastructure will be vital to the successful development of a reliable and cost effective MRE industry.","author":["Loxton, J.","Macleod, A.","Nall, C.","McCollin, T.","Machado, I.","Simas, T.","Vance, T.","Kenny, C.","Want, A.","Miller, R."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Marine Scotland Science","WavEC Offshore Renewables","PML Applications Ltd","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2166","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/has-designating-protecting-critical-habitat-had-impact-endangered-north-atlantic-right","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X13000973","title":"Has Designating and Protecting Critical Habitat had an Impact on Endangered North Atlantic Right Whale Ship Strike Mortality?","description":"Ship strike is the major anthropogenic source of mortality for severely endangered North Atlantic right whales. Two primary tools are given to US wildlife managers by the Endangered Species Act post-listing to ensure species survival by reducing negative anthropogenic impacts: (1) creating a recovery plan and (2) defining and protecting critical habitat. This study reviews and analyzes the impact these strategies have had in reducing North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality in US waters from 1973 to 2011. Defining and protecting critical habitat poses distinct spatial and human-use overlap challenges when applied to highly migratory species. Managers should consider two different levels in designating critical habitat for highly migratory species such as the North Atlantic right whale: permanently protected critical habitat in areas where species take up seasonal residence, and temporarily protected migratory habitat to maintain functional migration corridors between seasonal residence critical habitat areas. Managers and stakeholders should also be aware that, given current definitions for North Atlantic right whale critical habitat, human-use overlap in critical habitat areas is inevitable. Instead of eliminating human-use in critical habitat, wildlife managers should apply a combination of adaptive human-behaviors, functional habitat definitions, and on-going habitat-use studies to reduce ship strike mortality, particularly for pregnant and nursing females. Ascertaining methods to effectively manage North Atlantic right whale critical habitat is particularly relevant as current regulatory actions aimed at reducing North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality will be reviewed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in December 2013, offering wildlife managers an opportunity to adjust current ship strike mortality reduction strategies in order to improve the population growth rate.","author":["Mullen, K.","Peterson, M.","Todd, S."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.979339500000","-69.385888100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 01:34:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2167","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-impacts-marine-renewable-energy-installation-benthic-boundary-layer-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1876610217336652","title":"Hydrodynamic Impacts of a Marine Renewable Energy Installation on the Benthic Boundary Layer in a Tidal Channel","description":"Field measurements of the flow in the benthic boundary layer (BBL) of a tidal channel are presented which compare data collected in the wake of a marine renewable energy installation (MREI) with control data representative of the natural conditions. The results show significant flow modification in the wake of the MREI including a reduction in mean velocity, enhanced turbulence, and the breakdown of the natural structure and dynamics of the BBL. This study provides new information relevant to the environmental impact assessment of MREIs and to the design and consenting of marine renewable energy projects.","author":["Fraser, S.","Nikora, V.","Williamson, B.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.150000000000","-2.800000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fraser-et-al-2017.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fraser-et-al-2017_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2181","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/boosting-blue-growth-mild-sea-analysis-synergies-produced-multi-purpose-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/7\/6\/6804","title":"Boosting Blue Growth in a Mild Sea: Analysis of the Synergies Produced by a Multi-Purpose Offshore Installation in the Northern Adriatic, Italy","description":"In the near future, the oceans will be subjected to a massive development of marine infrastructures, including offshore wind, tidal and wave energy farms and constructions for marine aquaculture. The development of these facilities will unavoidably exert environmental pressures on marine ecosystems. It is therefore crucial that the economic costs, the use of marine space and the environmental impacts of these activities remain within acceptable limits. Moreover, the installation of arrays of wave energy devices is still far from being economically feasible due to many combined aspects, such as immature technologies for energy conversion, local energy storage and moorings. Therefore, multi-purpose solutions combining renewable energy from the sea (wind, wave, tide), aquaculture and transportation facilities can be considered as a challenging, yet advantageous, way to boost blue growth. This would be due to the sharing of the costs of installation and using the produced energy locally to feed the different functionalities and optimizing marine spatial planning. This paper focuses on the synergies that may be produced by a multi-purpose offshore installation in a relatively calm sea, i.e., the Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy, and specifically offshore Venice. It analyzes the combination of aquaculture, energy production from wind and waves, and energy storage or transfer. Alternative solutions are evaluated based on specific criteria, including the maturity of the technology, the environmental impact, the induced risks and the costs. Based on expert judgment, the alternatives are ranked and a preliminary layout of the selected multi-purpose installation for the case study is proposed, to further allow the exploitation of the synergies among different functionalities.","author":["Zanuttigh, B.","Angelelli, E.","Bellotti, G.","Romano, A.","Krontira, Y.","Troianos, D.","Suffredini, R.","Franceschi, G.","Cantu, M.","Airoldi, L.","Zagonari, F.","Taramelli, A.","Filipponi, F.","Jimenez, C.","Evriviadou, M.","Broszeit, S."],"organization":["University of Bologna","University of Rome III","The Cyprus Institute","Institute for the Protection Environmental Research","Plymouth Marine Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2015-05-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.800320000000","13.261983000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zunittighetal2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2184","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-larval-connectivity-marine-spatial-planning-adriatic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113617300430","title":"Assessing larval connectivity for marine spatial planning in the Adriatic","description":"There are plans to start building offshore marine renewable energy devices throughout the Mediterranean and the Adriatic has been identified as a key location for wind farm developments. The development of offshore wind farms in the area would provide hard substrata for the settlement of sessile benthos. Since the seafloor of the Adriatic is predominantly sedimentary this may alter the larval connectivity of benthic populations in the region. Here, we simulated the release of larvae from benthic populations along the coasts of the Adriatic Sea using coupled bio-physical models and investigated the effect of pelagic larval duration on dispersal. Our model simulations show that currents typically carry particles from east to west across the Adriatic, whereas particles released along western coasts tend to remain there with the Puglia coast of Italy acting as a sink for larvae from benthic populations. We identify areas of high connectivity, as well as areas that are much more isolated, and discuss how these results can be used to inform marine spatial planning and the licensing of offshore marine renewable energy developments.","author":["Bray, L.","Kassis, D.","Hall-Spencer, J."],"organization":["Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","Plymouth University","National Technical University of Athens","University of Tsukuba"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.770746500000","15.698198600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2186","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-scale-patterns-harbour-porpoise-occupancy-tidal-stream-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsx164\/4101444\/Regional-scale-patterns-in-harbour-porpoise?redirectedFrom=fulltext","title":"Regional-Scale Patterns in Harbour Porpoise Occupancy of Tidal Stream Environments","description":"As harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena are abundant within tidal stream environments, mitigating population-level impacts from tidal stream energy extraction is considered a conservation priority. An understanding of their spatial and temporal occupancy of these habitats at a regional-scale will help steer installations towards locations which maximize energy returns but reduce the potential for interactions with populations. This study quantifies and compares relationships between the presence of harbour porpoise and several hydrodynamic characteristics across four tidal stream environments in Anglesey, UK\u2014a region that has been earmarked for extensive industrial development. Within sites (0.57\u20131.13\u2009km2), encounters with animals were concentrated in small areas (\u0026lt;200 m2) and increased during certain tidal states (ebb vs. flood). In sites showing relatively high maximum current speeds (2.67\u20132.87\u2009ms\u22121), encounters were strongly associated with the emergence of shear-lines. In sites with relatively low maximum current speeds (1.70\u20132.08\u2009ms\u22121), encounters were more associated with areas of shallow water during peak current speeds. The overall probability of encounters was higher in low current sites. It is suggested that the likelihood of interactions could be reduced by restricting developments to sites with high maximum current speeds (\u0026gt;2.5\u2009ms\u22121), and placing turbines in areas of laminar currents therein. This study shows that a combination of local and regional hydrodynamic characteristics can partially explain variations in occupancy patterns across tidal-stream environments. However, it was found that such hydrodynamic characteristics could not comprehensively explain these occupancy patterns. Further studies into the biophysical mechanisms creating foraging opportunities within these habitats are needed to identify alternative explanatory variables that may have universal applications.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Dunn, H.","Evans, P.","Hiddink, J.","Holmes, L.","Keen, E.","Murcott, B.","Piano, M.","Robins, P.","Scott, B.","Whitmore, J.","Veneruso, G."],"organization":["Bangor University","Sea Watch Foundation"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2189","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mooring-system-considerations-renewable-energy-standards","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-27870-MS","title":"Mooring System Considerations for Renewable Energy Standards","description":"Marine renewables have made great strides in recent years. The IEC, ABS, and DNV GL continue to generate standards and recommended practices in an effort to formulate approved processes as the renewable products make their way offshore and into the market. There are many similarities in some of the processes and designs when compared to oil and gas structures, especially when it comes to moorings. However, many design areas are uniquely related to renewables, even within the same field of energy conversion (e.g. multiple types of wave energy converters). As more renewable systems are installed, the standards will continue to transition from philosophical to more prescriptive recommendations. One area in which the lines are blurred between oil and gas and renewable industries is mooring systems. The interdependency between the mooring and power generation systems plays a crucial role early in the design phase. Modeling marine energy converters and the mooring system can be complex due the variability of moving parts, and without proper attention, it may be easy to underestimate the loads and fatigue cycles to which moorings will be exposed. Moorings for these structures should incorporate existing standards and recommended practices to ensure safety and reliability. Inspection, maintenance, repair, and replacement should also be considered. As the renewable industry continues to move forward from scaled prototypes to farms of devices, the oil and gas supply chain will contemplate when to become involved from a financial and resource perspective. However, there are still hurdles within the US authorization bodies like BSEE, BOEM, FERC, NOAA, USCG, etc. to overcome. This paper addresses the existing mooring related standards and delineates areas that need further refinement or conservatism as the renewable industry moves forward with the installation of offshore energy converters.","author":["Cribbs, A.","K\u00e4rrsten, G.","Shelton, J.","Nicoll, R.","Stewart, W."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2191","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-baseline-conditions-ecological-indicators-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X17304284","title":"Modeling Baseline Conditions of Ecological Indicators: Marine Renewable Energy Environmental Monitoring","description":"Ecological indicators are often collected to detect and monitor environmental change. Statistical models are used to estimate natural variability, pre-existing trends, and environmental predictors of baseline indicator conditions. Establishing standard models for baseline characterization is critical to the effective design and implementation of environmental monitoring programs. An anthropogenic activity that requires monitoring is the development of Marine Renewable Energy sites. Currently, there are no standards for the analysis of environmental monitoring data for these development sites. Marine Renewable Energy monitoring data are used as a case study to develop and apply a model evaluation to establish best practices for characterizing baseline ecological indicator data. We examined a range of models, including six generalized regression models, four time series models, and three nonparametric models. Because monitoring data are not always normally distributed, we evaluated model ability to characterize normal and non-normal data using hydroacoustic metrics that serve as proxies for ecological indicator data. The nonparametric support vector regression and random forest models, and parametric state-space time series models generally were the most accurate in interpolating the normal metric data. Support vector regression and state-space models best interpolated the non-normally distributed data. If parametric results are preferred, then state-space models are the most robust for baseline characterization. Evaluation of a wide range of models provides a comprehensive characterization of the case study data, and highlights advantages of models rarely used in Marine Renewable Energy environmental monitoring. Our model findings are relevant for any ecological indicator data with similar properties, and the evaluation approach is applicable to any monitoring program.","author":["Linder, H.","Horne, J.","Ward, E."],"organization":["University of Washington","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2193","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/value-proposition-tidal-energy-development-nova-scotia-atlantic-canada-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oera.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Value-Proposition-FINAL-REPORT_April-21-2015.pdf","title":"Value Proposition for Tidal Energy Development in Nova Scotia, Atlantic Canada and Canada","description":"This report was produced on behalf of the Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA) to provide government and industry with a clear understanding of the value proposition for tidal energy in Canada, including the opportunities and challenges of creating a supply chain for a future tidal energy industry.\n\nThe main objective of the report is to produce a comprehensive assessment of the value proposition for tidal energy that provides an estimate of the potential value, broader benefits and potential economic impacts of tidal power development to Nova Scotia, the Atlantic Region and Canada. Meeting this objective requires casting the net widely for relevant information and lessons learned.\u00a0","author":["Gardner, M.","MacAskill, G.","MacDougall, S.","Karsten, R.","Maillet, S.","Taylor, J.","Kerr, S.","Johnson, K.","Fitzharris, J."],"organization":["Gardner Pinfold Consultants Inc.","Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gardner-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2194","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/funding-financial-supports-tidal-energy-development-nova-scotia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/netzeroatlantic.ca\/research\/funding-and-financial-supports-tidal-energy-development-nova-scotia","title":"Funding and Financial Supports for Tidal Energy Development in Nova Scotia","description":"Within the global tidal energy industry, companies are now undertaking activities related to technology demonstration and demonstration of arrays. In Nova Scotia, at FORCE, demonstration arrays are planned by berth-holders. The costs of developing tidal energy are large and private, while the potential benefits are not only private but societal and environmental as well. Accordingly, provincial and federal governments have a role to play while the costs and risks at this stage are a barrier to progress.  In Scotland and France, where full-scale devices are being deployed and small arrays demonstrated, the funding and financial supports are largely a combination of demonstration grants and price supports through feed-in tariffs or renewables credits. The grants are not only for demonstrations of TEC devices but also of array-enabling technologies. While Nova Scotia\u2019s feed-tariff has been effective in attracting international developers to FORCE berths, for all but the largest companies, a feed-in tariff alone will likely be insufficient support for getting devices and arrays in the Bay of Fundy. A package of capital grants and price supports are needed, as well as continued investments in infrastructure.  Federal agencies and departments needed as partners are ACOA, SDTC, BDC, EDC, Innovation Science Economic Development Canada, and Natural Resources Canada. In Nova Scotia, the Department of Business and Consumer Services, and Nova Scotia Business Inc. have roles to play. These organizations should be engaged early to gain experience in the tidal energy industry and will need to draw on the knowledge of experts in industry, academia, investment and insurance in the design and oversight of project funding.","author":["MacDougall, S."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute"],"originationDate":"2016-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.371491900000","-64.405218000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MacDougall_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2195","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/confronting-financing-impasse-risk-management-through-internationally-staged","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166917300267","title":"Confronting the Financing Impasse: Risk Management through Internationally Staged Investments in Tidal Energy Development","description":"Progress toward commercial deployment of in-stream tidal energy devices and commercial arrays has frequently met with delays, particularly in the UK and Canada. While some delays are due to the manifestation of the uncertainties inherent in new technology development, this study seeks to better understand the strategic timing decisions of tidal energy conversion companies in developing a globally-distributed renewable resource. The study consists of semi-structured interviews with executives and senior managers of organizations in the international tidal energy industry. Themes emerging from the interviews find companies manage risk by timing their investments across an international portfolio of seabed leases, consistent with the exercise of real options.","author":["MacDougall, S."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2196","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/licensing-guidance-marine-renewable-energy-projects-portugal-mainland-coast","sourceURL":"","title":"Licensing Guidance for Marine Renewable Energy Projects in Portugal (Mainland Coast)","description":"The complexity of the licensing process of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) projects is indicated world- wide as one of the main barriers to the sector development. The reasons for this barrier are attached, among others, to the lack of clarity of procedures (arising from the lack of specific laws for this type of projects), to the varied number of authorities to be consulted and to the process delay. Understanding the factors that consider licensing as a barrier, as well as the discussion of the necessary measures to minimise their effects on the sector implementation in several Member States, have been some of the topics explored in various European-funded projects. This analysis has been based on the description of the licensing process in several countries in order to identify differences and similarities, advantages and disadvantages and good or better practices to streamline the process.  This Guide was partially funded by the RiCORE project and results from an in-depth study conducted in one of the project tasks, more specifically regarding report 2.2 (Le Li\u00e8vre \u0026amp; O\u2019Hagan, 2016), which presents and discusses licensing processes in several European countries. This project was funded by the European Commission under the HORIZON 2020 programme and it is aimed at establishing an environ- mental licensing approach, based on the risk assessment of MRE technologies. This approach has already been successfully implemented in Scotland and can be summed up in the use of information about the natural sensitiveness of the location and project scale to be installed in order to define the level of re- quirements needed for the environmental studies.  The findings of the aforementioned report include an assessment of the efforts made by the countries represented in the project consortium (Spain, France, Ireland, Portugual and United Kingdom) on the measures adopted to improve licensing processes. These can be summarised in the following aspects:    Improved operation of the single platforms or offices to managed the licensing process (the so-called one-stop-shop);  Better integration of the licensing procedures in order to minimise the process fragmentation and centralise decisions;  Introduction of a timeline for the various procedures and a maximum period of time for the all licensing process, taking into account the scale of the project;  Development and provision (in institutional websites) of guidance documents explaining the licensing process in order to instruct their intervening parties.   Throughout the RiCORE project, several workshops were held to discuss the implementation of the environmental licensing risk-based approach in the countries under the project consortium. Represent- atives from several EU Member States have been invited, regarding the areas of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) consultancy, marine environment research (academy), industry (device developers) and public administration (regulators). This Guidance has been developed as a consequence of the need identified by some of the national stakeholders, who together with WavEC, have joined efforts to com- pile the information presented herein.  The authors believe this document contributes to clarify the licensing process of MRE technologies in Portugal, as well as making it more expedient, since good or better practices are proposed throughout the document.  This document also had the engagement of a group of authorities and colleagues with relevant expertise in the field, some of whom with direct intervention in the licensing process that promptly offered them- selves to review and validate the document. Given the constant evolution of legal systems, the aim is to update the present information whenever significant change in the law may occur.","author":["de Jesus, J.","Almodovar, M.","Simas, T."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.740799000000","-8.219166400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wavec-Licensing-Guidance-Portgal-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2201","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conflict-greens-green-development-versus-habitat-preservation-case-incheon-south-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.environmentmagazine.org\/archives\/back%20issues\/2011\/may-june%202011\/conflict-of-greens-full.html","title":"A Conflict of Greens: Green Development Versus Habitat Preservation - The Case of Incheon, South Korea","description":"Boosting the green economy is a goal for many nations, but not all agree on what \u201cgreen\u201d means. In this paper, we discuss the conflict between two green approaches: \u201cgreen development\u201d (highlighted by what would be the world\u0027s largest tidal power barrages (Incheon Bay and Ganghwa tidal power plants) and the sustainable award-winning new green city development in Incheon, South Korea) and \u201chabitat preservation\u201d for endangered birds. Given the crisis of climate change and dependence on fossil fuels, this conflict of \u201cgreens\u201d will increasingly occur around the world, so we discuss the implications for prudent policy-making and planning in comparable cases.\n\n*Due to the controversy on socioeconomic and environmental concerns, the plans for the Incheon Bay and Ganghwa tidal power plants were halted in 2012.","author":["Ko, Y.","Schubert, D.","Hester, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.422077500000","128.079841000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2202","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/south-koreas-plans-tidal-power-when-green-solution-creates-more-problems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nautilus.org\/napsnet\/napsnet-special-reports\/south-koreas-plans-for-tidal-power-when-a-green-solution-creates-more-problems\/","title":"South Korea\u0027s Plans for Tidal Power: When a \u0022Green\u0022 Solution Creates More Problems","description":"The authors introduce a fierce controversy between large-scale tidal barrage power and the local efforts toward preserving wetlands and fisheries in Incheon, South Korea. Due to the controversy on socioeconomic and environmental concerns, the plans for the Incheon Bay and Ganghwa tidal power plants were halted in 2012.","author":["Ko, Y.","Schubert, D."],"organization":["Nautilus Institute","Nautilus Institute"],"originationDate":"2011-11-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.422077500000","128.079841000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-06 06:28:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ko_and_Schubert_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2203","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-ecology-high-energy-environments-approaches-assessing-impacts-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/theses.gla.ac.uk\/8300\/1\/2017robbinsph.pdf","title":"Seabird Ecology in High-Energy Environments: Approaches to Assessing Impacts of Marine Renewables","description":"It has been widely acknowledged that a global change in energy production, from fossil fuels to renewable sources, is required in order to reduce carbon dioxide outputs and help mitigate anthropogenic climate change. The UK is recognised as having one of the largest practical marine energy resources in Europe, including \u2018wet renewables\u2019 energy sources; tidal-stream and wave energy. Scotland, as well as having some of the best marine energy resources, also holds internationally important numbers of breeding seabirds. Both wave energy and tidal stream devices have the potential to place a new anthropogenic pressure on already declining seabird populations. Wet renewables are predicted to impact seabird populations through collision, disturbance, habitat loss and changes to food availability. However, few devices have been deployed to enable monitoring of impacts and there have been few studies of the ecological implications and magnitude of any impacts to these populations. The aim of this thesis is to address key knowledge gaps relating to our understanding of seabird ecology in high-energy marine environments, specifically exploring spatial, temporal and habitat drivers for their use of these areas. This is to help expand the scientific basis used to assess the impacts of marine renewable energy devices on marine birds. This thesis also aims to increase our understanding of bird survey requirements for wet renewable energy schemes to help develop methods for environmental impact assessment. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 demonstrate that marine birds show differing spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and behaviour within high-energy marine environments. By using shore-based vantage point methods in three high-energy areas in the Northern Isles, I explore some variations in vantage point methods. Chapter 5 provides the most extensive and up-to-date review of diving and foraging behaviour for UK marine bird species. I identify knowledge gaps including the species and parameters for which there are a paucity of studies. I demonstrate a more robust approach to data collection in these high-energy tidal stream, which can shed insight on how they are being used by marine birds, while the diving and foraging behaviour synthesis provided many of the values that are required to undertake underwater collision risk modeling. It is hoped that developers can adopt the approaches identified here, which will improve the accuracy of their assessments and improve monitoring of any potential impacts.","author":["Robbins, A."],"organization":["University of Glasgow"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.686171600000","-0.993284400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2204","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observations-tracking-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-shore-based-x-band-marine-radar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/mms.12395\/full","title":"Observations and Tracking of Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) with Shore-Based X-Band Marine Radar at a Marine Energy Test Site","description":"The Atlantic killer whale (Orcinus orca) is a top-level marine predator with a global range, being found in all of Earth\u0027s oceans. The potential interaction between killer whales and marine renewable energy projects requires surveillance and monitoring efforts that call for new technologies, with marine radar showing promise in the field. Marine radar images recorded at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) were used to track a pair of male killer whales undertaking Surface Active Behavior (SAB) with visual observations used as validation. Using a tidal prediction model, the tide-adjusted, radar-derived target speeds between SAB events provide estimates of swim speeds averaging 4 m\/s and time between SAB events of 30 s. The similarities between the radar signatures of the animals and sea clutter, combined with their low occurrence compared to other imaged phenomena renders automatic detection with this system difficult. However, the combination of opportunistic radar imagery and independent visual observation has allowed the radar signature of one form of killer whale SAB to be documented. It is hoped that with a greater number of validated observations such as these that automated, radar-based identification and the benefits it will bring to long-term observations at MRE sites will be possible.","author":["McCann, D.","Bell, P."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.156000000000","-7.484000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2205","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/patterns-benthic-mega-invertebrate-habitat-associations-pacific-northwest-continental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10531-016-1158-y","title":"Patterns of Benthic Mega-Invertebrate Habitat Associations in the Pacific Northwest Continental Shelf Waters: A Reassessment","description":"As human impacts and demands for ocean space increase (fisheries, aquaculture, marine reserves, renewable energy), identification of marine habitats hosting sensitive biological assemblages has become a priority. Epifaunal invertebrates, especially the structure-forming species, are an increasing conservation concern as many traditional (bottom-contact fishing) and novel (marine renewable energy) ocean uses have the potential to displace or otherwise impact these slow-growing organisms. The differences in mega-invertebrate species assemblages between high-relief rocks and low-relief sediments are well documented and likely hold for most marine environments. In anticipation of potential development of marine renewable energy faculties off Oregon and Washington (USA), a survey of the benthic invertebrate assemblages and habitats was conducted on three rocky reefs on the continental shelf of the Pacific Northwest, using video footage collected by remotely operated vehicle, to more finely characterize these assemblage\u2013habitat associations. Benthic assemblages appeared to first group by depth (50\u201380 vs. 100\u2013120\u00a0m), then by relief (consolidated rocks vs. unconsolidated rocks and soft sediments). Consolidated rocks were characterized at each site by a combination of various sponges, gorgonians, sea anemones and echinoderms; unconsolidated rocks were characterized at Grays Bank by sea anemones and burrowing brittle stars, and at Bandon-Arago by sponges and echinoderms; soft sediments were characterized at Grays Bank and Siltcoos Reef by sea whips and burrowing brittle stars, as well as pink shrimps and sea stars at Siltcoos Reef, and at Bandon-Arago by sponges, gorgonians and echinoderms. The results of this study will help classify and map the seafloor in a way that represents benthic habitats reflective of biological species assemblage distributions, rather than solely geological features, and support conservation and management planning.","author":["Hemery, L.","Henkel, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2016-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.965147300000","-124.434208300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2206","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/patterns-benthic-mega-invertebrate-habitat-associations-pacific-northwest-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276345284_Patterns_of_benthic_mega-invertebrate_habitat_associations_in_the_Pacific_Northwest_continental_shelf_waters","title":"Patterns of Benthic Mega-Invertebrate Habitat Associations in the Pacific Northwest Continental Shelf Waters","description":"As human impacts and demands for ocean space increase (fisheries, aquaculture, marine reserves, renewable energy), identification of marine habitats hosting sensitive biological assemblages has become a priority. Epifaunal invertebrates, especially the structure-forming species, are an increasing conservation concern as many traditional (bottom-contact fishing) and novel (marine renewable energy) ocean uses have the potential to displace or otherwise impact these slow-growing organisms. The differences in mega-invertebrate species assemblages between high-relief rocks and low-relief sediments are well documented and likely hold for most marine environments. In anticipation of potential development of marine renewable energy faculties off Oregon and Washington (USA), a survey of the benthic invertebrate assemblages and habitats was conducted on the continental shelf of the Pacific Northwest, using video footage collected by ROV, to more finely characterize these assemblage\u2013habitat associations. Four main associations were found: pure mud\/sand dominated by sea whips and burrowing brittle stars; mixed mud\u2013rock (which may be further divided based on size of mixed-in rocks) characterized by various taxa at small densities; consolidated rocks characterized by high diversity and density of sessile or motile mega-invertebrates; and rubble rocks showing less diversity and density than the consolidated rocks, possibly due to the disturbance generated by movement of the unconsolidated rocks. The results of this study will help classify and map the seafloor in a way that represents benthic habitats reflective of biological species assemblage distributions, rather than solely geological features, and support conservation and management planning.","author":["Hemery, L.","Henkel, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.965147300000","-124.434208300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery-Henkel-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2207","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bridging-gap-between-energy-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421516300386","title":"Bridging the Gap Between Energy and the Environment","description":"Meeting the world\u2019s energy demand is a major challenge for society over the coming century. To identify the most sustainable energy pathways to meet this demand, analysis of energy systems on which policy is based must move beyond the current primary focus on carbon to include a broad range of ecosystem services on which human well-being depends. Incorporation of a broad set of ecosystem services into the design of energy policy will differentiates between energy technology options to identify policy options that reconcile national and international obligations to address climate change and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this paper we consider our current understanding of the implications of energy systems for ecosystem services and identify key elements of an assessment. Analysis must consider the full life cycle of energy systems, the territorial and international footprint, use a consistent ecosystem service framework that incorporates the value of both market and non-market goods, and consider the spatial and temporal dynamics of both the energy and environmental system. While significant methodological challenges exist, the approach we detail can provide the holistic view of energy and ecosystem services interactions required to inform the future of global energy policy.","author":["Holland, R.","Scott, K.","Hinton, E.","Austen, M.","Barrett, J.","Beaumont, N.","Blaber-Wegg, T.","Brown, G.","Carter-Silk, E.","Cazenave, P.","Eigenbrod, F.","Hiscock, K.","Hooper, T.","Lovett, A.","Papathanasopoulou, E.","Smith, P.","Thomas, A.","Tickner, R.","Torres, R.","Taylor, G."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Imperial College London","University of Aberdeen","University of Southampton","University of East Anglia","University of Leeds"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Holland-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2208","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-potential-risk-marine-mammals-collision-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166917300590","title":"Understanding the Potential Risk to Marine Mammals from Collision with Tidal Turbines","description":"Many marine mammal populations worldwide are in decline due to stresses from climate change and interactions with anthropogenic activities such as fishing, coastal construction petroleum extraction, and commercial shipping. The advent of the marine renewable energy industry has raised questions, particularly for tidal turbines. However, it is technically very difficult to observe close interactions of marine mammals and underwater turbines, and the likelihood of viewing a rare event such as a collision, is very small. This research seeks to understand the potential risk to a marine mammal from the presence of a tidal turbine by examining the sequence of behavioral events that could lead to a potential collision with the turbine, and the likely consequences to the marine mammal if such a collision were to occur. We examine this potential risk within the context of the physical environment into which a turbine might be deployed, and the attributes of one tidal device, and investigate the biomechanical properties of a marine mammal that may allow the animal to resist injury from a tidal blade collision. The data examined in this research (likelihood of a marine mammal being in close proximity to a tidal turbine, biomechanics of marine mammal tissues, and engineering models) provide insight into the interaction.","author":["Copping, A.","Grear, M.","Jepsen, R.","Chartrand, C.","Gorton, A."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2217","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reedsport-opt-wave-park-settlement-agreement","sourceURL":"","title":"Reedsport OPT Wave Park Settlement Agreement","description":"The Parties have entered into this Agreement for the purposes of (1) resolving all issues that have or could have been raised by the Parties in connection with a FERC order issuing a License for construcation and operation of the Proejct, including in part through agreement on an adaptive management process that the Parties will use to address uncertainties, and (2) agreeing to use an adaptive managment process to identify and implement additional studies that may be required pursuant to the Federal Power Act (\u0022FPA\u0022) to evaluate a potential future application for an Expanded Project. Therefore, pursuant to the Parties\u0027 various authorities under the FPA as well as other statutory and regulatory authorities, this Agreement establishes the Company\u0027s obligations for the protection, mitigation, and enhancement of resources that may be affected by the Project under the License or procedures for determining those obligations, and it establishes the Parties\u0027 agreement on a process for identifying and implementing studies to be conducted or funded by the Company in relation to a future application for an Expanded Project.","author":["Ocean Power Technologies (OPT)"],"organization":["Ocean Power Technologies (OPT)"],"originationDate":"2010-07-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.782500000000","-124.238060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OPT-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2219","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project-2015-environmental-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orpc.co\/storage\/2022\/02\/2015-Environmental-Monitoring-Report.pdf","title":"Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2015 Environmental Monitoring Report","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC, (collectively, ORPC), is a Maine-based developer of hydrokinetic power systems and projects that harness the power of oceans and rivers to generate clean, predictable renewable energy. In partnership with coastal and river communities, ORPC works to create and sustain local jobs while promoting energy independence and protecting the environment. ORPC received a pilot project license for the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (Project) from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on February 27, 2012 (FERC Project No. P-12711-005). The purpose of the Project is to evaluate the potential for a new source of clean, renewable energy generation using tidal energy resources in Cobscook Bay, Maine. ORPC obtained a preliminary permit for the Project area in Cobscook Bay from FERC on July 23, 2007; FERC issued a successive preliminary permit on January 13, 2011. Feasibility studies, including environmental surveys, and pre-filing consultation were conducted, resulting in ORPC\u2019s filing of a draft pilot project license application with FERC on July 24, 2009 and subsequently, the final pilot project license application in September 2011. The FERC pilot project license boundary for the Project encompasses the proposed development area (Figure 1). In March 2012, ORPC began construction of the Project off the coast of Eastport and Lubec, Maine (Figure 1). Following installation of the initial phase of the Project during the spring and summer of 2012, the Project began delivering electricity to the Emera Maine grid in September 2012. This is the first grid-connected installation of ORPC\u2019s TidGen\u00ae Power System.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.914400000000","-67.051400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:46:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2221","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-effect-power-absorption-lee-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1624600","title":"Measurement of the Effect of Power Absorption in the Lee of a Wave Energy Converter","description":"Monitoring the effect of floating wave energy converter (WEC) devices on the surrounding wave field will be an important tool for monitoring impacts on the local wave climate and coastlines. Measurement will be hampered by the natural variability of ocean waves and the complex response of WEC devices, causing temporal and spatial variability in the effects. Measurements taken during wave tank tests at MARINTEK are used to analyse the effectiveness of point wave measurements at resolving the influence of an array of WEC on the local wave conditions. The variability of waves is measured in front and in the lee of a device, using spectral analysis to identify changes to the incident wave field due to the operating WEC. The power capture and radiation damping are analysed in order to predict the measured changes. Differences in the wave field across the device are clearly observable in the frequency domain. However, they do not unanimously show a reduction in wave energy in the lee of a device and are not well predicted by measured power capture.","author":["Ashton, I.","Johanning, L.","Linfoot, B."],"organization":["University of Exeter","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2009-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2222","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-electromagnetic-em-fields-em-sensitive-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_6","title":"Marine Renewable Energy, Electromagnetic (EM) Fields and EM-Sensitive Animals","description":"In the marine environment there are natural magnetic and electric fields associated with both physical and biological sources, and there are anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) that permeate it. Many marine animals can detect electric and magnetic fields and utilize them in such important life processes as movement, orientation and foraging. Here, these EMFs are explored and discussed in terms of how they arise, their properties (particularly those that are measurable) and the animals that have the ability to detect them. Then the evidence base for whether anthropogenic EMFs can affect sensitive receptor animals is explored. As marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) expand rapidly worldwide, with multiple devices and networks of subsea cables that emit EMFs into the marine environment, it is necessary to focus on their interaction with marine animals. The MRED industry has to take EMFs into account, so the industry perspective is also covered. Finally, suggestions are made on how research on EMFs associated with MREDs (and other sources) and its interaction with marine animals should advance in future.\n\nThis is a\u00a0chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Gill, A.","Gloyne-Philips, I.","Kimber, J.","Sigray, P."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS)","FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2223","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nova-scotia-tidal-energy-atlas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tidalenergy.acadiau.ca\/ns-tidal-energy-web-map.html","title":"Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Atlas","description":"The Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Atlas is an interactive web mapping application that makes tidal energy related spatial information readily accessible to the public and provides online tools to allow users to interact with the data. Tidal energy-related spatial data collected to date represents work conducted in various projects and regions within the Bay of Fundy. These studies support the developing industry through risk reduction and informed decision making. Several of the reports from these studies can be found on the Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA) and the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) websites. Much of the data available for the tidal energy industry in Nova Scotia is in the form of lengthy technical reports and large data sets housed by numerous institutions. Accessing information for technical analysis, business development and community engagement requires extensive exploration. To overcome this challenge, these otherwise disparate sets are being successfully combined, displayed and manipulated in the Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Atlas.  Background  An existing web mapping application, Assessment of Energy Production Potential from Tidal Streams in the United States created by Georgia Tech was referenced as a starting point for developing a web mapping application for tidal energy in Nova Scotia. A proof-of-concept for the Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Atlas was developed by FORCE, the Acadia Tidal Energy Institute and Tekmap Consulting in the spring of 2014 with seed funding from OERA. The aim was to build a decision-making tool that integrates complex spatial information of importance to the tidal energy industry. In 2015, the Acadia Tidal Energy Institute, in partnership with Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, Nova Scotia Department of Energy, Offshore Energy Research Association, Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy and Tekmap Consulting continued development of the proof-of-concept to bring it to a level of readiness for government, industry and public use. The Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Atlas was made publically available in March 2016. The project aims to make accessible a range of geospatial data associated with tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and to serve as a tool for making quantitative assessments at potential turbine deployment locations. To provide a flexible, expandable tool for tidal energy assessment, Tekmap Consulting chose open source technology. Using open source software allows for future project growth and development, with the addition of more data and assessment tools. To store and deliver the data, the robust Geoserver software provides the Web Mapping Services. The Geoserver software is fully compliant with the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). The Heron Mapping Client provides the map display and processing tools for this project. The mapping client is built upon existing open source technologies including: OpenLayers and the GeoExt JavaScript toolkit. The flexibility of this open source software allows for the development of new tools including the Tidal Scoring Interface. The Tidal Scoring Interface provides a powerful geospatial query tool, allowing users to extract and display tidal power model data.","author":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","TEKMap Consulting","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.290569300000","-65.275903200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2224","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implications-tidal-energy-extraction-sedimentary-processes-within-shallow-intertidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/netzeroatlantic.ca\/research\/implications-tidal-energy-extraction-sedimentary-processes-within-shallow-intertidal","title":"Implications of Tidal Energy Extraction on Sedimentary Processes within Shallow Intertidal Environments","description":"Sediments are the primary determinants of biological activity in the upper Bay of Fundy. Gaining an understanding of their behavior under varying environmental and energy conditions will provide a critical baseline to model anticipated effects of tidal energy extraction on sensitive intertidal ecosystems such as tidal flats and salt marshes. For example, changes in tidal energy or tidal range can induce changes in hydrodynamic forces, the structure and location of biotic communities and rates of sedimentation and erosion. These changes are most likely to be felt within intertidal communities at the upper reaches of the vertical influence of the tides. Since the processes of sedimentation and erosion are spatially and temporally variable, field data are required over a range of suspended sediment concentrations, current velocities, water depths, topographies, biotic communities (e.g. vegetation and benthos) and wind-wave energy. Any potential energy extraction or change in the tidal range will exert an influence on sediment dynamics within the system. However the magnitude of the change in intertidal areas is currently unknown and may or may not occur within a range of natural variability therefore it is vital to model these processes over a range of environmental conditions.  The purpose of this research project is to assess the implications of tidal energy extraction on sedimentary processes within shallow intertidal ecosystems. We specifically address OERA \u2019s research priority area regarding the relationships between tidal energy extraction and inshore areas (e.g. tidal creeks, marshes, intertidal flats). While previous modelling and field validation efforts have been able to resolve hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes at the basin scale (Smith and Mulligan, 2010), we focus on processes within the relatively shallow upper intertidal zone to gather much needed insight into hydrodynamics over smaller scale and ecologically sensitive areas. Our previous field work has already confirmed significant spatial and temporal variability in sedimentary processes between tidal creek and exposed salt marsh\/mudflat ecosystems (van Proosdij et al. 2010). The additional data in this project have helped to refine preliminary empirical relationships including seasonal variability in processes, particularly suspended sediment concentration and sediment composition (e.g. grain size and floc fraction).  This study significantly advances our understanding of the seasonal variability in intertidal ecomorphodynamics: the interaction and adjustment of topography, vegetation, fluid and hydrodynamic processes, morphologies and sequence of change dynamics involving the movement of sediment. In addition, it provides the first numerical model in the Bay of Fundy that effectively integrates near and far field hydrodynamic processes and serves as an important step towards three-dimensional modelling the full impacts of tidal energy extraction in these important ecosystems.  In the field study, the seasonal control on deposition was strongest in the channel, seen at the creek and marsh bank stations. At these two stations, deposition and suspended sediment concentration were higher and this occurred in the winter, because of rapid deposition from high sediment supply. On the high marsh, the amount of sediment in floc form decreased and the seasonal control was less prominent. The period of October to February was the most active period in terms of high suspended sediment concentrations and sediment re-suspension. Episodic events with strong winds and heavy rainfall were effective at changing the grain size distribution of deposited sediment, this re-suspension also changing the characteristics of the sediment in suspension and therefore the incoming sediment on following tidal cycles. In addition, these episodic events appear to play an important role in maintaining equilibrium and a balanced annual sediment budget within the salt marsh tidal creek channel. However, this study also demonstrates that using only one scale of data (e.g. tidal cycle versus seasonal GIS digital elevation models) may lead to an in accurate estimation of the sediment budget, and more accurate sediment budgets should be developed by integrating over broad spatial and temporal scales.  The three-dimensional high-resolution hydrodynamic model (Delft3D) was used to simulate tidal currents and water levels, calibrated using acoustic observations over multiple tidal cycles in the intertidal zone at Kingsport. Using a system of three interconnected model domains at increasing resolution toward the intertidal zone, high resolution of the salt marsh and drainage channels was attained. A vegetation model that incorporated stem height, diameter and density was implemented and the resulting vegetation was determined to be crucial in reproducing currents in the marsh. A simulation that included turbines in Minas Passage was developed, representing the 2 .5 GW of tidal power extraction. The test produce d a 3.5% ( 0.2 m ) tidal amplitude decrease within the Kingsport marsh, suggesting that turbines may have impacts on intertidal water level elevations and inundation times. Future work will address sediment dynamics, tidal currents and surface waves in June 2013, corresponding to the dataset collected during the CCGS Hudson research cruise in Minas Basin.  The numerical model was also used to simulate the combined effects of surface waves, tidal currents and sediments with results indicating that storm events have major impacts on sediment transport, with winds that generate fetch-limited surface waves. The waves are important for re-suspension over the shallow tidal flats in the basin, by inducing wave orbital velocities at the seabed that in addition to tidal currents, create strong shear stresses on the bed. The results indicate that locally generated wind waves, can vary significantly over seasonal timescales, contributing up to 1-5 Nm-2 to the bottom shear stresses on tidal flats. The added shear stress due to waves leads to increased erosion of the tidal flats around the rim of the basin and increases the suspended sediment concentrations by 100-200 gm-3 in intertidal areas and by 10-20 gm-3 in deeper areas of the basin, representing a doubling in concentration in these areas. Predicting sediment transport processes in macrotidal environments is therefore de pendant on accurate simulation of the combined tidal flow and surface wave field properties.  The results of this project add tremendous value to industry and government partners involved in the Fundy FORCE initiative, but also build on two successful OERA projects led by Danika van Proosdij in collaboration with Peter Smith (Bedford Institute of Oceanography) and Ryan Mulligan (Queen\u2019s University). In addition, it contributes directly to building local capacity in environmental effects monitoring and model ling by enriching our baseline data sets, adopting leading edge technologies and, providing \u201creal world\u201d training grounds for young scientists in Canada. This project was the foundation for training two bright young scholars at the Masters level: Emma Poirier at Saint Mary\u2019s University and Logan Ashall at Queen\u2019s University. An additional three undergraduate research assistants were trained in the field within the In_CoaST research unit. All team members have presented at regional, national and international conferences, disseminating our research widely and numerous papers will be submitted to referred journals in the near future. We have demonstrated that our team has taken full advantage of OERA \u2019s funding opportunity. By building on previous project investments and acquiring new data at key sites, we have developed a high resolution hydrodynamic model allowing us to integrate the field and model results that will help simulate anticipated TISEC installations while minimizing environmental impacts. Continuing work develop a combined wave\/current\/ sediment transport model that can be used to investigate the impacts of turbines on ecologically sensitive intertidal areas. Finally, the project results will benefit Nova Scotians by serving as a baseline that can be used to understand whether or not future changes associated with commercial scale tidal power generating structures in the Minas Passage are outside the range of natural variability of stressors that intertidal ecosystems have adequate resilience to respond.","author":["van Proosdij, D.","Mulligan, R.","Poirier, E.","Ashall, L."],"organization":["Saint Mary\u0027s University","Queens University"],"originationDate":"2013-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.346288900000","-64.390584800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Van-Proosdij-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2225","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fundy-ocean-research-centre-energy-force-environmental-assessment-addendum-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) Environmental Assessment Addendum to the Report: Environmental Assessment Registration Document - Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project, Volumes 1 and 2","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE; the Proponent) will construct, operate and decommission a Tidal Energy Demonstration Facility in the Minas Passage, near Parrsboro, Nova Scotia (Figure 1-1).  The Project consists of multiple subsea turbine generators, subsea cables connecting the turbines to land-based infrastructure, an onshore transformer substation, and power lines connecting to the local power distribution system. The Project was assessed under a joint federal \u2013 provincial Environmental Assessment (EA) review process and was subject to federal and provincial environmental approval in accordance with the following legislation:    Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA): pursuant to Section 5(1)(d) of CEAA, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and Transport Canada (TC) were required to issue permits to enable the Project to proceed; and  Environmental Assessment Regulations: pursuant to Schedule A of the provincial regulations under the Environment Act, registration as a Class 1 Undertaking was required.   The Project received EA approval on September 15, 2009. The Proponent, as part of the EA approval for the Project, was required to meet Terms and Conditions, provided by Nova Scotia Environment (NSE). The Terms and Conditions for EA Approval are included in Appendix A of this EA Addendum Report. Since the Project was approved, construction began with installation of the first turbine on November 12, 2009 by Nova Scotia Power Inc., and commencement of land-based facilities in February 2010.  In January 2010, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) awarded funding for the Project through the federal Clean Energy Fund (CEF) Program. In accordance to Section 5(1)(b) of the CEAA, NRCan is required to conduct a screening level environmental assessment of the Project prior to releasing funds. It is understood that the scope of NRCan\u2018s assessment will include all aspects of the Project as proposed, including those aspects approved in September 2009. Furthermore, it is understood that NRCan will prepare an Environmental Screening Report based on the original environmental assessment, plus new information gathered in the Project area since 2009.  As a result of negotiations with landowners, the location of the landfall and land-based facilities has changed from what was originally proposed and approved in the Environmental Assessment Registration Document \u2013 Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project (AECOM 2009). Subsequently, the Nova Scotia Department of Energy asked FORCE to develop a fourth subsea grid connected berth within the approved Crown Lease area. This EA Addendum Report has been prepared to support NRCan\u2018s environmental assessment process, describe the changes to the Project, and assesses any potential environmental effects that may arise as a result of the changes. The Province of Nova Scotia was advised of the location changes in a letter to Mr. Peter Geddes of Nova Scotia Environment, dated February 5, 2010, and was advised of the Department of Energy\u2018s request for a fourth berth in a letter to Mr. Peter Geddes dated July 7, 2010. A copy of relevant correspondence is provided in Appendix B. The combined total production rating of the four turbines will remain below 5.0 MW, the limit for a Canadian Environmental Assessment Act Screening Level EA.  In addition to describing and assessing changes to the Project, this EA Addendum Report also summarizes the supplementary baseline studies that have been conducted since the September 2009 approval. The additional studies are appended to this report.  This EA Addendum Report is organized to describe the changes to the Project and to reflect the process by which the assessment of the changes has been conducted. This report does not include a discussion or assessment of the proposed Parrsboro Power Transmission Line Project as the study is still underway and it will be filed separately later this summer.    Section 1.0 introduces the Project, provides a brief history, and describes the need for the EA Addendum Report.  Section 2.0 describes the changes to the Project from what was originally proposed and approved including changes to location, components, activities, emissions and discharges and potential malfunctions and accidental events, as appropriate.  Section 3.0 describes the existing terrestrial, marine and socio-economic characteristics of the new location for the landfall and land-based facilities.  Section 4 .0 provides the results of the environmental effects assessment for the valued environmental components (VECs) affected by the Project changes.  A summary of the EA Addendum Report and conclusions are presented in Section 5 .0.  A summary of additional \/ post-EA studies is provided in Section 6.0 and a copy of the studies are appended to this Report.  Section 7 .0 details literature and personal communications cited in the report.   Given that changes to the Project are limited to the addition of a fourth berth and cable and moving the location of landfall 200 m east of the original site, re-assessment of cumulative environmental effects and effects of the environment on the Project is not warranted.","author":["AECOM"],"organization":["AECOM","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2010-07-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AECOM-Addendum-Report-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2228","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/phase-ii-cumulative-effects-framework-final-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Phase II Cumulative Effects Framework Final Report","description":"Phase 2 of the development of the Cumulative Effects Framework (Framework) accomplished several critical objectives. First, the \u201csensitivities\u201d that were identified in Phase 1 were organized around an ecological function and ecosystem services framework, which facilitated communication and provided a more coherent structure. Second, the link between the data used and the scoring of the functions and services being evaluated was made more explicit through development of clear concept models. Third, concept models were used as a means of structuring dialogue with relevant stakeholders on several of the important functions within the system. This provided valuable feedback and greater consensus on how functions and services are being measured. The device suitability models are a particular example of this. Fourth, the data being used within the system was updated and improved.\n\nThe Framework also evolved considerably in unanticipated directions to adapt to circumstances during Phase 2 of the project. Phase 2 evolved in two distinct ways. First, two versions of the Framework were developed: the original RADMAPP version of the Framework, which is intended to provide easy access for stakeholders; and an ESRI-based version with expanded analytical capabilities that is intended for expert users. Second, the focus of system refinement shifted to updating conceptual models for siting wave energy devices in an economically constrained context. These changes made the tool much more relevant to the ongoing Territorial Sea Planning (TSP) process.\n\nWe anticipate that the Framework will continue to evolve as the context in which it is most often used and the nature of the questions it seeks to inform become clearer. To gain greater understanding of these issues, the next phase of Framework development will require completing a case study to test the tool based on a given scenario, and use the results of the modeling analysis to identify areas within the Territorial Sea that, if developed for wave energy, would result in the greatest change and\/or generate the most impact. This case study is critical to testing the cumulative effect tool\u2019s ability to assist wave energy developers in making better choices for siting and operating wave energy facility development and operation.","author":["Halsey, K.","Radil, A."],"organization":["Parametrix","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OWETCumulativeEffectsAnalysisFramework.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2229","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/putting-pieces-together-alternatives-analysis-decision-support","sourceURL":"","title":"Putting the Pieces Together: Alternatives Analysis and Decision Support","description":"The OWET Cumulative Effects Analysis Framework is a multi-criteria decision making tool for evaluating the potential impacts of various ocean renewable energy technologies. The tool is designed to provide decision makers, stakeholders and the public more information about the potential impacts associated with various development scenarios. The tool includes three main parts: data library of applicable resource data; resource and development interaction database; and a user interface that combines the data and interaction to allow for alternatives analysis. The final product is a GIS tool for assessing various development scenarios and the potential impacts and benefits.","author":["Halsey, K.","Manson, P."],"organization":["Parametrix"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OWETAlternativesAnalysisDecisionSupport.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2230","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-novel-risk-based-methodology-multi-criteria-decision-making-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116309193","title":"Developing a Novel Risk-Based Methodology for Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Marine Renewable Energy Applications","description":"Research and development of alternative energy resources such as wave energy has always attracted significant attention due to their abundant and sustainable nature. The uncertainties associated with the marine environment and the significant costs required for implementation of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) require a sound decision making methodology. This paper presents a novel risk-based methodology for selecting sites for WEC installation to minimize the overall economic risk. It provides WEC developers, investors, governments and policy makers a methodology for evaluating influencing parameters for potential site locations whilst also optimizing wave energy extraction. A Bayesian network is developed to model the probabilistic influencing parameters and then it is extended to an influence diagram for estimating the expected utility of installing the WEC equipment in a selected location. To demonstrate the application of the developed methodology, three sites in the south coast of Tasmania are considered. Based on actual sea state data, the optimum location for installing WEC equipment is determined as location 2 and the economic risk associated with energy extraction is minimized by suggesting a specific wave height (HS\u00a0=\u00a05\u00a0m) as a design criteria.","author":["Abaei, M.","Arzaghi, E.","Abbassi, R.","Garaniya, V.","Penesis, I."],"organization":["University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2017-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2231","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-determining-improved-placement-current-energy-converters-subject","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14786451.2017.1334654","title":"A Framework for Determining Improved Placement of Current Energy Converters Subject to Environmental Constraints","description":"A modelling framework identifies deployment locations for current-energy-capture devices that maximise power output while minimising potential environmental impacts. The framework, based on the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code, can incorporate site-specific environmental constraints. Over a 29-day period, energy outputs from three array layouts were estimated for: (1) the preliminary configuration (baseline), (2) an updated configuration that accounted for environmental constraints, (3) and an improved configuration subject to no environmental constraints. Of these layouts, array placement that did not consider environmental constraints extracted the most energy from flow (4.38\u2005MW-hr\/day), 19% higher than output from the baseline configuration (3.69\u2005MW-hr\/day). Array placement that considered environmental constraints removed 4.27\u2005MW-hr\/day of energy (16% more than baseline). This analysis framework accounts for bathymetry and flow-pattern variations that typical experimental studies cannot, demonstrating that it is a valuable tool for identifying improved array layouts for field deployments.","author":["Nelson, K.","James, S.","Roberts, J.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Baylor University","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2017-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nelson-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2232","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-system-development-marine-renewable-energy-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032116307092","title":"Legal System for the Development of Marine Renewable Energy in China","description":"At present, there is no specific legal basis for the development and utilisation of marine renewable energy, nor legal protection for the developers in China. The consequence is that the Chinese Government is unable to provide institutional support for the substantive development of marine renewable energy, resulting in slow development of China\u0027s marine energy industry. This paper provides an institutional framework for the establishment of relevant laws in China and legislative proposals in legal perspective, for the better development of marine renewable energy. The Chinese Government should optimise the administrative management system, strengthen financial regulation such as tax and emphasise sustainable development.","author":["Chang, Y.","Wang, N."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.739150100000","121.428727200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2234","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-resource-characterization-physical-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/us\/book\/9783319535340","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: Resource Characterization and Physical Effects","description":"This complete reference to marine renewable energy covers aspects of resource characterization and physical effects of harvesting the ocean\u2019s vast and powerful resources\u2014from wave and tidal stream to ocean current energy. Experts in each of these areas contribute their insights to provide a cohesive overview of the marine renewable energy spectrum based on theoretical, numerical modeling, and field-measurement approaches. They provide clear explanations of the underlying physics and mechanics, and give close consideration to practical implementation aspects, including impacts on the physical system. Engineers, researchers, and students alike will find invaluable tools and studies that will aid them in realizing significant sustainable energy production from near-shore and ocean environments.","author":["Yang, Z.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2235","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biodiversity-characterisation-hydrodynamic-consequences-marine-fouling-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08927014.2017.1336229","title":"Biodiversity Characterisation and Hydrodynamic Consequences of Marine Fouling Communities on Marine Renewable Energy Infrastructure in the Orkney Islands Archipelago, Scotland, UK","description":"As part of ongoing commitments to produce electricity from renewable energy sources in Scotland, Orkney waters have been targeted for potential large-scale deployment of wave and tidal energy converting devices. Orkney has a well-developed infrastructure supporting the marine energy industry; recently enhanced by the construction of additional piers. A major concern to marine industries is biofouling on submerged structures, including energy converters and measurement instrumentation. In this study, the marine energy infrastructure and instrumentation were surveyed to characterise the biofouling. Fouling communities varied between deployment habitats; key species were identified allowing recommendations for scheduling device maintenance and preventing spread of invasive organisms. A method to measure the impact of biofouling on hydrodynamic response is described and applied to data from a wave-monitoring buoy deployed at a test site in Orkney. The results are discussed in relation to the accuracy of the measurement resources for power generation. Further applications are suggested for future testing in other scenarios, including tidal energy.","author":["Want, A.","Crawford, R.","Kakkonen, J.","Kiddie, G.","Miller, S.","Harris, R.","Porter, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","Orkney Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2017-07-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.031712200000","-3.463686500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Want-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2236","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-marine-renewable-energy-extraction-sediment-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-53536-4_12","title":"The Impact of Marine Renewable Energy Extraction on Sediment Dynamics","description":"The extraction of marine energy, through either tidal or wave array operation, will clearly influence the hydrodynamics of a region. Although the influence on tidal currents and wave properties is likely to be very small for most extraction scenarios, the influence on bed shear stress is likely to be greater, because bed shear stress is quadratically related to tidal currents and wave orbital velocities. Further, the transport of sediments is a function of tidal current and wave orbital velocity cubed. Therefore, even small modifications to the flow field through tidal or wave array operation could lead to significant impacts on regional sediment dynamics. In this chapter, after providing an introduction to sediment dynamics in the marine environment, we explore the impact of tidal energy devices\/arrays on regional sediment dynamics, with a particular emphasis on offshore sand banks\u2014important sedimentary systems that protect our coastlines from the full impact of storm waves. Next, we discuss how generating electricity from waves could influence nearshore sediment processes, such as beach erosion or replenishment, over a range of timescales. To assess the magnitude of impacts on sedimentary systems, it is essential to consider the scale of the impact in relation to the range of natural variability. We suggest ways in which impacts can be assessed using numerical models, tuned by in situ measurements, that quantify variability over a range of timescales from individual storm events and lunar cycles to seasonal and interannual periods. We also discuss the sedimentary processes associated with tidal lagoons, such as scour and sediment drift outside a lagoon and sediment accretion inside a lagoon.","author":["Neill, S.","Robins, P.","Fairley, I."],"organization":["Bangor University","Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2017-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2237","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wild-whales-noise-cetaceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wildwhales.org\/threats\/noise-and-cetaceans\/","title":"Wild Whales Noise and Cetaceans","description":"Sound is as important to cetaceans as light is to humans. In most oceans visibility underwater is limited to a few 10s of metres and is regularly much less. In response to the challenges of using light to navigate and locate food in the ocean, cetaceans have adapted to take advantage of the physics of sound underwater. Sound travels ~4.4 times faster in sea water than in air and, all things being equal, travels ~100 times further underwater than in air. As in air, low frequency sounds travel much further underwater than high frequencies (think of the distant sound of the bass drum heard will before the rest of the marching band at the parade). If conditions are right, underwater sounds can travel thousands of kilometres across entire ocean basins \u2013 low frequency blue whale calls can travel in \u201cdeep water sound channels\u201d that refract waves up and down allowing them to travel thousands of kilometers.","author":["BC Cetacean Sightings Network"],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Vancouver Aquarium"],"originationDate":"2013-08-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2238","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biocide-free-antifouling-insulating-surface-wave-driven-triboelectrification-induced","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/admi.201600187\/full","title":"Biocide-Free Antifouling on Insulating Surface by Wave-Driven Triboelectrification-Induced Potential Oscillation","description":"A biocide-free antifouling method on wetted insulating surfaces, enabled by the oscillation of electric potential generated by an integrated triboelectric wave harvester (I-TEWH) is reported. Distinct from previous studies that reported antifouling on conducting surfaces by applying an additional power source, this method achieves antifouling on insulating surfaces with zero-power consumption. The electric potential in the vicinity of a protected surface oscillates in large amplitude as a result of periodically accumulated free electrons on an underlying electrode. The dynamic flow of the free electrons is driven by the I-TEWH that converts ambient wave energy by solid\u2013liquid interface triboelectrification. As a consequence, the oscillating electric potential disturbs the inherent charge distribution on microbes due to electrostatic induction, preventing their initial adhesion onto the protected surface and thus prohibiting the subsequent formation of macroorganisms. Significant anti-adhesion efficiencies of as high as 99.3%, 99.1%, and 96.0% are achieved for negative-gram bacteria (Escherichia coli), positive-gram bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and diatoms (bacillariophyceze), respectively, on a smooth surface. The antifouling efficiency on a roughened surface with micro\/nanostructures can be further enhanced by another 75%. This approach can be potentially utilized in coastal constructions, offshore facilities, and vessels that are either moving or stationary in port.","author":["Zhao, X.","Tian, J.","Kuang, S.","Ouyang, H.","Yan, L.","Wang, Z.","Li, Z.","Zhu, G."],"organization":["Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2016-09-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.392989500000","85.498531400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2240","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-seabed-shear-stress-sediment-mobility-sediment-transport-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/full\/10.1139\/cjes-2014-0211","title":"Modelling Seabed Shear Stress, Sediment Mobility, and Sediment Transport in the Bay of Fundy","description":"Information about seabed stability and sediment dynamics is part of the fundamental geoscience knowledge required for the extraction of tidal energy in the Bay of Fundy and for the integrated management of the Bay. Waves, tidal currents, and wind-driven and circulation currents were obtained from oceanographic models to assess the wave and current processes for the broader Bay of Fundy. The wave and current outputs were coupled with observed grain size in a sediment transport model to predict, for the first time, the seabed shear stresses, sediment mobility, and sediment transport patterns for the entire Bay. The root mean square tidal current, highest in the upper Bay (\u003E1.4 m\u00b7s\u22121), is reduced to moderate in the central Bay (0.5\u20130.8 m\u00b7s\u22121) and decreases further in the outer Bay (0.2\u20130.5 m\u00b7s\u22121). The maximum tidal current occurs in the Minas Passage and is \u003E5 m\u00b7s\u22121. The mean significant wave height, in contrast, is the greatest in the outer Bay (\u223c1.3 m) and gradually decreases to the northeast in the central and upper Bay (30% of the time over most of the Bay and reaches 100% of the time in some areas. The maximum total-load sediment transport rate under spring tide can reach \u223c5 kg\u00b7m\u22121\u00b7s\u22121 and is to the northeast during flood and to the southwest during ebb. Net sediment transport flux, however, is dominantly to the northeast and reaches 2 kg\u00b7m\u22121\u00b7s\u22121. Eddies of net transport are found to occur around headlands and at the narrows of Grand Manan Island, largely due to the occurrence of eddies of residual tidal flows. The regional distribution of substrate types and bedform fields and patterns of seabed erosion and deposition are well correlated with tidal current strength and sediment transport patterns.","author":["Li, M.","Hannah, C.","Perrie, W.","Tang, C.","Prescott, R.","Greenberg, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.895176400000","-66.948374500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2241","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/variability-suspended-sediment-concentration-minas-basin-bay-fundy-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383915001738","title":"Variability in Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, and Implications for Changes due to Tidal Power Extraction","description":"The Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada has the world\u0027s largest tidal range of over 16 m with tidal currents up to 5 ms(-1) making it an ideal place for tidal power extraction using tidal in-stream energy conversion devices in the Minas Passage. Field observations collected from ship-based and bottom-moored sensors over an 8-day period in 2013 are used to validate a 3D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model of the Minas Basin with measurements of water levels, current profiles, waves, suspended sediment fluxes and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) profiles. The sediment conditions are initialized using a bi-modal sediment distribution map and the model simulates both cohesive and non-cohesive sediments in the Minas Basin. Model results for fine-grained suspended sediment concentrations are compared horizontally, vertically, and temporally to observations and indicate strong data-model agreement for SSC from 5 to 287 mg L-1. The implications of constructing a large-scale turbine farm within the Minas Passage and the impacts on suspended sediment within the Minas Basin are investigated using the model. The farm is simulated by adding semi-permeable structures that use an energy loss term in the fluid momentum equations to parameterize turbine regions in the hydrodynamic model. The results emphasize the sensitivity of the system to changes in flow and suggest that a large-scale\u00a0tidal energy\u00a0farm that extracts maximum power could reduce SSC by 37% on average across the basin which would influence physical and biological processes particularly on the fine-grained intertidal areas around the macrotidal basin.","author":["Ashall, L.","Mulligan, R.","Law, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.206831600000","-64.528274100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2242","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-climate-change-wave-energy-resource-case-menorca-spain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116307704","title":"Impact of Climate Change on Wave Energy Resource: The Case of Menorca (Spain)","description":"The aim of this paper was to analyse how changes in wave patterns, due to the effect of climate change, can affect\u00a0wave energy\u00a0power and yield around Menorca (NW Mediterranean Sea). The present and future\u00a0wave energy\u00a0conditions were derived from recently developed high-resolution wave projections in the NW Mediterranean. These wave projections were forced by surface wind fields obtained, respectively, by 5 different combinations of global and regional\u00a0circulation\u00a0models (GCMs and RCMs) for the MB scenario. The results showed that the projected future spatial and directional distributions of\u00a0wave energy\u00a0are very similar to those of the present conditions. The multi-model ensemble average illustrated a slight general decrease in the annual and seasonal wave power (except for summer). However, the inter-model variability is large since two models showed opposite trends to the other 3 in most cases. Such inter-model variability is lower(higher) for winter(autumn). Another result is the reduction of the temporal variability in the future, considering both the multi-model mean and each single model projection. Such a decrease is consistent with the future seasonal redistribution of energy throughout the year. This would entail an increase in the efficiency of\u00a0wave energy\u00a0converters deployed in this area due to the more regular temporal distribution of the energy.","author":["Sierra, J.","Casas-Prat, M.","Campins, E."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.988241100000","3.882294600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2243","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-tidal-energy-purification-fresh-water-lake","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S209267821630111X","title":"Application of Tidal Energy for Purification in Fresh Water Lake","description":"In order to preserve the\u00a0quality\u00a0of fresh\u00a0water\u00a0in the artificial lake after the reclamation of an intertidal flat at the mouth of a river; we suggest two novel methods of\u00a0water\u00a0purification by using tidal potential energy and an enclosed permeable embankment called an utsuro (Akai et al., 1990) in the reclaimed region. One method uses an inflatable bag on the seabed within an utsuro, while the other uses a moored floating barge out of a dyke. Each case employs a subsea pipe to allow flow between the inside and outside of the utsuro. The change in\u00a0water\u00a0level in the utsuro, which is pushed through the pipe by the potential energy outside, caused circulation in the artificial lake. In this paper, we analyzed the inflatable bag and floating barge motion as well as the pipe flow characteristics and drafts as given by a harmonic sea level, and compared the theoretical value with an experimental value with a simple small model basin. The numerical calculation based on theory showed good agreement with experimental values.","author":["Jung, R.","Isshiki, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.470136400000","125.374263200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jung-Isshiki-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2244","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/french-application-case-tidal-turbine-certification","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2570927","title":"A French Application Case of Tidal Turbine Certification","description":"Tidal turbines are emerging technologies offering great potential for the harnessing of a renewable and predictable oceanic resource. However, exploitation at sea comes with significant design, installation, grid connection, and maintenance operations challenges. Consequently, guidelines and standards are required to ensure safety, quality, performance and accelerate tidal turbines development and commercialisation. Standardisation is also a necessity to support and improve safety and confidence of a wide range of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) stakeholders such as designers, project operators, investors, insurers or final users.  There are undergoing developments on guidelines, standards and certification systems within the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee TC 114 \u201cMarine energy - Wave, tidal and other water current converters\u201d and the IEC Renewable Energy \u201cMarine Energy - Operational Management Committee\u201d (IECRE ME \u2013 OMC). However, as the tidal energy concepts are only at the demonstration stage, only few guidelines and no dedicated certification scheme has been published so far within this organization, which guarantee an international, independent, non-governmental and consensus-based elaboration process.  The aim of this paper is to present a proposal of certification methodology, developed by Bureau Veritas for the design assessment of current and tidal turbines, and its application to a French case study. This certification procedure was developed within the French research project Sabella D10 funded by ADEME and is published in the Bureau Veritas guideline NI603 \u201cCurrent \u0026amp; Tidal Turbines\u201d.  The suggested certification procedure addresses prototype, component, type and project certification. Main objective, scope, intermediary steps to be completed and resulting certificates will be detailed for each certification scheme, as well as their interactions.  This methodology will be illustrated by the case study on the Sabella D10 prototype, a French tidal turbine installed in 2015 in the Fromveur Passage, off Ushant Island. Sabella D10 is a 1 MW tidal turbine fully submerged laid on the seabed with a horizontal axis and 6 blades. It is the first French tidal turbine producing electricity and connected to the electrical network.  The Sabella D10 case study will focus on prototype certification and computations performed for support structure and blades. The paper will describe the load cases that have been considered, the review procedure for the support structure and the blades design assessment, including description of a streamlined method for basic design and a detailed method for final design. In conclusion, the next steps will be introduced to continue the certification developments of tidal and current turbines.","author":["Paboeuf, S.","Macadre, L.","Sun, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-06-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.507893300000","-0.434694800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2246","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-wave-energy-united-states-current-status-future-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032116308164","title":"Ocean Wave Energy in the United States: Current Status and Future Perspectives","description":"Ocean waves are a more predictable resource with a higher energy density compared to solar and wind. In addition, and specifically for the United States, resource locations with high wave power are close to major load centers being located along coastlines. These features have sparked a surge of attention in the United States on trying to economically harness ocean wave power. The aim of this article is to provide a concise review of the current state of ocean wave energy conversion technologies and industry status in the United States including research and development as well as commercial activities and governmental support, concluding with a discussion of future industry perspectives. Existing facilities, softwares as well as laboratory and open-water test facilities and resources, active research groups and commercial activities have been identified. Over one third of commercially active wave energy developers worldwide are located within the United States, but only a few have reached a high Technology Readiness Level. These findings, together with a relevant practical resource located within the U.S. and the advantageous nature of the resource compared to other renewable resources, indicate that the United States is well positioned to advance the wave energy industry in the near future.","author":["Lehmann, M.","Karimpour, F.","Goudey, C.","Jacobson, P.","Alam, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.171681300000","-109.227806900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2247","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-phase-three-monograph","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.supergen-marine.org.uk\/sites\/supergen-marine.org.uk\/files\/attachments\/Phase_3_Monograph_Nov_2016.pdf","title":"SuperGen Phase Three Monograph","description":"The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (Supergen) programme is the flagship research initiative established in 2003 to establish a platform for the development of new and improved devices, processes, facilities and know-how for sustainable power generation and supply and with the aim of increasing coherence and collaboration across the energy research landscape.\n\n1.1 Phases 1 and 2\n\nSupergen Marine Phase 1 (October 2003 \u2013 September 2007) brought together research staff from the Universities of Edinburgh, Robert Gordon, Lancaster, Heriot -Watt and Strathclyde. The research aimed to:\n\n\n Increase knowledge and understanding of the extraction of energy from the sea;\n Reduce risk and uncertainty for stakeholders in the development and deployment of technology;\n Enable progression of marine technology and energy into true positions in future energy portfolios.\n\n\nThirteen research work packages (WPs) were undertaken:\n\n\n WP1 Appraisal of Energy Resource \u0026amp; Converters: Environmental Interaction;\n WP2 Development of Methodologies for Device Evaluation and Optimisation;\n WP3 Engineering Guidance;\n WP4 Offshore Energy Conversion and Power Conditioning;\n WP5 Chemical Conversion and Storage;\n WP6 Network Interaction of Marine Energy;\n WP7 Lifetime Economics;\n WP8 Moorings and Foundations;\n WP9 Novel Control Systems for Marine Energy Converters;\n WP10 Full -scale Field Validation;\n WP11 Assessment of Testing Procedures for Tidal Current Devices;\n WP12 Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of New Marine Technologies;\n WP13 Dissemination and Outreach.\n\n\nSupergen Marine Phase 2 (October 2007 \u2013 September 2011) brought together research staff from the core Universities of Edinburgh, Queen\u2019s Belfast, Heriot-Watt, Lancaster and Strathclyde. The consortium included affiliate Universities of Durham, Exeter, Highlands and Islands, Manchester, Robert Gordon and Southampton. They delivered generic research in 12 work streams (WSs) with the following objectives:\n\n\n Increase knowledge and understanding of device -sea interactions of energy converters from model-scale in the laboratory to full-size in the open sea, subjected to waves and currents.\n Build human and physical capacity to carry out research and development to address remaining and new challenges as the expanding sector works towards the targets set.\n Internationalise its articulation, activities, perception and influence.\n\n\nTwelve research work streams (WSs) were undertaken:\n\n\n WS1 Numerical and physical convergence;\n WS2 Optimisation of collector form and response;\n WS3 Combined wave and tidal effects;\n WS4 Arrays, wakes and near field effects;\n WS5 Power take-off and conditioning;\n WS6 Moorings and positioning;\n WS7 Advanced control and network integration;\n WS8 Reliability;\n WS9 Economic analysis of variability and penetration;\n WS10 Ecological Consequences of Tidal \u0026amp; Wave Energy Conversion;\n WS11 Training and Development;\n WS12 Dissemination, Engagement and International Articulation.\n\n\nThrough their Doctoral Training Programmes, Phase s 1\u0026amp; 2 trained over 40 PhD students. The outcomes and publications of this work are recorded in the Phase s 1 and 2 monograph s, copies of which are available at the Supergen Marine website: https:\/\/www.supergen-marine.org.uk\/online-bookmaker\/.\n\n1.2 Phase 3\n\nPhase 3 commenced in October 2011, funded by EPSRC under award EP\/I027912\/1 bringing together staff from the core Universities of Edinburgh, Queen\u2019s Belfast, Strathclyde and Exeter. The consortium included associate Universities of Plymouth, Heriot-Watt, Lancaster, Manchester, Swansea, Oxford and Southampton. Together they formed the UK Centre for Marine Energy Research aiming to ensure joined-up regional, disciplinary and thematic effort by:\n\n\n Conducting world-class fundamental and applied research that assisted the marine energy sector to accelerate deployment and ensure growth in generating capacity through 2020 targets.\n Expanding and operating an inclusive marine network of academic researchers, industry partners and international collaborators.\n Continuing to provide the highest quality of doctoral training and knowledge transfer in partnership with industry to build intellectual and human capacity for the sector.\n\n\nThe research in phase 3 was grouped into five themes:\n\n\n Arrays and farms \u2013 to understand and better quantify the interactions between devices, the energy flux in the sea, the natural environment and the electricity network - to optimise behaviour and energy yield;\n Environmental interaction \u2013 to understand the 3D time varying interaction between single and multiple devices and the energy and natural environment arising from the local and large -scale abstraction of energy through electricity generation;\n Extreme loadings and durability \u2013 to become able to predict the extreme conditions, their consequent device and structural loading and the effects on the ultimate survival of components, technologies or devices;\n Fatigue loadings and reliability \u2013 to become able to predict the effects of combined wave and tidal action on the cyclic loadings and the effects on the wear-out or fatigue failure of components, technologies or devices;\n Novel marine energy systems and components \u2013 to develop new wave and tidal energy device concepts, sub -systems and components that improve from those existing.\n\n\nDuring phase 3 there were three Grand Challenge calls for proposals to extend the research base and broaden the contributing community. They generated very considerable interest and many excellent proposals, from which the following were selected by peer-review. Phase 3 integrated the staff and activities of these GC projects into the hub in the themes above. All but the most recent of the Grand Challenge Projects are complete and key highlights are reported in section 4 of this monograph.\n\nOptimal Design of Very Large Tidal Stream Farms for Shallow Estuarine Applications; Oct12-Mar16 EP\/J010138\/1; Prof M Belmont \u2013 Exeter, collaborative with Edinburgh.\n\nThe Effects of Realistic Tidal Flows on the Performance and Structural Integrity of TSTs; Jul12-Sep15 EP\/J010200\/1; Prof T O\u2019Doherty \u2013 Cardiff, collaborative with Liverpool, Swansea, Bangor and Cranfield.\n\nExtreme Loading of MEDs due to Waves, Currents, Flotsam and Mammal Impact (XMED); Feb12-Jul15 EP\/J010235\/1; Prof P Stansby \u2013 Manchester, collaborative with Plymouth and Edinburgh.\n\nModelling Marine Renewable Energy Devices - Designing for Survivability (ELoWEC); Jun12-Dec15 EP\/J010197\/1; Prof C Swan \u2013 Imperial, collaborative with Queens and Manchester Metropolitan.\n\nSupergen Marine Technology Challenge (SMARTY); Oct12-Mar16 EP\/J010316\/1; Prof P Taylor \u2013 Oxford, collaborative with UCL and Bath.\n\nStep Change for WEC through Floating Multi-Body Multi-Mode Systems in Swell (STEPWEC); Jun13-16 EP\/K012487\/1; Prof P Stansby \u2013 Manchester, collaborative with Oxford and Bath.\n\nThe hydrodynamics of deformable flexible fabric structures for wave energy conversion; May13-Apr16 EP\/K012177\/1; Prof D Greaves \u2013 Plymouth, collaborative with Southampton.\n\nSupergen UKCMER 4 Increasing the life of Marine Turbines by Design and Innovation; May12-Oct15 EP\/J010308\/1; Prof R Miller \u2013 Cambridge, collaborative with Cranfield.\n\nInteractions of Flow, TSTs, Local Sediment Bed under Combined Waves \u0026amp; Tides (INSTRON); Sep12-Feb16 EP\/J010359\/1; Prof P Dong, - Dundee, collaborative with Hull, Liverpool and Strathclyde.\n\nLS-Interactive Coupled 3D Modelling for Wave \u0026amp; Tidal Energy Res \u0026amp; Env Impact (Terawatt); Jun 12-Nov15 EP\/J010170\/1; Prof J Side \u2013 Heriot-Watt, collaborative with Edinburgh, Strathclyde, Swansea \u0026amp; UHI\n\nEcoWatt 2050; Mar14-Feb17 EP\/K012851\/1; Prof J Side \u2013 Heriot-Watt, collaborative with Edinburgh, Strathclyde, Swansea \u0026amp; Aberdeen.\n\nLS interactive coupled modelling of environmental impacts of marine RE farms (LINC); Oct12-Mar16 EP\/J010065\/1; Dr B Elsaesser: Queens, collaborative with Imperial College and Cefas.\n\nReducing the Costs of Marine Renewables via Advanced Structural Materials (ReC-ASM); Jun13-Jun16 EP\/K013319\/1; Prof M Stack \u2013 Strathclyde, collaborative with Newcastle and Southampton.\n\nDynamic Loadings on Turbines in a Tidal Array (DyLoTTA); Jul16-Jun19 EP\/N020782\/1; Prof T O\u2019Doherty \u2013 Cardiff, collaborative with Strathclyde.\n\nSurvivability of Floating Tidal Energy Converters (SURFTEC); Sep16-Aug19 EP\/N02057X\/1; Prof A Williams \u2013 Swansea.\n\nAll Electric Drive Train for Marine Energy Converters (EDRIVE-MEC); Apr16-Mar19 EP\/N021452\/1; Prof M A Mueller \u2013 Edinburgh, collaborative with Newcastle, Delft and UdeChile.\n\nResponse of Tidal Energy Converters to Combined Flow, Waves \u0026amp; Turbulence (FloWTurb); Apr16-19 EP\/N021487\/1; Dr V Venugopal, collaborative with U Highlands and Islands and Heriot-Watt.\n\nDuring the course of phase 3 several of the early deployments of wave and tidal technologies experienced failure either through their inability to survive extreme loadings, their failure under normal loadings in extreme displacements or their early fatigue failure under repetitive cyclic loadings. Concurrently there was a recognition in the wave sector that a structured innovation strategy, based on the phased development and deployment of smaller units that may later be scaled-up, is a potentially more efficient and reliable way of demonstrating and consolidating learning. Interest in the wave sector moved towards the development of components, subsystems and technologies that will lead to improved performance and the availability of ocean-ready and durable elements and know-how. The ETI:UKERC 2014 roadmap re-prioritised R\u0026amp;D needs from the perspective of the sector and identified the high level areas needing most urgent effort: Device and System Deployment; Sub-Systems; Design and O ptimisation Tool Development and Arrays. Across these, several fields are common, including: development of reliability tools and demonstration at array scale; array design and modelling tools; hydraulic systems and power take offs; array electrical systems and interaction analysis. At a European level, the SI Ocean project identified the following priorities: novel system concepts; device and sub-component level reliability demonstration; reliability tools; resource analysis tools and array interaction analysis. Experience gained working with developers, observations of unfolding events in the sector and the agendas of recent investments like the ORE-Catapult affirmed the following need for the work of UKCMER. Additional core funding under award EP\/M014 738\/1 as Extension of UKCMER Core Research, Industry and International Engagement or Supergen 3+. It seeks to explore numerically and physically the interaction of tidal turbines and wave energy converters with their energy fluxes, one another, their moorings and the electricity network to better understand the cyclic and irregular forces acting and the structural loadings arising, ultimately to reduce fatigue and increase reliability. Staff had to complete other concurrently funded work and only transferred wholly to these WPs in the course of the last year. A 12-month contract extension now schedules the work for completion by December 2017.\n\n1.3 Phase 4\n\nThe existing hub of UKCMER was renewed in phase 4 under award EP\/P008682\/1 in October 2016, with the structure shown and ambitions described in section 5.\n\nOther SuperGen Monographs:\n\n\n SuperGen Monograph Phase 1\n SuperGen Monograph Phase 2","author":["SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)"],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2016-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-05 11:28:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Supergen-2016-Monograph-Phase3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2248","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-phase-two-monograph","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.supergen-marine.org.uk\/sites\/supergen-marine.org.uk\/files\/publications\/Phase_2_Monograph_Oct_2011.pdf","title":"SuperGen Phase Two Monograph","description":"The Engineering and Physical Science s Research Council (EPSRC) Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (SuperGen) programme is the flagship research initiative shaping the future of the United Kingdom\u2019s energy research landscape. It contributes to the UK\u0027s environmental emission targets by conducting research that leads to radical improvement in the sustainability of the UK\u0027s power generation and supply. The first of a total of 13 consortia was launched in October 2003. The mission of these consortia was to establish a platform for the development of new and improved devices for efficient and sustainable power generation and supply. The research of the Marine Energy Consortium focuses on developing the potential for future exploitation of the marine energy resource.  1.1 Phase 1  SuperGen Marine Phase 1 (October 2003 \u2013 September 2007) brought together research staff from the Universities of Edinburgh, Robert Gordon, Lancaster, Heriot-Watt and Strathclyde. Together they undertook generic research with the following long-term objectives. To:    Increase knowledge and understanding of the extraction of energy from the sea;  Reduce risk and uncertainty for stakeholders in the development and deployment of technology;  Enable progression of marine technology and energy into true positions in future energy portfolios.   In order to meet these objectives, thirteen research work packages (WPs) were undertaken:    WP1 Appraisal of Energy Resource \u0026amp; Converters: Environmental Interaction;  WP2 Development of Methodologies for Device Evaluation and Optimisation;  WP3 Engineering Guidance;  WP4 Offshore Energy Conversion and Power Conditioning;  WP5 Chemical Conversion and Storage;  WP6 Network Interaction of Marine Energy;  WP7 Lifetime Economics;  WP8 Moorings and Foundations;  WP9 Novel Control Systems for Marine Energy Converters;  WP10 Full-scale Field Validation;  WP11 Assessment of Testing Procedures for Tidal Current Devices;  WP12 Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of New Marine Technologies;  WP13 Dissemination and Outreach.   Phase 1 trained 13 PhD students that took up employment across the sector. The outcomes and publications of this work are recorded in a preceding monograph, copies of which are available to download at the SuperGen Marine website.  1.2 Phase 2  SuperGen Marine Phase 2 (October 2007 \u2013 September 2011) brought together research staff from the core Universities of Edinburgh, Queen\u2019s Belfast, Heriot-Watt, Lancaster and Strathclyde. The consortium included affiliate Universities of Durham, Exeter, Highlands and Islands, Manchester, Robert Gordon and Southampton. Together they undertook generic research with the following long-term objectives:    Increase knowledge and understanding of device-sea interactions of energy converters from model-scale in the laboratory to full-size in the open sea, subjected to waves and currents.  Build human and physical capacity to carry out research and development to address remaining and new challenges as the expanding sector works towards the targets set.  I nternationalise its articulation, activities, perception and influence.   There were twelve work streams (WSs).    WS1 Numerical and physical convergence;  WS2 Optimisation of collector form and response;  WS3 Combined wave and tidal effects;  WS4 Arrays, wakes and near field effects;  WS5 Power take-off and conditioning;  WS6 Moorings and positioning;  WS7 Advanced control and network integration;  WS8 Reliability;  WS9 Economic analysis of variability and penetration;  WS10 Ecological Consequences of Tidal \u0026amp; Wave Energy Conversion; SuperGen Marine Energy Research 4  WS11 Training and Development;  WS12 Dissemination, Engagement and International Articulation.   Through its Doctoral Training Programme, Phase 2 has trained over 30 PhD students. Many have taken employment in the sector with, for example Vattenfall, AWS Ocean Energy, E-on, DetNorkseVeritas, Garrad Hassan and Open Hydro. Many others have joined the research staff in universities across the UK and Europe.  Phase 2 was advised by an Industry Research Advisory Forum that included Marine Current Turbines; Open Hydro; Pelamis Wave Power; Ocean Power Technology; Scottish\u0026amp;Southern Energy; Scottish Power; Ed F; E-On; NPower; ETI; Carbon Trust; EMEC; NaREC; Crown Estates; Scottish Natural Heritage.  Phase 2 collaborated with the following international partners: HMRC Cork-Ireland, TU Delft-Netherlands, Ecole Centrale Nautique Nantes-France, Dalhousie University-Canada, Oregon State University, Florida Atlantic University, UMass \u2013 USA; Universities of Osaka City and Hokkaido \u2013 Japan; Harbin Engineering University and Dalian University of Technology \u2013 China; National Sun-Yat Sen, National Taiwan Ocean University, National Chen Kung University \u2013 Taiwan.  1.3 Phase 3  The Marine consortium secured continuation funding for Phase 3, supporting a further five years of research from October 2011, and this brings together staff from the core Universities of Edinburgh, Queen\u2019s Belfast, Strathclyde and Exeter. The consortium includes associate Universities of Plymouth, Heriot-Watt, Lancaster, Manchester, Swansea, Oxford and Southampton. Together they form the UK Centre for Marine Energy Research, whose core membership and management tea m will aim to ensure a joined-up regional, disciplinary and thematic effort to meet the challenges in accelerating deployment towards and through 2020 targets, and maintain the international brand image and UK world-lead in marine energy with the following long-term objectives:    Conduct world-class fundamental and applied research that assists the marine energy sector to accelerate deployment and ensure growth in generating capacity through 2020 targets.  Expand and operate an inclusive marine network of academic researchers, industry partners and international collaborators.  Continue to provide the highest quality of doctoral training and knowledge transfer in partnership with industry to build intellectual and human capacity for the sector.   This document consists of five sections and contains three appendices. Section 2 summarises research in Phase 2 over the second four years of the programme. The aims of the future research in Phase 3 are presented in section 3. The Doctoral Training Programme and Dissemination, Engagement and International Articulation are summarised in sections 4 and 5. Details of the individuals involved in the programme, abstracts of the research outputs from Phase 2 grouped by work stream, and then alphabetically, are contained in Appendices 1 - 3.  Other SuperGen Monographs:    SuperGen Monograph Phase 1  SuperGen Monograph Phase 3","author":["SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)"],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)"],"originationDate":"2011-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Supergen-2011-Monograph-Phase2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2249","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-phase-one-monograph","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.supergen-marine.org.uk\/sites\/supergen-marine.org.uk\/files\/publications\/supergen_2007_monograph.pdf","title":"SuperGen Phase One Monograph","description":"The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) Sustainable Power Generation and Supply (SuperGen) programme is the flagship research initiative shaping the future of the United Kingdom\u2019s energy landscape. The first of a total of 13 consortia were launched in October 2003. The mission of these consortia is to establish a platform for the development of new and improved devices for efficient and sustainable power generation and supply. The research of the Marine Energy Consortium focuses on the potential for future exploitation of the marine energy resource. SuperGen Marine Phase 1 (October 2003 \u2013 September 2007) brought together research staff from the Universities of Edinburgh, Robert Gordon, Lancaster, Heriot-Watt and Strathclyde. Together they undertook generic research with the following long-term objectives. To:    Increase knowledge and understanding of the extraction of energy from the sea;  Reduce risk and uncertainty for stakeholders in the development and deployment of technology;  Enable progression of marine technology and energy into true positions in future energy portfolios.   In order to meet these objectives, thirteen research work packages (WPs) were undertaken:    WP1 Appraisal of Energy Resource \u0026amp; Converters: Environmental Interaction  WP2 Development of Methodologies for Device Evaluation and Optimisation  WP3 Engineering Guidance  WP4 Offshore Energy Conversion and Power Conditioning  WP5 Chemical Conversion and Storage  WP6 Network Interaction of Marine Energy  WP7 Lifetime Economics  WP8 Moorings and Foundations  WP9 Novel Control Systems for Marine Energy Converters  WP10 Full-scale Field Validation  WP11 Assessment of Testing Procedures for Tidal Current Devices  WP12 Economic, Environmental and Social Impact of New Marine Technologies  WP13 Dissemination and Outreach   The Marine consortium secured continuation funding for Phase 2, supporting a further four years research from October 2007, and this now brings together staff from the Universities of Edinburgh, Queens Belfast, Lancaster, Heriot-Watt and Strathclyde. There are ten work streams (WSs), all of which are scheduled to be completed by October 2011.    WS1 Numerical and physical convergence  WS2 Optimisation of collector form and response  WS3 Combined wave and tidal effects  WS4 Arrays, wakes and near field effects  WS5 Power take-off and conditioning  WS6 Moorings and positioning  WS7 Advanced control of devices and network integration  WS8 Reliability  WS9 Economic analysis of variability and penetration  WS10 Dissemination of results   Two additional programmes have been funded in parallel with the core work streams in Phase 2. The first is a Doctoral Training Programme providing for eighteen PhD studentships across the six named universities and at an additional six affiliate universities active in marine renewable research. The second additional programme is the study of the ecological consequences of tidal and wave energy conversion.  The document consists of five sections and contains three appendices. Section 2 contains detailed discussion of Phase 1, spanning the research effort undertaken in the first four years of the programme. The aims of the future research in Phase 2 are presented in section 3. The two additional programmes associated with Phase 2 are summarised in sections 4 and 5. Details of the individuals involved in the programme, abstracts of the research outputs from Phase 1 grouped by work package, and then alphabetically, are contained in the appendices.  Other SuperGen Monographs:    SuperGen Monograph Phase 2  SuperGen Monograph Phase 3","author":["SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)"],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2007-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Supergen-2007-Monograph-Phase1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2250","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-value-submerged-breakwaters-habitat-enhancement-residential-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-014-0394-8","title":"Ecological Value of Submerged Breakwaters for Habitat Enhancement on a Residential Scale","description":"Estuarine shorelines have been degraded since humans arrived in the coastal zone. In recent history, a major cause of habitat degradation has been the armoring of shorelines with vertical walls to protect property from erosive\u00a0wave energy; however, a lack of practical alternatives that maintain or enhance ecological function has limited the options of waterfront residents and coastal zone managers. We experimentally investigated the habitat value of two configurations of submerged breakwaters constructed along an eroding shoreline in northwest Mobile Bay, AL (USA). Breakwaters comprised of bagged oyster shell or Reef Ball (TM) concrete domes were built by a community-based restoration effort. Post-deployment monitoring found that: bagged oyster breakwaters supported much higher densities of live ribbed mussels than Reef Ball breakwaters; both breakwater configurations supported increased species richness of juvenile and smaller fishes compared to controls; and that larger fishes did not appear to be affected by breakwater presence. Our study demonstrates that ecologically degraded shorelines can be augmented with small-scale breakwaters at reasonable cost and that these complex structures can serve as habitat for filter-feeding bivalves, mobile\u00a0invertebrates, and young fishes. Understanding the degree to which these structures mitigate erosive\u00a0wave energy\u00a0and protect uplands will require a longer time frame than our 2-year-long study.","author":["Scyphers, S.","Powers, S.","Heck, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.702136000000","-88.233666200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2251","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/does-stability-local-community-composition-depend-temporal-variation-rates-dispersal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1385110114001610","title":"Does Stability in Local Community Composition Depend on Temporal Variation in Rates of Dispersal and Connectivity?","description":"In ecology understanding variation in connectivity is central for how biodiversity is maintained. Field studies on dispersal and temporal dynamics in community regulating processes are, however, rare. We test the short-term temporal stability in community composition in a soft-sediment benthic community by determining among-sampling interval similarity in community composition. We relate stability to\u00a0in situ\u00a0measures of connectivity (wind, wave, current energy) and rates of dispersal (quantified in different trap types). Waves were an important predictor of when local community taxa are most likely to disperse in different trap-types, suggesting that wave energy is important for connectivity in a region. Community composition at the site was variable and changed stochastically over time. We found changes in community composition (occurrence, abundance, dominance) to be greater at times when connectivity and rates of dispersal were low. In response to periods of lower connectedness dominant taxa in the local community only exhibited change in their relative abundance. In contrast, locally less abundant taxa varied in both their presence, as well as in relative abundance. Constancy in connectivity and rates of dispersal promotes community stability and persistence, suggesting that local community composition will be impacted by changes in the spatial extent over which immigration and emigration operates in the region. Few empirical studies have actually measured dispersal directly in a multi-species context to demonstrate the role it plays in maintaining local community structure. Even though our study does not evaluate coexistence over demographic time scales, it importantly demonstrates that dispersal is not only important in initial recruitment or following a disturbance, but also key in maintaining local community composition.","author":["Valanko, S.","Norkko, J.","Norkko, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.449836200000","10.924788200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2252","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/semi-active-control-sound-radiated-elastic-circular-plate-integrated-adaptive-tuned","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2589257","title":"Semi-Active Control of Sound Radiated From an Elastic Circular Plate Integrated With Adaptive Tuned Vibration Absorbers","description":"While adaptive tuning of vibration absorbers (ATVA) have been widely studied for vibration control applications, limited studies have been done to explore their potential for noise control applications. This study aims to utilize magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)-based ATVA to control the radiated sound from an elastic plate excited by a plane wave especially at low frequencies. Radiated sound from a clamped circular plate integrated with MRE-based ATVA is analytically studied using classical plate theory. Rayleigh integral approach is, then, used to express the transmitted sound pressure in terms of the plate\u2019s displacement modal amplitude. A MRE-based ATVA under shear mode is investigated. The semi-active Skyhook controller is proposed to attenuate the transverse displacement of the plate and subsequently reduce the radiated sound. The controller determines the current input to the electromagnet and tunes the MRE-based ATVA with the desired stiffness.","author":["Hemmatian, M.","Sedaghati, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-09-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.868255700000","-73.568848800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2253","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/out-wash-spatial-ecology-temperate-marine-shallow-rocky-reef-species-derived-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/272762238_Out_in_the_wash_Spatial_ecology_of_a_temperate_marine_shallow_rocky-reef_species_derived_using_acoustic_telemetry","title":"Out in the Wash: Spatial Ecology of a Temperate Marine Shallow Rocky-Reef Species Derived using Acoustic Telemetry","description":"Characterising the movement and habitat affinities of\u00a0fish\u00a0is a fundamental component in understanding the functioning of marine ecosystems. A comprehensive array of acoustic receivers was deployed at two near-shore coastal sites in south-eastern Australia, to examine the movements, activity-space size and residency of a temperate rocky-reef, herbivorous species Girella elevata. Twenty-four G. elevata individuals were internally tagged with pressure-sensing acoustic transmitters across these two arrays and monitored for up to 550 days. An existing network of coastal receivers was used to examine large-scale movement patterns. Individuals exhibited varying residency, but all had small activity-space sizes within the arrays. The species utilised shallow rocky-reef habitat, displaying unimodal or bimodal patterns in depth use. A positive correlation was observed between wind speed and the detection depth of\u00a0fish, with\u00a0fish\u00a0being likely to move to deeper water to escape periods of adverse conditions. Detection frequency data, corrected using sentinel tags, generally illustrated diurnal behaviour. Patterns of habitat usage, residency and spatial utilisation highlighted the susceptibility of G. elevata to recreational fishing pressure. The results from the present study will further contribute to the spatial information required in the zoning of effective marine protected areas, and our understanding of temperate reef\u00a0fish\u00a0ecology.","author":["Stocks, J.","Gray, C.","Taylor, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.401706400000","-5.280911300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2254","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-community-composition-submerged-reefs-central-great-barrier-reef","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00338-015-1261-7","title":"Benthic Community Composition on Submerged Reefs in the Central Great Barrier Reef","description":"Community dynamics on coral reefs are often examined only in relatively shallow waters, which are most vulnerable to many disturbances. The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA) includes extensive submerged reefs that do not approach sea level and are within depths that support many coral reef taxa that also occur in shallow water. However, the composition of\u00a0benthic\u00a0communities on submerged reefs in the GBRWHA is virtually unknown. We examined spatial patterns in\u00a0benthic\u00a0community composition on 13 submerged reefs in the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR) at depths of 10-30 m. We show that\u00a0benthic\u00a0communities on submerged reefs include similar species groups to those on neighbouring emergent reefs. The spatial distribution of species groups was well explained by depth and cross-shelf gradients that are well-known determinants of community composition on emergent reefs. Many equivalent species groups occurred at greater depths on submerged reefs, likely due to variability in the hydrodynamic environment among reef morphologies. Hard coral cover and species richness were lowest at the shallowest depth (6 m) on emergent reefs and were consistently higher on submerged reefs for any given depth. These results suggest that disturbances are less frequent on submerged reefs, but evidence that a severe tropical cyclone in 2011 caused significant damage to shallow regions of more exposed submerged reefs demonstrates that they are not immune. Our results confirm that submerged reefs in the central GBR support extensive and diverse coral assemblages that deserve greater attention in ecosystem assessments and management decisions.","author":["Roberts, T.","Moloney, J.","Sweatman, H.","Bridge, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-16.597885600000","143.599746000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2255","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitat-characterization-tidal-energy-site-using-rov-overcoming-difficulties-harsh","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434315300029","title":"Habitat characterization of a tidal energy site using an ROV: Overcoming difficulties in a harsh environment","description":"The Snohomish County Public Utility District (Snohomish) in Washington State USA has undertaken a tidal turbine site investigation at Admiralty Head, the entrance into the Puget Sound, to determine the feasibility of installing two energy conversion plants that will supply electrical power to the local grid. This site is close to shore and to major metropolitan areas that can benefit from this cleanly generated power. Large tidal exchanges take place at this site and can provide predictable and sustainable\u00a0tidal energy. As part of the permitting process Snohomish has undertaken a seafloor investigation to determine the habitat characteristics of the seafloor and inform the appropriate location for the turbines\u0027 placement. In 2010, to assess habitat types multibeam echosounder (MBES) images were produced and ground-truth video surveys using an ROV were undertaken with the requirement that little disturbance occurs to the seafloor. Collection of these data was challenging as the highly dynamic oceanographic and geologic (tectonic) environment made it difficult to undertake in situ observations of the seafloor. Strong tidal currents, even during predicted slack tides, forced new thinking on how data should be collected in order to evaluate the seafloor substrate, habitats and ecology in light that a statistically methodology could not be accomplished, or if indeed a statistical analysis was necessary at all. Additional information on tidal currents has been gathered since these surveys, which should aid in the future collection of data, although the underlying questions about the possibility of, and need for, a statistical analysis remain. Extensive video assessment was needed to produce a map that could exhibit habitat types. This was attempted by focusing on the geology of the seafloor and selecting common organisms, such as sessile and encrusting fauna (e.g., sea anemones, barnacle fields, crinoids) and epifauna (e.g., sea stars) to relate to substrate types. Heavily encrusted and lightly encrusted substrates were mapped to show areas where sediment is presently being transported through the area. ROV line- or timed-transects to count biota appears not to be necessary to obtain information needed to validate marine\u00a0benthic\u00a0habitat types. Rather, general observational transects and more stabilized in situ observational stations used for close examination of the biota and measurement of the substrate is recommended.","author":["Greene, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.257375600000","-123.093501500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2256","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effective-energy-saving-device-eco-ship-using-wave-propulsion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7890719\/","title":"Effective Energy-Saving Device of Eco-Ship by Using Wave Propulsion","description":"In this work, an effective energy-saving device is proposed to extract wave energy and convert to useful propulsive thrust for a merchant ship travelling in waves. Eco-Ship was internationally introduced and aimed to reduce carbon dioxide emission generated from ships. The energy-saving device equipped underneath the front part of the ship model of general merchant ships that inspired by marine mammals is investigated in this work. An active control of pitch-oscillating bow fin with NACA0016 section is applied as an effective energy-saving device in this work. Free-running model test using a 1\/50th scale model of a container ship was conducted for validating the effectiveness of this device. The ship speed, ship motion, angle of bow fin and power consuming are measured and recorded. There are two kinds of wavelength to ship length ratio of regular wave in the experiments with fixed propeller speed. Based on different heave motion, the different pitch angle of bow fin is controlled to obtain the extra energy from wave. The experimental results shows the feasibility of the energy-saving device when the phase lead of the bow fin pitch motion with respect to its heave motion set in a proper range between 60 degree to 200 degree. When the ratios of wavelength to ship length are 1.0 and 1.3, the maximum of power efficiency improving are around 6.5% and 18.9% respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed device is effective to enhance ship speed and save energy for achieving the goal of Eco-Ship.","author":["Huang, S.","Wu, T.","Hsu, Y.","Guo, J.","Tsai, J.","Chiu, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-10-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.694280000000","135.120659900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/huang-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2265","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/direct-drive-surge-wave-energy-converter-grid-integration-functionality","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/etep.2125\/abstract","title":"Direct drive surge wave energy converter with grid integration functionality","description":"This paper addresses the design and simulation validation of a direct drive surge wave energy converter (DDSWEC) as an efficient device for harnessing marine wave energy in near-shore locations. The proposed DDSWEC is composed of a rigid rectangular plate producing linear motions in response to surge forces of ocean waves. A translator is devised to transfer the wave energy to a linear permanent magnet synchronous generator, which all together form the power take-off (PTO) system. In the proposed scheme, the mechanical simplicity of PTO system is a superior feature in reducing power losses in the wave-electric power conversion chain. Additionally, suitable mechanical degrees of freedom lead to an impressive increase in the power conversion efficiency. Besides, mathematical modeling of the mechanical and electrical systems governing DDSWEC is interrogated in depth. In addition, through a comprehensive frequency contents analysis, the capture width of DDSWEC and the device efficiency are scrutinized to validate its well performance. Because the stochastic behavior of waves induces voltages with variable frequency and magnitude, which are undesirable features for grid integration, a full-scale back-to-back converter with both generator and grid-side controls is accordingly implemented. To validate the overall performance of the proposed DDSWEC, a test system is designed in Matlab\/Simulink platform by which several time-domain simulations for both the monochromatic and irregular waves are conducted.","author":["Enferad, E.","Nazarpour, D.","Golshannavaz, S.","Aminifar, F."],"organization":["Urmia University","University of Tehran"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.118379500000","44.677211300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2266","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/storm-effects-intertidal-invertebrates-increased-beta-diversity-few-individuals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/3360\/","title":"Storm effects on intertidal invertebrates: increased beta diversity of few individuals and species","description":"Climate change is predicted to lead to more extreme weather events, including changes to storm frequency, intensity and location. Yet the ecological responses to storms are incompletely understood for sandy shorelines, the globe\u0027s longest land-ocean interface. Here we document how storms of different magnitude impacted the invertebrate assemblages on a tidal flat in Brazil. We specifically tested the relationships between wave energy and spatial heterogeneity, both for habitat properties (habitat heterogeneity) and fauna (beta-diversity), predicting that larger storms redistribute sediments and hence lead to spatially less variable faunal assemblages. The sediment matrix tended to become less heterogeneous across the flat after high-energy wave events, whereas (beta-diversity) increased after storms. This higher (beta-diversity) was primarily driven by species losses. Significantly fewer species at a significantly lower density occurred within days to weeks after storms. Negative density and biomass responses to storm events were most prominent in crustaceans. Invertebrate assemblages appeared to recover within a short-time (weeks to months) after storms, highlighting that most species typical of sedimentary shorelines are, to some degree, resilient to short-term changes in wave energy. Given that storm frequency and intensity are predicted to change in the coming decades, identifying properties that determine resilience and recovery of ecosystems constitute a research priority for sedimentary shorelines and beyond.","author":["Corte, G.","Schlacher, T.","Checon, H.","Barboza, C.","Siegle, E.","Coelman, R.","Amaral, A."],"organization":["The University of Campinas (Universidade Estadual de Campinas)","The University of the Sunshine Coast (USC)","Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)","University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2017-05-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["-11.799079400000","-44.986679900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Corte-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2267","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-wave-energy-absorption-case-study-fishing-pier-brazil","sourceURL":"","title":"Modeling of Wave Energy Absorption: a Case Study for a Fishing Pier in Brazil","description":"The paper addresses the evaluation of wave energy absorption at a fishing pier in the town of Balneario Arroio do Silva, coastal south region of Brazil. This study considers the use of oscillating-water-column (OWC) converters composed by tubes tied to the pillars of the pier. In order to evaluate the wave energy extraction, the mathematical model of the OWC device for this specific application is obtained. First, wave equations and fluid mechanics theory are used to describe the physical behavior of the air inside the tube. Then the air flux is converted to mechanical torque using Wells turbine equations. The time-domain model is simulated using computational tools and taking into account the actual parameters and the specific wave regime at the fishing pier. The study shall support a future experimental implementation of OWC devices at the fishing pier. In addition, an energy efficiency analysis is developed, in order to reduce the consumption of electricity and energy waste at the fishing pier, and aiming at sustainability and rational use of the energy produced by the proposed OWC device.","author":["Dalla Vecchia, L.","Scharlau, C.","D\u0027Aquino, C.","Antunes, V.","Pfitscher, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-14.428043100000","-51.122027900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/vecchia-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2268","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-our-seas-national-institute-oceanography-goa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24905390?seq=1","title":"Understanding our seas: National Institute of Oceanography, Goa","description":"The present article summarizes the research done at the CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography in 2014 in ocean science, resources and technology. Significant research has been conducted on air sea interactions and coastal circulation, biogeochemistry, biology, marine geophysics, palaeoceanography, marine fishery, gas hydrates and wave energy. Technological advances covered topics like oceanographic tools. Major strides have been made in marine resources research and evaluation.","author":["Naqvi, S.","CSIR-NIO Team"],"organization":["Council of Scientific \u0026 Industrial Research (CSIR) - The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["15.348939500000","73.734735600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2269","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/prawler-vertical-profiler-powered-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/stamp\/stamp.jsp?arnumber=7404354","title":"The PRAWLER, a Vertical Profiler Powered by Wave Energy","description":"We describe a new, wave-powered profiling instrument designed as one part of a low cost, easily deployed, open ocean mooring system. The PRAWLER (PRofiling crAWLER) is a small, 15 kg instrument that uses the motion from an ordinary surface buoy to traverse the upper 500 meters of mooring line by rectifying the vertical motion with a pair of cam cleats. After climbing up to a commanded depth, it free falls and obtains a continuous ocean data profile at a terminal speed of similar to 30 cm\/s. In Pacific and Atlantic Ocean deployments we easily obtain 20 to 30 profiles per day. Two sets of opposing cam cleats permit two additional modes: fixed and climbing down. When fixed to the line, the instrument can obtain a continuous Eulerian time series identical to a discrete instrument, or can park at depth to avoid unnecessary profiles to save power and protect from bio-fouling. It is also able to climb down the wire, needed when equatorial currents pull a mooring over so far such that the drag vector overcomes the instrument net weight. These four positions of the cam cleats are controlled by an ultra-low power microcontroller and a motor that uses about 5 joules per profile.   The PRAWLER is presently equipped with a Seabird pumped CTD and an Aanderaa Dissolved Oxygen Optode. PRAWLER data and commands are transmitted via an inductive modem to the surface buoy, and sent along with buoy meteorological data by Iridium\/RUDICS to shore. Powered by lithium batteries the endurance with 8 profiles per day is about one year. Deployment results and engineering observations are presented.","author":["Osse, T.","Meinig, C.","Stalin, S.","Milburn, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.899461300000","-77.084606400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/osse-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2270","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sensitivity-mussel-mytilus-edulis-substrate-borne-vibration-relation-anthropogenically","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v538\/p185-195\/","title":"Sensitivity of the Mussel Mytilus edulis to Substrate-Borne Vibration in Relation to Anthropogenically Generated Noise","description":"Many anthropogenic activities in the oceans involve direct contact with the seabed (for example pile driving), creating radiating particle motion waves. However, the consequences of these waveforms to marine organisms are largely unknown and there is little information on the ability of\u00a0invertebrates\u00a0to detect vibration, or indeed the acoustic component of the signal. We quantified sensitivity of the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis to substrate-borne vibration by exposure to vibration under controlled conditions. Sinusoidal excitation by tonal signals at frequencies within the range 5 to 410 Hz was applied during the tests, using the \u0027staircase\u0027 method of threshold determination. Thresholds were related to mussel size and to seabed vibration data produced by anthropogenic activities. Clear behavioural changes were observed in response to the vibration stimulus. Thresholds ranged from 0.06 to 0.55 m s(-2) (acceleration, root mean squared), with valve closure used as the behavioural indicator of reception and response. Thresholds were shown to be within the range of vibrations measured in the vicinity of anthropogenic operations such as pile driving and blasting. The responses show that vibration is likely to impact the overall fitness of both individuals and mussel beds of M. edulis due to disruption of natural valve periodicity, which may have ecosystem and commercial implications. The observed data provide a valuable first step to understanding the impacts of such vibration upon a key coastal and estuarine invertebrate which lives near industrial and construction activity, and illustrate that the role of seabed vibration should not be underestimated when assessing the impacts of noise pollution.","author":["Roberts, L.","Cheesman, S.","Breithaupt, T.","Elliott, M."],"organization":["University of Hull","Subacoustech Ltd"],"originationDate":"2015-10-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.282020400000","-4.408903000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2271","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/good-or-bad-vibrations-impacts-anthropogenic-vibration-marine-epibenthos","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969717306290","title":"Good or Bad Vibrations? Impacts of Anthropogenic Vibration on the Marine Epibenthos","description":"Anthropogenic activities directly contacting the seabed, such as drilling and pile-driving, produce a significant vibration likely to impact benthic\u00a0invertebrates. As with terrestrial organisms, vibration may be used by marine species for the detection of biotic and abiotic cues, yet the significance of this and the sensitivities to vibration are previously undocumented for many marine species. Exposure to additional vibration may elicit behavioral or physiological change, or even physical damage at high amplitudes or particular frequencies, although this is poorly studied in underwater noise research. Here we review studies regarding the sensitivities and responses of marine\u00a0invertebrates\u00a0to substrate-borne vibration. This includes information related to vibrations produced by those construction activities directly impacting the seabed, such as pile-driving. This shows the extent to which species are able to detect vibration and respond to anthropogenically-produced vibrations, although the short and long-term implications of this are not known. As such it is especially important that the sensitivities of these species are further understood, given that noise and energy-generating human impacts on the marine environment are only likely to increase and that there are now legal instruments requiring such effects to be monitored and controlled.\u00a0","author":["Roberts, L.","Elliott, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.282020400000","-4.408903000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2272","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oxyflux-innovative-wave-driven-device-oxygenation-deep-layers-coastal-areas-physical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383915001155","title":"OXYFLUX, an innovative wave-driven device for the oxygenation of deep layers in coastal areas: A physical investigation","description":"Coastal areas for anthropic zones are vital economic hubs for tourism,\u00a0fisheries\u00a0and recreational activities. These are just some of the businesses which develop and grow many parts of the world. In terms of water quality, the growth of economy, along with the acceleration of climate change makes it necessary for sustainable coastal defense plans. No other environmental variable of such ecological importance to estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems around the world has changed so drastically, in such a short period of time, as dissolved oxygen in coastal waters. This paper specifically addresses the use of a new floating device called OXYFLUX, (devoid of electromechanical sections), as an innovative approach to altering water quality parameters with the aim of increasing the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the underwater areas near the bottom. This is based on laboratory results. The experiments were carried out on a device in 1:16 scale in wave flume at University of Bologna. OXYFLUX\u0027s functionality is based on floater\u0027s capacity to collect incoming waves into a reservoir that floats on the sea surface. Collected water yields a higher hydraulic head in the reservoir, which in turn induces a downward water flux inside the device body. The dynamic response of the device, and it\u0027s pumping capacity are assessed under a variety of wave conditions by changing wave steepness. Experiments allow a first outline of design recommendations for these kinds of devices. At the end of the paper such guidelines are applied to Northern Adriatic coast conditions.\u00a0","author":["Antonini, A.","Lamberti, A.","Archetti, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.213530800000","8.084548600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2273","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/model-experimental-study-wave-dissipation-effect-double-deck-monomer-floating","sourceURL":"","title":"Model Experimental Study on Wave Dissipation Effect for Double-deck Monomer Floating Structure","description":"The double-deck monomer floating structure under the rules of two-dimensional wave action for the study of physical model experimental, measuring the wave height behind the structure in the experiment, calculated the transmission coefficient. Based on considering the different water depth, the different ways of putting, the different row numbers, the different materials and with or without net cage to analysis the condition of wave dissipation effect. Water depth in 0.5 m, the model above the water of 0.06 m; Water depth in 0.6 m, the model covered 0.04 m and the periods were ranging from 0.8 to 1.1 seconds.   Since the 1950s, China\u0027s coastal erosion is more and more obvious and damage continues to intensify. Such as The DiaoKou River spit in the Yellow River delta from 1976 to 1986 was eroded about 6 km, erosion area was of 100 km(2). From1986 to2002, the corrosion is gone around 1 km, the corrosion area is around 37 km(2[1]). one of the important reason about erosion is the impact of ocean waves([2]). the impact of the wave caused a loss in China Fisheries and Aquaculture, seriously affected the social economic development and people\u0027s living standards. Therefore, the study of coastal zone protection measures, reduce the impact on the deep water aquaculture area of ocean waves is an urgent issue.   Generally measures to prevent coastal erosion mainly include two categories: one is the hard environment, resist the coastline back or cut along the wave energy, such as building breakwater wall, dike, jetty, submerged breakwater, the offshore breakwater etc; second, the soft environment, adopt the methods for simulating the characteristics of coastal systems against coastal erosion, such as filling sand to protect beach, building shelter belt, biological revetment measures. These measures were large Construction, very difficult, working too long, expensive, complex structure and not suitable for deep water aquaculture area, so some floating wave device movement is born, they are construction of small, simple, time short, low cost, light weight and so on relative to the former. In addition, they also do not destroy the waters of the integrity and ecological environment.   There are many floating wave structure type([3-8]), in this paper, it study on a kind of double monomer floating wave structure, especially suitable for the deep waters([9]), waves through the model To achieve wave dissipation effect. Through the permeability coefficient to comparative and analysis of wave dissipation effect, then provide reference for practical engineering applications.","author":["Zhou, C.","Shang Guan, Z.","Shen, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-12-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.533751400000","86.070681000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/zhou-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2274","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-criteria-evaluation-wave-energy-projects-south-east-australian-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116305602","title":"Multi-criteria evaluation of wave energy projects on the south-east Australian coast","description":"In the last decade, multiple studies focusing on national-scale assessments of the ocean wave energy resource in Australia identified the Southern Margin to be one of the most energetic areas worldwide suitable for the extraction of wave energy for electricity production. While several companies have deployed single unit devices, the next phase of development will most likely be the deployment of parks with dozens of units, introducing the risk of conflicts within the marine space.   This paper presents a geo-spatial multi-criteria evaluation approach to identify optimal locations to deploy a wave energy farm while minimizing potential conflicts with other coastal and offshore users. The methodology presented is based around five major criteria: ocean wave climatology, nature of the seabed, distance to key infrastructure, environmental factors and potential conflict with other users such as shipping and fisheries.   A case study is presented for an area off the south-east Australian coast using a total of 18 physical, environmental and socio-economic parameters. The spatial restrictions associated with environmental factors, wave climate, as well as conflict of use, resulted in an overall exclusion of 20% of the study area. Highly suitable areas identified ranged between 11 and 34% of the study area based on scenarios with varying criteria weighting. By spatially comparing different scenarios we identified persistence of a highly suitable area of 700 km(2) off the coast of Portland across all model domains investigated. We demonstrate the value of incorporation spatial information at the scale relevant to resource exploitation when examining multiple criteria for optimal site selection of Wave Energy Converters over broad geographic regions.","author":["Flocard, F.","Ierodiaconou, D.","Coghlan, I."],"organization":["University of New South Wales","Deakin University"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-24.990801300000","115.213307800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2275","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wind-wave-behavior-fetch-depth-limited-estuaries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28098236","title":"Wind Wave Behavior in Fetch and Depth Limited Estuaries","description":"Wetland dominated estuaries serve as one of the most productive natural ecosystems through their ecological, economic and cultural services, such as nursery grounds for fisheries, nutrient sequestration, and ecotourism. The ongoing deterioration of wetland ecosystems in many shallow estuaries raises concerns about the contributing erosive processes and their roles in restraining coastal restoration efforts. Given the combination of wetlands and shallow bays as landscape components that determine the function of estuaries, successful restoration strategies require knowledge of wind wave behavior in fetch and depth limited water as a critical design feature. We experimentally evaluate physics of wind wave growth in fetch and depth limited estuaries. We demonstrate that wave growth rate in shallow estuaries is a function of wind fetch to water depth ratio, which helps to develop a new set of parametric wave growth equations. We find that the final stage of wave growth in shallow estuaries can be presented by a product of water depth and wave number, whereby their product approaches 1.363 as either depth or wave energy increases. Suggested wave growth equations and their asymptotic constraints establish the magnitude of wave forces acting on wetland erosion that must be included in ecosystem restoration design.","author":["Karimpour, A.","Chen, Q.","Twilley, R."],"organization":["Louisiana State University"],"originationDate":"2017-01-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.650124400000","-112.046265700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Karimpour-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2277","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-over-fish-communities-submarine-cable-installation-biscay-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285512261_Environmental_impacts_over_fish_communities_of_submarine_cable_installation_in_the_Biscay_Marine_Energy_Platform_bimep","title":"Environmental impacts over fish communities of submarine cable installation in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (bimep)","description":"The Biscay Marine Energy Platform ( bimep ) is an offshore infrastructure for the demonstration and testing of wave energy harnessing devices promoted by the Basque Entity of Energy (Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda - EVE). Bimep is located close to Arminza town (Basque Country, Northern Spain) and it consists on an 5.3 km 2 sea area between 50 and 90 m depths where four static submarine cables will be placed, operating at 13kV and 5MW. On the first of June 2009, the General Council on Environmental Quality Assessment of the Ministry of Rural, Marine and Natural Environment of the Spanish Government, on the light of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) o f the bimep project undertaken by AZTI in 2008, decided not to submit the project to the whole Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. Nevertheless, the Environmental Impact Statement (EISt) of the Ministry, taking into account the great uncertainti es about some predicted environmental impacts, underlined the need to implement the proposed Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) of the EIS. Amo ng other environmental factors and impact over fish communities was foreseen due to sound and vibrations expected to be generated during submarine cable installation . Hence, on August 29 of 2013, the EVE entrusted to AZTI to carry out the EMP of the fish communities during installation of the sub marine cables in bimep , which consist on and active acoustic motorization of fish communities by means of five M3i buoys developed by Marine Instruments ( www.marineinstruments.es ) and placed in each of the fo ur mooring areas and one far enough from BIMEP area to act as control site . The results obtained were compared with those obtained during the preoperational phase of the EMP ( carried on 2012 ) , showing that the observed impacts were in the range of those pr edicted in the EIS of bimep .","author":["Bald, J.","Fontan, A.","Uriarte, A.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["AZTI","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:32:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2015e.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2278","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-over-seabed-benthic-communities-submarine-cable-installation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285512267_Environmental_impacts_over_the_seabed_and_benthic_communities_of_submarine_cable_installation_in_the_Biscay_Marine_Energy_Platform_bimep","title":"Environmental impacts over the seabed and benthic communities of submarine cable installation in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (bimep)","description":"The Biscay Marine Energy Platform ( bimep ) is an offshore infrastructure for the demonstration and testing of wave energy harnessing devices promoted by the Basque Entity of Energy (Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda - EVE). Bimep is located close to Arminza town (Basque Country, Northern Spain) and it consists on an 5.3 km2 sea area between 50 and 90 m depths where four static submarine cables will be placed, operating at 13kV and 5MW. On the first of June 2009, the General Council on Environmental Quality Assessment of the Ministry of Rural, Marine and Natural Environment of the Spanish Government, on the light of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of the bimep project undertak en by AZTI in 2008, decided not to submit the project to the whole Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. Nevertheless, the Environmental Impact Statement (EISt) of the Ministry, taking into account the great uncertainties about some predicted envi ronmental impacts, underlined the need to implement the proposed Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) of the EIS. Among other environmental factors, substratum alteration was foreseen to occur during the commissioning stage of the submarine cables and co nsequently may affect related benthic habitats and species. Hence, on August 29 of 2013, the EVE entrusted to AZTI to carry out the EMP of the installation of the submarine cables in bimep , which consist on: (i) a seabed characterisation with a multi - beam echo sounder ; (ii) a characterization of benthic communities and seabed disturbance by means of a visual inspection with a submarine camera attached to a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) all along the submarine cable route and the mooring areas. The results o btained were compared with those obtained during the preoperational phase of the EMP ( carried on 2012 ) , showing that the observed impacts were in the range of those predicted in the EIS of bimep .","author":["Bald, J.","Hern\u00e1ndez, C.","Galparsoro, I.","Rodriguez, J.","Muxika, I.","Cruz, I.","Markiegui, M.","Martinez, J.","Ruiz, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["AZTI","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:33:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2015d.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2280","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-plan-pre-operational-phase-biscay-marine-energy-platform","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Monitoring Plan of the pre-operational phase of the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (bimep) project","description":"The Biscay Marine Energy Platform (bimep) is an offshore infrastructure for the demonstration and testing of wave energy harnessing devices promoted by the Basque Entity of Energy (Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda - EVE). Bimep is located close to Arminza town (Basque Country, Northern Spain) and it consists on an 5.3 km2 sea area between 50 and 90 m depths where four static submarine cables will be placed, operating at 13kV and 5MW. On the first of June 2009, the General Council on Environmental Quality Assessment of the Ministry of Rural, Marine and Natural Environment of the Spanish Government, on the light of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of the bimep project undertaken by AZTI in 2008, decided not to submit the project to the whole Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. Nevertheless, the Environmental Impact Statement (EISt) of the Ministry, taking into account the great uncertainties about some predicted environmental impacts, underlined the need to implement the proposed Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) of the EIS which is proposed to be undertaken in four different steps or phases: (i) preoperational phase; (ii) during installation and commissioning and (iii) operational phase. This work presents the methodology and results of the preoperational phase on some environmental factors such as, icthiofauna, benthic communities, marine acoustics, mammals, and hydrodynamics. The results of this phase have improved the information and characterization of the environmental characteristics of the bimep area described in the EIS, which will be used in later phases of the EMP in order to check if the observed impacts are in the range of the impacts foreseen in the EIS, together with the checking of the fulfilment of mitigating measures proposed in the EIS.","author":["Bald, J.","Galparsoro, I.","Gonzalez, M.","Hern\u00e1ndez, C.","Liria, P.","Mader, J.","Muxika, I.","Adarraga, I.","Cruz, I.","Merkiegui, M.","Martinez, J.","Ruiz, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["AZTI","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:31:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2015b.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2281","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-study-biscay-marine-energy-platform-bimep-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285512168_The_Environmental_Impact_Study_of_the_Biscay_Marine_Energy_Platform_bimep_project","title":"The Environmental Impact Study of the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) project","description":"The Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) is an offshore infrastructure for the demonstration and testing of wave energy harnessing devices promoted by the Basque Entity of Energy (Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda - EVE). Bimep is located close to Arminza town (Basque Country, Northern Spain) and it consists on an 5.3 km2 sea area between 50 and 90 m depths where four static submarine cables will be placed, operating at 13kV and 5MW. According to the Royal Decree 1\/2008 of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the bimep project falls into the 4.c category of projects of Annex II of this Decree. Such classification involves that the competent authority for environmental issues, that is, the General Directory for Quality and Environmental Evaluation of the Spanish Ministry of Environment, Rural and Marine Environ ment, has to decide whether or not the project needs to undergo the complete procedure of an EIA. On the first of June 2009, the General Council on Environmental Quality Assessment of the Ministry of Rural, Marine and Natural Environment of the Spanish Government, on the light of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of the bimep project undertaken by AZTI in 2008, decided not to submit the project to the whole Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. The EIS considered that the main actions associated with the project that could cause impacts were related to the installation process and the physical presence of structures (i.e. submarine cables, moorings and WECs), which could generate conflicts between different users of the area, as well as underwater noise, electromagnetic fields, reduction of marine energy, etc. The present contribution explains the main findings of the EIS: (i) description of the project; (ii) environmental characteristics of bimep area; (iii) expected impacts; (iv) mitigation meas ures and (iii) environmental monitoring plan","author":["Bald, J.","Del Campo, A.","Franco, J.","Galparsoro, I.","Gonzalez, M.","Hern\u00e1ndez, C.","Liria, P.","Menchaca, I.","Muxika, I.","Solaun, O.","Uriarte, A.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["AZTI","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:32:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2282","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/swansea-bay-tidal-lagoon-adaptive-environmental-management-plan","sourceURL":"","title":"Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Adaptive Environmental Management Plan","description":"Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay Plc (TLSB) is proposing the development of a tidal lagoon (the Project) in Swansea Bay, South Wales for the purpose of ge nerating electricity. This Adaptive Environmental Management Plan (AEMP) Revision 4 represents the fourth revision of the AEMP that was produced as Appendix 23.1 of the Environmental Statement (ES), to accompany TLSB\u2019s application for a Development Consent Order (DCO) for the Project. The AEMP provides a framework for the monitoring and mitigation of effects of the Project. It is based upon:    The baseline surveys and monitoring already completed and reported upon in the ES (TLSB, 2014) and those following its completion; and  The surveys and monitoring planned as the Project progresses through the pre - construction, construction and operational phases in respect of potential effects identified during the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process, the Habitats Regulation Asse ssment (HRA) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD) compliance assessment.   It should be noted that this AEMP will be updated as the Project progresses as a result of discussions between TLSB and other parties, particularly in light of the data emerging from the monitoring undertaken. This is seen as an essential part of the process to validate the findings of the extensive studies that have been undertaken to determine the potential effects of this novel renewable energy development. This accords with Policy set out on page 18 of the EC Guidance Note \u2018The implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives in estuaries and coastal zones with particular attention to port development and dredging\u2019 (2011) that: \u201cWhere uncertainties or lack of knowledge on physical, morphological or biological processes still exist, these should be minimized as far as possible by additional research; where uncertainty remains adaptive monitoring programmes should be foreseen. New evidence and scientific information should be fed back into the management plan and where necessary lead to an appropriate adaptation of the management measures and monitoring schemes.\u201d   A distinction should be made between surveys (which are used to gather information) and monitoring (which is under taken in order to validate an assumption or review an effect against a target). Due to the long lifespan of the Project (up to 120 years or more), monitoring or surveys that are required during the decommissioning and post - decommissioning phases will be de veloped prior to the commencement of that process. This is secured by provisions in the DCO.  Any monitoring or surveys that are programmed to take place pre-construction or during construction and that will not be continued during the operation phase are covered within the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). The exception to this is the marine mammal monitoring during piling activity, because information from this The third revision of the AEMP was issued on 28 October 2014 with changes shown in green font. Principal changes to text between the third and fourth revisions are shown in Blue font . In this document, references to the \u0022AEMP\u0022 are to this revision, unless the context requires otherwise . Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay plc Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Adaptive Environmental Management Plan \u2013 Revision 4 Page 2 will inform future monitoring strategies. Therefore, excluding the above, a n umber of surveys and monitoring are not covered within the AEMP, e.g. unexploded ordnance, marine and terrestrial archaeology, land quality and hydrogeology (onshore site investigations). Note, with respect to marine archaeology, data from the bathymetric surveys immediately post - construction will be reviewed. This and other monitoring during the construction phase will be detailed in the Written Scheme of Investigation.  The AEMP will guide the monitoring of the effects of the Project at each stage of its progress. In the same way that results of the baseline surveys and monitoring carried out for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process have informed this document, so the results of pre-construction and construction-phase monitoring will provide up-to-date baseline data for operational - phase monitoring. During the lifespan of the Project, the AEMP will be updated, and it is for this reason that this is an adaptive plan (as noted previously). The document will continue to be updated and refined to give the best possible understanding of the Project\u2019s environmental effects enabling mitigation to be adjusted, where necessary.","author":["Tidal Lagoon Swansea Bay Plc"],"organization":["Tidal Lagoon Power"],"originationDate":"2014-11-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.587986000000","-3.905560000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Swansea-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2290","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-impacts-loch-linnhe-artificial-reef","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/1-4020-4697-9_30","title":"The benthic impacts of the Loch Linnhe Artificial Reef","description":"Artificial reefs are man-made structures that are placed on the seabed to mimic natural reefs. The Loch Linnhe Artificial Reef will consist of up to 40 reef modules, when completed, each constructed using concrete blocks. As part of this complex, reef modules of approximately 200 tonnes were deployed in June 2001 and January 2002 and form the basis of this study. Sediment samples were taken adjacent to-, and 5 m from, the reef perimeters and characterised in terms of sediment oxygenation (redox), particle size, organic carbon (loss on ignition) and coarseness (material \u003E1 mm and 1 mm) present in the sediment were linked to chemico-physical changes occurring as a consequence of the reef. Both reefs trapped macroalgal phytodetritus at the perimeters, which subsequently decomposed. This accumulated material isolated the seabed from the overlying water column and was associated with a decrease in sediment oxygenation that was linked to changes in community structure. Loss-on-ignition (LOI) was significantly higher around one reef compared with 5 m from that reef. The reefs did not cause significant changes in the sediment texture (median particle size or coarseness) and neither LOI nor sedimentary texture changes were associated with community change.","author":["Wilding, T."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.610400000000","-5.437069000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2291","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-artificial-reef-performance-approaches-pre-post-deployment-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/59\/suppl\/S222\/617945\/Evaluating-artificial-reef-performance-approaches","title":"Evaluating artificial reef performance: approaches to pre- and post-deployment research","description":"The deployment of large man-made structures in inshore coastal areas has the potential for causing significant hydrographical and biological changes in the receiving environments. Often the ability to determine changes resulting from significant impacts has been compromised by the lack of pre-deployment data. The Loch Linnhe artificial reef is a 42 000 tonnes reef complex that is proposed for deployment in the period 2001\u20132004. A series of baseline data sets were generated in the 4 years preceding construction to facilitate multi-parameter post-reef deployment comparisons. Hydrographical data included a detailed assessment of tidal current dynamics over the complete spring\u2013neap tidal cycle. Sedimentological research included broad-scale remote acoustic surveys coupled with sediment granulometric analysis. Seasonal changes in oxygen levels through the sediment column were also determined. The existing biological community at the proposed site was assessed through monthly diver observation and remote sediment grab sampling. These data sets will form the basis of a comprehensive evaluation of reef impacts and performance to be made post-reef construction","author":["Wilding, T.","Sayer, M."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2002-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.610400000000","-5.437069000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2299","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-possible-displacement-bird-marine-mammal-species-related-installation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-commissioned-report-947-analysis-possible-displacement-bird-and-marine-mammal-species-related","title":"Analysis of the Possible Displacement of Bird and Marine Mammal Species Related to the Installation and Operation of Marine Energy Conversion Systems","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) was established, in Orkney, in 2003 to enable the deployment and testing of wave and tidal energy converters. Since then, numerous devices have been tested at both the wave and tidal energy test sites, at Billia Croo and the Fall of Warness, respectively. For most of the time since, land-based wildlife observations have been made at both sites, primarily to inform Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulation Appraisal (HRA) requirements for development there, but also to help understand potential interactions between marine renewables related activity and wildlife.  This study provides a comprehensive review of the wildlife observed at both locations since observations began and, specifically, investigates the potential influence of device installation, operation and related activity, upon marine wildlife distribution and abundance. Spatial and temporal variations in relation to wider environmental parameters, unrelated to development activity, are also considered.","author":["Long, C."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Long-2017-SNH-947.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2300","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/capturing-energy-motion-ocean-crowded-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08920753.2016.1208877","title":"Capturing Energy from the Motion of the Ocean in a Crowded Sea","description":"Conversion to renewable energy sources is a logical response to the increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean\u00a0wave energy\u00a0is the least developed renewable energy source, despite having the highest energy per unit area. While many hurdles remain in developing\u00a0wave energy, assessing potential conflicts and evaluating tradeoffs with the existing uses is essential. Marine planning encompasses a broad array of activities that take place in and affect large marine ecosystems, making it an ideal tool for evaluating\u00a0wave energy\u00a0resource use conflicts. In this study, we used a spatially explicit, open source decision support tool to evaluate\u00a0wave energy\u00a0facility development off the U.S. west coast. We then used this output to identify potential conflicts between\u00a0wave energy\u00a0facilities and the existing marine uses in the context of marine planning. We found that regions with the highest\u00a0wave energy\u00a0potential were distant from major cities and that infrastructure limitations (cable landing sites) restrict integration with the existing power grids. We also identified multiple potential conflicts, including commercial fishing, shipping and transportation, and marine conservation areas. While\u00a0wave energy\u00a0generation facilities may be economically viable, we must also incorporate costs associated with conflicts that arise with the existing marine uses.","author":["Plummer, M.","Feist, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.614994200000","-122.475988700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2301","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combined-optical-acoustic-monitoring-fishes-demonstration-site-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2570906","title":"Combined Optical and Acoustic Monitoring of Fishes in the Demonstration Site of Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"Before the installation of marine renewable energy devices, fish species and abundance should be examined for selecting the proper site where the effects of the devices on the environment and fish will be as small as possible. Fish species and abundance can be examined in a variety of methods such as a fish finder using an acoustic wave and fishing gears such as a gill net. However, the fish finder cannot specify the species of fish that is sometimes estimated from the experience of fishermen or scientific researchers. Some amounts of fish must be removed from the target sea area in case of using the fishing gear, while the species of fish can be specified. In the present study, an underwater optical video camera is combined with the fish finder using an acoustic wave to specify the species of fish. A circular fish-eye digital video camera is inserted into a waterproof container. A part of the container is made of glass in a dome shape for the circular fish-eye lens. The container is attached to polyethylene ropes and is towed by a fishing vessel. First, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the container was examined by a towing test with the three kinds of towing speed in a water tank. Then the container was towed in the real sea, which is the demonstration site of offshore wind and wave energy developments off Kamaishi of Iwate Prefecture. The depth of the video camera with the container was not constant since the moving speed of the fishing vessel was slow and fluctuating. The image of video camera could be captured successfully together with that of the acoustic video camera, while fish could not be found in both the optical and acoustic measurements in the present investigation. The investigation will be continued, and the effects of transparency of water should be discussed as future works. Also the actual or model fish should be captured by the underwater video camera to evaluate if it can specify the species of fish.","author":["Kitazawa, D.","Mizukami, Y."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-06-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.290157800000","141.685481100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2302","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-morphological-traits-predict-depth-generalist-fishes-coral-reefs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/283\/1823\/20152332","title":"Ecological and morphological traits predict depth-generalist fishes on coral reefs","description":"Ecological communities that occupy similar habitats may exhibit functional convergence despite significant geographical distances and taxonomic dissimilarity. On coral reefs, steep gradients in key environmental variables (e.g. light and wave energy) restrict some species to shallow depths. We show that depth-generalist reef fishes are correlated with two species-level traits: caudal fin aspect ratio and diet. Fishes with high aspect ratio (lunate) caudal fins produce weaker vortices in the water column while swimming, and we propose that \u0027silent swimming\u0027 reduces the likelihood of detection and provides an advantage on deeper reefs with lower light irradiance and water motion. Significant differences in depth preference among trophic guilds reflect variations in the availability of different food sources along a depth gradient. The significance of these two traits across three geographically and taxonomically distinct assemblages suggests that deep-water habitats exert a strong environmental filter on coral reef-fish assemblages.","author":["Bridge, T.","Luiz, O.","Coleman, R.","Kane, C.","Kosaki, R."],"organization":["James Cook University","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","Macquarie University","University of Hawaii","Washington State University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["-24.990801300000","115.213307800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2303","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/holistic-method-selecting-tidal-stream-energy-hotspots-under-technical-economic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196890416301352","title":"A Holistic Method for Selecting Tidal Stream Energy Hotspots Under Technical, Economic and Functional Constraints","description":"Although a number of prospective locations for tidal stream farms have been identified, the development of a unified approach for selecting the optimum site in a region remains a current research topic. The objective of this work is to develop and apply a methodology for determining the most suitable sites for tidal stream farms, i.e. sites whose characteristics maximise power performance, minimise cost and avoid conflicts with competing uses of the marine space. Illustrated through a case study in the Bristol Channel, the method uses a validated hydrodynamics model to identify highly energetic areas and a geospatial Matlab-based program (designed ad hoc) to estimate the energy output that a tidal farm at the site with a given technology would have. This output is then used to obtain the spatial distribution of the levelised cost of energy and, on this basis, to preselect certain areas. Subsequently, potential conflicts with other functions of the marine space (e.g. fishing, shipping) are considered. The result is a selection of areas for tidal stream energy development based on a holistic approach, encompassing the relevant technical, economic and functional aspects. This methodology can lead to a significant improvement in the selection of tidal sites, thereby increasing the possibilities of project acceptance and development.","author":["Vazquez, A.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.693863900000","-3.435715200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2304","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-nature-based-infrastructure-nbi-coastal-resiliency-planning-literature-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479716307484","title":"The role of nature-based infrastructure (NBI) in coastal resiliency planning: A literature review","description":"The use of nature-based infrastructure (NBI) has attracted increasing attention in the context of protection against coastal flooding. This review is focused on NBI approaches to improve coastal resilience in the face of extreme storm events, including hurricanes. We not only consider the role of NBI as a measure to protect people and property but also in the context of other ecological goods and services provided by tidal wetlands including production of fish and shellfish. Although the results of many studies suggest that populated areas protected by coastal marshes were less likely to experience damage when exposed to the full force of storm surge, it was absolutely critical to place the role of coastal wetlands into perspective by noting that while tidal marshes can reduce wave energy from low-to-moderate-energy storms, their capacity to substantially reduce storm surge remains poorly quantified. Moreover, although tidal marshes can reduce storm surge from fast moving storms, very large expanses of habitat are needed to be most effective, and for most urban settings, there is insufficient space to rely on nature based risk reduction strategies alone. The success of a given NBI method is also context dependent on local conditions, with,potentially confounding influences from substrate characteristics, topography, near shore bathymetry, distance from the shore and other physical factors and human drivers such as development patterns. Furthermore, it is important to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of newly developed NBI projects through rigorous evaluations and characterize the local specificities of the particular built and natural environments surrounding these coastal areas. In order for the relevant science to better inform policy, and assist in land-use challenges, scientists must clearly state the likelihood of success in a particular circumstance and set of conditions. We conclude that \u0022caution is advised\u0022 before selecting a particular NBI method as there is no \u0022one size fits all\u0022 solution to address site specific conditions.","author":["Saleh, F.","Weinstein, M."],"organization":["Stevens Institute of Technology","Montclair State University"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.139332400000","-75.852239100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2305","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-ecological-success-thalassoma-fishes-extreme-coral-reef-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ece3.2624","title":"Global ecological success of Thalassoma fishes in extreme coral reef habitats","description":"Phenotypic adaptations can allow organisms to relax abiotic selection and facilitate their ecological success in challenging habitats, yet we have relatively little data for the prevalence of this phenomenon at macroecological scales. Using data on the relative abundance of coral reef wrasses and parrotfishes (f. Labridae) spread across three ocean basins and the Red Sea, we reveal the consistent global dominance of extreme wave-swept habitats by fishes in the genus Thalassoma, with abundances up to 15 times higher than any other labrid. A key locomotor modification-a winged pectoral fin that facilitates efficient underwater flight in high-flow environments-is likely to have underpinned this global success, as numerical dominance by Thalassoma was contingent upon the presence of high-intensity wave energy. The ecological success of the most abundant species also varied with species richness and the presence of congeneric competitors. While several fish taxa have independently evolved winged pectoral fins, Thalassoma appears to have combined efficient high-speed swimming (to relax abiotic selection) with trophic versatility (to maximize exploitation of rich resources) to exploit and dominate extreme coral reef habitats around the world.","author":["Fulton, C.","Wainwright, P.","Hoey, A.","Bellwood, D."],"organization":["Australian National University","University of California Davis","James Cook University","King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.321229400000","36.262433800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fulton-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2306","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-hazards-microtidal-shore-platforms-testing-relationship-between-morphology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11069-016-2714-1","title":"Wave hazards on microtidal shore platforms: testing the relationship between morphology and exposure","description":"Open-ocean rocky coasts are dangerous environments when there is a coincidence of recreational activities occurring in areas of high wave energy. Management of drowning fatalities and near-drowning incidents on these landforms is difficult as traditional approaches to beach safety cannot be easily transferred to rocky shores. In this study, we take a morphological approach to quantifying the relative danger of shore platforms in microtidal regions. Platform elevation and nearshore water depth are key variables in determining the likelihood of wave overtopping of the platform edge. The relationship between these variables is tested along a 70-km-long section of the Otway Ranges coast in Victoria, Australia. It is found that exposure is highly variable along short (100 m scale) sections of shore platforms. This variability is driven by the complexity of the nearshore morphology which can have metre-scale relief. As exposed platforms may occur in areas of low wave energy, the morphological exposure index is combined with nearshore wave energy to produce a risk rating. Risk, like exposure, was found to be highly spatially variable. The relationship between elevation and water depth has the potential to provide managers with a tool for assessing safety on rocky shores.","author":["Kennedy, D.","Ierodiaconou, D.","Weir, A."],"organization":["University of Melbourne","Deakin University"],"originationDate":"2017-01-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.153695500000","117.736975900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2307","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-flow-reduce-abundance-size-benthic-species-oyster-reefs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v569\/p25-36\/","title":"Wave energy and flow reduce the abundance and size of benthic species on oyster reefs","description":"Hydrodynamic forces associated with waves influence the structure and function of rocky intertidal communities, but their effects on species composition and morphology within other marine communities have not been well studied. We measured wave characteristics and current speeds with acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs) at oyster (Crassostrea virginica) reefs in St Charles and Aransas Bays, Texas. We investigated wave effects on communities at these reefs by comparing species composition, relative abundance, and species morphology on windward versus leeward sides. In addition, acorn barnacles Amphibalanus eburneus were used as biological indicators of flow because they develop larger basal diameters and shorter feeding appendages in faster flows. Waves were higher and current speed was faster on the windward sides of oyster reefs. Leeward sites had a greater abundance and diversity of species. Brachyuran crabs were significantly larger and more abundant when shielded from waves. Porcelain crabs Petrolisthes armatus were smaller and, in contrast to brachyuran crabs, more abundant at windward sites. Windward sites had fewer\u00a0fish\u00a0species though there was no difference in the size of\u00a0fish\u00a0found on either side of the reef. Barnacles settling in late spring had larger basal diameters but relatively shorter feeding appendages in windward areas, compared to leeward areas; these morphological differences mirrored ADV measurements, verified long-term differences in flow and were indicative of bigger waves and higher flow velocities in windward locations. Thus, oyster reefs can reduce wave height and slow current velocity and influence the diversity, abundance, and morphology of associated species. The decrease in wave height can provide shoreline protection, an ecosystem service of oyster reefs often mentioned but rarely measured.","author":["Lunt, J.","Reustle, J.","Smee, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-04-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.911194400000","-98.839593300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2308","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-ecological-risk-assessment-kaipara-harbour-new-zealand-using-relative-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10807039.2014.976046","title":"A Regional Ecological Risk Assessment of the Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, Using a Relative Risk Model","description":"A regional ecological risk assessment was conducted for the Kaipara Harbour catchment in New Zealand. The Relative Risk Model was used to prioritize management of the sources of stress and habitats of concern in the basin. Semi-structured interviews with 25 representative stakeholders were conducted to obtain the resource-users\u0027 perspectives and to identify the regional stressor sources and receptor habitat data for the model. For this risk analysis we divided the catchment into nine ecological districts. Mixed-methodological approaches including content analysis, geospatial analysis, and source documentation were used to categorize source and habitat rankings, based on the relative abundance of each in the nine ecological districts. Risk characterization revealed that fishing pressure and\u00a0tidal energy\u00a0pose the largest sources of perceived risk to the catchment; shellfish and Maui dolphin habitats are the receptors estimated to be at greatest risk; and the Kaipara and Rodney ecological districts are the sub-regions estimated with the greatest combined risk. A Monte Carlo analysis confirmed the source inputs and revealed greater uncertainty than the estimated habitat input results. The results of this assessment can be used by policy-makers, conservation groups, and municipalities to inform the future management efforts in the harbor and catchment.","author":["Kanwar, P.","Bowden, W.","Greenhalgh, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-05-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.345010400000","174.085192500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2309","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-models-enabling-tools-tidal-stream-energy-extraction-environmental-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2570904","title":"Numerical Models as Enabling Tools for Tidal-Stream Energy Extraction and Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"This paper presents a modeling study conducted to evaluate tidal-stream energy extraction and its associated potential environmental impacts using a three-dimensional unstructured-grid coastal ocean model, which was coupled with a water-quality model and a tidal-turbine module. The unstructured-grid tidal-turbine model was first applied to investigate the effects of different tidal farm configurations on tidal energy extraction and the effects on the system flow field as well as biogeochemical transport processes in an idealized bay with a narrow channel connecting to the coastal ocean. Model results indicated that a large number of turbines are required to extract the maximum tidal energy and cause significant reduction in the volume flux. Model results also showed that tidal energy extraction has a greater effect on flushing time than on volume flux reduction. In the idealized tidal channel, a 10% reduction of volume flux caused by tidal energy extraction would result in an approximately 50% increase in flushing time in the bay. The flushing time increases exponentially as a function of flow reduction. A water-quality model simulation was conducted to investigate the dynamic effect of tidal energy extraction on water quality in a stratified tidal channel and estuary system. Model results showed that deployment of tidal turbines in the channel would increase vertical mixing in the bay. However, extraction of tidal energy also would result in a decrease in bottom dissolved oxygen in the bay during summer, which may cause hypoxia in fish. Finally, the tidal-turbine model was applied to a real-world site in Puget Sound a highly energetic estuary on the US Pacific Northwest coast. The model application of tidal energy extraction in Puget Sound demonstrated the advantage of using an unstructured-grid modeling approach with high grid resolution near the tidal-turbine farm within a large model domain. This study showed that a numerical model can be a useful tool for assessing tidal energy extraction and its environmental impacts and for informing regulatory and policy processes for tidal energy development.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-06-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.164509700000","128.990766800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2310","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-scale-temporal-patterns-fish-presence-high-velocity-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0176405","title":"Multi-Scale Temporal Patterns in Fish Presence in a High-Velocity Tidal Channel","description":"The natural variation of fish presence in high-velocity tidal channels is not well understood. A better understanding of fish use of these areas would aid in predicting fish interactions with marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices, the effects of which are uncertain but of high concern. To characterize the patterns in fish presence at a tidal energy site in Cobscook Bay, Maine, we examined two years of hydroacoustic data continuously collected at the proposed depth of an MHK turbine with a bottom-mounted, side-looking echosounder. The maximum number of fish counted per hour ranged from hundreds in the early spring to over 1,000 in the fall. Counts varied greatly with tidal and diel cycles in a seasonally changing relationship, likely linked to the seasonally changing fish community of the bay. In the winter and spring, higher hourly counts were generally confined to ebb tides and low slack tides near sunrise and sunset. In summer and fall of each year, the highest fish counts shifted to night and occurred during ebb, low slack, and flood tides. Fish counts were not linked to current speed, and did not decrease as current speed increased, contrary to observations at other tidal power sites. As fish counts may be proportional to the encounter rate of fish with an MHK turbine at the same depth, highly variable counts indicate that the risk to fish is similarly variable. The links between fish presence and environmental cycles at this site will likely be present at other locations with similar environmental forcing, making these observations useful in predicting potential fish interactions at tidal energy sites worldwide.","author":["Viehman, H.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2017-05-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.840343300000","-67.150779900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:59:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viehman-Zydlewski-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2311","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/onset-barotrauma-injuries-related-number-pile-driving-strike-exposures-hybrid-striped","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.4984976","title":"Onset of Barotrauma Injuries Related to Number of Pile Driving Strike Exposures in Hybrid Striped Bass","description":"Previous studies exploring injury response to pile driving in fishes presented exposure paradigms (\u003E900 strikes) that emulated circumstances where fish would not leave an area being ensonified. Those studies did not, however, address the question of how many strikes are needed before injuries appear. Thus, the number of strikes paired with a constant single strike sound exposure level (SELss) that can cause injuries is not yet clear. In order to examine this question, hybrid striped bass (white bass Morone chrysops\u2009\u00d7\u2009striped bass Morone saxatilis) were exposed to 8\u2013384 strikes in three different SELss treatments that generated different cumulative sound exposure level values. The treatment with the highest SELss values caused swim bladder injuries in fish exposed to as few as eight pile strikes. These results have important implications for pile driving operations where SELss values meet or exceed the exposure levels used in this study.","author":["Casper, B.","Halvorsen, M.","Carlson, T.","Popper, A."],"organization":["CSA Ocean Sciences Inc","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2312","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-propagation-through-stochastic-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4984019","title":"Sound Propagation Through the Stochastic Ocean","description":"More than 35 years ago, a book \u0022Sound Transmission through a Fluctuating Ocean\u0022 was published by a group of members of the JASON study group. That book presented a number of theoretical ideas about the effects of oceanic internal waves on acoustic propagation. These ideas were taken from other fields of physical sciences. An example is the studies of twinkling starlight due to propagation through atmospheric turbulence. These studies were adequate for the development of adaptive optics. Such ideas are a reasonable starting point for developing an understanding of some features of ocean acoustic propagation. Unfortunately, these ideas were subsequently treated as lore, rather than as conjectures to be tested by a rigorous application of the scientific method.\n\nThe current book is an update of that previous book. Much of the theoretical conjecture from the previous book is again presented as fact, and the justification is still missing. The ocean case is quite different from the starlight case for a number of reasons. Two major reasons are that the wavelengths in the optics case are much smaller in relation to the medium fluctuation than are they in the acoustics case and the oceanic correlation scales in the vertical are much smaller than in the horizontal, and propagations of interest in the topic of this book are mostly horizontal.","author":["Henyey, F."],"organization":["Washington State University"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2316","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/outer-bay-fundy-tidal-energy-development-where-leviathans-live","sourceURL":"","title":"Outer Bay of Fundy Tidal Energy Development: Where the Leviathans Live","description":"The objectives of this presentation are to introduce Fundy Tidal and sites, give an overview of the environmental work done to date, and outline some of the next steps and opportunities to collaborate.","author":["Trowse, G.","Malinka, C."],"organization":["Fundy Tidal Inc","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2014-10-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:12:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trowse-Malinka-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2351","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ebb-flow-tidal-barrage-development-zhejiang-province-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117307578","title":"The Ebb and Flow of Tidal Barrage Development in Zhejiang Province, China","description":"China\u0027s major development and construction in utilization of tidal energy resources are concentrated in the area of Zhejiang Province. The development of tidal barrage in Zhejiang Province presented the ebb and flow trends. This paper introduced the resource status of tidal energy in Zhejiang Province. The five development stages of tidal barrage technology and the profiles of tidal power plant (TPP) in operation were reviewed, and problems and experiences were discussed. Some available future works for the development of tidal barrage were also proposed. The direction of utilizing tidal potential energy in the future is to update the generating units, improve construction skills and run optimization of operation in order to reduce costs and mitigate the impact on the environment. Actively exploring construction methods of medium to large-scale of TPPs are helpful to accelerate the utilization of tidal energy resources in Zhejiang Province and coastal areas in China.","author":["Li, Y.","Pan, D."],"organization":["Zhejiang University"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.096331200000","118.245194900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-03 05:13:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2352","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-current-understanding-hydro-environmental-impacts-energy-removal-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117309346","title":"A Review of the Current Understanding of the Hydro-Environmental Impacts of Energy Removal by Tidal Turbines","description":"Tidal current turbines have the potential to make a considerable contribution to renewable energy supplies. However, the potential for utility-scale deployments will depend not only on the economics of power generation, but also on the likely hydro-environmental effects of deployments. These may include physical, acoustic, chemical, and electromagnetic effects but the effects of energy removal are considered most significant. This paper presents a review of the available published literature on the hydro-environmental effects of energy removal of tidal turbines. Given the limited number of ocean deployments of turbines to date, the relevant literature mostly comprises laboratory studies of singular scaled turbines and CFD model studies of multiple device arrays. The review finds that the hydrodynamic impacts of singular devices are relatively well understood and that it is generally accepted that the far-field effects of singular device deployments, and even small arrays, will be negligible. In contrast, large arrays have the potential to affect much greater changes in their far-field environments with the research showing potential for large reductions in current velocities inside, and upstream and downstream, of the array, and consequential impacts on mixing, mass transport and primary production. The review focused on those studies that attempted to quantify the magnitudes of any energy removal effects. As might be expected, the reported magnitudes of effects varied widely but there is a strong positive correlation with the level of energy removal. Indeed, the literature indicates that for most suitable deployment sites there exists a safe level of energy removal that would be both economical and environmentally sustainable. The authors recommend the application of combined hydrodynamic-biogeochemical models on a site-by-site basis to help determine the significance of any hydrodynamic impacts and therefore the appropriate sustainable levels of energy removal.","author":["Nash, S.","Phoenix, A."],"organization":["National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2357","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-mutriku-owc-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/340280720_Acoustic_characterization_of_Mutriku_OWC_Plant","title":"Acoustic characterization of Mutriku OWC Plant","description":"The Mutriku Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Plant is an onshore infrastructure for wave energy harnessing promoted by the Basque Entity of Energy (Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda, EVE). The facility is housed within a breakwater at the port of Mutriku (Basque Country, Northern Spain) and opened in July 2011. The plant consists of 16 turbines giving a total installed capacity of 296 kW. During winter 2015 it reached a major milestone; its first GWh of electricity supplied to the grid. This facility is now available as a test site providing developers with a unique opportunity to test new concepts in air turbines, generators, control strategies and auxiliary equipment.  Like other human activities in the marine environment, some environmental impacts over the marine environment were expected during the Mutriku OWC Plant exploitation phase. Among them, the generation of underwater sound during this phase was identified as one of the main expected environmental impact. In order to evaluate this impact, an environmental monitoring Plan (EMP) was developed for the monitoring of the underwater sound produced by the Mutriku OWC Plant.","author":["Bald, J.","Uriarte, A.","Ruiz-Minguela, P.","Ortega, N."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-03-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-18 11:45:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Baldietal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2358","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-green-holyhead-deep-project-phase-i-05-mw-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/holyhead-deep\/","title":"Deep Green Holyhead Deep Project Phase I (0.5 MW) - Environmental Statement","description":"The DG Holyhead Deep Project will be the first full-scale deployment of Minesto\u2019s tidal energy concept, Deep Green, which uses underwater \u2018kites\u2019 to generate electricity. Deep Green\u2019s ability to operate in deep water sites and low velocity currents will open up new areas to tidal energy projects and it is expected to provide significant advantages over fixed turbine technologies in terms of efficiency and operational costs. The Project will pave the way for the first full-scale commercial deployment, representing an important step towards Wales fulfilling its potential to become a world leader in marine renewable energy.  Minesto was founded in 2007 for the purpose of developing the Deep Green technology. The company\u2019s headquarters are located in Gothenburg, Sweden, their prototype testing facility is in Portaferry, Northern Ireland, and recently opened their UK headquarters in Holyhead, Anglesey. To date, their work has focused on developing the Deep Green technology and demonstrating its viability through basin tests and field trials in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, using 1:10 and 1:4 scale devices. The next step is to deploy a full scale device. Following a comprehensive site selection study, the Holyhead Deep in North Wales was selected as the ideal location to deploy the Project, providing deep water and favourable tidal conditions in close proximity to port facilities and viable grid connection options for the future. An additional benefit is the potential for sharing future project infrastructure with Morlais Marine Energy, who are developing the West of Anglesey Tidal Demonstration Zone, increasing cost efficiency whilst minimising the combined environmental footprint of the projects.  This Environmental Statement is the result of nearly two years\u2019 multi-disciplinary environmental research and stakeholder consultation. They are highly aware of the special character of the marine environment in North Wales and the responsibility they have to preserve it. They hope that this is clearly demonstrated through the approach with which they have carried out the research, consultation and project design that contributed to the environmental impact assessment.  Their intention is to be transparent and communicative in all of their work, and are committed to maintaining effective dialogue with all interested parties. Thus far, they have consulted with a wide range of stakeholder groups and organisations and have incorporated their concerns and observations when making project decisions. In their view, consultation is an ongoing process which they will continue after the submission of the application throughout the duration of the Project, should they obtain consent.  The submission of this document is a critical step for the Project, and they welcome the opportunity it provides for all interested parties to take part in the decision making process. Should consent for the Project be granted, it will represent a significant milestone in the journey towards the marine renewable energy and with it, the opportunity to create a prosperous and sustainable industry in Wales.  The predicted positive impacts of marine renewables to the Welsh and UK economy is significant with an estimated 19,500 jobs being created by 2035 and associated revenue generation estimated at \u00a36.1 billion. In recognition of the significant potential of the Project to positively impact the socio-economic landscape of the region, the Welsh European Funding Office has publicly pledged to award Minesto \u00a39.5 million of European Union funds to help make a positive impact on North Wales through clean energy generation, job creation, and economic growth. They will continue our work with regional development organisations such as Mentor M\u00f4n, and the North Wales supply chain, in order to attract inward investment and diversify the existing skills base.  Delivering this Project so it does not affect the integrity of the environment, fully complies with all environmental obligations, and capitalises on the opportunity to confer economic benefits to the region is a fundamental priority to Minesto. Minesto hopes that on consideration of this document, you will agree that they have a sound understanding of what is required to achieve these goals, and look forward to continuing our dialogue with all interested parties.","author":["Minesto"],"organization":["Minesto"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.322272900000","-4.614405500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 10:55:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Minesto2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2360","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orecca-european-offshore-renewable-energy-roadmap","sourceURL":"","title":"ORECCA European Offshore Renewable Energy Roadmap","description":"This document represents for the first time a combined roadmap developed for the offshore wind, wave and tidal stream energy sectors, focussed on the synergies, opportunities and barriers to development that are revealed when the sectors are investigated together in pan-technology and pan-European context.\n\nThe principal target audiences of the recommendations set out are policy makers at the EU and Member State level. However, the recommendations and the way forwards set out are also of high importance for other stakeholders to the offshore renewable energy sector.\n\nThe roadmap is structured around five key streams which are essential to the development of the offshore renewable energy sector. Each of these streams has a dedicated chapter in the main roadmap document:\nResource;\nFinance;\nTechnology;\nInfrastructure;\nEnvironment, Regulation \u0026 Legislation.\n\nEurope has a large amount of natural resource across the three offshore renewable energy sectors. Technically offshore wind, wave and tidal together could supply 100% of Europe\u201fs future electricity demand. These resources present significant opportunities with respect to increased energy security, emissions reductions, and economic benefits including job creation.\n\nBefore looking forward to where the offshore renewable energy sectors are heading in the future, it is important to consider where the sectors are now. For the offshore wind sector, there is currently approximately 4GW installed capacity in Europe, and over 100GW in the planning pipeline for 2020. In comparison, for the ocean energy sector (wave and tidal stream), no commercial farm scale deployments currently exist, and the amount of capacity in the pipeline for Europe by 2020 is approximately 2GW. It is clear that the ocean energy sector is at an earlier stage of development than the offshore wind sector and a deployment timeline for the two sectors is shown in Figure A below.\n\nThe ORECCA project does not set out deployment targets for the offshore renewable energy sectors, but aligns itself with existing targets and aims to facilitate their achievement by identifying synergies and addressing barriers to the development of the sectors. Both European and International targets exist for the sectors, as illustrated in Figure B. All of these targets present an opportunity for the realisation of large economic benefits in the European Union (EU). The EU OEA envisage that the realisation of the European target of 188GW installed capacity of ocean energy by 2050 alone could result in the creation of over 450,000 jobs.\n\nThe offshore wind targets are higher than the ocean energy targets at both the international and European level, due to the fact that the ocean energy sectors are currently at an earlier stage of development and it will take longer to achieve large scale commercial deployments. A large portion of the global targets will have to be met by deployments outside Europe. This represents an important market and opportunity for the sectors, which are currently heavily concentrated in Europe, to export technology and expertise worldwide.","author":["Jeffrey, H.","Sedgwick, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORECCA-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2362","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-assessment-marine-current-turbines-fish-behavior-using-experimental-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00773-016-0405-y","title":"Impact assessment of marine current turbines on fish behavior using an experimental approach based on the similarity law","description":"Energy from tidal streams is a reliable renewable energy source worth exploiting. With increasing concern over the potential effects of ocean energy utilization on marine environment and organisms, several previous experimental studies have been conducted focusing on fish behavior and their collision risk with hydrokinetic turbines for power generation. This study is aimed at exploring the behavior of marine animals around marine current turbines (MCTs) in the sea environment by conducting a laboratory experiment based on similarity laws for the turbine tip speed and maximum marine animal swimming speed. Three rotation frequencies (0, 5 and 20 rpm) with two releasing areas (upstream and downstream areas) were considered in our experiment. Results showed that fish survival rate was 100 % after 48 h, and only one fish came into contact with the turbine hub and was inactive in front of it when the MCT was in a stationary state during our preliminary test of swimming endurance. Although both the initial releasing area of fish and the rotation speed of MCT have significant effects on fish passage count rate (PCR) via a turbine, there is no interaction between these two factors. PCR was generally higher when fish were put into the tank in the downstream area, irrespective of the turbine rotation. And the returning behavior in the downstream area was more frequently found compared with that in the upstream area, which indicates that the location of MCTs should be considered at the downstream of a channel in practice to reduce the potential risk of fish injury. The ratio of fish passing from the outer side (\u00b13) of the turbine was larger, and a clear U-shaped distribution could be observed. The entering behavior almost disappeared (less than 1.3 %) when MCT rotated with a frequency of 20 rpm. It indicates the design of the rotation frequency of MCT should be more than 20 rpm. However, higher tip speeds and darkness conditions are not considered in our experiment. Based on the laws of similarity proposed in this study, it becomes possible to compare the experimental results with real sea results, to allow explanation and discussion of fish behavior around MCTs, through the parameters of flow velocity, turbine tip speed, and maximum fish swimming speed.","author":["Zhang, J.","Kitazawa, D.","Taya, S.","Mizukami, Y."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2363","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-effects-marine-energy-extraction-non-cohesive-sediment-transport","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Publications\/stats\/Science\/SMFS\/2017\/0807","title":"Modelling the Effects of Marine Energy Extraction on Non-Cohesive Sediment Transport and Morphological Change in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters","description":"This paper considers the process of modelling sediment transport and morphological change in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters using coastal area models. This region is atypical of regions commonly modelled using such techniques: it is high energy with limited and highly variable regions of mobile sediment. This causes challenges with regards both model capability and availability of data. Computational time restrictions for fully coupled modelling solutions should also be recognised which limits practical duration of simulation. Impacts to modelled bed level change over test periods are noted for both wave and tidal energy extraction scenarios. In both cases the magnitude of difference is equal to the magnitude of the change itself, however, lack of data and poor validation of the morphological modelling for the wave energy test case means confidence is low in these results. Based on the difficulties faced in conducting these modelling exercises and the high cost of additional data collection, it is recommended that regulators take a pragmatic approach when requiring such modelling for environmental impact assessments at some locations where changes to morphodynamics are unlikely to be critical to key receptors. Other approaches such as conceptual modelling or consideration of bed shear stresses could be undertaken rather than fully coupled morphodynamic modelling.","author":["Fairley, I.","Karunarathna, H.","Chatzirodou, A."],"organization":["Swansea University","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.773997200000","-3.113556800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fairley-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2364","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lessons-learnt-meygen-phase-1a-design-phase","sourceURL":"","title":"Lessons Learnt from MeyGen Phase 1a: Design Phase","description":"MeyGen Limited (MeyGen) is a Scottish-registered company established in 2010 for the purpose of developing the MeyGen Tidal Energy Project. MeyGen was awarded an Agreement for Lease for the Inner Sound tidal development site on 21 October 2010 by The Crown Estate. The Inner Sound Agreement for Lease is for 398MW of installed tidal stream energy capacity and will be consented in two separate phases.  Phase 1 has already been consented. It is sub-divided into 3 further phases; 1A, 1B and 1C. Phase 1A is a 6MW demonstration array, which comprises four 1.5MW tidal turbines. Phase 1A reached financial close in 2014, and is now approaching completion of construction. Phase 1B will comprise a further 6MW commercial array to be installed by 2018, and Phase 1C will add another 74MW, bringing the total capacity for Phase 1 to 86 MW \u2013 the extent of the secured planning consents. Phase 1C deployment is intended in 2021-2022. Phase 2 will increase the installed capacity to a total of 252MW, the extent of the currently secured grid connection capacity. Phase 3 will then require an additional expanded grid connection to build the project out to the full site capacity of 398MW.  Phase 1A of the MeyGen project is partly funded through a \u00a310million grant from the Department for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) under the Marine Energy Array Demonstrator (MEAD) Fund. The remainder of the funding is from Atlantis Resources Limited, and The Crown Estate, Scottish Enterprise\u2019s Renewable Energy Investment Fund, and Highlands and Islands Enterprise (collectively with BEIS, referred to herein as the \u2018Funders\u2019). One of the requirements of the BEIS grant contract is that MeyGen considers the experiences from the MeyGen Phase 1A project, which may be useful to the wider tidal industry, through a series of \u2018lessons learnt\u2019 workshops, and that the results of these workshops are disseminated for the benefit of the wider tidal industry.  There are anticipated to be three such workshops, each representing the main stages of the Phase 1A project. The first workshop corresponds to the period from financial close to the end of the design phase, the second workshop to the end of the construction phase, and the third workshop to the end of the initial operational phase. This report summarises the results of the first of these workshops. This report will be superseded by an updated report once the second workshop has been held, and the final report will contain the results from all three workshops.","author":["MeyGen"],"organization":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","MeyGen","UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.656500000000","-3.130000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:33:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MeyGen-2017-Part1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2365","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changing-tides-acceptability-support-perceptions-tidal-energy-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S221462961730107X","title":"Changing Tides: Acceptability, Support, and Perceptions of Tidal Energy in the United States","description":"Tidal energy is a renewable energy source that could be used to help mitigate climate change. Tidal energy technology is in the early stages of development and views towards this technology and energy source are not well understood. Through a representative mail survey of Washington State residents, we assessed attitudes and behaviors related to tidal energy, perceived benefits and risks, and climate change beliefs. Higher levels of perceived benefits and climate change beliefs were associated with increased acceptability of and support for tidal energy whereas greater perceived risks were associated with decreased acceptability and support (acceptability being an attitudinal construct, support a behavioral construct). Coastal residents reported higher levels of acceptability and support than non-coastal residents. Pulling from innovation theory, we show that levels of support depended upon the development lifecycle stage of the technology. Support declined once the project moved into the water from the lab, however, grid-connected pilot projects were more likely to be supported than those without grid-connection. Policies developed to encourage the development of tidal energy may be more accepted and supported if they include incentives for pilot phases with grid-connection.","author":["Dreyer, S.","Polis, H.","Jenkins, L."],"organization":["Arizona State University","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.949066600000","-122.603929200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2366","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pacific-region-marine-renewables-environmental-regulatory-workshop-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacificoceanenergy.org\/research\/owet-research\/","title":"Pacific Region Marine Renewables Environmental Regulatory Workshop Report","description":"The Pacific Region Marine Renewables Environmental Regulatory Workshop was held in conjunction with the 11th Annual Ocean Renewable Energy Conference in Portland, Oregon, on September 21, 2016 in response to frustrations and concerns expressed by members of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry about permitting processes for MRE development being long, drawn out, challenging, and expensive, even for very small devices and pilot-scale deployments.  The workshop participants included federal and state regulators, MHK developers, and researchers. Two documents - Annex IV 2016 State of the Science Report and A Review of the Environmental Impacts for Marine Hydrokinetic Projects to Inform Regulatory Permitting: Summary Findings from the 2015 Workshop on Marine Hydrokinetic Technologies, Washington D.C. - were presented to the participants. Estimates of the perceived risks to the marine environment (\u201cdashboards\u201d) for six key interactions were also presented and discussed.","author":["Copping, A.","Kramer, S.","Sather, N.","Nelson, P."],"organization":["H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2017-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OWET-Workshop-Report-final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2368","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/beach-morphodynamics-lee-wave-farm-synergies-coastal-defence","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pearl.plymouth.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/10026.1\/8807\/2017abanadestercero10426926phd.pdf","title":"Beach Morphodynamics in the Lee of a Wave Farm: Synergies with Coastal Defence","description":"Wave energy has a great potential in many coastal areas thanks to a number of advantages: the abundant resource, the highest energy density of all renewables, the greater availability factors than e.g. wind or solar energy; and the low environmental and particularly visual impact. In addition, a novel advantage will be investigated in this work: the possibility of a synergetic use for carbon-free energy production and coastal protection. In this context, wave energy can contribute not only to decarbonising the energy supply and reducing greenhouse emissions, but also to mitigating coastal erosion. In effect, wave farms will be deployed nearshore to generate electricity from wave energy, an d therefore the leeward coast will be exposed to a milder wave climate, which can potentially mitigate coastal erosion. This thesis aims to determine the effectiveness of wave farms for combating coastal erosion by means of a suite of state-of-the-art process-based numerical models that are applied in several case studies (Perranporth Beach, UK; and Xago Beach, Spain) and at different time scales (from the short-term to the long-term). A wave propagation model, SWAN, is used to establish the effects of the wave farm on the wave conditions. The outcomes of SWAN will be coupled to XBeach, a costal processes model that is applied to analyse the effects of the milder wave conditions on the coast. In addition to these models, empirical classifications and analytical solutions are used as well to characterise the alteration of the beach morphology due to the presence of a wave farm. The analysis of the wave farm impacts on the wave conditions and the beach morphology will be carried out through a set of ad hoc imp act indicators. Parameters such as the reduction in the significant wave height, the performance of the wave farm, the effects on the sea bed level and the erosion in the beach face area are defined to characterise these impacts. Moreover, the role played by the key design parameters of wave farms, e.g. farm-to-coast distance or layout, is also examined. The results from this analysis demonstrate that wave farms, in addition to their main purpose of generating carbon-free energy, are capable of reducing erosion at the coast. Storm-induced erosion is significantly reduced due to the presence of wave farms in the areas most at risk from this phenomenon. However, the effects of wave farms on the coast do not lend themselves to general statements, for they will depend on the wave farm design (WEC type, layout and farm-to-coast distance) and the characteristics of the area in question, as shown in this document for Perranporth and Xago. In summary, this synergy will improve the economic viability of wave farm projects through savings in conventional coastal defence measures, thereby fostering the development of this nascent renewable, reducing greenhouse gas emission and converging towards a more sustainable energy model. Thus, wave energy contributes to mitigating climate change by two means, one acting on the cause, the other on the effect: (i) by bringing down carbon emissions (cause) through its production of renewable energy, and (ii) by reducing coastal erosion (effect).","author":["Abanades, J."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2369","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hybrid-wave-offshore-wind-farms-comparative-case-study-co-located-layouts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166916300285","title":"Hybrid Wave and Offshore Wind Farms: A Comparative Case Study of Co-located Layouts","description":"Marine energy is one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels due to the enormous energy resource available. However, it is often considered uneconomical and difficult. Co-located offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters have emerged as a solution to increase the competitiveness of marine energy. Among the benefits of co-located farms, this work focuses on the shadow effect, i.e. the reduction in wave height in the inner part of the farm, which can lead to significant savings in operation and maintenance (O\u0026M) costs thanks to the augmented weather windows for accessing the wind turbines. The aim of this study is to quantify the wave height reduction achieved within a co-located wave-wind farm. Different locations and a large number of layouts are analysed in order to define the optimum disposition.","author":["Astariz, S.","Perez-Collazo, C.","Abanades, J.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2370","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterisation-biofouling-community-floating-wave-energy-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08927014.2017.1317755","title":"Characterisation of the Biofouling Community on a Floating Wave Energy Device","description":"Wave energy devices are novel structures in the marine environment and, as such, provide a unique habitat for biofouling organisms. In this study, destructive scrape samples and photoquadrats were used to characterise the temperate epibenthic community present on prototypes of the Pelamis wave energy converter. The biofouling observed was extensive and diverse with 115 taxa recorded including four non-native species. Vertical zonation was identified on the sides of the device, with an algae-dominated shallow subtidal area and a deeper area characterised by a high proportion of suspension-feeding invertebrates. Differences in species composition and biomass were also observed between devices, along the length of the device and between sampling dates. This research provides an insight into the variation of biofouling assemblages on a wave energy device as well as the potential technical and ecological implications associated with biofouling on marine renewable energy structures.","author":["Nall, C.","Schl\u00e4ppy, M.","Guerin, A."],"organization":["Newcastle University","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2017-05-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2375","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impact-assessment-tidal-stream-energy-extraction-irish-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801817301798","title":"Cumulative Impact Assessment of Tidal Stream Energy Extraction in the Irish Sea","description":"A cumulative impact assessment of tidal stream developments in the Irish Sea has been conducted on a high-resolution depth-averaged hydrodynamic model, using Telemac2D. Eight sites were investigated, representing the proposed developments at the time of study. These included: Ramsey Sound, Anglesey, Strangford Loch, Mull of Kintyre, Torr Head, Fair Head, Sound of Islay and West of Islay. Only three projects showed array-array interaction: Fair Head, Torr Head and Mull of Kintyre. A smaller model domain was created for further analysis. Results showed Mull of Kintyre had little impact. Fair Head reduced the energy production at Torr Head by 17%, whereas, Fair Head only reduced by 2%. This was caused by the tidal asymmetry whereby the flood was stronger. When operated concurrently, the maximum power-output at Torr Head is 64.5 MW, representing 31% reduction. If Torr Head can still operate commercially in the presence of Fair Head, then the additional environmental impact of Torr Head, such as the change in bed shear stress, is small. Within the Irish Sea, very few of the tidal projects investigated are geographically close to each other. As the industry develops, the risk of interaction to these sites will grow when more intermediary sites are developed.","author":["Haverson, D.","Bacon, J.","Smith, C.","Venugopal, V.","Xiao, Q."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.250675100000","-5.972456700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:27:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haverson-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2377","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decommissioning-seagen-tidal-turbine-strangford-lough-northern-ireland-environmental","sourceURL":"","title":"Decommissioning of the SeaGen Tidal Turbine in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland: Environmental Statement","description":"The SeaGen tidal turbine was installed in Strangford Narrow, Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland by Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT) in 2008 in order to study tidal energy technology through the investigation of engineering, management systems, and environmental impacts.  The SeaGen device consists of two 16 m diameter rotors and generators supported on a crossbeam that is affixed to a central tubular structure with a control unit on top. The device is secured in position using a quadropod foundation fixed on the seabed using drilled pin piles approximately 1 m diameter, 14 m long, and drilled to a depth of approximately 9 m. Each of the quadropod legs is hollow and contains grout and concrete.  MCT was acquired by Atlantis Resources Limited (Atlantis) from Siemens on the 01 July 2015. SeaGen is owned and operated through Sea Generation Ltd. (SGL), a wholly owned subsidiary of MCT, which in turn is now owned by Atlantis. SeaGen is now considered to have served its R\u0026amp;D purpose and Atlantis has taken the decision to decommission the device.  An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was undertaken by Royal Haskoning DHV and completed in June 2005 with the production of an Environmental Statement (ES). The scope of the pre-construction EIA included construction, operation and decommissioning of the device. The decommissioning methods identified in 2005 ES were based upon assumptions concerning the likely methods that would be employed to decommission SeaGen.  An extensive Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) was established in order to fulfil the requirements of the conditional Food and Environmental Protection Act (FEPA) marine construction licence. Data collection for the EMP began in 2005 and continued until 2011 when the EMP ceased, SeaGen continued operating until Q4 2015. As part of the EMP, a focused Science Group and a wider Liaison Group were established in order to direct the environmental monitoring undertaken and as a way of reporting the findings to a wider group of stakeholders respectively. Overall, the findings of the EMP provided evidence that SeaGen operated with no likely significant impacts on the marine environment in Strangford Lough.  In 2011, a report produced for MCT by MOJO Maritime Ltd reviewed the potential methods to decommission the SeaGen tidal device. Since 2005, when the pre-construction EIA was undertaken, the range of decommissioning methods has expanded beyond that which was originally considered. As such, further EIA was required in order to cover contemporary decommissioning methodologies not assessed in the pre-construction EIA.  MarineSpace Ltd has been commissioned to prepare an additional EIA to include the decommissioning methods not covered previously. Data used to inform the decommissioning EIA is based upon the evidence gathered during the EMP since the pre-construction EIA.  A scoping study was undertaken by MarineSpace Ltd to identify the key concerns and to consider the revised decommissioning methods. The SeaGen Decommissioning Scoping Report underwent a formal consultation in June 2016 to inform the potential impact pathways that are assessed in the EIA and presented in this Decommissioning ES.  A summary assessment of the residual impacts after appropriate mitigation has been put in place is given below:    Loss or damage of benthic habitat via use of jack-up or moored barges is assessed to be negligible;  Loss of designated seabed habitat (Strangford Lough Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ)) via use of jack-up or moored barges is assessed to be negligible;  Noise and vibration disturbance to fish resources via use of diamond wire cutting tool (DWCT) or abrasive water jet (AWJ) is assessed to be negligible;  Noise and vibration disturbance to basking shark via use of jack-up or moored barge or DWCT or AWJ is assessed to be negligible;  Underwater noise disturbance to marine mammals via use of Brocotorch, DWCT, AWJ and vessel noise is assessed to be negligible;  Collision between marine mammals and vessels involved in the decommissioning work is assessed to be negligible; and  Obstruction to movement of fishing vessels through use of jack-up or moored barges is assessed to be negligible.   A summary of mitigation measures proposed to minimise the risk of impacts is given below:    Decommissioning will not take place during common seal pupping season (May to August);  Undertake decommissioning operations between January and March when abundance of marine mammals is low in order to reduce risk of potential noise disturbance to marine mammals;  Undertake decommissioning operations between January and March when abundance of marine mammals is low in order to reduce the risk of collision with decommissioning equipment. Maximum vessel speeds to be implemented;  Reduce potential spread of non-native species through decommissioning activities via DWCT or AWJ; and  Undertake decommissioning operations between January and March when there is no larval recruitment of Didemnum vexillum in order to reduce the potential risk of introduction of non-native species. No ballast water will be exchanged or discharged within 3 nm of the entrance of the Narrows. No colonies of Didemnum vexillum have been observed on the SeaGen structure throughout operation and in preparation of the site for decommissioning.   Overall, the potential environmental impacts as a result of decommissioning of the SeaGen device have been assessed as follows:    Short-term and temporary impacts upon benthic communities in Strangford Lough via loss or damage of seabed habitat through use of moored barge or jack-up vessel;  No adverse effect on site integrity of Strangford Lough SAC and less than 0.01% will experience short-term temporary impacts via loss or damage of designated seabed habitat through use of moored barge or jack-up vessel;  Short-term and temporary impacts upon fish, including basking shark, pinnipeds and cetaceans, due to noise disturbance through use of DWCT or AWJ;  Impacts on all other receptors are considered to be negligible;  No cumulative impacts with commercial fisheries, shipping and the Minesto tidal device; and  Decommissioning of the SeaGen device is not predicted to result in any medium to longterm environmental impacts.   It is the conclusion of the EIA that following mitigation there will be no major adverse residual impacts either from the project alone or cumulatively with other projects on any environmental receptors within Strangford Lough.  Information has also been provided within the ES to facilitate HRA for the possible impacts of the project upon the nature conservation features of Strangford Lough. It is predicted that the project alone, and in combination with other plans and projects, will result in no likely significant effect on the European sites of Strangford Lough.","author":["MarineSpace Ltd"],"organization":["MarineSpace Ltd"],"originationDate":"2016-09-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SeaGen-Decommissioning-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2378","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strangford-lough-marine-current-turbine-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Strangford Lough Marine Current Turbine: Environmental Statement","description":"Marine Current Turbines Ltd have constructed the first tidal power turbine in the UK off the coast of Devon, which has been in operation for over two years. A second, larger turbine to be known as \u201cSeagen\u201d is proposed in order to further develop this technology through investigation of its engineering, management systems and environmental impacts. Of several potential locations around the UK, the Strangford Lough Narrows has been chosen due to its wave-sheltered environment, its fast clearly defined directional tidal flows within a small sea level range, and its proximity to excellent services and local technical support. Experience off the Devon coast has shown that it is vital to have easy, frequent and consistent access to the test location, but this has been severely restricted due to weather exposure. This location will provide the opportunity to study the technology more frequently than exposed sites such as Devon, thereby ensuring full knowledge of both technical and environmental impacts is gained before commercial scale ventures are proposed in more remote offshore locations.  Seagen will be a twin turbine system with a mobile cross arm on a single supporting pile 3m in diameter and 9m above the average sea level as illustrated below. The twin rotors have an 8m radius and will begin to generate electricity once the tide runs faster than 1m\/s. At maximum speed the tips move at around 12m\/s, approximately 1\/3 of the average wind turbine speed.  The Seaflow design allows for the cross beam and turbines to be raised above the water for maintenance and inspection. The system will be installed from a barge by drilling a hole in the sea bed and grouting the pile in place, and a location map is provided below. The electricity connection will be made to the national grid by drilling a small hole horizontally from the western side of the Narrows under the shore and sea bed, carefully directing the drill to emerge from the Lough bed within 15m of the turbine base. The system will be removed in approximately 2-5 years once it has successfully addressed all relevant technical and environmental performance requirements, leaving a 3m diameter depression slightly below sea bed level which will naturally fill with cobbles and boulders as a result of tidal flows.  This Environmental Statement has been prepared in support of Marine Current Turbine Ltd\u2019s application to construct Seagen under the Food and Environment Protection Act (1985) in accordance with recognised environmental impact assessment procedures. The assessment involves the application of a standardised process to identify the likely impacts from all relevant issues identified through an initial scoping process and wider consultation with regulators, non-governmental organisations and other interested parties. As the proposed location falls within an area protected under domestic and European law, information considered relevant to a further \u2018appropriate assessment\u2019 process has been collected or collated from other sources in order to assist the Environment and Heritage Service as \u2018Competent Authority\u2019 in determining if the project is unlikely to damage the protected features.  Strangford Lough hosts internationally important subtidal and intertidal rock, sand and mud habitats and horse mussel beds. The Lough also supports internationally significant wintering waders, breeding terns and important populations of common seals. For these reasons all or parts of the Lough have been recognised as a Special Area of Conservation, Special Protection Area, Ramsar site, Area of Special Scientific Interest, National Nature Reserve and a Marine Nature Reserve. Extensive consultation with regulators, non-governmental organisations and the public has been carried out in order to ensure all relevant issues are considered. This process identified general local support for the project and support from regulators and non-governmental organisations for the need to develop this sustainable technology. It also highlighted concerns that the installation and operation of Seagen should not harm or deter seals, cetaceans or basking shark using the area for feeding or access to breeding areas in the main body of the Lough, nor should it have a detrimental effect on the internationally important breeding tern populations or the subtidal wildlife habitats in Strangford Lough. This was noted as particularly important in relation to recent discoveries on the extent of damage and loss of horse mussel beds.  Modelling of water movement in the Lough was carried out in order to assess the potential impacts of the turbine construction, operation and removal on water speed, the distribution of fine particles and the removal of energy as a result of Seagen. This information was used to predict that it is extremely unlikely that there will be any significant impact on marine life present in the Lough, except out to approximately 4m from the base of the turbine. The overall loss of reef and its marine communities, which will recover once Seagen is removed, is a tiny fraction of the habitat in the context of Strangford Lough and will not add to the justification for its present \u2018unfavourable conservation status\u2019 under the EC Habitats Directive.  The potential impacts of operating the turbine on seals have been subject to investigations of historic movement and population observations, extensive discussion with seals experts and academics, surveys and assessment of underwater noise and extensive consultation with experts. Despite this, due to the novel nature of the Seagen design and the lack of knowledge about seal behaviour, it is concluded that enough uncertainty remains over the possible behavioural reaction of seals to Seagen that a definitive assessment cannot be made. The same situation applies to possible impacts on cetaceans and basking shark. In order to ensure that there is an acceptably low risk of damaging these species or affecting their behaviour in ways that may damage their populations in the Lough (in particular common seals protected as part of the Special Area of Conservation) a comprehensive programme of monitoring is proposed alongside monitoring of birds and habitats in the Narrows. This is combined with a formal steering group likely to oversee the programme and a commitment from the developers to work in partnership with regulators and to modify or cease operations if the programme highlights problems or if the regulators and steering group decide it is necessary. This adaptive management approach is in line with recent developments on use of the \u2018precautionary principle\u2019 in order to facilitate sustainable development within protected areas such as Strangford Lough. Impacts on other ecological features in the area are considered highly unlikely due to the scale and duration of the commissioning process.  The effect of the project on navigation is likely to be beneficial due to the appropriate marking and lighting of the structure above sea level. The risk to vessels known to use the Narrows posed by operating rotors is generally negligible as the tips will be at least 3m below the lowest astronomical tide level. An area around the turbine may also be noted on charts as an \u2018Area To Be Avoided\u2019, providing further security.  Seagen is considered likely to be slightly beneficial to local businesses through increased visitors and workers to the area, and it is considered unlikely to have any effect on commercial fishing in the Narrows due to the current ban on activities that would normally fish the proposed location and the location of the turbine within the deep water of the middle of the Narrows. No impacts on archaeology are anticipated at the proposed turbine location.  It is likely that Seagen will affect the landscape and cause some visual disturbance at all stages of the project as it will be visually obvious from Portaferry and will affect the relatively open seascapes seen from the ferry crossing. The level of this impact is mainly due to the requirement for specific colours and lighting on the superstructure for navigation as there are several similar beacons at various locations through the Narrows. The most significant visual impacts will be intermittent during maintenance periods when the cross arm is raised above sea level.  The project will have a negligible impact on road traffic in the area as most materials will be brought to the site by sea. The main sources of noise above water level will be power generators on board the jack-up barge and in the directional drilling compound during construction. Neither of these are expected to be significant as the noise ratings indicate levels will be low within very short distances from the source.  Impacts on air quality in the area are expected to be negligible in the short and medium term, but it must be recognised that this clean and sustainable energy source represents an opportunity to facilitate long term improvements in air quality and will contribute to the achievement of national and international targets to reduce emissions of gases attributed to accelerating climate change.  In conclusion, Seagen is a critical stage in the development of renewable tidal energy in the UK. Strangford Lough represents an ideal location for this temporary installation the environmental impacts have been assessed and are generally considered unlikely to be significant. Due to the novel nature of the proposed development and the lack of definitive information some uncertainty remains as to its likely impacts on marine mammals and basking shark.","author":["Davison, A.","Mallows, T."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","Marine Current Turbines (MCT)"],"originationDate":"2005-06-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:01:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Strangford_Lough_EIA_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2382","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meygen-tidal-energy-project-phase-1-project-environmental-monitoring-programme","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0050\/00509795.pdf","title":"MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 Project Environmental Monitoring Programme","description":"This Project Environmental Monitoring Programme (PEMP) has been prepared by MeyGen Limited (MeyGen) to set out the proposed method for discharging the Condition 12 of the Section 36 Consent for the Development.  The document details the monitoring methods proposed for the commissioning and operational phases of the Development and how communication will be maintained between MeyGen, the Advisory Group (established in accordance with Condition 13) and the Regulators.  The PEMP will be submitted to the Scottish Ministers for their written approval, in consultation with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), the Advisory Group and any other ecological, or such other advisors as required at the discretion of the Scottish Ministers.  The data collected during monitoring will be used by the Advisory Group to inform decisions on each subsequent stage of the Development. Empirically measured close range encounter or passage rates may be substituted for the density inputs into collision risk models, and any measured avoidance or evasion may be translated into avoidance rates. The combination of these two factors will allow a more realistic calculation of collision risk for subsequent stages.","author":["Rollings, E.","Donovan, C.","Eastham, C."],"organization":["MeyGen"],"originationDate":"2016-10-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.656500000000","-3.130000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 03:50:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MeyGen-Environmental-Monitoring-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2383","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/learning-early-commercial-tidal-energy-projects-puget-sound-washington-pentland-firth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/bitstream\/handle\/1773\/38169\/McMillin_washington_0250O_16575.pdf","title":"Learning from Early Commercial Tidal Energy Projects in the Puget Sound, Washington and the Pentland Firth, Scotland","description":"Using a textual analysis to interview data approach, this study explores two of the first multiple-device tidal energy projects to identify the key learning outcomes gained by stakeholders. The cases chosen are the Snohomish County Public Utility District\u2019s Admiralty Inlet pilot project in Puget Sound, Washington, United States, and MeyGen Ltd.\u2019s Phase 1A project in Pentland Firth, Scotland, United Kingdom. With a focus on stakeholder learning, the research draws upon scholarly literature on innovation systems and technical innovations systems. This qualitative study uses in-depth, semi-structured, elite interviews of key informants as the primary method of data collection. The study analyzed the interview data from twenty - three stakeholder interviews and utilized MaxQDA 12 software as a platform to analyze the interviews. Learning from tidal energy projects is examined from technical, economic, environmental, policy, and social perspectives. By so doing, this research seeks to understand the interdisciplinary lessons stakeholders learned about tidal energy. The lessons learned from these case studies suggest that existing risks and uncertainties can preclude the deployment needed for the technical validation. Technical learning focused on the challenge of developing robust instrumentation for monitoring in tidal flow conditions. Economic learning focused on the need for government funding for environmental research, the potential expense of legal challenges, and the socio-economic impact of the project for local businesses. The projects served as a catalyst for examining the environmental impacts of tidal energy development. Species behavior and interaction with devices remains an area of research to address. Policy learning related to risk tolerance of regulators and the potential legal barriers faced by tidal energy. Socially, initiating the projects allowed the developers to recognize the concerns of relevant stakeholders. Spatial conflicts, exclusion, and access were major concerns of opposing stakeholders. Learning about an interdisciplinary range of issues is key to the future success of the tidal energy sector.","author":["McMillin, N."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2388","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-systems-annual-report-2016","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/","title":"Ocean Energy Systems Annual Report 2016","description":"The IEA Technology Collaboration Programme on Ocean Energy Systems is one of the collaborative R\u0026amp;D Programmes established within the IEA, and since its establishment in 2001, the OES participants have been conducting a variety of joint projects. During 2016, the Executive evaluated the achievements of its present 5-year term that will end up in February 2017 and prepared a new Strategic Plan for its 4th 5-year mandate (2017 \u2013 2022).  The End of Term Report and new Strategic Plan were submitted to the IEA and presented by the Chairman in the Renewable Energy Working Party meeting in Beijing, China (17 -18 October 2016).  2016 was marked by the entry of three new members: India, France and the European Commission. On the other hand, Australia, after being inactive for 2 years, withdrew the OES, but with a strong hope to soon re-join and to make efforts to identify the appropriate entity to represent the Government in the OES.  At the end of 2016, OES has 25 members, which provide a broad international base of information, sharing experience and knowledge and further a diversified representation of interests: members are from governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. This is one of the benefits of joining OES: participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.  The OES international co-operation facilitates:    Securing access to advanced R\u0026amp;D teams in the participating countries  Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing protocols for the testing of prototypes  Reducing national costs by collaborating internationally  Creating valuable international contacts between government, industry and science  Information sharing and networking   This Executive Summary provides a brief summary of the 2016 OES Annual Report. It synthesizes the main achievements in the OES collaborative activities and presents relevant policies and projects by each OES member country. As in previous years, this Annual Report includes a contribution by acknowledged experts from testing centres. Representatives from 5 open sea test centres (EMEC\/UK, FORCE\/Canada, Oregon\/USA, Nagasaki Marine Industry Cluster Promotion Association\/Japan and BIMEP\/ Spain) have been invited to respond to a few questions related with the role of these test centres, difficulties and opportunities.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2016-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Annual-Report-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2393","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combined-use-visual-acoustic-data-collection-techniques-winter-killer-whale-orcinus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2351989416300373","title":"The combined use of visual and acoustic data collection techniques for winter killer whale (Orcinus orca) observations","description":"Observations of cetaceans during the winter are difficult, if not impossible in some locations, yet their presence, habitat use, and behaviour during this period are important for conservation and management. Typically, observations come from vessel surveys, with citizen science networks increasingly adding significant sighting data. In compliment to this, acoustic data collection systems can be deployed to collect information remotely over long periods, and in almost any conditions. Here we describe how the combination of these data collection techniques works to fill knowledge gaps, with data from a well-established citizen science network, and a single passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) recorder integrated to identify killer whale presence during winter months in Clayoquot Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island.  Together these data show the overwinter use of Clayoquot Sound by killer whales is greater than previously thought. During the study period, February 21 to April 25, 2015, the citizen science network noted 14 visual encounters ranging from Amphitrite Point to Hot Spring Cove, Vancouver Island. The PAM recorded 17 acoustic encounters within the 10 km detection radius of the recorder, deployed off Siwash Point, Flores Island. This included 15 encounters not recorded by the visual network. Both resident and Bigg\u2019s (transient) transient whale groups were recorded, although analysis of vocalizations determined that the majority of the encounters recorded acoustically were of northern resident killer whales. This may be a function of life history, with Bigg\u2019s killer whales typically noted to be less acoustically active, or could represent greater site use by this group. This first use of acoustic monitoring over the winter, complemented with visual data, can establish a better understanding of year-round use of this area by killer whales and has broader application to other sites.","author":["Burham, R.","Palm, R.","Duffus, D.","Mouy, X.","Riera, A."],"organization":["University of Victoria","JASCO Applied Sciences","Strawberry Isle Marine Research Society (SIMRS)"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.220775000000","-126.183684000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_combined_use_of-visual_and_acoustic_data_collection.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2394","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fine-scale-foraging-movements-fish-eating-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-relate-vertical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/movementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40462-017-0094-0","title":"Fine-Scale Foraging Movements by Fish-Eating Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Relate to the Vertical Distributions and Escape Responses of Salmonid Prey (Oncorhynchus spp.)","description":"Background: We sought to quantitatively describe the fine-scale foraging behavior of northern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca), a population of fish-eating killer whales that feeds almost exclusively on Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). To reconstruct the underwater movements of these specialist predators, we deployed 34 biologging Dtags on 32 individuals and collected high-resolution, three-dimensional accelerometry and acoustic data. We used the resulting dive paths to compare killer whale foraging behavior to the distributions of different salmonid prey species. Understanding the foraging movements of these threatened predators is important from a conservation standpoint, since prey availability has been identified as a limiting factor in their population dynamics and recovery.  Results: Three-dimensional dive tracks indicated that foraging (N = 701) and non-foraging dives (N = 10,618) were kinematically distinct (Wilks\u2019 lambda: \u03bb16 = 0.321, P \u0026lt; 0.001). While foraging, killer whales dove deeper, remained submerged longer, swam faster,  increased their dive path tortuosity, and rolled their bodies to a greater extent than during other activities. Maximum foraging dive depths reflected the deeper vertical distribution of Chinook (compared to other salmonids) and the tendency of Pacific salmon to evade  predators by diving steeply. Kinematic characteristics of prey pursuit by resident killer whales also revealed several other escape strategies employed by salmon attempting to avoid predation, including increased swimming speeds and evasive maneuvering.  Conclusions: High-resolution dive tracks reconstructed using data collected by multi-sensor accelerometer tags found that movements by resident killer whales relate significantly to the vertical distributions and escape responses of their primary prey, Pacific salmon.","author":["Wright, B.","Ford, J.","Ellis, G.","Deecke, V.","Shapiro, A.","Battaile, B.","Trites, A."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","University of British Columbia","University of Cumbria","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2017-02-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fine-Scale_foraging_movements_by_fish-eating_killer_whales.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2395","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d71-requirements-criteria-design-planning-ocean-energy-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dtocean.eu\/content\/download\/25287\/173465\/file\/DTO_WP7_ECD_D7.1.pdf","title":"D7.1: Requirements and Criteria for the Design and Planning of Ocean Energy Farms","description":"This document reviews existing approaches and methodologies for the analysis of ocean energy arrays with a clear focus on the results and conclusions provided by previous experiences. The key outcome is the definition of quantifiable and qualitative metrics for economic viability, reliability and environmental impact which have been adopted in the global set of tools developed within the project DTOcean.  The needs of the industry, the recommendations of the Advisory Board and a literature review about the current approaches allowed the achievement of the main objective of this task consisting of the definition of the set of conditions (physical, economic and environmental) and design criteria (cost of energy COE, reliability index, energy yield and performances, etc.) for ocean energy arrays that will determine the drivers for the comparison of different alternatives. In particular, the needs of the industry have also been analysed and conveyed into the definition of the key requirements and variables for the definition of a decision tool. The most important technical parameters defined for the scenarios have been characterised by quantifiable variables (e.g. distance to shore, distance to port, power capacity of the grid, area of the sea surface available for deployment etc.), or suitable proxy, so as to allow their direct introduction into the design tool and they are herein reported as identified in Deliverable 1.1 \u2013 \u201cDetailed deployment scenarios for wave and tidal energy converters\u201d. Since the economic framework represents an ideal method to evaluate and weigh the importance of different technical decisions, the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) was defined as the major economic quantifiable parameter; similarly reliability indicators and environmental impact factors have been identified and herein described.","author":["DTOcean"],"organization":["DEME Blue Energy (DBE)","France Energies Marines","Iberdrola","Tecnalia","University College Cork","University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter","Vattenfall","WavEC Offshore Renewables","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2015-05-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-11-05 12:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DTOcean_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2396","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-fine-scale-oceanographic-features-distribution-movements-harbour-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v295\/p279-293\/","title":"Effects of fine-scale oceanographic features on the distribution and movements of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy","description":"We describe an integrative approach to studying the fine-scale distribution of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy, using satellite telemetry, line transect surveys and remote sensing techniques. Analysis of satellite telemetry data from 6  porpoises (5 male, 1 female) revealed that over the course of a month individuals ranged across large areas (7738 to 11289 km2) but concentrated their movements in small focal regions (August mean = 294 km2, September mean = 252 km2), often proximate to  islands, headlands, or restricted channels. Line transect surveys (n =25 flood tide, n = 20 ebb tide) in the focal region of 2 tagged animals revealed that relative porpoise density (animals km\u20132) was significantly greater during flood (9.59) than ebb tide phases (1.79). Hydro-acoustic prey surveys revealed aggregations of prey along localized fronts in this region. Remote sensing images indicated the presence of an island wake in the focal region during flood tides, providing an ecological context for our observations of high  densities of porpoises. Remote sensing revealed the existence of a headland wake in the focal region of another porpoise near Campobello Island. These results support the hypothesis that regions of enhanced relative vorticity, like island and headland wakes, aggregate prey  and represent important foraging habitat for harbour porpoises in the Bay of Fundy.","author":["Johnson, D.","Westgate, A.","Read, A."],"organization":["Duke University","Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2005-06-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.875044000000","-66.375630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2397","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-eco-system-service-decisions","sourceURL":"","title":"Managing Eco-System Service Decisions","description":"\u201cEco-system services\u201d is a recent term that describes the benefits humankind gains from its interaction with natural resources. As such, it requires making complex decisions at the intersection of ecology, society and the economy. In this paper we are specifically interested in the process of making eco-system services decisions in a manner that; considers the interaction of all types of information, honors all stakeholder viewpoints and measures the impacts on all three parts of the intersection. These decisions are often spatial, multi-objective, and based on uncertain data and estimates.\n\nEco-system services decisions are generally focused on: provisioning, such as the production of food, energy and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; or cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Eco-system service decisions in these areas are complex and plagued by uncertainty. The choices made during the decision-making process have potentially far reaching and crucial impacts across the many diverse stakeholders. In this paper we outline the characteristics of a system to support ecosystem services decisions and present an example of a system developed for supporting a representative, provisioning problem.\n\nThe example system was developed to support the siting of wave energy generation devices off the Oregon coast. These machines convert wave energy into electricity. The needed decisions are about where to best locate devices with known impact on the eco-systems, tourism, fishing and other considerations while providing the highest return on investment in terms of electricity generation, jobs developed, and other socioeconomic measures. Before detailing this system, sixteen characteristics of an ideal eco-system services decision are itemized.","author":["Ullman, D.","Halsey, K.","Goldfinger, C."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Parametrix"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.293186000000","-124.506561000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ullman-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2398","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-fish-current-based-hydrokinetic-turbine-under-multiple","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.anl.gov\/anlpubs\/2017\/02\/129701.pdf","title":"Behavioral Responses of Fish to a Current-Based Hydrokinetic Turbine Under Multiple Operational Conditions: Final Report","description":"There is significant interest in the interaction of aquatic organisms with current-based marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies. Determining the potential impacts of MHK devices on fish behavior is critical to addressing the environmental concerns that could act as barriers to the permitting and deployment of MHK devices. To address these concerns, we use field monitoring and fish behavior models to characterize the behavioral responses of fish to MHK turbines and infer potential stimuli that may have elicited the observed behavioral changes.  Monitoring fish interactions with hydrokinetic turbines allows one to consider the magnitude and ecological significance of several potential behavioral risks that have been identified for tidal turbines including the disruption of migratory behavior and food acquisition (Boehlert and Gill, 2010; Frid et al. 2011), behavioral attraction to the device (Boehlert and Gill, 2010; Frid et al. 2011), and avoidance of preferred habitat occupied by the device (Boehlert and Gill, 2010; Polagye et al. 2010; Hammar et al. 2013; Broadhurst et al. 2014). These risks can be assumed to be minimal if the observed fish movement patterns suggest the turbine has only small and temporary effects on normal swimming patterns or fish distribution within a channel.  Blade strike has also been identified as a primary concern associated with the operation of tidal turbines (U.S. Department of Energy, 2009). There have been multiple blade strike studies conducted in laboratory settings using fish exposed to turbines in a confined channel. While these studies indicate fish can avoid blade strike if they swim through a turbine, they do not address what proportion of fish will avoid the turbine completely while swimming through a natural channel. This question is critical in assessing the actual risk of blade strike (Hammar et al. 2015). Earlier work in our study area (Viehman and Zydlewski, 2014) partially addressed this data gap using dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSON) monitoring of fish movement within a few meters of the Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC) turbine generating unit (TGU). The work described in this report further expands the spatial scale of analysis by using field surveys, hydrodynamic modeling, and behavioral simulations that cover fish response to the turbine hundreds of meters upstream and downstream.  The overall goal of this project was to monitor fish movements around an ORPC TGU, use the data to characterize the magnitude and ecological significance of behavioral responses, and investigate the potential variables driving the observed behavioral responses. This multi-year project spanning fiscal years (FYs) 2013\u20132016 was a collaboration between Principal Investigator Mark Grippo (Argonne National Laboratory), Dr. Andrew Goodwin (U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center), Dr. Gayle Zydlewski (University of Maine), and Prof. Huijie Xue (University of Maine). This report describes our activities to (1) collect hydroacoustic fish survey data, (2) produce high-resolution simulated flows for Cobscook Bay for the survey period, and (3) examine whether fish responded to visual and auditory stimuli generated by the turbine as well as natural and turbine-related changes in flows within the channel.","author":["Grippo, M.","Shen, H.","Zydlewski, G.","Rao, S.","Goodwin, A."],"organization":["Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)","University of Maine","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:58:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grippo-et-al-2017-ELAM-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2399","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-study-tidal-energy-extraction-associated-impact-tidal-circulation-multi-inlet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117302409","title":"A Modeling Study of Tidal Energy Extraction and the Associated Impact on Tidal Circulation in a Multi-Inlet Bay System of Puget Sound","description":"Previous tidal energy studies in Puget Sound have focused on major deep channels such as Admiralty Inlet that have a larger power potential. This paper focuses on the possibility of extracting tidal energy from minor tidal channels of Puget Sound by using a hydrodynamic model to quantify the power potential and the associated impact on tidal circulation. The study site is a multi-inlet bay system connected by two narrow inlets, Agate Pass and Rich Passage, to the Main Basin of Puget Sound. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to the study site and validated for tidal elevations and currents. We examined three energy extraction scenarios in which turbines were deployed in each of the two passages and concurrently in both. Extracted power rates and associated changes in tidal elevation, current, tidal flux, and residence time were examined. Maximum instantaneous power rates reached 250\u00a0kW, 1550\u00a0kW, and 1800\u00a0kW, respectively, for the three energy extraction scenarios. Model results suggest that with the level of energy extraction in the three energy extraction scenarios, the impact on tidal circulation is very small. It is worth investigating the feasibility of harnessing tidal energy from minor tidal channels of Puget Sound.","author":["Wang, T.","Yang, Z."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.715929400000","-122.563161200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2402","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coupled-modeling-hydrodynamics-sound-coastal-ocean-renewable-ocean-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2016\/00000050\/00000002\/art00004","title":"Coupled Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Sound in Coastal Ocean for Renewable Ocean Energy Development","description":"The rapid growth of renewable offshore energy development has raised concerns that underwater noise from construction and operation of offshore devices may interfere with communication of marine animals. An underwater sound model was developed to simulate sound propagation from marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) devices or offshore wind (OSW) energy platforms. Finite difference methods were developed to solve the 3-D Helmholtz equation for sound propagation in the coastal environment. A 3-D sparse matrix solver with complex coefficients was formed for solving the resulting acoustic pressure field. The complex shifted Laplacian preconditioner (CSLP) method was applied to solve the matrix system iteratively with Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallelization using a high-performance cluster. The sound model was then coupled with the Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) for simulating sound propagation generated by human activities, such as construction of OSW turbines or tidal stream turbine operations, in a range-dependent setting. As a proof of concept, the validation of the solver is tested with an ideal case against two other methods, and its application is then presented for two coastal wedge problems. This sound model can be useful for evaluating impacts on marine mammals due to deployment of MHK devices and OSW energy platforms.","author":["Long, W.","Jung, K.","Yang, Z.","Copping, A.","Deng, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2403","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulation-approach-assessing-environmental-risk-sound-exposure-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.2699\/full","title":"A Simulation Approach to Assessing Environmental Risk of Sound Exposure to Marine Mammals","description":"Intense underwater sounds caused by military sonar, seismic surveys, and pile driving can harm acoustically sensitive marine mammals. Many jurisdictions require such activities to undergo marine mammal impact assessments to guide mitigation. However, the ability to assess impacts in a rigorous, quantitative way is hindered by large knowledge gaps concerning hearing ability, sensitivity, and behavioral responses to noise exposure. We describe a simulation-based framework, called SAFESIMM (Statistical Algorithms For Estimating the Sonar Influence on Marine Megafauna), that can be used to calculate the numbers of agents (animals) likely to be affected by intense underwater sounds. We illustrate the simulation framework using two species that are likely to be affected by marine renewable energy developments in UK waters: gray seal (Halichoerus grypus) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). We investigate three sources of uncertainty: How sound energy is perceived by agents with differing hearing abilities; how agents move in response to noise (i.e., the strength and directionality of their evasive movements); and the way in which these responses may interact with longer term constraints on agent movement. The estimate of received sound exposure level (SEL) is influenced most strongly by the weighting function used to account for the specie\u0027s presumed hearing ability. Strongly directional movement away from the sound source can cause modest reductions (~5 dB) in SEL over the short term (periods of less than 10 days). Beyond 10 days, the way in which agents respond to noise exposure has little or no effect on SEL, unless their movements are constrained by natural boundaries. Most experimental studies of noise impacts have been short-term. However, data are needed on long-term effects because uncertainty about predicted SELs accumulates over time. Synthesis and applications. Simulation frameworks offer a powerful way to explore, understand, and estimate effects of cumulative sound exposure on marine mammals and to quantify associated levels of uncertainty. However, they can often require subjective decisions that have important consequences for management recommendations, and the basis for these decisions must be clearly described.","author":["Donovan, C.","Harris, C.","Milazzo, L.","Harwood, J.","Marshall, L.","Williams, R."],"organization":["Imperial College London","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Donovan-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2404","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stochasticism-noise-generated-array-marine-hydrokinetic-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4969963","title":"Stochasticism in Noise Generated by an Array of Marine Hydrokinetic Devices","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices generate electricity from the motion of tidal and ocean currents and ocean waves and provide another source of renewable energy. Additionally, MHK devices are also a new source of anthropogenic noise in the marine ecosystem and must meet regulatory guidelines that mandate a maximum amount of noise that may be generated. In the absence of measured levels from in-situ deployments, a model for predicting the propagation of sound from an array of MHK sources in a real environment needs to be established. A 3D finite-difference, time-domain solution to the governing velocity-pressure equations is used, which permits a finite number of complex sources and spatially varying sound speeds, bathymetry, and bed composition. However, deterministic solutions to these types of problems cannot capture uncertainties in the source profiles that may result from operational changes. This work presents the broadband sound pressure levels from an array of MHK sources as the amplitude and frequency from each source are allowed to vary. This Monte Carlo approach demonstrates that the idealized, deterministic solution, vastly underestimates the compounding uncertainty on the final sound field and that these small variations in the source profile cannot be ignored.","author":["Hafla, E.","Johnson, E.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Montana State University","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2405","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-propagation-models-its-application-renewable-energy-parks-waveroller","sourceURL":"https:\/\/run.unl.pt\/bitstream\/10362\/20039\/1\/Rocha_2016.pdf","title":"Underwater Noise Propagation Models and its Application in Renewable Energy Parks: WaveRoller Case Study","description":"In the light of global warming, large-scale transition to renewable power sources is a worldwide challenge, playing wind power a significant role. Sea wave energy is being increasingly regarded in many countries as a major and promising resource but, like all forms of energy conversion, it will inevitably have an impact on the marine environment. WaveRoller, a Wave Energy Conversion Device, is installed in front of Almagreira beach, on the west coast of Portugal. The purpose of this thesis is to study and quantify the underwater radiated noise from this device using an underwater acoustic model in order to estimate potential effects it may have in the marine environment. The model used to run the data will be MIKE Zero \u2013 Underwater Acoustic Simulator by DHI . In the study site only cetacean species are expected to occur. Results showed that behavioural responses might be expected for low and mid-frequency cetaceans if they swim close to the device. Also, the device shouldn\u2019t be installed in an area in which a population of cetaceans exists in a 28m ray. For these individuals, injury can be assumed if SEL (Sound Exposure Level) is higher than 215 dB re 1\u03bcPa2.s, for non-pulse sounds. Results showed the calculated maximum SEL of the Waveroller sound is 150 dB re 1\u03bcPa2.s and therefore no injury is expected. MIKE Zero \u2013 Underwater Acoustic Simulator is a powerful tool to test any device that produces underwater noise and offers the possibility to create Surface Sound maps of results by using MIKEXYZ Converter tool.","author":["Rocha, A."],"organization":["Technical University of Lisbon"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.396825000000","-9.351260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2406","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bayesian-approach-habitat-suitability-prediction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/28788","title":"A Bayesian approach to habitat suitability prediction","description":"For the west coast of North America, from northern California to southern Washington, a habitat suitability prediction framework was developed to support wave energy device siting. Concern that wave energy devices may impact the seafloor and benthos has renewed research interest in the distribution of marine benthic invertebrates and factors influencing their distribution. A Bayesian belief network approach was employed for learning species-habitat associations for Rhabdus rectius, a tusk-shaped marine infaunal Mollusk. Environmental variables describing surficial geology and water depth were found to be most influential to the distribution of R. rectius. Water property variables, such as temperature and salinity, were less influential as distribution predictors. Species-habitat associations were used to predict habitat suitability probabilities for R. rectius, which were then mapped over an area of interest along the south-central Oregon coast. Habitat suitability prediction models tested well against data withheld for crossvalidation supporting our conclusion that Bayesian learning extracts useful information available in very small, incomplete data sets and identifies which variables drive habitat suitability for R. rectius. Additionally, Bayesian belief networks are easily updated with new information, quantitative or qualitative, which provides a flexible mechanism for multiple scenario analyses. The prediction framework presented here is a practical tool informing marine spatial planning assessment through visualization of habitat suitability.","author":["Lockett, D."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.007932000000","-126.034775000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2407","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bayesian-approach-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/42457","title":"A Bayesian approach to marine spatial planning","description":"The marine ecosystem provides a broad spectrum of services for a wide array of user groups. Such broad use of marine resources often results in use conflicts between ecosystem elements and human interests. To help mitigate these conflicts, the Bayesian Analysis for Spatial Siting (BASS) tool was developed to incorporate both environmental modeled data and subjective stakeholder input while tracking, maintaining and incorporating uncertainty around both data types. The BASS tool is intended to support marine spatial planning decisions where a wide range of potential user groups have interests that conflict regarding siting decisions. The BASS tool incorporates an initial set of twelve (12) Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) models to provide information on ecosystem and economic services such as habitat suitabilities, device suitabilities and usage pressures which include commercial fishing and recreation activities. These models use environmental data as inputs and return suitability values for potential locations in a near real-time on-request basis. BBN methods were selected for this system to take advantage of their intuitive structural components as well as their ability to incorporate and track uncertainty through the modeling process. Stakeholder input is collected in the system using a subset of software from the AccordTM decision support system by Robust Decisions, Inc. This system uses an intuitive two-step data collection method to quantify stakeholder values regarding the decision making process. In the first step, stakeholder participants rank the decision measures, both modeled and subjective, in terms of importance. This ranking scheme allows for weighting later in the process where exploration of the results may require an understanding of stakeholder priorities. The second step uses another component of the AccordTM system called the Belief Map\u00a9 to collect the stakeholder\u2019s levels of satisfaction and certainty regarding subjective decision measures. Finally, using an online user interface, the BASS tool allows a decision manager to explore the output data for the sites in terms of both the modeled and stakeholder decision measure values. Additionally, the user can view the tool output with the weighting structure of the various stakeholders to better understand the priorities held by different groups. This method allows a decision manager to better understand the character of a decision and guide its progress toward a resolution that best addresses the most important elements of the process.","author":["Erhardt, M."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2408","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predicting-lethal-entanglements-consequence-drag-fishing-gear","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X16309808","title":"Predicting lethal entanglements as a consequence of drag from fishing gear","description":"Large whales are frequently entangled in fishing gear and sometimes swim while carrying gear for days to years. Entangled whales are subject to additional drag forces requiring increased thrust power and energy expenditure over time. To classify entanglement cases and aid potential disentanglement efforts, it is useful to know how long an entangled whale might survive, given the unique configurations of the gear they are towing. This study establishes an approach to predict drag forces on fishing gear that entangles whales, and applies this method to ten North Atlantic right whale cases to estimate the resulting increase in energy expenditure and the critical entanglement duration that could lead to death. Estimated gear drag ranged 11\u2013275 N. Most entanglements were resolved before critical entanglement durations (mean \u00b1 SD 216 \u00b1 260 days) were reached. These estimates can assist real-time development of disentanglement action plans and U.S. Federal Serious Injury assessments required for protected species.","author":["van der Hoop, J.","Corkeron, P.","Henry, A.","Knowlton, A.","Moore, M."],"organization":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","New England Aquarium","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2017-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:11:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2410","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-potential-impact-electromagnetic-fields-undersea-cable-migratory-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1406896","title":"Assessment of Potential Impact of Electromagnetic Fields from Undersea Cable on Migratory Fish Behavior (Final Technical Report)","description":"The US Department of Energy and US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management commissioned this study to address the limited scientific data on the impacts of high voltage direct current cables on aquatic biota, in particular migratory species within the San Francisco Bay. The study was conducted in several stages as described in three separate technical manuscripts which capture the methods, findings and recommendations. A summary of each manuscript is provided herein.  Empirical evidence exists that marine animals perceive and orient to local distortions in the earth\u2019s main geomagnetic field magnetic field. The electromagnetic fields generated by the cables that carry electricity from hydrokinetic energy sources to shore-based power stations may produce similar local distortions in the earth\u2019s main field. Concern exists that animals that migrate along the continental shelves might orient to the EMF from the cables, and move either inshore or offshore away from their normal path. The Trans Bay Cable (TBC) is a \u00b1200-kilovolt (kV), 400 MW 85-km long High Voltage Direct Current (DC) buried transmission line linking Pittsburg, CA with San Francisco, CA (SF) through the San Francisco Bay. The study addresses the following specific questions based on measurements and projections of the EMF produced by an existing marine cable, the Trans Bay Cable, in San Francisco Bay.    Does the presence of EMF from an operating power cable alter the behavior and path of bony fishes and sharks along a migratory corridor?  Does the EMF from an operating power cable guide migratory movements or pose an obstacle to movement?   To meet the main study objectives several activities needed to be carried out: 1) modeling of the magnetic fields produced by the Trans Bay Cable, 2) assessing the migratory impacts on Chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) as a result of local magnetic field distortions produced by bridge structures and 3) analyzing behavioral responses by migratory Chinook salmon and green sturgeon to a high-voltage power cable.","author":["Kavet, R.","Wyman, M.","Klimley, A.","Vergara, X."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2016-09-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 04:57:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2016-041.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2411","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-fish-invertebrates-fy2010-progress-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates - FY2010 Progress Report","description":"In this progress report, we describe the preliminary experiments conducted with three fish and one invertebrate species to determine the effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. During fiscal year 2010, experiments were conducted with coho salmon (Onchorhychus kisutch), California halibut (Paralicthys californicus), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), and Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). The work described supports Task 2.1.3: Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Subtask 2.1.3.1: Electromagnetic Fields.","author":["Schultz, I.","Woodruff, D.","Marshall, K.","Pratt, W.","Roesijadi, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schultz_et_al_2010_Progress_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2412","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/community-energy-emissions-planning-tidal-current-turbines-case-study-municipalities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117303428","title":"Community Energy and Emissions Planning for Tidal Current Turbines: A Case Study of the Municipalities of the Southern Gulf Islands Region, British Columbia","description":"Society\u0027s dependence on fossil fuels to meet energy demands has resulted in an enormous release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the atmosphere, thereby perpetuating global climate change. The consequences of climate change have prompted progressive governments such as British Columbia to establish legislative GHG emission reductions targets, which have lead to energy conscience municipalities within the province voluntarily committing to helping achieve such targets. Best practices examined from European municipalities share a common theme of renewable energy adoption and municipally-owned utilities. An emerging renewable energy technology are tidal current turbines (TCTs), which function to extract kinetic energy from the lateral movement of the tides in areas with considerable tidal velocities. This paper examines the history, physics, operational parameters, and plausible environmental impacts of TCTs in order to make a case for their sustainable implementation. The feasibility of the municipalities of North Pender Island, South Pender Island, and Saturna of the Southern Gulf Islands Region (SGIR), British Columbia, to help meet established GHG emissions reduction targets through the implementation of TCTs is analyzed, demonstrating that the deployment of 10 TCTs can produce 38,266,602 kWh\/yr of electricity, mitigating 1138 t of CO2e, achieving 9.9% of the cumulative municipal GHG emissions mitigation targets. The paper then examines a case study in the Shetland Islands and Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters, Scotland, suggesting that jurisdictional regulatory powers over TCT installation and operation be devolved from the British Columbia government to the municipal governments of North Pender Island, South Pender Island, and Saturna, so that such communities can reap the benefits associated with a municipally-owned utility.","author":["Sangiuliano, S."],"organization":["York University"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.820735100000","-123.414939000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2417","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/masts-marine-renewable-energy-forum-workshop-environmental-impacts-research-funding","sourceURL":"","title":"MASTS Marine Renewable Energy Forum: Workshop on Environmental Impacts Research Funding","description":"On October 18th, 2016, the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS) Marine Renewable Energy Forum, in association with the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme Ocean Energy (ORJIP), brought together 18 experts to address questions of funding for environmental impact-related funding for the marine renewable energy industry. The experts represented a broad range of interests, including industry representatives, consultants, academics, and funding agencies.  The key objectives for the day were:    To better understand why it has proven to be difficult to obtain funding to address well-defined questions about the environmental impacts of marine renewables; and,  To identify opportunities to improve the current situation.   Expected outcomes of the day included:    A better understanding of the key issues affecting funding;  A recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of the marine renewable energy network;  Steps towards a vision for effective environmental impact research in the marine renewable sector; and,  Potential innovative ideas to help focus efforts towards funding effective environmental impact research in the marine renewable energy sector.   A detailed overview of issues addressed and ideas generated from the workshop can be found in the following sections (Detailed Overview).","author":["Miller, R."],"organization":["Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)","Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"originationDate":"2016-10-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Miller-2016-WorkshopReport.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2418","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/eimr-2016-expert-workshop-report-biofouling","sourceURL":"","title":"EIMR 2016 Expert Workshop Report: Biofouling","description":"Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewable Technologies (EIMR) is an international conference held at different sites across the Scottish Highlands and Islands region. It serves as a major forum for global researchers to come together to present their latest research, results and ideas; and to strengthen relations between the emerging marine renewables industry, research laboratories, and universities.  As part of this on-going work, EIMR hosted a series of parallel, one-day, invite-only workshops on the 22nd February 2016 at Victoria Quay, Marine Scotland, Edinburgh. The workshops aimed to bring together science and science stakeholders to explore critical questions for monitoring and mitigation around marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and arrays in three areas: biofouling, collision risk, and societal impact.  This particular workshop aimed to address a series of linked ecologically and industrially relevant questions around marine growth, or biofouling, on marine renewable energy devices. It focussed on first identifying key topics of relevance, which was followed by a prioritisation exercise aimed at elaborating next steps needed to address any knowledge gaps.  The aim of this report is to summarise the workshop activities and outputs for workshop attendees and a wider audience.","author":["Miller, R.","Loxton, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Miller-Loxton-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2419","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/turning-drip-data-rich-information-poor-rationalising-monitoring-focus-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117303295","title":"Turning Off the DRIP (\u0027Data-Rich, Information-Poor\u0027) - Rationalising Monitoring with a Focus on Marine Renewable Energy Developments and the Benthos","description":"Marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) are rapidly expanding in size and number as society strives to maintain electricity generation whilst simultaneously reducing climate-change linked CO2 emissions. MREDs are part of an ongoing large-scale modification of coastal waters that also includes activities such as commercial fishing, shipping, aggregate extraction, aquaculture, dredging, spoil-dumping and oil and gas exploitation. It is increasingly accepted that developments, of any kind, should only proceed if they are ecologically sustainable and will not reduce current or future delivery of ecosystem services. The benthos underpins crucial marine ecosystem services yet, in relation to MREDs, is currently poorly monitored: current monitoring programmes are extensive and costly yet provide little useful data in relation to ecosystem-scale-related changes, a situation called \u2018data-rich, information-poor\u2019 (DRIP). MRED \u2013benthic interactions may cause changes that are of a sufficient scale to change ecosystem services provision, particularly in terms of fisheries and biodiversity and, via trophic linkages, change the distribution of fish, birds and mammals. The production of DRIPy data should be eliminated and the resources used instead to address relevant questions that are logically bounded in time and space. Efforts should target identifying metrics of change that can be linked to ecosystem function or service provision, particularly where those metrics show strongly non-linear effects in relation to the stressor. Future monitoring should also be designed to contribute towards predictive ecosystem models and be sufficiently robust and understandable to facilitate transparent, auditable and timely decision-making.","author":["Wilding, T.","Gill, A.","Boon, A.","Sheehan, E.","Dauvin, J.","Pezy, J.","O\u0027Beirn, U.","Janas, U.","Rostin, L.","Mesel, I."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Deltares (NL)","Irish Marine Institute","Normandie Universit\u00e9","Plymouth University","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Gda\u0144sk","University of Tartu"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilding-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2420","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-hydrokinetic-energy-regulators-workshop-lessons-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy15osti\/65125.pdf","title":"Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Regulators Workshop: Lessons from Wind","description":"Purpose: to review the growth of the wind industry and how lessons learned have altered site selection, regulation, and the application of adaptive management processes. Comparisons between the marine energy industry and the path of the wind industry were made and potential relevance of lessons learned were identified.  Find other presentations from the DOE Marine and Hydrokinetic Workshop for State and Federal Regulators.","author":["Baring-Gould, I."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2015-05-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DOE-Regulatory-Workshop_Baring-Gould-9.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2421","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mhk-electromagnetic-fields-emfs","sourceURL":"","title":"MHK and Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs)","description":"Purpose: to discuss undersea power networks and EMF emissions from undersea AC and DC cables and present the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of emitted EMFs from marine renewable energy cables on marine organisms. Field data and case studies from around the world helped establish an understanding of the interaction between EMF and a variety of species, as well as identified remaining questions requiring further research and measurement campaigns.  Find other presentations from the DOE Marine and Hydrokinetic Workshop for State and Federal Regulators.","author":["Gill, A."],"organization":["Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2015-05-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DOE-Regulatory-Workshop_Gill-8.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2422","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-marine-energy-development-physical-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Effects of Marine Energy Development on Physical Systems","description":"Purpose: to present the environmental effects of marine energy development on physical systems within the ocean space, including the change of local ocean ecosystems due to the installation of new MHK devices. Roberts and Jones discussed how the physical environment is changed, whether the changes are significant and cause for concern, and whether effective mitigation strategies exist.  Find other presentations from the DOE Marine and Hydrokinetic Workshop for State and Federal Regulators.","author":["Roberts, J.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-05-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DOE-Regulatory-Workshop_Roberts-Jones-6.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2423","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-understanding-risk-blade-strike-current-energy-converters","sourceURL":"","title":"State of Understanding: Risk of Blade Strike from Current Energy Converters","description":"Purpose: to present the current state of understanding of risks and issues associated with direct and indirect physical interactions among MHK devices and systems, moorings, electrical interconnections, and marine species. This session looked at the probability, consequences, and effects of strike events as well as survival rates and avoidance behavior in fish and mammal populations.  Find other presentations from the DOE Marine and Hydrokinetic Workshop for State and Federal Regulators.","author":["Brown-Saracino, J."],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2015-05-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DOE-Regulatory-Workshop_Brown-Saracino-4.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2424","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regulatory-introduction-roles-responsibilities-within-permitting-process","sourceURL":"","title":"Regulatory Introduction: Roles and Responsibilities within the Permitting Process","description":"Purpose: to provide a broad overview of the state and federal regulatory process. Topics explored included identifying the agencies involved in the permitting process and clarifying their roles and responsibilities, legal jurisdiction, focus areas, inputs to consider, and challenges they face in the application process. The presentation also reviewed the project permitting and licensing process.  Find other presentations from the DOE Marine and Hydrokinetic Workshop for State and Federal Regulators.","author":["West, A."],"organization":["Kearns \u0026 West"],"originationDate":"2015-05-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DOE-Regulatory-Workshop_West-1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2425","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-hydrokinetic-energy-turbine-arrays-sediment-transport-sao-marcos-bay-brazil","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301675183_Effects_of_hydrokinetic_energy_turbine_arrays_on_sediment_transport_at_Sao_Marcos_Bay_Brazil","title":"Effects of Hydrokinetic Energy Turbine Arrays on Sediment Transport at S\u00e3o Marcos Bay, Brazil","description":"At the present time, the role of renewable energy in Brazil is significant as hydropower and other renewable energies, mainly biomass, contribute with 70.7% and 9,6%, respectively, towards the total offer for electric energy, as compared to the corresponding figures of 14,8% and 5,6% regarding worldwide averages. Nevertheless, there is already an increasing role which is played by wind energy, and a promising potential for tidal current energy. This paper is concerned with the assessment of the tidal current resource in S\u00e3o Marcos Bay, located on the north-eastern coast of Brazil in the state of Maranh\u00e3o, and possesses a highly promising potential for the generation of electricity generation through the conversion of tidal current energy. Also, the impact of in-stream Hydrokinetic Energy Converter (HEC) arrays would have on the bay\u2019s morphology is studied. Three potential zones for tidal power exploitation were identified employing SisBaHiA\u00ae finite element hydro-sedimentological model based on the sediment transport equation of Engelund \u0026amp; Hansen. Potential zones have surface areas of 1km\u00b2 to 5 km\u00b2, mean spring peak tidal currents in the range of 2\u20132.5 m\/s and water depths range from 22m to 40m. An analytical power model applied for each zone defines HEC array characteristics and demonstrates an annually potential output in the range of 34-49 GWh. The analytical power model has, for simplification, a fix lateral spacing between TECs set in 3 rotor diameters and considers cut-in and cut-off velocities. An additional stress term was added to the model momentum equations in order to include TEC operation as a momentum sink taking into account thrust coefficient as a function of flow velocity. Six scenarios with full-scale TEC arrays are modelled to study hydrodynamic influences between arrays, as well as morphological effects. The hydrosedimentological scenarios include, initially, a simulation without TEC arrays to adjust bathymetry of possible data uncertainties to an equilibrium condition, afterward individual simulations of each array, followed by pairs of arrays and ending with the simulation of the three arrays case. Even though, the sediment transport model accepts differentiating granulometry and erosion limit at each calculating node of the domain, it was adopted a uniform granulometry consisting of five types of sediments distributed in an erodible layer of up to 5 m. Results for the hydrodynamic interference study indicate increases and decreases in power output up to 16.7% and 10.7% respectively. Morphological effects are studied in the proximities of the promising zones. Results, interpreted in a qualitative manner, indicate the formation of sand banks with heights lower than 0.75 m and regions experiencing levels of erosion of the same order. Future work is directed towards layout optimisation to maximise electric energy generation, minimising adverse effects in sediment dynamics.","author":["Gonz\u00e1lez-Gorbe\u00f1a, E.","Wilson, G. Jr.","Rosman, P.","Qassim, R."],"organization":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gonzalez-Gorbena-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2426","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-methods-fine-scale-tracking-harbour-porpoises-tidal-rapids","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.4976077","title":"Passive Acoustic Methods for Fine-Scale Tracking of Harbour Porpoises in Tidal Rapids","description":"The growing interest in generating electrical power from tidal currents using tidal turbine generators raises a number of environmental concerns, including the risk that marine mammals might be injured or killed through collision with rotating turbine blades. To understand this risk, information on how marine mammals use tidal rapid habitats and in particular, their underwater movements and dive behaviour is required. Porpoises, which are the most abundant small cetacean at most European tidal sites, are difficult animals to tag, and the limited size of tidal habitats means that any telemetered animal would be likely to spend only a small proportion of time within them. Here, an alternative approach is explored, whereby passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is used to obtain fine scale geo-referenced tracks of harbour porpoises in tidal rapid areas. Large aperture hydrophone arrays are required to obtain accurate locations of animals from PAM data and automated algorithms are necessary to process the large quantities of acoustic data collected on such systems during a typical survey. Methods to automate localisation, including a method to match porpoise detections on different hydrophones and separate different vocalising animals, and an assessment of the localisation accuracy of the large aperture hydrophone array are presented.","author":["Macaulay, J.","Gordon, J.","Gillespie, D.","Malinka, C.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2427","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interactions-marine-hydrokinetic-devices-complex-bathymetries-numerical-simulations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agu.confex.com\/agu\/fm15\/preliminaryview.cgi\/Session7935","title":"Interactions of Marine Hydrokinetic Devices in Complex Bathymetries: Numerical Simulations in the Chacao Channel in Southern Chile","description":"Many coastal areas in the South Pacific Ocean can provide significant marine energy resources in the near future. The installation of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices in these regions will require new approaches to understand physical and environmental processes that are relevant for the installation of turbine arrays, which are also specific of each site. The coastal morphology of the Chacao channel in southern Chile, which separates the Chilo\u00e9 island from the main continent (41\u00ba47\u0027S, 73\u00ba31\u0027W) stands out as an important energy resource that can potentially contribute a significant power capacity. This coastal area not only sustains delicate ecosystems with limited anthropic intervention, but it is characterized by a complex bathymetry that can have important effects on the performance of MHK devices and their local impacts. To understand the interactions of the local bathymetry and ambient turbulence with turbine arrays, we carry out a series of numerical simulations with a coherent-structure resolving turbulence model using the actuator disk parameterization. The main objective of this study is to further our understanding on the physical processes associated with the installation of the turbine arrays. We perform simulations with different geometries and inlet boundary conditions, from simple cases in a rectangular channel, to more complex cases that include the high-resolution bathymetry of an extensive area of the Chacao channel. The results show how the interactions between the MHK devices, the local flow, and the bed can affect the energy flux and potential generation in specific sites. The results also provide new insights of local impacts of MHK devices and they can also help to optimize turbine arrays in natural environments. This work has been supported by Fondecyt project 1130940, and the Marine Energy Research \u0026amp; Innovation Center (MERIC) financed by Corfo and based in Santiago, Chile.","author":["Soto, K.","Escauriaza, C.","Richter, D."],"organization":["Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","University of Notre Dame"],"originationDate":"2015-12-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.823269000000","-73.489092000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2428","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nearshore-assessment-wave-energy-resources-central-chile-2009-2010","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811530570X","title":"Nearshore assessment of wave energy resources in central Chile (2009\u20132010)","description":"The goal of this work is to estimate nearshore wave energy resources in central Chile with high spatial resolution. Due to the lack of in situ measurements a suite of numerical models are used to assess the wave energy between 2009 and 2010. We compare the effects of different wind forcing reanalysis, particularly CFSR and ERA-Interim, and physics parametrizations on numerical simulations of the nearshore wave energy fluxes near Valparaiso (33\u00b0S), central Chile. For this we utilize WAVEWATCH III\u00ae, an open source community spectral wave model, configured with a high resolution unstructured grid (200\u2013400\u00a0m\u00a0at the coast). Our results show a difference of 3\u00a0kW\/m in wave power estimations when using different wind reanalysis, and less a difference of less than 0.5\u00a0kW\/m when adding the triad wave interactions term. Statistical indicators calculated using buoy and altimeter data for comparison favor the use of ERA-Interim winds and including triad wave interactions. For the Valparaiso region, the area south of Punta Curaumilla was confirmed as a hot spot of wave energy (4\u20135\u00a0MW\/yr), with the most energetic and frequent sea state described by Te of 9\u201311\u00a0s and H_s 2.5\u20133.5\u00a0m.","author":["Mediavilla, D.","Sepulveda, H."],"organization":["University of Concepci\u00f3n"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.500467000000","-72.604696000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2429","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/corrosion-stainless-steel-simulated-tide-fresh-natural-seawater-south-east-pacific","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.electrochemsci.org\/papers\/vol11\/110806873.pdf","title":"Corrosion of Stainless Steel in Simulated Tide of Fresh  Natural  Seawater of South East Pacific","description":"Whereas the initiation and advance of localized corrosion often limits a prolonged application of stainless steel in seawater, the particular conditions that trigger this type of corrosion are not fully understood due to high variability of water parameter s and diversity of the biological component. In this study, coupons of AISI 304 and 316L were tested in fresh natural seawater of South East Pacific (coast of central Chile) employing two flow - through exposition racks: one keeping the coupons at full immer sion and one allowing the simulation of tides through variable level of water effecting dry - wet cycles. Loss of weight and electrochemical characterization after 1, 5, 15 and 30 weeks of exposition revealed that for both materials the intermittent immersio n results in considerably less corrosion, both general and localized. After 15 weeks, all samples showed a negative shift of OCP, i.e. the opposite of ennoblement, which is explained by the activity of microorganisms associated with change of season.","author":["Fischer, D.","Daille, L.","Aguirre, J.","Galarce, C.","Armijo, F.","De la Iglesia, R.","Pizarro, G.","Vargas, I.","Walczak, M."],"organization":["Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)","Pontifical Catholic University of Chile"],"originationDate":"2016-07-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.500467000000","-72.604696000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 11:13:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fischer-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2430","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydroacoustic-analysis-effects-tidal-power-turbine-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3627\u0026context=etd","title":"Hydroacoustic Analysis of the Effects of a Tidal Power Turbine on Fishes","description":"Tidal currents help shape coastal marine environments and are essential in life cycles of many fish species. Areas with strong tidal currents are also targeted by humans for energy extraction via tidal energy turbines. The effects of these devices on fishes are difficult to predict because fish behavior within fast tidal currents is largely unstudied. Based at a tidal energy site in Cobscook Bay, Maine, this work sought to describe fish reactions to a tidal energy device, to understand the natural presence of fish at the site, and to provide guidance for future monitoring of tidal energy device effects in these difficult environments. A bottom-mounted echosounder was used to monitor the behavior of fish 7-18 m away from a stationary MHK device for several weeks. Fish moved with the current, but those approaching the device showed signs of avoiding it by adjusting their direction. The same echosounder was used to collect a two-year record of hourly fish passage rate at the depth of the turbine, after it had been removed. Fish passage rate, and therefore potential encounter rate with the turbine, changed dramatically over time with the dominant environmental patterns (tidal, daily, lunar, and seasonal cycles). By timing surveys of fish abundance at tidal energy sites with these cycles (e.g., carrying out 24-hr surveys at the same lunar stage throughout the year), the quality of results can be improved. Using this approach at tidal energy sites could therefore increase our ability to detect device effects without requiring expensive continuous sampling over a long time. Monitoring costs may be further reduced by using single beam echosounders, rather than the typical split beam systems, as statistical methods (deconvolution) were found to make certain single beam data comparable to that from the split beam. Depending on monitoring goals, the use of single beam echosounders could substantially reduce costs while supplying sufficient information on device effects for use in management decisions. Results from Cobscook Bay are likely to be useful at other tidal energy sites, but study designs and results need to be considered in the context of fish species and life stages present.","author":["Viehman, H."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2431","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interactions-aquatic-animals-orpc-ocgen-cobscook-bay-maine-monitoring-behavior-change","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/1332311","title":"Interactions of Aquatic Animals with the ORPC OCGen in Cobscook Bay, Maine: Monitoring Behavior Change and Assessing the Probability of Encounter with a Deployed MHK Device","description":"Commercial viability of the marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy industry is contingent on numerous and diverse factors. A major factor is the effects deployed devices have on animals. This factor is multi-faceted since it is dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific approaches to detect these effects. One of the animal groups with overlapping distributions of MHK devices are fishes. As such, individual fish behavior is likely to be influenced by the presence and operation of MHK devices. Depending on the scale of deployment there are implications for changes to essential fish habitat and effects that can be explored during deployment of a single device yet most changes are likely to be realized when multiple devices are deployed over large areas. It is not only important to document these effects and examine the need for mitigation, but also determine whether the methods involved can be used within the economic constraints of this nascent industry. The results presented in this report benefit the MHK industry by providing transferrable environmental monitoring approaches for MHK projects, specifically related to the interactions between static and dynamic tidal turbines and fish. In addition, some of the data can be used to generalize conditions (e.g., the temporal periodicity of fish presence in tidal regions and probability of fish encountering a device) at other MHK sites with similar physical conditions and fish assemblages. Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) deployed and tested a prototype OCGen\u00ae tidal module in Cobscook Bay, Maine, in the summer of 2014. University of Maine researchers proposed an approach to inform other researchers, regulators, and industry members of the effects of this deployment on fish. While the approach was specifically applied to the OCGen\u00ae module, results are applicable to other pilot projects and inform future array deployments. Research funded under this grant allowed us to quantify fish presence as well as individual and group-level behavior changes in the presence of the deployed OCGen\u00ae module along with a bottom support frame from a previously deployed device (TidGen\u00ae). Specific objectives associated with fish behavior changes were (1) continuation of two long-term datasets: (a) stationary down-looking hydroacoustic dataset near an MHK device (group-level) and (b) stationary side-looking hydroacoustics near the bottom-support frame of a previously deployed MHK device (individual-level); (2) application of new processing methods to down-looking hydroacoustic datasets to improve fish species identification (group-level); and (3) development of an encounter probability model using data on fish abundance, vertical distribution, and behavior.","author":["Zydlewski, G.","Staines, G.","Viehman, H.","Shen, H.","Altenritter, M."],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2016-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:57:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zydlewiski-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2433","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-ability-assess-impacts-electromagnetic-fields-associated-marine-hydrokinetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/2015-042\/","title":"Current Ability to Assess Impacts of Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies on Marine Fishes in Hawaii","description":"Marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) and offshore wind devices are being developed and deployed in U.S. and international waters. Electric current flowing through subsea transmission cables associated with these devices will generate electromagnetic fields (EMF), which may interact with, and potentially impact, marine fishes. Some marine fishes can detect electric and\/or magnetic fields and use them to navigate, orientate, and sense prey, mates and predators. Over the past five years there have been multiple comprehensive reviews and studies evaluating the potential vulnerability of marine fishes to EMF produced by MHK devices. Most documented effects involve sub-lethal behavioral responses of individual fish when in close proximity to EMF (e.g., fish being repelled by or attracted to fields). These reviews reach conclusions that the current state of research on this topic is still in its infancy and evaluations of potential impacts are associated with great uncertainty. A variety of MHK technologies are likely to be considered for deployment offshore of the Hawaiian Islands, and there is a need to be able to better predict and assess potential associated environmental impacts. The goal of this study was to provide a complementary piece to these previous reviews (e.g., Normandeau et al. 2011) by focusing on marine fish species in the Hawaii region. We compiled the relevant available information, then prioritized fish species as candidates for various paths of future research. To address this, we first developed a list of Hawaii Region Focal Species, which included fishes that are more likely to be sensitive to EMF. We then compiled species-specific information available in the literature on their sensitivity to EMF, as well as life history, movement and habitat use information that could inform an analysis of their likelihood of encountering EMF from subsea cables associated with MHK devices. Studies have only documented EMF sensitivity in 11 of the marine fish species in this region. There was also relatively little detailed information on fish movement and habitat use patterns for most of the focal species. Our last objective was to develop recommendations for research needs to close the important knowledge gaps. We describe species-independent baseline research that primarily consists of in situ quantification of EMF generated by MHK devices and undersea cables that can occur as pilot and commercial scale MHK devices are deployed in Hawaii. Then we propose a simple approach for prioritizing Hawaii Region Focal Species (ranked relative to each other) as candidates in multiple related research paths. The prioritization approach incorporates EMF sensitivity information with the likelihood of interacting with EMF generated undersea transmission cables associated with MHK devices. Finally, we discuss the types of research needed to help fill gaps in the scientific knowledge base for this region. These involve studies to better define species-specific EMF sensitivity thresholds under various environmental conditions, studies of life history, movement and habitat use patterns to improve our understanding of the likelihood and frequency fishes may be in the vicinity of EMF generated by subsea transmission cables, and studies of the potential for related population, community or ecosystem impacts. Many of these studies can and should occur opportunistically as pilot and commercial scale MHK devices are deployed in Hawaii.","author":["Claisse, J.","Pondella, D.","Williams, C.","Zahn, L.","Williams, J."],"organization":["Vantuna Research Group","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vantuna-Final-Report-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2434","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-appraisal-ea-argyll-tidal-demonstrator-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.esru.strath.ac.uk\/EandE\/Web_sites\/13-14\/Tidal\/environmental.html","title":"Environmental Appraisal (EA) for the Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project","description":"In October 2011, Argyll Tidal Limited (ATL) (\u201cthe Applicant\u201d) entered in to an Agreement for Lease with The Crown Estate under Section 3 of the Crown Estate Act 1961. This agreement initiated the investigation of the potential for development of a demonstration tidal energy array of up to 3 MW scale (\u201cthe Development\u201d) to be located in the North Channel off the western coast of the Mull of Kintyre, Argyll and Bute, Scotland (\u201cthe Development Site\u201d).  ATL is working with Nautricity Limited (NL), a Scottish developer of tidal generation technology. NL has developed the 500 kW CoRMaT device. It was originally proposed that up to 6 of these devices would be deployed at the Development Site subject to the appropriate consents and licences being granted. Consent to construct and operate the Development would fall under Section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 and a Marine Licence would also be required under the Marine Scotland Act 2010.","author":["Argyll Tidal Limited"],"organization":["Argyll Tidal Limited (ATL)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-03 11:43:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nautricity-EA-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2435","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geomorphological-analogues-large-estuarine-engineering-projects-case-study-barrages","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569112001196","title":"Geomorphological Analogues for Large Estuarine Engineering Projects: A Case Study of Barrages, Causeways and Tidal Energy Projects","description":"Two conceptual models have been proposed to predict the response of sediment-laden estuaries to reduced tidal propagation caused by tidal barrages. One argues that reduced tidal energy will increase inter-tidal sedimentation; the other suggests that reduced tidal propagation will trigger a period of erosion before accretion of inter-tidal resumes. This paper investigates the relevance of sills across UK estuaries and causeways and barriers across estuaries in the Bay of Fundy (Nova Scotia, Canada) as possible analogues. Particular attention is paid to the tidal power barrage at Annapolis Royal because it exhibits important features that provide the underpinning evidence for morphological responses within tidal power headponds.\n\nThe construction of the tidal power plant at Annapolis Royal involved retro-fitting a tidal turbine and re-establishment of tidal influences into a headpond which had been maintained at a relatively constant level for some 24 years previously. The sequence of events at Annapolis Royal shows that headponds behave like river reservoirs, with bank erosion where sediments are weakly consolidated. It also demonstrates how resumption of tidal propagation can accelerate bank erosion; a process that is closely linked to wind-driven wave energy and the establishment of a foreshore profile that is better fitted to this energy regime. This model is very important both in the context of new tidal energy barrages and also for projects to retro-fit turbines into existing causeways. It reinforces the evidence from the Eastern Schelde in The Netherlands where it has been found that reduced tidal propagation has had profound effects on foreshore evolution with serious loss of mudflats and former saltmarshes. Annapolis Royal not only highlights erosionary processes; it also provides initial indications of the timescales required for evolution of more stable inter-tidal profiles.\n\nThe evidence provided by these various examples has important implications for coastal managers. Firstly, they show how analogues can be used to develop a conceptual geomorphological model of possible responses to causeways, sills and barrages such as some of the options being considered for the Thames Estuary. In addition, they highlight issues that need to be taken into account when pre-project planning considers likely issues and long-term management implications.","author":["Morris, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2436","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morphological-process-restored-estuary-downstream-tidal-barrier","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117300315","title":"Morphological Process of a Restored Estuary Downstream of a Tidal Barrier","description":"Hydrodynamic and morphological processes become more complex with large spatial variations after tidal barrier building and estuary restoration. Using a process-based model, responses in the estuary to a two-phase restoration measure in the Shuanglong Estuary are investigated. Numerical modeling indicates that tide-asymmetry in the barraged estuary is the primary factor that determines responses of morphology. After partial absence of tidal flats (first-phase restoration), flood tide-asymmetry is switched to ebb tide-asymmetry in the lower unrestored reach. This induces lower estuary erosion via increased tidal prism, though it is enhanced in the upper widened-deepened restored reach leading to severe siltation. After full restoration (second-phase restoration), current velocities are significantly increased with reduced flood tide-asymmetry. A quantitative comparison of the impact of the cross-sectional profile to net sediment transport shows that a switch from flood-dominated estuary to ebb-dominated estuary can be caused by reshaping the tidal flat which may reduce flood tide-asymmetry. The sediment flushing efficiency after the estuary restoration is further investigated in different sluice discharges with regards to two floodgate operations. Low sluice discharge during ebb tides increases the sediment flushing efficiency, but continuous high sluice discharge contributes to significant improvement of sediment flushing capacity and reduction of flushing duration. We conclude to prevent the flushed sediment from re-deposition into the estuary, a larger flushing capacity discharge released in a short period is required after the second-phase restoration in the Shuanglong Estuary.","author":["Kuang, C.","Liang, H.","Gu, J.","Su, T.","Zhao, X.","Song, H.","Ma, Y.","Dong, Z."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Shanghai Ocean University","Tongji University"],"originationDate":"2017-03-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2437","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introducing-ocean-energy-industries-busy-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032117301090","title":"Introducing Ocean Energy Industries to a Busy Marine Environment","description":"The immense energy potential of the oceans is being increasingly recognized the world over, at the same time the integrity of marine ecosystems is challenged by pressure from multiple human activities. For good reasons environmental licensing procedures are precautionary and new industries must declare their detrimental impacts and provide mitigation measures. New ocean energy industries target renewable energy sources thus, on a grand scale, partly mitigating climate change. However, on-site environmental impacts are yet to be established. In this review we compare ocean energy industries with a wide range of conventional, better understood, human activities and outline environmental risks and research priorities. Results show that ocean energy systems are thought to incur many pressures, some familiar and others with yet unknown effects. Particular uncertainties regard ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and large fast-moving turbines. Ocean energy industries should not be considered in isolation because the significance of environmental impacts depend on the full spectra of human activities in each area. Marine spatial planning provides a platform for holistic assessments and may facilitate the establishment of ocean energy industries, as long as risk-related uncertainties are reduced.","author":["Hammar, L.","Gullstr\u00f6m, M.","Dahlgren, T.","Asplund, M.","Goncalves, I.","Molander, S."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology","Stockholm University","University of Gothenburg","University of Zurich"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2441","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recent-developments-ocean-energy-offshore-wind-financial-challenges-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-10-0471-1_50","title":"Recent Developments in Ocean Energy and Offshore Wind: Financial Challenges and Environmental Misconceptions","description":"The first generation of (pre-commercial) ocean energy devices emerged in 2008, but comparatively little practical commercial development has taken place in wave and tidal power since then. Currently offshore wind power is in a sense the only true commercial deployment of an ocean energy technology seeing wide-scale adoption. Recently, several developments related to tidal energy are taking place, though progress in wave power devices remains disappointing, with several companies facing financial difficulties. This paper presents a review of recent developments in ocean energy and discusses the financial challenges and environmental misconceptions regarding such technologies.","author":["Esteban, M.","Gasparatos, A.","Doll, C."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2016-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2459","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-blue-carbon-resources-scotlands-inshore-marine-protected-area-network","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-commissioned-report-957-assessment-blue-carbon-resources-scotlands-inshore-marine-protected-area","title":"Assessment of Blue Carbon Resources in Scotland\u0027s Inshore Marine Protected Area Network","description":"In this study, the blue carbon resources in each Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NC MPA) and Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in Scotland\u2019s inshore waters are estimated from the i) contributions of biological material to fixation of carbon, also referred to as production, and ii) contributions of geological sediments to blue carbon storage, following on from shelf-wide estimates in an earlier study (Burrows et al. , 2014). The methodology has been developed here to allow local-scale estimation of habitat extent and provides estimates of blue carbon associated with habitats and surface sediments.\n\nMain Findings\nCombined, the SACs and NC MPAs (subsequently referred to as inshore MPAs) considered in this study cover 11 350 km2. Stocks of carbon within the habitats and surface sediments of inshore MPAs are estimated at 9.4 million tonnes (Mt) organic carbon and 47.8 Mt inorganic carbon; 1.6% of the estimated total of 592 Mt organic carbon (revised Burrows et al., (2014) value) and 2.7% of the total 1 739 Mt inorganic carbon across Scotland\u2019s seas.\nBlue carbon habitats in the inshore MPA network are estimated to produce 248 000 t organic carbon and 36 000 t inorganic carbon per year, while sediment stores in the inshore MPAs accumulate 126 000 t organic carbon and 348 000 t inorganic carbon per year. Blue carbon production by seabed habitats is estimated to represent 0.6% of the total organic carbon assimilated, or 14% of the total produced by attached plants (including maerl).\nSediment stores in inshore MPAs sequester 1.8% of total organic carbon across Scotland\u2019s seas. The estimate of the total amount of inorganic carbon production in inshore MPAs is less reliable but represents a much larger proportion of the total, than for organic carbon production. This is because of the focus of inshore MPAs on areas of carbonate production such as maerl beds and cold water coral reefs.\nThreats to organic carbon stores are from physical disturbance, moorings, coastal developments, and renewable energy) of the sea bed, causing breakdown of previously buried material. Ocean acidification may pose a threat to inorganic carbon in sediments stored as carbonate but the mechanisms whereby that threat may be realised are as yet unclear. Ocean acidification also may have a direct negative effect on the capacity of calcareous reef builders and maerl to build carbonate skeletons, but algae such as kelp may benefit through enhanced photosynthesis due to higher CO2 levels.\nThere are limitations in the estimates produced. Much of the information used in this assessment of blue carbon stocks is based on legacy data, some from older, published sources. Spatial extents of blue carbon habitats at the scales required for this report are poorly constrained. Finally, the science of understanding the effects of climate change on these systems is very much in its infancy and new developments will allow a much better informed outlook for the fate of these stocks and flows in a changing world. By establishing a methodology that integrates existing knowledge and understanding of blue carbon it should be possible to update reports such as this as new information emerges.\nThis report aims to provide a starting point and a methodology for the examination of blue carbon storage in an MPA network. It is clear throughout the report that there is paucity within the data set. Despite these difficulties, and the uncertainty around accurate values of estimates, the general conclusions are unlikely to change with more detailed information. Therefore, the authors believe that enough information exists to begin to make conclusions about the importance of blue carbon stocks in the marine environment, both within Scotland and globally if the methods used are employed elsewhere. Variable and limited data will be a common feature of MPA networks throughout the world. The methodology proposed allows conclusions to be made on incomplete data, providing the beginnings of a management tool to aid protection of blue carbon in the marine environment.","author":["Burrows, M.","Hughes, D.","Austin, W.","Smeaton, C.","Hicks, N.","Howe, J.","Allen, C.","Taylor, P.","Vare, L."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Burrows-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2460","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-measurement-wave-field-variations-around-wave-energy-converter-arrays","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/9\/1\/70","title":"Experimental Measurement of Wave Field Variations around Wave Energy Converter Arrays","description":"Wave energy converters (WECs) inherently extract energy from incident waves. For wave energy to become a significant power provider in the future, large farms of WECs will be required. This scale of energy extraction will increase the potential for changes in the local wave field and coastal environment. Assessment of these effects is necessary to inform decisions on the layout of wave farms for optimum power output and minimum environmental impact, as well as on potential site selection. An experimental campaign to map, at high resolution, the wave field variation around arrays of 5 oscillating water column WECs and a methodology for extracting scattered and radiated waves is presented. The results highlight the importance of accounting for the full extent of the WEC behavior when assessing impacts on the wave field. The effect of radiated waves on the wave field is not immediately apparent when considering changes to the entire wave spectrum, nor when observing changes in wave climate due to scattered and radiated waves superimposed together. The results show that radiated waves may account for up to 50% of the effects on wave climate in the near field in particular operating conditions.","author":["O\u0027Boyle, L.","Els\u00e4\u00dfer, B.","Whittaker, T."],"organization":["Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2017-01-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OBoyle-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2461","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-active-acoustic-target-detection-turbulent-aquatic-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lom3.10155\/abstract","title":"Automatic Active Acoustic Target Detection in Turbulent Aquatic Environments","description":"There is no established approach for dealing with the active acoustic detection of biological targets in highly dynamic aquatic environments where intense physical interference means that standard techniques are unsuitable. This is a particular problem in ecologically important environments with emerging industrial significance such as marine energy extraction sites. We developed an automatic processing method which allows effective target detection with high sensitivity throughout variable acoustic conditions. The method is based on scale-dependent adaptive filtering of data and morphological analysis of short-scale backscatter contributions for the exclusion of intense turbulent features and isolation of biological targets. Echosounder platform deployments around marine energy infrastructure in a tidal channel provide test data which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Target validation and assessment is carried out by the analysis of multifrequency characteristics and direct inspection. The results deliver effective, quantitative, and repeatable assessment of ecological interactions and target distributions with clear implications for environmental assessment in high energy sites and promising applications in other contexts.","author":["Fraser, S.","Nikora, V.","Williamson, B.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2462","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multisensor-acoustic-tracking-fish-seabird-behavior-around-tidal-turbine-structures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7820138\/","title":"Multisensor Acoustic Tracking of Fish and Seabird Behavior Around Tidal Turbine Structures in Scotland","description":"Despite rapid development of marine renewable energy, relatively little is known of the immediate and future impacts on the surrounding ecosystems. Quantifying the behavior and distribution of animals around marine renewable energy devices is crucial for understanding, predicting, and potentially mitigating any threats posed by these installations. The Flow and Benthic Ecology 4D (FLOWBEC) autonomous seabed platform integrated an Imagenex multibeam echosounder and a Simrad EK60 multifrequency echosounder to monitor marine life in a 120\u2218 sector over ranges up to 50\u00a0m, seven to eight times per second. Established target detection algorithms fail within MRE sites, due to high levels of backscatter generated by the turbulent physical dynamics, limiting and biasing analysis to only periods of low current speed. This study presents novel algorithms to extract diving seabirds, fish, and fish schools from the intense backscatter caused by turbulent dynamics in flows of 4\u00a0m\u00a0s\u22121. Filtering, detection, and tracking using a modified nearest neighbor algorithm provide robust tracking of animal behavior using the multibeam echosounder. Independent multifrequency target detection is demonstrated using the EK60 with optimally calculated thresholds, scale-sensitive filters, morphological exclusion, and frequency-response characteristics. This provides sensitive and reliable detection throughout the entire water column and at all flow speeds. Dive profiles, depth preferences, predator\u2013prey interactions, and fish schooling behavior can be analyzed, in conjunction with the hydrodynamic impacts of marine renewable energy devices. Coregistration of targets between the acoustic instruments increases the information available, providing quantitative measures including frequency response from the EK60, and target morphology and behavioral interactions from the multibeam echosounder. The analyses draw on deployments at a tidal energy site in Scotland to compare the presence and absence of renewable energy structures across a range of physical and trophic levels over complete spring-neap tidal cycles. These results can be used to inform how animals forage in these sites and whether individuals face collision risks. This quantitative information can de-risk the licensing process and, with a greater mechanistic understanding at demonstration scales, its predictive power could reduce the monitoring required at future arrays.","author":["Williamson, B.","Fraser, S.","Blondel, P.","Bell, P.","Waggitt, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Bangor University","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.892963000000","-1.395156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williamson-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2463","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-information-sources-support-connectivity-assessments-under-habitats-regulations","sourceURL":"","title":"Review of Information Sources to Support Connectivity Assessments under the Habitats Regulations","description":"A working group was convened by The Crown Estate to focus on exploring routes to refine the consenting process for marine renewable energy sites under 3MW. One proposal considered the development of a tool to facilitate the assessment of connectivity between small marine renewable energy project sites and the features of designated European marine sites, or the \u2018Natura 2000\u2019 network. To clarify understanding of available tools, The Crown Estate commissioned a review of existing resources which could have the potential to contribute to the assessment of connectivity under the Habitats Regulations.  The following report documents the review process. Overall the review identified a comprehensive set of resources in the form of sensitivity analysis tools, interactive GIS databases, site information tools, guidance and policy documents, and reports. In total, twenty three resources (including two categories of clustered resources) were reviewed for their potential application in assessing connectivity.","author":["Carse, L."],"organization":["The Crown Estate","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2016-11-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Connectivity_Tool_Review.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2469","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meygen-tidal-energy-project-phase-1-electromagnetic-fields-best-practice-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0048\/00485267.pdf","title":"MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 Electromagnetic Fields Best Practice Report","description":"This document has been prepared by MeyGen Ltd. to enable Condition 3.2.1.1 of the Marine Licence to be discharged. The document details the best practice in manufacture and installation related to minimising the attenuation of electromagnetic fields from the Turbine Subsea Cables proposed for the MeyGen Project, Phase 1a. The document will be submitted to the Scottish Ministers for their written approval, in consultation with SNH and any other ecological advisors as required at the discretion of the Scottish Ministers. Construction Method Statements for the related Turbine Subsea Cable works have been approved by Scottish Ministers.","author":["Rollings, E."],"organization":["MeyGen"],"originationDate":"2015-03-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.656500000000","-3.130000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 03:49:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rollings-2015-Meygen.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2470","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-tidal-lagoons","sourceURL":"","title":"The Role of Tidal Lagoons","description":"The Review was initiated by Government following proposals for tidal lagoon projects, in particular a proposal by the company Tidal Lagoon Power (TLP) for a tidal lagoon in Swansea Bay. The focus of the Review is not on specific proposals but on the general principles of tidal lagoons. However much of my consideration necessarily started with work which has already been done for Swansea Bay: as it is by far the most developed proposal, it is also the best source of data concerning many issues covered.  I have divided the task facing the Review into two parts. Part One is to assess whether tidal lagoons can, and should, play a cost effective role as part of the UK\u2019s energy mix \u2013 the \u2018existentialist question\u2019. Part Two is to consider circumstances in which this might happen by exploring how the technology and the new industry might be developed and financed, and how the optimum national interest can be achieved.","author":["Hendry, C."],"organization":["UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)","UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)"],"originationDate":"2016-12-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_Role_of_Tidal_Lagoons.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2472","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-condition-marine-renewable-energy-devices-through-underwater-acoustic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116309144","title":"Monitoring the Condition of Marine Renewable Energy Devices through Underwater Acoustic Emissions: Case study of a Wave Energy Converter in Falmouth Bay, UK","description":"Maintaining the engineering health of Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) is one of the main limits to their economic viability, because of the requirement for costly marine interventions in challenging conditions. Acoustic Emission (AE) condition monitoring is routinely and successfully used for land-based devices, and this paper shows how it can be used underwater. We review the acoustic signatures expected from operation and likely failure modes of MREDs, providing a basis for a generic classification system. This is illustrated with a Wave Energy Converter tested at Falmouth Bay (UK), monitored for 2 years. Underwater noise levels have been measured between 10\u00a0Hz and 32\u00a0kHz throughout this time, covering operational and inactive periods. Broadband MRED contributions to ambient noise are generally negligible. Time-frequency analyses are used to detect acoustic signatures (60\u00a0Hz\u20135\u00a0kHz) of specific operational activities, such as the active Power Take Off, and relate them to engineering and environmental conditions. These first results demonstrate the feasibility of using underwater Acoustic Emissions to monitor the health and performance of MREDs.","author":["Walsh, J.","Bashir, I.","Garrett, J.","Thies, P.","Blondel, P.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Bath","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2017-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 10:00:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2473","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/visualising-aspect-dependent-radar-cross-section-seabirds-over-tidal-energy-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166917300024","title":"Visualising the Aspect-Dependent Radar Cross Section of Seabirds over a Tidal Energy Test Site Using a Commercial Marine Radar System","description":"The long-term monitoring of seabirds around proposed marine renewable energy (MRE) sites is vital to assess the large-scale and long-term environmental impacts of MRE installations. Marine radar could be a valuable tool to augment traditional seabird surveys but the problem of aspect dependency of the generic radar cross section (RCS) of live birds in flight must be understood before radar data is correctly interpreted. A marine radar multiple target tracking algorithm (\u2018GANNET\u2019) was applied to data from an un-calibrated, horizontally polarised, 10kW X-band marine radar sited at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) tidal renewable energy test site, Scotland U.K. From 24 days of data over 1.84 million target readings were recorded. For each target reading the radar aspect angle (bearing of radar beam incident on target), range and non-dimensional echo magnitude were derived allowing a view to be generated of the variation of echo magnitude with aspect angle for all tracked targets. The resulting polar diagram shows a significant change in echo magnitude with range between side-on and head\/tail-on aspects indicating a large contribution of the RCS from the wings of birds in flight. The species-unspecific detectability of seabirds, especially at long range, is found to be strongly dependent on aspect angle. This has direct implications for the use of marine radar equipment for avian monitoring at proposed and active marine energy sites and must be taken into account if data from these radars are to be used to augment traditional bird abundance and area use surveys conducted by human observers.","author":["McCann, D.","Bell, P."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2474","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/extreme-sea-conditions-shallow-water-estimations-based-situ-measurements","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1786736","title":"Extreme Sea Conditions in Shallow Water: Estimations Based on In-Situ Measurements","description":"This paper focuses on the assessment of the environmental extreme conditions in term of wind and waves at the SEMREV wave energy test site for application in the design of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) devices and components. The paper will first present the existing in situ wind and wave measurements. A prediction chain from global to regional scales, and based on a regional wave model calibrated at the SEMREV location, is then described. It enables to build a specific 22 year hindcast dataset for the test site. Long term extrapolation is finally achieved at the SEMREV location using existing methodologies for deep water conditions. Long term extrapolations methods are usually very sensitive to the parameterization and configuration of the prediction chain and we demonstrate in this study that the best overall performances are reached by a POT method at this stage of development in the prediction chain.","author":["Le Crom, I.","Perignon, Y.","Saulnier, J.","Berhault, C."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2013-06-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.336877100000","47.336877100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:40:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2475","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenging-best-knowledge-real-conditions-semrev-marine-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Yves_Perignon\/publication\/281693357_Challenging_best_knowledge_to_real_conditions_on_the_SEMREV_marine_test_site\/links\/55f804f108aeba1d9f01610f.pdf","title":"Challenging Best Knowledge to Real Conditions on the SEMREV Marine Test Site","description":"This paper presents a review of the last six years of sea states measurements at the SEMREV test site, compared to latest capabilities in term of wave modelling in a macro-tidal coastal environment [Tolman et al. (2014), Ardhuin et al. (2012)]. This work takes advantage of the HOMERE high-resolution hindcast data set [Boudiere et al. (2013)] for long term analysis, as well as an in house modelling chain based on a similar approach for more specific requirements over the measurement period. The grid refinement is led by a local unstructured mesh and an appropriate coupling and nesting from global to local scales. The retrieval of astronomic tidal harmonics at grid nodes from a one-year high resolution hydrodynamic coastal mo delling over the area [Pineau-Guillou et al. (2013)] enables to force at low com putational cost both levels and currents impacting the advection of the wave components in the sea state model. The paper provides a brief overview of the properties of the site inferred from the measurement and model capabilities, including the scores of both hindcast chains, the influence of the tidal forcing over the modelling and measurements or the spatial variability on site.  A special attention is paid in this study to the series of storms striking during winter 2014. The return period of the several singular events is checked against the previously estimated extrapolation method at SEMREV [Le Crom et al. (2013 )], as well as the return period of this whole sequence of severe conditions. One of the severe event, significant by the combination of high Hs and long period, is specifically analysed in term of 1 and 2D spectral distributions. This overall demonstrates the capabilities of a fully archived hindcast dataset associated to the latest and more physical accounting for source terms.","author":["Perignon, Y.","Le Crom, I."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.336877100000","-2.878822100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:39:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/perignonetal2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2476","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/canadas-advantage-vision-renewable-electricity-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/myclimatechangehome.files.wordpress.com\/2019\/11\/can_16_visionreport.pdf","title":"Canada\u0027s Advantage: A Vision for Renewable Electricity in Canada","description":"In this document, the Canadian Council on Renewable Electricity outlines its vision for the future of renewable electricity in Canada.  The successful Paris climate change negotiations in December 2015 marked a turning point: the world is committed to addressing climate change. Canada has set a target of reducing economy-wide emissions by 30 per cent below 2005 levels by 2030, and it also recognizes scientific findings that global reductions of at least 80 per cent will be required by 2050 to limit climate change. Achieving such deep reductions in Canada will not be easy, especially given significant emissions from its transportation and oil sectors. Such a transition will require a combination of decisive early action as well as enduring and widespread support from ordinary Canadians to maintain momentum. We will need an unprecedented level of cooperation across sectors and governments while maintaining the integrity of our federal system and the role of the provinces, territories and First Nations and Indigenous communities.  Yet this new global resolve to address climate change also presents very significant opportunities for Canada\u2013both at home and abroad. Canada has a relatively clean electricity system, with 80 per cent of its electricity generated from non-emitting sources\u2013including 65 per cent from renewable energy. Our clean electricity resources can provide the foundation both for needed emission reductions and economic growth.  An early embrace of this opportunity offers clear advantages. First, much of Canada\u2019s electricity infrastructure is aging, and so is in need of replacement in any case. Second, early action can provide Canada with valuable lessons that it can leverage to assist other countries who will be facing similar challenges. As a large country with diverse geographical needs and resources, Canada can become a leader in clean technology, upstream and downstream electricity storage, the smart grid, and the broader electrification of the economy. Not only will we be able to provide clean electricity to assist the United States in achieving its own targets, we will also be able to export our technology and services throughout the world.  Modeling work and analysis from the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) finds that economy-wide reductions of 30-50 per cent (compared to the 2005 baseline) are achievable with current technologies, such as energy efficiency measures, clean electricity, and switching from fossil fuels to clean power for buildings\u2014provided implementation begins immediately. But reductions beyond 50 per cent, in contrast, would require substantial innovation to enable large scale adoption of electrification technologies in sectors where electricity has not traditionally played a major role, such as heavy transport, oil and gas and various industries. Put differently, for Canada to achieve its greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets, we will need to make our electricity system even cleaner\u2013eventually achieving 100 per cent non-emitting electricity\u2013while also expanding power generation to support the electrification of the economy, notably in transportation, industry and buildings.  In order to achieve a largely decarbonized economy and capture the substantial associated advantages, we recommend that Canada take action in the following three areas:    Aim for a zero-carbon electricity grid by 2050. Implement policies to ensure the phase-out of practically all emitting generation sources by 2050 and the sustained growth of the share of generation produced by renewable sources.  An electrified economy. The federal, provincial and territorial governments should commit to increasing the use of electricity in our energy system to over 50 per cent of all energy used in Canada by 2050. Aim for 100 per cent zero carbon buildings by 2050, set ambitious targets for the electrification of transportation and strongly support the electrification of industry through research and development (R\u0026amp;D) support, subsidies and regulation.  A renewable energy export strategy. Federal, provincial and territorial governments should prioritize the development of a renewable energy export strategy, including work on streamlining of cross-border transmission projects, and removal of any policy barriers.","author":["Haffner, J.","Vriesendorp, W."],"organization":["Canadian Council on Renewable Electricity"],"originationDate":"2016-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Canada-Vision-Report-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2477","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/beach-response-wave-energy-converter-farms-acting-coastal-defence","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383913001749","title":"Beach response to wave energy converter farms acting as coastal defence","description":"One of the greatest challenges of coastal engineering today is the need for coastal protection in the changing climate scenario. Places which are nowadays protected will demand upgraded defences and more sites will require security; in all cases a large amount of resources will be needed to ensure beach maintenance and coastal safety. This may be an opportunity for the multi-purpose use of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) if the foreseen increase of energy demand in coastal areas is also considered. In this paper a group of WECs based on different operating concepts is numerically tested in front of two beaches, i.e. the Bay of Santander in Spain and Las Glorias beach in Mexico, representing two different case studies where the long-shore sediment transport is dominant. The hydrodynamics induced by these devices is represented by means of a 2D elliptic modified mild-slope model that is calibrated against new experimental results. The wave field is then used as input for the analytical calculation of the long-shore sediment transport and the coastline trend is estimated by applying the continuity of sediment equation. The characteristics of the selected numerical models give this work a first approach level. All the devices were found to produce a positive trend (accretion) at least in small areas. Recommendations are given to facilitate the selection of the device and the design of the farm layout for shore protection purpose.","author":["Mendoza, E.","Silva, R.","Zanuttigh, B.","Angelelli, E.","Andersen, T.","Martinelli, L.","N\u00f8rgaard, J.","Ruol, P."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","University of Bologna","University of Padova"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.449750000000","-3.788822000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2478","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/triton-environmental-technologies-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/projects\/triton","title":"Triton: Environmental Technologies for Marine Energy","description":"The Triton Initiative\u2019s mission is to comprehensively assess the potential environmental effects of marine energy, reduce uncertainties regarding regulatory concerns, and facilitate confident decision-making based on empirical observations and data-driven science that supports the responsible advancement of marine energy technologies.The research projects under the Triton Initiative range from monitoring fish behavior around tidal and riverine turbines to determining the best methods for characterizing underwater noise generated by marine energy devices to conducting lab-controlled experiments that investigate the physiological and behavioral impacts of acoustic emissions on marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates. With each project, Triton researchers strive to improve marine energy environmental monitoring and mitigation practices through testing and development, with the objective to reduce costs, inform developers and industry, and provide valuable data to inform the marine energy permitting processes. Triton\u0027s projects and innovative solutions aim to facilitate safe and sustainable deployment of marine energy devices.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2026-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-30 01:16:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2481","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changes-fish-catch-rates-presence-air-gun-sounds-prudhoe-bay-alaska","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journalhosting.ucalgary.ca\/index.php\/arctic\/article\/view\/67635","title":"Changes in Fish Catch Rates in the Presence of Air Gun Sounds in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska","description":"Air guns used in oil industry seismic surveys have the capacity to change fish catch rates, but no previous work has demonstrated this effect in shallow water or in Arctic oilfields. Long-term monitoring of fish catches using four fyke nets allowed assessment of changes in catch rates during a 2014 seismic survey in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Fyke net locations were instrumented with both conventional hydrophones and vector sensors. Catch rates were generally within the range of those found in 27 previous sampling seasons. The effect of air guns on eight species was assessed using a modified Before-After\/Control-Impact analysis, with historical data and 2014 data as the Before-After components of the analysis and days without and with air gun activity as the Control-Impact components. Results showed significant changes associated with air guns in catch rates at one or more nets at p \u003C 0.1 for all eight species and at p \u003C 0.05 for seven of the eight. Changes included both increased and decreased catch rates, perhaps reflecting displacement of fish in response to air gun sounds throughout the study area. Measured sound pressure levels associated with air gun pulses were low and usually undetectable close to the fyke nets, reflecting the loss of low frequencies in shallow water (~1.5 m). Attempts to measure particle velocities failed when wind-driven surface waves overwhelmed vector sensors. However, fish responses may have been related to changes in particle motion associated with air gun sounds.","author":["Streever, B.","Raborn, S.","Kim, K.","Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":["BP","LGL Ltd","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["70.331957600000","-148.384773000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Streever-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2482","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-approach-assessing-impact-underwater-noise-marine-fishes-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/early\/2016\/12\/24\/icesjms.fsw205.abstract","title":"A Sound Approach to Assessing the Impact of Underwater Noise on Marine Fishes and Invertebrates","description":"Increasing attention is being paid to the ecological consequences of underwater noise generated by human activities such as shipping and maritime industries including, but not limited to, oil and gas exploration and extraction, sonar systems, dredging and the construction of offshore renewable energy devices. There is particular concern over the extension of these activities into previously undeveloped areas of the oceans, including Polar Regions and areas of coral reef habitat. Most of the concern by regulators and others has focussed upon effects upon marine mammals and other protected species. However, examining the impacts upon the overall ecology of affected habitats is also important as it may be dominated by effects upon the far larger biomasses of fishes and invertebrates, which do not have the same degree of legal protection. Many of these assessments of the impact of noise on fishes and invertebrates have overlooked important issues, including the sensitivity of a substantial proportion of these species to particle motion rather than sound pressure. Attempts have been made to establish sound exposure criteria setting regulatory limits to the levels of noise in terms of effects upon mortality levels, injury to tissues, hearing abilities, behaviour, and physiology. However, such criteria have almost exclusively been developed for marine mammals. Criteria for fishes and invertebrates have often had to be assumed, or they have been derived from poorly designed and controlled studies. Moreover, the metrics employed to describe sounds from different sources have often been inappropriate, especially for fishes, and invertebrates, as they have been based on sound pressure rather than particle motion. In addition, the sound propagation models employed to assess the distances over which effects might occur have seldom been validated by actual measurements and are especially poor at dealing with transmission under shallow water conditions, close to or within the seabed, or at the surface. Finally, impacts on fish and invertebrate populations are often unknown and remain unassessed. This paper considers the problems of assessing the impact of noise upon fishes and invertebrates and the assessment procedures that need to be implemented to protect these animals and the marine ecosystems of which they form an integral part. The paper also suggests directions for future research and planning that, if implemented, will provide for a far better scientific and regulatory basis for dealing with effects of noise on aquatic life.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2485","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-nature-conservation-case-marine-tidal-turbines-northern","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10531-016-1268-6","title":"Offshore Renewable Energy and Nature Conservation: The Case of Marine Tidal Turbines in Northern Ireland","description":"The global demand for renewable energy continues to increase rapidly and with it the necessity to develop and test new technologies to deliver the power. Offshore renewable energy sources that harness wind, wave or tidal power are of major interest. Technological advances in these directions have not been matched by a clear understanding of the environmental impacts of the new devices, with most existing research concentrated on the impacts of offshore wind farms. Decisions often continue to be made without the support of a clear evidence base. Here we use an underwater tidal turbine, SeaGen, constructed and operated within the Strangford Lough marine protected area in Northern Ireland, as a case study to explore the potential impacts of the turbine as points of concern and argumentation in the decision-making processes. We use information obtained from official documents and one-to-one interviews with the main stakeholders. Our results demonstrate that during the construction and operation of the turbine the perceptions and views of different stakeholders sometimes disagreed but were often surprisingly similar in relation to both likelihood and intensity of the potential impacts of the turbine on marine biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being in general. The overall consensus of views was refined and evolved under an adaptive management approach over the 10 years of the discussions and decision-making processes. The results are discussed in relation to cumulative gains in knowledge, future arrays of many underwater turbines and multiple use of oceans within social ecological systems to maintain the conservation of marine biodiversity.","author":["Haslett, J.","Garcia-Llorent, M.","Harrison, P.","Li, S.","Berry, P."],"organization":["Lancaster University","Universidad Autonoma de Madrid","University of Oxford","University of Salzburg"],"originationDate":"2016-12-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.155266000000","-5.994349000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haslett-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2490","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/number-distribution-marine-mammals-fall-warness-orkney-july-2006-july-2007","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=135","title":"The Number and Distribution of Marine Mammals in the Fall of Warness, Orkney July 2006 - July 2007","description":"Land-based marine mammal surveys of the Fall of Warness were carried out from 15th July 2006 to 13th July 2007, encompassing a total of 240 days, and 928 hours of observation. These are a continuation of previous surveys of the site that ran from 11th July 2005 to 14th July 2006 and encompassed 219 days and 964 hours of observations.\nGrey seals, harbour seals, harbour porpoises, minke whales, white-beaked dolphins, killer whales, Risso\u2019s dolphins and basking sharks were all seen during the study period. All species of marine mammal (and basking sharks) observed in the study area are protected under international and\/ or national legislation.\nChi-squared (E2) tests were used to investigate the patterns underlying seal and harbour porpoise observation data. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) were fitted to the entire two year dataset to explore these patterns further. There was insufficient information on the other species to support anything beyond descriptive statistics.\nGrey seals were the most frequently observed species, with a significant peak in occurrence during their breeding season from September and October. Sightings were concentrated close to the shore area, especially to Muckle Green Holm. The probability of sighting grey seals was greatest while the tide was ebbing, and on calm afternoons. The rate of sighting grey seals has declined over the period of the study.\nHarbour seals were rarely observed between December 2006 and February 2007, though overall the numbers of sightings have been decreasing. They were most commonly seen during high tide and at the ends of the day. The small numbers of sightings was probably responsible for the lack of any other significant factors in the data analysis.\nHarbour porpoises were mainly observed on calm days during the summer and were observed to be mainly in small groups. The small number of sightings of this species meant that it was not possible to determine any other significant factors in the data analysis.\nOccasional sightings of minke whales, white-beaked dolphins, killer whales, Risso\u2019s dolphins, and basking sharks are consistent with existing knowledge of these species behaviour and distribution in Orkney waters.\nThe potential effects of tidal stream devices on large-bodied animals in the water column are a subject of considerable concern that requires a careful approach to management and mitigation. The methodological approaches developed in this study to help assess these effects are at the leading edge of the field. We suggest that they have broad application to most circumstances in which tidal power generation is being considered.","author":["Lonergan, M.","Desbois, A.","Mackey, B.","Quick, N.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2007-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963406000000","-3.301211000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lonergan-et-al-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2491","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-programs-fundy-ocean-research-center-energy-force","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-programs-force-2016","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Programs: Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) is Canada\u2019s leading research centre for the demonstration and evaluation of tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) technology. TISEC technology (commonly referred to as \u201ctidal energy turbines\u201d), is designed to generate renewable energy from tidal resource sites across Canada and the globe. Fundamental to FORCE\u2019s mandate is the monitoring and reporting of any environmental effects from tidal turbines at the FORCE site.\n\nFORCE is a demonstration project, with berth sites granted to a number of technology developers (or berth holders) including Atlantis Operations Canada, DP Energy, Black Rock Tidal Power, Cape Sharp Tidal Ventures, and Minas Energy, The government of Nova Scotia has granted 22.5 megawatts (MW) of TISEC capacity at FORCE, under the province\u2019s developmental feed-in tariff program. This represents the deployment of approximately two to three TISEC turbines by each developer at their berth site. As these deployments are expected to be phased in over the next several years, FORCE and regulators will have opportunity to adapt environmental monitoring approaches over time, both to better understand what effects turbines may have on the environment, and to report on the monitoring results and any identified effects to the public.\n\nEnvironmental monitoring has been ongoing at FORCE since 2007 when background studies were initiated for the project Environmental Assessment (EA). When the initial EA was approve d by the federal and provincial governments in 2009, the development and implementation of environmental effects monitoring programs (EEMPs) were stipulated in the Terms and Conditions of EA Approval. In response, FORCE completed 20 monitoring studies between 2009 and late 2013, including fish characterization, seabirds, marine mammals, lobster tracking, marine noise, benthic habitat, electromagnetic fields, and more. The results of the studies undertaken to date along with the original EA are available on the FORCE website: https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/environment\/.\n\nA turbine was operational at the FORCE site for a short time in 2009. Since removal of this unit in 2010, no tidal turbines have been present at the FORCE site. Consequently, the environmental studies conducted between 2009 and 2015 have largely focused on the collection of background data, rather than on monitoring the effects of turbines. This situation will change with the planned deployment of two cable-connected turbines in 2016 followed by additional deployments in subsequent years.\n\nThis report describes new EEMPs based on data and lessons learned from the environmental studies conducted to date. The EEMPs are designed to supplement background datasets where needed but are primarily aimed at verifying predictions made in the EA and at monitoring the environmental effects of operating turbines. The EEMPs are intended to monitor potential effects from the initial demonstration scale project, rather than from a potential commercial scale project that may occur in the future. To this end, the EEMPs are limited to effects within the FORCE Crown Lease Area (CLA), and do not attempt to measure effects in the much larger Bay of Fundy.\n\nMonitoring programs have been developed for five subject areas: Lobsters, Fish, Marine Mammals, Marine Seabirds and Acoustics (marine noise). The EEMPs are intended to cover initial turbine deployments over the time period 2016-2021. The programs are designed to accommodate unforeseen changes in turbine deployment schedules and are adaptive to initial monitoring results. It is also expected that the design and\/or methods of certain programs may be updated in later years once early results are known.\n\nWithin the C LA measuring 1.0 x 1.6 km, FORCE leases to each berth holder a dedicated berth some 200 m in diameter. The berth holder in turn will deploy, operate and test their turbine technologies, which will be connected to the electrical grid through dedicated subsea cables. Given these overlapping areas of responsibility, the berth holders are responsible for monitoring within a 100 m radius of their turbines (the so-called \u201cnear field\u201d effects), while FORCE will be responsible for monitoring outside of this zone within the CLA (the so-called \u201cmid field\u201d effects). Berth holder-generated EEMPs will be available to provide a comprehensive picture of all monitoring that will be undertaken within the CLA. FORCE will:\n\n\n report results from both the FORCE and berth holder EEMPs to regulators; and\n make all EEMP reports available to the public.\n\n\nThe FORCE EEMPs are intended to be practical, achievable using available technologies, and demonstrative of negative or null effects. The monitoring approaches also reflect the difficulty in operating in this high energy environment and certain technological limitations inherent in some of the equipment that will be employed. However, through these EEMPs, FORCE intends to progressively verify the environmental effect predictions made in the original EA over the next five years. A summary of the programs is presented in the table at the end of this report.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 12:17:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-EEMP-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2492","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-submarine-cables-marine-environment-literature-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ahmad-Al-Khraisat-2\/post\/How_underwater_data_centers_affect_the_environment_in_general_and_marine_environment_in_Particular\/attachment\/602c2019af00c40001f72af1\/AS%3A991924076949505%401613504537583\/download\/BfN_Literaturstudie_Effekte_marine_Kabel_2007-02_01.pdf","title":"Impacts of Submarine Cables on the Marine Environment - A Literature Review","description":"Subsea cables have a long history in telecommunication services which started at the end of the 19th century with the deployment of the first telegraph cable across the English Channel. Today the demand for fast communication links is still growing rapidly and leads to a flurry of cable laying activities around the globe. But there is a second aspect of subsea cables gaining more importance: transmission of electric power. Power transmission via subsea cables is realized to interconnect terrestrial grids, to supply power to offshore facilities or to feed power supplied from renewable energy sources offshore such as wind and waves into terrestrial grids. Numerous subsea cables can already be found in our oceans and there will be a lot more in the years to come (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).  Potential problems related to the deployment of subsea cables of different types are raising concerns not only among environmentalists. For that reason, Germany\u0027s Federal Agency of Nature Conservation (BfN) has commissioned this literature review to collect up-to-date information on potential effects of installation, operation and decommissioning of cables in the marine environment. Mitigation measures and requirements of effective monitoring programs are discussed. As a result, a better guidance on development of offshore industries considering environmental aspects and nature conservation issues is expected.","author":["Mei\u00dfner, K.","Schabelon, H.","Bellebaum, J.","Sordyl, H."],"organization":["Institute of Applied Ecology (IfAO)","German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)"],"originationDate":"2006-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Meissner-et-al-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2493","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-emf-emissions-undersea-electric-cables-coral-reef-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nsuworks.nova.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?referer=\u0026httpsredir=1\u0026article=1419\u0026context=occ_stuetd","title":"Effects of EMF Emissions from Undersea Electric Cables on Coral Reef Fishes","description":"The objective of this project was to determine if the electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions from undersea power cables impacted the local and transient marine life, with an emphasis on reef fishes. The work was done at South Florida Ocean Measurement Facility of Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Broward County, Florida. This facility functions as the hub for a range of active undersea detection and data transmission cables. It has multiple active submarine power cables that extend several miles offshore and which can deliver power and enable data transmission to and from a range of acoustic and EMF sensors. The cables lie directly on the seabed, are buried in the sand, or are suspended in the water column. EMF emissions from a selected cable were created during SCUBA fish surveys. During the surveys the transmission of either alternating current (AC) or Direct Current (DC) was randomly intiated by the facility with no transmitted current (OFF) provided a control. The surveys were conducted using standardized transect and stationary point count methods to acquire reef fish abundances prior to and immediately after a change in transmission frequency (the divers were aware of the time of frequency change but not the specific frequencies). The divers were also tasked to note the reaction of the reef fishes to the immediate change in the EMFs emitting from the cable during a power switch. The surveys were conducted on a quarterly basis at three sampling sites offshore on the same cable. These sites were in water depths of approximately 5, 10, and 15 m, respectively and were selected based on their robust reef fish community and are representative of each of the three primary hardbottom coral reef habitats in the local offshore environment: the Inner (Shallow), Middle, and Outer (Deep) reef tracts. A total of 263 surveys were conducted: 132 transect-counts and 131 point-counts over 15 months. There were 24,473 fishes counted during transect-count surveys and with point-counts, 36,115 fishes were counted. With count types and sites combine a total of 151 species representing 35 families were recorded. An analysis of the data primarily did not find statistical differences among power states and any variables. However, this may be a Type II error as there are strong indications of a potential difference of a higher abundance of reef fishes at the sites when the power was off. There are a number of caveats to consider with this finding: the data set needs to be larger in terms of numbers of: counts, sites and eletro-sensitive species to allow for rigorous statistical analysis; also a longer time between frequency changes to allow for slower, but nonetheless important, reactions to differing EMFs might lead to differing conclusions. Obviously, more research is required to confirm the results of this study.","author":["Jermain, R."],"organization":["Nova Southeastern University"],"originationDate":"2016-07-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2495","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-blade-strike-models-estimating-biological-performance-kaplan-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304380007003006","title":"Evaluation of Blade-Strike Models for Estimating the Biological Performance of Kaplan Turbines","description":"Bio-indexing of hydro turbines is an important means to optimize passage conditions for fish by identifying operations for existing and new design turbines that minimize the probability of injury. Cost-effective implementation of bio-indexing requires the use of tools such as numerical and physical turbine models to generate hypotheses for turbine operations that can be tested at prototype scales using live fish. Numerical deterministic and stochastic blade-strike models were developed for a 1:25-scale physical turbine model built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the original design turbine at McNary Dam and for prototype-scale original design and replacement minimum gap runner (MGR) turbines at Bonneville Dam\u2019s first powerhouse. Blade-strike probabilities predicted by both models were comparable with those observed in both prototype-scale live fish survival studies and a physical turbine model using neutrally buoyant beads. Predictions from the stochastic model were closer to experimental data than predictions from the deterministic model because the stochastic model considered the aspects of fish approaching to the leading edges of turbine runner blades. Therefore, the stochastic model should be the preferred method for the prediction of blade strike and injury probability for juvenile salmon and steelhead using numerical blade-strike models for evaluating the biological performance of Kaplan hydro turbines.","author":["Deng, Z.","Carlson, T.","Ploskey, G.","Richmond, M.","Dauble, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2007-11-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.934875000000","-119.297871000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2496","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/brims-tidal-array-collision-risk-modelling-atlantic-salmon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/Brims_Tidal\/Supporting_Documents\/Collision%20Risk%20Modelling%20%C3%94%C3%87%C3%B4%20Atlantic%20Salmon%20Xodus%20Group%20(2016).pdf","title":"Brims Tidal Array Collision Risk Modelling - Atlantic Salmon","description":"There is a concern that submerged tidal energy devices placed within a tidal current will present an obstacle to wildlife within the tidal channel and there is a risk of collision as a result. Although concerns are primarily for cetaceans and pinnipeds there is also some concern of the risk to fish, particularly Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Due to the risks posed, Marine Scotland has recommended that an assessment of collision risk to fish is informed by project specific collision risk modelling (CRM).  CRM is used to assess this risk for Atlantic salmon and it uses a physical model of a rotor and the body size and swimming activity of Atlantic salmon to estimate the potential collision rate. It focuses on the number of animal transits through a rotating rotor and the collision risk during each transit. Following the calculation of the collision risk, likely avoidance behaviours can be applied and a realistic collision rate can be determined (Band, 2015).  This technical note discusses the collision risks associated with various scenarios at the Brims Tidal Array, located in the Pentland Firth to the south of the island of Hoy, Orkney.","author":["Xodus Group"],"organization":["Xodus Group","Brims Tidal Array Ltd"],"originationDate":"2016-03-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.766787400000","-3.229773400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brims-Tidal-Array-Collision-Modeling-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2498","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-pile-driving-residency-movement-tagged-reef-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0163638","title":"Effects of Pile Driving on the Residency and Movement of Tagged Reef Fish","description":"The potential effects of pile driving on fish populations and commercial fisheries have received significant attention given the prevalence of pile driving occurring in coastal habitats throughout the world. Behavioral impacts of sound generated from these activities on fish typically have a greater area of influence than physical injury, and may therefore adversely affect a greater portion of the local population. This study used acoustic telemetry to assess the movement, residency, and survival of 15 sheepshead (Archosargus probatocephalus) and 10 grey snapper (Lutjanus griseus) in Port Canaveral, Florida, USA, in response to 35 days of pile driving at a wharf complex. No obvious signs of mortality or injury to tagged fish were evident from the data. Received sound pressure levels from pile strikes on the interior of the wharf, where reef fish primarily occur, were on average 152\u2013157 dB re 1 \u03bcPa (peak). No significant decrease in sheepshead daytime residency was observed during pile driving within the central portion of the wharf and area of highest sound exposure, and no major indicators of displacement from the exposure wharf with the onset of pile driving were observed. There was evidence of potential displacement from the exposure wharf that coincided with the start of pile driving observed for 2 out of 4 grey snapper, along with a decrease in daytime residency for a subset of this species with high site fidelity prior to the event. Results indicate that snapper may be more likely to depart an area of pile driving disturbance more readily than sheepshead, but were less at risk for behavioral impact given the lower site fidelity of this species.","author":["Iafrate, J.","Watwood, S.","Reyier, E.","Scheidt, D.","Dossot, S.","Crocker, S."],"organization":["Kennedy Space Center","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2016-11-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2499","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-cumulative-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969716323403","title":"Assessing the Cumulative Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Developments: Establishing Common Ground","description":"Assessing and managing the cumulative impacts of human activities on the environment remains a major challenge to sustainable development. This challenge is highlighted by the worldwide expansion of marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) in areas already subject to multiple activities and climate change. Cumulative effects assessments in theory provide decision makers with adequate information about how the environment will respond to the incremental effects of licensed activities and are a legal requirement in many nations. In practise, however, such assessments are beset by uncertainties resulting in substantial delays during the licensing process that reduce MRED investor confidence and limit progress towards meeting climate change targets. In light of these targets and ambitions to manage the marine environment sustainably, reducing the uncertainty surrounding MRED effects and cumulative effects assessment are timely and vital. This review investigates the origins and evolution of cumulative effects assessment to identify why the multitude of approaches and pertinent research have emerged, and discusses key considerations and challenges relevant to assessing the cumulative effects of MREDs and other activities on ecosystems. The review recommends a shift away from the current reliance on disparate environmental impact assessments and limited strategic environmental assessments, and a move towards establishing a common system of coordinated data and research relative to ecologically meaningful areas, focussed on the needs of decision makers tasked with protecting and conserving marine ecosystems and services.","author":["Willsteed, E.","Gill, A.","Birchenough, S.","Jude, S."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2017-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Willsteed-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2500","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/merific-333-technical-report-biodiversity-assessment-methods-surveying-marine-mammal","sourceURL":"","title":"MERiFIC 3.3.3: Technical Report Biodiversity Assessment - Methods for Surveying Marine Mammal Biodiversity around Small Islands","description":"It is important that proposed renewable energy developments take into consideration potential impacts on marine fauna. Of significant concern are the potential impacts on marine mammals, cetaceans and seals, which are biodiverse in the MERiFIC region and represented by approximately 26 species. In order to understand the effects of marine renewable installations on local popula tions of marine mammals pre- and post-development site specific surveys are necessary. This technical report describes two survey methods suitable for surveying for marine mammals in the waters around small islands throughout the MERiFIC region; one shore based and one \u2018at sea\u2019. The waters around the small island of Lundy off the North Devon coast adjacent to the MERiFIC region were surveyed for small cetaceans and seals during November 2011 to July 2013 using a combination of shore based visual observations and remotely deployed acoustic detection devices (CPODs). Shore based surveys were conducted during June and July 2012 and 2013 using scan sampling with telescope and binoculars from preselected vantage points at cardinal locations around the island\u2019s coast. The movements of sighted cetaceans were tracked using a surveyor\u2019s theodolite enabling the locations of surfacing animals to be derived using spherical trigonometry from precisely surveyed observation sites. In addition to visual observations, which were restricted to summer months, continuous acoustic surveillance was also conducted at two sites off the island\u2019s coast using moored CPODs. This report details the methods used in this study that can be usefully applied to surveys of marine mammals at o ther coastal and island locations within the MERiFIC region where renewable energy developments may potentially affect marine life.","author":["Ingram, S."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.260137000000","-5.068742000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ingram-2014-MERiFIC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2502","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ability-benthic-elasmobranch-discriminate-between-biological-artificial-electric","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00227-010-1537-y","title":"The ability of a benthic elasmobranch to discriminate between biological and artificial electric fields","description":"To investigate the ability of elasmobranchs to distinguish between differing prey-type electric fields we examined the electroreceptive foraging behaviour of a model species, Scyliorhinus canicula (small-spotted catshark). Catshark preferences were studied by behaviourally conditioning them to swim through narrow tunnels, and on exit presenting them simultaneously with two different electric fields. Their subsequent choices of the following paired options were recorded; (i) Two artificial electric fields (dipole electrodes) with different magnitude direct current (D.C.), (ii) Two artificial electric fields, one D.C. and the other alternating current (A.C.), of the same magnitude, and (iii) similar magnitude, natural and artificial D.C. electric fields associated with shore crabs and dipole electrodes respectively. We found a highly significant preference for the stronger D.C. electric field and a less pronounced, but still significant, preference for the A.C. electric field rather than the D.C. electric field. No preference was demonstrated between the artificial and natural D.C. electric fields. The findings are discussed in relation to the animal\u2019s diet and ecology and with regard to anthropogenic sources of electric fields within their habitat.","author":["Kimber, J.","Sims, D.","Bellamy, P.","Gill, A."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Plymouth University","The Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2503","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-status-atlantic-sturgeon-canada-comparisons-populations-united-states-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1577\/1548-8446%282006%2931%5B218%3AAROTSO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","title":"A Review of the Status of Atlantic Sturgeon in Canada, with Comparisons to Populations in the United States and Europe","description":"Anadromous Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) occur in most large rivers and in the sea of Atlantic Canada. They are recorded as far north as George River, Labrador, but spawning is unknown north of the St. Lawrence River. In Canada, spawning is in freshwater, usually close to tidehead, during June-July. To maintain a population, this iteroperous species requires access to rivers with medium to large estuaries and the sea. Juveniles inhabit the mesohaline region of estuaries (5\u201325 ppt salinity), usually over a mud-sand bottom. After 1\u201312 years, they migrate to sea where they spend another 5\u201310 years before reaching sexual maturity, after which they return to rivers to spawn every 1\u20135 years depending on sex and latitude of the natal stream. Migration is extensive, north and south on the Atlantic coast, and seaward to the edge of the continental shelf. There are five known spawning populations in Canada and probably numerous unknown ones. Spawning populations in the United States occur from Maine to Florida and into the Gulf of Mexico. Populations of A. oxyrinchus in Europe are extinct. The size of Canadian populations is unknown but recent studies suggest there are 500+ adults in the St. Lawrence River. In Canada, Atlantic sturgeons are fished commercially and catches of 20\u2013140 metric tons have been taken annually during the last 20 years in the St. Lawrence and St. John rivers.","author":["Dadswell, M."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2006-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.383500600000","-61.696921500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2504","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/refining-estimates-collision-risk-harbour-seals-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0050\/00509891.pdf","title":"Refining Estimates of Collision Risk for Harbour Seals and Tidal Turbines","description":"There is currently considerable uncertainty regarding the potential for lethal and injurious interactions between marine mammals and tidal turbines. This uncertainty is particularly concerning for harbour seals in the Orkney and North Coast management unit, where the population has been undergoing a protracted decline. This has led to constraints being placed on tidal developments in this area until more information is available on the real risks presented to this species by tidal turbines.  The aim of this research project was to provide improved assessments of the level of mortality to harbour seals potentially caused by tidal turbines in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters region, using recently available information from a number of areas of work. These include the consequences of collision for individuals, detailed information on tidal flow, updated tidal turbine parameters and data on temporal and spatial variation of harbour seals within the water column. Specifically, this project was developed to review the assessment process to determine areas where inputs could be refined to improve estimates in the short term; and to use the outputs of these reviews to generate an updated model that is fit for use to estimate the no-avoidance collision rates between seals and tidal turbines. Finally, this updated model was applied to an agreed envelope of consented tidal energy projects in the Orkney and Pentland Firth region. This envelope consisted of two projects: the MeyGen Phase 1a array of four turbines at the Inner Sound in the Pentland Firth, and the multiberth European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) tidal test site at the Fall of Warness, Orkney.  In this report the word \u2018collision\u2019 is used to refer to the situation in which a transit through the swept area of a turbine would be predicted to result in physical contact between the marine mammal and the turbine blade. Unless otherwise specified, this refers to \u2018no-avoidance\u2019 collision, assuming no avoidance or evasive action is taken by the animal. This is the same as the definition of the term \u2018encounter\u2019 in Wilson et al. (2007), however here the word collision is chosen rather than encounter (unless specifically referring to the Wilson et al., 2007 model) because \u2018encounter\u2019 could be interpreted as an animal coming close to the device but without actual contact whereas \u2018collision\u2019 better reflects the potential for actual physical contact between the device and the animal that is the aim of the prediction. Where the text refers to \u2018collision risk\u2019, this is the probability of collision for an animal when ma king a single transit through the swept area of a turbine. Once account is taken of the likely number of such transits, \u2018collision rate\u2019 is the overall number of collisions estimated within a given period (usually one year).","author":["Band, B.","Sparling, C.","Thompson, D.","Onoufriou, J.","San Martin, E.","West, N."],"organization":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","SMRU Consulting","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 03:50:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Band-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2507","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-performance-young-year-blue-rockfish-sebastes-mystinus-associated-oil","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/2007\/00000080\/00000001\/art00008?trendmd-shared=0","title":"Ecological performance of young-of-the-year blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) associated with oil platforms and natural reefs in California as measured by daily growth rates","description":"Decommissioning alternatives regarding offshore oil platforms include leaving some or all of the platform structure in place. However, despite the high numbers of fishes that can reside around offshore platforms, little is known about the comparative ecological performance of fishes living on platforms compared to those inhabiting natural habitats. It would be expected that sites where fishes exhibited better growth, increased reproduction, or greater survival rates would be beneficial to regional fish populations. We determined and compared the birthdate distributions and daily growth rates of 116 young-of-the-year (YOY) blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus Jordan and Gilbert, 1881) among two platforms and two natural reefs in the Santa Barbara Channel region. We found a significant though modest lunar pattern in birthdates where blue rockfish produced (or successfully recruited) more larvae in the week leading up to the full moon. Mean growth rates were significantly different across sites. At one of the two site pairs (platform-natural reef), YOY rockfish growth rates were significantly higher at the platform habitat; there was no statistical difference in growth rates between fish living at the other site pair. This study demonstrates that, as measured by daily growth rates, blue rockfish living around oil and gas production platforms may perform at least as well as those fish living on natural reefs, and supports previous research implying that some platforms may benefit regional fish populations.","author":["Love, M.","Brothers, E.","Schroeder, D.","Lenarz, W."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.385469000000","-120.385295000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2508","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pilot-study-distribution-abundances-rockfishes-relation-natural-environmental-factors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/1994\/00000055\/f0020002\/art00064?trendmd-shared=0","title":"A Pilot Study of the Distribution and Abundances of Rockfishes in Relation to Natural Environmental Factors and an Offshore Oil and Gas Production Platform off the Coast of Southern California","description":"Platform Hidalgo is located in 123 m of water, approximately 10 km SW of Pt. Arguello, California. A pilot study was conducted to examine the distribution and abundance of rockfishes around Hidalgo (by scuba and by ROV photosurveys) and at eight adjacent natural reefs (by ROV photosurveys). To test for differences in fish assemblages among reefs using factorial ANOVA, the natural reefs were classified according to two levels each of three factors: \u201clow\u201d (0.2\u20130.5 m) versus \u201chigh\u201d (\u0026gt;1 m) relief height; \u201cnearfield\u201d (\u0026lt;3 km from Hidalgo) versus \u201cfarfield\u201d (\u0026gt;3 km from Hidalgo) proximity to the platform; and \u201cshallow\u201d (113\u2013160 m) versus \u201cdeep\u201d (195\u2013213 m) reef depth. Fishes were also tagged over natural reefs with breakaway hook tags. Surveys and tagging studies were conducted from July to October 1990. During surveys in July and August, large numbers of young-of-the year (YOY) rockfishes (primarily Sebastes entomelas, S. flavidus and S. hopkinsi) were found in the surface and midwaters around Hidalgo. At the base of the platform, 1+ yr rockfishes (mainly S. entomelas and S. flavidus) were very abundant. When the platform was resurveyed in October, following the first gale of the year, nearly all the YOY rockfishes had disappeared, though the 1+ yr fishes were still abundant at the platform\u0027s base. While the ultimate fate of the YOY rockfishes is not known, our preliminary data suggest the hypothesis that Platform Hidalgo acts as a producer of fish biomass by providing recruitment habitat for pelagic larvae to settle and grow before dispersing as small juveniles. Both multivariate cluster analysis and univariate ANOVA show that the rockfish assemblage around Hidalgo is different in species composition and abundance from those over the natural reefs, although several species co-occur at the platform and the reefs. Three-way factorial ANOVA (without replication) suggests that among the natural reefs there are no statistically significant differences (at P \u2264 0.05) in abundances of rockfish populations or in diversity of rockfish assemblages due to the effect of relief height, depth, or proximity to the platform. However, patternrecognition techniques (cluster analysis) reveal distinct groupings of these fauna that are related foremost to reef depth, followed by proximity to the platform and finally relief height. Fish density differed significantly (P \u2264 0.05) between sampling times at selected sites. We propose that the factor relief height be dropped in subsequent definitive studies of these offshore reef assemblages. By doing so, the effects of remaining factors, including possible platform effects, on the distribution and abundances of these fishes can be tested with a more powerful replicated factorial design. Sampling also should be conducted on a number of occasions to examine patterns and sources of natural temporal variability.","author":["Love, M.","Hyland, J.","Ebeling, A.","Herrlinger, T.","Brooks, A.","Imamura, E."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"1994-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.493836000000","-120.700952000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2509","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identical-response-caged-rock-crabs-genera-metacarcinus-cancer-energized-unenergized","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/10.3160\/0038-3872-114.1.33","title":"Identical Response of Caged Rock Crabs (Genera Metacarcinus and Cancer) to Energized and Unenergized Undersea Power Cables in Southern California, USA","description":"Increasingly, energy generation facilities (i.e., wave and wind) are being sited in offshore marine waters. The electricity generated from these facilities is transmitted to shore through cables carrying alternating (AC) or direct (DC) current. If DC is used, it is converted to AC for the North American grid at onshore stations. While these currents produce both electric and magnetic fields, only the magnetic field, here called an electromagnetic field (EMF), is emitted from the cable. Some marine vertebrates and invertebrates can detect EMFs (summarized in Normandeau et al. 2011). However, while it is clear that organisms can detect EMFs, less well understood is how these animals respond behaviorally to this stimulus, and concerns have been raised regarding how these organisms might interact with energized subsea cables. Among fishes, a few field or quasi-field studies have produced what appear to be minor or equivocal responses. For instance, in a study of three species of elasmobranchs held in offshore mesocosms and subjected to EMF, there were some statistically significant differences in behavior; however these differences were inconsistent among individuals within a species. In other studies, migrating European eels (Anguilla anguilla) in the Baltic Sea slowed, but did not halt, their swimming speed around an energized cable (Westerberg and Lagenfelt, 2008), and the movement of a number of fish species did not appear to be affected by an energized cable off Denmark. Along the Pacific Coast of the United States, fishers have also raised this issue; one of the specific issues is how crabs (which form major fisheries along the Pacific Coast) might respond to energized power cables. There have been few studies on the behavioral changes that invertebrates might show in the presence of EMF although a small laboratory study implied that Dungeness crabs (Metacarcinus magister) were attracted to a zone of high EMF and that crabs in some zones with elevated EMF levels were somewhat more active than control animals. Needed are studies that address how organisms respond to an in situ energized submarine power cable. The presence of energized and unenergized AC submarine cables in close proximity to one another off the coast of southern California allowed us to conduct such an experiment on crabs.","author":["Love, M.","Nishimoto, M.","Clark, S.","Bull, A."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.280000000000","-120.020000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2510","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/computational-prediction-pressure-change-vicinity-tidal-stream-turbines-consequences","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116308539","title":"Computational Prediction of Pressure Change in the Vicinity of Tidal Stream Turbines and the Consequences for Fish Survival Rate","description":"The presence of Tidal Stream Turbines (TST) for tidal power production, leads to changes in the local physical environment that could affect fish. While other work has considered the implications with respect to conventional hydroelectric devices (i.e. hydroelectric dams), including studies such as physical impact with the rotors and pressure variation effects, this research considers the effects of sudden changes in pressure and turbulence on the hypothetical fish with respect to TSTs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to investigate changes to the environment, and thus study the implications for fish. Two CFD methods are employed, an embedded Blade Element representation of the rotor in a RANS CFD model, and a blade resolved geometry using a moving reference frame. A new data interpretation approach is proposed as the primary source of environmental impact data; \u2018rate of change of pressure\u2019 with time along a streamtrace. This work also presents results for pressure, pressure gradients, shear rates and turbulence to draw conclusions about changes to the local physical environment. The assessment of the local impact is discussed in terms of the implications to individual fish passing a single or array of TST devices.","author":["Zangiabadi, E.","Masters, I.","Williams, A.","Croft, T.","Malki, R.","Edmunds, M.","Mason-Jones, A.","Horsfall, I."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zangiabadi-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2511","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/moving-consultation-participation-case-study-involvement-fishermen-decisions-relating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569116302253","title":"Moving from Consultation to Participation: A Case Study of the Involvement of Fishermen in Decisions Relating to Marine Renewable Energy Projects on the Island of Ireland","description":"The development of the marine renewable energy (MRE) will impact traditional users of the marine resource, such as commercial fishermen. This could potentially lead to opposition and spatial conflict. The successful development of the MRE sector will heavily depend on the acceptance of projects by fishing communities. Effective stakeholder engagement is crucial to enhancing acceptance among fishermen. The consultation process is one of the key ways in which to engage fishermen and enable them to participate in decision-making. There is agreement among experts in the field that despite its importance, the consultation process is not effective and it is often carried out from the top down with little opportunity for real participation. A mixed methods research approach was used to examine the experiences of fishermen on their level of involvement in consultations and decision-making on marine renewable energy projects. In total, 104 surveys and 14 in-depth interviews were carried out with fishermen operating from ports at three case study sites around the island of Ireland where MRE projects were being developed. Just over half (56%) of those surveyed felt that they had been involved in consultations, while only 22% felt that they had been involved in decisions made on the projects. The use of participatory mapping tools in the selection of sites for MRE development provides an opportunity for fishermen to influence decisions. Designing and implementing marine spatial plans could also help to provide clarity and transparency over how trade-offs in the use of sea space are dealt with.","author":["Reilly, K.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Dalton, G."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.161032000000","-7.693444000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2512","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technical-guidance-assessing-effects-anthropogenic-sound-marine-mammal-hearing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/15850","title":"Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing: Underwater Acoustic Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts","description":"This document has been revised. View the 2024 Update to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 3.0): Underwater and In Air Criteria for Onset of Auditory Injury and Temporary Threshold Shift here.  This document provides technical guidance for assessing the effects of underwater anthropogenic (human-made) sound on the hearing of marine mammal species under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and was completed in collaboration with the National Ocean Service (NOS), Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. Specifically, it identifies the received levels, or acoustic thresholds, at which individual marine mammals are predicted to experience changes in their hearing sensitivity (either temporary or permanent) for acute, incidental exposure to underwater anthropogenic sound sources. This is the first time NMFS has presented this information in a single, comprehensive document. This Technical Guidance is intended for use by NMFS analysts\/managers and other relevant action proponents \/stakeholders, including other federal agencies, when seeking to determine whether and how their activities are expected to result in potential impacts to marine mammal hearing via acoustic exposure. This document outlines the development of NMFS\u2019 acoustic thresholds and describes how they will be updated in the future.  NMFS has compiled, interpreted, and synthesized the scientific literature, including a recent Technical Report by Dr. James Finneran (U.S. Navy-SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific (SSC-PAC)) (Finneran 2016; Appendix A of this Technical Guidance), to produce acoustic thresholds for onset of temporary (TTS) and permanent threshold shifts (PTS) (Table ES2) that update those currently in use by NMFS. Updates include a protocol for estimating PTS onset acoustic thresholds for impulsive (e.g., airguns, impact pile drivers) and non -impulsive (e.g., tactical sonar, vibratory pile drivers) sound sources, the formation of marine mammal hearing groups (low- (LF), mid- (MF), and high- (HF) frequency cetaceans, and otariid (OW) and phocid (PW) pinnipeds; Table ES1), and the incorporation of marine mammal auditory weighting functions (Figures ES1 and ES2) into the derivation of PTS acoustic thresholds. These acoustic thresholds are presented using dual metrics of cumulative sound exposure level (SELcum) and peak sound level ( PK ) for impulsive sounds and SEL cum for non -impulsive sounds.  While the Technical Guidance\u2019s acoustic thresholds are more complex than those used to date in most cases by NMFS, they reflect the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the characteristics of sound that have the potential to impact marine mammal hearing sensitivity. Given the specific nature of these updates, it is not possible to generally or directly compare the updated acoustic thresholds presented in this document with the thresholds they will replace because outcomes will depend on project-specific specifications. NMFS recognizes that the implementation of marine mammal weighting functions and the SELcum metric represent new factors for consideration, which may extend beyond the capabilities of some action proponents. Thus, NMFS has developed alternative tools for those who cannot fully incorporate these factors (See Appendix D and Technical Guidance\u2019s companion User Spreadsheet 1). These updated PTS acoustic thresholds do not represent the entirety of a comprehensive analysis of the effects of a proposed action, but rather serve as one tool (along with, e.g., behavioral impact thresholds, auditory masking assessments, evaluations to help understand the ultimate effects of any particular type of impact on an individual\u2019s fitness, population assessments, etc.) to help evaluate the effects of a proposed action and make the relevant findings required by NOAA\u2019s various statutes.  This Technical Guidance is classified as a Highly Influential Scientific Assessment (HISA) by the President\u2019s Office of Management and Budget (OMB). As such, independent peer review was required prior to broad public dissemination by the Federal Government. Details of the three peer reviews, associated with the Technical Guidance, are within this document (Appendix C).  This document is organized so that the most pertinent information can be found easily in the main body. Additional details are provided in the appendices. Section I introduces the document. NMFS\u2019 updated acoustic thresholds for onset of PTS for marine mammals exposed to underwater sound are presented in Section II. NMFS\u2019 plan for periodically updating acoustic thresholds is presented in Section III. More details on the development of acoustic thresholds, the peer review and public comment process, research recommendations, alternative methodology, and a glossary of acoustic terms are found in the appendices.  The following Tables and Figures summarize the three main aspects of the Technical Guidance: 1) Marine mammal hearing groups (Table ES1), 2) Marine mammal auditory weighting functions (Figures ES1 and ES2 ; Table ES2), and PTS onset acoustic thresholds (Table ES3).","author":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-21 08:44:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NMFS-2016-Marine-Mammal-Hearing.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2515","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-assemblages-mussel-mounds-surrounding-seven-oil-platforms-santa-barbara-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/1999\/00000065\/00000002\/art00014","title":"Fish assemblages on mussel mounds surrounding seven oil platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel and Santa Maria Basin","description":"Mussel shell mounds surround all offshore oil and gas platforms in California. These biotic reefs are formed when large clumps of mussels are dislodged from the superstructure. In 1997, we surveyed the fish assemblages on the mussel mounds surrounding seven platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel and in the Santa Maria Basin, California. The objectives of this study were (1) to document the fish assemblages on the mussel reefs, (2) to investigate the spatial patterns of use of parts of mussel reefs by various fish species and (3) to compare species assemblages, population densities and fish sizes on the mussel reefs with those on adjacent platform bottoms. We observed at least 35 species on the mussel mounds, 18 of which were rockfishes (genus Sebastes). Most of the species that were found both in large numbers and were encountered at a number of mussel mounds were solitary, benthic forms. Most species appeared to be non-randomly distributed among parts of the mussel mounds with different percent shell cover. All species combined and all rockfish species tended to be slightly but significantly over-represented on areas of 80\u2212100% cover (all species: \u03c7 2 = 227, n = 5, P \u003C 0.001, all rockfishes: \u03c7 2 = 211, n = 5, P \u003C 0.001). Species richness, density (fish 100 m\u22122) and mean lengths of fishes were all less on the mussel mounds than on the platform bottoms. However, cluster analysis revealed that the species composition on each mussel mound is more similar to its adjacent platform bottom than to other mounds. There did not appear to be a distinct \u0022mussel mound community\u0022, instead the mussel mounds should be considered as an integral part of the oil platform system.","author":["Love, M.","Caselle, J.","Snook, L."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"1999-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.307809000000","-120.451984000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2516","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-fish-assemblages-associated-oilgas-pipeline-adjacent-seafloor-santa-barbara","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/2005\/00000077\/00000001\/art00007","title":"A comparison of the fish assemblages associated with an oil\/gas pipeline and adjacent seafloor in the Santa Barbara Channel, Southern California Bight","description":"An oil pipeline and its surrounding seafloor, located in the Santa Barbara Channel, southern California, were surveyed for fishes using a manned research submersible. The parts of the pipeline and seafloor surveyed were situated in waters 95\u2013235 m deep. Some sections of the surveyed pipe were covered with both sessile and motile invertebrates, such as sea anemones (Metridium cf. farcimen) and sea urchins (Allocentrotus fragilis), sea stars (particularlyHippasteria cf. spinosa andStylasterias cf. forreri), basket stars (Gorgonocephalus eucnemis), spot prawns (Pandalus platyceros), and king crabs (Paralithodes californiensis). Based on differences in fish assemblages, four habitats (shallow and deep pipeline and shallow and deep seafloor) were categorized. Fish densities along the shallow portion of the pipeline were about seven times higher than on the adjacent seafloor and densities along the deep pipeline portion were nearly six times that of the deeper seafloor. Along the pipeline, rockfishes comprised 84% of the fishes and included 22 species. Unidentified sanddabs (probably most or all Citharichthys sordidus), forming 33.2%, and combfishes (Zaniolepis frenata and Z. latipinnis), comprising 19% of the total, were most often observed on the seafloor. Most of the fishes living on the pipeline were either juveniles of such larger taxa as blackgill (Sebastes melanostomus), flag (S. rubrivinctus), and vermilion (S. miniatus) rockfishes, cowcod (S. levis), and lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), or diminutive species such as halfbanded (S. semicinctus) and stripetail (S. saxicola) rockfishes, combfishes (Zaniolepis spp.), and poachers (Family Agonidae). Higher densities of fishes were often noted in areas of the pipeline that had been undercut. Of particular interest were the relatively high densities of juvenile cowcod along the deeper parts of the pipeline, densities that were far higher than any seen at over 80 natural outcrops and at ten platforms. We suggest that, in the process leading to oil platform and pipeline decommissioning, it is important to understand the role that human-made structure plays as fish habitat.","author":["Love, M.","York, A."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2005-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.546617000000","-118.886807000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2517","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/megabenthic-invertebrates-shell-mounds-associated-oil-gas-platforms-california","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/2010\/00000086\/00000003\/art00003","title":"Megabenthic Invertebrates on Shell Mounds Associated with Oil and Gas Platforms Off California","description":"Using quadrat sampling of video transects obtained by the submersible Delta, we characterized the larger invertebrates living on the shell mounds surrounding 15 oil and gas platforms (in waters 49\u2013365 m deep) off southern California. The sea stars Patiria miniata (Brandt, 1835), Pisaster spp., and Stylasterias forreri (de Loriol, 1887); sea anemones (Metridium spp.); pleurobranch sea slug (Pleurobranchaea californica MacFarland, 1966); and rock crabs (Cancer spp.) dominated the assemblage. In addition, spot prawns, Pandalus platyceros Brandt, 1851, and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus fragilis Jackson, 1912, were abundant at a few shell mounds, and large masses of the non-native foliose bryozoan, Watersipora subtorquata (d\u2019Orbigny, 1852), were observed at one platform. Brittle stars were also abundant in patches on some shell mounds. Over all, echinoderms were the most abundant taxa, with eight taxa of sea stars comprising 77% of the total number of organisms counted individually. Excluding brittle stars, the sea star P. miniata attained the highest densities, up to 10 ind per m2. Except for the brittle stars and Metridium spp., which are suspension feeders, the dominant taxa were all carnivorous or omnivorous predators or scavengers, dependent primarily on the food subsidy of mussels and other fouling organisms growing on the upper reaches of each platform. Tall Metridium spp. were the only large, structure-forming invertebrates prevalent on the shell mounds.","author":["Goddard, J.","Love, M."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.266742000000","-120.159902000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2518","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-atocpioneer-seamount-submarine-cable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/montereybay.noaa.gov\/research\/techreports\/trkogan2003a.html","title":"Environmental Impact of the ATOC\/Pioneer Seamount Submarine Cable","description":"A submarine cable extends between Pioneer Seamount and the Pillar Point Air Force Station in Half Moon Bay, California (Howe 1996; Figure 1). The cable is known as both the ATOC (Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate) and Pioneer Seamount cable. The cable was used to transmit data from a passive, acoustic hydrophone array on Pioneer Seamount to shore. Approximately two thirds of the cable lies within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary and is permitted (MBNMS-2001-031) through December 31, 2003. This report documents cable surveys performed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) in 2002-2003 of the ATOC\/Pioneer Seamount cable. Survey objectives were to describe the state of the cable and document its effect on the seafloor and on benthic organisms. The survey data will also be used to address components of permit special condition #4 (Appendix A).\n\nMBARI carried out this study in partnership with NOAA-OAR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Oceanic and Atmospheric Research) and NOAA-NOS (National Ocean Service). MBARI researchers were interested in documenting the environmental impacts of submarine cables, a topic of importance to the scientific community for which little data is published and publicly available. NOAA-OAR has responsibility over this particular cable and the requirement to survey it prior to permit expiration. NOAA-NOS interest in this survey was in assessing the environmental impact of submarine cables and general seafloor characterization within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. We intend to refine the essence of this initial report into a journal publication.","author":["Kogan, I.","Paull, C.","Kuhnz, L.","Burton, E.","Von Thun, S.","Greene, H.","Barry, J."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)"],"originationDate":"2003-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.419233000000","-122.963046000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kogan-et-al-2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2519","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-monterey-accelerated-research-system-mars-cable-seabed-benthic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mbari.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/02\/MBARI-Potential-impacts-of-the-Monterey-Accelerated-Research-System-2015.pdf","title":"Potential Impacts of the Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) cable on the seabed and benthic faunal assemblages","description":"In addition to an initial biological assessment (2004) and an early 2007 Post-Lay Inspection and Burial Survey, a geological and biological sampling program to assess the condition of the MARS cable and its potential effects on seabed geology and biology was performed in late 2007 through 2008, in 2010, and again in late 2014 through 2015. The most recent study was conducted eight years after the cable was installed. The sampling program was designed to:\nObserve the condition of the cable or cable trench along the cable route (51 km),\nAssess the potential impacts of the MARS cable on geological characteristics and biological assemblages on a local scale (0\u2013100 m from the cable) and at a regional scale (km), using remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video transects and sediment samples.\nThe major conclusion of the study is that the MARS cable has had little detectable impact on seabed geomorphology, sediment conditions, or biological assemblages. Specific conclusions include the following:\nOver most of its length, the cable remains buried, with little evidence of change since installation.\nThe cable remains buried along shallow areas of the cable route\nSediment has filled the cable trench in deeper areas, which is now nearly invisible in most locations\nIn the limited areas where the cable was not buried, only minor suspensions of the cable are present\n\nNo differences in mean grain size were detected in relation to the MARS cable.\nThe percent organic carbon content of sediments increased near the MARS cable at some depths, possibly due to natural variation or the effects of the cable or both.\nLocal variation in benthic megafaunal communities near (within 50 \u2013100 m) the MARS cable is minor or undetectable.\nThe abundances of most animals observed did not differ between the area over the cable route and 50 m away.\nIn 2008, before the cable was powered, Longnose skates (Raja rhina) were significantly more abundant along a short section at ~300 m depth, near minor (2\u201310 cm) suspensions of the cable above the seabed. R. rhina may have responded to mild electromagnetic fields generated by components of the cable. In 2010, when the cable was powered, there was no significant difference in the abundance of skates near the cable compared to 50 m away. Normal abundances were observed again in 2015.\n\nThe MARS cable has little or no detectable effect on the distribution and abundance of macrofaunal and megafaunal assemblages on a regional scale (i.e. kilometers).\nMegafauna and macrofauna compared before and after cable installation among three control stations and one cable station at each of three depth zones (Shelf : 500 m) indicated very few potential changes in benthic biological patterns due to the MARS cable.\nNatural spatial and temporal variation in the abundance and distribution of benthic macrofauna and megafauna appears to be greater than any detectable effects of the MARS cable.","author":["Kuhnz, L.","Buck, K.","Lovera, C.","Whaling, P.","Barry, J."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)"],"originationDate":"2015-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.782933000000","-121.846586000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kuhnz-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2521","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-juvenile-salmon-behavior-bonneville-dam-columbia-river-using-multibeam","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0990744000010883","title":"Evaluation of Juvenile Salmon Behavior at Bonneville Dam, Columbia River, using a Multibeam Technique","description":"In recent years, with increased effort to bypass and guide fragile stocks of juvenile salmon in the Columbia Basin past hydroelectric projects, it has been increasingly important to obtain fine-scale fish behavior data in a non-intrusive manner. The Dual-Head Multibeam Sonar is an emerging technology for fisheries applications that addresses that requirement. It has two principal advantages over traditional hydroacoustic techniques: 1) it allows for simultaneous large-volume coverage of a region of interest, and 2) it affords three-dimensional tracking capability. The use of Dual-Head Multibeam Sonar in this study resulted in an unprecedented insight into fine-scale smolt behavior upstream of a prototype surface collector at the Bonneville Dam first powerhouse in 1998. Our results indicated that outmigrant juvenile salmon had an increased likelihood of milling or holding. This discovery will lead to better design criteria for future bypass and collector systems. Future fisheries multibeam sonar systems will likely be fully integrated systems with built-in real-time tracking capability. These systems may be used to track targets relative to physical guidance structures or other behavior-modifying stimuli such as light, turbulent flow, electrical\/magnetic fields, or low-frequency sound and vibration. The combination of fine-scale fish behavior data and environmental parameters will yield better design criteria for the safe passage of listed or endangered species of Pacific salmon.  \u00c9valuation du comportement des saumons juv\u00e9niles au barrage de Bonneville, sur le fleuve Columbia au moyen d\u0027un sonar multifaisceaux  Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, avec l\u0027effort croissant d\u0027am\u00e9nagement pour faciliter et guider le passage des saumons juv\u00e9niles au niveau des barrages hydro\u00e9lectriques du fleuve Columbia, il est devenu de plus en plus important d\u0027obtenir des donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9cises sur le comportement des saumons sans provoquer de dommage corporel aux poissons. Le sonar multifaisceaux \u00e0 deux t\u00eates est une nouvelle technologie qui permet cette application. Il a deux principaux avantages sur les techniques hydroacoustiques traditionnelles : 1) de grands volumes peuvent \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s simultan\u00e9ment, 2) il permet un suivi en trois dimensions. L\u0027utilisation de ce sonar dans cette \u00e9tude a permis d\u0027observer pour la premi\u00e8re fois le comportement, \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle, des smolts en amont, au niveau d\u0027un prototype d\u0027un syst\u00e8me de collecteur en surface. Nos r\u00e9sultats indiquent que les saumons juv\u00e9niles en migration ont une probabilit\u00e9 qui va croissante de se faire happer par les turbines ou pi\u00e9ger. Cette d\u00e9couverte conduira \u00e0 mieux d\u00e9finir les param\u00e8tres des futurs syst\u00e8mes de collecteurs et de passes \u00e0 saumons. Les syst\u00e8mes de sonar multifaisceaux utilis\u00e9s en p\u00eache devront int\u00e9grer des syst\u00e8mes permettant le suivi des poissons en temps r\u00e9el. Ces syst\u00e8mes pourraient \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour guider des poissons avec des barri\u00e8res physiques ou en utilisant des stimulus qui modifieraient le comportement tels que la lumi\u00e8re, des courants tourbillonnaires, des champs magn\u00e9tiques ou \u00e9lectriques ou bien des vibrations et sons \u00e0 basse fr\u00e9quence. La combinaison entre des donn\u00e9es de comportement des poissons \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle et de param\u00e8tres environnementaux donneront de meilleurs crit\u00e8res pour la r\u00e9alisation de passes \u00e0 poisson pour les esp\u00e8ces en danger telles que le saumon du Pacifique.","author":["Johnson, R.","Moursund, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2000-09-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.644216000000","-121.940626000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2522","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-regulatory-policy-requirements-hydrokinetic-power-projects-new-york-state","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nyserda.ny.gov\/About\/Publications\/Energy-Analysis-Reports-and-Studies\/Environmental-Research-and-Development-Technical-Reports\/Environmental-Research-and-Development-Technical-Reports-Archive","title":"A Review of Regulatory and Policy Requirements for Hydrokinetic Power Projects in New York State","description":"The generation of electricity through hydrokinetic in-stream energy conversion shows great promise for New York State with its abundant waterways and access to the ocean. New York State has long been a leader in driving investment in renewable energy. The State has established an ambitious goal of getting 30 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2015. Achieving this goal, and going beyond it in the future, means embracing many different forms of renewable generation.  This paper reviews the regulatory and policy requirements for hydrokinetic power projects in New York State. The paper begins with a brief examination of the different environments in New York that are possible sites for hydrokinetic power installations. A limited review of the types of hydrokinetic installations will follow. Because a number of the regulatory approvals necessary relate to potential environmental impacts, the paper very briefly outlines the potential environmental impacts. The review of federal regulatory requirements comes next, followed by an examination of state requirements and the State\u2019s role in approving projects. The paper concludes with reflections on key opportunities and challenges facing hydrokinetic power installations in New York State.","author":["Linz, F.","Hirschberger, A.","Casadonte, A."],"organization":["Pace Energy and Climate Center","New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.591739000000","-74.035712000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Linz-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2523","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/attraction-avoidance-instream-hydrokinetic-turbines-freshwater-aquatic-organisms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Mark_Bevelhimer\/publication\/241970820_Attraction_to_and_Avoidance_of_instream_Hydrokinetic_Turbines_by_Freshwater_Aquatic_Organisms\/links\/540712560cf2bba34c1e8920.pdf","title":"Attraction To and Avoidance of Instream Hydrokinetic Turbines by Freshwater Aquatic Organisms","description":"The development of hydrokinetic (HK) energy projects is under consideration at over 150 sites in large rivers in the United States, including the Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Atchafalaya Rivers. These waterbodies support numerous fish species that might interact with the HK projects in a variety of ways, e.g., by attraction to or avoidance of project structures. Although many fish species inhabit these rivers (about 172 species in the Mississippi River alone), not all of them will encounter the HK projects. Some species prefer low-velocity, backwater habitats rather than the high-velocity, main channel areas that would be the best sites for HK. Other, riverbank-oriented species are weak swimmers or too small to inhabit the main channel for significant periods of time. Some larger, main channel fish species are not known to be attracted to structures. Based on a consideration of habitat preferences, size\/swim speed, and behavior, fish species that are most likely to be attracted to HK structures in the main channel include carps, suckers, catfish, white bass, striped bass, smallmouth bass, spotted bass, and sauger. Proper siting of the project in order to avoid sensitive fish populations, backwater and fish nursery habitat areas, and fish migration corridors will likely minimize concerns about fish attraction to or avoidance of HK structures.","author":["Cada, G.","Bevelhimer, M."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change","Avoidance","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cada-Bevelhimer-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2524","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-energy-projects-recreation-guide-assessing-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/npshistory.com\/publications\/water\/hydrokinetic-energy.pdf","title":"Hydrokinetic Energy Projects and Recreation: A Guide to Assessing Impacts","description":"Hydrokinetic Energy Projects\u201d (hereafter labeled \u201chydrokinetics\u201d) refers to a class of devices that generate electricity from waves, tides, and ocean or river currents. Interest in these technologies has grown in recent years; at the end of 2010, there were more than 160 projects on file at Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the primary federal agency with jurisdiction over hydrokinetic projects.\n\nThese emerging technologies may become an important energy source, but like any energy technology they may affect other public resources such as fisheries, wildlife, and recreation. Few technologies have been tested in a marine or river environment in this country, although several prototypes have been developed in Europe and Australia. At the end of 2010, there was only one licensed hydrokinetic project in the United States (through an amendment to an existing conventional hydropower project) and there had been limited in-water testing (and no larger-scale projects). However, a regularly updated summary of projects showed FERC issued preliminary permits for 143 projects (17 tidal, 10 wave, and 116 in rivers) and 22 preliminary permits were pending (13 tidal, 1 wave, and 8 inland rivers); two license applications are pending (1 tidal, 1 wave); and another project had tested devices without a license (because it did not transmit power into the national energy grid). Most of these projects are being developed under FERC\u2019s \u201cpilot license\u201d option, a much shorter than normal license term to allow developers to test equipment on-site and study potential impacts. Pilot projects also allow stakeholders to help identify potential environmental impacts and request reasonable studies that will help developers determine the scope of project impacts.\n\nThe Department of Energy (DOE) recently completed a review of potential biological and physical impacts from hydrokinetic projects (DOE 2009b) as directed by Congress in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA). However, that report does not address potential recreation impacts. To help fill that information need, this paper reviews potential impacts to recreation and suggests ways those impacts can be studied, minimized, or mitigated. Potential recreation impacts may include:\nRecreation access exclusions or activity restrictions for safety or security reasons.\nAesthetic impacts, including visual and aural impacts from the devices or the cables, power-substations, lights, moorings, or barges associated with them.\nImpacts on \u201chydrodynamics,\u201d including waves or hydraulics in river, tidal, or ocean currents that affect surfing, kayaking, fishing or other activities.\nWreckage\/salvage impacts that create boating hazards, damage habitat, or change aesthetics.\nChanges to fish or wildlife populations, behaviors, or habitat that in turn affect fishing and wildlife viewing opportunities.\nPotential for hydrokinetic development to become an \u201cattractive nuisance\u201d that encourages recreation use in hazardous areas.\n\nThe National Park Service (NPS, which has consulting responsibilities concerning recreation issues in FERC hydropower licensing proceedings, and the Hydropower Reform Coalition (HRC, which includes organizations with an interest in water-based recreation) collaborated to review the potential impacts of hydrokinetic projects on recreation in a 2008 workshop in Seattle. From that session, participants recognized the need to develop a document that would help FERC, agencies, stakeholders, and project developers understand and address the issues. Similar guides have been developed to help assess recreation impacts from traditional hydropower projects (Whittaker et al., 1993; Whittaker et al., 2007), but hydrokinetic projects are likely to be developed in different environments and have different impacts. This document applies recreation management concepts and study options to the distinct issues presented by hydrokinetic development.","author":["Bowers, R.","Harn, J.","Rosebrough, S.","Shelby, B.","Thapaliya, R.","Thoreson, R.","Whittaker, D."],"organization":["Hydropower Reform Coalition","National Park Service","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bowers-et-al-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2525","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-defence-using-wave-farms-role-farm-coast-distance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114006752","title":"Coastal Defence using Wave Farms: The Role of Farm-to-Coast Distance","description":"The location of a wave farm and, in particular, its distance to the coast is one of the key aspects in a wave energy project. The effects of the farm on the coast, which can be instrumental in mitigating storm-induced erosion and thus contribute to coastal defence, are sometimes disregarded in selecting its location, possibly due to the inexistence of an ad hoc methodology. In this context, the objective of this work is to examine the influence of the farm-to-coast distance through a sensitivity analysis in a case study: Perranporth (UK). The impacts of a wave farm on the beach morphology are examined in four scenarios with different farm-to-coast distances using a high-resolution suite of numerical models. The results show that a wave farm closest to the beach offers the highest degree of coastal protection (up to 20% of beach erosion reduction). The downside of this enhanced coastal protection is that the wave resource available at this location would be slightly smaller (approx. 10%) than in the case of the wave farms further from the coast. More generally, we find that the farm-to-coast distance is a critical variable in determining the effectiveness of a wave farm for coastal defence.","author":["Abanades, J.","Greaves, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.349151000000","-5.159601000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2526","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interim-sound-threshold-guidance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov\/protected_species\/marine_mammals\/threshold_guidance.html","title":"Interim Sound Threshold Guidance","description":"NOAA is developing comprehensive guidance on sound characteristics likely to cause injury and behavioral disruption in the context of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Endangered Species Act (ESA) and other statutes. Until formal guidance is available, NOAA Fisheries uses conservative thresholds of received sound pressure levels from broad band sounds that may cause behavioral disturbance and injury. These conservative thresholds are applied in MMPA permits and Endangered Species Act Section 7 consultations for marine mammals to evaluate the potential for sound effects. The criterion levels specified are specific to the levels of harassment permitted under the MMPA.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2527","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-relevant-scales-variability-monitoring-epifaunal-reef-communities-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X1630591X","title":"Identifying Relevant Scales of Variability for Monitoring Epifaunal Reef Communities at a Tidal Energy Extraction Site","description":"The SeaGen tidal energy turbine is located in the Strangford Narrows, Northern Ireland. The Narrows are designated as a Natura 2000 site, host unique biological assemblages and exhibit very high tidal velocities.  This study describes an asymmetrical BACI design monitoring program that was aimed at assessing the potential impact the SeaGen may have on epifaunal boulder reef communities. This study presents a novel methodology for monitoring epifaunal communities within highly variable and poorly understood tidal rapid environments.  We identify bare rock as a key measure of disturbance within tidal energy extraction sites and propose a new successional model for epifaunal reef communities on subtidal stable substrates. We also present an Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR); the High Energy Hard Substrate (HEHS) index for use in monitoring programs within tidal energy extraction sites.  Seasonality significantly affected epifaunal community structure, bare rock distributions and EQR values at all stations equally over time. SeaGen is not significantly affecting epifaunal community structure, bare rock distributions or EQR values at the impact site. The HEHS index has the potential to standardise benthic monitoring in tidal energy extraction sites.","author":["O\u0027Carroll, J.","Kennedy, R.","Savidge, G."],"organization":["Abasaheb Garware College","National University of Ireland","Queens University"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.376599000000","-5.552534000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2528","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-wec-array-effects-wave-current-sediment-circulation-monterey-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.sandia.gov\/wp-content\/gallery\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/SAND-2014-17401-WEC-Array-Effects-on-Waves-Currents-and-Sediment-Circulation.pdf","title":"Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Array Effects on Wave, Current, and Sediment Circulation: Monterey Bay, CA","description":"The goals of this study were to develop tools to quantitatively characterize environments where wave energy converter (WEC) devices may be installed and to assess effects on hydrodynamics and local sediment transport. A large hypothetical WEC array was investigated using wave, hydrodynamic, and sediment transport models and site-specific average and storm conditions as input. The results indicated that there were significant changes in sediment sizes adjacent to and in the lee of the WEC array due to reduced wave energy. The circulation in the lee of the array was also altered; more intense onshore currents were generated in the lee of the WECs. In general, the storm case and the average case showed the same qualitative patterns suggesting that these trends would be maintained throughout the year. The framework developed here can be used to design more efficient arrays while minimizing impacts on nearshore environments.","author":["Jones, C.","Magalen, J.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sea Engineering Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.797859000000","-121.953842000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones-et-al-2014.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones-et-al-2014_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2531","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-environmental-impact-annapolis-tidal-power-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wst.iwaponline.com\/content\/16\/1-2\/307","title":"Assessing the Environmental Impact of the Annapolis Tidal Power Project","description":"An 18 MW pilot tidal power project is being developed in an existing tidal barrage on the Annapolis River Estuary in southwestern Nova Scotia to evaluate the performance of a prototype STRAFLO turbine. An environmental assessment to identify potential impacts on regional biophysical and socio-economic features was completed.  Construction of the barrage had already substantially altered the environment. The assessment focussed on impacts associated with construction and operation of the power plant itself, and the increased maximum operating elevation of the impounded basin. Environmental issues associated with the power plant included release of suspended sediment, scour in existing channels and at adjacent shorelines, flood flow management, and passage of anadromous fish through the barrage. Concerns with increased basin water levels included interference with existing agriculture, flooding, and accelerated rates of bank erosion.","author":["Tidmarsh, W."],"organization":["Martec Ltd"],"originationDate":"1984-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.750690000000","-65.511380000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 10:10:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2532","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/report-workshop-international-harmonisation-approaches-define-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.noordzeeloket.nl\/en\/functions-and-use\/offshore-wind-energy\/ecology\/follow-up\/","title":"Report of the Workshop on International Harmonisation of Approaches to Define Underwater Noise Exposure Criteria","description":"This international workshop funded by the Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, IMARES Wageningen UR and TNO, was held in August 2013 with a group of 102 participants, comprised of scientists, regulators and other stakeholders. The workshop consisted of short presentations on key topics followed by group discussions focused on how new scientific information related to the effects of underwater noise on marine life influences permitting practices for human activities at sea. Also discussed were how individual countries regulate underwater noise (and grant permits) and opportunities for harmonising approaches between neighbouring countries, as well as on an international scale. The workshop was intended to build momentum towards an international exchange of information and to potentially establish a network for the regulation community.  Most of the discussions during the workshop, and consequently reported herein, are focussed on effects related to marine mammals, while aspects referring to other animal groups will be specifically indicated. Current research on noise-induced effects focuses on behavioural changes, population level outcomes, increasing the number of species for which there is existing data, and finding the best metric to describe temporary threshold shift (TTS) in animal hearing.  Large gaps in knowledge still exist. Filling these gaps is of primary imp ortance in order to provide regulators with the necessary scientific knowledge and understanding about cause-effect relationships and noise thresholds. In particular, hearing sensitivity in baleen whales remains an unsolved, but highly relevant question. New results on long-term effects of TTS raise new questions about the definition of impairment and injury. Other taxa, such as bony fishes, sharks, or invertebrate species, need to be considered as well, with many of the same questions as those raised for marine mammals. Fishes, sharks, and invertebrates are generally sensitive to particle motion, although some species are also sensitive to sound pressure. Little is known about particle motion detection by fishes, and even less is known about responses of other organisms. It is important to determine relevant thresholds for the detection of particle motion in relation to behavioural effects, as well as pressure-related physiological effects and masking in these animals.  The needs of regulators from different countries are comparable: they need reliable and understandable baseline information on cause-effect relationships. This information could be partially provided through targeted training material for regulators (and other stakeholders). These materials are not currently available. Another critical regulator need is for opportunities to speak with each other and share knowledge across wide geographic regions. Identifying the questions common among the countries\/parties could help raising funds from various countries and help increasing efficiency by reducing redundancy.  Additional keys to future success were identified, including the needs to obtain commitments from the regulatory senior management and politicians, ensuring that their nations will participate (by pointing out the benefits of participating in this discussion) and will encourage participation by regulators from their agencies or institutions; invite nations who were not represented in the Budapest discussions to participate in future meetings; and raise awareness of this topic across a broad audience, including the public. In order to keep the momentum up, there are attempts underway to launch a platform for information exchange, and follow -up meetings are planned to discuss more concrete measures, as well as scientific aspects.","author":["Lucke, K.","Winter, E.","Lam, F.","Scowcroft, G.","Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy","University of Maryland","University of Rhode Island","Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment (Rijkswaterstaat)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lucke-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2546","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/northeast-ocean-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/neoceanplanning.org\/plan\/","title":"Northeast Ocean Plan","description":"Through a historic, unprecedented effort, federal, state, regional, and tribal entities\u2014the caretakers of New England\u2019s marine environment\u2014have joined forces to develop this comprehensive Northeast Ocean Plan. It is a blueprint to protect and manage a public treasure together.  This Plan summarizes the ocean planning process and is a guide to informing agency decisions and practices in order to continue making progress toward achieving regional goals for the management of our public ocean resources.  This Plan recognizes that these goals and a desire to move toward an ecosystem-based approach to management must be achieved through existing legal frameworks by using the best available information and by ensuring public and scientific input in every decision. Therefore, the work is not done, and this Plan serves as the foundation for continued progress.  These chapters describe the path forward for achieving the Northeast Ocean Contents Plan\u2019s goals\u2014a path that rlefects the Regional Planning Body\u2019s interest in continued public engagement, in a foundation of sound science, and in advancing an adaptive approach to managing the ocean ecosystem.  CHAPTER 1 describes the unique characteristics of the Northeast US and the need for and benefts of ocean planning.  CHAPTER 2 summarizes the ocean planning process to date, including the development of ocean planning goals, the Northeast Ocean Data Portal, and the Northeast Ocean Plan (Plan).  CHAPTER 3 summarizes the regulatory framework for managing ocean and coastal resources. It then provides and in-depth look at the 10 primary ocean resources and activities for which this Plan will guide and inform decision-making: Marine life \u0026amp; Habitat, Cultural Resources, Marine Transportation, National Security, Commercial \u0026amp; Recreational Fishing, Recreation, Energy \u0026amp; Infrastructure\\, Aquaculture, Offshore Sand Resources, and Restoration.  CHAPTER 4 describes how the Regional Planning Body (RPB) will implement the Plan. This discussion includes best practices for intergovernmental coordination and stakeholder engagement, Plan  implementation and oversight responsibilities, and commitments to developing frameworks for monitoring and evaluating plan performance and ocean and ecosystem health.   CHAPTER 5 identifies knowledge and information gaps and organizes those gaps under six primary science and research priorities. These data and information gaps were identified throughout the planning process by the RPB, stakeholders, and scientists. Agencies\u0027 decisions will be enhanced as each of these gaps is filled by the RPB and the broader community over time.","author":["Northeast Regional Planning Body"],"organization":["Northeast Ocean Planning"],"originationDate":"2016-10-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.862629600000","-70.596119500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Northeast-Ocean-Plan-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2547","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fabtest-geophysical-survey","sourceURL":"https:\/\/portal.medin.org.uk\/portal\/?tpc=015_83235c76-9931-4088-bc51-a91303ce7b01","title":"FaBTest Geophysical Survey","description":"Insight Marine Projects Ltd has been contracted by the University of Exeter (Renewable Energy Group) to supply hydrographic survey services on the FaB Test wave energy site, located 5km offshore from Falmouth Bay, UK. The purpose of the geophysical survey was to acquire data to provide site operators and device developers a baseline dataset which encompasses the entire FaB Test site and will assist with current and future project planning and execution. This report details the configurations and results of the geophysical survey as conducted in June and July 2014.","author":["Insight Marine Projects"],"organization":["Insight Marine Projects","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-07-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FaBTest-Geophysical-Survey-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2548","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/falmouth-bay-test-site-guide-deployments-application-process-requirements","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fabtest.com\/","title":"Falmouth Bay Test Site: Guide to Deployments and Application Process Requirements","description":"FaB Test offers a uniquely pre-consented test site to marine energy convertor (MEC) device developers seeking a short term test site for eligible devices \/ sub-systems.  See document FHC\/FT\/104 Description of Site Characteristics and Eligible Test Installations.  Falmouth Harbour Commissioners (FHC) hold a Marine Licence issued by the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) which licenses certain MEC development test works according to set procedures and conditions. Similarly, FHC has a seabed lease agreement with The Crown Estate (TCE) allowing the use of the seabed, again according to certain procedures and conditions. The procedures detailed within this document reflect the agreements described above and allow FHC to allocate test berths within the site according to the details contained within the pre-existing agreements and licences.  The FaBTest site is administered by Falmouth Harbour Commissioners supported by a steering group with representatives from industry, academia, agencies and other stake holders. The steering group is divided into two sub-groups, a core group further named as the \u2018Regulatory Body\u2019 and the industrial group. The task of the steering group is to make strategic decisions related to the utilisation and success of the FaBTest site.  The Regulatory Body has two permanent members, Falmouth Harbour Commissioners (FHC) and the University of Exeter (UoE). The specific task of the Regulatory Body is to implement a diligence process to establish that each specific FaBTest installation proposal meets with the requirements according to the Marine Licence, FHC regulations, The Crown Estate (TCE) lease and good practice in accordance with stakeholder expectations. In so doing the Regulatory Body advises and informs the decision of FHC to approve or decline an application for a berth at FaBTest. The diligence process includes reviews of the following:    Application form  General overview of the project  Engineering assessment \u0026amp; general arrangement drawing  Independent validation of the mooring design  Quality, Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) management plan  Project execution plan  Decommissioning plan  Emergency response plan  Navigational risk assessment  Seabed habitat risk assessment  Environmental risk assessment  Proposal for noise monitoring  Description of any deviation from the Specification for Navigational Safety  Insurances  Security bonds   The diligence process is required for each specific installation and is conducted through an assessment meeting chaired by FHC. The Regulatory Body assessment meeting will be held within three weeks of receipt of a full application to berth at FaBTest.  In addition to the Regulatory Body members, an independent representative from the local office of the MMO is invited to attend each Regulatory Body assessment meeting. Based on the outcome of the assessment meeting, FHC will authorise or refuse a berthing application. In the case of a refusal, details of any deficiencies will be reported back to the applicant to assist with a subsequent re-submission.","author":["FaBTest"],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:39:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FaBTest-2014-Deployments-Application.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2549","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modelling-wave-energy-converters-environmental-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128032107000153","title":"Numerical Modelling of Wave Energy Converters: Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"The introduction of a large infrastructure of marine energy technology along coastal environments raises some concern on how this will impact on the marine environment. While there are a number of potential environmental impacts of wave energy devices (eg, collision) the focus of this chapter is on the primary ecological processes that may be influenced by changes in the hydrodynamics as a direct result of the installation of wave energy converters (WECs). These processes include sediment transport, organism transport, pollution, and biogeochemical processes. While full-scale wave energy farms are still in the development phase, the most effective way to predict the environmental impacts of large infrastructure in the coastal marine environment is by coupling ecological with hydrodynamic modelling. This chapter therefore is designed to provide guidance on what factors should be considered when developing a coupled hydrodynamic-ecological model when modelling WEC arrays.","author":["Kregting, L.","Els\u00e4\u00dfer, B."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2016-06-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:28:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2551","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quality-management-review-scotlands-sectoral-marine-plan-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/quality-management-review-scotland%e2%80%99s-sectoral-marine-plan-tidal-energy","title":"A Quality Management Review of Scotland\u0027s Sectoral Marine Plan for Tidal Energy","description":"As coastal communities continue to increase in geographical size and population, associated marine economies will have to expand in unison. This relationship gives rise to an increase in user \u2013 user and user \u2013 environment conflicts, as users of the marine environment proliferate in size, number, and intensity. Such conflicts demand the implementation in marine spatial planning (MSP) in order to effectively manage various users and uses taking place within the marine environment. Furthermore, negative implications arising from global climate change increasingly threaten the integrity of ecosystem services within the marine environment, thereby effecting natural marine ecosystem functions and the economies of coastal communities relying upon such ecosystem services. Such a dilemma has increased political support for the adoption of commercial-scale offshore renewable energy implementation in order to assist in the global energy transition away from a carbon-based economy. These drivers have triggered Scotland to construct and implement the world\u2019s first sectoral marine plan for tidal energy (SMPTE) in an effort to streamline the licensing and permitting processes of tidal current turbines (TCTs), subsequently facilitating the commercial-deployment of TCTs within a structured governance framework. This paper undertakes a quality management review of Scotland\u2019s SMPTE against guidel ines set out in the International Council for Exploration of the Sea\u2019s Marine Spatial Planning Quality Management System (ICES MSP QMS). Conformity of the SMPTE to criterion set out in the ICES MSP QMS document pertaining to the establishment of external and internal contexts, and risk identification, analysis, evaluation, and treatment, and monitoring and review are ranked and gaps in quality management are analyzed in order to construct recommendations for areas for further improvement.","author":["Sangiuliano, S."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-08-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sangiuliano-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2552","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-based-estimates-collision-risk-example-based-harbour-seal-tracking-data-around","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-commissioned-report-900-data-based-estimates-collision-risk-example-based-harbour-seal-tracking","title":"Data Based Estimates of Collision Risk: An Example Based on Harbour Seal Tracking Data around a Proposed Tidal Turbine Array in the Pentland Firth","description":"This report presents an estimate of the risk of collision between harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and tidal turbines on the basis of observed behaviour patterns derived from targeted telemetry tracking studies and recent population survey data. The collision risk associated with a proposed turbine array development in the Pentland Firth was used as a worked example of the method.  A brief summary of the movement data collected during transmitter deployments on harbour seals in the Pentland Firth study area in 2011 is presented, with an emphasis on information that is most likely to be of use in assessing the potential impacts of tidal turbine deployments.  Main findings  A process to estimate the number of times that telemetry tagged seals could pass through the area of a proposed turbine array is described. The method incorporates dive depth data to estimate the number of times tagged seals would have passed through the swept area of individual turbines in a hypothetical turbine array within the site.  Telemetry data from seals tagged at various sites in the Pentland Firth and Orkney were used to support an estimate of the number of seals likely to be at risk of interacting with such an array. The expected number of collisions between harbour seals and turbines in the array was based on details of their movements relative to the locations and movements of hypothetical tidal turbine blades, assuming that seals are oblivious to the presence of devices, i.e. show no avoidance and take no evasive action.    It was estimated that 1.2 seals per year (approx. 95% confidence interval (C.I.) 0.8- 2.0) would collide with individual turbines.  Scaling that estimate up to the full 86 turbine array suggested that 103 (approx. 95% C.I. 73 \u2013 152) collisions would occur per year.  This estimate was approximately 15% of the rate derived, previously, from collision risk models for the same site.   The preliminary information from collision experiments was then used to give estimated mortality rates from such collisions. The effects of interpolation error due to timing of GPS fixes and the small, but significant, GPS position error on the estimates of interaction rates are discussed and an attempt is made to incorporate estimates of variability from other sources such as population estimates. Areas where such error distributions are poorly understood and require additional research are highlighted.","author":["Thompson, D.","Onoufriou, J.","Brownlow, A.","Morris, C."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH-Report900-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2553","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-baited-remote-underwater-video-bruv-motion-analysis-studying-impacts-underwater","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X16306713","title":"Use of Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) and Motion Analysis for Studying the Impacts of Underwater Noise upon Free Ranging Fish and Implications for Marine Energy Management","description":"Free-ranging individual fish were observed using a baited remote underwater video (BRUV) system during sound playback experiments. This paper reports on test trials exploring BRUV design parameters, image analysis and practical experimental designs. Three marine species were exposed to playback noise, provided as examples of behavioural responses to impulsive sound at 163\u2013171\u00a0dB re 1\u00a0\u03bcPa (peak-to-peak SPL) and continuous sound of 142.7\u00a0dB re 1\u00a0\u03bcPa (RMS, SPL), exhibiting directional changes and accelerations. The methods described here indicate the efficacy of BRUV to examine behaviour of free-ranging species to noise playback, rather than using confinement. Given the increasing concern about the effects of water-borne noise, for example its inclusion within the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and the lack of empirical evidence in setting thresholds, this paper discusses the use of BRUV, and short term behavioural changes, in supporting population level marine noise management.","author":["Roberts, L.","Perez-Dominguez, R.","Elliott, M."],"organization":["University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2016-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2554","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/informing-tidal-turbine-strike-probability-model-through-characterization-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nopp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Bevelhimer.TidalTurbines.2015.pdf","title":"Informing a Tidal Turbine Strike Probability Model through Characterization of Fish Behavioral Response using Multibeam Sonar Output","description":"In January 2012, FERC issued the first 10 year US pilot license to Verdant Power for the installation of up to 30 KHPS turbines in the east channel of the East River, accepting the results for both Endangered Species Act species and Essential Fish Habitat and incorporating a suite of seven RMEE plans in a staged monitoring strategy with adaptive management. As part of the start of construction and the final technology development\u2014with partial funding from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)4 and the US Department of Energy5 (DOE) \u2014 following a year of preparatory work in September 2012, Verdant successfully completed an in-water test of an updated KHPS turbine rotor including composite blades and concurrently deployed a remotely aimed DIDSON (RAD) system. The RAD hydroacoustics data are the subject data that are further analyzed in this report. As required by the FERC license, the actual deployment and operation of a full-scale kinetic hydropower device and the concurrent deployment of a DIDSON provided the unique opportunity to observe and address the questions most important to aquatic resource managers and regulators.","author":["Bevelhimer, M.","Colby, J.","Adonizio, M.","Tomichek, C.","Scherelis, C."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:57:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORNL-2016-Bevelhimer.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2555","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-biogeographic-assessment-main-hawaiian-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coastalscience.noaa.gov\/data_reports\/marine-biogeographic-assessment-of-the-main-hawaiian-islands-a-collaborative-investigation\/","title":"Marine Biogeographic Assessment of the Main Hawaiian Islands","description":"The state of Hawai\u2018i is working to develop local renewable energy sources to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. Most of the State\u2019s potential renewable energy resources (notably, wind) are located in federal waters from 3 to 200 nm offshore. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) regulates the leasing, construction and operation of most renewable energy projects in federal waters, and is required to evaluate potential human, coastal and marine impacts from these projects. BOEM partnered with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) to gather biogeographic information in support of this evaluation around the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). The complexity of products from this assessment range from simple animal distribution maps to mathematical models depicting the predicted distributions of animals. Biogeographic analyses and data products were specifically tailored to meet BOEM\u2019s needs, and designed to fit within BOEM\u2019s framework of offshore lease blocks.\n\nThis biogeographic assessment addresses three main questions: (1) how are select species or taxonomic groups distributed spatially and temporally around the MHI?; (2) what environmental conditions influence these distributions?; and (3) what significant gaps exist in our knowledge about the biogeography of the area? To answer these questions, existing, readily-available spatial information was compiled and synthesized, including information on the physical and biological environment, benthic habitats, fishes, sea turtles, marine mammals and seabirds. The assessment focused on federal waters and taxa that were: (1) more likely to interact with renewable energy infrastructure, (2) culturally significant, (3) legally protected, and\/or (4) economically valuable. Collaborations with local managers, scientists, and experts from a variety of federal, state, academic and non-governmental organizations were crucial. These partners contributed their data, time and expertise, and many were contributing coauthors on this report.\n\nThe assessment includes two main components: (1) a technical report (this document) and (2) associated spatial datasets for use within Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Many of the spatial datasets presented here are publicly available from NOAA\u2019s National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (https:\/\/coastalscience.noaa.gov\/projects\/detail?key=163) and from NOAA\u2019s National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI Accession 0155189; https:\/\/www.ncei.noaa.gov\/access\/metadata\/landing-page\/bin\/iso?id=gov.noaa.nodc:0155189). These maps, databases, and analyses are one component of the larger BOEM and State processes to evaluate offshore renewable energy proposals around the MHI. They were not designed to replace any further analysis required by law. For more information about how these products may be used, please contact BOEM\u2019s Pacific OCS Region: https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/regions\/pacific-ocs-region. This report is organized thematically, and is comprised of seven chapters and supporting appendices. The main objective, basic approach, and important findings from each chapter are as follows:\n\nChapter 1: Introduction\nThe state of Hawai\u2018i would like to develop local renewable energy sources (notably, wind). Much of the State\u2019s potential wind energy is located in federal waters. BOEM regulates most renewable energy projects in federal waters, and is required to assess the potential environmental impacts of these projects during the leasing process.\nTo help inform this process, NOAA\u2019s NCCOS characterized the marine biogeography and identified key data gaps around the MHI. This project is a small piece of a much larger BOEM leasing process.\n\nChapter 2: Environmental Setting\nAtmospheric and oceanographic patterns were mapped using satellite imagery and oceanographic models. These maps were used to describe the regional environment, and to develop models predicting deep-coral, cetacean, and seabird distributions.\nSeasons around the MHI are driven by changes in the North Pacific Subtropical High and the Aleutian Low. Winter (November to April) is cooler, rainier, and dominated by the North Pacific swell. Summer (May to October) is warmer, less rainy, and dominated by the northeasterly trade winds and swell.\nMountains and submerged topography change the direction and speed of winds and currents. These interactions cause the leeward sides of the island to be warmer and drier, and create frequent convergence, mixing, upwelling, fronts and eddies in the channels between the islands (e.g., the Kaiwi, Pailolo and \u02bbAlenuih\u0101n\u0101 Channels), and on the leeward sides of the islands (e.g., Kona Coast, Hawai\u02bbi).\n\nChapter 3: Benthic Habitats and Corals\nSeafloor habitats were characterized within shallow (30 m), mesophotic (30-150 m), and deep (\u0026gt;150 m) areas using existing maps, in situ survey data and spatial models.\nIn shallow areas, rock\/boulder habitats were less dominant, hard coral cover declined and algal cover increased moving from the southeast to the northwest. Hard coral cover was generally higher on leeward sides (e.g., Kona Coast, Hawai\u02bbi) and more sheltered areas (e.g., K\u0101ne\u02bbohe Bay, O\u02bbahu) around the islands.\nIn mesophotic areas, information was limited to the \u2018Au\u02bbau Channel. Predicted probabilities of occurrence were highest for three genera of hard corals along the western Maui coast.\nIn deep areas, the distribution of observed deep-coral presences and predicted suitable habitats varied among 18 taxonomic groups, but were often concentrated nearby specific locations, such as Cross Seamount, Makapu\u02bbu Point, Makalawena Bank, L\u014d\u2018ihi Seamount and the southern edge of Penguin Bank.\n\nChapter 4: Fishes\nThe distribution of commercially important bottom fishes (i.e., the deep seven) was mapped using fisheries dependent and independent data. Predictive models were developed describing the spatial distribution of reef fishes (i.e., species richness and biomass, endemic species richness and biomass, and biomass of resource fishes).\nFor bottom fishes, the fishery is most active in the winter months. Datasets identified Southern Penguin Bank, Maui Nui channels, west Hawai\u02bbi, southern Maui, and northern Moloka\u2018i as important areas.\nFor reef fishes, the highest biomass and richness values were in areas least accessible to humans such as the Hamakua and Puna districts on Hawai\u02bbi, northern Moloka\u2018i, eastern Maui, and western and southeastern O\u02bbahu. Conversely, areas more accessible to humans had overall lower richness and biomass values and included the Kona Coast, Hawai\u02bbi, west Maui and southern O\u02bbahu.\n\nChapter 5: Sea Turtles\nBasking, nesting, and stranding locations were mapped (in the context of human populations, shoreline cliffs, and beaches) for the five species of sea turtles using in situ sightings data. All five species are protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Green turtles (Chelonia mydas), the most abundant species, were reported basking at 62 locations, with a majority of reports from northwest O\u2018ahu and west Hawai\u2018i.\nMost nesting reports are for green turtles with the majority occurring on Kaua\u2018i and Maui. Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) have key nesting sites on southern Hawai\u2018i.\nStranding reports are mostly for green turtles, with many from O\u2018ahu and parts of Maui. Fibropapillomatosis is the major cause along most coastlines. Other common causes include entanglement along northeast Kaua\u2018i and southwest O\u2018ahu, and illnesses, boat impacts and predation along the Kona Coast, Hawai\u2018i.\n\nChapter 6: Marine Mammals\nThe distributions of cetaceans (15 species) were mapped using in situ sightings data. Seasonal relative abundance predictions were created for seven of these species. Terrestrial and at-sea locations of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) were also mapped using in situ sightings and telemetry data.\nFor cetaceans, species distributions were variable, although some species were sighted or predicted to be consistently closer to shore (e.g., Humpback whale, Spinner dolphin, Common bottlenose dolphin), while other species were generally located further offshore (e.g., Rough-toothed dolphin, Sperm whale). Several species were sighted along the Kona Coast, Hawai\u02bbi, including Cuvier\u2019s beaked whale, Dwarf sperm whale, Pygmy killer whale, Pantropical spotted dolphin, and Short-finned pilot whale.\nCritical habitat for Hawaiian monk seals includes 0-10 m above the seafloor from 200 m depths to the shoreline, then from the shoreline extending 5 m inland. Hawaiian monk seals were sighted around each of the MHI, although more haul-out sites were identified on the islands to the northwest. Ni\u2018ihau, Kaua\u2018i and O\u2018ahu were also frequented by tagged seals, along with Penguin Bank, the east side of L\u0101na\u2018i and Kahului Harbor, Maui.\n\nChapter 7: Seabirds\nThe distributions of seabirds (24 species) were mapped using in situ data. Seasonal relative density predictions were created for 14 of these species, and maps of maximum potential foraging areas were created for seven species.\nSpecies distributions were variable, although several species were sighted or predicted to be offshore of the Kona Coast, Hawai\u02bbi (e.g., Sooty Tern, Wedge-tailed Shearwater, Juan Fernandez Petrel, Black-winged Petrel, and Bulwer\u2019s Petrel).\nBreeding species were generally located closer to land (e.g., Black Noddy, Brown Noddy, and Brown Booby) or occurred more evenly throughout the study area (e.g., Sooty Tern and Wedge-tailed Shearwater). Non-breeding\/migratory species tended to be further offshore with some species being restricted to specific parts of the study area (e.g., Juan Fernandez Petrel and Mottled Petrel in the southeast).\n\nThe biogeography of the MHI is shaped by atmospheric and oceanographic conditions that operate at different temporal and spatial scales around the islands. Marine animals respond to these changing conditions in different ways. Some taxonomic groups and species use the same locations year round (e.g., on Penguin Bank or offshore of the Kona Coast, Hawai\u02bbi), while most taxa utilize different geographic areas at different times of the year. Understanding these spatial and temporal patterns is critical for marine spatial planning efforts, including offshore renewable energy development. For some taxa, this marine biogeographic assessment marks the first time that their space-use patterns were mapped or modeled in the MHI, and the associated data compilation made available online. It establishes a baseline for assessing potential impacts, a guide for monitoring change, a roadmap for prioritizing how to fill data gaps, and a framework for integrating ocean research and management efforts moving forward.","author":["Costa, B.","Kendall, M."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.889230000000","-155.572004000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Demersal Fish","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 09:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Costa-Kendall-Hawaii-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2556","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shapinsay-sound-scale-site-environmental-description","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=145","title":"Shapinsay Sound Scale Site: Environmental Description","description":"The function of this environmental description is as supporting documentation to inform applications\/consents for a new tidal test site. Subject to grant of these licences it will also inform potential developers coming to the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to test their prototype tidal energy devices of the environment within which the intermediate scale test site, at Head of Holland, is located. It will also remind potential developers of their responsibilities towards the receiving environment.  An initial examination of seasonal environmental sensitivities has been undertaken, based on present understanding of the environmental characteristics of the area.  The description covers the character of the physical, biological and human environment as well as conservation areas around Head of Holland. The following sections provide background and a detailed description of each important environmental characteristic.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.996495000000","-2.875706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 08:51:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-Shapinsay-Sound-Environmental-Description-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2557","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scapa-flow-scale-site-environmental-description","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=146","title":"Scapa Flow Scale Site: Environmental Description","description":"The function of this environmental description is as supporting documentation to inform applications\/consents for a new wave test site. Subject to grant of these licences it will also inform potential developers coming to the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to test their prototype wave energy devices of the environment within which the intermediate scale test site, north west of St Mary\u2019s, is located. It will also remind potential developers of their responsibilities towards the receiving environment.  An initial examination of seasonal environmental sensitivities has been undertaken, based on present understanding of the environmental characteristics of the area.  The description covers the character of the physical, biological and human environment as well as conservation areas around St Mary\u2019s. The following sections provide background and a detailed description of each important environmental characteristic.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:39:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-Scapa-Flow-Environmental-Description-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2558","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/navigation-risk-assessment-update-fall-warness","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=45","title":"Navigation Risk Assessment Update: Fall of Warness","description":"Anatec have been commissioned by EMEC to update the Navigation Risk Assessment (NRA) of the tidal device test facility in the Fall of Warness (FoW) off the coast of the island of Eday in the Orkney Islands.  The original FoW NRA was published in May 2005 (Ref. i), with a further update carried out in October 2005 (Ref. ii).  This update takes into account the latest vessel activity data as well as guidance and experience available since the original NRA, including publications by the MCA (Refs. iii and iv) and DECC (Ref. v). (The DECC guidance is intended for offshore wind farms but much is relevant to other offshore renewable energy installations.)","author":["Anatec"],"organization":["Anatec","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2010-11-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963384000000","-3.300825000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:04:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-Fall-of-Warness-Navigation-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2559","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-scale-site-consenting-process-guidance-developers","sourceURL":"","title":"EMEC Scale Site Consenting Process: Guidance for Developers","description":"The EMEC scale test sites (also commonly referred to as \u0022nursery\u0022 sites) at Scapa Flow (wave test site) and Shapinsay Sound (tidal test site) were established to enable developers to test intermediate scale prototypes of their devices and rehearse installation techniques in more benign conditions than those found at the main grid-connected wave and tidal test sites. The scale site facilities are aimed at making it as easy as possible for developers to bring concepts and test them in accessible, real sea conditions, without the need for some of the larger vessels or plant used in the deployment of commercial-scale devices. The opportunity to introduce a streamlined consenting process has been key to the success of this facility.  Two consents are required for installation of marine energy converter devices at the scale test sites:    Marine Licence issued by the Regulator, Marine Scotland.  Harbour Works Licence issued by Orkney Islands Council (OIC).   EMEC has worked closely with Marine Scotland\u0027s Licencing Operations Team (MS-LOT) and its key environmental and navigational consultees, Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and the Northern Lighthouse Board (NLB), to establish a streamlined consenting process for its nursery sites which is inclusive, proportionate, and timeous while still satisfying all relevant legislation. To this end, EMEC has been granted a \u0027generic\u0027 Marine Licence allowing an envelope of device types and operations to be installed\/carried out at the scale sites. These generic licences have been issued in EMEC\u0027s name with EMEC, as the licensee, being responsible for ensuring that any licence conditions are complied with. For each new developer wishing to install at its scale sites, EMEC is required to submit an application for amendment of the generic Marine Licence to MS-LOT. This application must be accompanied by supporting documentation from the developer, outlining the proposed project and identifying any potential device-specific environmental and navigational risks, together with any proposed mitigation. MS-LOT typically requires 6-8 weeks from receipt of application to issue a licence amendment.  Similarly, EMEC has worked closely with OIC to establish a process whereby a generic Harbour Works Licence for the purpose of installing devices for testing has been granted to EMEC (the scale test sites are located within the Council Harbour Authority area). Under the terms of this licence, EMEC is required to give OIC at least 21 days\u2019 notice of each new developer wishing to install at its scale sites.  For testing at the EMEC grid-connected test sites, developers are required to submit a Decommissioning Programme to the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), which is subject to public consultation. This is not required of developers testing at the scale sites (EMEC will submit a Decommissioning Programme to DECC for removal of all infrastructure at the end of the site lifetime). However, each developer will be required to provide full details of their proposed device removal method within their supporting documentation for amendment of licences.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 08:59:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-Consenting-ScaleSites-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2560","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consenting-guidance-developers-emec-fall-warness-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/services\/provision-of-wave-and-tidal-testing\/consents\/","title":"Consenting Guidance for Developers at the EMEC Fall of Warness Test Site","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) is the first centre of its kind in the world and one of the leading organisations in the testing of commercial scale wave and tidal energy technologies. As such, we recognise the importance of establishing high standards of safety and environmental protection and an early understanding of the range and significance of potential environmental and navigational impacts. EMEC operates an Integrated Management System (IMS) that demonstrates a clear commitment to high standards of quality, health, safety and environmental (QHSE) management. We aim to encourage those involved in the developing marine energy industry to fully consider safety and environmental risks of projects\/technologies in the early stages of design and development, thereby encouraging best practice to be carried forward into commercial scale developments.  This document provides information and guidance on the environmental and navigational safety considerations required and the licence application process for developers wishing to deploy a device at the EMEC Fall of Warness test site with maximum power output of less than or equal to 1MW.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC-Consenting-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2561","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/torr-head-tidal-energy-array-eia-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Torr Head Tidal Energy Array EIA Scoping Report","description":"Tidal Ventures Ltd (hereafter referred to as TVL), is a joint venture between Bord G\u00e1is Energy and OpenHydro Technology Ltd. TVL has appointed RPS to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping exercise for their proposal to develop a commercial scale 100MW tidal energy array in the waters offshore of Torr Head, located on the north coast of County Antrim in Northern Ireland.  In October 2012, TVL was awarded an Agreement for Lease (AfL) from The Crown Estate (TCE) to investigate the development of the tidal energy project in Northern Irish waters. The award was made as part of Northern Ireland\u2019s Offshore Renewable Energy Strategic Action Plan (ORESAP) and was the result of a competitive tender process.  This EIA Scoping study introduces the proposed development, defines the location and extent of works, identifies the key environmental issues and receptors in the vicinity, the potential impacts of the proposal, and identifies the likely environmental studies that are required to inform the full EIA. This environmental Scoping study is based on information gathered through the following:    Existing databases (e.g. Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) Natural Heritage and Built Heritage Databases);  Consultation with stakeholders;  Relevant mapping (LPSNI mapping and Admiralty Charts); and  Available reports, books and other published literature.","author":["Tidal Ventures"],"organization":["RPS group"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.199353000000","-6.060508000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:50:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Torr-Head-Scoping-Report-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2562","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kobald-marine-turbine-testing-model-full-scale-prototype","sourceURL":"","title":"The Kobald Marine Turbine: From the Testing Model to the Full Scale Prototype","description":"The Kobold is a hydraulic vertical axis turbine with free oscillating blades, patented in 1998 by the Italian company Ponte di Archimede International S.p.A. The architecture of the Kobold turbine was inspired by the Voith-Schneider marine propellers. Its main characteristics are:    Rotation direction independent of current direction.  High starting torque, thus self starting.  Flexible layout: floating or base-mounted.  High efficiency.  Reliable, sturdy and simple.  Self adjusting blades.  No moving mechanisms.","author":["Calcagno, G.","Moroso, A."],"organization":["Italian National Institute for Naval Architecture Studies and Testing (INSEAN)","Ponte di Archimede SpA"],"originationDate":"2007-11-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.235017800000","15.653656000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Calcagno-Moroso-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2563","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/locomotor-design-dolphin-vertebral-columns-bending-mechanics-morphology-delphinus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/200\/1\/65","title":"Locomotor design of dolphin vertebral columns: bending mechanics and morphology of Delphinus delphis","description":"The primary skeletal structure used by dolphins to generate the dorsoventral bending characteristic of cetacean swimming is the vertebral column. In the vertebral column of the saddleback dolphin Delphinus delphis, we characterize the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the intervertebral joints, describe regional variation and dorsoventral asymmetries in mechanical performance, and investigate how the mechanical properties are correlated with vertebral morphologies. Using a bending machine that applies an external load (N m) to a single intervertebral segment, we measured the resulting angular deformation (rad) of the segment in both dorsal extension and ventral flexion. Intervertebral segments from the thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions of the vertebral column were tested from five individuals. Using quasi-static bending tests, we measured the initial (low-strain) bending stiffness (N m rad-1) as a function of segment position, direction of bending (extension and flexion) and sequential cutting of intervertebral ligaments. We found that initial bending stiffness was significantly greater in the lumbar region than in adjacent thoracic and caudal regions, and all joints were stiffer in extension than is predicted (r2 = 0.554) by the length and width of the intervertebral disc and the length of the cranial vertebral body in the segment. Stiffness in flexion is predicted (r2 = 0.400) by the width of the nucleus pulposus, the length of the caudal vertebral body in the segment and the height of the transverse processes from the ventral surface of the vertebral body. We also performed dynamic bending tests on intervertebral segments from the lumbo-caudal joint and the joint between caudal vertebrae 7 and 8. Dynamic bending stiffness (N m rad-1) increases with increasing bending amplitude and is independent of bending frequency. Damping coefficient (kg m2 rad-2 s-1) decreases with increasing bending amplitude and frequency. Resilience (% energy return) increases from approximately 20% at low bending amplitudes (+\/-0.6 degree) to approximately 50% at high bending amplitudes (+\/-2.9 degrees). Based on these findings, the dolphin\u0027s vertebral column has the mechanical capacity to help control the body\u0027s locomotor reconfigurations, to store elastic energy and to dampen oscillations.","author":["Long, J.","Pabst, D.","Shepherd, W.","McLellan, W."],"organization":["Vassar College","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"1997-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2564","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-trail-following-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina","sourceURL":"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/293\/5527\/102.full","title":"Hydrodynamic Trail-Following in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)","description":"Marine mammals often forage in dark or turbid waters. Whereas dolphins use echolocation under such conditions, pinnipeds apparently lack this sensory ability. For seals hunting in the dark, one source of sensory information may consist of fish-generated water movements, which seals can detect with their highly sensitive whiskers. Water movements in the wake of fishes persist for several minutes. Here we show that blindfolded seals can use their whiskers to detect and accurately follow hydrodynamic trails generated by a miniature submarine. This shows that hydrodynamic information can be used for long-distance prey location.","author":["Dehnhardt, G.","Mauck, B.","Hanke, W.","Bleckmann, H."],"organization":["Institut f\u00fcr Zoologie","Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum"],"originationDate":"2001-07-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2565","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/principles-anatomy-physiology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.abebooks.com\/Principles-Anatomy-Physiology-7th-Tortora-Grabowski\/2237242218\/bd","title":"Principles of Anatomy and Physiology","description":"This seventh edition offers more physiology and a better anatomy\/physiology balance; a completely revised art programme - nearly 100 new physiological or histological drawings added, anatomical art redrawn in a realistic, three-dimensional way, plane diagrams inserted with figures to enable students to visualize the orientation of the figure and many designed, negative-feedback diagrams; coverage of clinical applications and homeostatic disorders and improved pedagogy - questions with each figure, new \u0022exhibits\u0022 added, phonetic pronunciations and definitions.","author":["Tortora, G.","Grabowski, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1993-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2566","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/human-skin-elastic-membrane","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0021929073900110","title":"Human skin as an elastic membrane","description":"The equations governing the deformation of human skin are derived. First, the equations of an anisotropic, elastic membrane undergoing large deformations are recorded. Next, the kinematical condition is derived which restricts the skin to slide over the surface of a rigid foundation. Last, stress-strain relations are proposed which fit the known experimental data for skin. As a special case of this theory, the equations of a simple model for the flexure of a joint are solved. In another special case of the theory, the equations of a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic membrane lying in a plane and undergoing small deformations are solved by complex variable techniques for the case of a large sheet having a circular hole and subject to biaxial tension at infinity. Finally, some problems of interest to physicians and plastic surgeons are discussed.","author":["Danielson, D."],"organization":["University of Virginia"],"originationDate":"1973-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2567","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/weight-evidence-review-concept-methods","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.c4st.org\/images\/hesa-2015\/submissions\/Weight-of-Evidence-A-Review-of-Concept-and-Methods-E.pdf","title":"Weight of Evidence: A Review of Concept and Methods","description":"\u201cWeight of evidence\u201d (WOE) is a common term in the published scientific and policy-making literature, most often seen in the context of risk assessment (RA). Its definition, however, is unclear. A systematic review of the scientific literature was undertaken to characterize the concept. For the years 1994 through 2004, PubMed was searched for publications in which \u201cweight of evidence\u201d appeared in the abstract and\/or title. Of the 276 papers that met these criteria, 92 were selected for review: 71 papers published in 2003 and 2004 (WOE appeared in abstract\/title) and 21 from 1994 through 2002 (WOE appeared in title). WOE has three characteristic uses in this literature: (1) metaphorical, where WOE refers to a collection of studies or to an unspecified methodological approach; (2) methodological, where WOE points to established interpretative methodologies (e.g., systematic narrative review, meta-analysis, causal criteria, and\/or quality criteria for toxicological studies) or where WOE means that \u201call\u201d rather than some subset of the evidence is examined, or rarely, where WOE points to methods using quantitative weights for evidence; and (3) theoretical, where WOE serves as a label for a conceptual framework. Several problems are identified: the frequent lack of definition of the term \u201cweight of evidence,\u201d multiple uses of the term and a lack of consensus about its meaning, and the many different kinds of weights, both qualitative and quantitative, which can be used in RA. A practical recommendation emerges: the WOE concept and its associated methods should be fully described when used. A research agenda should examine the advantages of quantitative versus qualitative weighting schemes, how best to improve existing methods, and how best to combine those methods (e.g., epidemiology\u2019s causal criteria with toxicology\u2019s quality criteria).","author":["Weed, D."],"organization":["National Cancer Institute"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2568","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predictable-hydrodynamic-conditions-explain-temporal-variations-density-benthic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/early\/2016\/07\/01\/icesjms.fsw100","title":"Predictable Hydrodynamic Conditions Explain Temporal Variations in the Density of Benthic Foraging Seabirds in a Tidal Stream Environment","description":"Tidal stream turbines could have several direct impacts upon pursuit-diving seabirds foraging within tidal stream environments (mean horizontal current speeds \u0026gt; 2\u2009ms\u22121), including collisions and displacement. Understanding how foraging seabirds respond to temporally variable but predictable hydrodynamic conditions immediately around devices could identify when interactions between seabirds and devices are most likely to occur; information which would quantify the magnitude of potential impacts, and also facilitate the development of suitable mitigation measures. This study uses shore-based observational surveys and Finite Volume Community Ocean Model outputs to test whether temporally predictable hydrodynamic conditions (horizontal current speeds, water elevation, turbulence) influenced the density of foraging black guillemots Cepphus grylle and European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis in a tidal stream environment in Orkney, United Kingdom, during the breeding season. These species are particularly vulnerable to interactions with devices due to their tendency to exploit benthic and epi-benthic prey on or near the seabed. The density of both species decreased as a function of horizontal current speeds, whereas the density of black guillemots also decreased as a function of water elevation. These relationships could be linked to higher energetic costs of dives in particularly fast horizontal current speeds (\u0026gt;3\u2009ms\u22121) and deeper water. Therefore, interactions between these species and moving components seem unlikely at particularly high horizontal current speeds. Combining this information, with that on the rotation rates of moving components at lower horizontal current speeds, could be used to assess collision risk in this site during breeding seasons. It is also likely that moderating any device operation during both lowest water elevation and lowest horizontal current speeds could reduce the risk of collisions for these species in this site during this season. The approaches used in this study could have useful applications within Environmental Impact Assessments, and should be considered when assessing and mitigating negative impacts from specific devices within development sites.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Cazenave, P.","Torres, R.","Williamson, B.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Bangor University","Marine Scotland Science","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.167413700000","-2.828184500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2571","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlantic-sturgeon-spatial-temporal-distribution-minas-passage-nova-scotia-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0158387","title":"Atlantic Sturgeon Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Minas Passage, Nova Scotia, Canada, a Region of Future Tidal Energy Extraction","description":"In the Bay of Fundy, Atlantic sturgeon from endangered and threatened populations in the USA and Canada migrate through Minas Passage to enter and leave Minas Basin. A total of 132 sub-adult and adult Atlantic sturgeon were tagged in Minas Basin during the summers of 2010\u20132014 using pressure measuring, uniquely coded, acoustic transmitters with a four or eight year life span. The aim of this study was to examine spatial and seasonal distribution of sturgeon in Minas Passage during 2010\u20132014 and test the hypothesis that, when present, Atlantic sturgeon were evenly distributed from north to south across Minas Passage. This information is important as tidal energy extraction using in-stream, hydrokinetic turbines is planned for only the northern portion of Minas Passage. Electronic tracking data from a total of 740 sturgeon days over four years demonstrated that Atlantic sturgeon used the southern portion of Minas Passage significantly more than the northern portion. Sturgeon moved through Minas Passage at depths mostly between 15 and 45 m (n = 10,116; mean = 31.47 m; SD = 14.88). Sturgeon mean swimming depth was not significantly related to bottom depth and in deeper regions they swam pelagically. Sturgeon predominately migrated inward through Minas Passage during spring, and outward during late summer-autumn. Sturgeon were not observed in Minas Passage during winter 2012\u20132013 when monitoring receivers were present. This information will enable the estimation of encounters of Atlantic sturgeon with in-stream hydrokinetic turbines.","author":["Stokesbury, M.","Logan-Chesney, L.","McLean, M.","Buhariwalla, C.","Redden, A.","Beardsall, J.","Broome, J.","Dadswell, M."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2016-07-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.351801900000","-64.442762300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stokesbury-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2572","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-imaging-around-marine-renewable-energy-devices-field-deployments-flowbec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchportal.bath.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/acoustic-imaging-around-marine-renewable-energy-devices-field-dep","title":"Acoustic Imaging around Marine Renewable Energy Devices - Field Deployments of the FLOWBEC Platform","description":"Rapid development of Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) strongly focuses on tidal and wave sites, although little is known of impacts on surrounding ecosystems. Quantification of the behavior and distribution of animals around MREDs is crucial to understanding these impacts. The NERC\/Defra collaboration FLOw, Water column and Benthic ECology (FLOWBEC) produced an innovative subsea platform [1], which includes an Imagenex multibeam echosounder oriented along the axis of tidal flow, and an EK60 multifrequency echosounder, identifying targets and characterising the morphology of turbulence. Co-registration and tracking [2] will be illustrated with examples from five 2-week deployments at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney.","author":["Williamson, B.","Bondel, P.","Waggitt, J.","Fraser, S.","Bell, P.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Bangor University","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2016-07-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.892963000000","-1.395156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williamson-et-al-PRIMARE2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2573","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-evaluation-marine-current-turbine-impact-environment-its-potential-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7485438\/","title":"Numerical Evaluation of Marine Current Turbine: Impact on Environment and its Potential of Renewable Energy Utilization","description":"Tidal stream offers divinable and regular electricity generation at higher power densities than other renewable energy sources. With an increasing concern over the potential of harnessing ocean energy for electricity generation by marine current turbine (MCT) and its impact on water environment, the exploration and assessment works are required. Based on a three-dimensional ocean model with a developed marine current turbine submodel, we assessed the impacts of MCT on water environment and discussed the effect of MCT assignment on potential power extraction. The simulation results indicated that the reduction of water current velocity occurred at the installation area of MCTs. A certain amount of MCTs installed vertically to the water flow could achieve full utilization of marine renewable energy. However, more scenario simulations for MCT in different assignments should be conducted for the optimal design of MCT installation to further improve the utilization efficiency of marine renewable energy. Meanwhile, an ecosystem model would be combined with a hydrodynamic model to predict the impacts of MCT on the ecosystem.","author":["Kitazawa, D.","Zhang, J."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2016-04-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2577","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-benefit-schemes-financial-compensation-measures-fishermen-impacted-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421516303950","title":"Developing Benefit Schemes and Financial Compensation Measures for Fishermen Impacted by Marine Renewable Energy Projects","description":"Commercial fishermen are arguably the stakeholder group most likely to be directly impacted by the expansion of the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector. The potential opposition of fishermen may hinder the development of MRE projects and the provision of benefit schemes could to enhance acceptance. Benefit schemes refer to additional voluntary measures that are provided by a developer to local stakeholders. The aim of this study is to explore the issue of the provision of benefit packages to local fishing communities and financial compensation measures for fishermen who may be impacted by MRE projects. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fourteen fishermen from three separate case study sites around the island of Ireland where MRE projects were being developed. In addition, ten company fisheries liaison officers (CFLOs) who have worked on MRE projects in the UK and Ireland were also interviewed. The interviews were analysed under the headings of local employment, benefits in kind, compensation and community funds and ownership of projects. Analysis shows that there is uncertainty among fishermen over whether they would benefit or gain employment from MRE. Provision of re-training schemes and preferential hiring practices could be used by MRE developers to reduce this uncertainty. There was also agreement between fishermen and CFLOs on the need for the provision of an evidence-base and a standard approach for the calculation of disruption payments. A formal structure for the provision of benefit schemes for fishermen would be useful. Furthermore, schemes that provide a range of benefits to fishermen and other stakeholders over the lifetime of a MRE project are more likely to be successful at enhancing acceptance.","author":["Reilly, K.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Dalton, G."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.498561000000","-8.259456000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2578","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-propagation-underwater-acoustic-emissions-condition-monitoring-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ore.exeter.ac.uk\/repository\/handle\/10871\/21100","title":"Modelling the Propagation of Underwater Acoustic Emissions for Condition Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) has progressed towards commercialisation over the recent years but significant barriers still exist. This includes the currently high cost of energy, leaving MRE uncompetitive with respect to other more established renewable energy technologies. A significant proportion of this cost comes from Operation and Maintenance (O\u0026amp;M) activities. O\u0026amp;M activity can be reduced through the use of condition-based maintenance scheduling. In offshore environments, the submerged location of most devices enables the use of underwater Acoustic Emission (AE), a new condition -monitoring technique. It combines acoustics (used for environmental monitoring of MRE influence on noise levels) with AE condition monitoring as used in air. This paper assesses the practicality of such an approach in complex ocean environments through detailed sound propagation modelling using the propagation model Bellhop in the Matlab toolbox AcTUP. Results show that acoustic propagation is very sensitive to variations in the shallow water environments considered. When concerning sensor placement, multiple-path interferences mean that the location of the measuring sensor(s) needs to be carefully considered, but might not cover all environmental variations over the several months necessary for accurate long-term monitoring. Associated to the shallow depths, these environmental variations also mean that some frequencies cannot be back-propagated easily, generally limiting access to the monitoring of Received Levels. The results presented here are the first steps toward optimizing AE sensor positions and AE measuring strategies for arrays of devices.","author":["Walsh, J.","Bashir, I.","Thies, P.","Blondel, P.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Bath","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2016-07-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2580","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consenting-processes-ocean-energy-updated-barriers-recommendations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/news\/consenting-processes-for-ocean-energy-\/","title":"Consenting Processes for Ocean Energy Updated on Barriers and Recommendations","description":"This report features information garnered from OES members. Specifically, this refers to the countries of Canada, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Korea, Mexico, Monaco, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America giving the following report a wide geographic dimension.\n\nThe progress of ocean energy projects in all the OES member countries continues to face challenges in relation to consenting processes. This can be detrimental to the sector and may also lead to delays in realising operational projects with consequences for budgeting and real costs to developers.\n\nParticular emphasis has been placed on investigating the main barriers associated with permitting and licensing with a view to advising regulators and decision-makers on the key needs of the ocean energy sector from consenting processes. Developers were also given the opportunity to provide their views and insights on barriers as experienced by them in consenting of their ocean energy projects to date.","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["University College Cork","International Energy Agency (IEA)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.834411000000","-8.302013000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Consenting_Processes_for_Ocean_Energy_Updated_on_Barriers_and_Recommendations.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2581","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-priorities-assessing-potential-impacts-emerging-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148116307364","title":"Research Priorities for Assessing Potential Impacts of Emerging Marine Renewable Energy Technologies: Insights from Developments in Wales (UK)","description":"The marine renewable energy industry is expanding globally in response to increased energy demands and the desire to curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Within the UK, Wales has the potential for the development of diverse marine renewable technologies, with a strong tidal range resource, areas of high tidal current energy, and a spatially limited wave energy resource. Targets have been set by the Welsh Government to increase the contribution of marine renewable energy to Wales\u0027 electricity generation, and the recent introduction of demonstration zones for tidal and wave energy aims to facilitate developers in device deployment. However, uncertainties remain about the potential impacts of devices, particularly for array scale deployments, planned at several sites, and for the extensive structures required to capture the tidal range resource. Here we review present knowledge of potential impacts, including physical, ecological and societal dimensions, and outline research priorities to provide a scientific basis on which to base decisions influencing the trajectory of Welsh marine renewable energy development.","author":["Roche, R.","Walker-Springett, K.","Robins, P.","Jones, J.","Veneruso, G.","Whitton, T.","Piano, M.","Ward, S.","Duce, C.","Waggitt, J.","Walker-Springett, G.","Neill, S.","Lewis, M.","King, J."],"organization":["Bangor University","Natural Resources Wales","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.420349000000","-3.430043000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2582","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/do-changes-current-flow-result-arrays-tidal-turbines-have-effect-benthic-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0161279","title":"Do Changes in Current Flow as a Result of Arrays of Tidal Turbines Have an Effect on Benthic Communities?","description":"Arrays of tidal energy converters have the potential to provide clean renewable energy for future generations. Benthic communities may, however, be affected by changes in current speeds resulting from arrays of tidal converters located in areas characterised by strong currents. Current speed, together with bottom type and depth, strongly influence benthic community distributions; however the interaction of these factors in controlling benthic dynamics in high energy environments is poorly understood. The Strangford Lough Narrows, the location of SeaGen, the world\u2019s first single full-scale, grid-compliant tidal energy extractor, is characterised by spatially heterogenous high current flows. A hydrodynamic model was used to select a range of benthic community study sites that had median flow velocities between 1.5\u20132.4 m\/s in a depth range of 25\u201330 m. 25 sites were sampled for macrobenthic community structure using drop down video survey to test the sensitivity of the distribution of benthic communities to changes in the flow field. A diverse range of species were recorded which were consistent with those for high current flow environments and corresponding to very tide-swept faunal communities in the EUNIS classification. However, over the velocity range investigated, no changes in benthic communities were observed. This suggested that the high physical disturbance associated with the high current flows in the Strangford Narrows reflected the opportunistic nature of the benthic species present with individuals being continuously and randomly affected by turbulent forces and physical damage. It is concluded that during operation, the removal of energy by marine tidal energy arrays in the far-field is unlikely to have a significant effect on benthic communities in high flow environments. The results are of major significance to developers and regulators in the tidal energy industry when considering the environmental impacts for site licences.","author":["Kregting, L.","Elsaesser, B.","Kennedy, R.","Smyth, D.","O\u0027Carroll, J.","Savidge, G."],"organization":["National University of Ireland","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2016-08-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.481798000000","-5.581284000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kregting-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2583","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coordinated-action-plan-addressing-collision-risk-marine-mammals-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"","title":"A Coordinated Action Plan for Addressing Collision Risk for Marine Mammals and Tidal Turbines","description":"This report outlines a coordinated action plan aimed at reducing the scientific uncertainty associated with collision risk of marine animals and tidal turbines. This plan includes steps to take toward resolving the challenging issue of decreasing scientific uncertainty, but is unlikely to completely solve the problem. The content of this report was derived from the involvement of experts during a workshop held in Edinburgh, Scotland in February 2016.  This plan is intended to help stakeholders work together to accelerate consenting\/permitting of commercially viable tidal arrays by implementing a proportionate and risk-based approach to consenting\/permitting and reducing uncertainty around the risks to marine animals from colliding with tidal turbines. It was informed by the workshop held in Edinburgh, UK in February 2016, and hosted by OES Annex IV, the Ocean Renewable Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Ocean Energy, the University of Highlands and Islands (UHI), Highlands and Islands Enterprise, Marine Scotland, and Offshore Renewable Energy CATAPULT (Appendix A).  The objectives of this plan are as follows:    Build consensus around the priority collision risk issues, as they relate to consenting\/permitting.  Identify key issues that are slowing the permitting process for all scales of tidal energy projects, including those that relate to policy support, delays in regulatory processes, availability of appropriate monitoring equipment, the need for clear specification of methods for obtaining monitoring data, and the best use of predictive modelling.  Identify potential solutions for addressing these challenges.  Provide a coordinated action plan for addressing these challenges that assigns actions to the regulatory, research, and development sectors. The intention is for these actions to be monitored and updated to ascertain whether progress is being made, and to highlight where changes or increased effort need to be placed, if progress is insufficient.   More information about the workshop can be found here.","author":["Hutchison, I.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","International Energy Agency (IEA)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"originationDate":"2016-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Collision_Risk_Workshop_Final_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2584","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/weight-evidence-evaluation-environmental-assessment-review-qualitative-quantitative","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969709004550","title":"Weight-of-evidence evaluation in environmental assessment: Review of qualitative and quantitative approaches","description":"Assessments of human health and ecological risk draw upon multiple types and sources of information, requiring the integration of multiple lines of evidence before conclusions may be reached. Risk assessors often make use of weight-of-evidence (WOE) approaches to perform the integration, whether integrating evidence concerning potential carcinogenicity, toxicity, and exposure from chemicals at a contaminated site, or evaluating processes concerned with habitat loss or modification when managing a natural resource. Historically, assessors have relied upon qualitative WOE approaches, such as professional judgment, or limited quantitative methods, such as direct scoring, to develop conclusions from multiple lines of evidence. Current practice often lacks transparency resulting in risk estimates lacking quantified uncertainty. This paper reviews recent applications of weight of evidence used in human health and ecological risk assessment. Applications are sorted based on whether the approach relies on qualitative and quantitative methods in order to reveal trends in the use of the term weight of evidence, especially as a means to facilitate structured and transparent development of risk conclusions from multiple lines of evidence.","author":["Linkov, I.","Loney, D.","Cormier, S.","Satterstrom, F.","Bridges, T."],"organization":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","US Army Engineer Research and Development Center","US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"],"originationDate":"2009-09-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2585","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-tool-wave-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Tool_for.html?id=Zp91F1itK3EC","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment Tool for Wave Energy Conversion","description":"This report describes a wave energy conversion (WEC) environmental impact assessment tool used to assess potential physical and biological effects from wave energy development along the California coast. The researchers compiled applicable literature on wave energy; reviewed and summarized the current assessment tools and their performance ranges; and assessed the Wave Energy Environmental Assessment Tool. To develop this tool, the researchers categorized anticipated adverse environmental effects including changes in wave conditions, mechanical intrusions, and disturbances and interferences with the sea environment such as toxicity from wave energy structures.  The researchers reviewed a number of wave and sediment modeling tools focusing on Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) software and the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Model, which enabled two-way coupling between the Regional Ocean Modeling System and SWAN software with variables transferred between the two models. The researchers first used the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Model to simulate the domain in the absence of wave energy conversions. The researchers then altered the SWAN wave model portion of the software to simulate a reduction in wave energy due to wave energy conversions. This altered wave model was coupled with the ocean and sediment model using the Coupled-Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport Model to assess the effects of wave energy conversions on sediment conditions. As part of the proposed tool, a new Wave Height and Energy Automation Tool was provided to simplify wave energy conversions field data entry and consequently assess their performance and environmental impact.","author":["Beyene, A.","Wilson, J.","Garoma, T.","Stiber, B."],"organization":["San Diego State University","California Energy Commission"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Beyene-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2586","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-passive-acoustic-monitoring-network-harbor-porpoise-california","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eirenjacobson.info\/JacobsonEtAl_CEC_2016.pdf","title":"Evaluation of a Passive Acoustic Monitoring Network for Harbor Porpoise in California","description":"Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are found in coastal waters of the temperate northern hemisphere, where they are subjected to a variety of anthropogenic impacts including pollution, noise, and fishery interactions. Marine renewable energy projects currently in development in California have the potential to disturb, displace, and damage the hearing of harbor porpoises. Effective monitoring strategies are necessary to establish baseline data prior to the installation of marine renewable energy structures, to determine the impacts of construction activities, and to assess long-term impacts from marine renewable energy site operation. Along the U.S. West Coast, harbor porpoise populations are monitored using line-transect aerial surveys, which are costly, weather-limited, and provide coarsely resolved data. However, passive acoustic monitoring is a promising new tool for more effective monitoring of this species along the U.S. West Coast. The authors proposed to establish a trial passive acoustic monitoring network for harbor porpoise and evaluate the feasibility of a passive acoustic approach to monitoring harbor porpoise during marine renewable energy site development in California. The authors sought to describe the relationship between acoustic and visual observations of harbor porpoise and to evaluate the optimal spatial and temporal sampling scales for an effective monitoring network. The authors found that a passive acoustic monitoring network for harbor porpoise is feasible to implement and is an improvement over traditional visual survey methods due to increased temporal sampling. Substantially more simultaneous visual and acoustic surveys would be required to characterize this relationship accurately. The data suggest that the spatial distribution of harbor porpoises shifts over periods of weeks and can be highly variable between years, and therefore collecting baseline data at the population level for several years prior to potential disturbance (as well as during and after) will be critical for accurately assessing the impacts of marine renewable energy installations on harbor porpoise populations.","author":["Jacobson, E.","Forney, K.","Harvey, J."],"organization":["Moss Landing Marine Laboratories","California Energy Commission"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.850000000000","-121.980000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jacobson-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2588","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-patterns-habitat-use-small-cetaceans-oceanographically-dynamic-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967064516301837","title":"Temporal Patterns in Habitat Use by Small Cetaceans at an Oceanographically Dynamic Marine Renewable Energy Test Site in the Celtic Sea","description":"Shelf-seas are highly dynamic and oceanographically complex environments, which likely influences the spatio-temporal distributions of marine megafauna such as marine mammals. As such, understanding natural patterns in habitat use by these animals is essential when attempting to ascertain and assess the impacts of anthropogenically induced disturbances, such as those associated with marine renewable energy installations (MREIs). This study uses a five year (2009\u20132013) passive acoustics (C-POD) dataset to examine the use of an oceanographically dynamic marine renewable energy test site by small cetaceans, dolphins (unspecified delphinids) and harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena, in the southern Celtic Sea. To examine how temporal patterns in habitat use across the site related to oceanographic changes occurring over broad seasonal scales as well as those driven by fine scale (bi-weekly) localised processes (that may be masked by seasonal trends), separate analyses were conducted using (1) all daily animal detection rates spanning the entire five year dataset and (2) daily animal detection rates taken only during the summer months (defined as mid-June to mid-October) of 2010 (when continuous monitoring was carried out at multiple discrete locations across the site). In both instances, generalised additive mixed effects models (GAMMs) were used to link detection rates to a suite of environmental variables representative of the oceanography of the region. We show that increased harbour porpoise detection rates in the late winter\/early spring (January\u2013March) are associated with low sea surface temperatures (SST), whilst peaks in dolphin detection rates in the summer (July\u2013September) coincide with increased SSTs and the presence of a tidal-mixing front. Moreover, across the summer months of 2010, dolphin detection rates were found to respond to small scale changes in SST and position in the spring-neap cycle, possibly reflective of a preference for the stratified waters immediately offshore of the front. Together, these findings suggest that habitat use by small cetaceans within shelf-seas is temporally variable, species specific and likely driven by complex bottom-up processes. As such, the effective conservation management of shelf-seas requires that we understand the dynamic complexities of these systems and the species that inhabit them. In particular, we emphasise the need for a good understanding of the natural drivers of habitat use by marine megafauna before the potential impacts of anthropogenically induced disturbances, such as those associated with the construction, maintenance and operation of MREIs, can be assessed.","author":["Cox, S.","Witt, M.","Embling, C.","Godley, B.","Hosegood, P.","Miller, P.","Botier, S.","Ingram, S."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Plymouth University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.350000000000","5.650000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2589","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/large-scale-management-experiments-learning-doing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nctc.fws.gov\/courses\/ALC\/ALC3159\/resources\/Walters_and_Hollings_1990.pdf","title":"Large-Scale Management Experiments and Learning By Doing","description":"Even unmanaged ecosystems are characterized by combinations of stability and instability and by unexpected shifts in behavior from both internal and external causes. That is even more true of ecosystems managed for the production of food or fiber. Data are sparse, knowledge of processes limited, and the act of management changes the system being managed. Surprise and change is inevitable. Here we review methods to develop, screen, and evaluate alternatives in a process where management itself becomes partner with the science by designing probes that produce updated understanding as well as economic product.","author":["Walter, C.","Holling, C."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","University of Florida"],"originationDate":"1990-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2590","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptive-management-ecological-restoration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/biology.illinoisstate.edu\/rcander\/BSC337\/Reading%20Assignment%20Two\/Murray%20and%20Marmorek%20Adaptive%20Management.pdf","title":"Adaptive Management and Ecological Restoration","description":"Ecosystems are complex and dynamic. Our understanding of how they work and how they respond to natural and anthropogenic disturbances is limited. Unexpected events are inevitable. This makes ecosystem management and restoration challenging: What conditions, structures, and functions should we restore? How do we achieve these goals? Restoration goals are based on values, and AM cannot help resolve conflicts over values. However, it can aid in answering the second question and in implementing restoration in the face of change, surprises, and uncertainty.","author":["Murray, C.","Marmorek, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2003-05-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2591","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-scoping-report-brims-tidal-array","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Scoping Report: Brims Tidal Array","description":"The Project  In November 2008, The Crown Estate opened up the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Leasing Round (PFOW) to marine energy developers by inviting bids for exclusive site development rights. On the 16th March 2010, The Crown Estate awarded an Agreement for Lease (AfL) for a tidal energy array up to 200MW in capacity, located off the south coast of South Walls, to Cantick Head Tidal Development Ltd (CHTDL), a joint venture between OpenHydro Site Development Ltd (OpenHydro) and SSE Renewables (Holdings) UK Ltd (SSER).  In 2013 a revision was made to the boundary of the AfL area, whereby 80% of the original AfL area was relocated to the west, with the remaining 20% overlapping with the original site. As a result of this boundary change and in order to ensure a name relevant to the Project location, the site name has been revised from Cantick Head Tidal Development to Brims Tidal Array, with the joint venture partnership now called Brims Tidal Array Limited (BTAL).  Components  The Project consists of the following:    Offshore tidal generators;  Inter-array cables;  Potential for offshore hub(s) or substation;  Export cable to shore (Hoy or South Walls); and  Onshore cabling up to onshore substation.   Full details of these elements are described within this Scoping Report. The consent application will not include the onshore substation or connection to the grid, which is the responsibility of SHE-T and will be subject to its own application. Therefore, there is no request for scoping opinion on the onshore substation as part of this report.  Project Phases  This Scoping Report is designed to support the application for both phases of the 200MW Project with the applications submitted in two phases. Phase I consists of up to 60MW with construction expected to begin in 2019. Phase II will be subject to a separate application process, with planned delivery of the fully commissioned 200MW Project in 2023. This phasing will allow BTAL to gain experience of deploying devices in an array of reasonable scale and then evaluating its performance, both technically and environmentally before completing the full build-out.","author":["OpenHydro","SSE Renewables"],"organization":["OpenHydro","SSE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.766787400000","-3.229773400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brims-Tidal-Array-Scoping-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2592","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/laboratory-experiments-effects-blade-strike-hydrokinetic-energy-technologies-larval","sourceURL":"https:\/\/info.ornl.gov\/sites\/publications\/files\/Pub35464.pdf","title":"Laboratory Experiments on the Effects of Blade Strike from Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies on Larval and Juvenile Freshwater Fishes","description":"Although numerous HK designs are under development (see DOE 2009 for a description of the technologies and their potential environmental effects), the most commonly proposed currentbased projects entail arrays of rotating devices, much like submerged wind turbines, that are positioned in the high-velocity (high energy) river channels. The many diverse HK designs imply a diversity of environmental impacts, but a potential impact common to most is the risk for blade strike to aquatic organisms.\n\nIn conventional hydropower generation, research on fish passage through reaction turbines at low-head dams suggested that strike and mortality for small fish could be low. As a consequence of the large surface area to mass ratio of small fish, the drag forces in the boundary layer flow at the surface of a rotor blade may pull small fish around the leading edge of a rotor blade without making physical contact (Turnpenny 1998, Turnpenny et al. 2000). Although there is concern that small, fragile fish early life stages may be unable to avoid being struck by the blades of hydrokinetic turbines, we found no empirical data in the published literature that document survival of earliest life-stage fish in passage by rotor blades. In addition to blade strike, research on passage of fish through conventional hydropower turbines suggested that fish mortalities from passage through the rotor swept area could also occur due to shear stresses and pressure chances in the water column (\u010cada et al. 1997, Turnpenny 1998). However, for most of the proposed HK turbine designs the rotors are projected to operate a lower RPM (revolutions per minute) than observed from conventional reaction turbines; the associated shear stress and pressure changes are expected to be lower and pose a smaller threat to fish survival (DOE 2009). Only a limited number of studies have been conducted to examine the risk of blade strike from hydrokinetic technologies to fish (Turnpenny et al. 1992, Normandeau et al. 2009, Seitz et al. 2011, EPRI 2011); the survival of drifting or Page 2 Effects of Blade Strike on Larval and Juvenile Freshwater Fishes weakly swimming fish (especially early life stages) that encounter rotor blades from hydrokinetic (HK) devices is currently unknown.\n\nOur study addressed this knowledge gap by testing how fish larvae and juveniles encountered different blade profiles of hydrokinetic devices and how such encounters influenced survivorship.","author":["Schweizer, P.","Cada, G.","Bevelhimer, M."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.931516000000","-84.310434000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORNL-TM-2012-18-Strike.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2597","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-auditory-evoked-potentials-wild-harbor-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/140\/1\/10.1121\/1.4955306","title":"Assessing Auditory Evoked Potentials of Wild Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","description":"Testing the hearing abilities of marine mammals under water is a challenging task. Sample sizes are usually low, thus limiting the ability to generalize findings of susceptibility towards noise influences. A method to measure harbor porpoise hearing thresholds in situ in outdoor conditions using auditory steady state responses of the brainstem was developed and tested. The method was used on 15 live-stranded animals from the North Sea during rehabilitation, shortly before release into the wild, and on 12 wild animals incidentally caught in pound nets in Denmark (inner Danish waters). Results indicated that although the variability between individuals is wide, the shape of the hearing curve is generally similar to previously published results from behavioral trials. Using 10-kHz frequency intervals between 10 and 160 kHz, best hearing was found between 120 and 130\u2009kHz. Additional testing using one-third octave frequency intervals (from 16 to 160\u2009kHz) allowed for a much faster hearing assessment, but eliminated the fine scale threshold characteristics. For further investigations, the method will be used to better understand the factors influencing sensitivity differences across individuals and to establish population-level parameters describing hearing abilities of harbor porpoises.","author":["Ruser, A.","D\u00e4hne, M.","van Neer, A.","Lucke, K.","Sundermeyer, J.","Siebert, U.","Houser, D.","Finneran, J.","Everaarts, E.","Meerbeek, J.","Dietz, R.","Sveegaard, S.","Tielmann, J."],"organization":["Aarhus University","National Marine Mammal Foundation","University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation","US Navy Marine Mammal Program"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.694590300000","10.588000800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2598","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-porpoise-distribution-can-vary-small-spatiotemporal-scales-energetic-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967064516301849","title":"Harbour Porpoise Distribution can Vary at Small Spatiotemporal Scales in Energetic Habitats","description":"Marine habitat heterogeneity underpins species distribution and can be generated through interactions between physical and biological drivers at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is used worldwide to study potential impacts of marine industrial activities on cetaceans, but understanding of animals\u2019 site use at small spatiotemporal scales (","author":["Benjamins, S.","van Geel, N.","Hastie, G.","Elliott, J.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Benjamins-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2617","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-environmental-impacts-marine-hydrokinetic-projects-inform-regulatory-permitting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/66688.pdf","title":"A Review of the Environmental Impacts for Marine and Hydrokinetic Projects to Inform Regulatory Permitting: Summary Findings from the 2015 Workshop on Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies, Washington, D.C.","description":"Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) power generation is an energy source with great potential to provide a portion of the nation\u2019s ongoing energy needs. However, this technology is currently in its infancy from a deployment standpoint and introduces new challenges to regulators, from early-stage prototype testing through initial commercial deployments. Given the early stage of MHK development, many federal, state, and local regulators responsible for permitting these projects (as well as other stakeholders such as industry\/developers, the fishing community, and environmental groups) are not as familiar with the technologies and their potential environmental impacts as they are with existing offshore structures or onshore energy. To allow appropriate technical development, in-water testing is currently being conducted for single devices and small arrays at test centers or early development sites. Eventually the technology will evolve into larger, commercial-scale arrays of MHK devices. The applicability of the science and technical information gathered at small-scale installations to larger commercial installations is uncertain, but technologies will evolve and environmental impacts will be better understood through single device and test centers\/small-scale arrays experience before fully commercial, cost-competitive devices are available.\n\nTo help address the knowledge and experience gap and increase the number of early MHK device deployments, beginning in FY14, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funded efforts to develop and implement technology- and application-focused workshops on MHK systems. The workshops engaged resource managers and other decision makers at key regulatory organizations, providing a review of current research and facilitating discussions with leading national and international experts on environmental topics such as possible and observed physical interactions with MHK devices, environmental effects on marine ecosystems, ongoing and needed research, and identifying ways to apply lessons learned from other renewable energy industries into the regulation of MHK systems. The workshops also allowed participants to discuss evolving \u201cbest practice\u201d approaches to measurement and monitoring, as well as the application of risk-based approaches for baseline characterization and monitoring. Workshops in the Pacific Northwest and Washington, D.C., were hosted in late FY14 and mid-FY15, and efforts to summarize the discussions and knowledge gained were finalized in FY16. This document summarizes the workshop held in Washington, D.C.","author":["Baring-Gould, E.","Christol, C.","LiVecchi, A.","Kramer, S.","West, A."],"organization":["H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","Kearns \u0026 West","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2016-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Baring-Gould-et-al-2016-Workshop.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2620","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-patterns-minas-basin-intertidal-weir-fish-catches-presence-harbour-porpoise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/temporal-patterns-in-minas-basin-intertidal-weir-fish-catches-and-presence-of-harbour-porpoise-during-april-august-2013-","title":"Temporal Patterns in Minas Basin Intertidal Weir Fish Catches and Presence of Harbour Porpoise during April - August 2013","description":"The Bay of Fundy is recognized as an area of high ecological importance and is home to a diverse fish assemblage, including commercially and recreationally significant fishes, and many other marine species. The Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), a leading test center for tidal energy research and development, is currently assessing the potential for tidal energy development in the Bay of Fundy\u2019s Minas Passage. Since 2009, FORCE\u2019s Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program has utilized a variety of strategies to gain a better understanding of fish presence and activity within and near the turbine test area. This project examines the use of commercial intertidal weirs along the shores of Minas Basin to address identified information gaps within the EEM program, in particular the seasonal abundance and presence of fishes that occur in Minas Basin and Minas Passage. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the temporal and environmental (e.g. temp, tide height) patterns in the presence and abundance of resident and migratory fishes, as observed in the fish catches at two Minas Basin intertidal weirs during April \u2013 August 2013. Sampling was conducted near weekly during daytime low tides from weirs in Bramber, NS and Five Islands, NS. Diel patterns were examined during two one-week periods during late July and early August at the Bramber site. Weir catches included 24 fish species at Bramber and 22 species at Five Islands. Pelagic fishes, especially those of the Clupeidae family, dominated the catches at both weirs. Abundance and species richness varied seasonally, and reflected the movement and spawning patterns of migratory fishes. Day\/night sampling was conducted on 14 consecutive low tides during 12-19 July at Bramber. Considerable variation in abundance was observed, with greater fish captures during low tides at dusk\/night. Harbour porpoise presence near intertidal weirs was low during summer, especially on the north shore; their absence may reflect their preference for deeper and cooler waters. Overall, the study showed that intertidal weirs are useful sampling platforms for assessing general patterns in the presence and abundance of fishes in Minas Basin and can strengthen on-going environmental monitoring near tidal energy development sites. Monitoring of an intertidal weir located within Minas Passage would better identify seasonal patterns in the movement of fishes closer to the FORCE test site.","author":["Baker, M.","Reed, M.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.363561000000","-64.484346000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bakeretal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2621","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/minas-passage-lobster-tracking-study-2011-2013","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/minas-passage-lobster-tracking-study-2011-2013-","title":"Minas Passage Lobster Tracking Study 2011-2013","description":"The development of the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) in-stream tidal turbine test site in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy has necessitated environmental monitoring of commercially and recreationally valuable species, including the American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery. The upper Bay of Fundy commercial lobster fishery (lobster fishing area 35) is lucrative and supports 75 licensed fishers (Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat, 2013). Adult American lobsters are known to undergo seasonal migration of 10s to 100s of kilometres to avoid cold winter water temperatures (Estrella and Morrissey, 1997, Robichaud and Lawton, 1997); this is of particular importance to ovigerous or berried females (Campbell, 1986, Cowan et al. 2007).  Impacts on lobster migration from the testing of tidal energy technology are unknown. Preliminary studies completed in the Minas Passage (Lockhart-Bastian et al., 2009, Collins, 2011) confirmed the presence of lobsters in the area and the FORCE test site. Conventional tagging methods were used with limited success as they provided data only during the fishing season. In order to gain higher temporal resolution and more data on fine-scale movements in and around the FORCE test site, Minas Basin lobsters were tagged with VEMCO tracking technology in both 2011 and 2012.  Prior to lobster tracking, a field test to assess detection range of the technology used was conducted in the Minas Passage using three Vemco VR2w acoustic receivers and six Vemco V13 acoustic transmitters. Transmitters and receivers were mounted in lobster traps and deployed for a three-day period to monitor detection efficiency of bottom moored tags in the Minas Passage. All three receivers logged detections from all transmitters. However, detection of tag transmissions varied throughout the tidal cycle, with the majority of detections occurring at average water column currents speeds of \u0026lt;1.5 m\/s. Transmission interference due to ambient environmental noise is considered the cause of reduced detection efficiency at high flow speeds.  In November 2011, 85 adult American lobsters sourced from the commercial catch in Minas Basin were weighed, sexed, measured, and fitted with a Vemco V13 acoustic transmitter and a numbered disc tag to facilitate fisher tag returns. Lobsters were released near their site of capture, several kilometers east of the innermost array of acoustic receivers in Minas Passage. A total of 29 acoustic receiver stations were deployed in three line arrays as \u201clistening gates\u201d spanning the Minas Passage and FORCE test site. Receivers were housed in moored sub buoys that were tethered approximately 3 m above the seafloor.","author":["Morrison, K.","Broome, J.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.363561000000","-64.484346000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2014-Minas-Passage-Lobster-Tracking.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2622","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-tracking-fish-movements-minas-passage-force-demonstration-area-pre-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/acoustic-tracking-of-fish-movements-in-the-minas-passage-and-force-demonstration-area-pre-turbine-baseline-studies-2011-2013-","title":"Acoustic Tracking of Fish Movements in the Minas Passage and FORCE Demonstration Area: Pre-Turbine Baseline Studies (2011-2013)","description":"The impact on fish of large tidal in-stream tidal energy converters (TISEC) deployed in very high flow environments (\u0026gt;2 m\/s) is unknown. The issue is especially pertinent in areas where migratory fish, including transboundary species of special concern (endangered, threatened or commercial) are present. Direct contact with turbine blades and subsequent injury or mortality, and indirect effects on behaviour and use of natural migratory pathways, continue to be the primary concerns of regulators and many other stakeholders.  To address the potential risk of environmental effects on fish that utilize the FORCE test area as a migratory route and for other movements (e.g. foraging), a multi-year tracking study was conducted to assess the movements of four species of concern - Atlantic sturgeon (regionally threatened), Atlantic salmon (smolts; endangered inner Bay of Fundy population), American eel (silver stage; threatened) and striped bass (endangered Bay of Fundy population). They display broad characteristics of movement and depth preferences, and may provide insight on potential impacts on species with similar natural history characteristics.","author":["Redden, A.","Stokesbury, M."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.363561000000","-64.484346000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2014-Acoustic-Tracking-of-Fish-Movements-AcadiaUniversity.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2623","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bottom-substrate-associated-epibenthic-biota-force-tidal-energy-test-site-minas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/bottom-substrate-and-associated-epibenthic-biota-of-the-force-tidal-energy-test-site-in-minas-passage-bay-of-fundy","title":"Bottom substrate and associated epibenthic biota of the force tidal energy test site in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy","description":"Environmental data collected in the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) lease area in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, during 2008-2009, included underwater video surveys and \u0026gt;2000 still photographs of the seafloor. The present study uses these materials and associated technical reports by Envirosphere Ltd to further examine the epibenthic fauna-substrate relationships for the purposes of quantifying baseline conditions prior to installation of in-stream tidal energy conversion infrastructure (cables, moorings and turbines) in the FORCE test area.  Computer image analysis and qualitative and quantitative classification techniques were used to characterize the benthic environment and to map the epibenthic macrofauna (for organisms \u0026gt;10 mm) of three FORCE berth sites and associated cable routes. Still frames taken from videographic surveys were processed using ImageJ software. Data recorded include presence\/absence and percent cover of macrofaunal species, percent cover of substrate type (based on bedrock type and clast size) and depth below MLW. Commonly observed macrofauna from video stills include Halichondria panicea (yellow breadcrumb sponge), Asterias vulgaris (a variety of seastar), Henricia sanguinolenta (bloodstar), and Urticina felina (northern red anemone). H. panicea is the most abundant species observed in the FORCE lease area, with extensive sponge cover appearing in Berth A, an area of exposed basalt bedrock and the shallowest of the three berth areas.  The distribution patterns of the dominant epibenthic fauna in the FORCE test area were mapped as an aid to FORCE project developers and environmental regulators. A Classification and Regression Tree (CART) statistical analysis was used to determine the environmental factors most influential in determining species distribution. CART analyses showed that the most important factor controlling H. panicea distribution was substrate type (volcanic or sedimentary bedrock), followed by water depth.  Given the observed low biodiversity of macrofauna and the prevalence of encrusting yellow breadcrumb sponge, the risk of negative impact on epibenthic productivity and biodiversity, following any installation of subsea infrastructure at FORC, is low.","author":["Morrison, K.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.363561000000","-64.484643000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Morrisonetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2636","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-government-demonstration-strategy-trialling-methods-tracking-fine-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/risweb.st-andrews.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/researchoutput\/scottish-government-demonstration-strategy(797696ea-871c-41c4-aaf5-d0bcb3e8cb40).html","title":"Scottish Government Demonstration Strategy: Trialling Methods for Tracking the Fine Scale Underwater Movements of Marine Mammals in Areas of Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"Sectoral Marine Planning and related strategic assessment processes have identified a need to evaluate the potential interactions between marine renewable energy developments and marine wildlife as a matter of priority. Despite significant progress in the industry over recent years, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about the risk that tidal turbines in particular pose to marine mammals.\n\nThere is, therefore, a clear need to improve the understanding of how animals perceive and respond to devices. The Demonstration Strategy is a key component of the Scottish Government\u2019s \u2018Survey, Deploy and Monitor\u2019 (SDM) policy approach to reducing the environmental uncertainty currently inherent in the licensing of renewable energy developments in Scottish waters. It will allow the monitoring of early renewable projects to investigate such interactions. It is crucial that appropriate and achievable techniques are in place for these early projects to collect the data required to characterise the true nature of any impacts \u2013 and that data are collected and analysed in such a way as to inform the development of tools that help assess future risk (e.g. collision risk models).\n\nSuitable instrumentation and methodologies are generally lacking and those that are available for the detection and tracking of marine mammals require a degree of development before it is possible to be confident that they can be successfully deployed in conjunction with tidal energy projects. In order to study the fine scale movements of animals close to a tidal energy device and potentially monitor collisions, monitoring systems are required with the ability to track animals with a high spatial and temporal resolution and over a range of several tens of metres from the turbine for a period of several months.\n\nThis report details the progress of Phase 1 of the Scottish Government Demonstration Strategy (SGDS) project: Developing and testing methodologies for measuring fine scale marine mammal movements around tidal energy devices. The approach considered here comprises three sensor systems: Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), Active Acoustic Monitoring (AAM) and Video Surveillance. Whilst each of these systems have been used to study marine animal movements, their combined application in a high tidal energy environment requires development and testing.","author":["Sparling, C.","Gillespie, D.","Hastie, G.","Gordon, J.","Macaulay, J.","Malinka, C.","Wu, M.","McConnell, B."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-06-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scottish-Government-Demonstration-Strategy-Vol-7-No-14.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2641","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/auditory-sensitivity-aquatic-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/1.4952711","title":"Auditory Sensitivity in Aquatic Animals","description":"A critical concern with respect to marine animal acoustics is the issue of hearing \u201csensitivity,\u201d as it is widely used as a criterion for the onset of noise-induced effects. Important aspects of research on sensitivity to sound by marine animals include: uncertainties regarding how well these species detect and respond to different sounds; the masking effects of man-made sounds on the detection of biologically important sounds; the question how internal state, motivation, context, and previous experience affect their behavioral responses; and the long-term and cumulative effects of sound exposure. If we are to better understand the sensitivity of marine animals to sound we must concentrate research on these questions. In order to assess population level and ecological community impacts new approaches can possibly be adopted from other disciplines and applied to marine fauna.","author":["Lucke, K.","Popper, A.","Hawkins, A.","Akamatsu, T.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Branstetter, B.","Lammers, M.","Radford, C.","Stansbury, A.","Mooney, T."],"organization":["Curtin University","Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)","National Marine Mammal Foundation","Oceanwide Science Institute","Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","University of Auckland","University of Maryland","University of St Andrews","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2647","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wind-fire-water-renewable-energy-birds-report-bous-annual-conference-held-university","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2005.00471.x\/abstract","title":"Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds. A report on the BOU\u0027s Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 1\u20133 April 2005","description":"In recent years the British Ornithologists\u2019 Union has covered various important issues in applied ornithology in its conferences. This meeting not only covered an important topic, but brought the ornithologists together with experts on the technologies involved and with policy-makers. It was a fruitful weekend.","author":["Greenwood, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2005-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.621261000000","-1.118742000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:13:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2655","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydropower-environmental-regulation-scottish-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00521.x\/abstract","title":"Hydropower and Environmental Regulation - A Scottish Perspective","description":"This paper provides an overview of hydropower and the environmental legislative and regulatory frameworks, with particular reference to Scotland. Consideration is given to the environmental impacts of hydro schemes, with case examples of particular relevance to birds used for illustration. Impacts vary from run of river schemes which tend to have the lowest impact on biodiversity, to large impoundment schemes which have the greatest impact. Adverse impacts can be minimized by sensitive site selection and good scheme design.","author":["Copestake, P."],"organization":["British Ornithologists\u0027 Union"],"originationDate":"2006-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.767879000000","-4.204063000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2667","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-situ-power-cable-observation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/2016-008\/","title":"Renewable Energy in situ Power Cable Observation","description":"It is likely that for the foreseeable future, offshore renewable energy technologies (e.g., wind and wave) will focus on the generation of electricity. These technologies harness energy from an array of individual devices and, through power cables, send electricity to shore via cables. These cables will transmit either alternating current or direct current, and, if the cable uses alternating current, this current will generate both electric and magnetic fields.  Research has shown that some cartilaginous and bony fishes, as well as at least some invertebrates, are sensitive to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and that these fields can alter the behavior of these organisms (Kalmin 1982, Formicki et al. 2004, Tanski et al. 2005). However, worldwide, very few studies have been conducted to document the effects of EMF on marine organisms in situ (Ohman et al. 2007). Only one survey on the Pacific Coast has examined, in the marine environment, the role that EMF emitted from a cable might play. That study, Barry et al. (2008), found that longnose skate (Raja rhina) appeared to have been attracted to an energized sea-bed cable. However, it should be noted that rather than comparing energized and unenergized cables, this survey compared organism densities along a sea bed before and after an energized cable was installed. Thus it was difficult to differentiate the effects of the EMF emanating from the cable from the effects of the cable structure itself.  Submarine transmission cables that power offshore oil platforms in the Pacific Region provide a unique opportunity to assess potential behavior and reaction of electromagnetic-sensitive species to industry activities. In particular, the chance occurrence of both energized and unenergized cables in a corridor on the seafloor within the Santa Ynez Unit Offshore Southern California Planning Area, allows for an experiment testing the effects of EMF on marine organisms. The identical cables stretch several miles from Platforms Heritage, Harmony, and Hondo (at depths to about 326 m) to Los Flores on the mainland. The cables run from the platforms toward the mainland to a sea floor depth of 10 m and from there are buried inshore. One unenergized cable runs from a platform to the border of federal and state waters at a bottom depth of about 150 m. All of these cables use the industry standards of the power cables that will be used for connecting devices (35 KV) within renewable energy installations. These cables were emplaced concurrently by the manufacturer. Thus, the cables form a natural experiment, allowing a comparison of an energized power cable with one that is unenergized to determine the potential impacts from electromagnetic fields while controlling for the habitat effect contributed by the cables themselves. The goal of this study was to more fully understand the potential effects of energized, seabed deployed, power cables on marine organisms.  Specific objectives of this study were to determine:    The differences among fish and invertebrate communities associated with energized and unenergized cable habitat and those communities in soft seafloor habitats lacking cables.  Whether electrosensitive species that are regionally important such as sharks and rays respond (via either attraction or repulsion) to the EMF\u2019s of an in situ power transmission cable.  The strength, spatial extent, and variability of EMF\u2019s along both energized and unenergized cables.  The potential effectiveness of the commonly proposed mitigation of cable burial. Knowledge gained from this study will be directly applicable to renewable energy projects not only in the Pacific OCS region, but to any OCS planning area.   View the Technical Summary available here  View the Full Report here","author":["Love, M.","Nishimoto, M.","Clark, S.","Bull, A."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2016-008_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2670","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbor-seal-tidal-turbine-collision-risk-models-assessment-sensitivities","sourceURL":"","title":"Harbor Seal - Tidal Turbine Collision Risk Models. An Assessment of Sensitivities.","description":"There has been growing interest in generating electricity from tidal currents, but there are still concerns about the potential environmental effects of tidal turbines. One of these concerns is the risk of collision by marine mammals with spinning tidal turbines. Most estimates of marine mammal collision risk with tidal turbines have used either an Encounter Risk Model (ERM) which is based on a predator-prey model, or a Collision Risk Model (CRM) which was first developed for predicting bird collisions with wind turbines. CRM estimates are based on transit rates of the animals and the probability of collision for each transit.\n\nIn order to explore the sensitivities of the collision risk models to various inputs, we analyzed data that were available to us from the Strangford Lough MCT SeaGen project. We had access to tagged seal data from 2006, 2008 and 2010 as well as turbine and current data starting after the installation of the turbine in 2008 through 2010. Seal tags provided information on the timing and location of seals as well as their dive depth. We also had measures of current speed, direction and turbine RPM. Based on tidal data for Strangford Lough, we estimated current speed and direction at other times during which we had seal tag data. Based on analyses of the seal tag and current data, the following patterns emerged:\nSeal vectors (i.e. seal swim speed and direction from GPS tag locations):\nGiven the dominant aspect of current in a tidal environment, the direct use of seal vectors over ground (as measured from one GPS location to the next) is cautioned.\nCalculating seal vectors through the water, but accounting for the current vector and the seal vector over ground is more appropriate.\nIn this dataset, seals swam in all directions over ground and in relation to the current, however, seals almost exclusively swam into the current.\nSeal swim speed through the water tended to increase with increasing current velocity.\n\nSeal dives:\nSeal dives in Strangford Lough tended to follow a \u2018U\u2019 shape and were similar to dives reported at other sites.\n\nSeal habitat use:\nSeal habitat use across Strangford Lough was not uniform.\nSeals in Strangford Lough tended to do most of their diving in areas outside of the highest current flow areas.\n\nSeal Avoidance:\nUsing Brownian Bridge methods to interpolate seal movement between GPS locations suggests that within 200 m of the turbine, ~66% of seals in 2008 and 2010 avoided the area, when compared to 2006.\nCaution should be used in interpreting this estimate of avoidance as there is a great deal of inter-individual difference between seals in each year of data, this trend is inferred from few tagged seals.\n\n\nThe exploration of collision risk model sensitivities showed the following trends:\nUse of the tip speed ratio of the SeaGen turbine decreased collision risk by 12%\nUse of the turbine RPM across a tidal cycle instead of average RPM increased collision risk by 5%. \uf0b7\nUse of seal swim speeds through the water measured in Strangford Lough increased collision risk by 3%.\nSeal swim direction (upstream vs downstream) increased CRM estimates by 10%\nThe assumption of a \u2018U\u2019 shaped as opposed to a \u2018V\u2019 shaped dive, decreased collision risk estimates by 63%, but it was clear that the dive data from Strangford Lough, and other tidal sites, that seals consistently use \u2018U\u2019 shaped dives in these areas.\nSeal \u2018density\u2019 had the biggest effect on collision risk estimates. Use of measured transit rates in Strangford Lough, reduced collision risk estimates by 27% from estimates based on average seal density.\nAvoidance has a direct multiplicative effect and therefore reduced collision risk by 66%.\n\nIt is clear from the Strangford Lough data, that seal tag data can greatly inform and improve collision risk estimates, however, it would be preferable for the growth of the tidal turbine industry if such in depth research were not needed at every tidal turbine site. There are four other potential tidal turbine sites, in addition the Strangford Lough, where seals (harbor or grey seals) have been tagged. These data could provide needed information to verify if seals use these different habitats in similar or different ways. To date, the analyses of these data have shown the following trends:\nThere is a high degree of inter-individual variation in the use of tidal areas.\nLocal abundance varies by tidal cycle and thus collision risk is not equal over the tidal cycle.\nDepth distributions of diving seals are similar across sites with most time spent at the surface or seabed.\n\nSeal morphometric data from the San Juan County Marine Mammal Stranding Network may help inform models that predict the consequences of collision. The harbor seals in this dataset are on average small compared to other populations. The majority of adults were classed as in good nutritional health while the majority of subadults and pups were in poor nutritional state.\n\nBased on the above findings we suggest the following priorities for future work:\nAvoidance needs to be further investigated to understand how it varies with distance from turbine, across individual, tidal state and locations.\nFine scale habitat use needs further refinement as this also has large implications in collision risk. This includes inter-individual variability, as well as variation across tidal state, current speeds, current directions and across sites.","author":["Wood, J.","Joy, R.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2016-03-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wood-Seal-Collision-Risk-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2671","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seal-telemetry-inventory","sourceURL":"","title":"Seal Telemetry Inventory","description":"Due to the expansion of the tidal energy industry and the concern surrounding the risks posed to marine megafauna, there is a requirement for knowledge on how marine animals use tidal environments. Potential interactions are poorly understood, largely due to the complexity of tidal stream environments that make traditional survey and monitoring methods challenging. Although tide patterns have long been known to influence seal haul out behaviour, the behaviour of seals within fast flowing, turbulent environments is less well known. In the UK in recent years much interest has focussed on understanding how seals use tidal environments and a number of datasets are starting to emerge. The purpose of this report is to review these studies with a view to synthesising the current state of knowledge, to identify similarities and differences across datasets and to determine whether there are common factors across studies, which shape seal behaviour and explore the extent to which we can generalise across sites and between species.","author":["Sparling, C."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2016-03-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.464890000000","-5.582060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sparling-2016-Appendix-3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2672","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/riding-tide-use-moving-tidal-stream-habitat-harbour-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v549\/p275-288\/","title":"Riding the Tide: Use of a Moving Tidal-Stream Habitat by Harbour Porpoises","description":"Tidal-stream habitats present periodically fast-flowing, turbulent conditions. Evidence suggests that these conditions benefit top predators such as harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena, presumably allowing them to optimise exploitation of prey resources. However, clear demonstration of this relationship is complicated by the fact that strong tidal flows often occur near-simultaneously across a wide area. The Great Race of the Gulf of Corryvreckan (western Scotland, UK) is a jetting tidal system where high-energy conditions persist across a broad range of tidal phases in a localised, moving patch of water. Porpoises can therefore actively enter or avoid this habitat, facilitating study of their usage of adjacent high- and low-energy environments. The distribution of harbour porpoises was studied using passive acoustic porpoise detectors (C\u2011PODs) deployed on static moorings (~35 d) and on Lagrangian drifters moving freely with the current (up to ~48 h). This dual approach provided complementary perspectives on porpoise presence. C-PODs moored in the path of the Great Race registered a significant increase in detections during the passing of the energetic tidal jet. Encounter durations recorded by drifting C-PODs were longer than those recorded by moored C-PODs, suggesting that porpoises tended to move downstream with the flow rather than remaining stationary relative to the seabed or moving upstream. The energetic, turbulent conditions of the Great Race are clearly attractive to porpoises, and they track its movement with time; however, their structured movements in response to the evolving tidal situation cannot simply be represented as a direct relationship between current speed and porpoise presence.","author":["Benjamins, S.","Dale, A.","van Geel, N.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2016-05-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.158345000000","-5.694017000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Benjamins-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2674","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/soundscape-noise-exposure-monitoring-marine-protected-area-using-shipping-data-time","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_85","title":"Soundscape and Noise Exposure Monitoring in a Marine Protected Area Using Shipping Data and Time-Lapse Footage","description":"We review recent work that developed new techniques for underwater noise assessment that integrate acoustic monitoring with automatic identification system (AIS) shipping data and time-lapse video, meteorological, and tidal data. Two sites were studied within the Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation (SAC) for bottlenose dolphins, where increased shipping traffic is expected from construction of offshore wind farms outside the SAC. Noise exposure varied markedly between the sites, and natural and anthropogenic contributions were characterized using multiple data sources. At one site, AIS-operating vessels accounted for total cumulative sound exposure (0.1\u201310 kHz), suggesting that noise modeling using the AIS would be feasible.","author":["Merchant, N.","Pirotta, E.","Barton, T.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.682495000000","-4.117010000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2676","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-collision-risk-between-underwater-turbines-marine-wildlife","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/professional-advice\/planning-and-development\/renewable-energy-development\/types-renewable-technologies\/marine-renewables\/general-advice-marine","title":"Assessing collision risk between underwater turbines and marine wildlife","description":"SNH has produced the guidance to help developers, consultants and regulatory bodies, to promote a standardised approach to collision risk assessment for tidal energy projects.  The guidance describes three models which may be used to estimate the number of animals likely to collide with tidal arrays.  It also provides information on the process of obtaining animal densities at collision risk depth and standard biological parameters used in the models.  Chris Eastham, Marine Renewables Adviser for SNH, said: \u201cHigh energy tidal environments are ideal for renewable energy projects, but they are also important for a wide range of marine wildlife, from mammals and fish, to diving seabirds.  \u201cTidal turbines pose a collision risk to wildlife and it\u2019s important to understand the degree and extent of this risk. We\u2019ve still much to learn about the ways animals react to turbine arrays in our seas and the whole topic of assessing the risk of collision is still in its infancy. This guidance will provide greater confidence in impact assessments and help protect our marine wildlife.\u201d  SNH is the government\u2019s adviser on all aspects of nature and landscape across Scotland.","author":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.636150700000","-4.916183600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/scottish-natural-heritage-report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2677","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-tidal-power-technologies-their-suitability-applications-coastal-marine-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40722-016-0044-8","title":"Current tidal power technologies and their suitability for applications in coastal and marine areas","description":"A considerable body of research is currently being performed to quantify available tidal energy resources and to develop efficient devices with which to harness them. This work is naturally focussed on maximising power generation from the most promising sites, and a review of the literature suggests that the potential for smaller scale, local tidal power generation from shallow near-shore sites has not yet been investigated. If such generation is feasible, it could have the potential to provide sustainable electricity for coastal homes and communities as part of a distributed generation strategy, and would benefit from easier installation and maintenance, lower cabling and infrastructure requirements and reduced capital costs when compared with larger scale projects. This article reviews tidal barrages and lagoons, tidal turbines, oscillating hydrofoils and tidal kites to assess their suitability for smaller scale electricity generation in the shallower waters of coastal areas at the design stage. This is achieved by discussing the power density, scalability, durability, maintainability, economic potential and environmental impacts of each concept. The discussion suggests that tidal kites and range devices are not well suited toward small-scale shallow water applications due to depth and size requirements, respectively. Cross-flow turbines appear to be the most suitable technology, as they have high power densities and a maximum size that is not constrained by water depth. Oscillating hydrofoils would also be appropriate, provided comparable levels of efficiency can be achieved.","author":["Roberts, A.","Thomas, B.","Sewell, P.","Khan, Z.","Balmain, S.","Gillman, J."],"organization":["Bournemouth University"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2679","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predictive-modelling-identify-near-shore-fine-scale-seabird-distributions-during","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0150592","title":"Predictive Modelling to Identify Near-Shore, Fine-Scale Seabird Distributions during the Breeding Season","description":"During the breeding season seabirds are constrained to coastal areas and are restricted in their movements, spending much of their time in near-shore waters either loafing or foraging. However, in using these areas they may be threatened by anthropogenic activities such as fishing, watersports and coastal developments including marine renewable energy installations. Although many studies describe large scale interactions between seabirds and the environment, the drivers behind near-shore, fine-scale distributions are not well understood. For example, Alderney is an important breeding ground for many species of seabird and has a diversity of human uses of the marine environment, thus providing an ideal location to investigate the near-shore fine-scale interactions between seabirds and the environment. We used vantage point observations of seabird distribution, collected during the 2013 breeding season in order to identify and quantify some of the environmental variables affecting the near-shore, fine-scale distribution of seabirds in Alderney\u2019s coastal waters. We validate the models with observation data collected in 2014 and show that water depth, distance to the intertidal zone, and distance to the nearest seabird nest are key predictors in the distribution of Alderney\u2019s seabirds. AUC values for each species suggest that these models perform well, although the model for shags performed better than those for auks and gulls. While further unexplained underlying localised variation in the environmental conditions will undoubtedly effect the fine-scale distribution of seabirds in near-shore waters we demonstrate the potential of this approach in marine planning and decision making.","author":["Warwick-Evans, V.","Atkinson, P.","Robinson, L.","Green, J."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2016-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.716428600000","-2.234157000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Warwick-Evans-et-al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2680","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fulfilling-eu-laws-ensure-marine-mammal-protection-during-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_26","title":"Fulfilling EU Laws to Ensure Marine Mammal Protection During Marine Renewable Construction Operations in Scotland","description":"Large-scale offshore renewable energy infrastructure construction in Scottish waters is anticipated in coming decades. An approach being pursued, with a view to preventing short-range marine mammal injury, is the introduction of additional noise sources to intentionally disturb and displace animals from renewable sites over the construction period. To date, no full and transparent consideration has been given to the long-term cost benefits of noise reduction compared with noise-inducing mitigation techniques. It has yet to be determined if the introduction of additional noise is consistent with the objectives of the EU Habitats Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.","author":["Dolman, S.","Green, M.","Gregerson, S.","Weir, C."],"organization":["Whale and Dolphin Conservation"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.039750200000","-5.254729000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2682","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-gathering-experiences-wave-energy-test-centres-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166916300091","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment: Gathering Experiences from Wave Energy Test Centres in Europe","description":"The wave energy industry is an emerging sector and a new user of maritime space that has potential to contribute significantly to the EU renewable energy goals. International and national regulatory frameworks necessitate Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) that provide important data to inform development consent decisions. Here we have evaluated experience related to the assessment programmes at EU wave energy test centres combined with knowledge gained from EIA produced for other similar renewable energy developments. From this we have identified key receptors of concern, as well as the type and magnitude of impacts which may be expected. The key environmental receptors of concern for wave energy EIA include the physical environment (e.g. morphology, waves and current) and flora and fauna as represented by marine mammals, seabirds, benthos, fish and shellfish.\n\nFrom a review of the EIAs performed at wave energy test centres, we identified several lessons regarding the wave energy EIA process. There is clear evidence that the receptors of primary interest are dependent on factors such as the local environmental characteristics, the presence\/absence of protected species and the regulatory authority under which the EIA is performed. Furthermore, it is recommended that concerns relating to cumulative impacts, from an expanding level of wave energy development taking place in a background of growing utilisation of the marine environment, which are largely unknown at this early stage of the industry may be comprehensively addressed at the national level as part of a Strategic Environmental Assessment (EIA) and\/or in Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and that it should be regularly reassessed.","author":["Greaves, D.","Conley, D.","Magagna, D.","Aires, E.","Leit\u00e3o, J.","Witt, M.","Embling, C.","Godley, B.","Bicknell, A.","Saulnier, J.","Simas, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Holmes, B.","Sundberg, J.","Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Hidromod","Plymouth University","University College Cork","University of Exeter","Uppsala University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.132673000000","4.174736000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2683","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/incorporating-data-uncertainty-when-estimating-potential-vulnerability-scottish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1630241X","title":"Incorporating Data Uncertainty when Estimating Potential Vulnerability of Scottish Seabirds to Marine Renewable Energy Developments","description":"The effects of marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) on seabirds are uncertain because of the relative infancy of the industry. This uncertainty can delay the consenting process as regulators adopt a precautionary approach. This study uses novel methods to demonstrate uncertainty in two indices that ranked the vulnerability of seabird populations to MREDs. The study also consolidates recently available data with information from the two indices to consider developments in our understanding of how seabirds respond to MREDs and to present up-to-date vulnerability predictions. Results indicate greater uncertainty in data regarding displacement caused by vessels and\/or helicopters, and use of tidal races by seabirds, than in data regarding the percentage of flight overlapping with wind turbine blades and the level of displacement caused by structures. Results also indicate varying uncertainty among species. Overall vulnerability rankings remained broadly the same, with some minor changes. The uncertainty indices highlight areas lacking data, identify robust predictions, and indicate where particular caution in interpreting vulnerability indices should be adopted. They are a useful tool to inform impact assessment and identify strategic research and monitoring priorities.","author":["Wade, H.","Masden, E.","Jackson, A.","Furness, R."],"organization":["Cornwall College","Marine Scotland Science","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","MacArthur Green"],"originationDate":"2016-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.666078400000","-9.169668000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2684","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-might-we-assess-manage-effects-underwater-noise-populations-marine-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_141","title":"How Might We Assess and Manage the Effects of Underwater Noise on Populations of Marine Animals?","description":"The European Union Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve good environmental status (GES) in European seas by 2020. One of the features of GES is that underwater sound should not adversely affect the marine environment. Direct injury of marine life may occur, but a more pervasive effect is likely to be through the cumulative indirect effects on behavior. Assessing the significance of these effects on an ecosystem scale is difficult. If subsequent management of these effects is required, complex and challenging international decisions will be required.","author":["Tasker, M."],"organization":["University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2687","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-population-consequences-acoustic-disturbance-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_49","title":"Understanding the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance for Marine Mammals","description":"Loud anthropogenic underwater noise, such as that associated with sonar operations, pile driving, or seismic surveys, can cause behavioral and physiological disturbance to many animals that may affect their survival or ability to breed. However, no formal framework for assessing the population-level consequences of this disturbance is currently available. We describe an interim version of a framework developed by a working group on the population consequences of disturbance, funded by the US Office of Naval Research through the University of California, that can be used to assess the effects of offshore renewable energy developments on marine mammal populations.","author":["Harwood, J.","King, S.","Booth, C.","Donovan, C.","Schick, R.","Thomas, L.","New, L."],"organization":["Marine Mammal Commission","University of St Andrews","US Office of Naval Research"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.914350000000","-122.273523000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2688","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expert-elicitation-methods-quantifying-consequences-acoustic-disturbance-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_27","title":"Expert Elicitation Methods in Quantifying the Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance from Offshore Renewable Energy Developments","description":"There are many developments for offshore renewable energy around the United Kingdom whose installation typically produces large amounts of far-reaching noise, potentially disturbing many marine mammals. The potential to affect the favorable conservation status of many species means extensive environmental impact assessment requirements for the licensing of such installation activities. Quantification of such complex risk problems is difficult and much of the key information is not readily available. Expert elicitation methods can be employed in such pressing cases. We describe the methodology used in an expert elicitation study conducted in the United Kingdom for combining expert opinions based on statistical distributions and copula-like methods.","author":["Donovan, C.","Harwood, J.","King, S.","Booth, C.","Caneco, B.","Walker, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.046763300000","-12.395804800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2689","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-underwater-turbine-noise-crab-larval-metamorphosis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_104","title":"Effects of Underwater Turbine Noise on Crab Larval Metamorphosis","description":"The development of marine tidal turbines has advanced at a rapid rate over the last decade but with little detailed understanding of the potential noise impacts on invertebrates. Previous research has shown that underwater reef noise plays an important role in mediating metamorphosis in many larval crabs and fishes. New research suggests that underwater estuarine noise may also mediate metamorphosis in estuarine crab larvae and that the noise emitted from underwater tidal and sea-based wind turbines may significantly influence larval metamorphosis in estuarine crabs.","author":["Pine, M.","Jeffs, A.","Radford, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2690","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expected-effects-offshore-wind-farms-mediterranean-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/4\/1\/18\/htm","title":"Expected Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Mediterranean Marine Life","description":"Current climate policy and issues of energy security mean wind farms are being built at an increasing rate to meet energy demand. As wind farm development is very likely in the Mediterranean Sea, we provide an assessment of the offshore wind potential and identify expected biological effects of such developments in the region. We break new ground here by identifying potential offshore wind farm (OWF) \u201chotspots\u201d in the Mediterranean. Using lessons learned in Northern Europe, and small-scale experiments in the Mediterranean, we identify sensitive species and habitats that will likely be influenced by OWFs in both these hotspot areas and at a basin level. This information will be valuable to guide policy governing OWF development and will inform the industry as and when environmental impact assessments are required for the Mediterranean Sea.","author":["Bray, L.","Reizopoulou, S.","Voukouvalas, E.","Soukissian, T.","Alomar, C.","Vazquez-Luis, M.","Deudero, S.","Attrill, M.","Hall-Spencer, J."],"organization":["European Commission","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2016-03-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.839703000000","18.444686000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bray-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2691","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-sound-levels-wave-energy-device-testing-facility-falmouth-bay-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_39","title":"Underwater Sound Levels at a Wave Energy Device Testing Facility in Falmouth Bay, UK","description":"Passive acoustic monitoring devices were deployed at FaBTest in Falmouth Bay, UK, a marine renewable energy device testing facility during trials of a wave energy device. The area supports considerable commercial shipping and recreational boating along with diverse marine fauna. Noise monitoring occurred during (1) a baseline period, (2) installation activity, (3) the device in situ with inactive power status, and (4) the device in situ with active power status. This paper discusses the preliminary findings of the sound recording at FabTest during these different activity periods of a wave energy device trial.","author":["Garrett, J.","Witt, M.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:45:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2692","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-biological-impacts-marine-renewable-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166916300145","title":"Characterizing Biological Impacts at Marine Renewable Energy Sites","description":"Tidal energy is a renewable resource that can help meet growing energy demands, but uncertainties remain about potential environmental impacts of device installation and operation. Environmental monitoring programs are used to detect impacts and are a mandatory requirement of project operating licenses in the United States. Because tidal technology is new, studies describing environmental change due to tidal devices are rare, limiting information that can be used to characterize environmental impacts for monitoring requirements. Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) was used to characterize infrequent values from monitoring studies that are potentially associated with impact, defined as relevant biological change as a consequence of human activity, at a tidal energy site. EVA was adapted for monitoring aquatic organisms in the water column using an active acoustic dataset from Admiralty Inlet, a proposed tidal energy site. First derivatives were used to identify extreme value thresholds to improve precision of EVA parameters. Return level plots, which indicate the average period that extreme values are expected to appear, and uncertainty estimates of return level predictions, were generated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Managers and site developers could use EVA to characterize rare values that may be associated with impacts, and tailor monitoring programs to include operational protocols for conditions under which these events occur.","author":["Wiesebron, L.","Horne, J.","Hendrix, N."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2694","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predicting-anthropogenic-noise-contributions-us-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_40","title":"Predicting Anthropogenic Noise Contributions to US Waters","description":"To increase understanding of the potential effects of chronic underwater noise in US waters, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) organized two working groups in 2011, collectively called \u201cCetSound,\u201d to develop tools to map the density and distribution of cetaceans (CetMap) and predict the contribution of human activities to underwater noise (SoundMap). The SoundMap effort utilized data on density, distribution, acoustic signatures of dominant noise sources, and environmental descriptors to map estimated temporal, spatial, and spectral contributions to background noise. These predicted soundscapes are an initial step toward assessing chronic anthropogenic noise impacts on the ocean\u2019s varied acoustic habitats and the animals utilizing them.","author":["Gedamke, J.","Ferguson, M.","Harrison, J.","Hatch, L.","Henderson, L.","Porter, M.","Southall, B.","Van Parijs, S."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.251276000000","-113.690212000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2696","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expected-efficiency-coastal-impact-hybrid-energy-farm-operating-portuguese-nearshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544216000128","title":"The expected efficiency and coastal impact of a hybrid energy farm operating in the Portuguese nearshore","description":"The objective of the present work is to provide a comprehensive picture concerning the expected efficiency and coastal impact that would result from the implementation of a hybrid wind-wave project in the northern part of the Portuguese nearshore. As regards the wind, the data considered are from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast and covers the 20-year interval 1995\u20132014. For the wave conditions, data provided by in situ buoy measurements corresponding to the 15-year time interval (1994\u20132010) have been processed and analyzed. As a first step, the potential of the wind and wave resources was assessed in terms of their seasonal variations. This was further completed with results concerning the expected power output and the efficiency of some state of the art wind and wave converters. The second part of the proposed work is focused on an evaluation of the down-wave effect induced by a hybrid wind-wave farm. Following the results of the present work, it can be noticed that the wave farm can assure a beneficial sheltering effect to the wind farm fact that should lead to an increase of efficiency of the wind energy extraction.","author":["Onea, F.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2016-02-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.539867000000","-10.096602200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2697","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/governance-multi-use-platforms-sea-energy-production-aquaculture-challenges-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/8\/4\/333\/htm","title":"The Governance of Multi-Use Platforms at Sea for Energy Production and Aquaculture: Challenges for Policy Makers in European Seas","description":"European seas are encountering an upsurge in competing marine activities and infrastructures. Traditional exploitation such as fisheries, tourism, transportation, and oil production are accompanied by new sustainable economic activities such as offshore windfarms, aquaculture, and tidal and wave energy. One proposed solution to overcome possible competing claims at sea lies in combining these economic activities as part of Multi-Use Platforms at Sea (MUPS). MUPS can be understood as areas at sea, designated for a combination of activities, either completely integrated in a platform or in shared marine space. MUPS can potentially benefit from each other in terms of infrastructure, maintenance, etc. Developing MUPS in the marine environment demands adequate governance. In this article, we investigate four European sites to find out how governance arrangements may facilitate or complicate MUPs. In particular, we apply a framework specifying policy, economic, social, technical, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) factors to explore governance arrangements in four case study sites in different sea basins around Europe (the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, and the Baltic Sea). The article concludes with policy recommendations on a governance regime for facilitating the development of MUPS in the future.","author":["Stuiver, M.","Soma, K.","Koundouri, P.","van den Burg, S.","Gerritsen, A.","Harkamp, T.","Dalsgaard, N.","Zagonari, F.","Guanche, R.","Schouten, J.","Hommes, S.","Giannouli, A.","Soderqvist, T.","Rosen, L.","Garcao, R.","Norrman, J.","Rockmann, C.","de Bel, M.","Zanuttigh, B.","Petersen, O.","Mohlenberg, F."],"organization":["Alterra - Wageningen UR","Chalmers University of Technology","Deltares (NL)","Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)","IMARES - Wageningen UR","University of Bologna"],"originationDate":"2016-04-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stuiver-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2698","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-structure-temporal-dynamics-seabird-communities-challenge-capturing-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2656.12434\/abstract","title":"Assessing the structure and temporal dynamics of seabird communities: the challenge of capturing marine ecosystem complexity","description":"Understanding interspecific interactions, and the influences of anthropogenic disturbance and environmental change on communities, are key challenges in ecology. Despite the pressing need to understand these fundamental drivers of community structure and dynamics, only 17% of ecological studies conducted over the past three decades have been at the community level.  Here, we assess the trophic structure of the procellariiform community breeding at South Georgia, to identify the factors that determine foraging niches and possible temporal changes. We collected conventional diet data from 13 sympatric species between 1974 and 2002, and quantified intra- and inter-guild, and annual variation in diet between and within foraging habits. In addition, we tested the reliability of stable isotope analysis (SIA) of seabird feathers collected over a 13-year period, in relation to those of their potential prey, as a tool to assess community structure when diets are diverse and there is high spatial heterogeneity in environmental baselines.  Our results using conventional diet data identified a four-guild community structure, distinguishing species that mainly feed on crustaceans; large fish and squid; a mixture of crustaceans, small fish and squid; or carrion. In total, Antarctic krill Euphausia superba represented 32%, and 14 other species a further 46% of the combined diet of all 13 predators, underlining the reliance of this community on relatively few types of prey. Annual variation in trophic segregation depended on relative prey availability; however, our data did not provide evidence of changes in guild structure associated with a suggested decline in Antarctic krill abundance over the past 40 years.  Reflecting the differences in \u03b415N of potential prey (crustaceans vs. squid vs. fish and carrion), analysis of \u03b415N in chick feathers identified a three-guild community structure that was constant over a 13-year period, but lacked the trophic cluster representing giant petrels which was identified using conventional diet data  Our study is the first in recent decades to examine dietary changes in seabird communities over time. Conventional dietary analysis provided better resolution of community structure than SIA. However, \u03b415N in chick feathers, which reflected trophic (level) specialization, was nevertheless an effective and less time-consuming means of monitoring temporal changes.","author":["Moreno, R.","Stowasser, G.","McGill, R.","Bearhop, S.","Phillips, R."],"organization":["British Ornithologists\u0027 Union","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2015-10-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.959670000000","-54.170139000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 05:06:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moreno_et_al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2699","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-seascape","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2095809916301503","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Seascape","description":"Energy production based on fossil fuel reserves is largely responsible for carbon emissions, and hence global warming. The planet needs concerted action to reduce fossil fuel usage and to implement carbon mitigation measures. Ocean energy has huge potential, but there are major interdisciplinary problems to be overcome regarding technology, cost reduction, investment, environmental impact, governance, and so forth. This article briefly reviews ocean energy production from offshore wind, tidal stream, ocean current, tidal range, wave, thermal, salinity gradients, and biomass sources. Future areas of research and development are outlined that could make exploitation of the marine renewable energy (MRE) seascape a viable proposition; these areas include energy storage, advanced materials, robotics, and informatics. The article concludes with a sustainability perspective on the MRE seascape encompassing ethics, legislation, the regulatory environment, governance and consenting, economic, social, and environmental constraints. A new generation of engineers is needed with the ingenuity and spirit of adventure to meet the global challenge posed by MRE.","author":["Borthwick, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.728962000000","-3.110195000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Borthwick-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2700","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewables-shipping-protected-species-vanishing-opportunity-effective-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_100","title":"Renewables, Shipping, and Protected Species: A Vanishing Opportunity for Effective Marine Spatial Planning?","description":"Anthropogenic noise is a by-product from human activity that impacts protected species and is increasingly being considered in environmental management decisions. Offshore energy development presents a navigational hazard to existing shipping, making the locations of these two sources of noise mutually exclusive. This fact means that licensing decisions are stepping into the realm of coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP). To be effective, conservation measures must also be considered in the CMSP process to mitigate potential cumulative adverse effects associated with resource development, particularly with multiuse conflicts. Thus managers should consider shipping lane relocation to make environmentally optimal decisions.","author":["Petruny, L.","Wright, A.","Smith, C."],"organization":["George Mason University","University of Southern Mississippi"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Marine Spatial Planning","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 02:26:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2701","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-sources-underwater-sound-can-modify-how-sediment-dwelling-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep20540","title":"Anthropogenic Sources of Underwater Sound can Modify how Sediment-Dwelling Invertebrates Mediate Ecosystem Properties","description":"Coastal and shelf environments support high levels of biodiversity that are vital in mediating ecosystem processes, but they are also subject to noise associated with mounting levels of offshore human activity. This has the potential to alter the way in which species interact with their environment, compromising the mediation of important ecosystem properties. Here, we show that exposure to underwater broadband sound fields that resemble offshore shipping and construction activity can alter sediment-dwelling invertebrate contributions to fluid and particle transport - key processes in mediating benthic nutrient cycling. Despite high levels of intra-specific variability in physiological response, we find that changes in the behaviour of some functionally important species can be dependent on the class of broadband sound (continuous or impulsive). Our study provides evidence that exposing coastal environments to anthropogenic sound fields is likely to have much wider ecosystem consequences than are presently acknowledged.","author":["Solan, M.","Hauton, C.","Godbold, J.","Wood, C.","Leighton, T.","White, P."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2016-02-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Solan-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2702","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/avian-interactions-energy-infrastructure-context-other-anthropogenic-threats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/10.1650\/CONDOR-16-12.1","title":"Avian Interactions with Energy Infrastructure in the Context of Other Anthropogenic Threats","description":"Continued global expansion in the development of energy and its associated infrastructure is expected in the coming decades. Substantial concern exists about the impacts of this energy infrastructure on bird populations. In this special section,\u00a0Smith and Dwyer (2016)\u00a0provide a timely review of interactions between birds and renewable energy infrastructure, and several studies address avian interactions with renewable and nonrenewable energy infrastructure. I briefly summarize these studies and place avian interactions with energy infrastructure in the context of the many anthropogenic threats to birds. There is vast variation in the amount of mortality caused by different man-made threats. Comparing threats in the context of energy development is useful for attracting public, scientific, and policy attention, for highlighting major research gaps, for providing scientific evidence to inform resource allocation decisions, and for developing mitigation strategies whereby mortality risk from one threat can be offset by reducing risk from another threat. However, broad comparisons of mortality should not be used on their own to draw conclusions about population-level impacts, to conclude that low mortality or a paucity of information negates biologically significant impacts or obviates a need for action, or to develop mortality mitigation strategies when little information exists to inform the balancing of risks. To move beyond gross mortality estimates toward comparisons of actual population-level impacts, a balance must be struck between conducting research that produces generalizable results and studies that focus on species, locations, and response variables of interest. Additional information about the many direct and indirect effects of energy infrastructure, such as the research described by the articles in this special section, will be crucial to achieving an optimal tradeoff between energy development and wildlife conservation.","author":["Loss, S."],"organization":["Oklahoma State University"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Loss-s.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2703","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-underwater-sound-dutch-part-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_124","title":"Mapping Underwater Sound in the Dutch Part of the North Sea","description":"The European Union requires member states to achieve or maintain good environmental status for their marine territorial waters and explicitly mentions potentially adverse effects of underwater sound. In this study, we focused on producing maps of underwater sound from various natural and anthropogenic origins in the Dutch North Sea. The source properties and sound propagation are simulated by mathematical methods. These maps could be used to assess and predict large-scale effects on behavior and distribution of underwater marine life and therefore become a valuable tool in assessing and managing the impact of underwater sound on marine life.","author":["Sertlek, H.","Aarts, G.","Brasseur, S.","Slabbekoorn, H.","ten Cate, C.","Brenda-Beckmann, A.","Ainslie, M."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","Leiden University","TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy","University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.545184000000","4.292261000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2704","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/institutional-improvement-measures-environmental-assessment-pursuit-eco-friendly-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115016822","title":"Institutional Improvement Measures for Environmental Assessment in the Pursuit of Eco-Friendly Ocean Renewable Energy Development in South Korea","description":"This paper aims to identify institutional improvement measures to promote environmentally sustainable ocean renewable energy development by analyzing how the environmental assessment systems in South Korea are integrated into this development. The measures identified in the paper include (1) consideration of subjecting ocean renewable energy development to strategic environment assessment in order to assess the adequacy of relevant project plans and the validity of site selection at early stages, (2) new standards, such as the area of occupancy, integrated within the environmental impact assessment at the project implementation stage, (3) integration of the environmental impact assessment with the procedures for Consultation on Utilization of Sea Areas to reduce development cost and delays and (4) reinforcement of post-development environmental monitoring processes to eliminate uncertainty or lack of knowledge about potential impacts on marine environment and habitat caused by development.","author":["Park, J.","Kim, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.845119100000","124.853278500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2705","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/establishing-legal-research-agenda-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1500281X","title":"Establishing a legal research agenda for ocean energy","description":"The literature on ocean energy has, to date, largely focussed on technical, environmental, and, increasingly, social and political aspects. Legal and regulatory factors have received far less attention, despite their importance in supporting this new technology and ensuring its sustainable development. Building on the social sciences research agenda developed by the International network for Social Studies of Marine Energy (ISSMER) and published in Energy Policy, a complementary agenda for legal research linked to ocean energy was set out. Key directions for future research structured around the core themes of marine governance: (i) international law; (ii) environmental impacts; (iii) rights and ownership; (iv) consenting processes; and (v) management of marine space and resources were identified.","author":["Wright, G.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Groot, J.","Leroy, Y.","Soininen, N.","Salcido, R.","Castelos, M.","Jude, S.","Rochette, J.","Kerr, S."],"organization":["Australian National University","Cranfield University","Heriot-Watt University","Plymouth University","University College Cork","University of Madrid","University of the Pacific"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2706","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biofouling-community-composition-across-range-environmental-conditions-geographical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08927014.2015.1136822","title":"Biofouling Community Composition across a Range of Environmental Conditions and Geographical Locations Suitable for Floating Marine Renewable Energy Generation","description":"Knowledge of biofouling typical of marine structures is essential for engineers to define appropriate loading criteria in addition to informing other stakeholders about the ecological implications of creating novel artificial environments. There is a lack of information regarding biofouling community composition (including weight and density characteristics) on floating structures associated with future marine renewable energy generation technologies. A network of navigation buoys were identified across a range of geographical areas, environmental conditions (tidal flow speed, temperature and salinity), and deployment durations suitable for future developments. Despite the perceived importance of environmental and temporal factors, geographical location explained the greatest proportion of the observed variation in community composition, emphasising the importance of considering geography when assessing the impact of biofouling on device functioning and associated ecology. The principal taxa associated with variation in biofouling community composition were mussels (Mytilus edulis), which were also important when determining loading criteria.","author":["Macleod, A.","Stanley, M.","Day, J.","Cook, E."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2707","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rethinking-our-approach-multiple-stressor-studies-marine-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v543\/p273-281\/","title":"Rethinking our approach to multiple stressor studies in marine environments","description":"Marine systems experience an unprecedented number of stresses caused by humans. Over the last 25 yr an increasing amount of attention has been given to examining the combined impacts of multiple stressors. Yet, existing studies reveal few patterns that facilitate predicting or understanding when multiple stressors should combine additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. One contributing factor to this lack of clarity may be the lack of a common framework that is based on a mechanistic understanding of stressor impacts. We adapt and advocate a general framework that is employed by the US EPA in terrestrial systems for use in marine systems. This framework involves 3 steps: (1) Mechanistically examine the impacts of multiple stressors on individual organisms. (2) Scale these impacts on individual organisms to population level responses to multiple stressors. (3) Examine context-dependent changes in stressor responses due to changes in community or ecosystem properties. We also argue that 3 specific aspects of previous studies hamper our ability to detect patterns in multiple stressor impact. First, a large number of studies have reported impacts on growth, survival, etc., without elucidating mechanisms. Second, the majority of studies provide insufficient data to determine whether threshold or nonlinear responses to stressors occur. Third, 32% of existing studies transformed data to meet model assumptions, but in so doing, they unknowingly altered the statistical model being tested. We argue that rectifying these 3 conditions will accelerate the detection of patterns in the way that multiple stressors combine to influence marine systems.","author":["Griffen, B.","Belgrad, B.","Cannizzo, J.","Knotts, E.","Hancock, E."],"organization":["University of South Carolina"],"originationDate":"2016-02-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Griffen-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2708","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-renewable-energy-production-infrastructure-wildlife","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-27912-1_5","title":"Effects of Renewable Energy Production and Infrastructure on Wildlife","description":"The high levels of human demands of resources\u2014from food to space and energy\u2014are one of the main drivers of global change and are causing large negative impacts on ecosystems functioning worldwide (Vitousek et al. 1997). Global change components range from climate change to habitat destruction, species invasions, pollution and eutrophication. Although these factors can produce ecosystem changes independently, the final descent is often driven by synergistic processes. The resulting amplifying feedbacks can be disconnected from the original driver of change, leading to a state shift in the biosphere with unexpected consequences (Barnosky et al. 2012). Climate change seems to have taken prominence over other drivers of global change, leading to larger funding and attention with respect to other major components of global change (Ver\u00edssimo et al. 2014).","author":["Sanchez-Zapata, J.","Clavero, M.","Carrete, M.","DeVault, T.","Hermoso, V.","Losada, M.","Polo, M.","Sanchez-Navarro, M.","Perez-Garcia, J.","Botella, F.","Ibanez, C.","Donazar, J."],"organization":["Estacion Biologica de Donana","La Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana (EBD-CSIC)","National Wildlife Research Center","Universidad Miguel Hernandez","Universidad Pablo de Olavide"],"originationDate":"2016-05-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2709","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-underwater-operational-noise-emitted-wave-tidal-stream-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_74","title":"Measurement of Underwater Operational Noise Emitted by Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices","description":"The increasing international growth in the development of marine and freshwater wave and tidal energy harvesting systems has been followed by a growing requirement to understand any associated underwater impact. Radiated noise generated during operation is dependent on the device\u2019s physical properties, the sound-propagation environment, and the device\u2019s operational state. Physical properties may include size, distribution in the water column, and mechanics\/hydrodynamics. The sound-propagation environment may be influenced by water depth, bathymetry, sediment type, and water column acoustic properties, and operational state may be influenced by tidal cycle and wave height among others. This paper discusses some of the challenges for measurement of noise characteristics from these devices as well as a case study of the measurement of radiated noise from a full-scale wave energy converter.","author":["Lepper, P.","Robinson, S."],"organization":["Loughborough University","National Physical Laboratory (NPL)"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-02 09:53:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2710","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-technology-performance-design-optimization-reliability-techno-economics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115016305","title":"A Review on the Technology, Performance, Design Optimization, Reliability, Techno-Economics and Environmental Impacts of Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion Systems","description":"The hydrokinetic energy conversion system has capabilities to supply inevitable and secured power which is obtained from free stream like ocean, river, and man-made channel etc. So far, researchers have done different work on resource availability, design parameter, electricity generation cost, reactivity of plant, its impact on environmental separately. In this paper an attempt is made to review the technology, performance, design optimization, reliability, techno-economic analysis and environmental impact of the hydrokinetic energy conversion systems altogether to establish the relationship between the above said aspects towards the viability of power project. After conducting these reviews it has become clear that in order to avoid cavitation, coefficient of pressure should be less than cavitation coefficient especially at leading edge of hydrokinetic turbine blade. Moreover, to avoid stall and separation, angle of attack should be kept as less as possible. By implementing hydrofoil blade profile, performance of the hydrokinetic turbine can be improved. Sometimes, implementation of double blade hydrofoil may be beneficial and increase the coefficient of lift more than that of the single blade hydrofoil. Apart from the above considerations it is to be noted that deployment of turbine near bed level should be avoided as it brings down available power, increase hydrodynamic loading, turbulence level, and fouling by sediments. Moreover to increase the performance arm and end plate can be incorporated in hydrokinetic turbine design. It is also observed that hybrid conversion system is also viable in order to reduce power generation cost. This paper will help researchers to identify areas of design parameter of hydrokinetic turbine that need to improve and encourage the project developer, funding and financial institution, policy maker or government officials, and local community, to provide knowledge about hydrokinetic energy conversion system for executing the project and compete with the existing market.","author":["Kumar, D.","Sarkar, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2711","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-energy-conversion-technology-research-outlook","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115015725","title":"Hydrokinetic Energy Conversion: Technology, Research, and Outlook","description":"Interest in the advancement of\u00a0hydrokinetic energy conversion\u00a0(HEC) technology has grown substantially in recent years. The hydrokinetic industry has advanced beyond the initial testing phase and will soon install demonstration projects with arrays of full-scale devices. By reviewing the current state of the industry and the cutting edge research this paper identifies the key advancements required for HEC technology to become commercially successful at the utility scale. The primary hurdles are: (i) reducing the cost of energy, (ii) optimizing individual turbines to work in concert considering array and bathymetry effects, (iii) balancing energy extraction with environmental impact, and (iv) addressing socioeconomic concerns.\n\nThis review is split into three primary sections. The first section provides an overview of the HEC technology systems that are most likely to be installed in commercial arrays. The second section is an in-depth literature review. The literature review is sub-divided into five areas that are positioned to significantly impact the viability of HEC technology: (i) site assessment, (ii) turbine design, (iii) turbine wake modeling, (iv) array performance, and (v) environmental impact. The final section presents an outlook for the HEC industry and future research.","author":["Laws, N.","Epps, B."],"organization":["Dartmouth College"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Laws-Epps-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2712","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-current-energy-review-current-state-research-beyond-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115016676","title":"Wave and Tidal Current Energy - A Review of the Current State of Research Beyond Technology","description":"The oceans of the earth offer vast amounts of renewable energy. Technologies to harness the power of the seas are at an early stage of development. Even the most advances technologies, namely tidal current and ocean wave still face considerable barriers and many obstacles remain. Research, development and innovation can help overcome those barriers. This review provides an overview over the current state of research in the field of ocean energy. In particular, the authors focus on research beyond technology or technological improvements. This article also highlights areas where research gaps exists and where future research efforts should be directed to.","author":["Uihlein, A.","Magagna, D."],"organization":["European Commission"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Uihlein-Magagna-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2713","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/active-acoustic-monitoring-extreme-turbulence-around-marine-renewable-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/139\/4\/10.1121\/1.4950456","title":"Active acoustic monitoring in extreme turbulence around marine renewable energy devices","description":"The advance of tidal energy technologies has created new demands for active acoustic monitoring in highly dynamic marine environments. An innovative data collection approach using the FLOWBEC multi-instrument platform has been developed to acoustically observe turbulence and ecological interactions in the challenging environments around turbine installations in the UK. Standard processing approaches for echosounder data are unsuitable in these sites because of the extreme variability in acoustic conditions due to strong tidal flows and complex wind-wave interactions. Novel techniques for identifying ecological targets (fish, diving seabirds, and marine mammals) and characterising the physical conditions have been developed which are functional even during extreme turbulence. Reliable target identification is achieved using scale-sensitive filtering, morphological characterization, and multifrequency analysis of EK60 echosounder data. Combining results with synchronized multibeam data and other observations gives new oceanographic and ecological insights into these environments. This study contributes novel methodological and processing concepts for acoustic analysis in challenging sites of emerging industrial importance. The results provide vital observations on the behaviour of marine species with clear applications for the analysis of environmental impacts of marine renewable energy technologies.","author":["Fraser, S.","Williamson, B.","Scott, B.","Nikora, V."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.034095300000","-12.396401800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2714","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-ecosystem-modelling-marine-renewable-energy-installations-gauging-utility","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304380016300047","title":"Spatial Ecosystem Modelling of Marine Renewable Energy Installations: Gauging the Utility of Ecospace","description":"The deployment of offshore structures for renewable energy generation (wind\/wave\/tidal) will lead to the alteration of access to the area of installation for several users of the sea including: shipping, fishing, tourism and recreational users. Arguably, the largest impact will be upon the fishing industry where access loss may lead to displacement and reduced catch per unit effort in turn leading to conflict. To prevent conflict, it is important to understand mitigating factors. Marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) and associated infrastructure will be placed on the seabed, affecting benthic infauna and epifauna, important sources of food for many species including those of commercial importance, potentially providing benefits to the fishing industry and mitigating the causes of conflict. Two key plausible benefits of MREDs are the \u2018artificial reef effect\u2019 and the \u2018exclusion zone effect\u2019. This study investigated the utility of the Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecospace modelling software to address the implications of these \u2018effects\u2019. Two case study models were developed, one at the whole west coast of Scotland shelf scale and one at a smaller single installation scale. Our results suggested that the Ecospace model could potentially predict the effects of MRED installations, but revealed that there are a number of considerations which should be taken into account before attempting to do this. Key considerations include data availability (an issue in all modelling), spatial scale and resolution. Other limitations to this particular study such as the ability to make changes over time are currently being addressed by ongoing developments of the software. Despite the considerations and limitations, these case studies reveal the usefulness of spatial ecosystem modelling, particularly Ecospace, to investigate this issue.","author":["Alexander, K.","Meyjes, S.","Heymans, J."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2016-07-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.666071100000","-9.169883500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2715","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-kernel-density-estimation-explore-habitat-use-seabirds-marine-renewable-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X15002845","title":"Using kernel density estimation to explore habitat use by seabirds at a marine renewable wave energy test facility","description":"If Scottish Government targets are met, the equivalent of 100% of Scotland\u0027s electricity demand will be generated from renewable sources by 2020. There are several possible risks posed to seabirds from marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) and many knowledge gaps still exist around the extent to which seabird habitats can overlap with MREIs. In this study, underlying seasonal and interannual variation in seabird distributions was investigated using kernel density estimation (KDE) to identify areas of core habitat use. This allowed the potential interactions between seabirds and a wave energy converter (WEC) to be assessed. The distributions of four seabird species were compared between seasons, years, and in the presence and absence of WECs. Although substantial interannual variation existed in baseline years prior to WEC deployment, the KDEs for all four species analysed were closer to the mooring points in the presence of a WEC in at least one season. The KDEs for all four species also increased in area in at least one season in the presence of a WEC. The KDEs of the northern fulmar and great skua overlapped the mooring points during spring in the presence of a device. The density of observations close to the mooring points increased for great skua, northern gannet, and northern fulmar during summer in the presence of a device. These results suggest that none of the four species analysed have shown avoidance or an extreme change in distribution as a result of the presence of a WEC. The continued monitoring of seabirds during WEC deployments is necessary to provide further data on how distributions may change in response to the presence of WECs.","author":["Leesa, K.","Guerin, A.","Masden, E."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","Newcastle University","North Highland College","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.666071100000","-9.169883500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2716","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-pursuit-diving-seabirds-associations-fine-scale-physical-features-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12646\/abstract","title":"Quantifying Pursuit-Diving Seabirds\u0027 Associations with Fine-Scale Physical Features in Tidal Stream Environments","description":"The rapid increase in the number of tidal stream turbine arrays will create novel and unprecedented levels of anthropogenic activity within habitats characterized by horizontal current speeds exceeding 2 ms\u22121. However, the potential impacts on pursuit-diving seabirds exploiting these tidal stream environments remain largely unknown. Identifying similarities between the fine-scale physical features (100s of metres) suitable for array installations, and those associated with foraging pursuit-diving seabirds, could identify which species are most vulnerable to either collisions with moving components, or displacement from these installations.  A combination of vessel-based observational surveys, Finite Volume Community Ocean Model outputs and hydroacoustic seabed surveys provided concurrent measures of foraging distributions and physical characteristics at a fine temporal (15 min) and spatial (500 m) resolution across a tidal stream environment suitable for array installations, during both breeding and non-breeding seasons. These data sets were then used to test for associations between foraging pursuit-diving seabirds (Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica, black guillemots Cepphus grylle, common guillemots Uria aalge, European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and physical features.  These species were associated with areas of fast horizontal currents, slow horizontal currents, high turbulence, downward vertical currents and also hard\u2013rough seabeds. The identity and strength of associations differed among species, and also within species between seasons, indicative of interspecific and intraspecific variations in habitat use. However, Atlantic puffins were associated particularly strongly with areas of fast horizontal currents during breeding seasons, and European shags with areas of rough\u2013hard seabeds and downward vertical currents during non-breeding seasons.  Synthesis and applications. Atlantic puffins\u2019 strong association with fast horizontal current speeds indicates that they are particularly likely to interact with installations during breeding seasons. Any post-installation monitoring and mitigation measures should therefore focus on this species and season. The multi-species associations with high turbulence and downward vertical currents, which often coincide with fast horizontal current speeds, also highlight useful pre-installation mitigation measures via the omission of devices from these areas, reducing the overall likelihood of interactions. Environmental impact assessments (EIA) generally involve once-a-month surveys across 2-year periods. However, the approaches used in this study show that more focussed surveys can greatly benefit management strategies aiming to reduce the likelihood of negative impacts by facilitating the development of targeted mitigation measures. It is therefore recommended that these approaches contribute towards EIA within development sites.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Cazenave, P.","Torres, R.","Williamson, B.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.032418800000","-3.463712600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Waggitt-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2718","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabirds-marine-renewables-are-we-asking-right-questions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/us\/book\/9789401780018","title":"Seabirds and Marine Renewables: Are we Asking the Right Questions?","description":"The rapid increase in marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) will result in the placing of many novel man-made structures within seabird foraging habitats, and such structures could potentially impact seabird populations directly and indirectly, positively and negatively. However, whether these potential impacts represent real ones, such that they cause detectable trends in population levels, remains unknown. Changes in population dynamics of seabirds are driven primarily by rates of reproduction and adult and juvenile survival, all three of which are impacted by foraging success. Therefore, revealing precisely how MREIs can affect seabird foraging success through changes in foraging behaviour is key to understanding whether large-scale installations could have impacts at a population level. Discussion focuses on how to define foraging habitat and how MREIs might impact those habitats and foraging behaviour indirectly by changes in oceanographic processes and prey characteristics. Foraging behaviours are also likely to be more directly impacted by MREIs, so focus here is also on how changes in foraging behaviour during the more constrained breeding season can influence reproductive output by altering individual energy budgets. A third and more-direct potential impact of MREIs on foraging behaviour is changes in diving behaviour. Throughout, relevant gaps in current knowledge that need to be addressed in order to make robust predictions as to how MREIs might impact seabird populations are highlighted.  This is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Scott, B.","Langton, R.","Philpott, E.","Waggitt, J."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-02-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2720","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-radar-derived-current-vector-mapping-planned-commercial-tidal-stream-turbine","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Radar Derived Current Vector Mapping at a Planned Commercial Tidal Stream Turbine Array in the Pentland Firth","description":"A marine radar was deployed on a remote clifftop overlooking a 4.8km radius area of the Inner Sound of Stroma in the Pentland Firth for 3 months during spring 2013. The area viewed by the radar includes the Crown Estate lease areas for MeyGen Ltd (Inner Sound of Stroma) and Scottish Power Renewables (Ness of Duncansby), although the data analysis has focussed solely on the MeyGen area. Data were post processed to extract current vector maps based on determining the Doppler shift of sea surface waves by the tidal current. Comparisons between current time series from the ADCP and the radar derived data are presented and show excellent correlation. The quality of the data has enabled tidal analyses to be performed and spatial variations in tidal current constituents to be mapped.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Bell, P.","McCann, D.","Crammond, S.","McIlvenny, J.","Dufaur, J.","Archer, P."],"organization":["SAE Renewables","Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","MeyGen","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.657894000000","-3.127410000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Bell3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2721","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advances-research-understand-impacts-wave-tidal-energy-devices-united-states","sourceURL":"","title":"Advances in Research to Understand the Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy Devices in the United States","description":"The United States Department of Energy\u2019s Wind and Water Power Technologies Office (WWPTO) funds a research portfolio aimed at strategically filling knowledge gaps in the understanding of environmental impacts of wave and tidal energy devices. This portfolio includes research, monitoring, and modelling efforts to assess the impacts of marine energy devices; work to advance environmental monitoring instrumentation; and initiatives to aggregate, analyse, and disseminate the results of marine energy environmental research occurring around the world. This paper explores the approach that the WWPTO has taken to addressing two potential issues of concern regarding possible effects of wave and tidal devices on marine life, with an emphasis on recent results from this portfolio of work and research funded since the publication of the Annex IV report. Specifically, it focuses on the potential effects of device-generated noise on local marine organism behaviour, movement, and habitat use patterns and the potential for blade strike from tidal devices to cause harm to marine animals. For both these interactions, a combination of WWPTO-funded laboratory research, field monitoring, and modelling efforts have helped bound the unders tanding of the level of potential environmental effects of these technologies. As a whole, the U.S. Department of Energy research program seeks to provide data which can be used to inform the consenting process for future projects, reduce environmental uncertainty, inform the design of effective monitoring regimes, and identify potential mitigation strategies where necessary.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Brown-Saracino, J."],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.243867600000","-106.015227600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Brown-Saracino.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2722","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-animal-tracking-technology-assess-potential-risks-tidal-turbine-interactions-fish","sourceURL":"","title":"Use of Animal Tracking Technology to Assess Potential Risks of Tidal Turbine Interactions with Fish","description":"Fish utilization of high flow environments and the associated risks of fish-turbine interactions at tidal energy development sites are little understood. The Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) in the upper Bay of Fundy is a tidal energy test facility that has been the focus of a multi-year fish tracking study (2010-2013) to address questions related to the potential risks of turbine operation to migratory species \u201cat risk\u201d \u2013 Atlantic salmon, Atlantic sturgeon, American eel and striped bass. Tagged fish of all 4 species were detected on receiver \u201clistening gates\u201d in the Minas Passage and FORCE test area. Travel speeds through the Minas Passage often exceeding 3m\/s. Swimming depth in Minas Passage was variable for eels, sturgeon and striped bass and largely within the top 40m in and near the FORCE test area. Of the four species, striped bass was most commonly detected in the Minas Passage, with many being detected during summer, fall and winter. The ability of striped bass (and other fish species) to detect and avoid tidal turbines when travelling at very high speed (\u0026gt;3m\/s) remains unknown. The main challenge faced in detecting acoustically tagged fish in Minas Passage is poor receiver efficiency due to excessive noise interference when current speeds exceed 2m\/s.  **Author did not allow the presentation or video to be included.","author":["Redden, A.","Broome, J.","Keyser, F.","Stokesbury, M.","Bradford, R.","Gibson, J.","Halfyard, E."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Acadia University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.328365000000","-64.590604000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Redden.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2723","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-distribution-sedimentary-benthic-habitats-species-eastern-pacific-shelf","sourceURL":"","title":"Estimating Distribution of Sedimentary Benthic Habitats and Species on the Eastern Pacific Shelf and Detecting Effects of Device Deployment","description":"The Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Centre at Oregon State University aims to close key gaps in understanding the technical, ecological, and human dimensions of wave and wind energy development. The Henkel lab investigates benthic conditions and biological communities on the shelf in order to establish an understanding of baseline habitat characteristics, species distributions and abundances against which potential project-induced changes may be assessed. We also aim to develop an understanding of temporal and spatial variability in benthic conditions and species to inform the intensity of sampling needed for future studies. Under baseline conditions, infaunal invertebrates showed little temporal variability but had high spatial heterogeneity related to grain size and depth. Conversely, fish exhibited little spatial variability across the limited depth ranges of the study; however, strong seasonal and interannual trends were detected. Thus, different sampling regimes will be required to adequately assess the range of what is \u2018normal\u2019 for each group before potential impacts can be assessed.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Henkel, S.","Goldfinger, C.","Romsos, C.","Politano, K."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.646024000000","-124.824328000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Henkel.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2724","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/whats-next-why-look-ahead-strategic-ecological-research-direction","sourceURL":"","title":"What\u0027s Next and Why? A Look Ahead at Strategic Ecological Research Direction","description":"In the marine environment we are about to move from an era of testing and single devices or relatively small areas of wind farms to very large arrays of offshore energy development for wind, wave and tidal energy extraction. As we are moving to the use of substantial amounts of our most productive oceanic areas to be harnessed for the \u2018greater good\u2019 of supplying the urgent need for lowcarbon energy we must understand, at a fundamental level, the ecological impact of this activity at the ecosystem level. In our world, with an increasing population, we need to be smarter in encouraging anthropological activity at sea than we were on land over the last few centuries \u2013 where globally our biggest cites are also generally over running on top of very fertile soils, situated in large deltas of the major maritime trading ports of the past. So far the understanding of possible environmental interactions has been somewhat limited by the lack of even the most basic of baseline data. Therefore some years and a lot of money has now been spent just in starting to determine the answers to question such as: what species are present, how many and where are they? A resounding answer to all questions has been \u2013 YES, there are a lot of species which use these high energy areas for foraging and migration routes between feeding grounds and sites used for reproduction. There are also some specialist species which may use these high energy sites almost exclusively for foraging. Therefore we need to do much more than just document what organisms are present and if their distributions are changing. We need to understand what happens across trophic levels at these high energy sites and what the effects of extracting a proportion of wind, wave and tidal energy, or just the deployment of man-made structures, will have on the behaviour of foraging and migrating animals. An understanding of cumulative effects, in their widest sense, ranging from the production levels of primary produces to the reproductive output of marine mammals, needs to be progressed such that a more accurate prediction of the scale and intensity of effects in \u2018downstream\u2019 regions can be considered. We do have a good enough understanding at both small and large scale spatial and temporal levels to be able to make predictions of at least what will change physically within our marine environment when many hundreds to thousands of marine renewable devices are operating. We need to match that knowledge with a rapid increase in our understanding of how a range of animals from the benthos, through to fish, seabirds and mammals will react to those changes in order to make well informed, lower risk and ecologically sustainable choices in the approved locations, density and detailed array design of renewable developments.  **Author did not allow the presentation to be included.","author":["Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Scott.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2725","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flow-benthic-ecology-4d-flowbec-overview","sourceURL":"","title":"Flow and Benthic Ecology 4D - FLOWBEC - An Overview","description":"FLOWBEC is a three year NERC \u0026amp; DEFRA funded project that aims to identify the physical conditions influencing the behaviour of fish, their predators, and benthic communities using developments in high resolution physical modelling and state of the art observation systems. The development of an understanding of these linkages and the potential changes to hydrodynamics that marine renewable energy devices might cause will provide a logical pathway to assess the environmental interaction of marine renewable energy devices and the environment.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Bell, P.","McCann, D.","Scott, B.","Williamson, B.","Waggitt, J.","Ashton, I.","Johanning, L.","Blondel, P.","Creech, A.","Ingram, D.","Norris, J.","Finn, M.","Torres, R.","Cazenave, P.","Conley, D.","Greaves, D.","Savidge, G.","Armstrong, E.","Hall, C.","Kennedy, R.","O\u0027Carroll, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","National University of Ireland","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Plymouth University","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath","University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.892963000000","-1.395156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Bell2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2726","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-tidal-asymmetry-characterising-tidal-energy-resource-orkney","sourceURL":"","title":"The Role of Tidal Asymmetry in Characterising the Tidal Energy Resource of Orkney","description":"When selecting sites for marine renewable energy projects, there are a wide range of economical and practical constraints to be considered, from the magnitude of the resource through to proximity of grid connections. One factor that is not routinely considered in tidal energy site selection, yet which has an important role in quantifying the resource, is tidal asymmetry, i.e. variations between the flood and ebb phases of the tidal cycle. Here, we present theory and develop a high-resolution three-dimensional ROMS tidal model of Orkney to examine net power output for a range of sites along an energetic channel with varying degrees of tidal asymmetry. Since power output is related to velocity cubed, even small asymmetries in velocity lead to substantial asymmetries in power output. We also use the 3D model to assess how tidal asymmetry changes with height above the bed, i.e. representing different device hub heights, how asymmetry affects turbulence properties, and how a symmetry is influenced by wind-driven currents. Finally, although there is minimal potential for tidal phasing over our study site, we demonstrate that regions of opposing flood-versus ebb-dominant asymmetry occurring over short spatial scales can be aggregated to provide balanced power generation over the tidal cycle.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Neill, S.","Hashemi, M.","Lewis, M."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.071262000000","-3.120359000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Neill.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2727","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-tidal-turbine-farms-using-multi-scale-unstructured-mesh-models","sourceURL":"","title":"The Modelling of Tidal Turbine Farms using Multi-Scale, Unstructured Mesh Models","description":"A model intercomparison study is presented between MIKE 21 and Fluidity for the modelling of tidal turbine farms. Close agreement is observed in the outcomes of both models. An important aspect is the parameterisation of turbines in tidal models that typically do not resolve the individual turbine scale. Here we present a correction to the applied drag force to ensure results that are less mesh resolution dependent.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Kramer, S.","Piggott, M.","Hill, J.","Kregting, L.","Pritchard, D.","Elsaesser, B."],"organization":["Imperial College London","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Kramer.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2728","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implications-wave-tide-interactions-marine-renewables-within-uk-continental-shelf-seas","sourceURL":"","title":"The Implications of Wave-Tide Interactions in Marine Renewables Within the UK Continental Shelf Seas","description":"There are many regions throughout the world which concurrently experience a high wave and a high tidal energy resource. These regions include the northwest European shelf seas, the Gulf of Alaska, New Zealand, northwest Australia, and the Atlantic seaboard of Argentina. Due to wave-tidal interactions, special consideration needs to be given to energy schemes developed in such regions. In particular, resource assessments of such regions should account for the way that one marine resource (e.g. waves) modulates other marine resources (e.g. tides) at a variety of timescales.  In the present research, a coupled wave-tide model of the NW European shelf seas has been developed using SWAN-ROMS. After model validation at a number of tidal gauges and wave buoys the effect of tides on the wave resource assessment is presented. Results of analysis based on linear wave theory, and the application of a non-linear coupled wave-tide model, suggest that the impact of tides on waves can be significant in site assessment, and can exceed 10% in some regions. We also conclude that it is the tidal currents, rather than tidal depth variations, that are the main factor at this scale. While a coupled model can theoretically implement many wave-tide interaction processes, the application of the model at shelf scale is highly constrained by computational cost, model resolution and data availability.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Hashemi, M.","Neill, S.","Davies, A.","Lewis, M."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Hashemi.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2729","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-changes-physical-environmental-impacts-due-wave-energy-array-layouts","sourceURL":"","title":"Modelling Changes to Physical Environmental Impacts Due to Wave Energy Array Layouts","description":"This paper describes the first stage of an approach developed through the NERC\/Defra EBAO (Optimising Array Form for Energy Extraction and Environmental Benefit) project to model the potential environmental impacts of a range of wave farm designs. The eventual aim of the methodology is to inform array design in order to minimise negative environmental impacts or even produce benefits. The modelling study considers differing array sizes and layouts, allowing issues such as the most appropriate device spacing, or the need for a \u2018corridor\u2019 between clusters of devices, to be assessed from an environmental perspective. The results presented in this paper focus on the physic al wave climate, using the EMEC test site as a case study. The modelling uses the SWAN spectral wave model to assess the potential far-field change in the wave climate due to different array layouts and spacing. Preliminary results indicate that although designing arrays as sub-array clusters with corridors between them will have a notable effect on the wave climate impact in the immediate wake of the array, at far-field distances (\u0026gt;5km), differences in the impacts when compared with regularly-spaced arrays are negligible. These results are discussed in the context of other physical impacts including acoustic noise, and conclusions drawn regarding the overall impact of array design on the marine environment.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Smith, H.","Ashton, I."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.038778000000","-3.090147000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Smith.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2730","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-spatial-variability-marine-energy-sites","sourceURL":"","title":"Monitoring Spatial Variability for Marine Energy Sites","description":"The successful implementation of marine renewable energy requires complex engineering projects to interact with difficult environmental conditions. Technological advances of environmental monitoring systems, supported by detailed analysis of environmental data sets are supporting the ongoing development of best practice for this industry. This paper describes detailed analysis from marine energy sites to demonstrate spatial variability in marine conditions. Specific case studies from a tidal energy site and a wave energy site are used to demonstrate how increased environmental monitoring can improve marine operations and resource assessment procedures. In particular, the outcomes demonstrate areas in which real time measurements can increase working limits for marine operations, and spatial data sets can improve both baseline and monitoring of environmental impacts. Applying the methods described here has the potential to reduce costs for marine operations, increase the accuracy of resource assessments and associated site design, and support more sensitive methods for environmental assessment. These are measures that would reduce uncertainty, and increase stakeholder confidence in the adequate environmental monitoring of marine energy projects.","author":["Ashton, I.","Argall, R.","Nicholls-Lee, R.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.737123000000","-3.535974000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Ashton.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2731","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/better-together-implications-tidal-resource-interactions-resource-calculation-policy","sourceURL":"","title":"Better Together: The Implications of Tidal Resource Interactions from Resource Calculation to Policy and Governance","description":"Tidal energy extraction at one location affects the strength and timing (phase) of tidal elevation and currents elsewhere, with immediate implications for the resource and the environment. More holistically, it is apparent that the entire approach to tidal energy and related marine and energy policy should be informed by understanding of this interaction. We examine first the physical phenomena of interaction using a range of models and then consider the broader implications.  Studies using 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional hydrodynamic models and precise environmental and tidal stream array characteristics provide specific case studies of the effects of tidal stream arrays. These studies are reviewed here, but we demonstrate that a simpler \u201cwiring diagram\u201d approach gives more generic results and insights.  Previous studies have categorised effects of renewable energy extraction on the flow as near- field (\u0026lt;1 km), far-field (1-10 km) and regional (\u0026gt;1 0 km). Here, we concentrate on interactions spanning far-field and regional (\u0026gt;1km) and introduce the alternative categories of \u201csystemic\u201d, \u201cinter-channel\u201d and \u201cintra-channel\u201d. We show that in the case of both inter-channel and intra-channel interactions that \u201cparallel is good, serial is bad\u201d. Policy and governance should address this fundamental truth, encouraging the positive interactions associated with parallel developments.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Woolf, D.","Easton, M."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Woolf.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2732","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-benthic-habitats-biodiversity-tidal-energy-site-paimpol-brehat-brittany","sourceURL":"","title":"Monitoring Benthic Habitats and Biodiversity at the Tidal Energy Site of Paimpol-Brehat (Brittany, France)","description":"Marine tidal energy technology is still in its infancy in France and potential environmental impacts on the seabed are virtually unknown. The first French pilot project is currently launched close to Paimpol and the Br\u00e9hat Island (Brittany). Environmental monitoring has started in 2012 to assess the baseline of benthic compartment before deployment and the grid-connections of the 4 turbines. The Paimpol-Br\u00e9hat tidal site is located on a hard rocky bottom where conventional benthic survey techniques are unsuitable. This paper describes the methodology used to assess the initial state of benthic communities on the turbines and cable deployment area and presents the first results of the mapping and monitoring of the targeted benthic ecosystem.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Carlier, A.","Caisey, X.","Gaffet, J.","Lejart, M.","Derrien-Courtel, S.","Catherine, E.","Quimbert, E.","Soubigou, O."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.776990000000","-2.815106000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 09:14:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Carlier.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2733","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-over-seabed-benthic-communities-underwater-cable-installation","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Impacts over the Seabed and Benthic Communities of Underwater Cable Installation in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BIMEP)","description":"On the 1st of June 2009, the General Council on Environmental Quality Assessment of the Ministry of Rural, Marine and Natural Environment of the Spanish Government, on the light of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS) of the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (bimep) project carried out by AZTI-Tecnalia, decided that whole Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process was not required. Nevertheless, the Environmental Impact Statement (EISt) of the above mentioned Ministry, taking into account the great uncertainties about some predicted environmental impacts, underlined the need to implement the Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) proposed in the EIS. Among other environmental factors, substratum alteration was foreseen to occur during the commissioning stage of the submarine cables and consequently, may affect benthic habitats and species. Funded by BIMEP S.A. (https:\/\/www.bimep.com\/en\/) and carried out by the Marine Research Division of AZTI-Tecnalia (www.azti.es), the EMP of the submarine cables installation in bimep showed that the observed impacts were in the range of those predicted in the EIS an assessed as non-significant.\n\nThe Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Bald, J.","Hern\u00e1ndez, C.","Galparsoro, I.","Rodriguez, J.","Muxika, I.","Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.488770000000","-2.848627000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-06 12:17:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Bald.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2734","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-tidal-turbines-understanding-true-collision-risk","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Mammals and Tidal Turbines: Understanding True Collision Risk","description":"**Extended Abstract was not available.","author":["Sparling, C.","Lonergan, M.","Mackey, B.","Booth, C.","Hastie, G.","Gillespie, D.","Macaulay, J."],"organization":["Marine Current Turbines (MCT)","Royal Haskoning","SMRU Consulting","Tidal Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.385796000000","-5.569013000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Presentation-Sparling.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2735","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/movement-patterns-seals-tidally-energetic-sites-implications-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Movement Patterns of Seals in Tidally Energetic Sites: Implications for Renewable Energy Development","description":"Proposed sites for tidal stream renewable energy extraction tend to occur in discrete locations, usually between islands, around headlands or at the narrow mouths of inlets. Such areas are also frequently used by marine mammals such that the overlap is one of the most pressing issues facing this emerging sector. This paper reports on a tagging study of harbour seals in a tidal channel on the west coast of Scotland and discusses the implications of the movements for tidal energy in such tidal channels.  **Author did not allow the presentation and video to be included.","author":["Hastie, G.","Benjamins, S.","Bird, A.","Clark, L.","Elliot, J.","Lepper, P.","Martin, L.","Moss, S.","Whyte, K.","Wilson, B.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Loughborough University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Glasgow","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.647979000000","-6.558684000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Hastie.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2736","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/listening-canaries-tornado-acoustic-monitoring-harbour-porpoise-force-site","sourceURL":"","title":"Listening for Canaries in a Tornado: Acoustic Monitoring for Harbour Porpoise at the FORCE Site","description":"The FORCE site in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, has tidal ranges of over 13 m and current velocities that regularly exceed 3 m\/s. This makes it an attractive site for generating electricity from tidal turbine devices, but also a very challenging site from both an engineering and environmental monitoring perspective. However, with proper study design and analytical techniques, environmental monitoring can be successfully achieved. The aim of this study was to determine baseline Harbour porpoise habitat use in Minas Passage.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Wood, J.","Redden, A.","Tollit, D.","Broome, J.","Booth, C."],"organization":["Acadia University","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.351532000000","-64.409330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Wood.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2737","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tracking-porpoise-underwater-movements-tidal-rapids-using-drifting-hydrophone-arrays","sourceURL":"","title":"Tracking Porpoise Underwater Movements in Tidal Rapids using Drifting Hydrophone Arrays. Filling a Key Information Gap for Assessing Collision Risk","description":"The growing interest in generating electrical power from tidal currents using tidal turbine generators raises a number of environmental concerns, including the risk that cetaceans might be injured or killed through c ollision with rotating turbine blades. To understand this risk we need better information on how cetaceans use tidal rapid habitats and in particular their underwater movements and dive behaviour. Porpoises, which are the most abundant small cetacean at most European tidal sites and we have developed an approach which uses time of arrival differences of narrow band high frequency (NBHF) porpoise clicks at hydrophones in an array drifting in tidal rapids, to accurately track their fine scale movements un derwater . Extensive ground-truthing and calibration trials have been carried out that show that the system can provide depth and location data with sub meter errors and also indicate array configurations likely to provide the best balance of accuracy and p racticality. Field data from porpoises apparently foraging in strong tidal current areas reveal contrasting behaviours at different locations. A recent surprising observation has been of porpoises diving to ~100m in the Corryvreckan\/ Great Race.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Gordon, J.","Macaulay, J.","Northridge, S.","Gillespie, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.161404000000","-5.794268000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Northridge.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2738","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-underwater-noise-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal Energy, Underwater Noise and Marine Mammals","description":"Obtaining energy from renewable sources is currently a key theme in modern society. Consequently, the pace of development of these emerging technologies is likely to increase in the near future, particularly in marine renewables. However, the environmental and ecological impact of many of these new developments in the marine environment is largely unknown. This PhD project [1] focused on one unknown area of interaction; the potential effect of tidal-stream devices on marine mammals. Two commonly cited concerns with respect to marine renewable devices are collision risk and noise impact [2]. Currently, there is very little information available to quantify collision risk, especially when marine mammal behavioural reactions to anthropogenic stimuli are variable and may depend on context [3].  It is well understood that marine mammals use sound and hearing as their primary sense for communication, foraging, navigation and predator avoidance [4] , so it is highly likely that the primary cue for device detection will be acoustic. However, it is not known how operational marine renewable devices might modify the acoustic landscape in these areas, or whether they will be audible to marine mammals in time to alert them to the presence of devices. It has been suggested that the high level of natural and anthropogenic background noise in tidal-stream areas may mask (drown out) the signal of the tidal devices. The acoustic characteristics of underwater noise in shallow coastal waters are also currently not well known.  **Author did not allow the presentation and video to be included.","author":["Carter, C.","Wilson, B.","Burrows, M."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Carter.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2739","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coping-uncertainty-environmental-impact-assessments-open-techniques","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925516300610","title":"Coping with Uncertainty in Environmental Impact Assessments: Open Techniques","description":"Uncertainty is virtually unavoidable in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). From the literature related to treating and managing uncertainty, we have identified specific techniques for coping with uncertainty in EIAs. Here, we have focused on basic steps in the decision-making process that take place within an EIA setting. More specifically, we have identified uncertainties involved in each decision-making step and discussed the extent to which these can be treated and managed in the context of an activity or project that may have environmental impacts. To further demonstrate the relevance of the techniques identified, we have examined the extent to which the EIA guidelines currently used in Colombia consider and provide guidance on managing the uncertainty involved in these assessments. Some points that should be considered in order to provide greater robustness in impact assessments in Colombia have been identified. These include the management of stakeholder values, the systematic generation of project options, and their associated impacts as well as the associated management actions, and the evaluation of uncertainties and assumptions. We believe that the relevant and specific techniques reported here can be a reference for future evaluations of other EIA guidelines in different countries.","author":["Cardenas, I.","Halman, J."],"organization":["University of Twente"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["4.322192000000","-72.834437000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2742","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-numerical-modelling-techniques-tidal-stream-turbine-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/8\/8\/7833","title":"A Comparison of Numerical Modelling Techniques for Tidal Stream Turbine Analysis","description":"To fully understand the performance of tidal stream turbines for the development of ocean renewable energy, a range of computational models is required. We review and compare results from several models of horizontal axis turbines at different spatial scales. Models under review include blade element momentum theory (BEMT), blade element actuator disk, Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) CFD (BEM-CFD), blade-resolved moving reference frame and coastal models based on the shallow water equations. To evaluate the BEMT, a comparison is made to experiments with three different rotors. We demonstrate that, apart from the near-field wake, there are similarities in the results between the BEM-CFD approach and a coastal area model using a simplified turbine fence at a headland case.","author":["Masters, I.","Williams, A.","Croft, T.","Togneri, M.","Edmunds, M.","Zangiabadi, E.","Fairley, I.","Karunarathna, H."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-07-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Masters-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2743","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-response-sandbank-dynamics-tidal-energy-extraction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/app.iahr2015.info\/programma_details\/3786","title":"Modelling the Response of Sandbank Dynamics to Tidal Energy Extraction","description":"In this paper the application of a 3D numerical model covering the area of the Pentland Firth channel (Scotland, UK) to investigate the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic environment related to tidal energy extraction is presented in detail. The open source Delft3D flow model is used. Hydrodynamics of a regional Pentland Firth model provided the boundary conditions for a high resolution local scale model of the Inner Sound sub-channel, an area favoured for in-stream tidal turbines deployment. Investigation of the dynamics of substantial sandbanks located in this region during two spring-neap tidal cycles, under a \u2018no-energy\u2019 extraction scenario, showed that they are highly dynamic and their existence and integrity highly depends on the local flow regime. It is found that the observed tidal asymmetry along with the less significant secondary flows due to the curvature of the flow mainly contribute to the maintenance mechanisms of the sandbanks. Following that, the current model set up was used to investigate the impacts of tidal current turbines on sea bed dynamics. A range of energy extraction scenarios and array configurations was selected and modelled to map notable relationships between the altered currents and seabed changes.","author":["Chatzirodou, A.","Karunarathna, H.","Reeve, D."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-06-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.693455000000","-3.243143000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2744","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-tidal-energy-extraction-sea-bed-morphology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org\/icce\/index.php\/icce\/article\/view\/7352\/pdf_729","title":"Impacts of Tidal Energy Extraction on Sea Bed Morphology","description":"In this paper, the application of a 3D numerical model covering the area of Pentland Firth channel (Scotland, UK) to investigate the hydrodynamics related to tidal energy extraction is presented in detail. A full validation analysis is carried out so that the fully operational 3D hydrodynamic model could be applied with confidence in order to explore possible impacts of tidal devices on the ambient marine environment. Following that, a higher resolution hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model covering the area of Inner Sound channel, between the Island of Stroma and Scottish Mainland, favoured for tidal energy extraction inside Pentland Firth, is set up. Preliminary results indicate that the existing morphodynamics of the observed sandbank areas inside Inner Sound Channel are very dynamic. In such a dynamic environment, results imply that possible alterations in tidal currents due to energy extraction may have some implications on the existing morphodynamic regime.","author":["Chatzirodou, A.","Karunarathna, H."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2014-06-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.797608000000","-3.673801000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2745","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-electromagnetic-field-emissions-subsea-cables","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessment of Electromagnetic Field Emissions from Subsea Cables","description":"The characteristics of the electromagnetic (EM) field emissions from a subsea cable, based on subsurface field measurements and modeling, are described. The work is in support of characterizing the EM field emissions associated with subsea power transmission cables that will link marine hydrokinetic devices to shore, and assessment of their environmental impact on aquatic species. Previous studies suggest that several species can detect variability in the electric and magnetic fields in the water column and utilize them for navigation, searching for food and other life activities (see e.g. [1]). There is therefore some concern that anthropogenic sources of variability in the EM field may have negative impact on these species. The nature of EM field emissions from subsea cables depend on the transmitted power, whether the power supply is AC or DC, the frequency and amplitude of the AC current, cable construction, and whether the cable is monopole, bi-pole or tri-axial [2]. EM field emission levels from a power carrying cable decays inversely with distance from it. The electric field depends on the potential across the cable and increases with it while the magnetic field depends on the flow of current through the cable and increases with the magnitude of the current. A COWRIE report [3] concludes that, despite a number of modeling studies and laboratory and field experiments (see [4] for a review), the current state of knowledge regarding the EM field emitted by submerged power cables is variable and inconclusive and more field data on EM field emissions from subsea cables are needed in order to develop suitable predictive models. The overall aim of the present study was to develop a system for characterizing electric and magnetic field emissions from anthropogenic sources through field observations and physics-based modeling, in support of providing accurate predictive models of the emitted fields that are verified thro ugh comparison with field measurements.","author":["Dhanak, M.","Coulson, R.","Dibiasio, C.","Frankenfield, J.","Henderson, E.","Pugsley, D.","Valdes, G."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dhanak-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2746","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-monitoring-marine-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Integrated Monitoring for Marine Energy","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) is the world\u2019s leading real-sea test and demonstration facility for wave and tidal energy converters. In 2012, under the UK Energy Technologies Institute funded ReDAPT project, EMEC designed, built and operated a bespoke Integrated Measurement Platform for resource assessment and characterisation in high velocity tidal flows. The system was deployed at EMEC\u2019s Fall of Warness tidal test site in Orkney in 2012 where it remained in situ for six months prior to being retrieved. In 2014, funding was awarded from the Scottish Government\u2019s Marine Renewables Commercialisation Fund, which is managed by the Carbon Trust, to review the lessons learnt from the initial prototype build and deployment, and build this into the next generation prototype. In June 2015, following months of development and planning, EMEC\u2019s upgraded Integrated Monitoring Pod was successfully deployed at EMEC\u2019s tidal energy test site.","author":["Baird, S."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:14:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Baird-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2747","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-generated-array-current-energy-converters","sourceURL":"","title":"Noise Generated from an Array of Current Energy Converters","description":"As new sources of anthropogenic noise, arrays of current- and wave-energy converters (CECs and WECs, respectively) will add to other man-made and natural sources in the marine environment. Regulatory constraints and environmental concerns over the sound pressure levels produced by these devices may be a hurdle to their deployment and operation. The Marine Mammal Protection Act in the USA, for example, limits disturbance and injury, where the present classification of total noise levels permissible are below 120 dB and 180 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, respectively [1]. While initial studies from individual devices are promisingly below 120 d B [2-6] , alternative device designs, equipment failure, or array deployment could potentially surpass these levels. Each device type will create unique noise profiles and levels, and how those spectra change between individual deployment sites will need to be predicted (either through experiments or modeling efforts) in order to meet regulatory requirements for permitting and deployment.  Shallow water environments are likely to be louder due to increased anthropogenic and natural noise sources in a constrained space, such as from shipping traffic, breaking waves, sediment\/debris transport, and environmental variability [7, 8]. Few measurements from controlled experiments [2] and in-situ studies [3-5] or predictions from models [6] exist to build a conclusive understanding of the types of noise produced from these devices. The addition of new marine hydrokinetic (MHK) sources will couple to the total sound level of the system and has the potential to push that total over regulatory and environmental limits. However, dependent upon the sound pressure level (SPL) produced by individual MHK devices, their arrangement in an array, and the local site characteristics, these additions may have little contribution relative to all the sources even considering their additive nature. Pref can be calculated in octave or 1\/3-octave bands (commonly used when the frequency content of the noise is needed, such as for biological studies ) or as a broadband of all frequencies. The latter is chosen for this work and follows the definition of the NOAA Interim Sound Threshold Guidance [1]; however, a draft of updated guidelines is currently under review [9].  The modeled, or measured, SPL can then be used to understand how particular species respond [10-13]. Insonification studies of marine species detail what sounds, levels , and frequencies are impactful [10, 14]. Eulerian Lagrangian-agent methods (ELAM) coupled with hydrodynamic models can provide a mechanism to statistically predict changes to behavior of marine animals or fish populations in response to particular stimuli [12, 13]. Based upon the model, temporary and permanent shifts in hearing levels can then be determined [11, 14]. However, these conclusions will be highly dependent up on the calculated SPL from an array of devices. Farcas et al. highlights the overall infancy of underwater noise modeling and integration into environmental impact assessments [15].  This work investigates the broadband noise generated from an array of CECs and how the array shape and size impact the sound environment. Extension to particular frequency bands and updated NOAA guidelines for marine mammals will be performed in a more detailed analysis to follow.","author":["Halfa, E.","Johnson, C.","Johnson, E.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Montana State University","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Halfa-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2748","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/portable-real-time-passive-acoustic-system-autonomous-hydrophone-array-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pmel.noaa.gov\/pubs\/PDF\/haxe4428\/haxe4428.pdf","title":"A Portable, Real-Time Passive Acoustic System and Autonomous Hydrophone Array for Noise Monitoring of Offshore Wave Energy Projects","description":"Information on the underwater sound generated by operating wave energy converters (WECs) in the open ocean remains limited. The published studies on full-scale devices have been restricted to individual types of WECs and limited by instrument difficulties, providing an inconclusive view of the broad range of possible noise level amplitudes and affected frequencies. The resulting lack of understanding and uncertainty surrounding the potential for acoustic impacts on marine ecosystems from elevated noise levels associated with WEC project activities has brought about a conservative regulatory process for permitting and licensing in U.S. waters. Underwater exposure of living marine resources to anthropogenic sound emissions associated with wave energy development activities is regulated by NOAA\u2019s National Marine Fisheries Service, which currently applies standardized root mean square sound pressure level (SPLrms) threshold noise exceedance criteria to determine WEC project compliance.  The U.S. Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) is currently in the licensing process for a grid-connected, full-scale testing facility known as the South Energy Test Site (SETS) off the central Oregon coast near Newport, OR (Fig. 1) in the Pacific Northwest. The 2.65 square mile area designated for SETS is offshore of the 3-mile territorial state boundary and therefore falls under Federal licensing and permitting regulatory framework. Within that framework, passive acoustic measurements of project noise levels is a key component of the environmental monitoring required for licensing of the facility.","author":["Haxel, J.","Turpin, A.","Matsumoto, H.","Klinck, H.","Hellin, D.","Henkel, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.621387700000","-124.119789000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 09:05:01","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haxel-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2749","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-multibeam-multifrequency-echosounder-flowbec-seabed-platform-track-fish","sourceURL":"","title":"Integrating a Multibeam and a Multifrequency Echosounder on the Flowbec Seabed Platform to Track Fish and Seabird Behavior around Tidal Turbine Structures","description":"The drive towards sustainable energy has seen rapid development of wave and tidal stream (MRE) energy. However, little is known of any environmental and ecological effects [1]. The FLOWBEC-4D project developed an upward facing sonar platform to investigate how currents, waves and turbulence at MRE sites may influence the behavior of marine wildlife, how important collision risks might be, and how MRE devices (MREDs) might alter the behavior of wildlife [2]. Foraging efficiency (the capture of prey by a predator) is considered to be the major ecological driver of population dynamics, as it controls both adult and juvenile survival and condition [3]. Information was gathered on predator and prey use of MRE sites to identify and quantify which type of habitats (depth of water column, speed of tides, etc.) predators predictably use for foraging.  Although b oat surveys can provide high-resolution coverage along specific tracks [4], it is not logistically feasible to monitor a high-energy site continuously at high-resolution for a 14-day tidal cycle. Wind, waves and tide reduce positional accuracy such that boat surveys cannot monitor fine-scale interactions of individual targets at the precise location of MREDs and the costs of long duration surveys are high. Surface platforms [5, 6] can reduce cost but are similarly limited because of their instability in high-energy sites. In both cases, there is also the risk that the boat\/platform presence and noise (in air and under water) could affect the species being studied.  Mounting instruments on the MRED provides a stable mounting and simplifies power and data requirements for longer duration surveys. The interactions of fish with tidal turbines have been imaged using cameras but visibility (turbidity and illumination) limits both the range and survey time [7]. Active lighting will directly affect animal behavior. Acoustic instruments mounted on the MRED are adversely affected by turbulence within a few meters from the MRED itself, which can mask the presence and interactions of wildlife [8]. Conversely, an independent platform allows the instruments to be positioned a short distance from the MRED, recording the interactions of wildlife and also conducting baseline studies elsewhere under similar conditions, e.g. in an area free from MREDs or prior to MRED installation.  The FLOWBEC seabed platform (Figure 1) addressed these issues by integrating a number of instruments to record information at a range of physical and trophic levels. Data were recorded at several measurements per second, for a duration of 2 weeks to capture an entire spring-neap tidal cycle at wave and tidal energy sites at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC). An upward-facing multifrequency Simrad EK60 echosounder (7\u00b0 beamwidth, 38, 120 and 200 kHz) is synchronized with an upward-facing Imagenex Delta T multibeam (MBES) (120\u00b0 x 20\u00b0 beamwidth, 260 k Hz) aligned with the tidal flow. An ADV measures current and turbulence, and a fluorometer measures chlorophyll (a proxy for plankton) and turbidity. The latest revision has integrated a Nortek Signature broadband 5-beam ADCP, an upward facing color video camera, and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). The platform is self-contained with no cables or anchors, facilitating rapid deployment and recovery in high-energy sites and allowing baseline data to be gathered. Measurements from the subsea platform are complemented by a 3D hydrodynamic model and concurrent shore-based marine X-band radar and ground-truth wildlife observations.  The benefit of combining information from multiple instruments to increase coverage, sensitivity and the information available has been recognized elsewhere, as it also allows one instrument to trigger the recording of another [9]. In the case of FLOWBEC, co-registration of targets seen across acoustic instruments greatly increases the information available. The EK60 alone provides quantitative measures and patterns of target distribution [10], yet co-registration of the same target on the MBES, allows concurrent behavior and predator-prey or target-MRED interactions to be monitored. Targets co-registered on both instruments can be used as a training dataset to aid classification of targets detected on a single instrument.  Single\/split beam, MBES and acoustic cameras have been evaluated previously for use in tidal sites [5, 11, 12]. However, turbulence can both mask ecological targets, and compound classification. This paper describes the development of novel processing techniques to mask surface-connected turbulence, extract biological targets for parameterization and tracking, and an example of the information gains from co-registering data between instruments.","author":["Williamson, B.","Fraser, S.","Blondel, P.","Bell, P.","Waggitt, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Bangor University","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williamson-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2750","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-array-environmental-evaluation-tools","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Energy Converter Array Environmental Evaluation Tools","description":"Stakeholders and regulators in the U.S. are working to develop deeper understanding of the potential environmental impacts posed by deployments of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) devices, and in particular wave energy conversion (WEC) devices, in coastal waters. The first pilot-scale WEC deployments in the U.S. have had to absorb unsustainabl e costs and delays associated with permitting to get devices in the water. As such, there is an urgent industry need to streamline the technical activities and processes used to assess potential environmental impacts. To enable regulators and stakeholders to become more comfortable and confident with developing effective MHK environmental assessments, a better understanding of the potential environmental effects induced by arrays of WEC devices is needed. A key challenge in developing this understanding is that the assessment of the WEC effects must come prior to deployment. A typical approach in similar environmental assessments is to use numerical models to simulate the WEC devices and array layouts so that the appropriate environmental stressors and recep tors can be identified and assessed using spatial maps.  Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the U.S. Department of Energy are fulfilling the industry-wide need to develop \u201cWEC-friendly\u201d open-source numerical modeling tools (SNL-SWAN 2015) capable of a ssessing potential changes to the ocean environment caused by the operation of WEC arrays. Studies using these tools will advance the nation\u2019s general knowledge of the interrelationships among the number, size, efficiency, and configuration of MHK arrays a nd the subsequent effects these relationships may have on the deployment environment. By better understanding these relationships, industry, stakeholders, and regulators will be able to work together to optimize WEC deployments such that environmental impa cts are minimized while power output is maximized.","author":["Jones, C.","McWilliams, S.","Chang, G.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.642226000000","-124.224755000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2751","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benchmarking-sensor-fusion-capabilities-integrated-monitoring-package","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/METS2016_Cotter.pdf","title":"Benchmarking Sensor Fusion Capabilities of an Integrated Monitoring Package","description":"The collective understanding of the environmental implications for large-scale deployment of marine renewable energy technologies remains incomplete [1]. Filling these gaps requires instrumentation able to detect events that occur rarely, but with high consequence (e.g. collision between a marine mammal and a turbine), as well as events that occur frequently, but may only be biologically significant when considering cumulative exposure (e.g. a marine mammal within an area of elevated noise) [2].\n\nThe intelligent Adaptable Monitoring Package (iAMP) is an integrated instrumentation package that combines a suite of instruments for advanced environmental monitoring capabilities [3,4]. The iAMP (shown in Figure 1a) integrates data streams from optical cameras, multibeam sonars, an array of hydrophones, a fish tag detector, and an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) into a uniform software interface.\n\nThe iAMP instruments are selected to provide comprehensive data about the environment around a marine energy device. The hydrophone array is capable of detecting marine mammal vocalizations to a range of several hundred meters (site and animal dependent). There are two multibeam sonar devices: a Kongsberg M3 (500 kHz) and a BlueView M-series (dual frequency, 900 or 2250 kHz). The M3 can operate at up to 150 m range, and the Blueview 2250 kHz head provides higher resolution imaging within a 10 m range. Optical cameras allow for species classification to a range of up to 8 m (site dependent). The ADCP, a Nortek Signature (500 kHz), provides additional environmental context by monitoring the currents and waves at a site.\n\nDrivers for all iAMP instruments are implemented in National Instruments LabView to centrally control instruments and data acquisition. Data from each instrument is stored in a ring buffer (up to 60 seconds of storage). When a target (e.g. fish or marine mammal) is detected or a save event is generated by a duty cycle timer, all ring buffers are written to disk after a fixed time has elapsed. Use of ring buffers, as opposed to beginning recording when a target is detected, ensures that the entire event is captured (e.g., a 60-s buffer might include 10 s of data prior to event detection and 50 s of data following). This also allows time for target detection algorithms to run without generating a backlog of data.\n\nContinuous data acquisition from all iAMP instruments would produce over 250 GB of data per hour, presenting challenges for both data storage and post-processing. It is preferable for automatic target detection and classification algorithms to limit data acquisition to periods of interest. Detection and tracking of fish and marine mammals on the two multibeam sonar heads (BlueView M900-2250 and Kongsberg M3) will be handled by the Nekton Interaction Monitoring System (NIMS), software developed in collaboration between the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Washington. Marine mammal vocalizations are detected by the hydrophone array, and will be classified in PAMGuard (https:\/\/www.pamguard.org\/), an open source software package for passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans. Development and application of triggering algorithms requires training data to allow the selection of thresholds that limits the number of false positives while still capturing most actual events.","author":["Cotter, E.","Matzner, S.","Horne, J.","Murphy, P.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2752","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-do-we-know-about-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-devices-state","sourceURL":"","title":"What do we Know about Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Devices? The State of the Science in 2016","description":"The marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is no longer brand new, but is not yet established commercially. Researchers have been examining potential environmental risks of MRE development for about a decade now, but there are still limited data from monitoring around wave and in-stream tidal devices to definitively determine what interactions between devices and marine animals\/habitats can be discounted, which continue to need further study, and which constitute actual risk to the environment.  Through a comprehensive review effort, we have investigated overall risks to the marine environment from single MRE devices, and the initiation of larger arrays. Annex IV, an initiative under the Ocean Energy Systems, is tasked with producing a report on the State of the Science for Environmental Effects of MRE development. The final report will be published in April 2016. The highlights and significant findings of that study are featured here, including a closer look at two interactions that continue to concern regulators and stakeholders: advances in our understanding of the potential for collision of marine animals with tidal turbines, and what level of risk is posed by EMF emissions from MRE power cables and moving machine parts.","author":["Copping, A.","Hanna, L.","Whiting, J.","Sather, N."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2016-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2753","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-effects-hydrokinetic-turbine-deployment-irrigation-canal","sourceURL":"","title":"Hydrodynamic Effects of Hydrokinetic Turbine Deployment in an Irrigation Canal","description":"The primary goal of the Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Program is to efficiently develop and utilize the country\u2019s marine hydrokinetic (MHK) and conventional hydropower (CH) resources. The program has recently identified the need to better understand the potential for hydrokinetic energy development within existing canal systems that may already have integrated CH plants. Hydrokinetic (HK) turbine operation can alter water surface elevations and modify the flow in a canal. Significant water level alterations and hydrodynamic energy losses are generally undesirable not only for CH plan operations, but also for irrigation and flood management operations.  The overarching goal of this study is to better understand the effect of operating individual and arrays of devices on local water operations through field measurements and numerical modeling. This study is conducted at Roza Canal, Yakima, WA, where a developer has been testing its vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine for nearly two years. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has been working together with Instream Energy Systems (IES) and US Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) to conduct comprehensive field measurements at the site, which include hydrodynamic and turbine performance measurements. These measurements are currently being used to develop hydro dynamic models for simulating the effects of one or more turbines in the canal. The work presented here focuses on the analysis of preliminary measurement results for studying the effects of turbine deployment on the site\u2019s hydrodynamics.","author":["Gunawan, B.","Roberts, J.","Neary, V."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.473656000000","-120.372401000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gunawan-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2754","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocgen-module-mooring-design","sourceURL":"","title":"OCGen Module Mooring Design","description":"Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) has successfully completed the OCGen\u00ae Module Mooring Project (Project).The Project made a significant step in the development of designs, methodologies and practices related to floating and mooring of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices. Importantly for ORPC, the Project provided a sound basis for advancing a technically and commercially viable OCGen\u00ae Power System. The OCGen\u00ae Power System is unique in the MHK industry and, in itself, offers distinct advantages over MHK devices that are secured to the seabed using fixed structural frames. Foremost among these advantages are capital and operating cost reductions and increased power extraction by allowing the device to be placed at a more energetic level of the water column.  This Project required an extensive research, design, development, testing, and data collection and analysis effort conducted with respect to a positively buoyant, submerged MHK device secured to the seabed using a tensioned mooring system. Although the Project was based on ORPC\u2019s OCGen\u00ae Power System, it has wide applicability to other MHK systems and to other ocean-based technologies, including offshore oil and gas.  Different analytic tools were evaluated for their utility in the design of submerged systems and their moorings. Three analytical approaches were evaluated: basic computational fluid dynamics (CFD), an ORPC developed lumped-parameter modeling effort, and use of commercial mooring analysis codes. These analytical efforts were supported by a limited scale model test effort. Commercial mooring codes offered significant advantages over the other approaches, in that a well developed and validated code offered higher confidence in the analysis results. Scale model testing was shown to have been qualitatively valuable by rapid testing of selected mooring configurations.  Deployment and testing of a prototype OCGen\u00ae system provided significant data related to mooring line loads and system attitude and station keeping. Mooring line loads were measured in situ and reported against flow speeds. The data set generated was one of the few data sets available for such mooring systems. The data will prove useful for additional validation work of newer design approaches.  The most important overall measure of the technical and economic effectiveness of the methods and techniques used in the Project was the full demonstration of the stability of the OCGen\u00ae device in reversing tidal currents and the efficacy of the tensioned mooring system. There was no doubt after completion of this Project, that the basic design assumptions of ORPC\u2019s OCGen\u00ae Power System have been technically and operationally proven and that both capital and installation costs associated with the tensioned mooring system are significantly less than those incurred in ORPC\u2019s fixed frame power system, the TidGen\u00ae Power System.  Costs of concrete and welded steel anchors were lower than the construction for the tubular space frame structures used for the TidGen\u00ae device. While overall masses may be equivalent between the anchors for OCGen\u00ae and the bottom support frame of the TidGen\u00ae device, the mass for the OCGen\u00ae anchors was mostly concrete as opposed to high quality steel. Costs of mooring lines were small compared to other project costs.  Installation costs for the buoyancy OCGen\u00ae system were much lower than for a piled foundation used for the TidGen\u00ae Power System. Installation for the TidGen\u00ae Power System would not be expected to be less than ten days of on-water work at the deployment site with expensive lift and barge assets. Deployment of the OCGen\u00ae system took place in two days with the majority of the assembly work conducted in protected near shore environments. Actual deployment of the system at the site took approximately six hours.  A further advantage of the OCGen\u00ae anchor system was the reduced environmental impact of the installation of the two concrete anchors in comparison to the steel framed bottom support structure with concrete piles for TidGen\u00ae Power System. Whereas installing a piled structure for the TidGen\u00ae device required hydroacoustic monitoring and observations of endangered species and marine mammals, it was determined by regulators that the tensioned mooring system required no such monitoring.","author":["Marnagh, C.","McEntee, J.","Donegan, J.","Feinberg, M.","MacNicholl, M."],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.912710000000","-66.994121000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marnagh-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2755","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-risk-marine-mammals-collision-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"","title":"Understanding the Risk to Marine Mammals from Collision with a Tidal Turbine","description":"The potential risk to marine mammals colliding with turbines is one of the primary environmental concerns slowing tidal energy development in the US and Europe. Few field observations of interactions between marine animals and tidal turbines have been reported [1], necessitating supplemental risk analyses and modeling to help fill the gap. This study provides a surrogate measure of the potential consequences of collision between harbor seals and a two-bladed unducted turbine. By combining estimates of the consequences of collision with the probability of collision, the risks to harbor seals around tidal turbines can be estimated, supporting regulatory decisions, and providing feedback on turbine design to minimize potential harm. In conjunction with future assessments of interactions of marine mammals with other tidal turbine designs, a more generalizable estimate of the risk of tidal turbines to marine mammals could be developed.","author":["Copping, A.","Jepsen, R.","Grear, M.","Gorton, A.","Chartrand, C."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2756","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-change-impact-thresholds-biological-monitoring-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Quantifying Change and Impact Thresholds for Biological Monitoring at Marine Renewable Energy Sites","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy is a renewable resource that helps meet growing energy demands, but potential environmental impacts due to site development and device operation have not been fully investigated [1]. Environmental monitoring is used to detect impacts caused by anthropogenic disturbances and is a mandatory requirement of operating licenses in the United States [2]. Because the number of operating sites is limited in the United States, studies describing environmental change due to the presence and operation of tidal and surface wave energy converters are scarce [3], restricting information that can be used to quantify regulatory thresholds.  A successful biological monitoring program provides data that will help developers and regulators make informed operational decisions and modifications to devices [4]. To achieve this goal, it is essential that monitoring programs detect changes that are biologically relevant, which we term impacts. To detect an impact, baseline data (data previous to change [5]) must be collected to facilitate comparison to any data collected during installation and operation [6]. Determining the maximum amount of change that constitutes an impact is a high priority when forming a monitoring plan [7]. Detection of change above a defined threshold may determine if a MHK project is allowed to continue operating [8]. Thus it is imperative to characterize relevant variables and potential impacts before operation and environmental monitoring begin at a MHK site [9].  Because little information exists that can inform impact characterization for MHK monitoring program development [10], regulators must model or estimate thresholds of biological change. Extreme value theory (EVT) is an approach used to model values that are infrequent but are potentially associated with impacts [11]. A distinct advantage of EVT is the ability to model outcomes of unobserved, rare values since the full range of outcomes may not be observed during baseline sampling. Results from EVT can be used by developers and regulators to characterize extreme but rare values associated with environmental impacts, and construct monitoring programs to include operational protocols for conditions under which these events occur. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether EVT is an appropriate method to characterize infrequent events that may result in biological impacts at a tidal MHK site. We tested the utility of EVT using a baseline, active acoustic dataset collected at a proposed turbine site in Admiralty Inlet, WA.","author":["Wiesebron, L.","Horne, J.","Hendrix, N.","Scott, B.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wiesebron-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2757","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advancing-key-consenting-risk-tidal-energy-risk-marine-mammal-collision-stream-tidal","sourceURL":"","title":"Advancing a Key Consenting Risk for Tidal Energy: The Risk of Marine Mammal Collision for In-Stream Tidal Energy Devices","description":"Collision risks between marine mammals and tidal energy devices are poorly understood and this perceived risk of collision remains a major issue for the in-stream tidal energy industry, regulators, and stakeholders. Without additional information on the level of risk there is a potential constraint on the scale of future tidal energy development. This paper presents the development of a new modelling approach to understand the risk posed by a novel tidal technology. Minesto has developed a tidal power plant named Deep Green. This technology comprises a kite\/wing and a tether running to a single anchor point. The device leverages the tidal current to lift the hydrodynamic wing; the power plant essentially flies in the water column in a \u2018figure of 8\u2019 shaped pattern. Collision probabilities (CP) varied depending on the anchor point of the device, the current speed (tidal state) and swimming behaviour of animals. Overall CP estimates varied , with between 0.78 - 2.69% of animals that passed through the water column were predicted to collide with the device. Simulations where animals were actively swimming with the current had lower CP than when passively drifting with the current. Differences in CP were observed between anchor positions (surface: 1.1 - 1.5%; seabed 0.8 - 0.9%) for active animals. Animals were predicted to be more likely to collide with the tether than the kite (61 - 80% tether; 20 - 39% kite). It is difficult to directly compare with other tidal projects due to different methods and data used to estimate collision risk across projects. However, on average, the risk predicted here is lower than estimates for the same species at other sites for different devices. We will also present next steps for such assessments, including enhanced collision\/strike risk models (incorporating animal movement), data gaps in model parameterization (and consequent risk levels), near-field monitoring tools presently being used to address these limitations and population-level modelling.","author":["Booth, C.","Sparling, C.","Wood, J.","Tollitt, D.","Scott-Heyward, L.","Rexstad, E.","Hultgren, Y.","Johnsson, M.","Knutzen, E."],"organization":["Minesto","SMRU Consulting","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2015-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Booth-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2759","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/number-distribution-marine-mammals-fall-warness-orkney-july-2005-july-2006","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=133","title":"The Number and Distribution of Marine Mammals in the Fall of Warness, Orkney July 2005 - July 2006","description":"Land-based surveys of the Fall of Warness were carried out from 11th July 2005 to 14th July 2006, encompassing a total of 219 days, and 964 hours of observation. Two observers recorded the information. The change of observers took place on 22 nd October 2005.\nSince sighting probabilities of marine mammals would be strongly influenced by sea state, wind speed was used as a proxy to remove from the analyses any observation periods when sighting probabilities would be compromised. This reduced the total observation period used in the analyses to 731 hours.\nGrey seals, harbour seals, harbour porpoises, minke whales, white-beaked dolphins and basking sharks were all seen during the study period. All species of marine mammal (and basking sharks) observed in the study area are protected under international legislation.\nGeneralised Additive Models (GAMs) and Chi-squared (X2) tests were used to estimate the patterns underlying the seal and harbour porpoise observation data. There was insufficient information on the other species to support anything beyond descriptive statistics.\nGrey seals were the most frequently seen species, with a significant peak in occurrence during September and October (their breeding season). Sightings were concentrated close to the shore area, especially to Muckle Green Holm. The probability of sighting grey seals was lower during windy conditions but did not appear to be influenced by state of tide or time of day.\nHarbour seals were rarely seen in August, and not at all in November and December. The former may be due to seals remaining ashore during their annual moult (August) and the latter to a change in observer during the study (from 22nd October). A strong distance and location effect was observed in sightings, probably as a function of a reduced ability to identify species with distance. The small numbers of sightings was probably responsible for the lack of any other significant factors in the data analysis.\nHarbour porpoises were seen in the study area between July and November, mainly in small groups. Observations were concentrated in both the centre of the study area and close to the observation point. The small number of sightings of this species meant that it was not possible to determine any other significant factors in the data analysis.\nOccasional sightings of minke whale, white-beaked dolphin and basking shark are consistent with existing knowledge of these species behaviour and distribution in Orkney waters.\nThe complexity of the patterns observed using GAMs suggests that straightforward comparisons of average results between times and location is unlikely to be productive. It would be more efficient to repeat these analyses using the additional data collected under changed conditions (e.g. after the installation of a tidal flow device). This would examine the significance of the effect of the change in conditions but it would also be essential to include this as an integral part of the testing regime for any device because of the importance of including the state of the device (e.g. operational versus non-operational) as a covariate in any analysis.\nThe potential effects of tidal stream devices on large-bodied animals in the water column are a subject of considerable concern that requires a careful approach to management and mitigation. The methodological approaches developed in this study to help assess these effects are at the leading edge of the field. We suggest that they have broad application to most circumstances in which tidal power generation is being considered.","author":["Duck, C.","Black, A.","Lonergan, M.","Mackey, B."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2006-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963406000000","-3.301211000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SMRU-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2760","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-consenting-position-paper-series-marine-mammal-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/marine-mammal-impacts\/","title":"Wave and Tidal Consenting Position Paper Series: Marine Mammal Impacts","description":"The main potential impacts of wave and tidal energy devices (\u2018wave and tidal devices\u2019) on marine mammals have previously been identified and described by numerous studies and impact assessments. Detailed descriptions of the key potential impacts and the assumed mechanisms underlying them have, for each technology, been reported extensively elsewhere (Faber Maunsell \u0026 Metoc, 2007; Dolman and Simmonds, 2010; MacLeod et al., 2012; Sparling et al., 2012; aquatera, 2012; and Thompson et al., 2013).\n\nThe aim of this paper is to review key experience and provide stakeholders and industry alike with a consolidated understanding of, and consensus on, the current state of knowledge relating to potential environmental impacts associated with marine renewables and marine mammals.\n\nThis paper also uses the experiences of those involved in the wave and tidal energy industry (gathered by telephone interview) to highlight issues that have arisen during the development of wave and tidal technologies.","author":["Sparling, C.","Coram, A.","McConnell, B.","Thompson, D.","Hawkins, K.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","T\u00dcV S\u00dcD","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NERC-2013-Marine-Mammal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2761","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tracking-technologies-quantifying-marine-mammal-interactions-tidal-turbines-pitfalls","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_10","title":"Tracking Technologies for Quantifying Marine Mammal Interactions with Tidal Turbines: Pitfalls and Possibilities","description":"Currently, there is great uncertainty surrounding the environmental impacts of tidal turbines on marine mammals; one major concern derives from the potential for physical injury through direct contact with the moving structures of turbines. Collecting data to quantify these risks is challenging and methods for measuring movements underwater and interactions with turbines are limited. However, potential tools include a small number of cutting-edge technologies that are being used increasingly for research and monitoring; these include animal-borne telemetry, and active and passive acoustic tracking. Recent developments in these technologies are described along with their means of application in measuring fine-scale movements and avoidance or evasion responses by marine mammals around turbines. From a risk-characterization perspective, each technique can provide information to inform risk assessments or help parametrize collision risk models; however, each has its associated benefits and drawbacks and it is clear that, in isolation, none of them can provide all the data needed to address the problem. The three approaches appear highly complementary, with the strengths of one complementing the weaknesses in others; the solution to characterizing the risks posed by tidal turbines is likely to be a combination of such techniques.\n\nThis is a chapter\u00a0from\u00a0Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Hastie, G.","Gillespie, D.","Gordon, J.","Macaulay, J.","McConnell, B.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2014-02-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2762","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resolving-issues-environmental-impact-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-installations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmars.2014.00075\/full","title":"Resolving Issues with Environmental Impact Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Installations","description":"Growing concerns about climate change and energy security have fueled a rapid increase in the development of marine renewable energy installations (MREIs). The potential ecological consequences of increased use of these devices emphasizes the need for high quality environmental impact assessment (EIA). We demonstrate that these processes are hampered severely, primarily because ambiguities in the legislation and lack of clear implementation guidance are such that they do not ensure robust assessment of the significance of impacts and cumulative effects. We highlight why the regulatory framework leads to conceptual ambiguities and propose changes which, for the most part, do not require major adjustments to standard practice. We emphasize the importance of determining the degree of confidence in impacts to permit the likelihood as well as magnitude of impacts to be quantified and propose ways in which assessment of population-level impacts could be incorporated into the EIA process. Overall, however, we argue that, instead of trying to ascertain which particular developments are responsible for tipping an already heavily degraded marine environment into an undesirable state, emphasis should be placed on better strategic assessment.","author":["Maclean, I.","Inger, R.","Benson, D.","Booth, C.","Embling, C.","Grecian, W.","Heymans, J.","Plummer, K.","Shackshaft, M.","Sparling, C.","Wilson, B.","Wright, L.","Bradbury, G.","Christen, N.","Godley, B.","Jackson, A.","McCluskie, A.","Nicholls-Lee, R.","Bearhop, S."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Plymouth University","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","SMRU Consulting","University of Exeter","University of Glasgow","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Maclean-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2764","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenge-using-passive-acoustic-monitoring-high-energy-environments-uk-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8_12","title":"Challenge of Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring in High-Energy Environments: UK Tidal Environments and Other Case Studies","description":"The use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) around marine developments is commonplace. A buffer-based PAM system (e.g., C-POD) is a cost-effective method for assessing cetacean acoustic presence. Devices have been deployed by Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) Marine around the United Kingdom, allowing an examination of the performance of C-PODs with respect to background noise, tilt angle, and environmental factors. C-PODs were found to often only monitor for a few seconds of each minute, resulting in significant loss of monitoring time. Issues were likely driven by environmental and deployment factors. The practical limitations of buffer-based PAM systems in high-energy\/noisy environments are indicated here.","author":["Booth, C."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.403625000000","-0.092899000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2765","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-impact-tidal-energy-extraction-pentland-firth-large-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.biogeosciences.net\/13\/2593\/2016\/","title":"Potential Environmental Impact of Tidal Energy Extraction in the Pentland Firth at Large Spatial Scales: Results of a Biogeochemical Model","description":"A model study was carried out of the potential large-scale (\u0026gt;\u202f100\u202fkm) effects of marine renewable tidal energy generation in the Pentland Firth, using the 3-D hydrodynamics\u2013biogeochemistry model GETM-ERSEM-BFM. A realistic 800\u202fMW scenario and a high-impact scenario with massive expansion of tidal energy extraction to 8\u202fGW scenario were considered. The realistic 800\u202fMW scenario suggested minor effects on the tides, and undetectable effects on the biogeochemistry. The massive-expansion 8\u202fGW scenario suggested effects would be observed over hundreds of kilometres away with changes of up to 10\u202f% in tidal and ecosystem variables, in particular in a broad area in the vicinity of the Wash. There, waters became less turbid, and primary production increased with associated increases in faunal ecosystem variables. Moreover, a one-off increase in carbon storage in the sea bed was detected. Although these first results suggest positive environmental effects, further investigation is recommended of (i) the residual circulation in the vicinity of the Pentland Firth and effects on larval dispersal using a higher-resolution model and (ii) ecosystem effects with (future) state-of-the-art models if energy extraction substantially beyond 1\u202fGW is planned.","author":["van der Molen, J.","Ruardij, P.","Greenwood, N."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)"],"originationDate":"2016-05-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.720407000000","-3.147960000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/van-der-Molen-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2766","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantification-massive-seasonal-aggregations-blacktip-sharks-carcharhinus-limbatus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0150911","title":"Quantification of Massive Seasonal Aggregations of Blacktip Sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) in Southeast Florida","description":"Southeast Florida witnesses an enormous seasonal influx of upper trophic level marine predators each year as massive aggregations of migrating blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) overwinter in nearshore waters. The narrow shelf and close proximity of the Gulf Stream current to the Palm Beach County shoreline drive tens of thousands of sharks to the shallow, coastal environment. This natural bottleneck provides a unique opportunity to estimate relative abundance. Over a four year period from 2011\u20132014, an aerial survey was flown approximately biweekly along the length of Palm Beach County. A high definition video camera and digital still camera mounted out of the airplane window provided a continuous record of the belt transect which extended 200 m seaward from the shoreline between Boca Raton Inlet and Jupiter Inlet. The number of sharks within the survey transect was directly counted from the video. Shark abundance peaked in the winter (January-March) with a maximum in 2011 of 12,128 individuals counted within the 75.6 km-2 belt transect. This resulted in a maximum density of 803.2 sharks km-2. By the late spring (April-May), shark abundance had sharply declined to 1.1% of its peak, where it remained until spiking again in January of the following year. Shark abundance was inversely correlated with water temperature and large numbers of sharks were found only when water temperatures were less than 25\u00b0C. Shark abundance was also correlated with day of the year but not with barometric pressure. Although shark abundance was not correlated with photoperiod, the departure of the sharks from southeast Florida occurred around the vernal equinox. The shark migration along the United States eastern seaboard corresponds spatially and temporally with the spawning aggregations of various baitfish species. These baseline abundance data can be compared to future studies to determine if shark population size is changing and if sharks are restricting their southward migration as global water temperatures increase.","author":["Kajiura, S.","Tellman, S."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2016-03-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.476464100000","-79.939474200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kajiura-and-Tellman-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2770","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-wave-energy-wind-solar-short-term-forecasting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148115002141","title":"Combining Wave Energy with Wind and Solar: Short-Term Forecasting","description":"While wind and solar have been the leading sources of renewable energy up to now, waves are increasingly being recognized as a viable source of power for coastal regions. This study analyzes integrating wave energy into the grid, in conjunction with wind and solar. The Pacific Northwest in the United States has a favorable mix of all three sources. Load and wind power series are obtained from government databases. Solar power is calculated from 12 sites over five states. Wave energy is calculated using buoy data, simulations of the ECMWF model, and power matrices for three types of wave energy converters. At the short horizons required for planning, the properties of the load and renewable energy are dissimilar. The load exhibits cycles at 24\u00a0h and seven days, seasonality and long-term trending. Solar power is dominated by the diurnal cycle and by seasonality, but also exhibits nonlinear variability due to cloud cover, atmospheric turbidity and precipitation. Wind power is dominated by large ramp events\u2013irregular transitions between states of high and low power. Wave energy exhibits seasonal cycles and is generally smoother, although there are still some large transitions, particularly during winter months. Forecasting experiments are run over horizons of 1\u20134\u00a0h for the load and all three types of renewable energy. Waves are found to be more predictable than wind and solar. The forecast error at 1\u00a0h for the simulated wave farms is in the range of 5\u20137 percent, while the forecast errors for solar and wind are 17 and 22 percent. Geographic dispersal increases forecast accuracy. At the 1\u00a0h horizon, the forecast error for large-scale wave farms is 39\u201349 percent lower than at individual buoys. Grid integration costs are quantified by calculating balancing reserves. Waves show the lowest reserve costs, less than half wind and solar.","author":["Reikard, G.","Robertson, B.","Bidlot, J."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2771","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/forecasting-ocean-wave-energy-ecmwf-wave-model-time-series-methods","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801811000837","title":"Forecasting ocean wave energy: The ECMWF wave model and time series methods","description":"Recently, the technology has been developed to make wave farms commercially viable. Since electricity is perishable, utilities will be interested in forecasting ocean wave energy. The horizons involved in short-term management of power grids range from as little as a few hours to as long as several days. In selecting a method, the forecaster has a choice between physics-based models and statistical techniques. A further idea is to combine both types of models. This paper analyzes the forecasting properties of a well-known physics-based model, the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Wave Model, and two statistical techniques, time-varying parameter regressions and neural networks. Thirteen data sets at locations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of Mexico are tested. The quantities to be predicted are the significant wave height, the wave period, and the wave energy flux. In the initial tests, the ECMWF model and the statistical models are compared directly. The statistical models do better at short horizons, producing more accurate forecasts in the 1\u20135\u00a0h range. The ECMWF model is superior at longer horizons. The convergence point, at which the two methods achieve comparable degrees of accuracy, is in the area of 6\u00a0h. By implication, the physics-based model captures the underlying signals at lower frequencies, while the statistical models capture relationships over shorter intervals. Further tests are run in which the forecasts from the ECMWF model are used as inputs in regressions and neural networks. The combined models yield more accurate forecasts than either one individually.","author":["Reikard, G.","Pinson, P.","Bidlot, J."],"organization":["Leap Wireless","Technical University of Denmark (DTU)"],"originationDate":"2011-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2773","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2016","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sma\/content\/annex-iv-2016-state-science-report-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-development","title":"Annex IV 2016 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report, which serves as a complement and update to the Annex IV 2016 State of the Science Report, is now available on Tethys, along with an updated Executive Summary, 13 new Short Science Summaries, and various supplementary materials.  Annex IV focuses on environmental effects of marine renewable energy development, primarily from waves and tides, under the Ocean Energy Systems (OES), a collaboration of 23 nations brought together under the International Energy Agency. Under OES, countries focus on research, development, and demonstration of energy conversion technologies from all forms of ocean renewable resources. Annex IV is led by the US and involves thirteen nations, spanning five continents. For more information on OES and the Annex IV initiative please visit https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/about-annex-iv.  The 2016 Annex IV State of the Science report was written for government regulators, policy makers, resource managers, marine renewable energy developers, researchers, and stakeholders. The full report consists of 10 chapters spanning over 200 pages. The Executive Summary provides a broad overview of the material in the full report. The one page summaries provide highlights of eight key technical issues.  Download the Full Report    Download the Full Report (Low Resolution: 10MB)  Download the Full Report (Medium Resolution: 23MB)  Download the Full Report (Print Resolution: 50MB)   Executive Summary    Download the Executive Summary (in English; translations into other Annex IV national languages are available below)      Chinese   Japanese   Norwegian   Portuguese   Spanish   Swedish       Short Science Summaries    Collision Risk  Underwater Noise  Physical Systems  Electromagnetic Fields  Habitat Changes and Reefing Patterns  Marine Spatial Planning  Permitting\/Consenting Case Studies  Path Forward","author":["Copping, A.","Sather, N.","Hanna, L.","Whiting, J.","Zydlewski, G.","Staines, G.","Gill, A.","Hutchison, I.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Simas, T.","Bald, J.","Sparling, C.","Wood, J.","Masden, E."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2016-04-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-21 07:12:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Annex-IV-2016-State-of-the-Science-Report_LR.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Annex-IV-2016-State-of-the-Science-Report_MR.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Annex-IV-2016-State-of-the-Science-Report_HR.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_Chinese_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_Japanese_V2_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_Norwegian_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_Portuguese_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_Spanish_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoSExecutiveSummaryFinal_Swedish_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-Benthic-Habitats.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-Collision-Risk.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-EMF.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-Noise.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-Physical-Systems.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-Case-Studies.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-MSP.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short-Science-Summary-Path-Forward.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2774","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-tidal-stream-energy-converter-tec-arrays-relation-natural-variability","sourceURL":"","title":"Impacts of Tidal-Stream Energy Converter (TEC) Arrays in Relation to the Natural Variability of Sedimentary Processes","description":"Tidal-stream Energy Converter (TEC) arrays are expected to reduce tidal current speeds locally, thus impacting sedimentary processes, even when devices are positioned above bedrock. Tidal dissipation can produce high suspended sediment concentrations (turbidity maxima) which are important for biological productivity. Also, devices will potentially impact morphological features further afield, e.g., offshore sand banks and beaches. Yet few impact assessment studies of potential TEC sites have looked closely at sediment dynamics beyond local scouring issues. It is therefore important to understand to what extent exploitation of the tidal energy resource will affect sedimentary processes, and the aim of this research is to assess the scale of this impact in relation to natural variability, caused by both tidal currents and wave-induced currents.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Robins, P.","Neill, S.","Lewis, M."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.378901000000","-4.605521000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Robins.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2775","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-impact-assessment-renewables-development-areas-using-new-r-package-mrsea","sourceURL":"","title":"Modelling Impact Assessment in Renewables Development Areas using the New R Package, MRSea v0.1.1","description":"For both developers and government licensing organisations it is important to have the ability to quantify spatially explicit change in the density and\/or distribution of animals in and around marine renewables sites and, in particular, to identify if change occurs near renewables devices[1]. The publicly available MRSea package (Marine Renewable Strategic environmental assessment)[2] has recently been developed for analysing data collected for assessing potential impacts of renewable developments on marine wildlife, although the methods contained in this package have wide applicability. As a part of work commissioned by Marine Scotland, a number of candidate modelling methods were critically compared and the Complex REgion Spatial Smoother (CReSS)[3] with spatially adaptive knot placement using SALSA[4] was the recommended approach due to its success at locating spatially explicit impact-related change. The CReSS\/SALSA approach was coupled with Generalised Estimating Equations (GEEs), which accommodate the spatial and temporal correlation that is generally inherent in baseline monitoring and impact assessment data. We present the capabilities of MRSea using an example data set from the package, which is based on offshore data collected from an existing renewables development. Specifically, we analyse a scenario where the animals have re-distributed across the study area between two time points, before and after construction of an offshore wind farm. We begin with correcting the observed counts from the survey data for imperfect detection, fit a spatial model with environmental covariates to the corrected counts, assess the fit of the model, run model diagnostics, make predictions and calculate uncertainty about these predictions. Most importantly for these applications, we identify spatially explicit significant differences in animal density before and after the construction.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Scott-Hayward, L.","Mackenzie, M.","Oedekoven, C.","Walker, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Scott-Hayward.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2777","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-simulation-approach-assessing-environmental-risk-sound-exposure-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"An Overview of a Simulation Approach to Assessing Environmental Risk of Sound Exposure to Marine Mammals","description":"Underwater sounds caused by military sonar, seismic surveys and marine renewable construction\/operational activities can harm\/disturb acoustically sensitive marine mammals, and many jurisdictions require such activities to undergo environmental impact assessments to guide mitigation. The ability to assess impacts in a rigorous, quantitative way is hindered by large knowledge gaps on hearing ability, sensitivity and responses to noise. We will describe an analytical framework, called SAFESIMM (Statistical Algorithms For Estimating the Sonar Influence on Marine Megafauna) which partitions our knowledge of noise impacts into linked modules that collectively calculate the numbers of animals likely to be affected by noise. The simulation framework will be illustrated using two species that are relevant to marine renewable assessments in the UK, namely grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). We have run a suite of simulations which consider sensitivity to uncertainty in three areas: how sound energy is perceived by animals with differing hearing apparatuses; how animals move in response to disturbance (i.e., the strength and directionality of evasive tactics); and the level of site fidelity effects. In particular we consider sensitivities over exposure scenarios of differing lengths. We will describe the main outcomes of these simulations and place the results in the context of the decisions that developers and regulators are faced with. Simulation frameworks offer a powerful way to explore, understand and estimate effects of cumulative sound exposure on marine mammals, but they can act as black boxes that hide important, but subjective, decisions. For example, we have found that the estimate of received sound exposure level (SEL) is influenced most strongly by the weighting function used to account for the species\u2019 presumed hearing ability and therefore tools that make different assumptions about auditory weighting will give contradictory recommendations to managers about sound exposure relative to allowable harm limits.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Donovan, C.","Harris, C.","Marshall, L.","Harwood, J.","Milazzo, L.","Williams, R."],"organization":["Imperial College London","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Donovan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2778","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-potential-marine-megafauna-entanglement-risk-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Understanding the Potential for Marine Megafauna Entanglement Risk from Marine Renewable Energy Developments [Presentation]","description":"The development of marine renewable energy (MRE; offshore wind, tide and wave energy) in Scottish waters and elsewhere has given rise to concerns about the potential impacts of such technologies on the marine environment. One such potential impact of marine renewable energy development is the risk of whales, basking sharks and other large animals (\u201cmarine megafauna\u201d) becoming entangled in mooring systems and associated power cables. Similar entanglements in fishing gears have long been recognised as a significant global cause of injury and mortality for many species, and there are concerns that future expansion of the MRE industry may exacerbate the risk. In the current absence of large numbers of MRE-associated moorings, there are few concrete data on which to base an assessment of entanglement risk. A comprehensive literature review confirmed that the vast majority of marine megafauna entanglement records worldwide involved fishing gear. There were, however, several reports of large whales interacting with (or becoming entangled in) anchor chains, aquaculture moorings and similar structures, sometimes leading to injury or mortality. This evidence suggests that moorings, such as those proposed for MRE devices, will likely pose a relatively modest risk in terms of entanglement for most marine megafauna, particularly when compared to entanglement rates in fisheries. Nevertheless, some circumstances were identified under which moorings associated with MRE devices could pose a risk to marine megafauna, particularly 1) in cases involving baleen whales and 2) if derelict fishing gears become attached to the mooring and continue to fish, thereby creating an entanglement risk for a wide range of species (including fish and diving seabirds).  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Benjamins, S.","Harnois, V.","Smith, H.","Johanning, L.","Greenhill, L.","Carter, C.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Natural Heritage","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.714137000000","-1.545372000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Benjamins.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2779","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-marine-bird-diving-behaviour-assessing-underwater-collision-risk-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"","title":"A Review of Marine Bird Diving Behaviour: Assessing Underwater Collision Risk with Tidal Turbines","description":"Tidal turbines have the potential to impact diving birds, primarily through collision with turbine blades. There is a legal requirement to assess these impacts. Collision risk modelling has been used widely to quantify collision risk to birds flying through wind farms. Intuitively, the same approach can be taken when assessing risk of underwater turbines to diving birds. Such models require data on a bird\u2019s foraging and diving behaviour to calculate their likely exposure to a tidal turbine array while foraging underwater. Accordingly, we have reviewed studies from peer-reviewed literature that present estimates for diving parameters for diving marine birds that occur in UK waters. These values can be used within underwater collision risk models. This work will provide a key resource to the consenting process as it can be used in the assessment of environmental impacts of marine renewable developments.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Robbins, A.","Thaxter, C.","Cook, A.","Furness, T.","Daunt, F.","Masden, E."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","MacArthur Green","Scottish Natural Heritage","University of Glasgow","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Robbins.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2780","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tool-predict-impact-anthropogenic-noise-fish","sourceURL":"","title":"A Tool to Predict the Impact of Anthropogenic Noise on Fish","description":"Anthropogenic (man-made) noise is a global problem in aquatic and terrestrial environments. In the shallow seas around many countries, including the UK, large windfarms are being constructed using pile driving to create a solid base for the turbines. Offshore pile driving creates pulsating noises and vibrations of very high intensities, which has been shown to be deleterious to a variety of aquatic species. Using a hydrodynamic model that predicts the propagation of underwater noise while taking into account bathymetry, tidal movements and currents, we integrated a numerical behavioural tool that models fish behaviour in response to noise. Using agent based modelling, scientifically published data and parameters obtained from carefully controlled experiments, we modelled the impact of noise on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) as they encountered pile driving during migration from the ocean to a spawning site close to the shore. Taking our empirical experiments into account which showed a negative impact of noise on feeding behaviour and increased oxygen consumption the model predicts that the fish took significantly longer to arrive at the spawning site. This effect could have important implications at a population level, as fish would use more energy to reach the site and might desynchronize spawning behaviour, which in turn would influence larval survival and life history processes that reduce fitness. This tool not only shows the value of using numerical models to predict animal behaviour in a complex environment, but also highlights the merit of using such models to predict anthropogenic impacts that would otherwise be difficult or too costly to obtain.  **Author did not allow the presentation to be included.","author":["Bruintjes, R.","Renshaw, E.","Rossington, K.","Armstrong-Smith, E.","Tozer, B.","Jones, D.","Botterell, Z.","Benson, T.","Simpson, S."],"organization":["HR Wallingford Ltd","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Bruinjes.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2781","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-movements-atlantic-salmon-around-scottish-coasts-using-historical-tagging","sourceURL":"","title":"Exploring the Movements of Atlantic Salmon around Scottish Coasts, using Historical Tagging Data and a Simple Agent-Based Modelling Approach","description":"Meeting targets for green energy generation will involve marine renewables. To ensure that this development is environmentally sustainable, it is necessary to assess potential interactions between renewable energy arrays and marine organisms. One species that may be affected is the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Salmon undertake extensive migrations which pass through Scottish coastal waters, where they may encounter renewable energy developments. To assess possible risks to migrating salmon, it is important to understand how many fish may encounter devices. This requires knowledge of how many migrating salmon pass through areas where renewables development is taking place, but there are few data available. One potential resource in Scotland is a historical archive of tagging study data. We use these data, in conjunction with an agent-based modelling approach, to simulate movements of fish around Scotland. This approach works by representing the coastal seas as a linear series of \u2018cells\u2019 corresponding to salmon fishery districts, and a parallel series of cells representing the salmon home rivers. At each time step, fish can migrate along the coast, or move into their home rivers. This model can be parameterised using data on coastal fishing effort, productivity of home rivers, and other factors, in order to explore potential influences on patterns of recaptures, and to test hypotheses about coastal movements of salmon.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Guerin, A.","Jackson, A.","Youngson, A."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.743788000000","-1.984825000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Guerin.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2782","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-surveys-high-energy-marine-sites-marrying-best-practice-guidance","sourceURL":"","title":"Seabird Surveys in High Energy Marine Sites; Marrying Best Practice and Guidance","description":"This paper examines current seabird survey guidance and norms for wet renewable projects against practical experience and survey results gained by Natural Research Projects Ltd (NRP) during surveys at seven \u2018wet renewable\u2019 sites around Scotland over the past five years. Marine renewable energy projects by their very nature are targeted at sites that have high energy environments and consequently commonly present challenging conditions for boat-based and shore-based survey methods. The first part of the paper aims to serve as a reality check on undertaking visual surveys for seabirds at wet renewable sites. The second part goes on to consider in more detail how the practical constraints can be taken into account during the survey design and execution. NRP\u2019s experience is that poor or unfavourable sea conditions are a significant constraint to undertaking surveys at most wet renewable sites. The practical realities of undertaking surveys in high energy sites are described and the implications of this for complying with survey guidance are examined. A key aspect of managing these constraints is consideration of the data quality and survey frequency requirements. The current norm for EIA studies is to undertake a two-year programme of monthly survey work. Results from the sites surveyed by NRP are briefly examined to see how well such a generic approach is appropriate for a range of seabird species. It is concluded that the appropriate amount of survey effort and quality of data required vary between species, sites and the type of technology to be deployed, and these factors should be taken into account at the survey design stage. It is further concluded that survey guidance and monitoring will need to be updated and revised as knowledge of the impacts of wet renewables on marine wildlife improves. In the same way that has occurred for terrestrial wind farms, there is likely to be a shift away from generic surveys aimed at all species towards surveys that focus on priority species and issues and conducted only at the times of year when significant impacts are plausible.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Jackson, D.","Pinder, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Jackson.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2783","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-disciplinary-risk-identification-evaluation-tidal-industry","sourceURL":"","title":"Multi-Disciplinary Risk Identification and Evaluation for the Tidal Industry","description":"With tidal industry still having not achieved high Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), it becomes a pertinent task for developers, investors and operators to develop a widely agreed risk register in order to efficiently control residual risks towards further development. Scarcity and sensitivity of available data and limited synergy between industry agents constitute the task of stakeholder and risk identification quite difficult with relevant studies performed so far focusing specifically on individual sectors of the industry. This paper adopts a PESTLE approach to categorise the different sectors of the tidal industry, identifying key stakeholders and listing the risks considered most relevant. Outputs of this analysis stand as a basis for a targeted survey among stakeholders highlight the most critical risks through multi-criteria assessment in order to establish effective mitigation strategies that allow focus to be placed upon the most critical risks as perceived by the industry cumulatively.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Kolios, A.","Read, G.","Loannou, A."],"organization":["Cranfield University","University of Piraeus"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Kolios.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2784","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-flowbec-seabed-frame-understand-underwater-interactions-between-diving-seabirds","sourceURL":"","title":"Using the FLOWBEC Seabed Frame to Understand Underwater Interactions between Diving Seabirds, Prey, Hydrodynamics and Tidal and Wave Energy Structures","description":"The NERC\/Defra collaboration FLOWBEC-4D is investigating the environmental and ecological effects of installing and operating arrays of wave and tidal energy devices. The FLOWBEC seabed platform combines a number of instruments to record information at a range of physical and multi-trophic levels at a resolution of several measurements per second, for a duration of 2 weeks to capture an entire spring-neap tidal cycle. An upward-facing multifrequency echosounder is synchronised with an upward-facing multibeam sonar aligned with the tidal flow. An ADV is used for local current measurements and a fluorometer is used to measure chlorophyll (as a proxy for plankton) and turbidity. The platform is self-contained, facilitating rapid deployment and recovery in high-energy sites. Five 2-week deployments have been completed at wave and tidal energy sites at EMEC in Orkney (UK), both in the presence and absence of renewable energy structures. Using multifrequency target identification and multibeam target tracking, the depth preference and interactions of birds, fish schools and marine mammals with renewable energy structures can be tracked. Seabird and mammal dive profiles, predator-prey interactions and the effect of hydrodynamic processes during foraging events throughout the water column can also be analysed. These datasets offer insights into how fish, seabirds and marine mammals successfully forage within dynamic marine habitats and also whether individuals face collision risks with tidal stream turbines. Measurements from the subsea platform are complemented by 3D hydrodynamic model data, concurrent shore-based marine X-band radar and shore-based seabird observations. This range of concurrent fine-scale information across physical and trophic levels will improve our understanding of how the fine-scale physical influence of currents, waves and turbulence at tidal and wave energy sites affect the behaviour of marine wildlife, and how tidal and wave energy devices might alter the behaviour of such wildlife. These results can be used to guide marine spatial planning, device design, licensing and operation, as these individual devices are scaled up to arrays and new sites are considered.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Williamson, B.","Scott, B.","Waggitt, J.","Blondel, P.","Armstrong, E.","Hall, C.","Bell, P."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Williamson.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2785","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-experience-environmental-impact-assessments-wave-energy-test-centres","sourceURL":"","title":"Analysis of Experience from Environmental Impact Assessments of Wave Energy Test Centres","description":"The potential environmental impacts of wave energy, and the obligation on developers and regulators to document and assess these, continues to represent a significant barrier to the wave energy industry. As part of the EU IEE-funded SOWFIA project, on streamlining of impact assessment for wave energy farms, an evaluation of experience related to the detection of environmental impacts at wave energy test centres across Europe, coupled with information gained from Environmental Impact Assessments produced for other similar renewable energy developments, has been undertaken. This experience has been examined to understand key receptors of concern and methods used for detecting impacts with the over-arching aim of producing effective methods for communicating the information gathered and to identify, where possible, the type and magnitude of impacts which may be expected in future, larger scale developments. This paper focuses on a selection of these receptors, focusing on the variations found and the implications these variations could have for future assessments.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Conley, D.","Magagna, D.","Greaves, D.","Aires, E.","Leit\u00e3o, J.","Witt, M.","Embling, C.","Godley, B.","Bicknell, A.","Saulnier, J.","Simas, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Holmes, B.","Sundberg, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Marina, D."],"organization":["Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Hidromod","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Plymouth University","University College Cork","University of Exeter","Uppsala University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.184907000000","-8.393982000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-OHagan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2786","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-tidal-turbines-what-are-issues-concern-how-are-they-being-resolved","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Mammals and Tidal Turbines: What are the Issues of Concern and how are they being Resolved?","description":"The potential risks of marine mammals being injured by being hit by tidal-stream turbines, or of vacating significant areas in an attempt to avoid them, are among the most pressing environmental consenting issues facing this emerging family of technologies. Unfortunately, due to the inherent difficulties of studying marine mammal distribution and behaviour underwater, as well as the novelty of the machines themselves, information upon which to base robust impact assessments is extremely limited. Consequently, a variety of research projects in several countries are underway to address these data gaps and investigate different components of these questions. In this presentation we review potential marine mammal-related issues including collision and injury risks, acoustic impacts, displacement, barrier effects and attraction. We then outline what research approaches are being applied and how they relate to one another. The novelty of these challenges, especially working in waters flowing at velocities approaching research vessel speed, has prompted the development of several innovative scientific tools as well as focussing effort onto a previously little studied habitat. These efforts may also tell us much about how marine mammals use such sites, which due to increased density through geographical bottleneck effects, can be perceived as being disproportionately important. There are, however, challenges for the research community to keep pace with the industrial developments themselves, to learn from the many globally dispersed initiatives and to continue research on potential impacts once initial funded consent-to-operate licences have been issued.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Wilson, B.","Hastie, G.","Benjamins, S."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.720050000000","-3.094402000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Wilson.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2787","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-instrumentation-marine-energy-monitoring","sourceURL":"","title":"Integrated Instrumentation for Marine Energy Monitoring","description":"Integrated instrumentation packages designed for operation at marine renewable energy sites have the potential to reduce the risk uncertainty around high priority interactions between stressors and receptors. Such packages can leverage the competitive strengths of individual instruments and reduce risk in a rapid, cost-effective manner. One emerging example of environmental infrastructure to achieve these objectives, the Adaptable Monitoring Package, is presented and its capabilities described. The development and adoption of such packages requires close coordination between resource managers, technology developers, and researchers.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Polagye, B.","Joslin, J.","Stewart, A.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Polagye.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2788","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-diel-variability-underwater-noise-baltic-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/139\/4\/10.1121\/1.4944875","title":"Seasonal and Diel Variability of the Underwater Noise in the Baltic Sea","description":"The results of ambient seanoise measurements performed in strongly stratified shallow basins in the southern Baltic Sea are presented. The experiments were conducted with an autonomous hydroacoustic buoy that was equipped with two omnidirectional hydrophones located inside and outside the seasonal waveguide. Data were collected in two areas with contrastingly diverse sound propagation conditions\u2014at the Bornholm Deep in winter and at the Gdansk Deep in summer. The noise spectrum levels indicate a strong dependence on the sound propagation conditions (season, location) and show significant differences with the observation depth. At frequencies f\u2009","author":["Klusek, Z.","Lisimenka, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-04-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.462084000000","18.501814000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2789","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combination-empirical-modelled-datasets-reveals-associations-between-deep-diving","sourceURL":"","title":"A Combination of Empirical and Modelled Datasets Reveals Associations between Deep Diving Seabirds and Oceanographical Processes at Fine Spatiotemporal Scales in a High Energy Habitat","description":"It remains unknown how tidal stream turbines could impact deep diving seabird populations such as auks Alcidae sp and cormorants Phalacrocorax sp. Predicting whether and how devices could affect populations is hampered by poor knowledge of what influences seabird foraging distributions in the tidal pass habitats favoured for installations. Here distributions of foraging seabirds are compared with a suite of concurrent environmental variables within the Fall of Warness, Orkney, UK to investigate associations between auks, cormorants and oceanographical processes. Results are presented for Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica, black guillemots Cepphus grylle, common guillemots Uria algaa and European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis. These studies provide the information that is needed to predict auk and cormorant distributions within tidal pass over different scenarios, revealing which and when species may interact with devices within these habitats.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Bell, P.","Cazenave, P.","Torres, R.","Williamson, B.","Scott, B."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.032418900000","-3.463682000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Waggitt.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2790","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/littoral-characterisation-west-mainland-orkney-relationship-between-wave-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Littoral Characterisation of West Mainland Orkney: The Relationship between Wave Energy, Topography and the Biological Community","description":"The rocky coast of West Mainland Orkney (WMO) is characterised by spectacular, sheer cliffs shaped by exposure to extreme wave energy and inhabited by a suite of organisms adapted to this challenging environment. As part of the UK government\u2019s commitment towards developing the renewable energy sector, in March 2010, the Crown Estate announced the leasing of several sites within this area for development of wave energy extraction. Owing to difficulties of access, the biological communities of much of this coastline have never been adequately described. As part of a long-term monitoring programme, we have incorporated boat-based field methodologies to complete the first comprehensive baseline assessment of the littoral community along the entire rocky shoreline of WMO, extending northeast to beyond Costa Head. Within this assessment are: the wave energy converter (WEC) testing site for the European Marine Energy Centre, at Billia Croo; rocky shores within leasing sites potentially impacted by large-scale WEC deployment and subsea cable installation; and areas distant from potential impacts which are serving as control sites. Data collected includes species abundance and several quantitative and semi-quantitative topographical indices which may mediate wave exposure including slope, aspect, openness and complexity. Additional data have been collected for barnacles, patellid limpets and high-energy variant fucoid algae. Comparable sites on the west coast of Lewis have been surveyed by the team and are included in analyses for comparison.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Want, A.","Side, J.","Bell, M."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.016350000000","-3.337627000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Want.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2791","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-man-made-underwater-noise-marine-renewable-outer-hebrides","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessing the Impact of Man-Made Underwater Noise from Marine Renewable in the Outer Hebrides","description":"Offshore construction developments may lead to the generation of man-made underwater noise as a by-product of the activities followed and this has the potential to impact on marine life. Marine renewables projects, although often cited as \u201cenvironmentally friendly\u201d are no different in this regard. As part of the consenting process, the regulatory authorities require that such projects undergo a programme of assessment in order to determine the scale and significance of any environmental impact that may occur. Aquamarine Power Ltd is involved in the development of a site off the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides for the installation of a number of their Oyster 800 wave energy converters. During the consenting requirement and as part of the baselining process prior to any development taking place, seagoing surveys were undertaken. The surveys indicated that a number of species of marine mammals, including harbour seal, common dolphin, harbour porpoise and minke whale were often found in and around the project area. It is noted that these are all classified as European Protected Species and are thus legally protected from harassment including that which may arise from man-made underwater noise. Such animals make use of sound to hunt and to communicate and are thus sensitive to disturbance when this capability becomes compromised. The construction process is likely to involve the drilling of sockets in the seabed in which foundation piles are located while the installation process will require the use of specialist vessels equipped with lifting gear and dredging units in order to prepare the seabed in the project area. In the absence of more relevant data, the operational characteristics of the wave energy devices were based on data extrapolated from other underwater devices of similar power output. This paper outlines the procedures followed by Kongsberg Maritime Ltd when they were tasked to produce an acoustic impact assessment on behalf of the developer. It describes the tasks and equipment used in terms of their likely acoustic source levels and frequency spectra. The paper goes on to show how through the modelling of underwater sound and the application of acoustic impact models, the potential impacts on environmentally sensitive sites close to the wave energy development were quantified. The ensuing analysis indicated that the acoustic impacts likely to occur from the installation and operation of the wave energy development were deemed to be relatively insignificant. As a result, the project received full consent from the Scottish Government in 2013.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Ward, P."],"organization":["Kongsberg Maritime Ltd"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.874650000000","-7.192596000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-WardP.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2792","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-interactions-marine-renewable-devices-lessons-learned-ecological-design-improving","sourceURL":"","title":"Fish Interactions with Marine Renewable Devices: Lessons Learned, from Ecological Design to Improving Cost-Effectiveness","description":"We are studying fishes associated with a tidal-stream energy project in Cobscook Bay, the north eastern-most bay of the United States, at the entrance to the Bay of Fundy. Tidal energy devices under consideration are Ocean Renewable Power Company\u2019s (ORPC) TidGen\u00ae and OCGen\u00ae systems. Our research was initiated in 2009 to determine the \u2018natural\u2019 vertical distribution and density of fishes. Baseline data enabled the detection of turbine effects, and will be used to estimate the likelihood that fish encounter a tidal turbine once installed at a fixed height in the water column. Since then, we have built on this research, adding studies of fish behaviour in response to a tidal energy device in the near-field (within 3m) and mid-field (up to 200m away). Approaches at multiple spatial and temporal scales are proving useful in deciphering the previously unknown behaviours of fish in response to marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices and enabling more focused methods for future monitoring.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Zydlewski, G.","Viehman, H.","Staines, G.","Shen, H.","McCleave, J.","Vieser, J."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.836314000000","-67.144099000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Zydlewski.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2793","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/responses-free-living-coastal-pelagic-fish-impulsive-sounds-presentation","sourceURL":"","title":"Responses of Free-Living Coastal Pelagic Fish to Impulsive Sounds [Presentation]","description":"There are substantial gaps in our understanding of the effects of sounds upon fish. This paper describes experiments on the behaviour of wild, pelagic fish in response to sound playback, observed by means of sonar. Fish, including sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) were examined at a sheltered and quiet coastal location. Short bursts of repeated impulsive sounds were presented at different sound pressure levels, simulating the strikes from a pile driver. Behavioural responses included the break up of fish schools and changes in depth. The incidence of responses increased with increasing sound levels. The levels of sound to which the fish schools responded on 50% of presentations were estimated from dose response curves, in terms of the received sound pressure level and the single strike sound exposure level. Observations by means of sonar are especially valuable for examining the behaviour of unrestrained fish exposed to different sound sources. The technique allows testing of the relationship between responsiveness, sound level, and sound characteristics for different types of man-made sound. It is only by examining the responses of wild fish to sound, under natural conditions, that we can fully understand how marine renewable energy and other marine or coastal developments might interact with natural populations of fish.  **Author did not allow the presentation and video to be included.  The final journal article is available here.","author":["Hawkins, A."],"organization":["North Highland College"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Hawkins.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2794","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/salmon-scottish-coastal-waters-recent-advancements-knowledge-relation-their","sourceURL":"","title":"Salmon in Scottish Coastal Waters: Recent Advancements in Knowledge in Relation to their Interactions with Marine Renewable Energy Installations","description":"There are concerns about interactions between Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) and migratory fish, in particular Atlantic salmon. Marine Scotland Science (MSS) is attempting to gain information in key areas. Firstly it is necessary to obtain information about which populations of salmon occupy which coastal areas. To this end MSS has been undertaken a programme of genetic characterisation of regional variation in salmon, based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, in order to assign fish intercepted at sea to their likely region of origin. In addition to obtaining geographical distribution of migrating salmon, information about the depths at which they are swimming in coastal waters is vital in the assessment of potential impact of MRE devices. In May-June 2013 MSS fitted pop-up satellite tags to adult salmon caught on the north coast, recording water depth and temperature at regular intervals, and providing a single geographic location following detachment.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Godfrey, J.","Gilbey, J.","Stewart, D.","Armstrong, J.","Middlemas, S."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.124797000000","-1.867938000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Godfrey.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2795","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/historic-environment-guidance-wave-tidal-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Historic Environment Guidance for Wave and Tidal Renewable Energy","description":"In 2012, English Heritage commissioned Fjordr Ltd to prepare guidance on the interaction between wave and tidal energy generation and the historic environment[1]. Partnership funding from Historic Scotland and Cadw enabled the guidance to encompass Scotland and Wales. This paper describes the key findings that emerged from a programme of extensive preparatory research and discussions with developers, regulators and archaeologists across Great Britain. It describes some effects of wave and tidal energy on the historic environment, with a particular focus on Scotland, and identifies options and best practice for ensuring that such development is undertaken sustainably.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  **No Video is Available for this Session","author":["Robertson, P.","Shaw, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Robertson.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2796","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/perceptions-inshore-wave-resource-beach-water-users-lee-wave-hub","sourceURL":"","title":"Perceptions of the Inshore Wave Resource by Beach Water Users in the Lee of Wave Hub","description":"Recreational water-users are of great economic importance to Cornwall, UK. Concerns over the potential impact of the Wave Hub renewables test site in Cornwall on inshore recreational wave amenity has prompted research into potential changes to wave height and period. There is little existing research however to indicate what surf conditions are \u2018preferred\u2019 by various beach water-user groups, nor how they perceive the inshore wave resource. It is therefore unclear how likely they are to be affected by, or if they will correctly perceive, any changes to the wave climate caused by devices at Wave Hub or future renewables projects. Questionnaire data from 403 water-users collected at two beaches in the lee of Wave Hub reveal the characteristics of water-users in the region, including ideal conditions for water recreation, and their perception of the abundance of the wave resource.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  **No Video is Available for this Session","author":["Stokes, C."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.336929000000","-5.356482000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 12:01:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Stokes.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2797","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/human-dimensions-research-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-development-maine","sourceURL":"","title":"Human Dimensions Research on Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Development in Maine","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy offers a promising new source of renewable ocean energy. However, regulatory uncertainty and social acceptance may constrain industry development. Our human dimensions research aims to understand the regulatory and permitting process for MHK development and the factors influencing community acceptability. Research has focused on Ocean Renewable Power Company\u2019s (ORPC\u2019s) Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (CBTEP), the first functioning commercial MHK project in the U.S. Using observations, interviews, and focus groups we identified salient stakeholders and examined community perspectives of the CBTEP. We found an emphasis on direct benefits, indirect benefits, \u201chopeful\u201d benefits, and potential costs associated with the project. Community stakeholders and fishermen generally perceived ORPC\u2019s approach as effective; they noted the company\u2019s accessibility and their efforts to engage them early and often. Analysis of a community mail survey administered in two Cobscook Bay communities will be used to support or add to these qualitative findings. Through observations and interviews with regulators and developers we identified institutional factors important for supporting regulatory and permitting decisions including a commitment to interagency coordination, \u201clearning by doing\u201d and an emphasis on early proactive engagement with developers. We also identified institutional challenges that may hamper MHK development. These included knowledge gaps and uncertainties, conflicting agency cultures, and high financial costs and long timeframes associated with baseline data collection. Lessons learned from this study can assist regulators, policymakers, and developers move new renewable ocean energy development forward in a way that is socially acceptable and environmentally responsible.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  **No Video is Available for this Session","author":["Jansujwicz, J.","Johnson, T."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.842519000000","-67.145671000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Jansujwicz.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2798","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/attitudes-fishermen-island-ireland-towards-development-marine-renewable-energy-their","sourceURL":"","title":"The Attitudes of Fishermen on the Island of Ireland Towards the Development of Marine Renewable Energy in their Locality - Preliminary Survey Results","description":"The expansion of marine renewable energy (MRE) will increase pressure on sea space and existing maritime users which represents a challenge for Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP). Commercial fishing has been identified by many as the industry most likely to be affected by the development of MRE. In order to reduce the risk of spatial conflict and to enable decision-making based on the co-existence of the two sectors, it is important to gain a better understanding of the attitudes of fishermen towards the development of MRE in their locality. A survey was designed to provide quantitative information on boat skipper\/owner attitudes to the development of MRE projects near their home port. Three MRE developments proposed around the island of Ireland were chosen as case study sites in which to carry out the survey. The sites represent offshore wind, wave and tidal energy respectively and are in differing stages of development. In total, 104 complete surveys were conducted with fishermen located at ports in the vicinity of the case study sites. 40% of those surveyed agreed that it is important to develop MRE in their locality. A further 15% were neutral on this matter. The majority of respondents (70%) were of the opinion that fisheries and MRE projects can co-exist.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  **No Video is Available for this Session","author":["Reilly, K.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Dalton, G."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.885985000000","-5.883154000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Reilly.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2799","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-consenting-carnegie-wave-energys-perth-wave-energy-project-experiences","sourceURL":"","title":"Development and Consenting of Carnegie Wave Energy\u0027s Perth Wave Energy Project, Experiences from Down Under","description":"Carnegie Wave Energy Limited has been developing CETO wave energy technology for over 10 years and at a cost of $70 million. Carnegie is now in the construction phase of the Perth Wave Energy Project, a grid-connected CETO array off Garden Island, Western Australia. The Project will supply both power and desalinated potable water to the Australian Department of Defence. The Project is fully consented through a range of Federal, State and Local government permits and approvals, supported by a comprehensive community consultation program. This paper shares Carnegie\u2019s experience of consenting this project and implications for future development.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  **No Video is Available for this Session","author":["Ward, E."],"organization":["Carnegie Clean Energy Limited"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.191886000000","115.686676000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 08:48:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Ward.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2800","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-perspectives-fisheries-combining-distribution-inshore-offshore-commercial","sourceURL":"","title":"New Perspectives on Fisheries: Combining the Distribution of Inshore and Offshore Commercial Fisheries in Scotland","description":"Scotland\u2019s seas support diverse commercial fisheries, including both inshore and offshore fishing fleets. The offshore fleet (overall vessel length \u226515m) is covered by Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) offering bi-hourly location data which can be linked to landings information. On the other hand, Scottish inshore fishing vessels do not carry VMS, and their activity was recently mapped using an interview based approach with fishery stakeholders (the ScotMap project). Increasing competition over marine space highlighted the need for comprehensive spatial information on fishing activities. Combining commercial and stakeholders\u2019 data can provide a Scotland-wide spatial representation of fisheries to assist in marine planning for renewable energy, conservation and fisheries management. VMS data combined with landings were used to describe the spatial patterns of landings of the Scottish offshore fleet. The ScotMap data were analysed to derive monetary value distribution maps for the inshore fleet. ScotMap and VMS layers were added together to produce a combined data set, spatial information for landings value for the whole Scottish commercial fishing fleet. This provides a new perspective which can inform decision making in various policy areas including marine spatial planning, sustainable development of offshore renewable energy, nature conservation and fisheries management.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  **No Video is Available for this Session","author":["Kafas, A.","Davies, I.","McLay, A.","Gubbins, M.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.298263000000","-2.009472000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Kafas.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2801","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/management-sustainable-fisheries-alongside-marine-renewables-modelling-spatial","sourceURL":"","title":"Management of Sustainable Fisheries Alongside Marine Renewables: Modelling the Spatial Interactions","description":"Extracting energy from waves and tides is seen as crucial to the achievement of ambitious national targets for meeting energy demands from renewable sources (e.g. 100% of electricity demand by 2020 in Scotland), but the requirements of this new industry must be balanced against the needs of traditional users of the sea, particularly marine fisheries. Whilst previous studies have indicated relatively little overlap between hydrodynamic energy resources and exploited marine fish stocks at national scales, there appears to be greater potential for locally-significant interactions involving inshore fisheries. Although interactions are expected to differ according to marine renewable energy development types and technologies, and to involve spatial scales ranging from devices and individual fish to regions and fish stocks, the first concern for fisheries is likely to centre on spatial occupancy of fishing areas by developments. Whilst exclusion from portions of traditional fishing grounds can be seen as a loss of fishing opportunity, it is also relevant to consider that spatial measures can be an important tool for fisheries management. We develop a spatial model of yield and spawning potential for inshore fisheries, demonstrating the sensitivity of sustainable management criteria to spatial exclusion of fisheries activities at scales relevant to marine renewable energy developments. We show that the sum effects of multiple exclusion zones depend on the interaction between spatial turnover of fish populations and the size and shape of these zones. Fish mobility is a primary factor in determining sensitivity to spatial management measures, but this factor is mediated by the ways in which patterns of individual movement and site fidelity determine spatial turnover at a population level. Managed sensitively with respect to potential impacts and opportunities, there appears to be considerable scope for positive working relationships between the marine renewable energy and fishing industries, but this depends to a large extent on the development of effective frameworks for marine spatial planning.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Bell, M.","Side, J.","Walker, K."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.059967000000","-3.175291000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Bell.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2802","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annex-iv-international-collaboration-investigate-environmental-effects-wave-tidal","sourceURL":"","title":"Annex IV - International Collaboration to Investigate Environmental Effects of Wave and Tidal Devices","description":"The pace of development for wave and tidal energy projects worldwide continues to be hindered by uncertainty surrounding potential environmental effects of the devices and the balance of system. To respond to this uncertainty the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) international agreement developed a collaborative initiative (Annex IV). Over an initial three-year period (2010-2012) Annex IV collected metadata on environmental effects around marine energy projects, as well as ongoing research into interactions of wave and tidal devices and the marine environment. Housed on the US-based Tethys online knowledge base the Annex IV metadata was used to investigate high priority interactions. The work of Annex IV was guided by expert input at two workshops held in Dublin (2010 and 2012). The three priority environmental interactions are documented in a report available from OES and on Tethys: 1. The interaction of aquatic animals with turbine blades; 2. The effects of underwater noise from tidal and wave devices on marine animals; and 3. The effects of energy removal on physical systems. Each priority interaction (or \u201ccase study\u201d) examined published literature, compliance and investigative reports, and information gathered directly from device developers and researchers. This information was used to reach preliminary conclusions on the importance of each interaction to the environment; assess the level of certainty surrounding each interaction; and highlight key research gaps that hinder a deeper understanding of the interaction.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Copping, A.","Hanna, L.","Battey, H.","Brown-Saracino, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Copping.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2803","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/councils-partnership-local-authority-perspective-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"","title":"Councils in Partnership: A Local Authority Perspective on Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Many studies have shown that effective stakeholder engagement, including local communities, is vital for the success of any marine planning project. In the UK, local authorities can play a vital, if often overlooked, role in building bridges between developers, academics and local communities. They can facilitate knowledge exchange and co-operation, using their local understanding of the economic, social and ecological make-up of an area. Thus, Highland Council and Orkney Islands Council are using a mix of traditional terrestrial planning techniques and innovative marine approaches to enable, support and engage stakeholders. Examples include sub-station applications, harbour upgrades, marine spatial planning, masterplanning and business and community engagement. The local authorities are therefore pivotal in helping to address the complex challenge of marine energy developments in the north of Scotland.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Turnbull, S."],"organization":["Highland Council","Orkney Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.069850000000","-3.098387000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Turnbull.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2805","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-behavioral-response-during-hydrokinetic-turbine-encounters-based-multi-beam","sourceURL":"","title":"Fish Behavioral Response during Hydrokinetic Turbine Encounters Based on Multi-Beam Hydroacoustics Results","description":"One of the most important biological questions facing the marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy industry is whether fish and marine mammals that encounter MHK devices are likely to be struck by moving components. For hydrokinetic devices this concern is greatest for large organisms because their increased length increases the probability that they will be struck as they pass through the area of blade sweep and because their increased mass means that the force absorbed if struck is greater and potentially more damaging. Key to answering this question is understanding whether aquatic organisms change their swimming behavior as they encounter a device in a way that decreases their likelihood of being struck or injured by the device.","author":["Bevelhimer, M.","Scherelis, C.","Colby, J.","Tomichek, C.","Adonizio, M."],"organization":["Kleinschmidt Associates","Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2015-04-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:54:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bevelhimer-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2806","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-telemetry-detection-striped-bass-force-tisec-test-site-minas-passage","sourceURL":"","title":"Passive Acoustic Telemetry Detection of Striped Bass at the FORCE TISEC Test Site in Minas Passage, Nova Scotia, Canada","description":"Canada\u2019s inner Bay of Fundy (FIGURE 1) features the world\u2019s largest recorded tidal range (17 m) and is home to one of the preeminent tidal energy sites in the world [1,2]. In 2009, the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) was established in Minas Passage as a test centre for large, commercial-scale tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) devices [3]. One of the main environmental concerns at this site is the potential effect of TISEC devices on migratory fishes.  The inner Bay of Fundy supports a diverse assemblage of fish of both economic and ecological importance, including transboundary migratory species [4,5] and several species of high conservation significance [6] , including Striped Bass, Atlantic Sturgeon, Atlantic Salmon, and American Eel. Installation and testing of TISEC devices at the FORCE site present s uncertain risk of fish-facility interactions. While many fish species are known to move through Minas Passage on a seasonal basis, their spatial and temporal use of Minas Passage has not been well studied and therefore remains poorly resolved. Lack of directed commercial and recreational fisheries within Minas Passage limit the usefulness of traditional mark-recapture tagging techniques. Extreme tidal currents also limit survey methods such as mid-water trawling, gill netting and active acoustic surveys [3,6].  Advances in bio-telemetry technology have given rise to tools that offer the potential to collect information regarding fish presence\/absence, movement\/migration, activity, behavior, and habitat use that is not easily acquired via traditional methods [7,8].  During 2010-2013, multi-species acoustic telemetry studies [9,10] were conducted to assess the potential for fish interactions with TISEC devices installed within the FORCE test site in Minas Passage. Acoustic telemetry was employed to document the presence and depth preferences of several species, including Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). This species is represented by the local Bay of Fundy Striped Bass population that spawns within the extreme inner portions of Minas Basin during late May-June and disperses throughout the inner Bay of Fundy for summer-fall feeding. The local population is currently recommended for Endangered status [11]. In addition, transboundary migrants from US populations north of Cape Hatteras, NC may overlap in habitat range with the local population [12,13].  The main objectives of the initial Striped Bass acoustic telemetry study were to: 1) assess the timing and duration of occupancy within Minas Passage and the FORCE test site, and 2) determine swimming depth preferences of sub-adults and adults, and their depth patterns relative to day\/night and ebb\/flood tidal stages in Minas Passage, a high flow environment. This information is currently being used to model detection probability that will help address questions related to the potential for interaction between Striped Bass and TISEC infrastructure at FORCE.","author":["Broome, J.","Redden, A.","Keyser, F.","Stokesbury, M.","Bradford, R."],"organization":["Acadia University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2015-04-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Broome-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2807","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-costs-benefits-systematic-data-acquisition-conservation-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ecog.00792\/abstract","title":"Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Systematic Data Acquisition for Conservation Assessments","description":"Effective decision-making in conservation often is constrained by data quality. Uncertainties associated with poor quality or sparse data can lead to the misuse of limited resources and potentially the failure of conservation practice. Data acquisition, which can help improve decision-making, is constrained by limited budgets and time. This is especially concerning for rare species, the most in need of conservation, but the most difficult to accurately represent in conservation plans. Here we test the suitability of three different sampling design strategies (two systematic vs random) designed to improve the quality of information available for conservation planning involving rare species. We modelled the spatial distribution of freshwater fish species in a data rich area in northern Australia using a large dataset (representing the best attainable data or true distribution) and simulate increasing subsets of data acquired through the three alternative sampling designs. We then evaluated omission and commission errors in conservation planning outcomes, efficiency and return on investment of data acquisition for conservation planning outcomes obtained from the different data availability \u00d7 sampling design strategies. Even though we were able to find new species more effectively through systematic sampling designs, this did not 1) translate into reduced errors in conservation planning outcomes for rare species and 2) meet our goal of enhancing cost-effectiveness of conservation planning. Our results suggest that collecting more biodiversity data, irrespective of the sampling design used, does not necessarily reduce data uncertainty issues and could lead to the misuse of the limited resources and ultimately the failure of conservation practice.","author":["Hermoso, V.","Kennard, M.","Linke, S."],"organization":["Griffith University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2808","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-probability-fish-encountering-marine-hydrokinetic-device-conference-paper","sourceURL":"","title":"Estimating the Probability of Fish Encountering a Marine Hydrokinetic Device [Conference Paper]","description":"Cobscook Bay, Maine is well known for its strong tides. The mean tidal range is 5.7 meters and current speed can exceed 2 m\u00b7s-1 in the channel of the outer bay, which makes this area attractive for tidal power development [1]. Extracting energy using marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices is receiving growing global interest because of the environmental friendliness of the technology and the predictability of the tides. The MHK devices extract energy with moving parts which can result in a collision risk for fish if they cannot avoid \/escape the moving parts. Although some studies have examine d the survival of fish passing through tidal turbines in laboratory flumes [2-3] and fish behavior in the near-field of a test turbine [4], the potential effects of MHK devices on fish remain unclear.  It is difficult to accurately predict the effects and impacts of MHK devices on fish because relatively few commercial-scale devices have been deployed. Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (ORPC) has taken a sequential approach to develop tidal power, beginning with the identification of potential development sites, establishment of a test site in Cobscook Bay, and the initial test deployment of two MHK devices. The two devices were deployed by ORPC during different periods: TidGen\u00ae from March 2012 to July 2013, and OCGen\u00ae from July 2014 to August 2014. The test turbines provided the opportunity to investigate fish reactions to MHK devices and estimate their encounter probability with the TidGen\u00ae.  The dynamic environment at tidal power sites precludes the use of most conventional biological monitoring tools. However, hydroacoustic techniques can work well in such environments [5-6]. To examine fish response to a single MHK device, we used two different hydroacoustic approaches: stationary down-looking surveys and mobile down-looking surveys. Stationary down-looking surveys were conducted at the site of the TidGen\u00ae device, and also at a control site about 1.75 km seaward from the project site (Figure 1). Mobile down-looking surveys were carried out at the project site only (Figure 1).  The final journal article is available here.","author":["Shen, H.","Zydlewski, G.","Viehman, H.","Staines, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-04-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shen-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2809","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improvements-probabilistic-tidal-turbine-fish-interaction-model-parameters","sourceURL":"","title":"Improvements to Probabilistic Tidal Turbine-Fish Interaction Model Parameters","description":"Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) are a protected species that are known to traverse the area occupied by Verdant Power\u2019s Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project in the East Channel of the East River, New York City (NYC). To acquire regulatory permits for the installation and operation of the project, it was required to determine the likelihood of a kinetic hydropower system (KHPS) turbine strike on these species. A probability based model, known as the KHPS-Fish Interact ion Model was developed to quantify the risk of the turbine striking these fish and used for the Federal permitting process.  The methodology, original assumptions and associated probability estimates behind the model are presented, along with parameter updates based on recently collected data. At RITE, the model quantifies the risk to Atlantic sturgeon by the Verdant Power horizontal axis, 3-bladed open-rotor turbines. Although the primary focus of the model was turbine interaction with Atlantic sturgeon in the East River, NYC, it was developed so that it could be used and updated at various sites where KHPS are considered as part of a project\u2019s environmental compatibility evaluations.  Research conducted by Verdant Power since 2011 in collaboration with the Atlantic Cooperative Telemetry (ACT) Network detecting previously tagged Atlantic sturgeon has shed insight into some of the parameter values. As information is learned from the results of the adaptive management monitoring plans, modeling parameters have been modified based on actual data. Three of the seven model parameters have been recently updated from a basis of best assumptions to be a determination from data collected in situ, as discussed in this paper.","author":["Tomichek, C.","Colby, J.","Adonizio, M."],"organization":["Kleinschmidt Associates","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2015-04-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.768258000000","-73.941980000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:53:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tomichek-et-al-2015-METS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2810","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marven-environmental-impacts-noise-vibrations-electromagnetic-emissions-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301296662_MaRVEN_-_Environmental_Impacts_of_Noise_Vibrations_and_Electromagnetic_Emissions_from_Marine_Renewable_Energy","title":"MaRVEN - Environmental Impacts of Noise, Vibrations and Electromagnetic Emissions from Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The construction and operation of marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) will lead to, among other things, the emission of electromagnetic fields (EMF), underwater sound, and vibrations into the marine environment. Knowledge on these pressures and associated effects has been increasing over the past decade. Yet, many open questions with regard to the potential for MRED to impact on marine life remain. These information gaps pose challenges to the planning and deployment of MREDs. To address this, the European Union (EU) Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation commissioned a study of the environmental effects of noise, vibrations and electromagnetic emissions from MREDs (Marine Renewable Energy, Vibration, Electromagnetic fields and Noise - MaRVEN). MaRVEN provides a review of the available literature related to environmental impacts of marine renewable energy devices and an in-depth analysis of studies on the environmental effects of noise, vibrations and electromagnetic emissions during installation and operation of wind, wave and tidal energy devices. The current norms and standards related to noise, vibrations and EMF were reviewed. On-site measurements and field experiments to fill priority knowledge gaps and to validate and build on the results obtained in reviews were undertaken. Finally, we outline a programme for further research and development with justified priorities.","author":["Thomsen, F.","Gill, A.","Kosecka, M.","Andersson, M.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Degraer, S.","Folegot, T.","Gabriel, J.","Judd, A.","Neumann, T.","Norro, A.","Risch, D.","Sigray, P.","Wood, D.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marven-Report-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2815","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-priorities-primare","sourceURL":"","title":"Research Priorities for PRIMaRE","description":"For the marine renewable energy sector to meet its commercialisation targets and became successful in its development, a required enhanced collaboration between actors in the sector and especially among research institutions is needed. In particular this document presents the research priorities and development needs of the sector to meet commercialisation targets that the Partnership for Research in Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE) has identified.  PRIMaRE is a consortium of marine renewable energy experts across higher education, research and industry which have joined together to establish a \u0027network of excellence\u0027 centred in the south of the UK. The Universities of Plymouth, Exeter, Southampton, Bristol and Bath, along with the Marine Biological Association of the UK and Plymouth Marine Laboratory, have agreed to work together on research projects across the spectrum of marine renewables. Completing the line-up of the Partnership for Research in Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE) is the South West Marine Energy Park (SW MEP) and the Wave Hub facility off the north coast of Cornwall, who will act as conduits between the research community and industry.  In order to speed up the development of the marine renewable energy sector and its supply chain, especially in the south of England, PRIMaRE and the SW MEP have identified the following research priorities and development needs, which are set out in this document. Taking advantage of DECC\u2019s UK Marine Energy Programme Board (MEPB) annual meeting, which took place in Plymouth on the 5th of March, PRIMaRE in collaboration with the SW MEP organised a priorities scoping workshop the preceding day. The present document is the result from the inputs and discussions taken at such workshop where representatives from the different PRIMaRE partners, the industry, SW MEP and Wave Hub where present.  The research priorities presented in this document have been grouped in to three main categories - (i) technical research priorities, (ii) interdisciplinary research priorities and (iii) environmental priorities -, attending where the priorities affect directly to the development of the technology, where they look at possible effects of the MRE devices on the environment or where they tackle at the same time a combined effect on the technology development, the environment and other factors (i.e., impacts on local communities). Nevertheless, each one of the research priorities presented in this document needs to be tackled following a multidisciplinary approach where, technical, environmental and social aspects needs to be addressed.","author":["PRIMaRE"],"organization":["Partnership for Research In Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE)"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PRIMaRE-Research-Priorities-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2816","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biskay-marine-energy-platform-bimep-environmental-impacts-monitoring-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/the_biskay_marine_energy_platform_bimep_environmental_impacts_and_monitoring_plan\/","title":"The Biskay Marine Energy Platform (bimep), Environmental Impacts and Monitoring Plan","description":"On the first of June 2009, the General Council on Environmental Quality Assessment of the Ministry of Rural, Marine and Natural Environment of the Spanish Government, on the light of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIS) of the bimep project carried out by AZTI-Tecnalia, decided that the bimep project did not require to carry out the whole Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. In any case, the Environmental Impact Statement (EISt) of the Ministry, taking into account the great uncertainties about some predicted environmental impacts, underlined the need to implement the proposed Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) of the EIS. Funded by the Basque Entity of Energy (or Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE), www.eve.es) and carried out by the Marine Research Division of AZTI-Tecnalia (www.azti.es), the EMP in is preoperational phase started its activities in August 2011. This work review the expected environmental impacts of the bimep project and the methodology of the EMP for the monitoring of hydrodynamics, landscape, benthic communities, ichthyofauna, marine mammals, fishing activity and submarine archaeological and cultural resources.","author":["Bald, J.","Del Campo, A.","Franco, J.","Galparsoro, I.","Gonzalez, M.","Hern\u00e1ndez, C.","Liria, P.","Menchaca, I.","Muxika, I.","Solaun, O.","Uriarte, A.","Uyarra, M."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2012-10-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.783858000000","-2.837370000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 05:16:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2012-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2817","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-steps-marine-life-impact-assessment-hydrokinetic-turbines-arctic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/first-steps-for-marine-life-impact-assessment-of-hydrokinetic-turbines-in-the-arctic\/","title":"First Steps for Marine Life Impact Assessment of Hydrokinetic Turbines in the Arctic","description":"This poster shows an introduction regarding the first steps for marine life impact assessment of hydrokinetic turbines in the arctic. It contains information on the environmental concerns, phase 1, the case study site, preliminary results and a conclusion.","author":["Birjadni, A.","Hamta, A.","Hood, J.","Bibeau, E.","Yetman, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-11-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.793744000000","-94.196310000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Birjadni-et-al-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2818","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/further-development-testing-emec-integrated-environmental-monitoring-platform","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/further-development-and-testing-of-the-emec-integrated-environmental-monitoring-platform\/","title":"Further Development and Testing of the EMEC Integrated Environmental Monitoring Platform","description":"This presentation outlines further development and testing of the MEC integrated Environmental Monitoring Platform. It provides information on facilities and experience, the tidal test site, the data collection timeline, data for device testing, data for site management Vessel tracking, data for regulatory requirements, data collection in high tidal flows, next generation data systems, new generation methodology, next generation data platforms, standalone cabled data collection system, data integration platform, and information on the holistic site management tool.","author":["Wragg, O."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963057000000","-3.301318000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wragg-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2819","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expanding-access-environmental-information-marine-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/expanding-access-to-environmental-information-for-marine-energy-development\/","title":"Expanding Access to Environmental Information for Marine Energy Development","description":"This presentation mainly focuses on the importance of environmental effects for accelerating marine energy development. It provides information regarding the drivers of marine energy development, a concept in sharing information and analyses internationally, Metadata forms, workshops, and moving forward.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2820","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-networks-canadas-quasi-real-time-underwater-monitoring-control-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/ocean-networks-canada-s-quasi-real-time-underwater-monitoring-and-control-systems\/","title":"Ocean Networks Canada\u0027s Quasi Real-time Underwater Monitoring and Control Systems","description":"This presentation outlines the Ocean Networks Canada\u2019s quasi real-time underwater monitoring and control systems. It provides information on cabled ocean observing systems, primary infrastructure, secondary infrastructure, Ocean 2.0, Venus, Neptune, Cambridge bay, Neptune users, Smart Ocean Systems, Smart Ocean BC, and the force platform project.","author":["McLean, S.","Pirenne, B."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2014-11-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.129810000000","-105.114945000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McLean-Pirenne-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2821","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-adaptable-monitoring-package-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/development-of-an-adaptable-monitoring-package-for-marine-renewable-energy\/","title":"Development of an Adaptable Monitoring Package for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"This presentation outlines the development of an adaptable monitoring package for Marine Renewable Energy. It provides information on environmental risk uncertainty, reducing risk uncertainty, integrated instrumentation packages, constraints for integrated instrumentation, adaptable monitoring package with the infrastructure and instrumentation, package mechanical design, the cabled docking station, recovery\/deployment options, ROV deployment, the \u201cMillennium\u201d falcon deployment system, simulation and experiments, system stability and acknowledgements.","author":["Joslin, J.","Polagye, B.","Stewart, A."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-11-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joslin-et-al-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2822","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ghydro-methodology-guide-assessment-environmental-impacts-tidal-stream-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/ghydro-methodology-guide-for-assessment-of-environmental-impacts-of-tidal-stream-energy-technologies-at-sea\/","title":"GHYDRO: Methodology Guide for Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Tidal Stream Energy Technologies at Sea","description":"This is a methodology guide for assessment of environmental impact of Tidal Stream Energy Technologies at sea named GHYDRO. It provides information on the production of a methodology guide for assessment of environmental impacts of tidal stream energy technologies at sea and general facts. The main objective of the guide is to promote the environmental integration of these new projects at sea for which there is very little feedback about the potential ecological impacts.","author":["Lejart, M."],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2014-11-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lejart-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2823","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detecting-potential-actual-turbine-marine-life-interactions-call-development-best","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/detecting-potential-and-actual-turbine-marine-life-interactions-a-call-for-the-development-of-best-practices\/","title":"Detecting Potential and Actual Turbine-Marine Life Interactions: A Call for the Development of Best Practices","description":"Tidal Energy environmental implications, acoustic detection of fish \u0026amp; lobsters, Minas Passage\/FORCE receiver lines, current regime in Minas Passage, depth-averaged current speed \u0026amp; range tests, striped bass tag detections \u0026amp; depths, baseline studies: Harbour porpoise detection\/presence, icListen HF smart hydrophone and performance testing, detecting Marine Life and approach.","author":["Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.355391000000","-64.535673000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Redden-2014-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2824","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environment-effects-ocean-energy-development-its-management-countermeasures-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/a11-the-environment-effects-of-ocean-energy-development-its-management-countermeasures-in-china\/","title":"The Environment Effects of Ocean Energy Development \u0026 Its Management Countermeasures in China","description":"Ocean Energy Development in China  Potential Environment Problems of OED     Environment effects of OED   OED sea use characteristics   Marine environment and ecosystem statue   Marine protection goals in China      OED Management System in China     Licencing system   MFZ Planning EIA FASU      Problems and Countermeasures","author":["Ling, O."],"organization":["State Oceanic Administration (SOA)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.037334000000","122.551515000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ling-2016-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2825","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-should-condition-monitoring-system-look-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/b7-what-should-a-condition-monitoring-system-look-like-for-a-tidal-turbineij\/","title":"What Should a Condition Monitoring System Look like for a Tidal Turbine?","description":"Effective condition monitoring in tidal turbines  Utilising experience from wind, marine, oil \u0026amp; gas and also early prototype data logging  Condition monitoring strategy  Technology  Establishing an effective scheme for analysis and reporting  Taking it a step further to drive continuous reliability improvement","author":["Marnoch, J."],"organization":["SKF"],"originationDate":"2016-02-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marnoch-2016-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2826","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-paimpol-brehat-tidal-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/b2-environmental-monitoring-of-the-paimpol-brehat-tidal-project\/","title":"Environmental Monitoring of the Paimpol-Brehat Tidal Project","description":"Presentation about Environmental monitoring of the Paimpol-Brehat tidal project.","author":["Barillier, A.","Carlier, A."],"organization":["\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France (EDF)","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.928989800000","-2.869259400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Marine Mammals","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 09:14:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barillier-2016-ICOE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2827","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/determining-infrastructure-needs-support-offshore-floating-wind-marine-hydrokinetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/BOEM-2016-011\/","title":"Determining the Infrastructure Needs to Support Offshore Floating Wind and Marine Hydrokinetic Facilities on the Pacific West Coast and Hawaii","description":"As the offshore renewable industry continues to develop and grow, the capabilities of established port facilities on the Pacific west coast of the United States (U.S.) and the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Maui, and Kauai need to be assessed as to their ability to support the expanding offshore floating wind (OFW) and marine hydrokinetic industries (MHK). The Pacific Coast is characterized by rapidly increasing water depths that exceed the feasible limits of fixed platforms on the outer continental shelf ( OCS) making the west coast more suitable to floating wind technology. This study shall assess current infrastructure requirements and projected changes to port facilities that may be required to support the OFW and MHK industry for Pacific west coast harbors and ports. The assessment of the infrastructure and available support facilities, vessels, and equipment necessary to support offshore renewable energy activities will aid in the environmental reviews and evaluations that will be required of future projects. Information obtained from this study and identified in this report will aid in the development of mitigation measures designed and initiated to minimize effects from offshore renewable energy activities to ensure environmentally safe and sound operations. Understanding the infrastructure needs of the offshore renewable industry will help to identify the port-related requirements for OFW and MHK development and assess the utilization of the available marine equipment and facilities along the U.S. West Coast.  The capabilities of established port facilities to support OFW and MHK are assessed in this study by evaluation of the following objectives:    Vessel Requirements and Characteristics of OFW and MHK  Assessment of Infrastructure Needs on the Pacific West Coast and Hawaii to Support OFW and MHK  Inventory of Pacific West Coast and Hawaii Candidate Port Facilities and Characteristics   Findings of these objectives are described in the following chapters and are used to identify harbor and port facilities on the Pacific West Coast and islands of Hawaii that currently have capabilities, or can potentially have the capability with infrastructure improvements, to support large-scale (i.e., 30+ devices) OFW and MHK development. The capabilities of existing port infrastructure to support smaller demonstration-scale (i.e., 1-5) OFW and MHK projects are also included in this report.  The OFW and MHK industries are both in early stages of development, with no floating large-scale offshore energy farms yet deployed globally. The offshore wind energy market in Europe is well developed, but currently relies on shallower water, fixed foundation, installations. Small-scale OFW and MHK projects have been demonstrated and have generated electricity, but are not yet installed on a large commercial scale in the U.S. or elsewhere. Therefore, there is no existing industry to directly base evaluation criteria on for this study and instead, criteria must be developed based on existing information, similar industries, and assumed device characteristics.  To establish parameters for the study and to describe evaluation criteria developed in lieu of existing industry, the Basis of Analysis is presented in Chapter 2. The basis of analysis describes the energy device technologies included in the study, the geographic region of study, and study assumptions. The basis of analysis was initially developed as a separate document, and due to the dynamic nature of a nascent industry it was continually refined as the study progressed. The evaluation criteria described in Chapter 2 establish different criteria dependent on the different functions port may provide to support OFW and MHK development.  Ports were classified into the following categories based on available port, vessel, supply chain and assembly criteria presented in Chapter 2:    Ports suitable for device assembly  Ports suitable for device fabrication and construction facilities  Quick Reaction Ports (located within 2 hours by vessel of a potential installation site)   The remaining chapters asses vessel and port infrastructure and develop findings for the study objectives. Vessel requirements to support OFW and MHK are assessed in Chapter 3. Findings related to estimated fleet requirements for the OFW and MHK technologies developed in turn support development of port facility infrastructure needs by establishing the vessels required to be accommodated by ports. Navigation requirements, port facility infrastructure, and supply chain characteristics of ports likely able to support OFW and MHK are described in Chapter 4. These requirements are based on review of the estimated vessel fleet, characteristics of offshore wind port facilities in Europe, literature review of potential requirements for fixed foundation offshore wind farms in the U.S., and other guidelines.  Information on existing and potential port characteristics was collected during the course of the study and results of this data collection effort are included in database format within this report, as well as narratives to capture non-quantitative aspects from the ports that may affect assessments. The information collected and presented in this study are not comprehensive, but include the information necessary to assess the capability of each port to potentially support OFW or MHK development. In Chapter 5, the ports in the study area are pre-screened into different classifications of providing potential port functions for further investigation, based on select information in the port database and several preliminary key navigation and facility characteristics developed for screening the ports. Results of this analysis aid in focusing an assessment of refined port navigation and facility characteristics in Chapter 6.  In Chapter 6, the ports are assessed against port facility, navigation, and supply chain criteria for different potential technologies and functions to support the industries, according to the classifications assigned in the pre-screening analysis. It is difficult to establish that ports can or cannot support specific OFW or MHK technologies in the near future because installation technology of these industries is still in development to improve the economics of installation globally. The study can therefore only assess port capabilities relative to existing proven technology. Based on existing technology, this study presents assessments of ports following a conceptual-level scoring matrix, relative to technology and function specific criteria. The scoring matrix is intended to estimate the relative levels of investment to support commercial-scale OFW and MHK, for existing installation technology. Results of port assessments are presented by region. Chapter 7 presents the conclusions and recommendations for the interpretation of port facilities to support the OFW and MHK industries on the Pacific West Coast and Hawaii.","author":["Porter, A.","Phillips, S."],"organization":["Coast \u0026 Harbor Engineering","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.579383000000","-158.078912000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2016-011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2828","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wales-marine-evidence-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/docs\/drah\/publications\/151008-wales-marine-evidence-report-master-october-2015-en.pdf","title":"Wales\u0027 Marine Evidence Report","description":"The purpose of marine planning under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (MCAA) is to help achieve sustainable development of the marine area. UK Administrations published the UK Marine Policy Statement (MPS) in March 2011 as part of a new system of marine planning being introduced across UK seas. The MPS will ensure an appropriate and consistent approach to marine planning across UK waters with the purpose of achieving the sustainable development of our seas by guiding marine licensing and other decisions. In Wales, marine planning is being taken forward by the Welsh Government.  The Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 sets ambitious, long-term goals for a prosperous, resilient, healthier, more equal Wales; with cohesive communities and a vibrant culture and thriving Welsh language. It aims to improve the economic, social and environmental well-being of Wales in accordance with the sustainable development principle.  The marine planning systems will allow the Welsh Government to strategically, and holistically, plan for and guide the management of Wales\u2019s seas; integrating economic, social and environmental considerations, and engaging with communities to help shape the future. Marine planning will build on the framework provided by the MPS and Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act to reflect the specific needs and interests of Wales.  The MPS requires plan-making authorities to use the best available evidence in plan making. In order to ensure that Welsh Government is in a position to do so, it has commissioned this Wales\u0027 Marine Evidence Report (WMER) to assess the spatial distribution of natural resources and human activities within Wales\u2019s marine area and to understand at a strategic level the key issues that marine planning should take account of.  This WMER has collated and summarised the evidence base available for the Welsh Government to develop and implement the Welsh National Marine Plan (WNMP). It has been structured to mirror the MPS and to reflect the scope of the WNMP. It includes evidence on status of the marine environment (e.g. biodiversity and geodiversity), over-arching issues (e.g. climate change; air and water quality; noise; historic environment; seascape) and specific human activities (e.g. aggregates; aquaculture; defence; navigation dredging and disposal; energy; fisheries; recreation and tourism; telecommunication cabling; transport (ports and shipping); surface water management and waste water treatment and disposal). Further evaluations are provided on the social and economic considerations of these topics for marine planning. The evidence in this WMER has been collected from a variety of public sources in the peer-reviewed and grey literature.  The WMER has been developed through a stepwise process of evidence identification, collation and analysis. The introductory Chapters provide the context for marine planning, the relationship with other planning regimes and a series of general considerations. The current WMER has been produced iteratively with earlier drafts distributed to and reviewed by policy and regulatory leads in the Welsh Government and Natural Resources Wales. This has facilitated refinement of the content, ensuring a clear Welsh focus and producing a quality assured product.  In developing the Welsh National Marine Plan the Welsh Government will need to balance environmental, economic, social and cultural considerations. Marine planning requires an understanding of if and how marine space and resources may be managed to optimise their use by multiple, often interdependent, interests. This will entail evaluations of the possible use of spaces for protection, development by multiple and single activities, recognising that the marine environment is already used \/ enjoyed by multiple stakeholders (for livelihood and pleasure). The WMER also presents some initial considerations for identifying areas of future technical opportunity.","author":["Welsh Government"],"organization":["Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2015-10-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.480822000000","-6.238731000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh-Government-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2829","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nerc-knowledge-exchange-autonomous-device-track-porpoise-movements-tidal-rapids","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/nerc\/NERC_MRE_KEP_Tracking_Harbour_Porpoises_in_Tidal_Rapids.pdf","title":"NERC Knowledge Exchange: An Autonomous Device to Track Porpoise Movements in Tidal Rapids","description":"As nations seek to reduce their reliance on energy from fossil fuels, developers are turning to the marine environment as a potential source of low carbon energy. This is leading to new types of anthropogenic activity and the industrialisation of marine areas. One newly developing marine renewable sector is tidal energy and in the UK and elsewhere there is interest in utilising strong tidal currents to power underwater turbines. The majority of these devices extract energy using large, un-protected, freely rotating blades, which pose a potential collision hazard for larger marine animals. The tips of some proposed blades will reach speeds of 12.5 ms-1 and could potentially injure or kill fish, birds and marine mammals (Wilson et al. 2007). The risk posed is poorly understood, because little information exists on how animals utilise tidal habitats and there is a lack of any understanding of how marine mammals will react to turbine structures once deployed (Frid et al. 2012; Benjamins et al. 2015).\n\nFinal Report\nAppendix 1: Constructing the KE Buoy\nAppendix 2: Software Instructions\n\nSeveral pieces of biological information are required for each species of concern to be able to predict collision risk. These include: the density of animals in the area of interest, their depth distribution and underwater movements and the extent to which they can detect and avoid the devices.\n\nMethods for determining density are well established for most species, although some difficulties are introduced in tidal areas due to rough sea states, small site sizes and difficulties of surveying in fast moving currents (Gordon et al. 2011). The response of animals to turbines can only be effectively measured once the devices are deployed and operational, (although some experiments investigating behavioural responses to noise have been attempted pre turbine deployment (NERC\/Defra RESPONSE project NE\/J004251\/1). The natural behaviour of marine mammals in tidal habitats, including their depth distribution and underwater movement, is very poorly understood. Traditionally these somewhat unusual areas have been poorly studied, in part because they are such physically challenging areas in which to work. This report focuses on the development of a practical and cost effective method to determine the underwater behaviour of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.) and other echolocating cetaceans in tidal rapid habitats.\n\nHarbour porpoises are the most commonly encountered marine mammal species in Northern European shelf waters (Hammond et al. 2013). They are listed under Annex II and IV of the EU Habitats Directive, which requires Member States to assess potential conservation threats, including industrial developments. Harbour porpoises are shy, elusive and difficult to detect visually in all but the calmest of sea states. However, like many toothed whales, they are highly vocal animals, producing characteristic very high frequency (130 kHz) echolocation clicks nearly continuously, both to sense their surroundings and hunt for prey (Dubrovskii et al. 1971; Mohl \u0026 Andersen 1973; Villadsgaard et al. 2007; Linnenschmidt et al. 2013). Transient sounds, such as harbour porpoise clicks, can be detected using hydrophones and high speed data acquisition systems (for a porpoise sampling at \u003E300 kS\/s) in conjunction with appropriate signal processing software (Madsen \u0026 Wahlberg 2007). The use of such methods to study animals is referred to as passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). PAM can complement and is often more effective than visual methods for detecting and studying harbour porpoises and crucially, for the application described here, PAM can be used to detect and localise the position of these cryptic animals in three dimensions underwater.\n\nPAM methods have been employed to determine presence and density of harbour porpoises for decades (Chappell et al., 1996; Gillespie and Chappell, 2002). Multiple hydrophone elements (hydrophone arrays) can be used to determine the position of animals underwater by measuring the time delay in receiving the same signal between different elements. Compact linear stereo hydrophone arrays are often towed behind survey vessels and can be used to calculate a distance to vocalising animals (Leaper et al. 2000). These can then be combined with concurrent visual observations allowing the absolute density of animals within an area to be determined (Leaper \u0026 Gordon 2012). However, towed stereo arrays do not provide sufficiently accurate data to determine animal movements in detail. Much larger arrays with a greater number of more widely spaced hydrophone elements can provide instantaneous 3D locations of vocalising animals. Such \u2018large aperture\u2019 arrays, which are generally deployed on the seabed e.g. (Roy et al. 2010; Wiggins et al. 2012) or from drifting vessels or buoys e.g. (Watkins \u0026 Schevill 1971; Heerfordt et al. 2007; Wahlberg 2002; Hastie et al. 2006; Miller \u0026 Dawson 2009), can provide more accurate information on animal locations, and in some cases , have been used to reconstruct three dimensional movements of animals underwater. Deploying such arrays in a tidal environment is difficult. Strong currents mean any seabed devices require large weights to remain stationary and acoustic sensitivity can be hampered by significant flow noise over hydrophones. Drifting systems are also problematic as the dynamically changing environment within tidal races systems can result in hydrophones moving in an unpredictable manner.\n\nSince 2010, the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) has been developing large aperture hydrophone arrays and the associated software to track fine scale underwater movements of harbour porpoises and other echolocating cetaceans in tidal rapids, with an emphasis on providing information on animal diving behaviour for use in EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) and collision risk assessment (Macaulay et al. 2015). This tracking system consists of a 30-45 m freely hanging vertical array and a small (~0.5 m) tetrahedral cluster of hydrophones deployed from a drifting vessel. The hydrophone array can drift through tidal rapids and determine the georeferenced positions of animals underwater, providing detailed information on underwater behaviour and, crucially, on depth distribution to help assess collision risk with tidal turbines.\n\nYears of study and extensive calibration trials have shown this system is a powerful and cost effective methodology to assess harbour porpoise behaviour in tidal rapids. However, the requirement for a substantial vessel to drift through a tidal race means it is both expensive, sometimes dangerous to deploy in tidal rapids and requires a sizeable field team. Thus the final design of hydrophone array that emerged after many years of development was somewhat cumbersome, making it difficult for non-specialised research groups to utilise these methods. However, recent developments in digital acquisition and processing tools and further design refinements would enable us to recreate the functionality of the full system in a small, affordable buoy based format, which, in conjunction with streamlined, user friendly, open source software would make the technology more widely available. The development of such a system forms the basis for this NERC Knowledge Exchange (KE) project.\n\nIn 2013, SMRU applied for and was awarded a knowledge exchange contract to package the drifting hydrophone array into an easy-to-use autonomous buoy capable of collecting the same quality of data. The advantages of such a system are numerous. A buoy is safer as it does not require a vessel to drift through tidal rapids. As such it can be deployed in rougher weather and is easier to use at night. It is also much smaller than a boat based vertical array and so can be deployed from a RHIB (Rigid Hull Inflatable Boat) or other small vessel, significantly reducing costs. Perhaps the greatest advantage is that an autonomous buoy is far easier to use and requires a much smaller specialist team to be present. Thus data collection is both less expensive and should be achievable by most marine environmental consultancies.\n\nOur remit with the KE project was, to use readily available and off the shelf components in developing a cost effective accessible system supported by user friendly software. The main deliverable was to be detailed instructions on how to assemble the necessary hardware, including details of suppliers for components, the software and instructions on how to use it (these are provided in the two Appendices to this report).\n\nThis report focuses on an overview of the design of and methods to construct a Porpoise Locating Array Buoy (the PLABuoy). The buoy consists of a small waterproof enclosure (barrel) containing a communication and recording system attached to a 30m long flexible hydrophone array with a weight on the end to keep it steady in the water column. The weight and barrel are easily lifted by a human and the whole system can be deployed and recovered from a small outboard-powered vessel.\n\nOpen source software has been created to run on the PLABuoy embedded computer to enable acoustic data collection, wireless interaction with a tablet or computer whilst deployed and for post processing the collected data. Algorithms and new features have been added to PAMGuard (Gillespie et al. 2009) , a widely used, open-source, passive acoustic software suite, in order to facilitate data analysis. Details on how to set up the recording computer and electronics are discussed (in Appendix 2) along with setting up the development environment and downloading source code, allowing new features to be added or existing features to be improved.\n\nTidal races are harsh environments and equipment must reflect this. The report therefore also details how to cost effectively build robust hydrophones which can survive rough treatment during deployment and recovery from a small vessel. Another consequence of tidal races is the potential for flexible vertical arrays to bend substantially underwater, due to differential currents or wind against tide effects. The use of IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) sensors to track this movement, allowing the positions of hydrophones to be determined, is also described.\n\nFinally, trials of the first prototype PLABuoy took place off Anglesey in Wales (April 2015). These demonstrated that the system was robust, practical to deploy and capable of providing accurate locations and tracks of calibration sound sources as well as harbour porpoises underwater. Results of these trials are presented.","author":["Macaulay, J.","Gordon, J.","Gillespie, D.","Malinka, C.","Johnson, M.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix-2-NERC-Knowledge-Exchange-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2831","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-level-geographic-setting-correlate-florida-beach-water-quality","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X16300698","title":"Wave Energy Level and Geographic Setting Correlate with Florida Beach Water Quality","description":"Many recreational beaches suffer from elevated levels of microorganisms, resulting in beach advisories and closures due to lack of compliance with Environmental Protection Agency guidelines. We conducted the first statewide beach water quality assessment by analyzing decadal records of fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci and fecal coliform) levels at 262 Florida beaches. The objectives were to depict synoptic patterns of beach water quality exceedance along the entire Florida shoreline and to evaluate their relationships with wave condition and geographic location. Percent exceedances based on enterococci and fecal coliform were negatively correlated with both long-term mean wave energy and beach slope. Also, Gulf of Mexico beaches exceeded the thresholds significantly more than Atlantic Ocean ones, perhaps partially due to the lower wave energy. A possible linkage between wave energy level and water quality is beach sand, a pervasive nonpoint source that tends to harbor more bacteria in the low-wave-energy environment.","author":["Feng, Z.","Reniers, A.","Haus, B.","Solo-Gabriele, H.","Kelly, E."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology","University of Miami","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2016-03-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.434377000000","-82.804188000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2832","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-integrated-approach-marine-benthic-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X16300522","title":"Towards an Integrated Approach to Marine Benthic Monitoring","description":"In the UK, most marine benthic monitoring is carried out in a piecemeal fashion, funded by different sectors of industry that utilise the marine environment under licence. Monitoring requirements are imposed by licence conditions, which can vary considerably between licences. The UK Government also conducts marine environmental surveys in support of its legislative commitments. The present investigation reviews these different monitoring approaches to highlight whether synergies between them could be developed into an integrated approach to marine benthic monitoring. An integrated approach would have ecological benefits, as greater consistency in sampling and analytical protocols would reduce uncertainty in the predictions of impact, and facilitate the assessment of Good Environmental Status under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The same approach would also be of financial benefit, as spatio-temporal duplication in sampling would be reduced, and the value of acquired data would be maximised, resulting in a more efficient and cost-effective approach.","author":["Froj\u00e1n, C.","Cooper, K.","Bolam, S."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2839","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-magnetic-fields-dc-power-cable-buried-beneath-san-francisco-bay-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0148543","title":"Modeling Magnetic Fields from a DC Power Cable Buried Beneath San Francisco Bay Based on Empirical Measurements","description":"The Trans Bay Cable (TBC) is a \u00b1200-kilovolt (kV), 400 MW 85-km long High Voltage Direct Current (DC) buried transmission line linking Pittsburg, CA with San Francisco, CA (SF) beneath the San Francisco Estuary. The TBC runs parallel to the migratory route of various marine species, including green sturgeon, Chinook salmon, and steelhead trout. In July and August 2014, an extensive series of magnetic field measurements were taken using a pair of submerged Geometrics magnetometers towed behind a survey vessel in four locations in the San Francisco estuary along profiles that cross the cable\u2019s path; these included the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (BB), the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge (RSR), the Benicia-Martinez Bridge (Ben) and an area in San Pablo Bay (SP) in which a bridge is not present. In this paper, we apply basic formulas that ideally describe the magnetic field from a DC cable summed vectorially with the background geomagnetic field (in the absence of other sources that would perturb the ambient field) to derive characteristics of the cable that are otherwise not immediately observable. Magnetic field profiles from measurements taken along 170 survey lines were inspected visually for evidence of a distinct pattern representing the presence of the cable. Many profiles were dominated by field distortions unrelated to the cable caused by bridge structures or other submerged objects, and the cable\u2019s contribution to the field was not detectable. BB, with 40 of the survey lines, did not yield usable data for these reasons. The unrelated anomalies could be up to 100 times greater than those from the cable. In total, discernible magnetic field profiles measured from 76 survey lines were regressed against the equations, representing eight days of measurement. The modeled field anomalies due to the cable (the difference between the maximum and minimum field along the survey line at the cable crossing) were virtually identical to the measured values. The modeling yielded a pooled cable depth below the bay floor of 2.06 m (\u00b11.46 std dev), and estimated the angle to the horizontal of the imaginary line connecting the cross-sectional center of the cable\u2019s two conductors (0.1143 m apart) as 178.9\u00b0 \u00b161.9\u00b0 (std dev) for Ben, 78.6\u00b0\u00b137.0\u00b0 (std dev) for RSR, and 139.9\u00b0\u00b127.4\u00b0 (std dev) for SP. The mean of the eight daily average currents derived from the regressions was 986 \u00b1185 amperes (A) (std dev), as compared to 722 \u00b195 A (std dev) provided by Trans Bay Cable LLC. Overall, the regressions based on fundamental principles (Biot Savart law) and the vectorial summation of cable and geomagnetic fields provide estimates of cable characteristics consistent with plausible expectations.","author":["Kavet, R.","Wyman, M.","Klimley, A."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","University of California Davis"],"originationDate":"2016-02-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.831450600000","-122.399810400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kavet-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2843","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulation-nearshore-wave-energy-converters-their-associated-impacts-around-outer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/265762633_The_Simulation_of_Nearshore_Wave_Energy_Converters_and_their_Associated_Impacts_around_the_Outer_Hebrides","title":"The Simulation of Nearshore Wave Energy Converters and their Associated Impacts around the Outer Hebrides","description":"The results of a numerical wave modelling study carried out to assess the nearshore effects of wave energy extraction on the local wave climate by an array of hypothetical wave energy converters (WECs) are presented in this paper. This study uses the Danish Hydraulic Institute\u0027s (DHI) MIKE 21 Spectral Wave model to identify and test three different techniques of simulating hypothetical WECs on a regional scale. The results suggest the more complex approach of simulating absorption using directional and frequency absorption spectra in addition to the effects of wave reflections yields a more realistic simulation. This technique was further applied to a potential wave energy deployment site consisting of an array of 30 WEC devices identified by the Crown Estate in the Outer Hebrides in the United Kingdom. The boundary input used seasonal averaged data to represent winter, summer and a complete year\u0027s wave spectra. The results suggest there is an average shoreline reduction in wave power behind the array of 5% with a peak value of 9.5%. The inclusion of wave reflection in to the model leads to a larger average percentage change in wave power of 7.5% 300m from the devices. While the results of this study also provide an insight into the distribution of wave energy around a nearshore array, this study focuses on developing advanced technique for the simulation of WECs.","author":["Greenwood, C.","Christie, D.","Venugopal, V."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.554402000000","-6.479758000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Greenwood-et-al-2013-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2844","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hebridean-wave-model","sourceURL":"","title":"The Hebridean Wave Model","description":"Any investigation of the interaction between marine renewables and their physical environment requires detailed information about the baseline wave resource. Hebridean Marine Energy Futures (HebMarine) have been conducting a high resolution spectral wave model of the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, site of several planned wave energy deployments. The simulation, performed using DHI Mike 21 spectral wave software, was fully calibrated and validated with data from three wavebuoys and two acoustic devices. Estimating energy loss due to bottom friction, wavebreaking and whitecapping involves optimisation over a four dimensional space of calibration parameters, to ensure the model reproduces measured behaviour over a suitably representative time period. We believe that the temporal and spatial variation of wave height, period and power will be of local interest to stakeholders while the methodology and software tools will be of interest to the wider wave resource modelling community.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Christie, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.684201000000","-6.070732000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Christie.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2845","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/software-analysis-tools-wave-sensors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2465900","title":"Software Analysis Tools for Wave Sensors","description":"This paper presents a set of software tools for interrogating and processing time series data. The functionality of this toolset will be demonstrated using data from a specific deployment involving multiple sensors deployed for a specific time period. The approach was developed initially for Datawell Waverider MKII\/MKII buoys [1] and expanded to include data from acoustic devices in this case Nortek AWACs. Tools of this nature are important to address a specific lack of features in the sensor manufacturers own tools. It also helps to develop standard approaches for dealing with anomalous data from sensors. These software tools build upon an effective modern interpreted programming language in this case Python which has access to high performance low level libraries. This paper demonstrates the use of these tools applied to a sensor network based on the North West coast of Scotland as described in [2,3]. Examples can be seen of computationally complex data being easily calculated for monthly averages. Analysis down to a wave by wave basis will also be demonstrated form the same source dataset. The tools make use of a flexible data structure called a DataFrame which supports mixed data types, hierarchical and time indexing and is also integrated with modern plotting libraries. This allows sub second querying and the ability for dynamic plotting of large datasets. By using modern compression techniques and file formats it is possible to process datasets which are larger than memory datasets without the need for a traditional relational database. The software library shall be of use to a wide variety of industry involved in offshore engineering along with any scientists interested in the coastal environment.","author":["Morrison, J.","Christie, D.","Greenwood, C.","Maciver, R.","Volger, A."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2015-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2846","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulation-oscillating-wave-surge-converters-using-boussinesq-model-wave-disturbances","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/274077785_The_simulation_of_oscillating_wave_surge_converters_using_a_Boussinesq_model_Wave_disturbances_around_an_array","title":"The Simulation of Oscillating Wave Surge Converters using a Boussinesq Model: Wave Disturbances around an Array","description":"A new method for simulating a frequency independent absorption within DHI\u0027s Mike 21 Boussinesq wave (BW) model is presented. This provides an increase in the accuracy of the simulation of wave processes around a hypothetical WEC array. Multiple monochromatic wave simulations are combined to represent a wave spectrum. Wave device characteristics are then simulated using porosity layers. A frequency dependent porosity for each device is then applied based on data taken from an experimental study. This method is tested for nearshore shallow water devices where the wave energy disturbance is quantified for flat and varying domain gradients.","author":["Greenwood, C.","Christie, D."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Greenwood-and-Christie-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2847","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/terawatt-position-papers-toolbox-methods-better-understand-assess-effects-tidal-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.masts.ac.uk\/media\/35656\/position_papers_terawatt_e-book.pdf","title":"TeraWatt Position Papers: A \u0022Toolbox\u0022 of Methods to Better Understand and Assess the Effects of Tidal and Wave Energy Arrays on the Marine Environment","description":"The project consortium formed under the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) consists of scientists from Heriot Watt University, University of Edinburgh, University of Strathclyde, University of the Highlands and Islands, University of Swansea and the University of St Andrews together with Marine Scotland Science.\n\nData Acquisistion and Processing for TeraWatt\nTidal Stream and Wave Energy Array Scenarios for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Strategic Area\nRepresenting Wave Energy Extraction in Regional Scale Numerical Models\nModelling Energy Extraction in Tidal Flows\nModelling the Impacts of Marine Energy Extraction on Non-Cohesive Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics\nUse of Ocean Colour Remote Sensing to Monitor Sea Surface Suspended Sediments\nScoping the Impact Tidal and Wave Energy Extraction on Suspended Sediment Concentrations and Underwater Light Climate","author":["Murray, R.","Maclver, R.","Reddy, N.","Venugopal, V.","Baston, S.","Waldman, S.","Side, J.","Fairley, I.","Karunarathna, H.","Sabatino, A.","Clement, R.","Heath, M.","McKee, D.","Serpetti, N."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","Lews Castle College","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Swansea University","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TeraWatt-Position-Papers-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2848","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-energy-arrays-located-regions-tidal-asymmetry","sourceURL":"","title":"Impact of Tidal Energy Arrays Located in Regions of Tidal Asymmetry","description":"Tidal stream turbines are exploited in regions of high tidal currents. Such energy extraction will alter the regional hydrodynamics, analogous to increasing the bed friction in the region of extraction. In addition, this study demonstrates that energy extracted with respect to tidal asymmetries due to interactions between quarter (M4) and semi-diurnal (M2) currents will have important implications for large-scale sediment dynamics. Model simulations show that energy extracted from regions of strong tidal asymmetry will have a much more pronounced effect on sediment dynamics than energy extracted from regions of tidal symmetry. This has practical application to many areas surrounding the UK, including the Irish Sea and the Bristol Channel, that exhibit strong tidal currents suitable for exploitation of the tidal stream resource, but where large variations in tidal asymmetry occur.","author":["Neill, S."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2013-03-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.262714000000","-4.439304000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neill-2013-Oxford-Tidal-Energy-Workshop.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2849","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Day 1 (29th March)  Session 1  11:10 The Influence of Vertical Velocity Shear on Tidal Turbine Performance and Wake Recovery Simon C. McIntosh (University of Oxford) 3  11:35 \u201cFrom Vessel to Model\u201d: Bridging the Gap between Real and Modelled Flow Data Paul Evans (Cardiff University) 5  12:00 Characterisation of the Coastal Hydrology of Oceans Using 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics Enayatollah Zangiabadi (Swansea University) 7  12:25 The Influence of Turbulence Model on Wake Structure of TSTs when used with a Coupled BEM-CFD Model Rami Malki (Swansea University) 9  Session 2  14:00 Investigation of the influence of turbine to turbine interaction on their performance using OpenFOAM Gavin R. Tabor (University of Exeter) 11  14:25 Near-field flow downstream of a barrage: Experiments and 3-D modelling Penelope Jeffcoate (University of Manchester) 13  14:50 Sediment dynamics in the wake of a tidal current turbine Lada Vybulkova (University of Glasgow) 15  Session 3  15:45 A cross-flow device with an oval blade path: predictions and measurements of blade forces Peter B. Johnson (University College London) 17  16:10 Are Nearly all Tidal Stream Turbines Designs Wrong? Stephen Salter (University of Edinburgh) 19  16:35 Experimental results from 1\/20th scale model tests of the Transverse Horizontal Axis Water Turbine Ross A. McAdam (University of Oxford ) 21  Day 2 (30th March)  Session 4  9:20 CFD Simulation of a 3-Bladed Horizontal Axis Tidal Stream Turbine using RANS and LES J. McNaughton (University of Manchester) 23  9:45 Computational Modelling of Unsteady Rotor Effects Duncan M. McNae (Imperial College London) 25  10:10 Development of an Actuator Line Model for Tidal Turbine Simulations Justine Schluntz (University of Oxford) 27  10:35 Modification of Open Channel Flow By Opposing Waves A. Olczak (University of Manchester) 29  Session 5  11:30 Prediction and Measurement of Time - Varying Thrust on Tidal Turbine due to Mean and Oscillatory flow E. Fernandez Rodriguez (University of Manchester) 31  11:55 Blade Element Momentum Theory for Tidal Turbine Simulation with Wave Effects: A Validation Study Hannah C. Buckland (Swansea University) 33  12:20 The Buhl High-Induction Correction for Blade Element Momentum Theory Applied to Tidal Stream Turbines Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 35  12:45 Betz revisited Guy T. Houlsby (University of Oxford)  Session 6  14:00 Numerical Analysis of Open-Centre Ducted Tidal Turbines Clarissa S. K. Belloni (University of Oxford) 37  14:25 Evaluation of FVNS Solvers for Structures in Tidal Flow Robert Stringer (University of Bath) 39  14:50 On the Garrett \u0026amp; Cummins limit Thomas A.A. Adcock (University of Oxford) 41","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-03-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/1st-Tidal-Energy-Workshop-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2850","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-3rd-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Monday 7th April  Session 1: Device Scale Problems (1)  11:10 Improving the cost-effectiveness of Darrieus hydrokinetic turbines Brian Kirke (University of South Australia) 3  11:35 Wave Induced Loads and Kinematics for Turbine Support Structures in Turbulent Flow A. Olczak (University of Manchester) 5  12:00 An E valuation of Blockage Corrections for a Helical Cross - Flow Turbine Robert Cavagnaro (University of Washington) 7  Poster Presentations (1)  12:25 Numerical Modelling of a Gorlov Cross Flow Tidal Turbine Esther R. Bruce (University of Hull) 9  12:30 Numerical modelling of sea bed morphodynamics associated with tidal energy extraction Antonia Chatzirodou (Swansea University) 11  12:35 Feedbacks between energy extraction and bed elevation morphodynamic Andres Payo (University of Oxford) 13  Session 2: Turbulence and Waves  14:00 Performing oceanographic surveys on tidal energy sites using a data buoy Mungo Morgan (North Sea Systems) 15  14:25 Quasi unsteady blade element momentum theory for tidal stream turbines Thomas Nevalainen (University of Strathclyde) 17  14:50 Synthetic Turbulence Generation for Turbine Modelling with BEMT Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 19  Session 3: Array Scale Problems (1)  15:45 Wind and tidal turbines in uniform flow Scott Draper (University of Western Australia) 21  16:10 The Potential of Sub-Arrays to Increase Tidal Farm Power Susannah Cooke (University of Oxford) 23  16:35 Optimising the Number of Turbines in a Tidal Current Turbine Array D. M. Culley (Imperial College London) 25  Tuesday 8th April  Session 4: Array Scale Problems (2)  9:30 Tidal stream energy: designing for blockage Richard Willden (University of Oxford) 27  9:55 Tidal Stream Turbine Modelling in the Natural Environment Matt Edmunds (Swansea University) 29  10:20 The Power Potential of a Tidal Turbine Array with Turbine Power Capping Christopher R. Vogel (University of Oxford) 31  Session 5: Farm Scale Problems  11:10 Tidal resource characterization at a strait between an island and a semi - infinite landmass Alberto P\u00e9rez-Ortiz (University of Edinburgh) 33  11:35 A 3D model of asymmetry in the Orkney tidal energy resource Simon P. Neill (Bangor University) 35  12:00 Effects of a tidal farm on the transient and residual circulation of an estuary Gregorio Iglesias (Plymouth University) 37  Poster Presentations (2)  12:25 Impact of support structures on turbine farm power Subhash Muchala (University of Oxford) 39  12:30 Assessing the Hydro-Environmental Impacts of Tidal Turbines Anna Phoenix (National University of Ireland, Galway) 41  Session 6: Device Scale Problems (2)  14:00 Effects of Dynamic Inflow and Distortion of Incident Turbulence on Tidal Turbine Rotors Michael Graham (Imperial College London) 43  14:25 The Effect of Tidal Flow Directionality on Tidal Turbine Performance Characteristics Carwyn Frost (Cardiff University) 45  14:50 Modelling Pressure Changes in the Vicinity of Tidal Turbines to Assess Fish Survival Rate During Turbine Passage Enayatollah Zangiabadi (Swansea University ) 47","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-04-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/3rd-Tidal-Energy-Workshop-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2851","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-2nd-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Monday 18th March  Session 1: Device Scale Problems (1)  11:10 CFD predicted effect of EMEC velocity profiles on a tidal stream turbine James McNaughton (University of Manchester) 3  11:35 Validation of an Actuator Line Model for Tidal Turbine Simulations Justine Schluntz (University of Oxford) 5  12:00 Hydrodynamics of tidal-stream turbines in unsteady flow Duncan M. McNae (Imperial College London) 7  12:25 Influence of support structure response on extreme loading of a tidal turbine due to turbulent flow and waves E. Fernandez Rodriguez (University of Manchester) 9  Session 2: Turbulence and Waves  14:00 Examination of Turbulence Characteristic s Calculated Using the Variance Method Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 11  14:25 Analysis of length scales in open channel flow for inlet definition of LES of tidal stream turbines S. Rolfo (University of Manchester) 13  14:50 The Effects of Wave-Current Interactions on the Performance of Horizontal Axis Tidal-Stream Turbines Tiago A. de Jesus Henriques (University of Liverpool) 15  Session 3: Array Scale Problems  15:45 Adjoint based optimisation of turbine farm layouts Stephan C. Kramer (Imperial College London) 17  16:10 Impact of tidal energy arrays located in regions of tidal asymmetry Simon P. Neill (Bangor University) 19  16:35 Beyond the Betz Theory - Blockage, Wake Mixing and Turbulence Takafumi Nishino (University of Oxford) 21  Tuesday 19th March  Session 4: Geographic Scale Problems  9:30 On the optimum place to locate a tidal fence in the Severn Estuary Scott Draper (University of Western Australia) 23  9:55 Tidal Stream Energy Assessment of the Anglesey Skerries Sena Serhadlio\u011flu (University of Oxford) 25  10:20 Influence of tidal energy extraction on fine sediment dynamics Peter E. Robins (Bangor University) 27  Session 5: Device Wake, Interaction and Environment  11:10 On the performance of axially aligned tidal stream turbines using a Blade Element Disk approach Ian Masters (Swansea University) 29  11:35 Characterisation of the near-wake of a Horizontal Axis Tidal Stream Turbine in Non-uniform steady flow Si\u00e2n C. Tedds (University of Liverpool) 31  12:00 Tidal Turbine Wake Recovery due to Turbulent Flow and Opposing Waves Alex Olczak (University of Manchester) 33  12:25 Individual Based Modelling Techniques and Marine Energy Thomas Lake (Swansea University) 35  Session 6: Device Scale Problems (2)  13:40 CFD Analysis of a Single MRL Tidal Turbine Matthew Berry (University of Exeter) 37  14:05 Numerical Modelling of a Laboratory Scale Tidal Turbine Robert M. Stringer (University of Bath) 39  14:30 Progress on Large Vertical Axis Tidal Stream Rotors Stephen Salter (University of Edinburgh) 41  14:55 Comparisons of computational predictions and experimental measurements of ducted tidal turbine performance Conor F. Fleming (University of Oxford) 43","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-03-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTE-2013-Proceedings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2852","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/studies-harbour-seal-behaviour-areas-high-tidal-energy-part-1-movements-diving","sourceURL":"","title":"Studies of Harbour Seal Behaviour in Areas of High Tidal Energy: Part 1. Movements and Diving Behaviour of Harbour Seals in Kyle Rhea","description":"This report presents a summary of the data collected during the initial transmitter deployments on harbour seals in the Kyle Rhea study area in 2012. As such it forms one of a series of interim reports describing the movements and diving behaviour of seals in areas of high tidal energy. It is designed simply to present the information most likely to be of use in assessing the potential impacts of any tidal turbine deployments in an easily accessible format. This report summarises the movements and dive behaviour of nine harbour seals caught and tagged at sites within the channel at Kyle Rhea. Seals were fitted with GPS equipped GSM phone tags that provided continuous tracking and dive behaviour data for a total of 506 seal days. Tagged seals concentrated their diving activity within the channel (57% of location fixes) at Kyle Rhea. All of the seals tagged in Kyle Rhea swam repeatedly through the channel in the vicinity of the proposed turbine deployments. We present an example of how seals were distributed in the water column as they passed through one section of the channel. The filtered data shows a clear bimodal pattern in transits with respect to distance from the shore, with transits being less frequent in the central, deeper section of the channel. In addition, there appears to be a reduced density of transits in mid-water through the central deep channel. This would be an expected consequence of the dive profile patterns and has clear and important implications for estimating collision risk. However, the interpolation error due to timing of GPS fixes and the small but significant GPS position error mean that the transit depth and location data will still contain substantial error.","author":["Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2014-01-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.224985000000","-5.667747000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:42:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thompson-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2853","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/costa-head-wave-farm-scoping-report-offshore-project-infrastructure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sas.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/Costa-Head-Wave-Energy-Farm.pdf","title":"Costa Head Wave Farm: Scoping Report Offshore Project Infrastructure","description":"Costa Head Wave Farm Limited is seeking a Scoping Opinion for the offshore elements of the proposed Costa Head wave array from the Scottish Ministers under Section 7 of the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000. Comment is also sought and welcomed from other stakeholders with an interest in the proposed development. The Scoping being sought is for the array, subsea export cables and all offshore project infrastructure below Mean High Water Springs (MHWS).  The onshore aspects of the development will be subject to a separate Screening Opinion request under the Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2011.  This Scoping Report has been produced by Xodus Group in line with relevant guidance and recent consultation with Marine Scotland, its advisory bodies and other key stakeholders. A description of the proposed development along with SSER\u2019s proposed approach to the EIA and NRA is provided.","author":["Xodus Group"],"organization":["Xodus Group","Alstom","SSE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.959657000000","-4.140132000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 07:12:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Costa-Head-Scoping-Report-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2854","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wavestar-demonstrator-monthly-report-june-2013","sourceURL":"","title":"Wavestar Demonstrator, Monthly Report for June 2013","description":"In January 2013 the project titled \u201cIncreasing reliability and reducing maintenance on Wavestar wave energy plants in order to reduce the Cost of Energy\u201d was initiated. The project is running over two years, January 2013 to December 2014. The project is subsidized by the Energinet.dk ForskVE program, project no. 12110. The project is an extension of the successful completion of the ForskVE project 2009-1-10305, which ended in December 2012. The previous project was spilt in two phases \u201cPhase 1\u201d and \u201cPhase 2\u201d, and for this reason the new project is termed \u201cPhase 3\u201d. An overview of the purpose for three phases is given below:    Phase 1, May 2010 to September 2011: Focus was to demonstrate that the hydraulic power was higher than a specified target power performance curve. Phase 1 was finished in September 2011 where 14754 valid ten minute records with power production higher than the specifications, were recorded, documented and approved by EnergiNet.dk.  Phase 2, October 2012 to December 2012 (three months): Emphasis was on the electrical energy. In phase 2 the capability of the machine to deliver the expected number of electrical kWh\u2019s in a three month period was documented. Phase 2 was completed after phase 1 was completed when the machine was ready for automatic continuous unmanned operation.  Phase 3, January 2013 to December 2014 (two years). The purpose of the project is to continue operation and development of the Wavestar Demonstrator at Hanstholm with the focus on increasing the life time and reducing operating and maintenance costs, thus improving the overall Cost of Energy. This will be achieved through a targeted collection of statistics on maintenance and time consumption, and the subsequent replacement, testing and optimization of the critical components. The goal is to minimize the number of service calls and downtime on the upcoming full-scale machine in the open sea.   Every month since May 2010 Wavestar has published a monthly report with a summary of the achieved results and activities at the Wavestar demonstrator at Hanstholm. The monthly reports are supplemented by an Excel file containing data records with all the raw data presented in tables and figures.","author":["Wave Star A\/S"],"organization":["Wave Star A\/S"],"originationDate":"2013-07-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 10:53:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WaveStar-June-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2855","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitat-based-cetacean-density-models-us-atlantic-gulf-mexico","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep22615","title":"Habitat-Based Cetacean Density Models for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico","description":"Cetaceans are protected worldwide but vulnerable to incidental harm from an expanding array of human activities at sea. Managing potential hazards to these highly-mobile populations increasingly requires a detailed understanding of their seasonal distributions and habitats. Pursuant to the urgent need for this knowledge for the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, we integrated 23 years of aerial and shipboard cetacean surveys, linked them to environmental covariates obtained from remote sensing and ocean models, and built habitat-based density models for 26 species and 3 multi-species guilds using distance sampling methodology. In the Atlantic, for 11 well-known species, model predictions resembled seasonal movement patterns previously suggested in the literature. For these we produced monthly mean density maps. For lesser-known taxa, and in the Gulf of Mexico, where seasonal movements were less well described, we produced year-round mean density maps. The results revealed high regional differences in small delphinoid densities, confirmed the importance of the continental slope to large delphinoids and of canyons and seamounts to beaked and sperm whales, and quantified seasonal shifts in the densities of migratory baleen whales. The density maps, freely available online, are the first for these regions to be published in the peer-reviewed literature.","author":["Roberts, J.","Best, B.","Mannocci, L.","Fujioka, E.","Halpin, P.","Palka, D.","Garrison, L.","Mullin, K.","Cole, T.","Khan, C.","McLellan, W.","Pabst, D.","Lockhart, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Roberts-et-al-2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Roberts-et-al-2016_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2856","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wavestar-prototype-roshage-performance-data-forskve-project-no-2009-1-10305-phase-1-2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wavestarenergy.com\/sites\/default\/files\/Wavestar%20prototype%20at%20Roshage%20-%20performance%20data%20for%20ForskVE%20project%20no%20....pdf","title":"Wavestar Prototype at Roshage: Performance Data for ForskVE Project No 2009-1-10305 Phase 1 \u0026 2","description":"A contract between Wave Star A\/S and EnergiNet.dk was established in July 2010 with the project title \u201cEn-ergy production on Roshage test systems (WSE-02)\u201d, project no. 2009-1-10305. The aim of the project was to document that the Wavestar wave energy converter at Roshage was able to deliver the expected power according to the actual wave climate. The project is part of the so-called ForskVE-programme, and it is completed with Aalborg University as partner. Since 1 May 2010 Wave Star A\/S has been measuring the waves at the location and the power produced by the Wavestar prototype. Every month a report and ac-companying data file containing the raw measurements are submitted to EnergiNet.dk for approval.  The project was split in two phases:    Phase 1, May 2010 to September 2011: Focus was to demonstrate that the hydraulic power was higher than a specified target power performance curve. Phase 1 was finished in September 2011 where 14754 valid ten minute records with power production higher than the specifications, were recorded, documented and approved by EnergiNet.dk.  Phase 2, October 2012 to December 2012 (three months): Emphasis was on the electrical energy. In phase 2 the capability of the machine to deliver at least 14.0[electrical MWh] in a three month period was documented. Phase 2 was completed after phase 1 was completed when the machine was ready for automatic continuous unmanned operation.   This document is the final report which presents the power measurements from both phase 1 and phase 2. Table 1 and 2 summarizes the measured results. The total electrical energy produced by the two generators was 52.9[MWh] in the period from May 2010 to December 2012. However, the largest amount of energy per month was produced during the three months in phase 2 where 15.6[MWh] was delivered by the gen-erators. In phase 1 the absorbed hydraulic energy was high but the produced electricity and the operational time was low. However, in phase 2 the operational time and the PTO efficiency was high resulting in a high electrical energy production. Details on measurements of the power production during phase 1 are given in Section 3, and phase 2 results are given in Section 4.","author":["Wave Star A\/S"],"organization":["Wave Star A\/S"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 10:52:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wavestar-Performance-Data-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2857","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benefits-disadvantages-co-locating-windfarms-marine-conservation-zones-focus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinedataexchange.co.uk\/details\/279\/summary","title":"Benefits and Disadvantages of Co-Locating Windfarms and Marine Conservation Zones, with a Focus on Commercial Fishing","description":"In summer 2010, Ichthys Marine produced a report for Collaborative Offshore Wind Research Into the Environment (COWRIE) that identified options and opportunities to mitigate any adverse impacts on fishing activities that resulted from constructing and operating windfarms. One of the possible mitigation options identified was to co-locate windfarms with MCZs, so that MCZs are designated in the same areas as, or overlap with, windfarms. This mitigation option was predicated on the idea that the when MCZs are designated, conservation objectives may require that some or all fishing activities are stopped inside those sites, while fishing activities may also be constrained by or excluded from offshore windfarms. Hence, if fishing was to be affected by both windfarms and MCZs, co-locating windfarms with MCZs might reduce their combined impact on the fishing industry.  Although some potential benefits were identified, in the course of completing this report it became clear that there is considerable concern over co-locating windfarms with MCZs. Essentially, stakeholders are uncertain about the implications of co-location because the MCZ monitoring and management guidance is being developed at the same time as the process for identifying the sites is moving quickly forward. Unknown risk factors including future environmental conditions, refinements of marine conservation objectives and approaches to renewable energy generation, or changes in the viability and participation levels of fishing and other activities, exacerbate the uncertainty.  In summary, more detailed information on conservation objectives for MCZs and on the management and monitoring regimes that will be imposed to meet those objectives is urgently needed in order for stakeholders to take informed decisions on co-location.","author":["Blyth-Skyrme, R."],"organization":["Ichthys Marine Ecological Consulting","Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment (COWRIE)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Blyth-Skyrme-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2858","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-variation-sea-turtle-density-abundance-southeast-florida-current-surrounding","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0145980","title":"Seasonal Variation in Sea Turtle Density and Abundance in the Southeast Florida Current and Surrounding Waters","description":"Assessment and management of sea turtle populations is often limited by a lack of available data pertaining to at-sea distributions at appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions. Assessing the spatial and temporal distributions of marine turtles in an open system poses both observational and analytical challenges due to the turtles\u2019 highly migratory nature. Surface counts of marine turtles in waters along the southern part of Florida\u2019s east coast were made in and adjacent to the southeast portion of the Florida Current using standard aerial surveys during 2011 and 2012 to assess their seasonal presence. This area is of particular concern for sea turtles as interest increases in offshore energy developments, specifically harnessing the power of the Florida Current. While it is understood that marine turtles use these waters, here we evaluate seasonal variation in sea turtle abundance and density over two years. Density of sea turtles observed within the study area ranged from 0.003 turtles km-2 in the winter of 2011 to 0.064 turtles km-2 in the spring of 2012. This assessment of marine turtles in the waters off southeast Florida quantifies their in-water abundance across seasons in this area to establish baselines and inform future management strategies of these protected species.","author":["Bovery, C.","Wyneken, J."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2015-12-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.558535000000","-79.826893000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:42:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bovery-and-Wyneken-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2859","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fuzzy-impact-assessment-landscape-kobold-platform-strait-messina-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/econpapers.repec.org\/article\/fzyfuzeco\/v_3axvi_3ay_3a2011_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a67-79.htm","title":"Fuzzy Impact Assessment on the Landscape: The Kobold Platform in the Strait of Messina Case Study","description":"This paper introduces a new semi-quantitative method to model a landscape assessment, by using a fuzzy analysis approach. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the landscape impact of the Kobold prototype in the Straits of Messina. The Kobold turbine, patented in 1998, is a prototype used to extract energy from the marine currents utilizing a vertical axis turbine. The site where the plant is positioned is very close to Ganzirri (Italy), on the Straits of Messina, near the Sicilian coast, at a distance of about 150 \u2013 200 m from the shore. The results allow us to state that the measure of the impact landscape has been a huge success. In fact, the fuzzy variable representing the impact is 98% below the tolerance threshold.","author":["Bergamascoa, A.","Giuntab, G.","Marinoc, D.","Pandolfod, S.","Sindonie, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.235017800000","15.653656000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:17:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2860","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/salish-sea-model-simulation-tidal-circulation-nutrients-loading-transport","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/projects\/salish-sea-model","title":"Salish Sea Model: Simulation of Tidal Circulation, Nutrients Loading, Transport and Biogeochemical Processes","description":"The Salish Sea Modeling Center was established at the Puget Sound Institute in June 2020 to advance the use of hydrodynamic models for understanding the Salish Sea ecosystem. The center will initially focus on expanding the capabilities of the Salish Sea Model, an advanced computer simulator developed over the past decade. The Salish Sea Model accurately describes how water, sediments, and nutrients enter and cycle through the Salish Sea, and is widely used by resource and regulatory agencies in the region. The model was developed by Dr. Tarang Khangaonkar and his team at the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). The center is supported by the Environmental Protection Agency and other regional water quality partners.  This model schema has been applied to potential MHK applications within the Salish Sea. The model can help (1) characterize practically available energy resources in marine environments, (2) provide guidance information on device design and siting, and (3) understand and predict potential physical and ecological impacts resulting from energy removal.  Example Model Animations:    Surface currents at Admiralty Inlet (1 animation)  Surface currents for the San Juan Islands (1 animation)  Surface currents at Tacoma Narrows (1 animation)  Depth averaged currents at Sequim Bay (1 animation)  Depth averaged currents for Puget Sound (1 animation)  Depth averaged water levels for Puget Sound (1 animation)","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","Washington State Department of Ecology"],"originationDate":"2012-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.620567800000","-126.056353000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2861","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-environmental-risk-assessment-decision-making-tidal-energy-development-0","sourceURL":"","title":"A Framework for Environmental Risk Assessment and Decision-Making for Tidal Energy Development in Canada [Presentation]","description":"In-stream tidal energy initiatives are rapidly developing in Nova Scotia, Canada, but there remains a high degree of uncertainty regarding the nature and extent (in space and time) of environmental implications of energy harvesting activities. To ensure the tidal energy industry in Nova Scotia (and elsewhere in Canada) develops in an environmentally safe and sustainable manner, regulators and industry are in need of a consistent, objective and efficient approach to assess and mitigate the risk of adverse environmental impacts of a proposed project. This paper presents a science-based environmental risk assessment and decision-making framework developed on behalf of the Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Federal). The framework offers key steps and considerations for identifying, assessing, and addressing the environmental risk of in-stream tidal energy projects based on the best available scientific knowledge, expert advice, and best practices for environmental risk and impact assessment. The risk assessment approach is based on a set of practical criteria and related risk indictors that are relevant, flexible and can be consistently applied to projects of any type, size or location. By following this approach, project planners and reviewers can also gain insights as to: site-appropriate project design and size consideration; the level and type of baseline studies and monitoring that may be required; methods of mitigating or reducing the level of risk of a project; and evaluation measures or trigger points for adaptive management actions. The guidance framework has been peer reviewed by scientists, industry and provincial and federal government agencies and is intended to form the basis of a joint Canada\/Nova Scotia Statement of Best Practice for the management of in-stream tidal energy development.  The Extended Abstract is available here.  The final report is available here.","author":["Isaacman, L.","Daborn, G.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.290631600000","-65.275872300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Isaacman.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2862","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practical-experience-sectoral-planning-marine-renewable-energy-development-scotland","sourceURL":"","title":"Practical Experience of Sectoral Planning for Marine Renewable Energy Development in Scotland","description":"Sectoral marine planning (SMP) for marine renewables is providing a foundation for the development of these new offshore industries. The planning process combines technical analyses of opportunities and constraints, together with broad public consultation to ensure that resultant Plans are a robust basis for sustainable development. Practical experience has emphasised the importance of using the best available data relating to the available resource, environmental characteristics, and current uses. A number of examples are described for which data improvements are needed.  The Extended Abstract is available here.","author":["Davies, I.","Pratt, D.","Gubbins, M.","Watret, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.156314000000","-5.412559000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR-2014-Abstract-Davies.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2863","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-bat-monitoring-islands-offshore-structures-coastal-sites-gulf-maine-mid","sourceURL":"","title":"Long-term Bat Monitoring on Islands, Offshore Structures, and Coastal Sites in the Gulf of Maine, mid-Atlantic, and Great Lakes","description":"To better understand seasonal and spatial distribution of bats offshore, the Department of Energy (DOE) funded an acoustic survey of bat activity on islands, offshore structures, and coastal sites in the New England Gulf of Maine, mid-Atlantic coast, and Great Lakes regions from 2012 \u2013 2014 (Award Number DE-EE005378). The primary purpose of the study was to enhance understanding of when and where bats occur offshore (here defined as waters beyond 3 nautical miles from land), with the underlying objective of assessing potential impacts to bats from offshore wind energy development. This effort built upon a pilot acoustic study conducted by Stantec Consulting Services Inc. (Stantec) in the Gulf of Maine between 2009 and 2011, and supported an expanded survey effort in the Gulf of Maine, mid-Atlantic coast, and Great Lakes regions. This report combines data from the 2009 \u2013 2011 Gulf of Maine pilot study as well as the 2012 \u2013 2014 expanded study.\n\nAlthough our ultimate goal was to assess bat activity offshore, current logistical constraints on long-term acoustic monitoring require that we base inferences regarding bat presence and activity over large expanses of open water on the results of surveys conducted at islands, coastal sites, and offshore structures where equipment can be more readily and reliably deployed. In some cases, remote offshore structures such as isolated weather buoys and ships provided a unique opportunity to directly measure bat activity above open water. However, monitoring bat activity at remote islands is still informative, as bats must travel considerable distances offshore to reach the islands. The broad spectrum of coastal sites, islands, and offshore structures included in this study, combined with the long-term nature of the project, allow for analysis of bat activity patterns across a number of spatial and temporal gradients.","author":["Peterson, T."],"organization":["Stantec Consulting","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2016-01-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.125703000000","-68.498136000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stantec-2016-Bat-Monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2864","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-unsupervised-learning-approach-characterizing-latent-behaviors-accelerometer-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.1914\/abstract","title":"The Use of an Unsupervised Learning Approach for Characterizing Latent Behaviors in Accelerometer Data","description":"The recent increase in data accuracy from high resolution accelerometers offers substantial potential for improved understanding and prediction of animal movements. However, current approaches used for analysing these multivariable datasets typically require existing knowledge of the behaviors of the animals to inform the behavioral classification process. These methods are thus not well-suited for the many cases where limited knowledge of the different behaviors performed exist. Here, we introduce the use of an unsupervised learning algorithm. To illustrate the method\u0027s capability we analyse data collected using a combination of GPS and Accelerometers on two seabird species: razorbills (Alca torda) and common guillemots (Uria aalge). We applied the unsupervised learning algorithm Expectation Maximization to characterize latent behavioral states both above and below water at both individual and group level. The application of this flexible approach yielded significant new insights into the foraging strategies of the two study species, both above and below the surface of the water. In addition to general behavioral modes such as flying, floating, as well as descending and ascending phases within the water column, this approach allowed an exploration of previously unstudied and important behaviors such as searching and prey chasing\/capture events. We propose that this unsupervised learning approach provides an ideal tool for the systematic analysis of such complex multivariable movement data that are increasingly being obtained with accelerometer tags across species. In particular, we recommend its application in cases where we have limited current knowledge of the behaviors performed and existing supervised learning approaches may have limited utility.","author":["Chimienti, M.","Cornulier, T.","Owen, E.","Bolton, M.","Davies, I.","Travis, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chimienti-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2865","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-drives-attitudes-towards-marine-renewable-energy-development-island-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166916300042","title":"What Drives Attitudes towards Marine Renewable Energy Development in Island Communities in the UK?","description":"Island communities represent key potential arenas for marine renewable energy (MRE) because of their tidal, wave and off-shore wind resources. However, although MRE developments could offer remote island communities significant economic benefits, limited research exists on community attitudes towards MRE or, crucially, the main factors shaping responses. Research in the Shetlands, Orkneys and Scillies (UK) revealed generally positive attitudes towards MRE but also that attitudes were strongly shaped by place-related values, not just the direct socio-economic and environmental credentials of proposed locations. Developments that complemented established place values were more likely to gain acceptance whereas conflicts with these values was often a major reason for concerns about MRE. The results are used to argue for greater attention to place-related values in decision-making and community engagement on MRE developments.","author":["de Groot, J.","Bailey, I."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Cape Town"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.902834000000","-6.304796000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2866","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-influence-distance-shore-wave-energy-farm-operating-central-part-portuguese","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0196890416300449","title":"Study on the Influence of the Distance to Shore for a Wave Energy Farm Operating in the Central Part of the Portuguese Nearshore","description":"The objective of the present work is to assess the coastal impact induced by a generic wave farm operating in the central part of the Portuguese continental coastal environment, south of Lisbon. In order to identify better the most relevant wave patterns in the target area, two data sets were processed and analyzed. The first is represented by the \u2018in situ\u2019 measurements provided by the Sines buoy, which operates in the immediate vicinity south of the target area, and the second consists in the wave data coming from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, in a point located offshore close to the target area. Three scenarios were considered for the numerical simulations that were carried out with a computational framework combining a wave and a circulation model. A generic wave farm was defined in the computational domain considering various distances from the shore: 1\u00a0km, 4\u00a0km and 7\u00a0km, respectively. In the first part of the work, the down-wave effect of the farm was evaluated taking into account the local wave characteristics in the target area and analyzing various wave parameters, as for example the wave power, wave height and mean wave direction. In the second part of the work, the influence of the farm on the nearshore circulation was also assessed. Based on the results of the present work it can be concluded that the nearshore impact of such a marine energy farm can be considered significant. This suggests that a project as this herewith considered, besides providing renewable energy, could assure an effective coastal protection.","author":["Rusu, E.","Onea, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.386115000000","-9.371582000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2867","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/communication-masking-marine-mammals-review-research-strategy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X15302125","title":"Communication Masking in Marine Mammals: A Review and Research Strategy","description":"Underwater noise, whether of natural or anthropogenic origin, has the ability to interfere with the way in which marine mammals receive acoustic signals (i.e., for communication, social interaction, foraging, navigation, etc.). This phenomenon, termed auditory masking, has been well studied in humans and terrestrial vertebrates (in particular birds), but less so in marine mammals. Anthropogenic underwater noise seems to be increasing in parts of the world\u0027s oceans and concerns about associated bioacoustic effects, including masking, are growing. In this article, we review our understanding of masking in marine mammals, summarise data on marine mammal hearing as they relate to masking (including audiograms, critical ratios, critical bandwidths, and auditory integration times), discuss masking release processes of receivers (including comodulation masking release and spatial release from masking) and anti-masking strategies of signalers (e.g. Lombard effect), and set a research framework for improved assessment of potential masking in marine mammals.","author":["Erbe, C.","Reichmuth, C.","Cunningham, K.","Lucke, K.","Dooling, R."],"organization":["Curtin University","University of California Santa Cruz","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2016-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Erbe-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2870","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-noise-aquatic-life-ii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2981-8","title":"The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II","description":"This book presents the papers presented at the Third International Conference on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life that took place in August 2013 in Budapest, Hungary. The meeting, like its predecessors in Nyborg, Denmark (2007; Hawkins et al. 2008), and Cork, Ireland (2010; Popper and Hawkins 2012), introduced participants to the most recent research on the effects of man-made noise on aquatic animals and the aquatic environment. Almost 250 scientists, acousticians, engineers, regulators, and representatives of industry and environmental groups from 24 countries came together to share data and ideas and to meet colleagues with interests across the range of topics covered at the meeting. The effects of noise on a wide range of animals were discussed and debated over the 5 days of the conference, as were issues related to different sound sources, national and international regulations, and the interests of industrial and environmental groups. The animals considered included marine mammals, turtles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates.  The various themes of the meeting were chosen to cover the principal subjects of current interest. They included the hearing abilities of aquatic animals; communication by means of underwater sound; the description of aquatic soundscapes; different sound sources and their characteristics; the effects of sound on behavior; and assessing, mitigating, and monitoring the effects of aquatic noise. There is now increasing interest by the general public in the impact of underwater noise, while there is a continuing requirement for governments and industry to conduct formal assessments of the impact of offshore developments. As a consequence, special panels (see the Chapters 159 by Erbe et al., 160 by Johnson and Dolan, 161 by Lewankowski et al., and 162 by Scowcroft) were convened to discuss two especially relevant topics: ways of communicating the results of science to the general public and how best to facilitate closer interaction between regulators and those being regulated.  Papers were submitted by a large number of participants and this generated a very full program. The idea previously tested in Nyborg and Cork of having several sessions of short, rapid-fire presentations about various posters was further developed and proved a great success. The rapid-fire talks added value to the large number of poster presentations and allowed their presenters to draw attention to the wide range of new studies of underwater noise and its effects.  Since the original Nyborg meeting, there has been an enormous increase of interest in underwater noise. The development of offshore renewable energy resources, dredging for aggregates, construction activities, the use of sonars, increases in commercial shipping, and the further development of the offshore oil and gas industry have led to increasing work by scientists and engineers on the effects of this noise. Our three conferences have brought together a whole community of people engaged in work on underwater noise and have enabled a very full exchange of ideas to take place. Many people are now looking forward to the next conference, to be held in 2016 in Dublin.  Finally, a note about the \u201corganization\u201d of this book. From looking over the various chapters, it is clear that they could have been organized any number of ways. This could have been, for example, based on animal groups, sound sources, experimental approaches, and other ways. Since we could not come up with a scheme that we thought would satisfy everyone (or even ourselves), we took the approach that we would present the papers in alphabetical order of the first author, and then let readers either browse the volume or do electronic searches on the PDF or electronic versions of the volume. This decision is, of course, based in part that most people will view the book in electronic form, as is so often the case for new books today.","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.508500000000","19.049959000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2871","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-large-river-sounds-providing-context-understanding-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/139\/1\/10.1121\/1.4939120","title":"Characterizing Large River Sounds: Providing Context for Understanding the Environmental Effects of Noise Produced by Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Underwater noise associated with the installation and operation of hydrokinetic turbines in rivers and tidal zones presents a potential environmental concern for fish and marine mammals. Comparing the spectral quality of sounds emitted by hydrokinetic turbines to natural and other anthropogenic sound sources is an initial step at understanding potential environmental impacts. Underwater recordings were obtained from passing vessels and natural underwater sound sources in static and flowing waters. Static water measurements were taken in a lake with minimal background noise. Flowing water measurements were taken at a previously proposed deployment site for hydrokinetic turbines on the Mississippi River, where sounds created by flowing water are part of all measurements, both natural ambient and anthropogenic sources. Vessel sizes ranged from a small fishing boat with 60\u2009hp outboard motor to an 18-unit barge train being pushed upstream by tugboat. As expected, large vessels with large engines created the highest sound levels, which were, on average, 40\u2009dB greater than the sound created by an operating hydrokinetic turbine. A comparison of sound levels from the same sources at different distances using both spherical and cylindrical sound attenuation functions suggests that spherical model results more closely approximate observed sound attenuation.","author":["Bevelhimer, M.","Deng, D.","Scherelis, C."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.197005000000","-90.063109000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2872","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-power-production-marine-stakeholders-understanding-conflict-impact-mitigation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ethos.bl.uk\/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569606","title":"Offshore Power Production and Marine Stakeholders: From Understanding Conflict to Impact Mitigation","description":"Little is known about the impact of marine renewable energy installations upon the marine environment and those who use it. Harnessing marine energy will involve the offshore siting of energy extraction devices and their associated infrastructure. This will alter the local environment and substantially modify use and access for a variety of marine stakeholders, potentially leading to conflict. Using the Ecosystem Approach (EA) as a conceptual framework, this thesis aimed to answer the question: What is the potential for conflict between the marine renewable energy industry and marine stakeholders, and how can this be mitigated? The research consisted of three components which used a variety of methods: i) stakeholder identification through a review of the literature and use of a novel interactive mapping method; ii) an investigation of the potential consequences for the priority stakeholder which used a mail survey and in-depth interviews; and iii) an exploration of potential mitigation which used ecosystem modelling. The stakeholder most likely to be affected by marine renewable energy device (MRED) deployment was the fishing industry. Potential consequences included: navigation and safety hazards, loss of access and alternative employment. Further exploration revealed that a loss of livelihood was the all-encompassing concern for fishers, and that skills shortages (transferable skills) may mean that should a loss of livelihood occur there may not be acceptable alternative employment. The modelling exercise indicated that it is not currently possible to definitively predict whether any opportunities which may be created by MRED installation will mitigate any negative effects, and that exclusion zones may actually decrease catches for most fleets. The findings of this study have implications for \u2018conflict-free\u2019 development of the marine renewable energy industry. To address this, several policy recommendations were offered as regards to operationalising the EA in terms of marine renewable energy.","author":["Alexander, K."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2873","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-investigation-floating-wave-energy-converters-coastal-protection-purpose","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383912001809","title":"Experimental Investigation of Floating Wave Energy Converters for Coastal Protection Purpose","description":"Coastal areas are vital economic hubs already affected by erosion, flood risk and long-term habitat deterioration. The growth of economy coupled with the acceleration of climate change draws the attention to sustainable coastal defence plans. Near-shore floating wave energy converters may be an innovative way to defend the coast with low environmental and aesthetic impact together with the secondary benefit of energy production. This contribution specifically addresses the use of devices of the Wave Activated Body type for coastal protection, based on 3D laboratory results. New experiments were carried out on a single device in 1:30 scale and on three devices of the same type in 1:60 scale in the deep-water wave tank at Aalborg University. Wave transmission, wave reflection, mutual interaction among the devices and device efficiency are assessed under a variety of conditions by changing wave steepness and water depth. Experiments allow a first outline of design guidelines for these kinds of combined installation for wave energy production and coastal defence.","author":["Zanuttigh, B.","Angelelli, E."],"organization":["University of Bologna"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.014409000000","9.981821000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2874","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/water-column-tomographic-inversion-network-drifting-buoys","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/123\/5\/10.1121\/1.2934690","title":"Water Column Tomographic Inversion with a Network of Drifting Buoys","description":"The estimation of ocean environmental properties by means of the inversion of acoustic signals has in several occasions been performed using a single vertical array of acoustic receivers, with a towed acoustic source as an attempt to ensure a rapid spatial coverage of the area of interest, as only a single ocean transect is \u0022seen\u0022 at each time. Ideally, one would like to obtain an instantaneous picture of the complete area (volume) under observation. However, the resulting acoustic observations, hence environmental estimates, are not simultaneous in time. Using multiple acoustic receiving arrays appears to be a natural step towards both increasing the spatial coverage, and obtaining simultaneous environmental estimates of different ocean transects. It also gives a higher chance to capture spatial transient features, as for example solitons. Using multiple receiver arrays represents the addition of a new spatial dimension at the receiving end and opens up the number of possibilities to a Nx2D or full 3D view of the ocean. Taking support on the data set of the RADAR\u002707 experiment (July 9 \u2010 16, 2007) where data was simultaneously collected on three vertical arrays, this paper explores space coherent processing of the several receiving arrays and Nx2D or 3D environmental constrained water coloumn matched\u2010field inversion.","author":["Jesus, S.","Soares, C.","Martins, N."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2875","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oceanographic-acoustic-forecasting-acoustic-model-calibration-using-situ-acoustic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/1630","title":"From Oceanographic to Acoustic Forecasting: Acoustic Model Calibration using in Situ Acoustic Measures","description":"Sonar performance prediction relies heavily on acoustic propagation models and environmental representations of the oceanic area in which the sonar is to operate. The performance estimate is derived from a predicted acoustic eld, which is the output of a propagation model. Though well developed nowadays, acoustic propagation modeling is limited in practice by simpli cations in the numerical methods, in the environmental structure to consider (for computational reasons), and even in the knowledge of some environmental properties. This is complicated by the fact that, in sonar performance prediction, the environmental properties need to be predicted for a far future, in the order of hours or days. These limitations imply that the acoustic eld at the output of the acoustic predictor is biased, in current methods. In mathematical terms, the prediction of the acoustic eld can be seen as a model parametrization problem, in which the model is a numerical propagation model, and the parameters are environmental descriptors which, when fed to the propagation model, best model the future acoustic field. Since the 1980\u0027s, signi cant research has been done in the development of propagation model parametrization, using techniques of the so-called \\acoustic inversion\u0022 family. These techniques, having as objective the estimation of environmental properties of an oceanic area, use observed acoustic elds at the area, to be matched with candidate elds corresponding to candidate environmental pictures. At the end, the best acoustic match gives the estimated environment, in other words, the best model parameters to closely reproduce the measured acoustic eld. In the current work, the technique of acoustic inversion is used in the design of an acoustic predictor, together with oceanographic forecasts and measures. Synthetic acoustic data generated with oceanographic measures taken in the MREA\u002703 sea trial, is used to illustrate the proposed method. The results show that a collection of environments estimated by past acoustic inversions, can ameliorate the acoustic estimates for future time, as compared to a conventional method.","author":["Martins, N.","Jesus, S."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2010-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martins-et-al-2010-Acoustic-Forecasting.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2876","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/classification-three-dimensional-ocean-features-using-three-dimensional-empirical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/1627","title":"Classification of Three-Dimensional Ocean Features using Three-Dimensional Empirical Orthogonal Functions","description":"Acoustic tomography is now a well known method for remote estimation of water column properties. The problem is ill-conditioned and computationally intensive, if each spatial point varies freely in the inversion. Empirical orhogonal functions (EOFs) efficiently regularize the inversion, leading to a few (2, 3) coefficients to be estimated, giving a coherent estimate of the field. At small scales, EOFs are typically depth-dependent basis functions. The extension of the concept to larger-scale anisotropic fields requires horizontal discretization into cells, with corresponding coefficients. This becomes unstable and computationally intensive, having been overcome by two-dimensional depth-range EOFs, in the past. The present work extends the empirical orthogonal function concept to three dimensions, assessing the performance of the inversion for an instantaneous sound speed field constructed from dynamical predictions for Cabo Frio, Brazil. The results show that the large-scale features of the field are correctly estimated, though with strong ambiguity, using an acoustic source tens of km from an acoustic hydrophone array. Work is under progress, to remove the ambiguity and estimate finer details of the three-dimensional field, via the addition of multiple acoustic arrays.","author":["Martins, N.","Calado, L.","Paula, A.","Jesus, S."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-22.664356000000","-41.940183000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martins-et-al-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2877","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-calibration-tool-acoustic-noise-prediction-calcom10-data-set","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sapientia.ualg.pt\/handle\/10400.1\/4997","title":"Field Calibration a Tool for Acoustic Noise Prediction: The CALCOM\u002710 Data Set","description":"It is widely recognized that anthropogenic noise affects the marine fauna, thus it becomes a major concern in ocean management policies. In the other hand there is an increasing demand for wave energy installations that, presumably, are an important source of noise. A noise prediction tool is of crucial importance to assess the impact of a perspective installation. Contribute for the development of such a tool is one of the objectives of the WEAM project. In this context, the CALCOM\u201910 sea trial took place off the south coast of Portugal, from 22 to 24 June, 2010 with the purpose of field calibration. Field calibration is a concept used to tune the parameters of an acoustic propagation model for a region of interest. The basic idea is that one can significantly reduce the uncertainty of the predictions of acoustic propagation in a region, even with scarce environmental data (bathymetric, geoacoustic), given that relevant acoustic parameters obtained by acoustic inference (i.e. acoustic inversion) are integrated in the prediction scheme. For example, this concept can be applied to the classical problem of transmission loss predictions or, as in our case, the problem of predicting the distribution of acoustic noise due to a wave energy power plant. In such applications the accuracy of bathymetric and geoacoustic parameters estimated by acoustic means is not a concern, but only the uncertainty of the predicted acoustic field. The objective of this approach is to reduce the need for extensive hydrologic and geoacoustic surveys, and reduce the influence of modelling errors, for example due to the bathymetric discretization used. Next, it is presented the experimental setup and data acquired during the sea trial as well as preliminary results of channel characterization and acoustic forward modelling.","author":["Felisberto, P.","Jesus, S.","Martins, N."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2010-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.480732000000","-8.053223000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Felisberto-et-al-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2878","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/airborne-underwater-noise-assessment-pico-owc-wave-power-plant","sourceURL":"","title":"Airborne and Underwater Noise Assessment at the Pico OWC Wave Power Plant","description":"The recent push for the implementation of full scale Wave Energy Converters has resulted in the successful deployment of some technologies. As a result of a 3 year recuperation and renovation project the OWC in the Pico Island, Azores has recently began to operate on a frequent basis. Consequently, and particularly due to the plausible proximity of this type of technology to populations, the need to assess the noise impacts of this technology has arisen. Furthermore the Azores is inhabited by an important population of marine mammals, particularly cetaceans, and therefore the underwater noise produced must also be addressed. The present paper describes the methodologies currently being tested at the plant, both for airborne and underwater noise, as well as some preliminary results. Factors needed to be considered for noise assessment at OWC plants, potential uses of noise in this technology and future noise studies are also discussed.","author":["de Moura, A.","Carvalho, M.","Patricio, S.","Nunes, N.","Soares, C."],"organization":["Marine Sensing and Acoustic Technologies (MarSensing)","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.464911500000","-28.375852700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:03:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/de-Moura-et-al-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2880","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-pilot-license-application-roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.verdantpower.com\/rite\/","title":"Final Pilot License Application: Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Project","description":"Verdant Power, LLC (\u201cVerdant Power \u201d or \u201cCompany\u201d) applies to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (\u201cFERC\u201d) for a hydrokinetic pilot project license, under the guidance of FERC\u2019s Licensing Hydrokinetic Pilot Projects whitepaper, for the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project, East Channel Pilot (\u201cRITE East Channel Pilot\u201d or \u201cpilot project\u201d) water power project, as described hereinafter. Previous FERC project number designation for the RITE Project includes FERC Preliminary Permit No. 12611.","author":["Verdant Power"],"organization":["Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:48:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verdant-Power-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2881","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-environmental-appraisal-ocean-energy-test-site-inner-galway-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.housing.gov.ie\/sites\/default\/files\/migrated-files\/en\/Foreshore\/ApplicationsandDeterminations\/MarineInstitute\/ApplicationDocumentation\/FileDownLoad%2C39323%2Cen.pdf","title":"Marine Environmental Appraisal of an Ocean Energy Test Site in Inner Galway Bay","description":"AQUAFACT International Services Ltd. was commissioned by the Hydraulics and Maritime Research Centre, University College Cork to carry out a marine environmental appraisal of an ocean energy test site in Inner Galway Bay. Figure 1 shows the location of this site. This site has been used to test a wave energy device known as the Ocean Energy Buoy (Figures 2 and 3) since 2006.  This environmental appraisal involved grab sampling five sites within the test site and one control site, approximately 650m south of the test site. Two replicate faunal grab samples were taken at each site in addition to a sediment s ample. SCUBA diving was also used to collect sediment profile images and still photography of the sea bed. The report was also to include a desk survey of marine reptiles, mammals and birds that occur in the area and any possible impacts that might arise given the presence of the buoy.","author":["Aquafact"],"organization":["Aquafact","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2010-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.195820000000","-9.185280000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-02 12:19:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aquafact-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2886","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-threats-multinational-marine-ecosystems-coast-salish-first-nations-tribal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0144861","title":"Evaluating Threats in Multinational Marine Ecosystems: A Coast Salish First Nations and Tribal Perspective","description":"Despite the merit of managing natural resources on the scale of ecosystems, evaluating threats and managing risk in ecosystems that span multiple countries or jurisdictions can be challenging. This requires each government involved to consider actions in concert with actions being taken in other countries by co-managing entities. Multiple proposed fossil fuel-related and port development projects in the Salish Sea, a 16,925 km2 inland sea shared by Washington State (USA), British Columbia (Canada), and Indigenous Coast Salish governments, have the potential to increase marine vessel traffic and negatively impact natural resources. There is no legal mandate or management mechanism requiring a comprehensive review of the potential cumulative impacts of these development activities throughout the Salish Sea and across the international border. This project identifies ongoing and proposed energy-related development projects that will increase marine vessel traffic in the Salish Sea and evaluates the threats each project poses to natural resources important to the Coast Salish. While recognizing that Coast Salish traditions identify all species as important and connected, we used expert elicitation to identify 50 species upon which we could evaluate impact. These species were chosen because Coast Salish depend upon them heavily for harvest revenue or as a staple food source, they were particularly culturally or spiritually significant, or they were historically part of Coast Salish lifeways. We identified six development projects, each of which had three potential impacts (pressures) associated with increased marine vessel traffic: oil spill, vessel noise and vessel strike. Projects varied in their potential for localized impacts (pressures) including shoreline development, harbor oil spill, pipeline spill, coal dust accumulation and nearshore LNG explosion. Based on available published data, impact for each pressure\/species interaction was rated as likely, possible or unlikely. Impacts are likely to occur in 23 to 28% of the possible pressure\/species scenarios and are possible in another 15 to 28% additional pressure\/species interactions. While it is not clear which impacts will be additive, synergistic, or potentially antagonistic, studies that manipulate multiple stressors in marine ecosystems suggest that threats associated with these six projects are likely to have an overall additive or even synergistic interaction and therefore impact species of major cultural importance to the Coast Salish, an important concept that would be lost by merely evaluating each project independently. Failure to address multiple impacts will affect the Coast Salish and the 7 million other people that also depend on this ecosystem. These findings show the value of evaluating multiple threats, and ultimately conducting risk assessments at the scale of ecosystems and highlight the serious need for managers of multinational ecosystems to actively collaborate on evaluating threats, assessing risk, and managing resources.","author":["Gaydos, J.","Thixton, S.","Donatuto, J."],"organization":["University of California Davis","Swinomish Indian Tribal Community"],"originationDate":"2015-12-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.365748000000","-123.276645000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Chemicals","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gaydos-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2887","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/auditory-behavioral-responses-california-sea-lions-zalophus-californianus-single","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/114\/3\/10.1121\/1.1598194","title":"Auditory and Behavioral Responses of California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus) to Single Underwater Impulses from an Arc-Gap Transducer","description":"A behavioral response paradigm was used to measure underwater hearing thresholds in two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) before and after exposure to underwater impulses from an arc-gap transducer. Preexposure and postexposure hearing thresholds were compared to determine if the subjects experienced temporary shifts in their masked hearing thresholds (MTTS). Hearing thresholds were measured at 1 and 10 kHz. Exposures consisted of single underwater impulses produced by an arc-gap transducer referred to as a \u201cpulsed power device\u201d (PPD). The electrical charge of the PPD was varied from 1.32 to 2.77 kJ; the distance between the subject and the PPD was varied over the range 3.4 to 25 m. No MTTS was observed in either subject at the highest received levels: peak pressures of approximately 6.8 and 14 kPa, rms pressures of approximately 178 and 183 dB re: 1 \u03bcPa, and total energy fluxes of 161 and 163 dB re: 1 \u03bcPa2s\u03bcPa2s for the two subjects. Behavioral reactions to the tests were observed in both subjects. These reactions primarily consisted of temporary avoidance of the site where exposure to the PPD impulse had previously occurred.","author":["Finneran, J.","Dear, R.","Carder, D.","Ridgway, S."],"organization":["Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)","Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center"],"originationDate":"2003-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.589566000000","-123.455584000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2888","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-variation-environmental-conditions-structure-fish-assemblages-around-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113615000525","title":"Temporal Variation in Environmental Conditions and the Structure of Fish Assemblages around an Offshore Oil Platform in the North Sea","description":"This study reports temporal variations in the environmental conditions and the structure of fish assemblages observed in the vicinity of an offshore oil platform and the surrounding seafloor in the North Sea. Multi-seasonal sampling was conducted at a typical large steel jacketed facility, using mid-water fish traps at three different depths (i.e., 10, 50 \u0026 100\u00a0m). Commercially important gadoids such as saithe Pollachius virens, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and cod Gadus morhua were the most abundant species, however, the species composition and the relative abundances of the species varied with depth, season and between years. Comparisons with a large-scale bottom trawl survey data suggested highly dynamic and species-specific interactions between fish movements, changing environmental conditions and the physical presence of an offshore platform. Given the number of platforms currently installed across the North Sea, there is a need to identify biological mechanisms behind such dynamic interactions.","author":["Fujii, T."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.651701000000","2.862061000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fujii-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2889","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-anthropogenic-sea-floor-structures-australian-fur-seals-potential-positive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0130581","title":"Use of Anthropogenic Sea Floor Structures by Australian Fur Seals: Potential Positive Ecological Impacts of Marine Industrial Development?","description":"Human-induced changes to habitats can have deleterious effects on many species that occupy them. However, some species can adapt and even benefit from such modifications. Artificial reefs have long been used to provide habitat for invertebrate communities and promote local fish populations. With the increasing demand for energy resources within ocean systems, there has been an expansion of infrastructure in near-shore benthic environments which function as de facto artificial reefs. Little is known of their use by marine mammals. In this study, the influence of anthropogenic sea floor structures (pipelines, cable routes, wells and shipwrecks) on the foraging locations of 36 adult female Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) was investigated. For 9 (25%) of the individuals, distance to anthropogenic sea floor structures was the most important factor in determining the location of intensive foraging activity. Whereas the influence of anthropogenic sea floor structures on foraging locations was not related to age and mass, it was positively related to flipper length\/standard length (a factor which can affect manoeuvrability). A total of 26 (72%) individuals tracked with GPS were recorded spending time in the vicinity of structures (from \u0026lt;1% to \u0026gt;75% of the foraging trip duration) with pipelines and cable routes being the most frequented. No relationships were found between the amount of time spent frequenting anthropogenic structures and individual characteristics. More than a third (35%) of animals foraging near anthropogenic sea floor structures visited more than one type of structure. These results further highlight potentially beneficial ecological outcomes of marine industrial development.","author":["Arnould, J.","Monk, J.","Lerodiaconou, D.","Hindell, M.","Semmens, J.","Hoskins, A.","Costa, D.","Abernathy, K.","Marshall, G."],"organization":["Deakin University","University of California Santa Cruz","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-39.155671000000","146.312176000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Arnould-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2891","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hawaii-ocean-resources-management-plan-2013","sourceURL":"https:\/\/files.hawaii.gov\/dbedt\/op\/czm\/ormp\/ormp_update_reports\/final_ormp_2013.pdf","title":"Hawaii Ocean Resources Management Plan 2013","description":"The Hawaiian Archipelago sits in the Pacific Ocean, 2,000 miles from the nearest land mass. The Hawaiian chain includes the eight inhabited islands of the State of Hawai\u2018i and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Completely surrounded by ocean water, all land mass is classified as within the coastal zone; Hawai\u2018i is the only state with this characteristic. It makes ocean resource protection an acute and life-sustaining necessity for people, for marine species, and for their habitat.  When Hawaiians speak of water, they are referring to a life source. Aia ke ola i ka wai: With water, there is life. Rainfall water falls onto the top of the mountains, feeds the waterfalls, the streams and rivers, and ultimately runs into the ocean that surrounds Hawai\u2018i. Therefore, resource management includes both ocean and coastal resources, and the water that feeds the ocean surrounding the islands.  The Ocean Resources Management Plan (ORMP) is a comprehensive plan mandated by Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapters 205A and 225M. The ORMP is prepared to address activities by agencies and entities in the State of Hawai\u2018i. As a state plan, the first audience is state agencies with responsibilities for the land, coast, and ocean. But since jurisdiction for these activities also includes federal and local entities, they are considered partners in state activities. Furthermore, as citizen stewards of the land and the ocean, every person present in Hawai\u2018i, resident and visitor alike, plays an important role in the protection and preservation of ocean and coastal resources.  The purpose of the ORMP as required in HRS Section 205A-4 is to provide a framework and implementation strategy for state agencies and others working with state agencies. The framework considers ecological, cultural, historic, aesthetic, recreational, scenic, and open space values. The framework considers coastal hazards and it balances protection with economic development in marine and coastal areas.  The ORMP is updated every five years through a process that includes extensive government feedback and statewide public input as required by HRS Section 205A-62. This is the fourth Hawai\u2018i ORMP since the first plan was written in 1985.  Addressing pressures on Hawaii\u2019s ocean and coastal ecosystems, competing uses and overuse, sustainability, and preserving these assets for future generations are all critical in this plan, just as they are in the Hawai\u2018i 2050 Sustainability Plan.","author":["Hawaii Office of Planning and Sustainable Development"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.754369000000","-155.486138000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORMP-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2896","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-fouling-assemblages-offshore-gas-platforms-southern-north-sea-effects-depth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0146324","title":"Marine Fouling Assemblages on Offshore Gas Platforms in the Southern North Sea: Effects of Depth and Distance from Shore on Biodiversity","description":"Offshore platforms are known to act as artificial reefs, though there is on-going debate on whether this effect is beneficial or harmful for the life in the surrounding marine environment. Knowing what species exist on and around the offshore platforms and what environmental variables influence this species assemblage is crucial for a better understanding of the impact of offshore platforms on marine life. Information on this is limited for offshore platforms in the southern North Sea. This study aims to fill this gap in our knowledge and to determine how the composition and the abundance of species assemblages changes with depth and along a distance-from-shore gradient. The species assemblages on five offshore gas platforms in the southern North Sea have been inventoried using Remotely Operated Vehicles inspection footage. A total of 30 taxa were identified. A Generalised Additive Model of the species richness showed a significant non-linear relation with water depth (p = 0.001): from a low richness in shallow waters it increases with depth until 15\u201320 m, after which richness decreases again. Using PERMANOVA, water depth (p\u22640.001), community age (p\u22640.001) and the interaction between distance from shore and community age (p\u22640.001) showed a significant effect on the species assemblages. Future research should focus on the effect additional environmental variables have on the species assemblages.","author":["van der Stap, T.","Coolen, J.","Lindeboom, H."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR"],"originationDate":"2016-01-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.481890000000","3.980206000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/van-der-Stap-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2897","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-transport-study-phase-1","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacificoceanenergy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Sediment-Transport-Study-Phase-1%E2%80%94December-2009.pdf","title":"Sediment Transport Study Phase 1","description":"This project was carried out collaboratively by Oregon State University (OSU) and the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries (DOGAMI) and involved baseline observations and modeling at the proposed wave energy conversion (WEC) array site near Reedsport, OR. In particular, observations and predictions of the wave conditions at the proposed site were carried out. Further, a baseline bathymetry survey of the nearshore area shoreward of the site was collected along with regular observations of the topography and shoreline, and video observations of the submerged sand bar features. The observations help characterize the baseline variability at the site and the adjacent beach. Further, the wave observations and predictions inform the wave energy developers about the expected local conditions.","author":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.705872000000","-124.097390000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sediment-Transport-Study-Phase-1-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2898","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-impacts-anthropogenic-sound-beaked-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/csi.whoi.edu\/biblio\/understanding-impacts-anthropogenic-sound-beaked-whales","title":"Understanding the Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Beaked Whales","description":"This review considers the effect of anthropogenic sound on beaked whales2. Two major conclusions are presented: (1) gas-bubble disease, induced in supersaturated tissue by a behavioural response to acoustic exposure, is a plausible pathologic mechanism for the morbidity and mortality seen in cetaceans associated with sonar exposure and merits further investigation; and (2) current monitoring and mitigation methods for beaked whales are ineffective for detecting these animals and protecting them from adverse sound exposure. In addition, four major research priorities, needed to address information gaps on the impacts of sound on beaked whales, are identified: (1) controlled exposure experiments to assess beaked whale responses to known sound stimuli; (2) investigation of physiology, anatomy, pathobiology and behaviour of beaked whales; (3) assessment of baseline diving behaviour and physiology of beaked whales; and (4) a retrospective review of beaked whale strandings.","author":["Cox, T.","Ragen, T.","Read, A.","Vos, E.","Baird, R.","Balcomb, K.","Barlow, J.","Caldwell, J.","Cranford, T.","Crum, L.","D\u0027Amico, A.","Spain, G.","Fernandez, A.","Finneran, J.","Gentry, R.","Gerth, W.","Gulland, F.","Hildebrand, J.","Houser, D.","Hullar, T.","Jepson, P.","Ketten, C.","MacLeod, C.","Miller, P.","Moore, S.","Mountain, D.","Palka, D.","Ponganis, P.","Rommel, S.","Rowles, T.","Taylor, B.","Tyack, P.","Wartzok, D.","Gisiner, R.","Mead, J.","Benner, L."],"organization":["Duke University"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cox-et-al-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2899","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/government-republic-south-africa-national-environmental-management-ocean-white-paper","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.environment.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/legislations\/nemo_whitepaper_no37692_gn426.pdf","title":"The Government of the Republic of South Africa National Environmental Management of the Ocean White Paper","description":"South Africa is a maritime nation with jurisdiction over one of the largest exclusive economic zones in the world. Our ocean space is a resource rich and relatively pristine environment. The ocean represents a significant asset for current and future generations of South Africans. The use of various marine resources in our ocean space has increased over time and there remains significant potential for the unlocking of further economic development opportunities. As such South Africa needs to continuously balance the economic opportunities which our ocean space affords us while maintaining its environmental integrity. The challenge for South Africa is how best to encourage research, investment and use of our ocean resources in order to contribute to job creation and economic upliftment while at the same time protecting the ocean asset for present and future generations. This responsibility is made difficult because we only have a partial picture and understanding of the marine space and resources under our jurisdiction. There are significant gaps in our ocean knowledge which hampers effective planning. This is a challenge faced in varying degrees by all maritime nations and there is increasing global cooperation to better understand the ocean in order to promote sustainable use.  South Africa has passed a number of environmental statutes which give effect to the environmental rights in our Constitution. The general statutory framework provided by the National Environmental Management Act and associated supporting legislation envisages a high degree of cooperative governance between organs of state pursuing economic development and those tasked with environmental responsibilities. For some years now the general approach has been to follow sectoral management strategies with clear environmental guidelines. There is a growing recognition that this sectoral approach does not allow for maximising economic opportunities, ensuring environmental protection or increasing our understanding of the ocean space. This recognition has led many maritime states to adapt their ocean management approaches to better coordinate, monitor and regulate human use in their maritime zones. It has been clearly demonstrated that the adoption of a coordinated sectoral management approach to the ocean space can support and stimulate both economic and environmental sectors. South Africa is fortunate in that the existing environmental regulatory framework has already identified the need for coordinated sectoral management.  This White Paper sets out an approach whereby South Africa can, in the short term, increasingly accommodate coordinated sectoral management within the existing statutory framework. The White Paper envisages the simultaneous preparation of ocean environmental legislation aimed at improving the regulation and coordination of the management and development of South Africa\u0027s ocean.  Six ocean governance objectives have been identified namely:    Coordinating and supporting the implementation of the relevant statutory and institutional frameworks;  Establishing mechanisms for sectoral data collection and sharing;  Creating and maintaining a shared national knowledge base on the human activities, status and functioning of the ocean;  Establishing integrated ocean sustainable development and conservation ocean plans by the undertaking of strategic environmental impact assessments and the use of spatial planning tools;  Enhancing national human and technical capacity to better understand and utilise ocean resources and opportunities; and  Pursuing regional and international cooperation and governance mechanisms.","author":["South Africa Department of Environmental Affairs"],"organization":["South Africa Department of Environmental Affairs"],"originationDate":"2014-05-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.662087000000","16.379327000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Whitepaper-No37692.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2900","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-tracking-network-canada-network-approach-addressing-critical-issues-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/03632415.2011.633464","title":"Ocean Tracking Network Canada: A Network Approach to Addressing Critical Issues in Fisheries and Resource Management with Implications for Ocean Governance","description":"The Ocean Tracking Network (OTN) Canada is an integrative seven-year research program initiated in 2010 with academic, government, and industry partners. The team makes use of novel biotelemetry (primarily acoustic telemetry curtains), biologging, and oceanographic technologies to better understand changing ocean dynamics and their impact on ocean ecosystems, animal movements, and ecology and the dynamics of marine animal populations, many of which are commercially important. The network is organized around three ocean arenas (i.e., the Atlantic, Arctic, and Pacific) where specific research projects will occur. However, all projects will contribute toward addressing a single unifying national-scale question\u2014what are the movements of continental shelf marine animals, how do these movements affect species interactions, and what are the consequences of environmental variability\/change and human activities on these species\u2019 distributions and abundance? Taxa that will be tracked include diadromous (e.g., salmon, eels, sturgeon) and marine (e.g., sharks, capelin, cod) fishes and a variety of marine mammals (e.g., grey seals, killer whales). Some of the common activities that occur in all arenas include measurements of oceanographic characteristics and variability at various spatial and temporal scales, movements of key species at several trophic levels, and use of key acoustic \u201cbioprobes\u201d (animals that carry tags that record locations visited, ocean conditions, and interactions with other tagged animals) and \u201croboprobes\u201d (remotely controlled autonomous vehicles such as gliders that measure physical, biological, and chemical conditions) to complement measurements from fixed OTN acoustic telemetry curtains. Ultimately, scientific information generated will inform resource management, help formulate new socioeconomic policies, and provide some impetus to the reformulation of governance practices and legal standards.","author":["Cooke, S.","Iverson, S.","Stokesbury, M.","Hinch, S.","Fisk, A.","VanderZwaag, D.","Apostle, R.","Whoriskey, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.180809000000","-55.787296000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2901","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interim-framework-assessing-population-consequences-disturbance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12411\/abstract","title":"An Interim Framework for Assessing the Population Consequences of Disturbance","description":"Changes in natural patterns of animal behaviour and physiology resulting from anthropogenic disturbance may alter the conservation status of a population if they affect the ability of individuals to survive, breed or grow. However, information to forecast population-level consequences of such changes is often lacking.\nWe developed an interim framework to assess the population consequences of disturbance when empirical information is sparse. We show how daily effects of disturbance, which are often straightforward to estimate, can be scaled to the disturbance duration and to multiple sources of disturbance.\nWe used expert elicitation to estimate parameters that define how changes in individual behaviour or physiology affect vital rates and incorporated them into a stochastic population model. Model outputs can be used to evaluate cumulative impacts of disturbance over space and time. As an example, we forecast the potential effects of disturbance from offshore wind farm construction on the North Sea harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) population.\nSynthesis and applications. The interim framework can be used to forecast the effects of disturbances from human activities on animal populations, to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures and to identify priority areas for research that reduces uncertainty in population forecasts. The last two applications are likely to be important in\u00a0situations where there is a risk of unacceptable change in a species\u0027 conservation status. The framework should, however, be augmented with empirical data as soon as these are available.","author":["King, S.","Schick, R.","Donovan, C.","Booth, C.","Burgman, M.","Thomas, L.","Harwood, J."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Melbourne","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.559565000000","0.699898000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2902","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sensitivity-uk-marine-mammal-populations-marine-renewables-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0045\/00455257.pdf","title":"The Sensitivity of UK Marine Mammal Populations to Marine Renewables Developments","description":"This report should be read in conjunction with Harwood et al. (2014), which describes an interim protocol for implementing the Population Consequences of Disturbance approach for quantifying and assessing the effects of UK offshore renewable energy developments on marine mammal populations. Together, these reports should enable developers to be confident that the information on marine mammals that they provide in their ESs and HRAs is relevant and appropriate, and to help regulators and their advisors ensure that the assessments of the potential population consequences of these developments are consistent and comprehensive.\n\nWe review the potential threats to five marine mammal species (grey seals, harbour seals, minke whales, bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises) that may be associated with offshore renewable energy developments. We conclude that the most important risk is of disturbance from the noise associated with the construction of such developments, because of the large numbers of animals that may be affected and the fact that the resulting changes in behaviour may affect individual vital rates (the probabilities of survival and giving birth in a particular year for individual animals).\n\nWe develop a stochastic framework for modelling the population dynamics of these five species that can be used to assess the potential consequences of any changes in vital rates that may occur as a result of disturbance. We also suggest an appropriate set of demographic rates (the mean values of individual vital rates, averaged across all members of a population) for each of the different Management Units of these five species that have been identified by Anon. (2014).\n\nWe used this model framework to determine the sensitivity of the growth rate of these populations to changes in demographic rates that may occur as a result of disturbance. We confirmed the results of previous analyses that have suggested that the growth rate of marine mammal populations is most sensitive to changes in adult survival. However, when we reviewed the likely sensitivity of individual vital rates to the effects of disturbance, we concluded that the survival of dependent young (calves or pups) and fertility (the probability that an individual female will give birth in a particular year) were most likely to be affected for all species except harbour porpoise. Harbour porpoises carry much smaller energy reserves than the other four species and, as a result, adult and juvenile survival could also be affected by disturbance.\n\nFinally, we consider how the approach described in this report and in Harwood et al. (2014) could be extended to other marine mammal species in UK waters. We conclude that the only species which could be assessed in the same way using currently available information is the killer whale.","author":["Harwood, J.","King, S."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2014-03-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harwood-King-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2903","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strangford-lough-seagen-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-94-017-8002-5_12","title":"Strangford Lough and the SeaGen Tidal Turbine","description":"The background to and outcomes of the Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP) required by statutory regulators for the deployment of the SeaGen tidal turbine in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, an area with many conservation designations, are described. The EMP, which was set within the context of an adaptive management approach, considered possible effects of the device on local populations of seals and harbour porpoises, representative seabirds and benthic communities. The studies on seals were carried out on both local and regional scales. The ecological studies were complemented by detailed field and hydrodynamic modelling investigations together with a programme of mitigation measures designed to reduce collisions between seals and turbine rotors. In general only minor statistically significant changes in abundance, distribution and animal behaviour patterns were recorded, principally associated with small distributional shifts close to the turbine structure and with the likelihood that these changes were ecologically of little significance. The seal\u2013rotor collision mitigation studies provided a base for the establishment of acceptable collision risk strategies. The EMP highlighted observational, methodological and statistical challenges in assessing the environmental consequences of marine energy devices. A brief review of related studies in Strangford Lough is included.\n\nThis is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Savidge, G.","Ainsworth, D.","Bearhop, S.","Christen, N.","Elsaesser, B.","Fortune, F.","Inger, R.","Kennedy, R.","McRobert, A.","Plummer, K.","Pritchard, D.","Sparling, C.","Whittaker, T."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Marine Current Turbines (MCT)","National University of Ireland","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Royal Haskoning","SMRU Consulting","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-02-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.470477000000","-5.581373000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2904","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-collision-risk-seals-tidal-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ices.dk\/sites\/pub\/CM%20Doccuments\/CM-2011\/S\/S1111.pdf","title":"Assessment of Collision Risk for Seals and Tidal Stream Turbines","description":"The development of marine renewable energy, including wave and tidal stream power, is a high priority for the Scottish Government. The environmental aspects of the licensing process has been brought together under a single Government body, Marine Scotland. Licensing requires that consideration is given to the requirements of the EU Habitats Directive, and this commonly leads to the need for an Appropriate Assessment of the potential risk to populations of protected species (notably grey and common seals) from collision with rotating turbines. An approach is described which combines a model of the foraging behaviour of seals with the probability of seals being damaged by passing through the volume of water swept by a turbine. The acceptability of the estimated potential mortality is assessed against an estimated Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for the relevant populations. The scope for improvements in all aspects of the models is discussed as a guide to research and developmental needs.","author":["Davies, I.","Thompson, F."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.659347000000","-4.423790000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Davies-and-Thompson-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2905","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geographical-variation-temporal-spatial-vocalization-patterns-male-harbour-seals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347299912587","title":"Geographical Variation in Temporal and Spatial Vocalization Patterns of Male Harbour Seals in the Mating Season","description":"In the aquatically mating harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, oestrous females show marked differences in spatial and temporal distribution between geographical areas. This suggests that the males\u0027 display behaviour may also vary between areas. We recorded male vocalizations in two areas, the Moray Firth and Orkney, U.K. In the Moray Firth, females haul out on a few intertidal sandbars and travel along predictable routes to forage at sea. In Orkney, female haul out sites are much less influenced by tidal availability and females are much more dispersed. In the Moray Firth, males vocalized only during a short mating season, from 1 July to 12 August. Vocalizations varied significantly with the tide, the peak at high tide clearly coinciding with the period when most females were in the water. In contrast, vocalizations in Orkney were significantly related to both tidal and diel patterns. We suggest that the timing of male vocalizations reflects differences in female availability between sites. In the inner Moray Firth, vocalizations were heard throughout the females\u0027 range, whereas vocalizations in Orkney were heard only in two discrete areas. However, at both sites the density of vocalizing males was highest in narrow channels and\/or along predictable female travel routes. Therefore, males clearly adapt their temporal and spatial behaviour patterns to variations in female distribution and density. These results suggest that male mating strategies in aquatically mating pinnipeds are more variable than was previously envisaged.","author":["Van Parijs, S.","Hastie, G.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"1999-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.135505000000","-3.101413000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seal-predation-salmon-forage-fish-schools-function-tidal-currents-san-juan-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1046\/j.1365-2419.2001.00180.x\/abstract","title":"Seal Predation on Salmon and Forage Fish Schools as a Function of Tidal Currents in the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA","description":"Tidal patterns in feeding behaviour are known in several upper trophic level predators. Although harbour seal (Phoca vitulina richardsi) movements between resting and foraging areas are often correlated with tidal phase, little is known about tidal influences on seal foraging because it is difficult to make direct observations of predation events. This study sought to determine whether harbour seals exhibit tidal patterns in their at-sea distribution, abundance, and foraging success and to discuss how changes in capture rates or prey types might affect the ability of an individual to meet its daily energy requirement. During 1995\u201397, seal abundance in the water during flooding tides was significantly greater than median daily abundance. Seals aggregated near a channel constriction. Salmon accounted for 50% and 87% of observed captures of single, large fish in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Predation on schooling fishes involved juvenile sandlance or herring. Large-fish captures were episodic (16.9% and 27.5% of observations with nonzero capture rates) and occurred more often on the incoming tide near constricted water flow. Median per capita capture rates were highest in currents during slower flooding (0.31 fish\u00b7seal\u20131 h\u20131). Surface attacks on forage fish schools were more common than large-fish captures (54.0% and 66.7% of observations with at least one attack on forage fish). Night-time and subsurface feeding were not assessed. Given what is known about seal food requirements, tidal differences in capture rates are predicted to have a significant impact on both the hunting strategy and energy intake of individuals. Results support the idea that interactions among tidal currents, topographic features, and fish play a role in structuring marine predator\u2013prey dynamics.","author":["Zamon, J."],"organization":["University of California Irvine"],"originationDate":"2001-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.536946500000","-123.207472800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2907","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-harbour-seal-abundance-status-estuarine-habitat-north-east-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2404846","title":"Estimating Harbour Seal Abundance and Status in an Estuarine Habitat in North-East Scotland","description":"Harbour seals are the most widespread of pinniped species, coming ashore onto a variety of different habitats to rest, moult and breed. Estimates of their abundance and status rely on counts of animals in terrestrial haul-out groups but it is not clear to what extent current techniques are appropriate for all habitats.\nThis study aimed to determine the most appropriate methods for estimating the abundance and status of harbour seals in an estuarine habitat in north-east Scotland. Regular low-tide counts were conducted to identify the best time for annual counts. Survey data for 1993 were then combined with telemetry data on seal activity to produce an estimate of abundance. Finally, simulations using data on the variability of counts within a single year were used to determine the power of these techniques to detect trends in abundance.\nThe results suggest that annual counts conducted during the pupping season (mid-June to mid-July) provide the best estimates of abundance in this habitat. These results contrast with those from studies in rocky-shore habitats where counts made during the August moult provided more reliable abundance estimates.\nIn 1993, an average of 1007 seals were hauled out at low tides during the period 15 June-15 July. There were significant differences in haul-out frequency for males (0.521 of low tides) and females (0.698 of low tides) but no within-sex variation was detected during this period. Combining the telemetry data with the results of counts from the Moray Firth produced an abundance estimate of 1653 (95% confidence limits 1471-1836).\nThe potential effects of within and between-year variation in haul-out behaviour are discussed in relation to identifying suitable indices of abundance for trend analysis. In view of likely seasonal changes in the sex structure of haul-out groups, we recommend that programmes to monitor trends in harbour seal abundance should conduct annual counts at two different points in the annual cycle.","author":["Thompson, P.","Tollit, D.","Wood, D.","Corpe, H.","Hammond, P.","Mackay, A."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"1997-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.666062200000","9.170144400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2908","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitat-preferences-distribution-harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-west-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v478\/p273-285\/","title":"Habitat Preferences and Distribution of the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena West of Scotland","description":"The west coast of Scotland is comprised of complex coastlines and topography, and a range of physical processes influence its coastal marine environment. The region is host to one of the highest densities of harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in Europe. The aim of this study was to identify habitat preferences driving the distribution of harbour porpoise, to gain a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the species in the region, as well as to assess the consistency of such patterns across time and space. Visual and acoustic line-transect surveys were conducted between 2003 and 2010. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) with Generalised Estimating Equations (GEEs) were used to robustly determine relationships between the relative density of harbour porpoises and temporally and spatially variable oceanographic covariates. Predictive models showed that depth, slope, spring tidal range and distance to land were consistently important in explaining porpoise distribution. Consistent preferences for water depths between 50 and 150 m and highly sloped regions were observed across the temporal models. Predicted distributions revealed a consistent inshore presence for the species throughout the west coast of Scotland and confirmed that predictable oceanographic features could help inform the establishment of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for the species.","author":["Booth, C.","Embling, C.","Gordon, J.","Calderan, S.","Hammond, P."],"organization":["Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust (HWDT)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2013-03-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.779933000000","-7.807816000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2909","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-habitat-models-identify-suitable-sites-marine-protected-areas-harbour-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320709004054","title":"Using Habitat Models to Identify Suitable Sites for Marine Protected Areas for Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","description":"The harbour porpoise is a highly mobile species and thus represents a considerable challenge in the context of using marine protected areas (MPAs) for conservation. The shelf waters off the west coast of Scotland have been identified as an area of year-round presence, high density in comparison to surrounding areas, and a high young to adult ratio in summer and are thus a suitable area for exploring the location of possible special areas of conservations (SACs) under the EU Habitats Directive. We carried out dedicated surveys over three summers in the southern Inner Hebrides and used generalised additive models (GAMs) to predict areas of high relative density for harbour porpoises for each year. After compensating for survey effects, static bathymetric and persistent hydrographic variables were used in a step-wise model selection procedure. In all years harbour porpoise distribution was best explained by maximum tidal current, with higher densities predicted in areas of low current, and the same high density areas predicted year-on-year. Perimeter-to-area ratio was used to identify which areas should be considered as a basis for designating SACs for harbour porpoise in this area, to form part of the Natura 2000 network. The method used here combines spatial modelling and perimeter-to-area ratio for selecting protected areas, a methodology which is suitable for the protection of other animal species.","author":["Embling, C.","Gillibrand, P.","Gordon, J.","Shrimpton, J.","Stevick, P.","Hammond, P."],"organization":["Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust (HWDT)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2010-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.238555000000","-5.595230000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2910","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitat-preferences-interannual-variability-occurrence-harbour-porpoise-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v381\/p297-310\/","title":"Habitat Preferences and Interannual Variability in Occurrence of the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena off Northwest Scotland","description":"The harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena is the most common cetacean around the British Isles, but knowledge of its ecology, habitat preferences and inter-annual variability is still inadequate. Here, sightings collected by the Sea Watch Foundation during vessel surveys in West Scotland (August during the years 1993, 1994, 1996 and 1997) were critically analysed and used to construct a predictive habitat model for harbour porpoises in the Greater Minch. Generalised additive models were used to analyse relative abundance in relation to environmental variables; a preference for waters within 15 km from the shore and between 50 and 150 m depth was clearly identified. A relationship between tidal variables and porpoise distribution was also recognised with more sightings predicted for high tidal stream speed areas as well as during times of high tide. Maps constructed from the model were used to identify potential \u2018hotspots\u2019 and compare between years. Four areas with high relative abundance were identified in (1) the region between Ardnamurchan, Coll and the Small Isles, (2) southeast of Barra, (3) northeast of Skye to Gairloch, and (4) west of Pairc Peninsula (Isle of Lewis) to Shiant Islands. Number of sightings fluctuated up to 4-fold between consecutive years; such extreme variability in relative abundance is offered as a bench-mark for comparing trends in the future as well as evidence that the Greater Minch represents only a small part of the effective range of this population.","author":["Marubini, F.","Gimona, A.","Evans, P.","Wright, P.","Pierce, G."],"organization":["Macaulay Institute","Sea Watch Foundation","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2009-04-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.973186000000","-6.836085000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2911","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/foraging-behaviour-reproductive-season-habitat-selection-northeast-pacific-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinemammal.org\/wp-content\/pdfs\/Hall%202011.pdf","title":"Foraging Behaviour and Reproductive Season Habitat Selection of Northeast Pacific Porpoises","description":"Behavioural observations are fundamental to understanding and defining the habitat needs of animals. I compiled the behavioural repertoires reported for harbour (Phocoena phocoena) and Dall\u2019s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) by classifying the life processes of phocoenids into 12 descriptive categories. This range-w ide review revealed complex sexual and social behaviours, similar foraging behaviours and breeding site fidelity, as well as differences in habitat selection between these two northern hemisphere species. I also conducted a fine-scale field study of harbour porpoise foraging behaviour at two sites in Juan de Fuca Strait (British Columbia) using point transect survey data (2007\u20132008), and platforms of opportunity data (1995\u20131996, 1998\u20132008) to determine the physical conditions under which harbour porpoise foraged and the extent to which they displayed specialised behaviours. I examined harbour porpoise presence, density and group sizes relative to tidal currents, tidal variation, lunar phase, lunar position, solar position, diurnality, seasonality and presence of conspecifics\u2014and found that greater numbers of harbour porpoise occurred on the ebb current during the spring tides. Numbers of porpoise increased three-fold between April and October, when calves and high-energy behaviours were also more prevalent. To identify porpoise breeding habitat in the inland waters of southern British Columbia and northwestern Washington, I used systematically and opportunistically collected sightings of harbour and Dall\u2019s porpoise (1991\u20132008), and compared group sizes and frequency of occurrences for both species relative to bathymetry and tidal speeds. Overall, I found that both species selected bathymetrically differentiated habitats that were characterized by high rates of tidal mixing (with harbour porpoise preferring regions \u2264 100 m, and Dall\u2019s porpoise preferring 151 \u2013 250 m). Spatial analysis identified two separate areas that may be species-specific breeding habitats\u2014the first to be identified for either species in this region. In summary, harbour porpoise maintained stable group sizes and used tidally well-mixed foraging sites on a temporary but predictable basis. Dall\u2019s porpoise were associated with these same areas, but habitat partitioning associated with differences in bathymetry occurred in important breeding areas that may account for the coastal parapatric distribution of these two high trophic level predators.","author":["Hall, A."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.269045000000","-123.509531000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2913","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/downstream-migration-fish-through-dams-hydroelectric-power-plants","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Downstream_Migration_of_Fish_Through_Dam.html?id=oxg1kgAACAAJ","title":"Downstream Migration of Fish Through Dams of Hydroelectric Power Plants","description":"This book is a fundamental research in migration and it describes how the regulated river flows affect fish downstream migration. The book provides information on 45 reservoirs, and it contains a comparative analysis of patterns (species and sizes of the downstream fish migrants, as well as seasonal and daily dynamics of their migration) and migration mechanisms through dams of hydroelectric power plants (HPPs). It has been shown that the major factor affecting fish downstream migration is the influence of the water intake. The book gives data on fish injuries at their passage through the HPP turbines.\n\nForward to the English Edition\n\nRussian scientists have been contributing to the understanding of hydropower effects on fish populations for decades, but many of their publications have not been readily available to the international research community. This translation has been produced to help address that problem. In this book, originally published by Nauka Press in Moscow in 1999, the authors summarized and integrated years of work in European and Asian river systems and the efforts to understand how regulated river flows affect downstream movements of fish. They summarized considerable literature on the ecological preferences of fish (especially juvenile fish) in Eurasian reservoirs and categorized species by habitat zones. The book considers the patterns, causes, and mechanisms for downstream movements, and it assesses the susceptibility of fish to loss from the reservoir, as a function of species, life stage, habitat zone preferences, and characteristics of the reservoir. Lastly, the book describes the effects of turbine passage and techniques to mitigate turbine-passage losses of fish.\n\nI have endeavored to retain a literal translation of the text. Thus, two terms warrant explanation. Foremost is the term \u201cmigration.\u201d To many fisheries biologists, \u201cmigration\u201d connotes long-distance, purposeful movements, and is most commonly used with reference to movements of diadromous fish. The authors appropriately use the term in a more general sense to describe active or passive movements of fish within and out of reservoirs. In the context of the resident fishes that are the subject of most of the studies summarized in this book, the term \u201cmigration\u201d is more likely to mean the unintended loss of resident fish from the reservoir than the volitional downstream movements of juvenile anadromous fish. Similarly, their frequently used term \u201creservoirs with slow water exchange\u201d is akin to our terms \u201cslow turnover rate\u201d and \u201cslow flushing rate.\u201d\n\nOne of the many values of this book is that it provides information about Eurasian fish species that may be unfamiliar to fisheries scientists in North America. In translating the Russian common names of fishes to English, I have relied on the FishBase database [Froese, R., and D. Pauly, eds. 2001. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication (https:\/\/www.fishbase.org). Accessed 8 February 2002.]\n\nI would like to express my appreciation to others who have helped bring this book to a wider audience. D. S. Pavlov, A. I. Lupandin, and V. V. Kostin graciously agreed to our translation and distribution of their work. Tatyana Albert provided the original translation, and Carolina Ravina helped refine it, both through her own skills and by consulting with the authors. Peggy Brookshier and John Flynn of the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Hydropower Program recognized the value of this information and this effort. The responsibility for any errors in the translation of this book is mine.\n\nGlenn F. Cada, Ph.D.\nFebruary 2002","author":["Pavlov, D.","Lupandin, A.","Kostin, V."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"1999-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2916","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/animal-reactions-oncoming-vehicles-conceptual-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/brv.12093\/abstract","title":"Animal Reactions to Oncoming Vehicles: A Conceptual Review","description":"Animal\u2013vehicle collisions (AVCs) are a substantial problem in a human-dominated world, but little is known about what goes wrong, from the animal\u2019s perspective, when a collision occurs with an automobile, boat, or aircraft. Our goal is to provide insight into reactions of animals to oncoming vehicles when collisions might be imminent. Avoiding a collision requires successful vehicle detection, threat assessment, and evasive behaviour; failures can occur at any of these stages.Vehicle detection seems fairly straightforward in many cases, but depends critically on the sensory capabilities of agiven species. Sensory mechanisms for detection of collisions (looming detectors) may be overwhelmed by vehicle speed. Distractions are a likely problem in vehicle detection, but have not been clearly demonstrated in any system beyond human pedestrians. Many animals likely perceive moving vehicles as non-threatening, and may generally be habituated to their presence. Slow or minimal threat assessment is thus a likely failure point in many AVCs, but this is not uniformly evident. Animals generally initiate evasive behaviour when a collision appears imminent, usually employing some aspect of native antipredator behaviour. Across taxa, animals exhibit a variety of behaviours when confrontedwith oncoming vehicles. Among marine mammals, right whales Eubalaena spp., manatees Trichechus spp., and dugongs Dugong dugon are fairly unresponsive to approaching vehicles, suggesting a problem in threat assessment. Others, such as dolphins Delphinidae, assess vehicle approach at distance. Little work has been conducted on the behavioural aspectsof AVCs involving large mammals and automobiles, despite their prevalence. Available observations suggest that birds do not usually treat flying aircraft as a major threat, often allowing close approach before taking evasive action, as they might in response to natural predators. Inappropriate antipredator behaviour (often involving immobility) is a major source of AVCs in amphibians and terrestrial reptiles. Much behavioural work on AVCs remains to be done across awide variety of taxa. Such work should provide broad phylogenetic generalizations regarding AVCs and insights intomanaging AVCs.","author":["Lima, S.","Blackwell, B.","DeVault, T.","Fern\u00e1ndez-Juricic, E."],"organization":["National Wildlife Research Center"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lima-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2917","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-foraging-strategy-high-energy-near-shore-site-south","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?aid=2183144","title":"Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Foraging Strategy at a High-Energy, Near-Shore Site in South-West Wales","description":"Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) visit Ramsey Sound at specific states of tide to feed. The preferred foraging location is high-energy habitat in South Ramsey Sound where a tide race, overfalls and upwelling zones form during the ebb phase. Seabed topography and tidal currents combine to create a foraging resource exploited by harbour porpoises at regular and predictable intervals. Porpoises are observed surfacing repeatedly directly into the tidal stream above and adjacent to, a steep-sided trench on the seabed. Tidal currents and the steep walls of the trench are believed to concentrate prey which is funnelled towards the waiting porpoises. Schools with calves prefer areas on the periphery of the fastest flowing water, where current speeds are lower. The presence of harbour porpoises is restricted almost entirely to the ebb tidal phase, but porpoises regularly occupy this site for the entire ebb phase. Harbour porpoise foraging in a tide race habitat is widely reported from the geographical range of the harbour porpoise and raises issues regarding foraging strategy and the net energetic value of hunting prey in high-energy environments.","author":["Pierpoint, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.670128000000","-5.780669000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2918","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/diving-depths-four-alcids","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/auk\/article-abstract\/102\/2\/293\/5186233","title":"Diving Depths of Four Alcids","description":"Incidental catches of 12,243 Common Murres (Uria aalge), 875 Altantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica), 36 Black Guillemots (Cepphus grille), and 9 Razorbills (Alca torda) were recorded off Newfoundland during the summers of 1980-1982 (26,445 net-days of fishing effort). Most catch occurred in stationary fill nets set on the sea floor at depths of us to 180 m and revealed that murres, Rozorbills, puffins, and guillemots can dive to depths of at least 180, 120, 60, and 50 m, respectively. Diving ability appeared to be directly correlated with body size.","author":["Piatt, J.","Nettleship, D."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"originationDate":"1985-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.210534000000","-56.741166000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Piatt-and-Nettleship-1985.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2919","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/red-white-muscle-activity-kinematics-escape-response-bluegill-sunfish-during-swimming","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00193522","title":"Red and White Muscle Activity and Kinematics of the Escape Response of the Bluegill Sunfish during Swimming","description":"We quantified midline kinematics with synchronized electromyograms (emgs) from the red and white muscles on both sides of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) during escape behaviors which were elicited from fish both at a standstill and during steady speed swimming. Analyses of variance determined whether or not kinematic and emg variables differed significantly between muscle fiber types, among longitudinal positions, and between swimming versus standstill trials.  At a given longitudinal location, both the red and white muscle were usually activated synchronously during both stages of the escape behavior. Stage 1 emg onsets were synchronous; however, the mean durations of stage 1 emgs showed a significant increase posteriorly from about 11 to 15 ms. Stage 2 emgs had significant posterior propagation, but the duration of the stage 2 emgs was constant (17 ms). Posterior emgs from both stages occurred during lengthening of the contractile tissue (as indicated by lateral bending). Steady swimming activity was confined to red muscle bursts which were propagated posteriorly and had significant posterior decrease in duration from about 50% to 37% of a cycle. Fish performed escape responses during all phases of the steady swimming motor pattern. All kinematic events were propagated posteriorly. Furthermore, no distinct kinematic event corresponded to the time intervals of the stage 1 and 2 emgs. The rate of propagation of kinematic events was always slower than that of the muscle activity. The phase relationship between lateral displacement and lateral bending also changed along the length of the fish. Escape responses performed during swimming averaged smaller amplitudes of stage 2 posterior lateral displacement; however, most other kinematic and emg variables did not vary significantly between these two treatments.","author":["Jayne, B.","Lauder, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1993-04-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.663099000000","-118.423301000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2920","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distance-software-design-analysis-distance-sampling-surveys-estimating-population-size","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01737.x\/abstract","title":"Distance Software: Design and Analysis of Distance Sampling Surveys for Estimating Population Size","description":"Distance sampling is a widely used technique for estimating the size or density of biological populations. Many distance sampling designs and most analyses use the software Distance.\nWe briefly review distance sampling and its assumptions, outline the history, structure and capabilities of Distance, and provide hints on its use.\nGood survey design is a crucial prerequisite for obtaining reliable results. Distance has a survey design engine, with a built-in geographic information system, that allows properties of different proposed designs to be examined via simulation, and survey plans to be generated.\nA first step in analysis of distance sampling data is modelling the probability of detection. Distance contains three increasingly sophisticated analysis engines for this: conventional distance sampling, which models detection probability as a function of distance from the transect and assumes all objects at zero distance are detected; multiple-covariate distance sampling, which allows covariates in addition to distance; and mark\u2013recapture distance sampling, which relaxes the assumption of certain detection at zero distance.\nAll three engines allow estimation of density or abundance, stratified if required, with associated measures of precision calculated either analytically or via the bootstrap.\nAdvanced analysis topics covered include the use of multipliers to allow analysis of indirect surveys (such as dung or nest surveys), the density surface modelling analysis engine for spatial and habitat modelling, and information about accessing the analysis engines directly from other software.\nSynthesis and applications. Distance sampling is a key method for producing abundance and density estimates in challenging field conditions. The theory underlying the methods continues to expand to cope with realistic estimation situations. In step with theoretical developments, state-of-the-art software that implements these methods is described that makes the methods accessible to practising ecologists.","author":["Thomas, L.","Buckland, S.","Rexstad, E.","Laake, J.","Strindberg, S.","Hedley, S.","Bishop, J.","Marques, T.","Burnham, K."],"organization":["Colorado State University","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","University of St Andrews","Wildlife Conservation Society"],"originationDate":"2010-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thomas-et-al-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2921","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/counting-seabirds-sea-ships-review-methods-employed-suggestion-standardized-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4086610","title":"Counting Seabirds at Sea from Ships: A Review of Methods Employed and a Suggestion for a Standardized Approach","description":"We review the methods used to study seabirds at sea from ships, discuss the problems posed in making reliable observations in relation to the design of research programs, and describe a method currently in use around the seas of Great Britain. We suggest a framework for future studies, incorporating features likely to stabilize bias. The key items in the recommendation are (1) the use of a brand transect in order to provide density estimates, and (2) a method to correct for movement of flying birds in the band transect in order to minimize bias caused by such movement.","author":["Tasker, M.","Jones, P.","Dixon, T.","Blake, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1984-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.052154000000","-0.044403000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2922","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/direction-change-concept-reticulospinal-control-goldfish-escape","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/content\/13\/10\/4101.long","title":"The Direction Change Concept for Reticulospinal Control of Goldfish Escape","description":"This is an analysis of whether biomechanical or kinematic variables are controlled by descending reticulospinal commands to the spinal cord during escape responses (C-starts) in the goldfish. We studied how the animal contracted its trunk musculature to orient an escape trajectory. We used trunk EMG recordings as a measure of the reticulospinal output to the musculature and we simultaneously gathered high-speed cinematic records of the resulting movements. We found that the escape trajectory is controlled by (1) the relative size of the agonist versus the antagonist muscle contractions on two sides of the body and (2) the timing between these contractions. We found no separate signal for forward propulsion (or force) apart from the initial stage 1 bending of the body. Rather, the neural specification of force is embedded in the commands to bend the body. Thus, our findings demonstrate the importance of the angular kinematic components, or direction changes, caused by the descending reticulospinal command.  This new direction change concept is important for two reasons. First, it unifies the diversity of C-start movement patterns into a single and rather simple quantitative model. Second, the model is analogous to the systematic EMG and kinematic changes observed by others to underlie single joint movements of limbs in other vertebrates such as primates. As in these cases, the fish capitalizes on the mechanical properties of the muscle by setting the extent and timing of agonist and antagonist contractions. This, plus the fact that sensory feedback is likely to be minimal, may enable the animal to reduce the number of computational steps in its motor commands used to produce the escape response. Because horizontal body movements in fish are a fundamental vertebrate movement pattern produced by a highly conserved brainstem movement system, our findings may have general implications for understanding the neural basis of rapid movements of diverse body parts.","author":["Foreman, M.","Eaton, R."],"organization":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"originationDate":"1993-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2923","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-protection-technologies-status-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901100000381","title":"Fish Protection Technologies: A Status Report","description":"Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act has required that \u201cbest technology available\u201d (BTA) be used to minimize adverse environmental impacts resulting from operation of the cooling water intake structure (CWIS). The primary effects of CWIS operations are the entrainment of small aquatic organisms through the cooling water system and the impingement of larger life stages on traveling water screens. Extensive research has been conducted since the early 1970s in attempts to develop technologies that will minimize entrainment and impingement. As a result, a suite of technologies is available that can be considered for application as the BTA at the CWIS. Available technologies include fish collection systems, fish diversion systems, physical barriers and behavioral barriers. The ability of a given technology to meet BTA requirements is influenced by a wide variety of biological, environmental and engineering factors that must be evaluated on a site-specific basis. The status of systems and devices in each category of fish protection alternatives is presented.","author":["Taft, E."],"organization":["Alden Research Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2000-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2924","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-simulation-models-used-assessing-effects-power-plant-induced-mortality-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780080219509500296","title":"Comparison of Simulation Models Used in Assessing the Effects of Power-Plant-Induced Mortality on Fish Populations","description":"This paper compares eight models predicting the impact of power plant operation upon economically important fish species. The review compares the biological rationale behind model equations; parameter values are tabulated and compared. This paper focuses on differences between the models and the effect of these differences on model predictions. In order to expedite the evaluation of the models, generalized model simulators were developed for the young-of-the-year and life-cycle submodels. Criteria used to evaluate model predictions are percent reduction in young-of-the-year and annual loss in yield to the fishery due to plant operation. Major differences affecting model predictions of these impact criteria include the definition of life stages within age class 0, density-dependent or density-independent mortality for larvae and juveniles, density-dependent or density-independent fishing mortality, and the method for computing recruitment of young-of-the-year fish to age class 1. Major differences in parameter values include entrainment factors, total egg production, equilibrium population size, and survival probabilities for the life cycle models. Recommendations are made regarding our preference between model approaches or parameter values when these differ markedly. A suggestion is made for improved model documentation in the future and for increased cross fertilization of modeling ideas and background data and information.","author":["Swartzman, G.","Deriso, R.","Cowan, C."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"1977-05-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2925","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/killer-whales-orcinus-orca-feeding-schooling-herring-clupea-harengus-using-underwater","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/203\/2\/283","title":"Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on schooling herring (Clupea harengus) using underwater tail-slaps: Kinematic analyses of field observations","description":"Killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on herring (Clupea harengus) in a fjord in northern Norway were observed using underwater video. The whales cooperatively herded herring into tight schools close to the surface. During herding and feeding, killer whales swam around and under a school of herring, periodically lunging at it and stunning the herring by slapping them with the underside of their flukes while completely submerged. The kinematics of tailslapping were analysed in detail. Tail-slaps were made up of a biphasic behaviour consisting of two phases with opposite angles of attack, a preparatory phase (negative angles of attack) and a slap phase (positive angles of attack). During the slap phase, the mean maximum angle of attack of the flukes was 47 \u00b0. The maximum speed of the flukes, measured at the notch, increased with whale length (Lw) and was 2.2 Lw s\u22121, while the maximum acceleration of the flukes was size-independent and was 48 m s\u22122. When killer whales slapped the herring successfully, disoriented herring appeared on the video at approximately the time of maximum fluke velocity, in synchrony with a loud noise. This noise was not heard when the tail-slaps \u2018missed\u2019 the target, suggesting that the herring were stunned by physical contact. Killer whales then ate the stunned herring one by one. Of the tail-slaps observed, 61 % were preceded by lunges into the school. We suggest that lunging was aimed at directing the school rather than at capturing the herring, since it occurred at a relatively low speed and there were no observations of the killer whales attempting to capture the herring during lunging behaviour. Given the high performance of the tailslaps in terms of speed and acceleration, we suggest that tail-slapping by killer whales is a more efficient strategy of prey capture than whole-body attacks, since acceleration and manoeuvrability are likely to be poor in such large vertebrates.","author":["Domenici, P.","Batty, R.","Simila, T.","Ogam, E."],"organization":["The University of Troms\u00f8"],"originationDate":"1999-12-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["68.191255000000","16.223378000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2926","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-tool-forecast-fish-movement-passage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hydroworld.com\/articles\/hr\/print\/volume-26\/issue-4\/technical-articles\/a-new-tool-to-forecast-fish-movement-and-passage.html","title":"A New Tool to Forecast Fish Movement and Passage","description":"A new technology \u2014 known as the Numerical Fish SurrogateTM \u2014 can aid the design of fish bypasses and guidance structures at hydro facilities by combining three types of modeling to forecast fish behavior and trajectories.\n\nAll eight hydroelectric projects on the lower Snake and Columbia rivers in the Pacific Northwest feature bypass facilities that divert outmigrating salmon and steelhead away from the turbines and spillbays. Data from Snake River hydro projects indicate bypass system survival (95.3 to 99.4 percent) is generally comparable to that of spillbays (92.7 to 100 percent with flow deflectors and 98.4 to 100 percent without) and greater than that of turbines (86.5 to 93.4 percent).1 Bypass systems are of keen interest because they can reduce both spill and passageinduced mortality. However, to date most bypass systems have achieved only limited and variable success.2,3 The key to good bypass design lies in understanding and forecasting a fish\u2019s response to the hydraulic (and sometimes water quality) conditions it encounters as it approaches a dam.4 To this end, we developed a \u201cplug-and-play\u201d or \u201chypothesis testing\u201d simulation tool, called the Numerical Fish SurrogateTM (NFS). The NFS integrates fish cognition and perception of hydraulic patterns; particle tracking; and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to accurately decode and forecast fish behavior and trajectories. To match the movement and passage patterns of observed fish, the NFS uses small-scale individual movements of virtual fish responding to cues from a simulated flow field. The NFS then can be used to forecast the performance of alternative bypass and guidance strategies, as well as to describe the responses of fish to alternative project operations.","author":["Goodwin, R.","Nestler, J.","Anderson, J.","Weber, L."],"organization":["University of Iowa","University of Washington","US Army Engineer Research and Development Center"],"originationDate":"2007-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2927","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sharks-can-detect-changes-geomagnetic-field","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/royinterface\/2\/2\/129.full.pdf","title":"Sharks can Detect Changes in the Geomagnetic Field","description":"We used behavioural conditioning to demonstrate that sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field. Captive sharks were conditioned by pairing activation of an artificial magnetic field with presentation of food over a target. Conditioned sharks subsequently converged on the target when the artificial magnetic field was activated but no food reward was presented thereby demonstrating that they were able to sense the altered magnetic field. This strong response provides a robust behavioural assay that could be used to determine how sharks detect magnetic fields and to measure detection thresholds.","author":["Meyer, C.","Holland, K.","Papastamatiou, Y."],"organization":["University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2004-12-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2928","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kinematics-performance-fish-fast-start-swimming","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/200\/8\/1165","title":"The kinematics and performance of fish fast-start swimming","description":"Fast-starts are brief, sudden accelerations used by fish during predator\u2013prey encounters. The kinematics and performance of fish during fast-start manoeuvres have received a lot of attention since they may determine the outcome of predator\u2013prey interactions in terms of feeding success or survival. We will discuss recent progress on (1) the kinematics of escape responses and feeding strikes, (2) the fast-start performance of species with different body morphologies and from different habitats, and (3) the functional significance of fast-start kinematics and performance within the context of predator\u2013prey interactions.","author":["Domenici, P.","Blake, R."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"1997-02-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2931","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-ocean-acidification-puget-sound-food-web","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/70\/4\/823","title":"Potential Impacts of Ocean Acidification on the Puget Sound Food Web","description":"Ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification (OA) were explored by imposing scenarios designed to mimic OA on a food web model of Puget Sound, a large estuary in northwestern USA. The productivity of functional groups containing mostly calcifiers was decreased while still allowing other species groups to respond to the scenarios in a dynamic way through indirect effects. Results focus on changes in ecosystem services and structure. Sometimes the direct and indirect effects of OA countered each other due to interactions between predators and prey within the food web, leading to little change in the food web. In other cases, direct and indirect effects caused greater change in the food web than anticipated from direct effects alone. Results were strongly affected by the group on which OA was directly imposed, with changes in copepod productivity being the most influential. While there is much uncertainty in our predictions, focusing on the complex interactions among species, and between species and their environment, will yield better understanding of how ecosystems may respond to OA.","author":["Busch, D.","Harvey, C.","McElhany, P."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2013-04-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.738130200000","-123.765123600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2932","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/calculating-limits-allowable-human-caused-mortality-cetaceans-pinnipeds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00688.x\/abstract","title":"Calculating Limits to the Allowable Human-Caused Mortality of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds","description":"A simulation method was developed for identifying populations with levels of human-caused mortality that could lead to depletion, taking into account the uncertainty of available information. A mortality limit (termed the Potential Biological Removal, PBR, under the U. S. Marine Mammal Protection Act) was calculated as the product of a minimum population estimate (NMIN), one-half of the maximum net productivity rate (RMAX), and a recovery factor (FR). Mortality limits were evaluated based on whether at least 95% of the simulated populations met two criteria: (1) that populations starting at the maximum net productivity level (MNPL) stayed there or above after 20 yr, and (2) that populations starting at 30% of carrying-capacity (K) recovered to at least MNPL after 100 yr. Simulations of populations that experienced mortality equal to the PBR indicated that using approximately the 20th percentile (the lower 60% log-normal confidence limit) of the abundance estimate for NMIN met the criteria for both cetaceans (assuming RMAX= 0.04) and pinnipeds (assuming RMAX= 0.12). Additional simulations that included plausible levels of bias in the available information indicated that using a value of 0.5 for FR would meet both criteria during these \u201cbias trials.\u201d It is concluded that any marine mammal population with an estimate of human-caused mortality that is greater than its PBR has a level of mortality that could lead to the depletion of the population. The simulation methods were also used to show how mortality limits could be calculated to meet conservation goals other than the U. S. goal of maintaining populations above MNPL.","author":["Wade, P."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"1998-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2933","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hs1000-1-mw-tidal-turbine-emec-supporting-documentation","sourceURL":"","title":"HS1000 1 MW Tidal Turbine at EMEC: Supporting Documentation","description":"Hammerfest Str\u00f8m UK Limited (HSUK) propose to install a tidal turbine known as the HS1000 at a test berth at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) tidal test facility in the Fall of Warness off the island of Eday in the Orkney archipelago. This supporting document provides information on the technical details of the project, with specific relation to environmental impacts and mitigation measures.  Based on a 300 kW prototype which has undergone field trials in Norway, the design of the HS1000 has gone through a detailed conceptual phase with adaption for UK tidal conditions. The device has a rated power output of 1 MW and power will not exceed this output.  The installation is to be carried out in May and June 2011. The device will operate for five years with little or no interference. Visual inspections of the device will take place throughout the five years although more inspections are likely to occur in the first year. It is anticipated that the nacelle will be brought onshore once for routine maintenance.  Previous to this document, a scoping consultation was carried out where relevant stakeholders were consulted and invited to express comments on the project. The main issues of wildlife impacts (such as collision risk and underwater noise) and navigational safety and risk were common themes raised by stakeholders and these have been addressed within this supporting document. HSUK is developing an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) and is keen to work with stakeholders to address any future concerns and monitoring programmes.  HSUK has already been in consultation with EMEC and SNH, to ensure issues are adequately addressed and lie within SNH monitoring recommendations and any requirements raised during the consent application process.  A Navigation Safety Risk Assessment (NSRA) has been commissioned from an established risk consultancy, to assess the risk to navigation posed by the installation, operation and maintenance and eventual decommissioning of the device. This alongside ongoing communication with EMEC and consultation with navigation stakeholders has established the necessary actions for mitigating and monitoring any impacts on navigation likely to arise due to the device. The device will be charted as an underwater object of known size and depth and will lie within the already charted EMEC leased area for testing of tidal energy devices. Notice of all operations at the test berth will be issued in line with the EMEC notification procedure.  In addition to navigation risk the other potential issue raised relates to the impact on wildlife in the area, particularly in relation to potential collision and avoidance associated with seals, cetaceans and diving birds. Tidal technology is a novel industry and little impact investigation has thus far been carried out, so impacts associated with devices are largely unknown. Mitigation and monitoring will be applied with this in mind. HSUK have, where possible, developed technology and methodologies to mitigate potential impacts.  Based on the assessment undertaken and the appropriate mitigation and monitoring proposed by HSUK it is concluded that the deployment of the HS1000 will not lead to any significant negative environmental impacts. Due to the novel nature of the technology associated with tidal technology, there remains uncertainty regarding the potential impacts. This is particularly true with regard to impacts on marine wildlife including collision risk, avoidance\/attraction and disturbance from underwater noise. HSUK will put into practice an Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP) which strives to clarify some of the presently unclear issues.","author":["Xodus AURORA"],"organization":["Xodus Group","ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2010-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.180407000000","-2.779168000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 06:37:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ScottishPower-Renewables-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2935","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/whale-turbine-impact-using-gpu-based-sph-lsm-method","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/269928725_Whale_To_Turbine_Impact_Using_The_GPU_Based_SPH-LSM_Method","title":"Whale To Turbine Impact Using The GPU Based SPH-LSM Method","description":"Underwater turbines are an interesting solution for future energy demands. An important design consideration is the potential for impact with their surrounding natural environment. This work focuses on the dynamic event of impact with a large sea creature, the minke whale is chosen as a test case as it is a well-established species in the waters being considered. The simulation goals are to capture the macroscopic event of whale to turbine impact whilst both are submerged in fluid, with the primary focus being the hydrodynamic effects of the fluid on the whale. A particle based elastic modelling technique named lattice spring modelling (LSM) that is well suited to implementation on a graphics processing unit (GPU) is presented, this is coupled with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to create the SPH-LSM method. The proposed solution offers unique capabilities when compared to alternatives. This approach dynamically assigns identity to particles depending upon their current position, with an interface formed by particles that move according to different sets of governing equations. The LSM presented aims to capture a linearly elastic model using first order Hookean response, however the basic methodology can be used as a framework to support more complete constitutive models. The SPH and LSM methods are described and their GPU implementation detailed, including a method to derive a spring constant based on a Young\u0027s modulus and Poisson\u0027s ratio. A test case is provided in the form of a 3-D beam deflection test and results compared favourably against Timoshenko beam theory. A preliminary case showing an impact event between a geometrically realistic minke whale described using LSM and a rigid rotating turbine is presented, showing the method to be technically viable.","author":["Longshaw, S.","Stansby, P.","Rogers, B."],"organization":["University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2014-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Longshaw-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2936","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-australian-energy-policy-socio-economic-environment-issues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/aip\/journal\/jrse\/7\/6\/10.1063\/1.4938227","title":"Study on Australian Energy Policy, Socio-Economic, and Environment Issues","description":"This article deals with the Australian total energy consumption related to economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in which total energy consumption is sub-divided into renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the nexus between all energy elements with gross domestic product and CO2 emission using the Cobb-Douglas equation. The study is based on the Australian panel data over the period from 1976\u20131977 to 2012\u20132013. Vector error correction model and generalized method of moments were used to estimate the variables for the relationship between energy variables. The proposed model shows good agreement with the data available on the bioenergy production and consumption in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. In this model, oil price, oil consumption, carbon tax, renewable energy technology, population growth, urbanization, etc., have been considered as model variables or governing factors. The results show the bidirectional relationship between energy consumption,economic growth, and CO2 emission. The proposed energyeconomic model is focused on resilient strategic investment decisions on CO2 emission intensive sectors like electricity generation and the transport sector. The model can be used to determine and understand the relationship between reduction of CO2 emission and economic growth in Australia.","author":["Azad, A.","Rasul, M.","Khan, M.","Sharma, S.","Bhuiya, M."],"organization":["Central Queensland University"],"originationDate":"2015-12-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.792685000000","150.875511000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:14:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3228","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collaborative-research-finfish-their-distribution-diversity-cobscook-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/etd\/2169\/","title":"Collaborative Research on Finfish, Their Distribution, and Diversity in Cobscook Bay","description":"A dearth of data exists on finfish in highly dynamic environments around the world. Their harsh environmental conditions make sampling them dangerous and expensive. As a result, the finfish assemblages of such environments are typically inferred, rather than specifically investigated. An opportunity arose to sample Cobscook Bay, one such environment, in connection with the development and testing of in-stream tidal power technology. Though the physical environment, primary producers, and invertebrate assemblage of Cobscook Bay are well-characterized, no contemporary information exists on its finfish assemblage. From 2011-2013 we examined the composition, diversity, structure and temporal changes in the finfish assemblage of Cobscook Bay. Sampling occurred in May, June, August and September of 2011, 2012 and 2013 in subtidal and intertidal habitats with seines, fyke nets, and benthic and pelagic trawls. This was a collaborative research effort with fishermen from the local community. Fishermen assisted with the sampling, ensured that methods were properly suited to the local environment, and helped evaluate the results.  During the study, over 60,000 individual finfish from 46 species were collected. Significant differences in diversity were observed at diel, monthly, and annual timescales in the subtidal and intertidal assemblages. These assemblages were similar among the areas of the bay that were sampled: Inner, Central, and Outer Bays. The size, distribution, condition, and abundance of five abundant species was analyzed: threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), and alewife (Alosapseudoharengus). The weight-length relationships of all species but alewife varied significantly among years. Attention was paid to finfish collected in 2012, as temperatures throughout the Gulf of Maine achieved record highs that year. The median length of Atlantic herring captured in 2012 was significantly different from the median length of those captured in 2011 and 2013.  Both scientists and fishermen felt the collaborative project was successful. The scientists incorporated the experience-based knowledge of fishermen into their study. Fishermen valued the scientists\u2019 transparency and the openness of the project. Scientists provided participants with the information they needed to understand and evaluate the science, and they made it clear how fishermen\u2019s input was used. Boundary work facilitated the translation of information between fishermen and scientists, and was essential for the mitigation of conflicts that arose during the collaboration.  Although this case is not the first successful partnership between scientists and fishermen, it adds to a growing body of work that calls for the inclusion of non-scientific expertise in research. Furthermore, the collaborative research created a robust baseline dataset on the finfish community of Cobscook Bay. Such data are important for serving as a benchmark for comparisons and furthering our understanding of how finfish assemblages may change in dynamic environments.","author":["Vieser, J."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.841171000000","-67.147481000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3229","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-potential-effects-marine-renewable-energy-developments-seabirds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ethos.bl.uk\/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.668990","title":"Investigating the Potential Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Developments on Seabirds","description":"Marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) are becoming an increasing feature of the marine environment. MREDs are just one of several human activities in the marine environment that have the potential to impact marine species. Scotland has considerable potential for generating energy from the marine environment in the form of extensive wind, wave and tidal-stream resources. Scotland also hosts numerous internationally important breeding populations of seabirds and Scottish territorial waters represent a key overwintering area for many species. Several MRED sites in Scotland are located in proximity to Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and draft marine SPAs designated specifically to safeguard important populations of seabirds. EU legislation requires that MREDs do not damage the integrity of protected seabird populations within SPAs. However, the potential effects of MREDs on seabirds are not yet fully understood. In this thesis, I aim to address gaps in knowledge regarding how MREDs may affect seabird populations. Firstly, I generate vulnerability and confidence indices to predict the effects of offshore wind, wave and tidal-stream renewable energy on Scottish seabird populations, and identify areas lacking in data. I found that effects of MREDs are species-specific and several species require additional research and monitoring to confidently predict how MREDs may affect their populations. One Scottish species identified as lacking in data is the great skua Stercorarius skua. Therefore, this thesis investigates the overlap of breeding great skua movements with MREDs. I found that overall overlap with MREDs was low, and that breeding birds and birds that had failed in their breeding attempt differed in their movements at sea. This indicates that subsections of great skua populations could be differently affected by MREDs. To further explore the potential for differential effects of MREDs within seabird populations, I investigate individual variation in great skua foraging behaviour and strategies. I also identify marine environmental conditions influencing great skua foraging behaviour. I found evidence for consistency in individual great skua foraging behaviour and preferred foraging habitat, which indicates that individual behaviour, in addition to breeding status, could lead to subsections of great skua populations being differently affected by MREDs. This section of the thesis illustrates the importance of improving our understanding of both population and individual-level responses to the marine environment in order to more fully understand seabird behaviour and accurately predict potential effects of human activities at sea. Finally, I focus on another area identified as lacking in information in my vulnerability and confidence indices; the use of high current flow environments by seabird species. I use land-based vantage-point surveys to investigate seabird interactions with fine-scale habitat in a leased tidal-stream renewable energy site in Scotland. I found low numbers of diving seabirds foraging in current speeds overlapping with optimal energy generating locations but that auk species and shags are most likely to be vulnerable to effects of tidal-stream renewable energy developments. Overall, this thesis indicates that seabird responses to MREDs are likely to be species-specific and will vary dependent on the development location and design of the energy generating technology. My findings indicate that effects of MREDs will differ dependent on individual foraging strategies, age and life stage of individuals, which implies that MREDs will differently affect subsections of seabird populations.","author":["Wade, H."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3230","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-use-shore-based-surveys-estimating-spatial-overlap-between-deep-diving","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166914000253","title":"An Evaluation of the Use of Shore-Based Surveys for Estimating Spatial Overlap between Deep-Diving Seabirds and Tidal Stream Turbines","description":"As we approach the first array deployments of tidal stream turbines, the risk of collisions between moving components of devices and deep-diving seabirds need assessing at population levels. Part of assessing risks is quantifying the extent to which the foraging distributions of deep-diving seabirds overlap with the potential locations of devices in the large tidal pass habitats favoured for array installations (spatial overlap). Shore-based surveys using single vantage points and extensive grid systems to record the locations of foraging birds are often used in large tidal passes. Here, an application of these methods in the Fall of Warness (FOW), Orkney, UK are used to evaluate their effectiveness for quantifying and statistically analysing spatial overlap in large tidal passes. Whilst it was possible to quantify and statistically analyse spatial overlap using the methods evaluated here, viable statistical analysis required data sacrifices through the use of presence rather than abundance data. Moreover, comparisons between simultaneous shore-based and boat-based surveys, which are assumed to represent an accurate method, showed that sightings in the former were biased towards non-turbine microhabitats. This shore-based survey bias reflected low detection rates of foraging birds in fast unidirectional currents away from coastlines. Therefore, the methods evaluated here are unsuitable for quantifying and statistically analysing spatial overlap in large tidal passes. It is suggested that future shore-based surveys should overcome aforementioned issues by using several vantage points spread throughout large tidal passes, and comparing species use of neighbouring turbine and non-turbine microhabitats at reasonable distances to the vantage points (","author":["Waggitt, J.","Bell, P.","Scott, B."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.193684800000","-2.850922200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3231","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimal-avoidance-evasion-tactics-predator-prey-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0022519384900195","title":"Optimal Avoidance and Evasion Tactics in Predator-Prey Interactions","description":"A kinematic analysis of optimal avoidance and evasion techniques for prey is presented. The analysis is mainly directed towards piscivorous interactions but can include other aquatic and terrestrial cases. Avoidance is defined as maneuvering for position by prey, before the predator starts a chase, while evasion is an escape response to an attack. Two separate optimal avoidance methods are found and analyzed\u2014minimizing time within sighting range; and maximizing instantaneous distance. The second method leads to the well-known \u201cfountain effect\u201d of fish school break-up when predators are in the vicinity. The optimal evasion technique involves escape at a small angle (up to 20\u00b0) from the heading directly away from the predator. This is in agreement with observations of escaping minnows.","author":["Weihs, D.","Webb, P."],"organization":["University of Michigan"],"originationDate":"1984-01-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.582788000000","-86.065758000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3232","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-drifting-passive-echolocation-loggers-study-harbour-porpoises-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v22\/n2\/p125-143\/","title":"Using Drifting Passive Echolocation Loggers to Study Harbour Porpoises in Tidal-Stream Habitats","description":"Moored passive acoustic detectors (e.g. C-PODs) are widely used to study harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena distribution and relative abundance, but their use in tidal-stream habitats is complicated by the need for retrievable flow-resistant seabed fixings and the occurrence of flow-induced noise in the resultant data. In this study, we explored the use of a new method aimed at tidal-stream habitats, which are of increasing interest for marine renewable energy generation. Porpoise detectors (C-PODs) were attached to multiple drifters and repeatedly set adrift at a tidal-stream site in western Scotland during May 2010 and August 2011. Porpoise vocalisations were successfully detected under varying tidal conditions during approximately 63 h of drifting. Harbour porpoise distribution, as determined by the drifting detectors, was similar to that found using the traditional, yet more logistically intensive, visual and acoustic boat-based surveys and to an extent that found by moored C-PODs. Drifting detectors also mapped tidally driven spatiotemporal variability in ambient noise levels which could influence porpoise detection. In summary, drifters equipped with passive acoustic detectors offer a new, rapid and inexpensive tool for investigating porpoise occurrence and behaviour in tidal-stream habitats, and should be considered as part of a comprehensive marine mammal monitoring approach of these energetic environments in the context of marine renewable energy development and other industries.","author":["Wilson, B.","Benjamins, S.","Elliot, J."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3233","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimates-collision-risk-harbour-porpoises-marine-renewable-energy-devices-sites-high","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0046\/00462378.pdf","title":"Estimates of Collision Risk of Harbour Porpoises and Marine Renewable Energy Devices at Sites of High Tidal-Stream Energy","description":"Extracting renewable energy from the sea is an attractive alternative to burning fossil fuels. Like any marine industry, obtaining energy from wind, waves or tidal-streams could have impacts on the marine environment (positive or otherwise). One frequently cited area of uncertainty for extracting energy from fast flowing tidal currents is the possibility of large marine vertebrates (including whales, dolphins, porpoises [collectively cetaceans], seals, sharks, turtles, and diving birds) colliding with submerged tidal-turbines - a scenario with parallels to the issues surrounding bird strikes by wind turbines.  Preliminary modelling work has suggested that interactions between tidal turbines and harbour porpoises (Scotland\u0027s most abundant cetacean) may be common, assuming porpoises occur in tidal-stream areas at densities similar to other Scottish coastal habitats. However, it remains unclear how true this assumption is, and particularly whether porpoises avoid or are attracted to these areas. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate how often porpoises occurred in two areas of immediate interest for tidal-stream development on the west coast of Scotland. These two sites were the tidal narrows of the Sound of Islay (between the islands of Islay and Jura) and the Kyle Rhea (between Skye and the mainland).  Surveys were carried out during the summers of 2009 and 2010 using a variety of standard and specifically adapted techniques. The primary tool was the use of a research boat (the Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust\u0027s RV Silurian) which was used to criss-cross the sites with observers visually scanning for surfacing porpoises. In addition, the vessel towed hydrophones to detect the echolocation calls of submerged animals. While these techniques are used routinely to investigate porpoise occurrence, the strength of the tidal streams meant that at times the water was moving at speeds close to that of the boat itself. This unusual feature, if ignored, could have severely biased the survey results. We therefore corrected the survey path with respect to the flow so that the boat crabbed across the moving water-mass at an equivalent rate to the progress over the bottom. We tested this new method and successfully applied it to both sites and their adjacent waters over a total of 16 days covering 1300 km of sea.  Harbour porpoises were seen and acoustically detected in all of the areas surveyed. Of particular interest for this study were the areas of strongest tidal flow in the Sound of Islay and the Kyle Rhea. Porpoises were seen and acoustically detected in both of these sites. However, rates of sightings and acoustic detections were an order of magnitude lower than surrounding waters. For example, sighting rates in the Kyle Rhea narrows were around 0.01 km-1 whereas to the south in the Sound of Sleat they ranged from 0.09 - 0.22 km-1. Acoustic detections showed a similar pattern with 0.2 click events km-1 in the narrows and 5.4 km-1 in open water immediately to the south.  While confirming that porpoises were not absent from these tidal-energy relevant habitats, the boat surveys demonstrated that porpoises occurred at such low densities in the fast flowing water that that our original plans for shore-based observations to investigate behaviour would be unrewarding within the time limits of the project. We therefore explored other techniques to better understand porpoise activity. We initially investigated the use of moored acoustic porpoise echolocation click detectors (C-PODs), a standard technique used in many places to monitor porpoise presence. Their use, however, also proved problematic because of the flowing water. This time the water flowing past the fixed recorders produced high levels of noise which obscured the devices\u0027 abilities to detect porpoise calls. Deployments out of (but adjacent to) the strong flows were successful and the results were variable, suggesting that precise patterns of porpoise occurrence were site-specific and that many recorders would be needed to properly assess their use of such an area.  Given that the water movement was problematic for porpoise click recorders held stationary in the flow, we also explored the use of the same equipment but allowed it to drift freely in the current as part of location logging drogue systems. These proved highly successful and rapidly revealed patterns of porpoise distribution similar to the more intensive boat-based surveys. That said, because the recorders drifted with the current within which the animals were also moving, interpretation of the results requires care. In addition to mapping porpoise detections, the drifters also revealed spatial patterns in the distribution of the problematic ambient noise and may therefore be useful for determining where similar devices could be moored more successfully.  We also tested a new acoustic array-based method to determine the diving depth of echolocating porpoises. This method could be deployed from a drifting boat in flowing water and was therefore workable in tidal-energy sites where other methods were impractical. The trial revealed that dives were surprisingly shallow for this species despite some of the recordings being made in deep water. This suggests that diving behaviour data collected from other habitats may not be directly applicable to tidal energy sites.  Given these results, what, then, are the implications for likely rates of interaction between porpoises and operating tidal turbines? If we apply the new results to the encounter model used previously to investigate this issue, then the potential interaction rate falls from 13 to around 1.8 to 3.25 porpoise \u0022encounters\u0022 per turbine per year. It must, however, be emphasized that this number is not a collision rate, but simply a rough indication of how often porpoises would encounter turbine blades if they took no action to approach or avoid them. Nevertheless this study suggests that, for the two sites at least, porpoise-turbine interactions are likely to be substantially rarer than if turbines had been deployed in other habitats.  Other marine mammal species were seen on the surveys. Most abundant were harbour and grey seals which were seen in high numbers both in the water and hauled-out immediately adjacent to the high-flow areas. A minke whale, bottlenose dolphins and an otter were also observed in the tidal narrows. No basking sharks were seen.  In terms of cetaceans, these surveys indicated that porpoises (as well as other, less frequently encountered cetaceans) did not appear to be particularly abundant within the tidal-streams of Kyle Rhea and the Sound of Islay. These findings notably contrast with results from Wales. Whether these Scottish results are also true for larger tidal-energy sites (such as the Pentland Firth) has yet to be determined. Furthermore, despite occurring at apparently low densities, we did see and hear porpoises in the tidal streams and it must be remembered that abundance is not the same as ecological importance. The tidal narrows are likely to be used for transit between adjacent water masses and therefore disruption of these passageways may also have wider implications for use of other habitats.","author":["Wilson, B.","Benjamins, S.","Elliot, J.","Gordon, J.","Macaulay, J.","Calderan, S.","van Geel, N."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-11-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.768975000000","-6.305343000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:21:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3234","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electric-field-white-sharks-situ-testing-electric-deterrent","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0062730","title":"Effects of an Electric Field on White Sharks: In Situ Testing of an Electric Deterrent","description":"Elasmobranchs can detect minute electromagnetic fields, \u0026lt;1 nVcm\u20131, using their ampullae of Lorenzini. Behavioural responses to electric fields have been investigated in various species, sometimes with the aim to develop shark deterrents to improve human safety. The present study tested the effects of the Shark Shield Freedom7\u2122 electric deterrent on (1) the behaviour of 18 white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) near a static bait, and (2) the rates of attacks on a towed seal decoy. In the first experiment, 116 trials using a static bait were performed at the Neptune Islands, South Australia. The proportion of baits taken during static bait trials was not affected by the electric field. The electric field, however, increased the time it took them to consume the bait, the number of interactions per approach, and decreased the proportion of interactions within two metres of the field source. The effect of the electric field was not uniform across all sharks. In the second experiment, 189 tows using a seal decoy were conducted near Seal Island, South Africa. No breaches and only two surface interactions were observed during the tows when the electric field was activated, compared with 16 breaches and 27 surface interactions without the electric field. The present study suggests that the behavioural response of white sharks and the level of risk reduction resulting from the electric field is contextually specific, and depends on the motivational state of sharks.","author":["Huveneers, C.","Rogers, P.","Semmens, J.","Beckmann, C.","Kock, A.","Page, B.","Goldsworthy, S."],"organization":["South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)"],"originationDate":"2013-05-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["-35.235752000000","136.064042000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Huveneers-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3235","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electric-magnetic-field-detection-elasmobranch-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/218\/4575\/916","title":"Electric and Magnetic Field Detection in Elasmobranch Fishes","description":"Sharks, skates, and rays receive electrical information about the positions of their prey, the drift of ocean currents, and their magnetic compass headings. At sea, dogfish and blue sharks were observed to execute apparent feeding responses to dipole electric fields designed to mimic prey. In training experiments, stingrays showed the ability to orient relative to uniform electric fields similar to those produced by ocean currents. Voltage gradients of only 5 nanovolts per centimeter would elicit either behavior.","author":["Kalmijn, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1982-11-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3236","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/elasmobranch-cognitive-ability-using-electroreceptive-foraging-behaviour-demonstrate","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10071-013-0637-8","title":"Elasmobranch Cognitive Ability: Using Electroreceptive Foraging Behaviour to Demonstrate Learning, Habituation and Memory in a Benthic Shark","description":"Top predators inhabiting a dynamic environment, such as coastal waters, should theoretically possess sufficient cognitive ability to allow successful foraging despite unpredictable sensory stimuli. The cognition-related hunting abilities of marine mammals have been widely demonstrated. Having been historically underestimated, teleost cognitive abilities have also now been significantly demonstrated. Conversely, the abilities of elasmobranchs have received little attention, despite many species possessing relatively large brains comparable to some mammals. The need to determine what, if any, cognitive ability these globally distributed, apex predators are endowed with has been highlighted recently by questions arising from environmental assessments, specifically whether they are able to learn to distinguish between anthropogenic electric fields and prey bioelectric fields. We therefore used electroreceptive foraging behaviour in a model species, Scyliorhinus canicula (small-spotted catshark), to determine cognitive ability by analysing whether elasmobranchs are able to learn to improve foraging efficiency and remember learned behavioural adaptations. Positive reinforcement, operant conditioning was used to study catshark foraging behaviour towards artificial, prey-type electric fields (Efields). Catsharks rewarded with food for responding to Efields throughout experimental weeks were compared with catsharks that were not rewarded for responding in order to assess behavioural adaptation via learning ability. Experiments were repeated after a 3-week interval with previously rewarded catsharks this time receiving no reward and vice versa to assess memory ability. Positive reinforcement markedly and rapidly altered catshark foraging behaviour. Rewarded catsharks exhibited significantly more interest in the electrical stimulus than unrewarded catsharks. Furthermore, they improved their foraging efficiency over time by learning to locate and bite the electrodes to gain food more quickly. In contrast, unrewarded catsharks showed some habituation, whereby their responses to the electrodes abated and eventually entirely ceased, though they generally showed no changes in most foraging parameters. Behavioural adaptations were not retained after the interval suggesting learned behaviour was not memorised beyond the interval. Sequences of individual catshark search paths clearly illustrated learning and habituation behavioural adaptation. This study demonstrated learning and habituation occurring after few foraging events and a memory window of between 12\u00a0h and 3\u00a0weeks. These cognitive abilities are discussed in relation to diet, habitat, ecology and anthropogenic Efield sources.","author":["Kimber, J.","Sims, D.","Bellamy, P.","Gill, A."],"organization":["Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3237","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetoreception-homing-vertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/36986","title":"Magnetoreception: Homing in on Vertebrates","description":"Imagine being set adrift in a canoe in the middle of an ocean. Which way would you paddle? Most humans would be as lost as lost can be, but creatures such as pigeons, turtles and whales have no difficulty navigating in such circumstances. How they do so remains one of the biggest mysteries in the behavioural sciences, at the centre of which is the question of how organisms might sense the Earth\u0027s magnetic field and use it for navigation and homing (a topic with a chequered history \u2014 see box, overleaf). The mystery, however, is gradually being solved, and the latest instalment in the story comes in Walker and colleagues\u0027 study of rainbow trout (page 371 of this issue).  All known sensory systems have specialized receptor cells designed to respond to the external stimulus, and these are always coupled to neurons to bring this information to the brain. In modern times the main objection to claims that magnetoreception is genuine was biophysical \u2014 that there was no evidence of appropriate receptors.","author":["Kirschvink, J."],"organization":["California Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"1997-11-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3238","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/additional-papers-10th-international-congress-marine-corrosion-fouling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icmcf2016.univ-tln.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/10thICMCF.pdf","title":"Additional Papers from the 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling","description":"This volume contains nineteen papers from the 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, held at the University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia, in February 1999. The scope of the congress was to enhance scientific understanding of the processes and prevention of chemical and biological degradation of materials in the sea. Papers in this volume range across the themes of marine biofilms and bioadhesion, macrofouling processes and effects, methods for prevention of marine fouling, biocides in the marine environment, biodeterioration of wood in the sea, and marine corrosion  Executive Summary  The fouling and corrosion of vessels and structures immersed in the sea continues to pose significant economic and operational costs to the owner. Fouling growth can interfere with the operation of submerge d equipment, impose increased loading stresses and accelerate corrosion on marine structures, and adversely affect the performance of ships by increasing hydro dynamic drag, which necessitates the use of more power and fuel to move the ship thro ugh the water. Similarly, marine corrosion and biodegradation of materials can compromise the operation and structural integrity of vessels, structures and other immersed equipment. To enhance protection against fouling and corrosion would generate significant savings in both the maintenance and operation of maritime platforms and equipment.  The first International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling was held in France in 1964, and the Congress has continued to be held at approximately four year intervals since. Over this time the Congress has become the foremost international scientific conference on the chemical and biological degradation of materials in the sea, and brings together scientists from academia, industry, defence and other government organisations to present and discuss recent scientific developments in understanding and combating the degradation of materials, structures and the performance of vessels in the marine environment.  The inaugural U.S.\/Pacific Rim Workshop on Emerging Non-Metallic Materials for the Marine Environment was held in Hawaii in 1997. Recognising the increasing pressures to reduce the costs of building and operating ships and the need to reduce or eliminate materials potentially toxic to shipbuilders, ships\u2019 crews, and the environment, the workshop was organised to highlight the problems to be solved, the new materials available to address these needs, and areas where further research was needed.  The 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, and the 2nd U.S.\/Pacific Rim Workshop on Emerging Non-Metallic Materials for the Marine Environment, were brought together at the University of Melbourne, in Melbourne, Australia, in February 1999. Close to 200 delegates from 24 countries attended, and 118 papers were presented in sessions on Biofilms and Bioadhesion, Chemical Mediation of Fouling in Natural Systems, Macrofouling and Macrofouling Processes, Prevention of Fouling, Regulation of Antifouling Practices, Antifouling Biocides in the Environment, Transport of Marine Species on Ship Hulls, Biodeterioration of Wood, and Marine Corrosion and Corrosion Control.  Twenty-two selected papers form the congress were published in a special issue of the journal Biofouling in June 2000. An additional 19 papers are presented in this publication.  Contents    PREFACE  BIOFILMS \u0026amp; BIOADHESION     Nano-indentation Measurements of the Marine Bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis using the Atomic Force Microscope      MACROFOULING PROCESSES     Macrofouling Role of Mussels in Italian Seas: A Short Review   Macrofouling of an Oceanographic Buoy in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)   Effects of Fouling Organisms on the Water Quality of a Nuclear Power Plant Cooling System      PREVENTION OF FOULING     Controlling Biofouling on Ferry Hulls with Copper-Nickel Sheathing   Antifouling from Nature: Laboratory Test with Balanus amphitrite Darwin on Algae and Sponges   Electromagnetic Antifouling Shield (EMAS) - A Promising Novel Antifouling Technique for Optical Systems   Properties of a Titanium Nitride Electrode and its Application for Electrochemical Prevention of Marine Biofouling   Electrochemical Prevention of Diatom Adhesion and Direct Estimation of Diatom Viability using TO-PRO-1 Iodide   Development of a New Antifouling Paint Based on a Novel Zinc Acrylate Copolymer      ANTIFOULING BIOCIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT     The Legacy of 110 Years of Dockyard Operations   The Effects of Changes in Environmental Parameters on the Release of Organic Booster Biocides from Antifouling Coatings      BIODETERIORATION OF WOOD     Recent Marine Wood Preservation Research in Australia   Copper-Chromium-Arsenic Levels in Barnacles Growing on Timber Marine Piles      MARINE CORROSION \u0026amp; CORROSION CONTROL     Probabilistic Modelling of Marine Immersion Corrosion of Steels   Physico-Chemical Modelling for the Prediction of Seawater Metal Corrosion   Stress Corrosion Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steels and their Weldments in Marine Environments: An Overview   Rapid Assessment of the Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Alloys in Seawater   Electrochemical Control of Fouling and Corrosion in a Mooring System for Use in Ecologically-Sensitive Sea Areas","author":["Defence Science \u0026 Technology Imagination (DSTO)"],"organization":["Marine Acoustics Inc"],"originationDate":"1999-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-37.864539000000","144.651132600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/10thICMCF.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3239","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electrodetection-threshold-aquatic-vertebrates-ampullary-or-mucous-gland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00015.x\/abstract","title":"On the Electrodetection Threshold of Aquatic Vertebrates with Ampullary or Mucous Gland Electroreceptor Organs","description":"Reinterpretation of research on the electric sense in aquatic organisms with ampullary organs results in the following conclusions.\n\nThe detection limit of limnic vertebrates with ampullary organs is 1 \u03bcVcm\u22121, and of marine fish is 20 nVcm\u22121. Angular movements are essential for stimulation of the ampullary system in uniform d.c. fields. Angular movements in the geomagnetic field also generate induction voltages, which exceed the 20 nVcm\u22121 limit in marine fish. As a result, marine electrosensitive fish are sensitive to motion in the geomagnetic field, whereas limnic fish are not.\n\n\n\nAngular swimming movements generate a.c. stimuli, which act like the noise in a stochastic resonance system, and result in a detection threshold in marine organisms as low as 1 nVcm\u22121.\n\n\n\nFish in the benthic space are exposed to stronger electric stimuli than fish in the pelagic space. Benthic fish scan the orientation plane for the maximum potential difference with their raster of electroreceptor organs, in order to locate bioelectric prey. This behaviour explains why the detection threshold does not depend on fish size. Pelagic marine fish are mainly exposed to electric fields caused by movements in the geomagnetic field. The straight orientation courses found in certain shark species might indicate that the electric sense functions as a simple bisensor system. Symmetrical stimulation of the sensory raster would provide an easy way to keep a straight course with respect to a far-field stimulus. The same neural mechanism would be effective in the location of a bioelectric prey generating a near-field stimulus.\n\n\n\nThe response criteria in conditioning experiments and in experiments with spontaneous reactions are discussed.","author":["Peters, R.","Eeuwes, L.","Bretschneider, F."],"organization":["Utrecht University"],"originationDate":"2007-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3242","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/motionally-induced-electric-magnetic-fields-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/JC076i015p03476\/abstract","title":"Motionally Induced Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Sea","description":"Motionally induced electric and magnetic fields are investigated in the sea, crust, and mantle for large-scale low-frequency oceanic flows. It is shown that three-dimensional flows generate large-scale horizontal electric currents not present in two-dimensional motions. The resulting induced magnetic fields penetrate into the mantle inducing there electric currents. The degree of mutual induction between the ocean and the mantle depends on the parameter \u03b4mL, the ratio of the electromagnetic skin depth of the mantle to the horizontal scale of the flow. For \u03b4mL\u226b1 there is little mutual induction whereas for \u03b4mL\u226a1 there is strong coupling between the ocean and the mantle. It is shown that the variable\u00a0V\u0304*, the conductivity-weighted, vertically averaged velocity is important in the generation of both local and large-scale electric currents. Expressions are derived showing that V\u0304, the vertically averaged velocity, can be determined from measurements of the induced electric and magnetic fields at the sea floor. Several special cases are calculated illustrating the influences of the mantle, the conducting sediments, and the horizontal scales of the motion.","author":["Sanford, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1971-05-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3243","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/directional-behaviour-transplanted-stationary-migratory-forms-eel-anguilla-anguilla","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0077757973900318","title":"Directional Behaviour of Transplanted Stationary and Migratory Forms of the Eel, Anguilla anguilla, in a Circular Tank","description":"The preferred direction of attempted directional swimming of eels in experimental circular tank was investigated. Observation on stationary eels revealed 2 main preferred directions: north and south. The direction east was always the most neglected. In migratory eels from distant inland localities directional preference was found to be the same as in stationary eels, though only at the beginning of the migration season. The marginally preferred direction was NW. Migratory eels caught close to the North Sea during the high season of migration preferred mostly the direction north; marginally preferred were also the directions NW and W. The most neglected was found to be the direction east.","author":["Tesch, F.","Lelek, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1973-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3244","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sensitivity-response-dynamics-elasmobranch-electrosensory-primary-afferent-neurons","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs003590050161","title":"Sensitivity and Response Dynamics of Elasmobranch Electrosensory Primary Afferent Neurons to Near Threshold Fields","description":"Elasmobranch fishes localize weak electric sources at field intensities of \u0026lt;5 \u03b7V\u2009cm\u22121, but the response dynamics of electrosensory primary afferent neurons to near threshold stimuli in situ are not well characterized. Electrosensory primary afferents in the round stingray, Urolophus halleri, have a relatively high discharge rate, a regular discharge pattern and entrain to 1-Hz sinusoidal peak electric field gradients of \u226420\u2009\u03b7V\u2009cm\u22121. Peak neural discharge for units increases as a non-linear function of stimulus intensity, and unit sensitivity (gain) decreases as stimulus intensity increases. Average peak rate-intensity encoding is commonly lost when peak spike rate approximately doubles that of resting, and for many units occurs at intensities \u0026lt;1\u2009\u03bcV\u2009cm\u22121. Best neural sensitivity for nearly all units is at 1\u20132\u2009Hz with a low-frequency slope of 8\u2009dB\/decade and a high-frequency slope of \u221223 dB\/decade. The response characteristics of stingray electrosensory primary afferents indicate sensory adaptations for detection of extremely weak phasic fields near 1\u20132\u2009Hz. We argue that these properties reflect evolutionary adaptations in elasmobranch fishes to enhance detection of prey, communication and social interactions, and possibly electric-mediated geomagnetic orientation.","author":["Tricas, T.","New, J."],"organization":["Florida Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"1997-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3245","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-functions-adaptations-elasmobranch-electrosense","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1060-3_14","title":"Ecological Functions and Adaptations of the Elasmobranch Electrosense","description":"Sharks and rays have a long evolutionary history as major predators in marine ecosystems, but the biological functions and selective pressures that shape the evolution of their ampullary electrosensory system are poorly known. The ampulla of Lorenzini is the functional electrosensory unit that consists of a small subdermal ampulla and a canal that projects to a surface pore on the head or pectoral fins. The sensory epithelium of the ampulla wall detects differences between the potential at the skin pore and internal potential of the animal, and stimulates neural transmission of information about the physical features of an external field to the brain. Natural weak electric stimuli include polar fields from bioelectric sources and induced fields from physical sources in the environment. Neurophysiological studies show that the ampullary electrosense responds to electric field gradients as low as 20 nV\/cm, and behav- ioral studies show responses to gradients of 1-5 nV\/cm. Elasmobranch fishes show behavioral responses to bioelectric stimuli produced by natural prey, mates, consexuals and potential predators. Numerous models exist for electrosensory navigation, but they remain to be rigorously tested. Recent work shows age-dependent changes in the response properties of the electrosense among embryo, juvenile and adult stages and are proposed to reflect ontogenetic adaptations to their changing environments. In addition, the electrosense response properties are seasonally modified by the periodic expression of gonadal steroids and may serve important modulation of sensory function during reproductive behaviors. Future work should continue to investigate different biological contexts in which the electrosense is used by elasmobranch fishes, and to test the selective forces that may have shaped the evolution of this remark- able sensory system.","author":["Tricas, T.","Sisneros, J."],"organization":["Cornell University","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2004-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3246","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-fin-whales-respond-geomagnetic-field-during-migration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/171\/1\/67","title":"Evidence that Fin Whales Respond to the Geomagnetic Field During Migration","description":"We challenge the hypothesis that fin whales use a magnetic sense to guide migration by testing for associations between geophysical parameters and the positions where fin whales were observed over the continental shelf off the northeastern United States. Monte Carlo simulations estimated the probability that the distribution of fin whale sighting was random with respect to bottom depth, bottom slope and the intensity and gradient of the geomagnetic field. The simulations demonstrated no overall association of sighting positions with any of these four geophysical parameters. Analysis of the data by season, however, demonstrated statistically reliable associations of sighting positions with areas of low geomagnetic intensity and gradient in winter and fall, respectively, but no association of sighting positions with bathymetric parameters in any season. An attempt to focus on migrating animals by excluding those observed feeding confirmed the associations of sighting positions with low geomagnetic intensity and gradient in winter and fall, respectively, and revealed additional associations with low geomagnetic gradients in winter and spring. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that fin whales, and perhaps other mysticete species, possess a magnetic sense that they use to guide migration.","author":["Walker, M.","Kirschvink, J.","Ahmed, G.","Dizon, A."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"1992-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.180204000000","-69.004969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3247","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-biological-underwater-depuration-system-muds-process-waste-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1389034403000327","title":"A Marine Biological Underwater Depuration System (MUDS) to Process Waste Waters","description":"An underwater device, able to favour the sea auto-cleaning capacities, is herein described. This system, called MUDS (marine underwater depuration system), consists of a percolating filter and is placed at sea over an urban sewage outflow of a submarine pipeline. Due to the density difference, the water effluent flows through the percolating filter: this favours the mixing and a prompt recycling of organic matter, activating a marine trophic web. Rich microbenthic communities develop on the MUDS, both interstitially, inside the filter, and on the structure. The community mainly consists of ciliates, nematods, harpacticoid copepods and polychaetes, all of which being organisms that increase the depuration efficiency by consumption of organic matter. This structure acts also as a deterrent for the illegal trawling activity in the area, and attracts large numbers of several finfish species, thus working as a fish aggregating device (FAD). It is possible to utilise this underwater device for medium littoral towns with strong differences in effluent discharges during the year, where the use of land-built effluent treatment plants is too expensive.","author":["Cattaneo-Vietti, R.","Benatti, U.","Cerrano, C.","Giovane, M.","Tazioli, S.","Bavestrello, G."],"organization":["University of Genova"],"originationDate":"2003-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.063916400000","9.865823400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3248","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rhode-island-ocean-special-area-management-plan-ocean-samp-volume-2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/seagrant.gso.uri.edu\/oceansamp\/pdf\/appendix\/full_volume2_osamp_4.26.13.pdf","title":"Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan: Ocean SAMP - Volume 2","description":"Appendix A Table of Contents    The Planning and Policy Context by Kenneth Payne  Characterizing the Physical Oceanography of Coastal Waters Off Rhode Island, Part 1: Literature Review, Available Observations, and A Representative Model Simulation by Daniel L. Codiga and David S. Ullman  Characterizing the Physical Oceanography of Coastal Waters Off Rhode Island, Part 2: New Observations of Water Properties, Currents, and Waves by David S. Ullman and Daniel L. Codiga  Benthic Habitat Distribution and Subsurface Geology in Selected Sites from the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Study Area by Monique LaFrance, Emily Shumc henia, John King, Robert Pockalny, Bryan Oakley, Sheldon Pratt, Jon Boothroyd  Investigations into Block Island\u2019s Submerged Cultural Sites and Landscapes for the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan 2010 by Rod Mather and John Jensen  High Resolution Modeling of Meteorological, Hydrodynamic, Wave and Sediment Processes in the Rhode Island Ocean SAMP Study Area by Stephan Grilli, Jeffrey Harris, Ravi Sharma, Lauren Decker, David Stuebe, Daniel Mendelsohn, Deborah Crowley, and Steve Decker  Fog and Icing Occurrence, and Air Quality Factors for the Rhode Island Ocean SAMP by John Merrill  Analysis of Extreme Wave Climates in Rhode Island Waters South of Block Island by Annette Grilli, Taylor Asher, Stephan Grilli, and Malcolm Spaulding  Spatial and Temporal Variability of Surface Chlorophyll, Primary Production, and Benthic Metabolism in Rhode Island and Block Island Sounds by Scott Nixon, Stephen Granger, Candace Oviatt, Lindsey Fields, Jeff Mercer  Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles of Narragansett Bay, Block Island Sound, Rhode Island Sound, and Nearby Waters: An Analysis of Existing Data for the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan by Robert D. Kenney and Kathleen J. Vigness - Raposa  (a) The Spatial Distribution, Abundance, and Flight Ecology of Birds in Nearshore and Offshore Waters of Rhode Island by Peter W.C. Paton, Scott R. McWilliams, Kristopher J. Winiarski, and Carol L. Trocki (b) Appendix K, Radar Monitoring of Bird and Bat Movement Patterns on Block Island and its Coastal Waters by David Mizrahi, Robert Fogg, Thomas Magarian, Vincent Elia, Patti Hodgetts, and David La Puma  Acoustic Noise, and Electromagnetic Study in Support of the Rhode Island Ocean SAMP by James Miller, Gopu R. Potty, Kathleen Vigness-Raposa, David Casagrande, Lisa A. Miller, Jeffrey Nystuen, and Peter M. Scheifele  Baseline Characterization: Data sources, methods, and results (Chapter 5. Commercial and Recreational Fisheries Appendix A) by Erin Bohaboy, Anna Malek, and Jeremy Collie  Fisheries Ecology in Rhode Island and Block Island Sounds for the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan 2010 by Anna Malek, Monique LaFrance, Jeremy Collie, and John King  Fisheries Activity Maps: Methods and Data Sources (Chapter 5. Commercial and Recreational Fisheries Appendix B) by Tiffany Smythe, Sarah Smith, and Dave Beutel  Application of Technology Development Index and Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Methods to Ocean Renewable Energy Facility Siting by Malcolm L. Spaulding, Annette Grilli, Christopher Damon, and Grover Fugate  High Resolution Application of the Technology Development Index (TDI) in State Waters South of Block Island by Annette Grilli, Malcolm L. Spaulding, Christopher Damon, and Ravi Sharma  Development of a Technology Type Factor for Jacket Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines in Rhode Island by M.S. Ravi Sharma, Jonas Hensel, Christopher D.P. Baxter, and Sau-Lon James Hu  Wind Resource Assessment in the Vicinity of a Small, Low Relief Coastal Island by Malcolm L. Spaulding, Marty Bell, Jay Titlow, Ravi Sharma, Annette Grilli, Alex Crosby, Lauren Decker, and Daniel Menelsohn  Evaluation of Wind Statistics and Energy Resources in Southern RI Coastal Waters by Annette Grilli, Malcolm L. Spaulding, Alex Crosby, and Ravi Sharma  Meteorological Model Based Wind Resource Assessment in the Vicinity of Block Island by Malcolm L. Spaulding, Marty Bell, Jay Titlow, Lauren Decker, Annette Grilli, Ravi Sharma, Alexander Crosby and Daniel Mendelsohn  Report of the Ocean Special Area Management Plan Stakeholder Process to the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council by Kenneth Payne  Ecosystem Services Typology in the Ocean SAMP by Annette R. Grilli, Tania Lado, and Malcolm Spaulding  The Nature Conservancy\u2019s Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment: Implications for the Rhode Island Ocean SAMP Region by Kevin Ruddock  Enhanced ocean landscape and ecological value characterization for the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan study area using Habitat Typology and Habitat Template approaches by Emily J. Shumchenia and A nnette Grilli  Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan: Studies Investigating the Spatial Distribution and Abundance of Marine Birds in Nearshore and Offshore Waters of Rhode Island by Kristopher Winiarski, Peter Paton, Scot t McWilliams and David Miller  Ocean Special Area Management Plan Science Research Agenda by Monique LaFrance and Michelle Carnevale  Ecological Value Map (EVM) for the Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan \u2013 May 2011 Update by Deborah French McCay, Melanie Schroeder, Eileen Graham, Danielle Reich, and Jill Rowe   View Volume 1 here.","author":["Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council"],"organization":["Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council"],"originationDate":"2013-04-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.418874000000","-71.215336000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RI-Ocean-SAMP-Volume2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3249","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rhode-island-ocean-special-area-management-plan-ocean-samp-volume-1","sourceURL":"https:\/\/seagrant.gso.uri.edu\/oceansamp\/pdf\/samp_crmc_revised\/RI_Ocean_SAMP.pdf","title":"Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan: Ocean SAMP - Volume 1","description":"Through the Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP), the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council (CRMC) commits itself to uphold both its obligations to preserve, protect, develop, and where possible, restore the coastal resources of the state for this and succeeding generations, and to ensure that the preservation and restoration of ecological systems shall be the primary guiding principle upon which environmental alteration of coastal resources will be measured, judged and regulated.  The waters off Rhode Island\u2019s coasts have long served as an important and highly valuable environmental, economic and cultural hub for the people living in this region. The natural beauty of these offshore waters, along with its rich historic and cultural heritage, provides aesthetic, artistic, educational, and spiritual value and is part of the appeal that draws people to live, work, and play in Rhode Island. Rhode Island\u2019s offshore waters are an ecologically unique region and host an interesting biodiversity of fish, marine mammals, birds, and sea turtles that travel throughout this region, thriving on its rich habitats, microscopic organisms, and other natural resources.  As a means to promote, protect, enhance, and honor these existing human uses and natural resources of Rhode Island, while encouraging appropriate marine-based economic development, and facilitating the coordination of state and federal decision making, the CRMC has produced the Ocean SAMP. Using the best available science and working with well-informed and committed resource users, researchers, environmental and civic organizations, and local, state and federal government agencies, the Ocean SAMP provides a comprehensive understanding of this complex and rich ecosystem as well as describes how the people living in this region have long used and depended upon these offshore resources. To fulfill the Council\u0027s regulatory responsibilities, the Ocean SAMP lays out enforceable policies and recommendations to guide CRMC in promoting a balanced and comprehensive ecosystem-based management approach for the development and protection of Rhode Island\u2019 s ocean-based resources within the Ocean SAMP study area.  Since 1983 the CRMC has successfully applied marine spatial planning (MSP) to achieve ecosystem-based management along Rhode Island\u2019s coastline. CRMC\u0027s six existing SAMP\u2019s, as well as the state\u2019s water type designations, successfully apply MSP. Through the Ocean SAMP, CRMC builds on this success and applies this same MSP technique to effectively manage Rh ode Island\u0027s offshore waters.  Ecologically, economically, and culturally, Rhode Island is unavoidably linked to the ocean and therefore faces a number of challenges from climate change that are specific to the coastal and marine landscape. The Ocean SAMP intends to contribute to the mitigation of, and adaptation to, global climate change. CRMC believes that with advanced planning and coordination, the harm and costs associated with these potential impacts can be reduced and may be avoided.  There is an increased demand for the potential placement of many structures and activities, including liquefied natural gas infrastructure, aquaculture, and artificial reefs, in Rhode Island\u2019s offshore waters. However, the major driver for the development of the Ocean SAMP was the determination by the Rhode Island Office of Energy Resources in 2007 that investment in offshore wind farms would be necessary to achieve Governor Donald Carcieri\u2019s mandate that offshore wind resources provide 15 percent of the state\u2019s electrical power by 2020. In response, the CRMC proposed the creation of a SAMP as a mechanism to develop a comprehensive management and regulator y tool that would proactively engage the public and provide policies and recommendations for appropriate siting of offshore renewable energy.  The process to both develop the Ocean SAMP as well as establish policies and regulations is guided by goals and principles that were developed in coordination with the Ocean SAMP researchers and stakeholder group. The Ocean SAMP Goals highlight the commitment by CRMC to: foster a properly functioning ecosystem that is both ecologically sound and economically beneficial; promote and enhance existing uses; encourage marine-based economic development that considers the aspirations of local communities and is consistent with and complementary to the state\u2019s overall economic development, social, and environmental needs and goals; and build a framework for coordinated decision-making between stat e and federal management agencies.  The Ocean SAMP Principles commit CRMC to: develop the Ocean SAMP in a transparent manner; involve all stakeholders; ho nor existing activities; base all decisions on the best available science; and establish monitoring and evaluation that supports adaptive management.   View Volume 2 here.","author":["Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council"],"organization":["Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council"],"originationDate":"2010-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.307558000000","-71.293614000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RI-Ocean-SAMP-Volume1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3250","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2015-massachusetts-ocean-management-plan-volume-2-baseline-assessment-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/service-details\/massachusetts-ocean-management-plan","title":"2015 Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan: Volume 2 - Baseline Assessment and Science Framework","description":"Volume 2 of the 2015 Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan focuses on the data and scientific aspects of the plan and its implementation. It includes these two separate documents:    Baseline Assessment Five-Year Update: Report on Changes and Trends since 2009 - The Oceans Act mandated a Baseline Assessment as part of the ocean plan and required a review and update of this Baseline Assessment at least every five years. The 2009 Baseline Assessment constituted an extensive cataloguing of the current state of knowledge regarding human uses, natural resources, and other ecosystem components of Massachusetts ocean waters. The 2015 update to the Baseline Assessment is presented here in Volume 2. It reports on the current condition and status, as well as trends since 2009, in Massachusetts marine waters.  Science Framework - This document provides the updated blueprint for ocean management-related science and data priorities and strategies that will support continued evolution of the ocean plan   Volume 1 can be found here.","author":["Commonwealth of Massachusetts"],"organization":["Commonwealth of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"2015-01-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.059516600000","-72.839417900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Massachusetts-2015-Vol-2-lowres.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3251","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2015-massachusetts-ocean-management-plan-volume-1-management-administration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/info-details\/previous-versions-of-the-massachusetts-ocean-management-plan","title":"2015 Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan: Volume 1 - Management and Administration","description":"In December 2009, the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs (EEA) issued the Commonwealth\u2019s first-ever Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan. The release of the plan was the culmination of an intensive planning process launched with the signing of the Oceans Act in May 2008. The Oceans Act (Appendix 1) gave the EEA Secretary formal oversight, coordination, and planning authority for the Commonwealth\u2019s ocean waters and ocean-based development. It also required EEA to develop an integrated ocean management plan that: defined the Commonwealth\u2019s goals, siting priorities, and standards for ensuring effective stewardship of ocean waters and resources held in trust for the benefit of the public; reflected the importance of these waters to the Commonwealth \u2019s citizens who derive livelihoods and recreational benefits from fishing; valued biodiversity and ecosystem health; identified and protected special, sensitive, or unique estuarine and marine life and habitats; and identified appropriate locations and performance standards for activities, uses, and facilities allowed by the Ocean Sanctuaries Act [M.G.L. c. 132A \u00a712-18].  The development of the 2009 Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan, which was led by EEA\u2019s Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), included rigorous efforts to acquire, develop, and synthesize the best available data and science and to seek a high level of peer review and evaluation of this information. Throughout the process, EEA also carried out an extensive public and stakeholder participation program, including public workshops, meetings with stakeholders, and formal public hearings and comment periods. Members of the state\u2019s Ocean Advisory Commission and Ocean Science Advisory Council also provided important and valuable advice, guidance, and contributions to the planning process and the final plan. The development of the ocean plan underscored the critical importance and value of marine ecosystems and ocean-based commerce, trade, and economies in Massachusetts and reinforced the Commonwealth\u2019s responsibility to manage uses in a manner that preserves and enhances the integrity and sustainability of ocean ecosystems and resources and maintains the benefits held in trust for the public.  The Commonwealth\u2019s ocean plan is intended to be an evolving document - revisited and revised periodically to adapt as better information and science are developed, policy goals evolve, and experience in applying the management and administrative framework is gained. The Oceans Act and the implementing regulations of the ocean plan (301 CMR 28.00, Appendix 2) require that the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan, its Baseline Assessment, and the enforceable provisions of relevant statutes and regulations be reviewed at least once every five years.  This document - the 2015 Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2015 ocean plan) - presents the first formal amendment of the original ocean plan released in 2009. With its promulgation on January 6, 2015, the 2015 ocean plan serves as the current official version of the state\u2019s ocean plan, superseding the 2009 plan. This chapter provides an overview of the document, describes the plan review and update process, and summarizes the revisions made to the 2009 ocean plan. While this chapter generally references the maps in the ocean plan, specific information on management areas and maps is provided in Chapter 2, and the maps themselves are placed at the end of the document for production purposes. All of the maps in the ocean plan are also available on CZM\u2019s publicly accessible online data and mapping system, the Massachusetts Ocean Resource Information System (MORIS), at https:\/\/maps.massgis.state.ma.us\/map_ol\/mass_ocean_plan.php.  Overview of the Document  The 2015 ocean plan consists of two volumes:    Volume 1: Management and Administration - Following this introductory chapter, Chapter 2 provides the Commonwealth\u2019s updated and amended approach for integrated ocean management, identifying and providing accompanying maps for the broad management areas and the special, sensitive, or unique habitat and water-dependent uses delineated for protection. It also presents the siting and management standards for activities and projects subject to the ocean plan. Chapter 3 highlights progress in plan implementation since 2009 and describes key administrative elements, the review and revision process, continued mechanisms for input and engagement with experts and stakeholders, and an approach for monitoring and evaluating plan implementation.  Volume 2: Baseline Assessment Five-Year Update and Science Framework - The Oceans Act mandated a Baseline Assessment as part of the ocean plan and required a review and update of this Baseline Assessment at least every five years. The 2009 Baseline Assessment constituted an extensive cataloguing of the current state of knowledge regarding human uses, natural resources, and other ecosystem components of Massachusetts ocean waters. The Baseline Assessment Five-Year Update: Report on Changes and Trends since 2009 is presented in Volume 2 and reports on the current condition, status, and trends in Massachusetts marine waters. Volume 2 also contains the Science Framework, which identifies updated science and data priorities and strategies that will support the continued evolution of the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan.","author":["Commonwealth of Massachusetts"],"organization":["Commonwealth of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"2015-01-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.059516600000","-72.839417900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Massachusetts-2015-Vol-1-lowres.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3252","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-development-plan-framework-sustainable-development-irelands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dccae.gov.ie\/documents\/20140204%20DCENR%20-%20Offshore%20Renewable%20Energy%20Development%20Plan.pdf","title":"Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan: A Framework for the Sustainable Development of Ireland\u0027s Offshore Renewable Energy Resource","description":"The overarching objective of the Government\u2019s energy policy is to ensure secure and sustainable supplies of competitively priced energy to all consumers. The development of Ireland\u2019s renewable energy resources is critical for the achievement of each element of this objective. Cost-effective harnessing of the potential of the clean, sustainable, indigenous, renewable energy resources that Ireland is fortunate to have in abundance, is crucial to reducing our dependence on expensive fossil fuel imports, improving our national competitiveness over time, reducing harmful emissions and delivering growth and jobs in the green economy. These objectives are fully aligned with those of EU energy policy, reflecting the common challenges faced by Ireland, and our partners in Europe, in decarbonising our energy systems and creating a sustainable and competitive EU internal market for energy.","author":["Irish Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE)"],"organization":["Irish Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.143753000000","-6.157812000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 11:01:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DCENR-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3253","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-coastal-management-programme-south-africa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.environment.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/nationalcoastal_managementprogramme.pdf","title":"The National Coastal Management Programme of South Africa","description":"This document presents South Africa\u2019s National Coastal Management Programme (NCMP) under the National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Ac t (Act No. 24 of 2008) (ICM Act) for the period 2013 to 2017.  Coastal zones throughout the world have historically been among the most heavily exploited areas because of their rich resources. In coastal countries today, an estimated half of the total population live in coastal zones, and migration from inland areas to the coast is increasing. Not surprisingly, there is also a rising conflict between the need for immediate consumption or use of coastal resources and the need to ensure the long - term supply of those resources. The enjoyment of the coastal zone by a wide variety of users and the view of the coast as a national asset and legacy for future generations is of the utmost importance for the promotion of its current and future sustainable use.  South Africa\u2019s coastal environment is a rich and diverse national asset, providing important economic and social opportunities for the human population. The estimated total contribution of coastal resources (without regulatory services) to the South African economy is in the order of some R 57 billion (US$5.7 billion). The direct economic benefits from coastal resources in South Africa are estimated to be approximately 35% of the country\u2019s annual gross domestic product (GDP) (referring to the \u0022White Paper\u0022). Direct economic benefits include the marine fishing industry, port and harbour development and attractive lifestyles, and recreational and tourism opportunities offered by a coastal location. Furthermore, the coast provides indirect economic benefits such as the erosion control provided by coastal features such as dunes and high cliffs which protect built and natural features along the coast (including roads, buildings and farmlands) from the damaging effects of waves and wind, and it allows waste assimilation, detoxification and recycling through coastal wetlands, forests and grasslands. These indirect benefits account for an additional 28% of the country\u2019s GDP.  The ICM Act has been promulgated to establish the statutory requirements for integrated coastal and estuarine management in South Africa. The Act also prescribes the inclusion of norms, standards and policies for further elaboration and guidance on coastal management provisions within legislation and specific scenarios and\/or issues. One of the many reasons for the adoption of this form of management is to promote the conservation of the coastal environment, and to maintain the natural character of coastal landscapes.  Among the myriad of implementation tools that are available within the ICM Act, Coastal Management Programmes (CMPs) are arguably the most powerful integrating instruments in an ICM toolbox. A CMP is a policy directive for the management of the coastal zone, inclusive of strategies and plans for the effective implementation of the ICM Act that will enable organs of state to plan accordingly, to set a course for the environmental future of a nation by addressing the resolution of current management problems and user-conflicts (due to the wide variety of activities and uses of the coast), as well as the long-term development and management of the coastline. CMPs also play the vital role of bringing together the various spheres and sectors of government, private sector activities and community activities on the coast for the effective implementation of ICM over a projected period of time. This is achieved by ensuring that the development and use of natural resources in the coastal zone is done with the best interests of the public and economy, while being ecologically sustainable.","author":["South Africa Department of Environmental Affairs"],"organization":["South Africa Department of Environmental Affairs"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.680583000000","30.529717000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Department-of-Environmental-Affairs-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3254","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enablers-task-force-marine-spatial-planning-report-inter-departmental-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ouroceanwealth.ie\/sites\/default\/files\/sites\/default\/files\/news\/Final%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Enablers%20Task%20Force%20Report.pdf","title":"Enablers Task Force on Marine Spatial Planning: Report to the Inter-Departmental Marine Coordination Group","description":"Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth \u2013 An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland (2012) sets out the Government\u2019s Vision, High-Level Goals, and 39 Key Actions the Government will take to put in place the appropriate policy, governance and business climate to enable our marine potential to be realised 1. An Enablers Task Force on Marine Spatial Planning was appointed by the Marine Coordination Group in December 2012 on foot of a governance action included in Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth. This short-medium term action is to develop an appropriate maritime spatial planning (MSP) framework for Ireland within which the scope and objectives of an overarching national marine spatial plan will be defined. Five Departments which have a marine policy and\/or a regulatory role and the Office of the Attorney General were represented on the Task Force. Areas examined by the Task Force included:    Emerging EU policy in relation to maritime spatial planning;  The need for any further legislative changes that may be required to support a national maritime spatial planning framework;  International best practice on developing integrated marine planning and licensing, benchmarking Ireland\u2019s marine regulatory framework; and  A national maritime spatial planning capacity and responsibility for data coordination and exchange.   The Task Force benefited greatly from a number of expert presentations, video conferences and discussions, including liaison with marine spatial organisations in England, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The Task Force also benefited from two research studies commissioned on its behalf by the Marine Institute:    A study on the legal aspects of marine spatial planning, undertaken by an inter-disciplinary team of planners and barristers (MacCabe Durney Barnes; UCD Planning School; and the University of Aberdeen), and  A review of international best practice in marine spatial planning, carried out by Dr. Wesley Flannery, Queen\u2019s University Belfast.   Marine spatial planning (MSP) is normally a statutory process carried out by public authorities. It involves extensive consultation, and employs Geographic Information Systems to collate and analyse spatial data relating to the uses, current and potential, of marine space and its goods and services. It seeks to manage, in an integrated and neutral manner, the spatial and temporal demands of the full range of marine sectoral policy objectives, the interaction between human activities and their pressures on the environment and to ensure effective linkages with terrestrial (land use) spatial planning. It is important to emphasise that MSP is the process that delivers marine spatial plans and requires the involvement of policy makers, statutory bodies, stakeholders and the general public in their preparation, implementation, monitoring and review.  The Task Force believes that the implementation of MSP in Ireland would deliver the following benefits:    Contribute to vision and goals set out in Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth and in the EU\u2019s Integrated Maritime Plan. These include coherent and integrated marine planning and management and public participation, aimed at delivering a thriving sustainable maritime economy based on healthy, clean and productive marine ecosystems.  Provide greater certainty for State bodies, investors, NGOs and the general public, resulting in an improved investment environment, lower transaction costs and improved timescales for project delivery.  Reduce the risk of and from legal challenges to regulatory decisions through robust environmental assessment of marine spatial plans.  Manage spatial conflicts, identify synergies and facilitate compliance with existing and proposed EU Directives (the Commission has proposed a Directive mandating statutory MSP systems for coastal Member States).  Provide coordination with marine spatial plans being prepared by UK authorities for marine areas which adjoin our jurisdiction, notably in the Irish Sea.   The Task Force recommends a Framework for Marine Spatial Planning in Chapter 17. The following is a summary of the key points:    A National Marine Spatial Plan should cover Ireland\u2019s marine waters (see Fig. 10.1) at a broad strategic level, with more detailed plans being prepared subsequently at a sub-national level as required.  In line with EU policy and international best practice MSP should be established in Ireland through primary legislation. This will require the establishment of a lead department to draft and enact legislation establishing the MSP Body and plan-making framework recommended by the ETF. Pending drafting and enactment of such legislation, a multi-disciplinary MSP Body should be created on a \u201cshadow\u201d basis to start establishing the processes and the plan itself.  It is estimated that a National Marine Spatial Plan, including full consultation and environmental assessment in accordance with EU directives, could be adopted by the lead Minister within four years.  Robust plans require a sound evidence base. A substantial amount of marine-related data and information already exists (such as Ireland\u2019s Marine Atlas 2), and this provides a good platform for the preparation of the first marine spatial plan. An expert advisory group should be established to assist in filling any gaps.  Marine spatial plans should aim for sustainable and efficient use of marine space by maximising multiple uses and where necessary for the management of conflicts or to highlight specific opportunities for potential investors the zoning for preferred uses.  Meaningful and early consultation with all stakeholders, including the general public, is essential. Engagement with regulatory and consenting authorities, sectoral and environmental organisations, coastal local authorities and development bodies will contribute to the management of land-sea interactions, thus enabling the inclusion of marine-related opportunities in local and regional development plans.  The initial focus should be on forward planning and the preparation of a National Marine Spatial Plan. A plan-led system facilitates greater consistency in decision-making. This requires that consent authorities are obliged to have regard to relevant spatial policies and objectives set out in the plan.  The Task Force is aware that as part of the wider reform and efficiency agenda, public bodies are continuing to bring about positive changes to a variety of marine licensing and consent processes, and recommends that further streamlining of such processes should be undertaken by Departments and agencies while the national marine spatial plan is being prepared and adopted. The report sets out suggested criteria to guide this process. Ultimately, consideration can be given to devolving responsibility for some marine consents\/licences to a designated MSP body, in order to maximise synergies between marine plan preparation and implementation.   Finally, it is important that marine spatial plans remain responsive to changing circumstances; implementation should be carefully monitored, and the plans reviewed periodically.","author":["Enablers Task Force"],"organization":["Enablers Task Force"],"originationDate":"2015-07-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.018366000000","-8.003516000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:15:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Enablers-Task-Force-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3255","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fairhead-tidal-environmental-impact-assessment-scoping-document","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.economy-ni.gov.uk\/consultations\/application-consent-construct-and-operate-100-mw-tidal-energy-array-waters-fair-head-county-antrim","title":"Fairhead Tidal Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Document","description":"Fair Head Tidal Energy Park Ltd (FHTEP), a special purpose company set up by DP Marine Energy (DPME) and DEME Blue Energy (DBE), proposes to build a tidal energy development of up to 100MW installed capacity off Fair Head in North Antrim, Northern Ireland.  In October 2012 DPME and DBE were awarded an Agreement for Lease (AfL) from The Crown Estate (TCE) for an area of seabed of approximately 3 km2. This agreement includes exclusive rights to evaluate, consent and ultimately develop a 100MW tidal energy project. If successful in obtaining the necessary consents and licences, it is anticipated that the initial deployment of devices could commence in 2017, (possibly sooner subject to grid availability) and the project would reach full commercial operation by the end of 2019.  Scope and Method Proposal  This document forms FHTEP\u2019s written request to:  (i) the Department of Environment, Marine Division (DoE MD) as the appropriate licensing authority for Northern Ireland under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, for their opinion as to the information to be provided in the Environmental Statement (ES) for the tidal development and associated subsea cable(s), under Regulation 13 of the Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2007; and  (ii) the Department for Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI), as the Department in Northern Ireland responsible for consenting the construction of any new generating station requiring consent under the Electricity (Northern Ireland) Order 1992, for its opinion as to the information to be provided in the Environmental Statement (ES) for the tidal development and associated subsea cable(s), under Regulation 5 of The Offshore Electricity Development (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008  This document also informs DoE MD that FHTEP intends to make an application for the following consents and licences:    A Marine Licence under Part 4 of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (DoENI 2009) for the placing of materials on the sea bed, the disposal of waste at sea and the use of certain chemicals. Under article 8 of the Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2007 (amended 2011) any activity requiring a marine licence and that is considered likely to have significant effects on the environment must accompany the application with an Environmental Statement (ES);  A Consent under Article 39 of the Electricity (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 from the Department Enterprise, Trade and Investment, (DETI) as amended by The Electricity Consents (Planning) (Northern Ireland) Order (2006) for the construction and operation of the Tidal Array, with a capacity exceeding 1MW.   The electrical connection beyond the export cables landing point at mean high water springs (MHWS) on the Antrim coast is not considered in this scoping document and will be the subject of a separate scoping document and application for consent under Section 40 of the Electricity (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 from DETI for the associated overhead lines from the land based substation.  Outline details of these elements are included within this scoping document for information only to add context to the project. Therefore, the following elements are not included in the s coping document:    Any onshore cabling beyond high water mark;  Any metering or control room buildings;  Electrical substations; and  Any operational support or maintenance facilities.   The Planning Service of Northern Ireland has no jurisdiction over off-shore renewable proposals. This is the responsibility of the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment, On-shore ancillary development to serve off-shore renewable proposals (e.g. power lines or substations) will be dealt with by Planning Service. A provision for Deemed Planning Permission under Article 2 of The Electricity Consents (Planning) (Northern Ireland) Order (2006) for the onshore parts of a project, such as the control building, external electrical components, onshore cable routes and associated infrastructure to be considered under the provisions of the Order. This Order amended Schedule 8 of the Electricity Order (Northern Ireland) but is not currently operational thus the onshore parts of the development will require to be submitted under the normal planning process of the Planning (Northern Ireland) Order (1991).  TCE own the foreshore and seabed from High Water to the 12 nautical mile limit.  Central to the project feasibility will be an assessment of the environmental effects likely to arise during construction, operation and decommissioning of the tidal array and identification of suitable mitigation measures where appropriate. By incorporating such measures in the design process, potential impacts can be reduced.  The purpose of this scoping document is also to provide a focus for the ES by identifying the key issues of relevance and to outline the scope and approach that will be adopted. It is anticipated that various organisations will have the opportunity to submit comments and to offer information relevant to the preparation of the ES.  The ES will be structured to provide a description of the proposed development and the existing environment, an assessment of the impacts of the development and the measures to mitigate adverse impacts.","author":["McGrath, C."],"organization":["DP Marine Energy Limited"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.231000000000","-6.107000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:30:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fairhead-Tidal-EIA-Scoping.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3257","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/installation-tidal-turbine-array-kyle-rhea-scotland-scoping-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/Kyle_Rhea\/MCT_Kyle_Rhea_Scoping_Report.pdf","title":"Installation of Tidal Turbine Array at Kyle Rhea, Scotland: Scoping Study","description":"As part of their ongoing development programme, Marine Current Turbines Ltd (referred to hereafter in this report as MCT) proposes the installation of an array of tidal turbines for the commercial production of electricity in Kyle Rhea, a narrow strait between the Isle of Skye and mainland Scotland. Kylerhea, also discussed in this report is a village to the south west of the Kyle Rhea. The combined generation capacity of the array will be up to 5MW, comprising of four of SeaGen tidal turbine devices, with the capacity of each device of 1.2MW. The development of this array represents a natural progression in development, following the successful installation and operation of a single SeaGen device in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, the world\u2019s first commercial tidal turbine.  This environmental scoping report provides initial background information and determination of the environmental constraints and benefits associated with the construction and installation of an array of tidal turbines in Kyle Rhea. As such, this report represents the first key stage in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and has been produced to facilitate the identification and assessment of the potential environmental impacts associated with the project. The report will also ensure that all consultees are fully aware and informed of the scheme.  An initial site selection exercise was conducted by MCT, supported by Royal Haskoning, and included early consultation with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and Marine Scotland (MS), as well as the Energy Consents Unit of Scottish Government. Royal Haskoning was commissioned to write an environmental scoping of the Kyle Rhea site in preparation for the submission of a full Environmental Statement (ES) to accompany applications for consent for installation of the array (see Section 2, Policy and Legislation).  The objectives of this report are to:    Outline the technology to be installed on site;  Briefly describe the techniques proposed for installation and highlight options still under consideration;  Identify and summarise the known baseline conditions on site;  Identify environmental constraints and benefits of the site;  Consider and suggest possible environmental impact which may arise from the development;  Identify any studies required for assessment of the project; and  Identify the most appropriate approach to studies and subsequent impact evaluation.   Project Description - Technology  The technology which is proposed for the Kyle Rhea tidal array is based upon the SeaGen device installed and successfully operated in Strangford Lough, with some minor improvements or alterations to the design. The SeaGen turbine in Strangford Lough is one of the most studied, tested and reliable designs in the world.  Tidal turbines are, in principle, similar to submerged windmills driven by high tidal current velocities, deriving energy from huge volumes of flowing water. However, as water is 800 times denser than air, tidal turbines can be smaller in scale than wind turbines and devices within arrays can be positioned closer together because tidal streams generally provide bi-directional movements rather than the multidirectional movements of wind.  The basic requirement for cost-effective power generation from tidal streams is a mean spring peak velocity exceeding about 2.5 metres per second (m\/s). Such flows have the major advantage of being an energy resource as predictable as the tides which cause them, unlike wind or wave energy which respond to the less predictable dynamics of weather systems.  The SeaGen turbine developed by MCT consists of axial flow rotors, of 16 - 20m in diameter, which drive a generator via a gearbox, much like a hydro-electric turbine or a wind turbine. The rotors turn at a maximum of 14.3rpm with a tip speed of each rotor is a maximum of 12m\/s. Twin rotors are mounted on a wing-like cross beam, extending either side of a tubular tower, which itself protrudes approximately 10m above the water surface (during Mean Sea Level). The cross beam can be raised above the water surface on hydraulic rams to allow efficient maintenance and repair as required. Subsurface, each SeaGen turbine is likely to be mounted on a quadropile drilled and pinned into the seabed providing high stability with a minimal direct seabed footprint of approximately 3.1m2. The minimum depth of the rotor tips will be 3m to allow smaller vessels to pass close to the tower and during most states of the tide the depth will be considerably more.  Project Description - Site Selection  A site selection process was carried out to identify and assess potentially suitable sites for the small array in the UK. An evaluation of alternative sites using weighted comparative criteria was undertaken by the MCT project team to assess and justify site selection. Determination of site suitability comprises a number of components, characterised by the following main criteria:    Weather exposure;  Proximity to grid connection;  Environmental sensitivities;  Tidal flow regime energy;  Bathymetry (22-35m depth);  Site accessibility from local and national perspective; and  Logistics and proximity to marine operations support.   Whilst it is recognised that each site considered is unique, the multiple criteria approach outlined above justified the selection of Kyle Rhea as the optimum site for the establishment of a temporary evaluation system of the marine current turbine.  Key factors that identified Kyle Rhea as an ideal site to locate the proposed tidal array included:    The high current velocities likely to be encountered, predominantly in well-defined bi-directional flows, providing a complete spectrum of velocities for the prototype technology to be trialled under;  The wave sheltered environment of the Kyle presents a number of advantages, including ease of maintenance and access and increased safety even during winter months.   In addition to the key points above, the \u2018in principle\u2019 support from the relevant authorities and stakeholders in Scotland was an important factor in the choosing of Kyle Rhea.  It is therefore considered that siting a small array of tidal turbines in Kyle Rhea could significantly accelerate the development of a clean renewable energy technology in the UK in a way not possible at other sites.  Project Description - The Site  The site boundary for this scoping study is shown in Figure 1.1, and encompasses the majority of Kyle Rhea, an area of approximately 2km2.  Onshore infrastructure is likely to include construction of a substation on the shore adjacent to the array (this could be either side of Kyle Rhea) and directional drilling between the substation and the array. The substation will connect to the national grid via existing infrastructure.  A detailed layout and position of the array will be finalised after collection of key data and identification of key constraints, for example, seabed characteristics and ecology.  The site is accessible from both the mainland, via the Old Military Road to Gleneig off the A87 south of Loch Duich, and from the Isle of Skye, via a minor road from the A87 at Ashaig to the settlement of Kylerhea. Immediately south of the proposed site, a small ferry crosses the Kyle between Gleneilg and Kylerhea during the summer. A minor airport is present on the Isle of Skye, with the nearest large airport at Inverness, approximately 1 hour away.  It is anticipated that the majority of material and equipment for construction and installation will be transported by sea. However, detailed logistical plans would be finalised at a later stage.","author":["Bedford, G.","Tarrant, D.","Trendall, J."],"organization":["Marine Current Turbines (MCT)"],"originationDate":"2010-03-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.230000000000","-5.662000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:41:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/KyleRheaScopingReport.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3258","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-hearing-sensitivity-leatherback-sea-turtle-dermochelys-coriacea-assessing","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater Hearing Sensitivity of the Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea): Assessing the Potential Effect of Anthropogenic Noise","description":"Rising levels of anthropogenic noise throughout the world\u2019s oceans have created growing concern about the impact of sound on many marine species. Sea turtles do not appear to vocalize or use sound for communication, but may use sound for navigation, locating prey, avoiding predators, and general environmental awareness. Endangered leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) have the largest latitudinal distribution of all sea turtles, foraging in high-latitude sub-polar waters and nesting on low-latitude tropical beaches. Much of their habitat overlaps with sound-producing activities, exposing them to anthropogenic sounds such as: oil and gas exploration and extraction, shipping, construction, and sonar.  To determine if leatherbacks are capable of detecting these sounds, we measured the hearing sensitivity of hatchlings in water (n=11) or air (n=12) by recording auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). AEPs are produced by the synchronous discharge of neurons in the auditory pathway of the central auditory nervous system after acoustic stimulation detectable by the ear. Before testing, we isolated hatchlings from noise and vibrations and lightly restrained them to prevent movement that would mask AEP signals. To further reduce myogenic artifacts, we sedated (underwater: n=11; air: n=7) or anesthetized (air: n=5) hatchlings. For underwater measurements, we submerged hatchlings 14 cm and presented stimuli with an underwater speaker (Clark Synthesis, Inc. AC339), calibrated with a hydrophone (High Tech, Inc. HTI-96-MIN). We recorded AEPs during 45-60 second intervals, raising hatchlings to the surface to breathe between intervals. For aerial measurements, we placed hatchlings on foam pads to reduce the opportunity for detection of vibratory stimuli, and presented stimuli with an aerial speaker (Definitive Technology, Inc. DI6.5R), calibrated with a microphone (LinearX Systems, Inc. M31). An Evoked Potential Workstation run by laptop computer with SigGenRP and BioSigRP software (Tucker-Davis Technologies, Inc.) generated stimuli and recorded AEP responses. Using a three-electrode array, we recorded responses to 50 ms pulsed tonal stimuli between 50 and 1600 Hz, beginning at the loudest producible level and attenuating in 6 dB steps until no AEP response could be detected. We determined that an AEP response was present if the recorded signal showed a peak in the frequency domain twice that of the stimulus frequency and \u22656 dB above the noise floor 100 Hz on either side of the peak. We defined threshold as the lowest level we detected an AEP response. We monitored hatchling respiratory and heart rates throughout the experiment and measured blood gas values at the completion of the experiment.  Results showed that leatherback sea turtle hatchlings are able to detect sounds underwater and in air, responding to stimuli between 50 and 1200 Hz in water and 50 and 1600 Hz in air, with maximum sensitivity between 100 and 400 Hz in water (84 dB re: 1 \u03bcPa-rms at 300 Hz) and 50 and 400 Hz in air (62 dB re: 20 \u03bcPa-rms at 300 Hz). These represent the first measurements of leatherback hearing sensitivity and, like other species of sea turtle for which hearing has been measured, they appear to have a relatively narrow, low-frequency range of hearing sensitivity. Sedation or anesthesia proved to be a successful technique for facilitating the collection of AEPs. Anesthesia had little effect on measured hearing sensitivity with average thresholds for anesthetized hatchlings","author":["Piniak, W.","Eckert, S.","Harms, C.","Stringer, E."],"organization":["Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Conservation Network (WIDECAST)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["10.497043000000","-61.222558000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:43:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Piniak-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3259","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-energy-resource-passamaquoddy-cobscook-bays-fresh-look-old-story","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148105003289","title":"The Tidal-Stream Energy Resource in Passamaquoddy-Cobscook Bays: A Fresh Look at an Old Story","description":"The Passamaquoddy\u2013Cobscook Bay archipelago, located near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy where the mean tidal range is 5.7\u00a0m, has long been regarded a promising site for tidal-power development. Modern low-head turbines allow power extraction primarily from the kinetic energy of the tidal stream, rather than from the potential energy of an impounded basin, eliminating the need for expensive and elaborate systems of dams, locks and gates. Although the available power levels are much less in streaming applications, the resource may still be significant and accessible in areas with strong tidal flows, because the available power follows the cube of the current speed. The much lower costs per installed kilowatt and the relatively minor environmental impacts warrant a fresh look at the tidal-stream resource.\n\nCirculation models indicate that the peak power resource in narrow straits such as Letete Passage and Lubec Narrows exceeds 10\u00a0kW\/m2 of installed turbine aperture. In those locations an installation with the surface \u0022footprint\u0022 of a typical aquaculture site could produce peak power levels of 1\u20132\u00a0MW under mean tide conditions, and perhaps twice that during spring tides, using modern turbines. Lower power levels are available in deeper, less restricted regions such as Western and Head Harbor Passages. Regions between islands and near headlands where flow speeds exceed about 2\u00a0m\u00a0s\u22121 (about 4 knots) offer a modest tidal-power potential that could be tapped at relatively low cost and with minimal impact on the environment, fisheries and navigation.","author":["Brooks, D."],"organization":["Texas A\u0026M University"],"originationDate":"2006-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.912550000000","-66.786262000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3260","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/finite-element-circulation-model-embayments-drying-intertidal-areas-its-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1463500304000642","title":"A Finite Element Circulation Model for Embayments with Drying Intertidal Areas and its Application to the Quoddy Region of the Bay of Fundy","description":"A three-dimensional, triangular-mesh, finite element model has been adapted to allow for the flooding and drying of intertidal areas. The new algorithm sets velocities in dry areas to zero and removes elements from the computation when they are completely dry. Model tests simulating an idealized sloping beach that includes a tidal pool and a narrow deep channel laterally bounded by shallow drying sides, give qualitatively reasonable results. A simulation of the Quoddy region of the Bay of Fundy also gave good results when calibrated against available observations. This region includes extensive intertidal flats, tidal pools and channels that are blocked at low water by emerging shallows. The model is a clear improvement over a three-dimensional linear model and a fully nonlinear model without the drying routines using the same model grid. The drying model reproduces the tidal elevations with higher accuracy and has more realistic tidal currents.","author":["Greenberg, D.","Shore, J.","Page, F.","Dowd, M."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Ohio State University"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.039920300000","-66.392362100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3261","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survey-acoustic-harassment-device-ahd-use-bay-fundy-nb-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/share\/AquaticMammalsIssueArchives\/1998\/AquaticMammals_24-01\/24-01_Johnston.pdf","title":"A Survey of Acoustic Harassment Device (AHD) Use in the Bay of Fundy, NB, Canada","description":"The number of salmon aquaculture sites in the Bay of Fundy has increased over the past ten years. An unknown proportion of these sites are using acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) to deter seals from approaching salmon cages. A preliminary suvey of AHD use at salmon aquaculture sites in the Quoddy Region and Grand Manan Island, NB, was conducted between 17 August and 7 September 1996. In the Quoddy Region, 46% of aquaculture sites were using some form of AHD during daylight hours. In the Grand Manan area, 22% of aquaculture sites surveyed during the day were using AHDs. An evening survey of four sites in the Quoddy Region revealed that one AHD was activated only during evening hours, indicating our daytime survey data underestimates total AHD use. Three different forms of AHDs (10 kHz peak signal, 15 kHz peak signal, and a multi-frequency signal) were identified. The level of noise pollution associated with these devices may negatively impact marine mammal populations, including the threatened harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), which use these regions on a seasonal or annual basis.","author":["Johnston, D.","Woodley, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1998-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.039920300000","-66.392362100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3262","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/world-first-swansea-bay-tidal-lagoon-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115013945","title":"A World First: Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon in Review","description":"Global energy focus is turning more and more towards renewable energy. With legally binding agreements requiring a drastic increase in the percentage of national energy demand created with renewable sources, tidal energy holds an important advantage \u2013 predictability. The UK is fortunate, having the greatest potential for this energy in the world, which if exploited, would be able to provide approximately 20% of the national energy demand. The most discussed tidal energy site has been the Severn estuary barrage, with repeated proposals outlined and rejected throughout the last 100 years. The reasons for this refusal were due to both high costs and environmental concerns. However, a new proposal for a tidal lagoon in Swansea Bay has been able to circumnavigate both of these downfalls by reducing both the investment needed and effects to the surrounding environment. Subject to a tidal range of 10.5\u00a0m and situated next to a largely populated city with excellent grid connections, Swansea bay is a perfect location. If the lagoon project goes ahead, it would be able to produce a rated output of 320\u00a0MW using bulb turbines, powering 155,000 homes. Being the first tidal lagoon project, what is certain is: the UK and Wales in particular are sending out a strong message regarding renewable energy and it has the whole world\u0027s attention. This paper sets out to bring together current literature regarding the planned Swansea Bay tidal lagoon into one concise document.","author":["Waters, S.","Aggidis, G."],"organization":["Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.609169500000","-3.907152900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3263","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reviews-power-supply-environmental-energy-conversions-artificial-upwelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115013064","title":"Reviews of Power Supply and Environmental Energy Conversions for Artificial Upwelling","description":"Wave energy is being increasingly regarded as a major and promising resource since the artificial upwelling was invented. There are many different ways to convert wave energy to electricity and some other energy such as the power supply for artificial upwelling in this paper. An overview of wave energy converters in artificial upwelling application as well as the power systems and environmental energy conversions for the artificial upwelling all over the world is given in this article. Some basic principles are present, assessment and advices are shown for each category. Some suggestions of the outlook of power systems and wave energy converters in air-lift artificial upwelling application are also given.","author":["Zhang, D.","Fan, W.","Yang, J.","Pan, Y.","Chen, Y.","Huang, H.","Chen, J."],"organization":["Zhejiang University"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3265","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-effects-fish-changes-water-pressure-during-turbine-passage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/hcipub-092003.pdf","title":"Identifying the Effects on Fish of Changes   In Water Pressure during Turbine Passage","description":"The survival of fish passing dams remains one of the most important environmental issues for hydroelectric power production. Fish are exposed to many stresses during dam passage that are not encountered in natural, unimpounded rivers. These include rapid and extreme water pressure changes in turbine systems and excessive levels of dissolved gas due to water being spilled, both of which may cause mortality to fish.","author":["Becker, J.","Abernethy, C.","Dauble, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2003-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Becker-et-al-2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3266","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-assessment-indirect-cumulative-impacts-well-impact-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de\/www-edz\/pdf\/1999\/guideassess.pdf","title":"Guidelines for the Assessment of Indirect and Cumulative Impacts as well as Impact Interactions","description":"These Guidelines consider the Assessment of Indirect and Cumulative Impacts as well as Impact Interactions within the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. It presents the results of research and consultations conducted by Hyder, commissioned by the European Commission: Directorate-General XI (Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection).  These Guidelines are intended for use by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) practitioner and developer. The aim is to provide guidance on practical methods and approaches to assess indirect and cumulative impacts of a project as well as impact interactions. The Guidelines are not intended to be formal or prescriptive but are designed to assist EIA practitioners in developing an approach which is appropriate to a project, and to consider these impacts as an integral part of the EIA process.  Although these guidelines are primarily addressing the EIA at the project level, the reader interested in the assessment of indirect and cumulative impacts as well as impact interactions at the more strategic level of plans, programmes or policies will find these guidelines useful and to a large extent applicable.  The Guidelines have been designed to apply to a wide range of projects and to assist in the EIA process throughout the Member States. They give advice on how to approach these kinds of impacts during the various stages of EIA, how to adapt the approach to a specific project and suggests methods and tools for identifying and assessing indirect and cumulative impacts, as well as impact interactions.  Including an assessment of the indirect and cumulative impacts, and interactions in an EIA is required by legislation, contributes towards sustainable development, is good practice and aids the decision making process.","author":["Walker, L.","Johnston, J."],"organization":["Hyder Consulting","European Commission"],"originationDate":"1999-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/European-Commission-1999.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3267","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/eastern-scotian-shelf-integrated-ocean-management-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/Library\/286215.pdf","title":"Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Ocean Management Plan","description":"The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Ocean Management Plan is a multi-year, strategic-level plan to provide long-term direction and commitment for integrated, ecosystem-based and adaptive management of all marine activities in or affecting the Eastern Scotian Shelf.  The Plan provides an objectives-based approach to ocean management. It contains a set of long-term goals for collaborative governance and integrated management, sustainable human use, and healthy ecosystems. These goals are supported by more specific objectives that express desired outcomes and conditions for the Eastern Scotian Shelf. It is these goals and objectives that underlay the Plan and provide the basis for defining management strategies and measuring progress on Plan implementation. Above all, the objectives-based approach seeks to ensure that interrelationships among ecosystem and human use objectives are recognized and reflected in the identification of management strategies and supporting actions.  The Plan functions at a level above existing sector-based management for marine activities. It focuses on the overall management of the Eastern Scotian Shelf and considers all ocean uses and the environment. This area-based approach enables marine planning, management and decision making to occur at appropriate spatial scales, from regional to site-specific. It also promotes the consideration of various interactions among human activities, and between those activities and the environment.  The Plan is not intended to provide a detailed prescription of all measures required to achieve its objectives. Rather, the aim of the Plan is to augment or enhance existing decision-making processes by linking sector planning and management to an overarching set of goals and objectives.  In many cases, this is accomplished by reference and linkages within the Plan to existing management plans and mechanisms. The Plan also identifies strategies for inclusion in sector-based management processes to support broader objectives and desired outcomes and conditions.  The Plan has been developed through a collaborative and inclusive process \u2013 the ESSIM Initiative \u2013 involving all interested and affected government departments and ocean stakeholders. The collaborative planning model for the ESSIM Initiative includes mechanisms for intergovernmental policy and program coordination, as well as real and effective participation by all stakeholders in all aspects of the planning process. Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) provides leadership and facilitation for the ESSIM Initiative through its mandate under the Oceans Act.  This process has allowed for the development of a Plan that is accepted by stakeholders and endorsed by legislative and regulatory authorities.","author":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.089164000000","-59.788240000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DFO-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3268","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harnessing-our-ocean-wealth-integrated-marine-plan-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ouroceanwealth.ie\/sites\/default\/files\/sites\/default\/files\/Harnessing%20Our%20Ocean%20Wealth%20Report.pdf","title":"Harnessing our Ocean Wealth: An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland","description":"The Opportunity  Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth is an Integrated Marine Plan (IMP), setting out a roadmap for the Government\u2019s vision, high-level goals and integrated actions across policy, governance and business to enable our marine potential to be realised. Implementation of this Plan will see Ireland evolve an integrated system of policy and programme planning for our marine affairs. Implementation of the Plan will, of course, have to be delivered within the over-riding medium-term fiscal framework and budgetary targets adopted by the Government.  Our ocean is a national asset, supporting a diverse marine economy, with vast potential to tap into a \u20ac1,200 billion global marine market for seafood, tourism, oil and gas, marine renewable energy, and new applications for health, medicine and technology. In 2007, Ireland generated 1.2% of GDP (\u20ac2.4bn direct and indirect Gross Value Added) from its ocean economy, supporting about 1% of the total workforce. Global marine economic activity is estimated to contribute 2% of the world\u2019s GDP and the European Commission estimates that between 3% and 5% of Europe\u2019s GDP was generated from sea-related industries and services in 2007. Many believe that we can achieve substantially more. This real opportunity demands a strong integrated cross-government plan of action.  Our marine resources also provide essential non-commercial benefits such as amenity, biodiversity and our mild climate. Ireland\u2019s marine ecosystems (i.e. offshore, inshore and coastline) are home to a rich and diverse range of species and habitats. Our national asset offers significant potential for Ireland\u2019s marine enterprises and sectors and needs to be protected, managed and developed for and by our citizens. The Government is determined to ensure that our ocean wealth will be a key component of our economic recovery and sustainable growth, generating benefits for all our citizens.  An Integrated Marine Plan for Ireland  In Ireland, responsibility for marine matters is spread across a number of government departments and agencies. In recognition of the need for better coordination, the broad scope of the sector and the underutilisation of our ocean wealth, the Government, through the Marine Coordination Group (MCG), which includes senior representatives from the departments with marine responsibilities, have developed Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth \u2013 An Integrated Marine Plan (IMP) for Ireland. The IMP provides a new momentum for growth in the marine area and seeks to ensure government departments work together more efficiently and effectively on the diverse issues related to the marine. The IMP marks a key milestone, with recognition by Government that integrated planning and actions become the norm for marine and maritime affairs. The IMP is designed to make a valuable contribution to getting the environment right for investment and so stimulate essential private investment. The IMP will help realise the potential of our marine economy and will allow us to strike a balance between protecting our marine environment (and its species and habitats) and maximising the use of its resources as a source of economic growth.  A key step in developing Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth \u2013 An IMP for Ireland was to gather the widest possible source of ideas and opinions through inclusive stakeholder consultation. Early in 2012, a consultation document entitled Our Ocean Wealth: Seeking Your Views: New Ways; New Approaches; New Thinking was launched. One hundred and ninety-two submissions were received from a wide range of stakeholders. As part of the consultation process, Minister Coveney T.D. and representatives of the Marine Coordination Group presented the initiative to the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Communications, Natural Resources and Agriculture, which later made a formal submission to the process. The views from the consultation have informed and shaped Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth.","author":["Government of Ireland"],"organization":["Government of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2012-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.250790000000","-7.504667000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harnessing-Our-Ocean-Wealth-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3269","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-planning-gulf-international-review-marine-spatial-planning-initiatives","sourceURL":"","title":"Spatial Planning for the Gulf: An International Review of Marine Spatial Planning Initiatives and Application to the Hauraki Gulf","description":"The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act 2000 (HGMPA) seeks to better integrate and improve management of the Gulf. It emphasises the importance of sustaining the life-supporting capacity of the coastal marine area and islands of Tikapa Moana (the Hauraki Gulf). It provides an over-arching, principle based framework for spatial planning in the Gulf.  In 2009 the Hauraki Gulf Forum released a publication titled Governing the Gulf: Giving effect to the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act through policies and plans. The purpose of the publication was to identify how the provisions of the HGMPA could be given effect to in policies and plans prepared under the Resource Management Act 199 1 (RMA).  The Guide recommended that regional policy statements and regional coastal plans identify, spatially where possible, significant interrelationships and elements which can contribute to the ecological health and productivity of the Gulf\u2019s coastal marine area and islands.  Marine spatial planning is an approach which focuses on the marine area as an integrated system and which, within this system, seeks to spatially identify the location of important values and resources and areas appropriate for different human activities.  Since the release of Governing the Gulf there have been significant institutional and policy changes affecting the management of the Gulf. A new unitary authority for the Auckland region, the Auckland Council, was established on 1 November 2010. The Auckland Council is required to prepare and adopt a spatial plan for the Auckland region under the Local Government (Auckland Council) Act 2009 (as amended in 2010). The coastal marine area comprises almost 70 per cent of the Auckland region and therefore will be an important component of the spatial plan.  In November 2010, the Minister of Conservation released a revised New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (NZCPS) which came into effect on 3 December 2010. This provides stronger direction on how councils are to manage the coastal environment, including requiring the spatial identification of important elements. The new provisions are to be given effect to by councils \u201cas soon as practicable\u201d.  Government has also promoted changes to the legal framework applying to aquaculture through the Aquaculture Legislation Amendment Bill (No 3) which was introduced into Parliament during November 2010. The amendments are intended to facilitate growth of the aquaculture industry, through freeing up marine space, and diversifying into higher value species.  All these developments strengthen the need to apply a marine spatial planning framework to the Gulf.  In November 2010, Environment Waikato notified its proposed regional policy statement. The document sets out the council\u2019s intention to adopt a more collaborative approach to managing the Hauraki Gulf (as well as other key areas) including:    Investigating opportunities for joint initiatives (including across regional boundaries) particularly in relation to managing the Hauraki Gulf (paragraph 4.2.4(c))  Advocating for the Hauraki Gulf Forum to play an active role in management, research, advocacy and education in relation to the Hauraki Gulf and its catchments (paragraph 4.2.9(b))  Liaising with relevant Forum partners and other stakeholders to investigate the preparation of a spatial plan for the Hauraki Gulf (paragraph 4.2.9(c))   Marine spatial planning is being applied in many countries around the world . The purpose of this report is to distill the approaches and learnings from this international experience in order to inform the application of marine spatial planning with in the Hauraki Gulf.  Part One of the report summarises the results of an international review undertaken of marine spatial planning initiatives and describes how marine spatial planning might be applied to the Hauraki Gulf. It concludes with a set of conclusions and recommendations for the way forward. Part Two of the report contains a more detailed description of the marine spatial planning processes undertaken in each of the eight case study areas.","author":["Hauraki Gulf Forum"],"organization":["Hauraki Gulf Forum"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.424951000000","175.155881000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hauraki-Gulf-Forum-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3270","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/basic-plan-ocean-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www8.cao.go.jp\/ocean\/english\/plan\/pdf\/plan02_e.pdf","title":"Basic Plan on Ocean Policy","description":"(1) The Basic Act on Ocean Policy (Act No. 33 of 2007) states that, since Japan is surrounded by the sea, \u201cthe development and use of the oceans are the basis of existence for the economy and society of our State, and ... securing the marine biological diversity and conserving other better marine environment are the basis of the existence of mankind.\u201d  Japan has traditionally developed the foundations of its society and economy through fisheries, shipping, shipbuilding and other industries. At the same time, our country has strived to prepare for threats from the sea such as tsunamis and storm surges. Japan has been taking initiatives to create and use new value provided by the sea, such as marine energy and mineral resources, marine renewable energy, deep - sea living resources and marine leisure activities. Our country has also been addressing issues such as conservation of marine biodiversity, global warming and ocean acidification, in consideration of the sea as an indispensable factor for maintaining the lives of living creatures, including human kind, and from the viewpoint of protecting the global environment.  In recent years, in the Asia-Pacific region, the establishment of the order of the sea based on laws under international cooperation with related countries is needed. Expectations for active development and use of the sea have reached new highs given the changes in social circumstances surrounding the sea, such as the revision of energy strategy in response to the Great East Japan Earthquake and mounting expectations for the development of marine energy and mineral resources, and from the viewpoint of promoting our country\u2019s growth strategy. The sea is also a frontier with unlimited potential, so there have been expectations for challenges for new discoveries and understanding, such as those of biospheres existing in the deep sea floor and under the seabed.  (2) The Basic Act on Ocean Policy also states that it is important to aim to \u201crealize a new oceanic State in harmonization of the peaceful and positive development and use of the oceans with the conservation of the marine environment, under the international cooperation based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other international agreements.\u201d  In light of this, the government has decided to set the following as its basic stance and approach to be adopted to the development of the new Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (the \u201cPlan\u201d)","author":["Headquarters for Ocean Policy"],"organization":["Headquarters for Ocean Policy"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.546330000000","140.230488000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Japan-Ocean-Policy-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3271","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/our-seas-shared-resource-high-level-marine-objectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/182486\/ourseas-2009update.pdf","title":"Our Seas - A Shared Resource High Level Marine Objectives","description":"Our seas are shared and valued by everyone \u2013 for work, leisure and food. They support valuable habitats and a wide range of species depend on them. They play a vital role in mitigating climate change and providing many important marine resources.  In 2002 the UK Government and Devolved Administrations set out their vision for the marine environment of clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas.  Taking forward this vision, the UK Government, Northern Ireland Executive and Welsh Assembly Government invited views, in June 2008, on a number of high level marine objectives. These objectives articulated the outcomes they are seeking for the UK marine area as a whole, while taking account of their distinctive circumstances and responsibilities. The Scottish Government included these objectives in Sustainable seas for all \u2013 a consultation on Scotland\u2019s first marine bill in July 2008.  We appreciate your responses to both consultations and have taken account of them in developing our marine objectives. Comments from stakeholders from across the UK supported common high level objectives for all UK waters. This document now expresses the high level objectives for all the UK Administrations, including the Scottish Government, in response to these comments.  We will be using these objectives to underpin development of a Marine Policy Statement. This Statement, which is provided for in the Marine and Coastal Access Bill, will set out our policies to contribute to achievement of sustainable development in the UK marine area. It will set a clear and consistent framework for coastal and marine planners, regulators and users, helping everyone to work towards common objectives in UK waters. The Statement will guide the development of marine plans, which the Bill is also introducing, and provide a clear tool for decision-making.  We want everyone to have the opportunity to shape the Marine Policy Statement and to work together to prepare marine plans for their local areas.","author":["Government of the United Kingdom"],"organization":["Government of the United Kingdom"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HMGovernment-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3272","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-marine-policy-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/69322\/pb3654-marine-policy-statement-110316.pdf","title":"UK Marine Policy Statement","description":"This Marine Policy Statement (MPS) is the framework for preparing Marine Plans and taking decisions affecting the marine environment. It will contribute to the achievement of sustainable development in the United Kingdom marine area. It has been prepared and adopted for the purposes of section 44 of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009.  The Secretary of State, Scottish Ministers, Welsh Ministers and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland are jointly adopting the MPS. This is a key step towards achieving the vision shared by the UK Administrations (UK Government, Scottish Government, Welsh Assembly Government and Northern Ireland Executive) of having \u2018clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas\u2019.  The MPS will facilitate and support the formulation of Marine Plans, ensuring that marine resources are used in a sustainable way in line with the high level marine objectives and thereby:    Promote sustainable economic development;  Enable the UK\u2019s move towards a low-carbon economy, in order to mitigate the causes of climate change and ocean acidification and adapt to their effects;  Ensure a sustainable marine environment which promotes healthy, functioning marine ecosystems and protects marine habitats, species and our heritage assets; and  Contribute to the societal benefits of the marine area, including the sustainable use of marine resources to address local social and economic issues.","author":["Government of the United Kingdom"],"organization":["Government of the United Kingdom"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HMGovernment-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3273","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritime-marine-synonyms-solitudes-or-schizophrenia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs13437-014-0072-y","title":"Maritime and Marine: Synonyms, Solitudes or Schizophrenia?","description":"Maritime and marine. Are they this, are they that, or are they something in between? Does it matter what we call them, or important what we mean?\n\nTwo words we use so loosely, in meaning and intent; marine implies protection, while maritime pays in rent. We find their use exchangeable, with understanding being bent.\n\nMaritime, marine, it\u2019s not as simple as it seems. Are these terms just synonyms, or is there more there yet to glean? Shall we accept our shared ambivalence, or discover what we mean?\n\nWe come from different backgrounds, in training and degree; one thinks in two dimensions, the other thinks in three. Marine regards the ocean, its rhythm and its rhyme, while maritime conducts its business, to be there just in time.\n\nWe see the sea in maritime, its profits being prime, while marine sees wealth in nature, its existence for all time. One views the sea as partner, in the world economy; one knows the natural wonder that gives us gifts for free.\n\nWe share the cause to protect our seas and certainly not abuse, we act on insults readily, not tolerate or excuse. The worlds that work together, nature and humankind, receive the gifts presented and protect them for all time.\n\nWho is maritime, who is marine? Can we find a common language, in this anthropocene?","author":["Hildebrand, L.","Schr\u00f6der-Hinrichs, J."],"organization":["World Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.603224000000","12.989896000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hildebrand-and-Schroder-Hinrichs-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3274","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advances-marine-spatial-planning-zoning-earths-last-frontier","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarsbank.uoregon.edu\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/1794\/17845\/Johnson.pdf","title":"Advances in Marine Spatial Planning: Zoning Earth\u0027s Last Frontier","description":"In many places throughout the United States and around the world, governments have applied a zoning framework to the land in order to encourage orderly development of urban areas, protect farmlands and rural landscapes, reduce conflicts between neighboring land uses, and provide a structure for land development. Recently, coastal states in the United States have begun taking this concept to the sea. Interest in offshore wind, tidal, and wave energy development raises many questions. For example, is offshore renewable energy development feasible? Is there a market demand? What will the environmental impacts be? Beyond the questions of technology and feasibility, one question rises above the rest: Where should we put these new devices? Marine spatial planning helps answer this question.\n\nThough vast and seemingly endless, our oceans, especially nearshore areas, are crowded places. Navigation channels and aids, fishing and crabbing grounds, recreation areas, marine sanctuaries and wildlife refuges, undersea cables, dredged material disposal sites, and even viewsheds all claim their portion of the sea and seafloor. Coastal communities have a strong interest in protecting these existing ocean uses while exploring the opportunity for new renewable energy sources.\n\nMarine spatial planning offers a method to identify existing resources and create the \u201cspace\u201d for development of new resource uses in the ocean. In order to facilitate offshore renewable energy siting, several states, including Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Oregon, have undertaken efforts to map existing uses and designate areas suitable for marine renewable energy devices. This paper will explore the background and legal framework of ocean regulation before examining the processes and results of the efforts of these three coastal states. Part I provides an overview of the legal framework of ocean management internationally and domestically within the United States. Part II discusses the marine spatial planning efforts of three U.S. states, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Oregon, and compares their processes and outcomes. Part III reviews some common themes from the marine spatial plans of these states and suggests some elements that can be carried through to future marine spatial planning efforts.","author":["Johnson, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.287786500000","-70.944162400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3275","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/east-inshore-east-offshore-marine-plan-areas-evidence-issues-overview-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/312393\/east_evidence_issues_overview.pdf","title":"East Inshore and East Offshore Marine Plan Areas Evidence and Issues: Overview Report","description":"This report is a collation and assessment of the evidence and issues for the East Inshore and East Offshore marine plan areas (see Figure 1.1). It serves both the planning process (see section 1.5) and the linked sustainability appraisal (SA) process (see section 1.3). The information in the report has been drawn together to set out the evidence and identify the issues relevant to these marine plans and to inform the next steps in the process, i.e. generating objectives and options. The report also meets the requirements for scoping for SA purposes.  A key element of the report and consultation was to draw out the most important issues that are to be addressed by marine planning. There is a clear expectation that marine plans add value to, rather than duplicate, other mechanisms. Some stakeholders were concerned that issues were not refined too far at this stage. As a result, the report contains a range of issues where other measures are \u0027signposted\u0027. Discussion during the next steps in the planning process will clarify those issues to focus on in drafting a plan for formal consultation by the end of 2012.","author":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"organization":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MMO-2012-East-Inshore.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3276","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/east-inshore-east-offshore-marine-plans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/312496\/east-plan.pdf","title":"East Inshore and East Offshore Marine Plans","description":"Through the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009, the United Kingdom Government introduced a number of measures to deliver its vision of \u2018clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas \u2019. These measures included providing for the introduction of a marine planning system, establishing the Secretary of State as the marine planning authority for the English Inshore and English Offshore marine planning regions with the power to delegate certain marine planning functions. The Secretary of State delegated these functions to the Marine Management Organisation in April 2010.  Marine plans, together with the Marine Policy Statement, underpin this new planning system for England\u2019s seas. In 2011 the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs recommended a series of marine plan areas for the English Inshore and Offshore marine regions to the Marine Management Organisation. The boundaries for these areas were identified following stakeholder and other expert input throughout the progress of the Marine Bill, (now the Marine and Coastal Access Act) and were also subject to a specific consultation in 2010.  These first two marine plans, of a proposed eleven, provide a clear approach to managing the East Inshore and East Offshore areas, their resources, and the activities and interactions that take place within them. They will help ensure the sustainable development of the marine area. Sustainable development for marine planning is defined using the United Kingdom Sustainable Development Strategy which sets out five \u2018guiding principles\u2019 of sustainable development.  A total of 11 plans will cover the seas around England, giving an area specific expression within the framework of the Marine Policy Statement (and other national policy). The marine plans do not establish new requirements, but apply or clarify the intent of national policy in the East Inshore and Offshore areas, taking into account the specific characteristics of the plan areas. They will help to reduce the overall regulatory burden on applicants and users, by acting as an enabling mechanism for those seeking to undertake activities or development in the future, and providing more certainty about where activities could best take place. The East Inshore and Offshore Marine Plans should provide developers with greater certainty on where to invest their capital, ensuring that marine projects benefit from the right information at the right time, so they can move as quickly as possible from \u2018concept to consent\u2019.  The Marine Policy Statement (1.3.5), marine plans and the planning process will contribute to an integrated and holistic approach to the management of marine and coastal areas in line with the principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Marine Management Organisation has taken all reasonable steps, as required by the Marine and Coastal Access Act, to ensure that the East Inshore Marine Plan is compatible with any related relevant development plans (or their equivalent). The Marine Management Organisation is also working with public and local authorities responsible for other plans affecting the East Inshore Marine Plan Area. The Coastal Concordat, an agreement between the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Department for Communities and Local Government, the Department for Transport, the Marine Management Organisation, the Environment Agency, Natural England and the Local Government Association\u2019s Coastal Special Interest Group, sets out how regulatory and advisory bodies propose to work with local planning authorities to enable sustainable growth in the coastal zone in support of streamlined consenting and decision-making.","author":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"organization":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.422714000000","-0.793134000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MMO-2014-East-Inshore.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3277","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/south-inshore-south-offshore-marine-plan-areas-south-plans-analytical-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/392634\/south_spar.pdf","title":"South Inshore and South Offshore Marine Plan Areas: South Plans Analytical Report","description":"The South Plans Analytical Report is a summary of the evidence and issues for the South Inshore and South Offshore marine plan areas. The information in this report will be used to inform the next steps in the planning process, such as generating the plans\u2019 vision, objectives and policies. The work to produce the report and supporting evidence has been informed by discussions with a range of stakeholders both within the plan area s and beyond.  This report was released for formal consultation, from 23 September to 1 November 2013 (see section 1.4), and used as supporting material for a series of workshops held along the South coast during October 2013. Following this it was refined to incorporate comments from the formal consultation and workshops. The SPAR also presents a refined list of core issues for marine planning in the South marine plan areas. In keeping with stakeholders\u0027 views, a single report has been produced covering both the South Inshore and South Offshore plan areas.","author":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"organization":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MMO-2014-South-Inshore.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3278","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/south-marine-plan-areas-options-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/400766\/Options_report.pdf","title":"South Marine Plan Areas Options Report","description":"This report sets out the options developed as part of the planning process for the South Inshore and the South Offshore Marine Plan Areas. Options development is part of the planning process that looks at alternative approaches to developing a plan, in order to address issues raised and achieve the plan objectives.  The report has been developed for informal consultation on the options; the associated suggested plan policies have been provided to both illustrate and differentiate between the options presented. They are at a very early stage of development, but include the policies provides a starting point for discussion on draft plan policies with government and stakeholders. As part of an iterative process these policies will be subject to further discussions and refinement as the plans progress.  The options stage is a significant phase in the planning process; it considers the different ways of delivering the Vision and Objectives and is the mechanism that produces draft plan policies, which in turn provide the basis for decision-making using the plan (putting the plan into effect). Options offer the opportunity to assess the various pros and cons of different policy variants, including examination of types and combinations of policies, and the evidence to substantiate a preferred option. Interrogation via the options process, including examination of policies, also allows for a greater understanding of exactly what it is a plan can achieve and where it can complement existing measures.  Options development, like the planning process as a whole, is iterative and it is important to note that the draft policies set out in this report and accompanying spreadsheet, whilst thought to be realistic and achievable, are not yet finalised. This phase in the plans\u2019 development aims to facilitate consideration of possible policy choices by comparing and contrasting the options set out in this report. As a result of consultation, a preferred option will be selected and progressed. It is possible that a combination of more than one of the options presented will be developed as the preferred option.  At this stage the Marine Management Organisation would like to invite stakeholders to focus on the difference between what each option will achieve, and the overall intent of policies within the option. It is anticipated that once a preferred option has been selected, further work will take place to ensure that the wording of policies is clear and consistent. This will ensure that they offer clarity to decision makers in how and when they will be applied and support policy application.  In addition to ensuring that core issues have been addressed, the policy variants presented in the accompanying spreadsheet have been selected as realistic combinations of policies that make sense as a \u2018package\u2019 rather than containing significant conflicts. Draft policy variants within an option have been selected for their compatibility as well as their ability to address the issues. Whilst the plan policies aim to be realistic based on current policy, evidence and the planning process so far, some of the policies are quite ambitious or strong in a deliberate attempt to differentiate between options. That should help facilitate a comparison between options and, as such, stimulate a response from consultees on what they would prefer (and in turn, what they not like to see go forward).  It should be noted that the policies set out within the options that are taken forward in the planning process will be developed further in terms of their spatial extent. It is anticipated that many will be supported by policy or indicative maps that will provide further spatial detail on where the policies apply or variations in how policies may impact across the plan area. The objectives, and resulting policies, presented below are of varying scope with some being very defined while others remain broader. Some of the policies will apply across the both the South Inshore and Offshore Marine Plan area, while some may be limited to the Inshore or Offshore Plan Areas only, and others restricted spatially.  This report provides an overview of how the Marine Management Organisation has approached the options process. It sets out the results of the options analysis so far. It goes on to describe the next step in the process, which is the se lection of a preferred option. The results section of the report contains narratives of the different options to give readers an idea of how the options will differ in their outcomes. The full options with all suggested policies can be found in the accompanying spreadsheet, which should be used as a companion to the narratives themselves. In considering the policy variants, readers may find it helpful to refer to the justification text included within the objectives in Annex 1. Further information on the methodology used to produce options is included as Annex 2.  The Marine Management Organisation would like to invite comment on the options as set out in section five of this report and the consultation questions, which are set out in section 1.2.","author":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"organization":["Marine Management Organisation (MMO)"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MMO-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3279","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/unlocking-economic-potential-south-africas-oceans","sourceURL":"","title":"Unlocking the Economic Potential of South Africa\u0027s Oceans","description":"South Africa has jurisdiction over a very large Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 1.5 mn km2. Extended continental shelf claims will double the size of its ocean geography if successful. With such a large jurisdiction, effective governance is critical but will be challenging given the size and complexity of our oceans. Currently, the sectoral approach only gives a partial picture and it difficult to achieve balance. Effective ocean governance will need to identify and manage interdependencies across socio-economic aspirations and environmental integrity.\n\nThe Marine Protection Services and Governance (MPSG) Lab aspires to implement an overarching, integrated governance framework for sustainable growth of the ocean economy that will maximise socio-economic benefits while ensuring adequate ocean environmental protection within the next five years by:\nDeveloping an overarching governance plan by March 2016\nProtecting the ocean environment from all illegal activities and promoting its multiple socio-economic benefits with results by 2017, including a Marine Protected Area (MPA) representative network, reducing illegal activities and monitoring water quality\nDelivering a National Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) Framework by December 2015, a Regional (Sub-national) MSP Framework and a more detailed small-scale Marine Spatial (MS) Management Plan to enable a sustainable ocean economy\n\nThe MPSG Lab developed 10 key initiatives to achieve the above objectives:\nMinisterial Committee and Oceans Secretariat to govern activities\nEnhancement of legislation into the Integrated Coastal and Oceans Management (ICOM) Act or Oceans Act\nReview of ocean-related legislation\nAccelerated capacity-building intervention in ocean governance\nEnhanced and Coordinated Enforcement Programme\nNational ocean and coastal information system and extending earth observation capacity\nNational Ocean and Coastal Water Quality Monitoring Programme\nCreation of an MPA Representative Network\nMPA\/MSPG Discovery, Research and Monitoring Programme\nMSP Process\n\nThe initiatives will cost ZAR 1.7 bn over the next five years, 53% of which will come from already committed programmes. Implementation of all initiatives will be overseen by the Oceans Secretariat, with primary support from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), Department of Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries (DAFF) and Department of Science and Technology (DST).","author":["Operation Phakisa"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-08-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.691541000000","29.211357000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Operation-Phakisa-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3280","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-evaluation-eastern-scotian-shelf-integrated-management-essim-initiative","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2013\/mpo-dfo\/Fs97-6-3025-eng.pdf","title":"Review and Evaluation of the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative","description":"The Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative was the first integrated oceans management initiative with an offshore focus under Canada\u2019s Oceans Act. From 1998 to 2006, the main focus of the ESSIM Initiative was the development of an Integrated Ocean Management Plan to provide long - term direction and commitment for integrated, ecosystem-based and adaptive management of all marine activities in or affecting the Eastern Scotian Shelf. The resulting Plan was organized in terms of three over - arching goals of Collaborative Governance and Integrated Management, Sustainable Human Use, and Healthy Ecosystems. From 2006-2011, the focus of the ESSIM Initiative was on the implementation of the objectives and management strategies associated with the Plan\u2019s three goals.\n\nThis report presents the results of a comprehensive evaluation and review of the ESSIM Initiative. The main objectives of this evaluation and review are to assess the achievements and progress of the ESSIM Initiative in accordance with the goals of the Plan, review the lessons learned from the process, and provide recommendations for future integrated oceans management in the Maritime Provinces.","author":["McCuaig, J.","Herbert, G."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/3025-Canadian-Report-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3281","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-seas-ko-nga-moana-whakauka-national-science-challenge","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mbie.govt.nz\/science-and-technology\/science-and-innovation\/funding-information-and-opportunities\/investment-funds\/national-science-challenges\/the-11-challenges\/sustainable-seas\/","title":"Sustainable Seas Ko ng\u0101 moana whakauka: National Science Challenge","description":"The Sustainable Seas Challenge is the fourth National Science Challenge to be launched by the Government and involves multi-disciplinary research across a range of research organisations, including some international institutions. It is hosted by Crown research institute, the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and involves Nelson\u0027s Cawthron Institute, GNS Science, and the University of Auckland, the University of Canterbury, the University of Otago, the University of Waikato and Victoria University of Wellington.  The Challenge aims to enhance the utilisation of our marine resources within environmental and biological constraints.  To do this, the Sustainable Seas Challenge will focus on:    research to describe in detail the make-up of our oceans  developing a better understanding of the dynamics and sensitivities of our ocean and coastal systems  working towards the effective integrated management of our oceans and coasts that takes into consideration environmental, societal, cultural, Maori and economic concerns and informs governance of marine resources.","author":["Hall, J.","Thrush, S.","Ellis, J.","Jackson, A.","Schiel, D.","Lundquist, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.781466000000","173.592678000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/hall-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3282","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-zealand-coastal-policy-statement-2010","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.doc.govt.nz\/Documents\/conservation\/marine-and-coastal\/coastal-management\/nz-coastal-policy-statement-2010.pdf","title":"New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010","description":"The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (NZCPS) is a national policy statement under the Resource Management Act 1991 (\u2018the Act\u2019). The purpose of the NZCPS is to state policies in order to achieve the purpose of the Act in relation to the coastal environment of New Zealand.\n\nThe coastal environment has characteristics, qualities and uses that mean there are particular challenges in promoting sustainable management:\nthe coastal environment varies in nature and extent around the country;\nmost existing towns and cities are in or close to a coastal location;\nthe coastal environment contains established infrastructure connecting New Zealand internally and internationally such as ports, airports, railways, roads and submarine cables;\nnatural and physical resources important to the economic and social wellbeing of the nation and communities, such as high quality coastal water, fresh water, renewable energy, and minerals are found within the coastal environment, including in areas with high natural character, landscape and amenity values;\nthe natural and recreational attributes of the coast and its attraction as a place to live and visit combine with an increasingly affluent and mobile society to place growing pressure on coastal space and other resources;\nactivities inland can have a major impact on coastal water quality;\nactivities in the coastal environment are susceptible to the effects of natural hazards such as coastal erosion and tsunami, and those associated with climate change;\nthere is continuing and growing demand for coastal space and resources for commercial activities as diverse as aquaculture and sand mining; and\nthe coast has particular importance to tangata whenua, including as kaitiaki.\n\nThe coastal environment is facing the following key issues:\nthe ability to manage activities in the coastal environment is hindered by a lack of understanding about some coastal processes and the effects of activities on them;\nloss of natural character, landscape values and wild or scenic areas along extensive areas of the coast, particularly in areas closer to population centres or accessible for rural residential development;\ncontinuing decline in species, habitats and ecosystems in the coastal environment under pressures from subdivision and use, vegetation clearance, loss of intertidal areas, plant and animal pests, poor water quality, and sedimentation in estuaries and the coastal marine area;\ndemand for coastal sites for infrastructure uses (including energy generation) and for aquaculture to meet the economic, social and cultural needs of people and communities;\npoor and declining coastal water quality in many areas as a consequence of point and diffuse sources of contamination, including stormwater and wastewater discharges;\nadverse effects of poor water quality on aquatic life and opportunities for aquaculture, mahinga kai gathering and recreational uses such as swimming and kayaking;\nloss of natural, built and cultural heritage from subdivision, use, and development;\ncompromising of the open space and recreational values of the coastal environment, including the potential for permanent and physically accessible walking public access to and along the coastal marine area;\ncontinuing coastal erosion and other natural hazards that will be exacerbated by climate change and which will increasingly threaten existing infrastructure, public access and other coastal values as well as private property; and\nthe use of vehicles on beaches causing ecological damage and creating conflicts with other recreational uses and values of the coastal environment.\n\nFor the coastal environment of the Hauraki Gulf, the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act 2000 requires that sections 7 and 8 of that Act must be treated as a New Zealand coastal policy statement issued under the Act. Section 10(2) of the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act 2000 states that if there is a conflict between sections 7 and 8 and the provisions of the NZCPS, the NZCPS prevails.","author":["New Zealand Department of Conservation"],"organization":["New Zealand Department of Conservation"],"originationDate":"2010-11-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.732229000000","169.809393000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NZ-Coastal-Policy-Statement-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3283","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-management-marine-environment-norwegian-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/contentassets\/1b48042315f24b0182c3467f6f324d73\/en-gb\/pdfs\/stm200820090037000en_pdfs.pdf","title":"Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea","description":"The Norwegian Sea has a rich and varied natural environment that supports high biological production. There are substantial fisheries throughout the year, the most important of which are for Norwegian spring-spawning herring, blue whiting, Northeast Arctic saithe and Northeast Atlantic mackerel. There are also large petroleum deposits in the Norwegian Sea. In September 2009, 12 fields were on stream, and a further two \u2013 Morvin and Skarv \u2013 were under development but had not yet started production. There is a possibility that wind farms will be established in the Norwegian Sea. The near-shore areas are important in terms of transport. In addition, the Norwegian Sea is an important area for tourism based on enjoyment of the natural environment and for recreational fishing.  The state of the Norwegian Sea environment is generally good. However, management of the area poses considerable challenges, particularly as regards the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification, overfishing of certain fish stocks, the risk of acute pollution, the decline of seabird populations and the need for protection of coral habitats. The Government considers it important to safeguard the ecosystems of the Norwegian Sea over the long term, so that they continue to be clean, rich and productive. The present integrated, ecosystem-based management plan will serve as a basis for these efforts.  The Government intends the management plan to provide a framework for value creation and co-existence between industries through the sustainable use of natural resources and ecosystem services. In addition, ecosystem structure, functioning and productivity must be sustained and the diversity of the natural environment protected. The management plan clarifies the overall framework for both existing and new activities, and also facilitates continued value creation based on the resources of the Norwegian Sea. Until now, the various forms of use of Norway\u2019s sea areas and their resources have been assessed and managed in relative isolation. The many different pressures and impacts that affect ecosystems and species have not been taken sufficiently into account, and nor has the principle that the cumulative effects must not exceed sustainable levels. The management plan will thus be used as a tool both to facilitate value creation and to maintain the high environmental value of the area. Commercial activities in the Norwegian Sea area have spin-off effects on employment and value creation in mainland Norway. The white paper therefore describes both environmental conditions in the Norwegian Sea and the importance of the area for commercial activities and social conditions in the four counties that border on the Norwegian Sea. The management plan is also intended to be instrumental in ensuring that business interests, local, regional and central authorities, environmental organisations and other interest groups all have a common understanding of the goals for the management of the Norwegian Sea.  Special caution needed in particularly valuable and vulnerable areas  This white paper continues the system of identifying geographically defined areas within the management plan area that contain particularly valuable environmental assets, which was introduced in the management plan for the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area. These areas were selected using predefined criteria. The main criteria were that the area concerned was important for biodiversity or for biological production; secondary criteria included economic importance, social and cultural importance, and scientific value. The vulnerability of particularly valuable areas was assessed in terms of the resilience of species and habitats to external anthropogenic pressures such as fisheries, maritime transport, petroleum activities and long-range transboundary pollution. Eleven particularly valuable areas have been identified in the Norwegian Sea, and their vulnerability has been assessed. The need to maintain ecologic al goods and services in the areas identified as particularly valuable and vulnerable has determined the Government\u2019s choice of spatial management tools.  Cumulative environmental effects  The Norwegian Sea is Norway\u2019s largest sea area, and is about three times the size of mainland Norway. Large parts of the water masses and the deep seabed beyond the continental shelf are relatively unaffected by direct pressures from human activity; these are mainly concentrated in the continental shelf areas near the Norwegian coast. Harvesting of biological production by the fisheries has the greatest impact on ecosystems. For certain fish stocks, the cumulative effects have been assessed as so serious that they are vulnerable to even a small increase in human pressures. The greatest cumulative effects are on certain fish stocks, sea - bird species and seabed habitats. There are also considered to be major effects on corals, sponges and other benthic fauna. Moreover, many seabird populations are declining, and are therefore particularly vulnerable to an increase in cumulative effects. Hazardous substances are having a considerable impact on certain seabird species, particularly in the northernmost parts of the management plan area, and on polar bears. Bioaccumulation of pollutants in fish is another problem, but with our current knowledge it is not possible to say what effects the observed concentrations will have on individuals and stocks. The environmental impacts of any spills and other accidents are additional to those of normal activities and releases of pollutants. In the event of a large oil spill from a blow-out or shipwreck, seabirds and the shoreline are expected to be most seriously affected, while impacts on earlier stages of fish life cycles and coastal seals are likely to be less serious. The Government intends to take action to reduce the cumulative effects of human activities in the management plan area.  Climate change and ocean acidification  There has been growing awareness of the impacts of climate change on the marine environment, and this issue is discussed separately in the white paper. The predicted impacts include changes in sea temperature, ocean currents and sea level. Furthermore, as the atmospheric CO2 concentration rises, more CO2 is taken up by sea water, making the oceans more acidic. It is very uncertain how rapidly and in which ways climate change will affect the Norwegian Sea environment. Furthermore, changes may be camouflaged by large natural fluctuations in the period up to 2025. The impacts of ocean acidification are expected to become apparent more quickly, and adverse impacts may be felt before 2025. Calcifying phyto - and zooplankton species, corals and cephalopods are some of the most vulnerable organisms. The Government will strengthen knowledge building and monitoring in this field so that the management regime can be adapted as closely as possible to the predicted changes.  Facilitating the coexistence of different industries  A key purpose of the management plan is to facilitate the coexistence of different industries in the management plan area. Direct conflicts of interests can arise between competing uses of the same area, for example by the fishing industry and the oil and gas industry. Future developments, such as using parts of the Norwegian Sea for wind power production, are included in the chapter on possible conflicts of interests. The plan also gives an account of the processes that are underway to minimise conflicts of interest. The Government will require that commercial activities in the Norwegian Sea are planned and conducted in ways that minimise conflicts of interests.  Risk and risk management  All human activities carry a certain risk of unforeseen incidents. The level of risk associated with an activity is a combination of the probability of an event occurring and the consequences of the event. Risk analyses are being conducted and preventive measures taken to minimise the risk that commercial activities in the Norwegian Sea will have adverse environmental impacts. The Government considers it important to ensure that there is an emergency response system in place that can prevent and reduce adverse environmental impacts as far as possible in the event that accidents do occur.  Further development of an integrated, ecosystem-based management regime  The present white paper is based on two earlier white papers, Protecting the Riches of the Seas (Report No. 12 (2001\u20132002) to the Storting) and Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Barents Sea and the Sea Areas off the Lofoten Islands (Report No. 8 (2005\u20132006) to the Storting). It is intended to reinforce and further develop the implementation of an integrated, ecosystem-based management regime for Norwegian Sea areas. The Nature Management Act (Proposition No. 52 (2008\u20132009) to the Storting) and the new Marine Resources Act, which entered into force on 1 January 2009, are important steps in this process.  The management plans for Norway\u2019s sea areas set out the overall political and strategic framework and guidelines for management across sectors, and describe the measures that are to be implemented for the conservation and sustainable use of these areas. Norwegian law determines the overall legislative framework (purpose, goals and principles) for management of the sea areas, and lays down which measures can and must be implemented under the legislation. Integrated, ecosystem-based management regimes for sea areas are also being developed internationally. Two EU directives, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (adopted on 17 June 2008) and the 2000 Water Framework Directive, are particularly important for the protection of Norwegian sea areas, for example against long-range transboundary pollution. The management plan for the Barents Sea\u2013 Lofoten area has aroused a great deal of international interest. For example, the European Commission involved Norway in the preparation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The Government will continue the development of an integrated, ecosystem-based marine management regime by following up the present management plan, revising the management plan for the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area in 2010 and preparing an ecosystem-based management plan for the North Sea by 2015. The Government will also continue to take part in cooperation in international forums on integrated, ecosystem-based management of the seas.  A knowledge-based management regime  Norway\u2019s management plans for sea areas are based on currently available knowledge of ecosystem structure and functioning, and of the impacts of human activity on ecosystems. The Government has therefore attached great importance to building up a sound scientific basis for this management plan. Information has been compiled on environmental conditions, commercial activities in the Norwegian Sea area and social conditions in the counties that border on the Norwegian Sea, in order to establish a common factual basis for action. Thorough scientific investigations have shown that we already have a considerable body of knowledge about the Norwegian Sea and about the marine environment and living marine resources in general. Nevertheless, gaps in our knowledge have been identified in a number of areas. The Government will seek to further strengthen our knowledge of the Norwegian Sea ecosystems and the causes and impacts of environmental pressures in the area.","author":["Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment"],"organization":["Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.278071000000","4.268163000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Norwegian-Integrated-Management-Norwegian-Sea-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3284","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-update-integrated-management-plan-marine-environment-barents-sea-lofoten-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dokumenter\/meld.-st.-10-20102011\/id635591\/","title":"First update of the Integrated Management Plan for the Marine Environment of the Barents Sea-Lofoten Area","description":"Purpose of the management plan  The purpose of this management plan is to provide a framework for the sustainable use of natural resources and goods derived from the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area and at the same time maintain the structure, functioning, productivity and diversity of the area\u2019s ecosystems. The management plan is thus a tool for both facilitating value creation and maintaining the high environmental value of the area.  Management plans for all Norwegian sea areas  The management plan for the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area was first announced in the white paper Protecting the Riches of the Sea (Report No. 12 (2001\u20132002) to the Storting) and was submitted as the white paper Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Barents Sea and the Sea Areas off the Lofoten Islands (Report No. 8 (2005\u20132006) to the Storting). The white paper was discussed by the Storting in spring 2006, and was the first management plan for a Norwegian Sea area.  The white paper Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea (Report No. 37 (2008\u20132009) to the Storting) was submitted and debated by the Storting in spring 2009. The Government intends to present a management plan for the Norwegian part of the North Sea and the Skagerrak in 2013, thus establishing management plans as the basis for integrated ecosystem-based management of all Norwegian sea areas.  The management plans clarify the overall framework and encourage closer coordination and clear priorities for management of Norway\u2019s sea areas. They increase predictability and facilitate coexistence between industries that are based on the use of these sea areas and their natural resources.  First update of this management plan  In the 2006 management plan for the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area, the Government decided that an updated plan was to be presented for the first time in 2010. The present update is based on the expansion of the knowledge base that has taken place since 2006. A report on the scientific basis for updating the management plan for the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area was drawn up by 26 directorates and research institutes organised in three groups: the Management Forum (headed by the Norwegian Polar Institute), the Forum on Environmental Risk Management (headed by the Norwegian Coastal Administration) and the Advisor y Group on Monitoring (headed by the Institute of Marine Research). They presented a joint report on 15 April 2010. On the following day, the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate presented its report on oil and gas resources in the waters off the Lofoten and Vester\u00e5len Islands and Senja. Various supplementary studies have also been used as a basis for updating the management plan, including a review of spin-off effects and economic consequences of expanding oil and gas activities in the waters off the Lofoten and Vester\u00e5len Islands and Senja, and an assessment of the Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 drawn up by the Forum on Environmental Risk Management. The scientific basis and supplementary studies were made available for public consultation. More than 80 responses were received, and these supplement the scientific basis on which the management plan is based.  The management plan has been updated on the basis of both existing and new knowledge about ecosystems, ecological goods and services and resources that are important as a basis for value creation in the management plan area, and about trends in environmental status, pressures and impacts on the environment, and environmental risk. The scientific basis has been supplemented with studies assessing commercial activities and social conditions and ecological goods and services, with a particular focus on the waters off the Lofoten and Vester\u00e5len Islands and Senja.  New knowledge  Since the management plan was presented in 2006, the main thrust of efforts to meet needs for further knowledge has been mapping of the sea- bed, seabird populations and the geology of the area. The MAREANO programme for mapping of the seabed, the SEAPOP programme for seabirds, and the collection of seismic data on subsea petroleum resources have been particularly important in expanding the knowledge base. The work has focused on the waters off the Lofoten and Vester\u00e5len Islands and Senja, and the Eggakanten area along the edge of the continental shelf. These areas were selected in 2006 because they were of interest for the oil and gas industry and had also been identified as particularly valuable and vulnerable. The SEAPOP programme has provided more information on the distribution of seabirds in the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area. Information on inputs of hazardous substances to Norwegian Sea areas has also been considerably improved through coordinated monitoring programmes. Furthermore, the knowledge base on the impacts, scale and pace of climate change and ocean acidification has been strengthened. There has been further development of the knowledge needed to carry out assessments of the risk of accidents and the impacts of acute pollution. The importance of the Barents Sea\u2013Lofoten area in economic terms and the value of its ecosystem services now have a more prominent place in the knowledge base.  It is an important principle that all management of the natural environment must be knowledge-based. Since the establishment of a coordinated monitoring system, information on status and trends for species, habitats and ecosystems has been built up and more systematically adapted to a knowledge-based management regime. The monitoring system is still being developed.","author":["Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment"],"organization":["Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["71.431359000000","21.127966000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Norwegian-Integrated-Management-Barents-Sea-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3285","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-management-marine-environment-north-sea-skagerrak-management-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/contentassets\/f9eb7ce889be4f47b5a2df5863b1be3d\/en-gb\/pdfs\/stm201220130037000engpdfs.pdf","title":"Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the North Sea and Skagerrak (Management Plan)","description":"The Government\u2019s goal is for Norway to be a pioneer in developing an integrated, ecosystem-based management regime for marine areas. The Government will therefore continue to use the system of management plans for sea areas. An overall framework for petroleum activities will be established in the management plan for each sea area.  Purpose of the management plan  The purpose of this management plan is to provide a framework for the sustainable use of natural resources and ecosystem services derived from the North Sea and Skagerrak and at the same time maintain the structure, functioning, productivity and diversity of the area\u2019s ecosystems. The management plan is thus a tool for both facilitating value creation and maintaining the high environmental value of the area.  Intensively used and economically important  The North Sea\u2013Skagerrak area is Norway\u2019s most intensively used sea area and one of the most heavily trafficked in the world. Norwegian society derives major assets from its use. The bulk of Norway\u2019s oil and gas production and thus value creation by the industry takes place in the North Sea. In addition, the North Sea is biologically productive. There are major fisheries in the area, which is fished by both coastal and deep-sea fishing vessels. Moreover, the Skagerrak is particularly important for small-scale fisheries, and is also the sea area of Norway that is most heavily used for outdoor recreation. The high level of activity combined with a number of potentially conflicting interests places considerable demands on the management regime.  Concern about the state of the environment  Since the 1970s, much has been done to improve the environmental status in the North Sea and Skagerrak, and particularly to reduce the pollution load. Nevertheless, the state of the environment still gives cause for concern and is unsatisfactory in many ways. These waters are naturally rich and productive, but the different types of pressures on the environment entail considerable management challenges. Concentrations of hazardous substances are higher in the North Sea and Skagerrak than in Norway\u2019s other sea areas, and the concentration of marine litter is higher than anywhere else in the Northeast Atlantic. Water quality is good in the coastal current, but eutrophication and sediment deposition may affect water quality in near-coastal waters and fjords. Moreover, a number of seabird populations have declined and certain fish stocks are in poor condition. Climate change and ocean acidification are creating new challenges that will require a long-term approach to management of the North Sea and Skagerrak. This means that we need to take steps to improve environmental status and ecosystem resilience, and strengthen the basis for continued value creation through use and harvesting of the North Sea and Skagerrak.","author":["Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment"],"organization":["Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.908461000000","10.722995000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Norwegian-Integrated-Management-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3286","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-current-status-2014-national-planning-swedens-territorial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/maritime-spatial-planning.ec.europa.eu\/practices\/current-status-2014-national-planning-swedens-territorial-waters-and-eez","title":"Marine Spatial Planning - Current Status 2014: National Planning in Sweden\u0027s Territorial Waters and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)","description":"The Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management, SwAM, has been commissioned to organise the forthcoming Swedish national marine spatial planning. We have begun this by collating knowledge of the waters around us and by examining how other countries work with marine spatial planning. Swedish national marine spatial planning will encompass Sweden\u0027s territorial waters and its exclusive economic zone. In this current status description, SwAM has compiled information regarding the utilisation of marine resources, current conditions, and possible future demands. Our ambition is to convey a cross-sectoral perspective as a starting point for the first phase of the national marine spatial planning.  During our work with the current status description we have acquired data from agencies involved in the marine sector and from county administrative boards. In order to expand and add more detail to our description of the current status, we welcomed cooperation with any interested parties that may contribute their viewpoints and additional information. The current status was discussed at a number of conferences during the spring of 2014, where all concerned parties will have had the opportunity to participate. All viewpoints and other information that stakeholders and other parties concerned submitted to the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management have been analysed and have then formed the foundation for revising this description of the current status.  Finally, I would like to thank all who have contributed to this work so far, and at the same time extend a warm welcome, to you and to all other interested parties, to participate as the marine spatial planning process continues.","author":["Berglund, I."],"organization":["Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)"],"originationDate":"2014-06-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.135451000000","19.263075000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 10:40:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Swedish-Marine-Water-Management-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3287","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/concerning-act-offshore-renewable-energy-production-offshore-energy-act","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/contentassets\/21abe2eb6e604475ad7f179812da6583\/en-gb\/pdfs\/otp200820090107000en_pdfs.pdf","title":"Concerning an Act on Offshore Renewable Energy Production (the Offshore Energy Act)","description":"The Ministry of Petroleum and Energy hereby pre\u00adsents a Bill for an Act on offshore renewable energy production and a strategy for developing industry and energy resources related to offshore-based renewable energy.\n\nWhen the Storting considered Report no 34 (2006-2007) on Norwegian climate policy, the government parties were in agreement with the Conservatives, the Christian Democrats and the Liberals that a national strategy should be establis\u00adhed for electricity generation from offshore wind turbines and other marine renewable energy sour\u00adces. This agreement (the climate compromise) established that such a strategy must:\nconsider the need for special research efforts and assess the establishment of a dedicated centre for research-driven innovation in this area\nreview necessary changes to the law in order to be able to award licences\nconsider the installation of offshore wind tur\u00ad bines in relation to the transmission of power from shore to petroleum installations on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) and carry out an assess\u00adment of sites for future facilities which takes acco\u00adunt of the fisheries, the marine environment and other industries.\n\nThis proposition includes a Bill for an Act on offshore renewable energy production. The Bill provides the legal framework for issuing licences and otherwise regulating conditions related to planning, constructing, operating and removing facilities for producing renewable energy and for transforming and transmitting electricity at sea.\n\nThe Bill is based on area assessments with associated procedures for impact assessments.\n\nThe Bill, with comments, responses from public consultation and other preliminary legisla\u00adtive work, is presented in part II of the proposition.\n\nPart I of the proposition deals with the other elements of a national strategy in accordance with the climate compromise.\n\nThis part details the technological and other challenges associated with the future development of offshore renewable energy and how the Ministry is following these up. See point 1 above. This item in the climate compromise has been implemented by establishing three research cen\u00adtres for environment-friendly energy (FME), which are relevant for offshore renewable energy production.\n\nPossible locations for wind power development in Norwegian sea areas are also discussed. An explanation is provided of how the Ministry intends to proceed in clarifying this aspect in more detail. See point 3 above.\n\nIn addition, various aspects related to the infrastructure for offshore electricity generation are discussed.\n\nPart I of the proposition has not been the sub\u00adject of public consultation.","author":["Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy"],"organization":["Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.974772000000","8.700853000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ministry-Petroleum-Energy-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3288","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2011","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/","title":"OES Annual Report 2011","description":"Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter addressing the organisational aspects of the OES. Chapter 2 gives an overview of the collaborative activities in which the Executive Committee (ExCo) was involved during the year. The work within OES is structured in a number of projects, known as \u201cAnnexes\u201d, which have well defined objectives, budgets, and time frames. The status reports of the ongoing Annexes are presented in Chapter 3:    Annex I - Review, Exchange and Dissemination of Information on Ocean Energy Systems  Annex IV - Assessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal and Current Energy Systems  Annex V - Exchange and Assessment of Ocean Energy Device Project Information and Experience   This chapter also presents an important activity, the \u201cInternational Vision Brochure\u201d, developed during the year. Projects which were already concluded (Annex II and annex III) are summarised in the Appendix 4.  As in previous years, it is also the aim of the Annual Report for the year 2011 to inform about the international situation on ocean energy. For this purpose, each Executive Committee member provides an overview of national activities. Therefore, in Chapter 4 you can find information from each country member on:    Strategy and national targets;  Support initiatives and market stimulation incentives;  Main public funding mechanisms;  Relevant legislation and regulation;  Publications relevant to the ocean energy (OE) sector;  Overview of government funded Research \u0026amp; Development (R\u0026amp;D);  Examples of collaborative international projects conducted by each country;  Operational ocean energy projects;  New developments on ocean energy.   Since 2008, the Annual Report has included a special section dedicated to articles prepared by invited experts addressing a specific theme. The Annual Reports of previous years presented the following themes, which can be found on the website (https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/):    Current status of ocean energy technologies (2008);  Key technical and non-technical challenges that ocean energy faces and actions that are and could be taken to promote and accelerate deployment of ocean energy (2009);  Key facilitators for ocean energy (2010).   This year, the theme is \u201cMarine Spatial Planning and Ocean Energy\u201d and 4 articles are presented in Chapter 5. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) can prove to be a valuable process to explore and develop ocean-based renewable energy.  In the article \u201cMarine Spatial Planning: An Idea Whose Time Has Come\u201d, Charles Ehler, consultant to the Marine Spatial Planning Initiative of UNESCO\u2019s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, gives a very comprehensive explanation about Marine Spatial Planning, why it is needed and what are the key elements. The article points out that the principal output of MSP is a comprehensive spatial management plan for a marine area or ecosystem and, as mentioned by the author, the plan moves the whole system toward a \u201cvision for the future\u201d. Where are we today? Where do we want to be? How do we get there? What have we accomplished? These simple questions are answered by MSP. The author concludes by stating that while ocean energy has not been a principal driver of MSP so far, the situation is likely to change over the next two decades.  The second article entitled \u201cMaritime Spatial Planning (MSP) in the European Union and its application to marine renewable energy\u201d focus on the European Union (EU) context. Anne Marie O\u2019Hagan, a Charles Parsons Research Fellow from Hydraulics \u0026amp; Maritime Research Centre (HMRC), Ireland, outlines the policy basis for MSP in the EU, the principles for a common European approach and the status of MSP in individual Member States. Inclusion of marine renewable energy requirements in MSP depends on the status of the industry in each country. Therefore, different approaches and examples from a few countries are discussed. Also, key considerations for inclusion of marine renewable in MSP are mentioned. One conclusion is that MSP will have significant implications for the development of marine renewables, in general, and for the ocean energy sector, in particular. On the other hand, policy developments are likely to influence the future development and functioning of MSP. These aspects are discussed in the article.  Over the last four years, Oregon, led by the Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD), has worked to address, in particular, this marine management challenge by updating the State\u2019s existing Territorial Sea Plan (TSP) to include considerations on best locations for future wave energy development. \u201cSiting Wave Energy on the Oregon Coast: The Oregon Territorial Sea Plan and Siting Analysis Tools\u201d is the third article by Simon Geerlofs, from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, as first author, with collaboration from the Oregon Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Energy. The article describes how the relationship between MSP and ocean energy siting has been explored.  Oregon plan is seen as an example to encourage wave energy developers to test and locate devices in Oregon waters. On the other hand, the difficulty and time frames to obtain licenses for deployment and operation of ocean energy projects is presently perceived as the major threat to efficient implementation of this renewable energy (RE) source. In the forth article \u2018Mountains of \u201cBlue Tape\u201d Are Barriers to United States and New Zealand Marine Renewable Energy Projects\u2019, Ian Boisvert addresses the obstacles faced by developers to get the necessary approvals for testing a device in the sea by comparing the complex regulatory regimes in New Zealand and the United States. The author points out the need to streamline the permits process, in which difficulties are mainly created by bureaucratic unfamiliarity with marine energy projects and their environmental effects.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.356098000000","-124.967150000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Annual-Report-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3289","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-offshore-renewable-energy-scotlands-seas-research-implementation-strategy","sourceURL":"","title":"Development of Offshore Renewable Energy in Scotland\u0027s Seas: Research Implementation Strategy","description":"This document sets out the proposed Marine Scotland research programme to inform and support the further development of offshore renewable energy in Scotland\u2019s seas. It identifies potential delivery routes for projects, timescales, costs and supporting partners. Details of when and how supporting partners will be involved in each of the research programmes is also set out.  The Strategy is intended to be an iterative document that will reviewed and updated as the knowledge base develops and new requirements and opportunities emerge.","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.196863000000","-2.358360000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scottish-Research-Implementation-Strategy-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3290","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotlands-national-marine-plan-single-framework-managing-our-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0047\/00475466.pdf","title":"Scotland\u0027s National Marine Plan - A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas","description":"This Plan covers both Scottish inshore waters (out to 12 nautical miles) and offshore waters (12 to 200 nautical miles). It also applies to the exercise of both reserved and devolved functions.  Under devolution, the Scottish Parliament can legislate in relation to activities affecting the marine environment in Scotland\u2019s inshore waters, except for reserved matters. The UK Parliament legislates for Scotland\u2019s offshore waters, but certain matters in this area have been executively devolved. Marine planning matters in Scotland\u2019s inshore waters are governed by the Marine (Scotland) Act 20101, an Act of the Scottish Parliament, and in its offshore waters by the Marine and Coastal Access Act 20092, an Act of the UK Parliament.  The two Acts (referred to as the Marine Acts) established a new legislative and management framework for the marine environment allowing the competing demands on the sea to be managed in a sustainable way across all of Scotland\u2019s seas. Under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 Scottish Ministers must prepare and adopt a National Marine Plan covering Scottish inshore waters. In addition, the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 requires Scottish Ministers to seek to ensure that a marine plan is in place in the offshore region when a Marine Policy Statement3 is in effect.  The Scottish and United Kingdom Governments have agreed that a marine plan for Scotland\u2019s inshore waters and a marine plan covering Scottish offshore waters will be published in one document and will be collectively referred to as the \u2018National Marine Plan\u2019. However, we recognise that the \u2018National Marine Plan\u2019 comprises of two Plans made under two separate pieces of legislation therefore unless otherwise stated, policies within this Plan apply to both inshore and offshore waters. The National Marine Plan will not affect reserved functions within inshore waters until a direction is made under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 (Consequential Provisions) Order 20104.  All of the procedural requirements which are set down in the Marine Acts, including those which are in Schedule 1 to the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 in relation to the Plan for inshore waters, and Schedule 6 to the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 in relation to the plan for offshore waters, have been complied with in relation to this Plan.  This Plan has been prepared in accordance with, and gives consideration to, the EU Directive 2014\/89\/EU which came into force in July 2014. The Directive introduces a framework for maritime spatial planning and aims to promote the sustainable development of marine areas and the sustainable use of marine resources. It also sets out a number of minimum requirements all of which have been addressed in this plan. In particular, Chapters 4 and 6-16 demonstrate how our planning process contributes to the sustainable development of those objectives set out at article 5(2) of the Directive as well as other objectives relevant to the Plan area. In doing so, and in accordance with article 5(3) of the Directive, we have considered a wide range of sectoral uses and activities and have determined how these different objectives are reflected and weighted in the Marine Plan. Land-sea interactions have also been taken into account as part of the marine planning process. Involvement of stakeholders has been central to the development of this plan and full details of the procedures and processes used, including those to ensure stakeholder engagement and cross-boundary working are set out in the Statement of Public Participation5.  The requirement to prepare an assessment of the condition of the Scottish marine area including a summary of the significant pressures and human impacts has been met through the publication of Scotland\u2019s Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan6. An interactive GIS portal \u2013 National Marine Plan interactive (NMPi)7 \u2013 has been developed to display the spatial data which underpinned the Atlas. NMPi is referenced throughout this Plan where relevant and will continue to be updated throughout the lifetime of this Plan.  Information on marine planning, including a topic sheet providing an overview of this Plan and separate summary document of the policies and objectives contained in this Plan, is available on National Marine Plan Online (NMPO)8.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.748708000000","-5.606125000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Scotland-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3291","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-step-step-approach-toward-ecosystem-based-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0018\/001865\/186559e.pdf","title":"Marine Spatial Planning: A Step-by-Step Approach toward Ecosystem-based Management","description":"What is the purpose of this guide?\n\nDuring recent years, marine spatial planning (MSP) has been the focus of considerable interest throughout the world, particularly in heavily used marine areas. MSP offers countries an operational framework to maintain the value of their marine biodiversity while at the same time allowing sustainable use of the economic potential of their oceans. Essentially, MSP is an approach that can make key components of ecosystem-based management of marine areas a reality.\n\nNumerous attempts have been made to define both the scope and nature of MSP, but relatively few have discussed how to put it into practice. This guide aims at answering your questions about how to make MSP operational in such a way that can move your initiative toward successful results.\n\nIn this guide, we use a clear, straightforward step-by-step approach to show you how you can set up and apply MSP. Most steps are illustrated with relevant examples from the real world. To make sure you have the information you need, throughout the text we refer you to more detailed sources, including the UNESCO website on MSP (https:\/\/www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be\/) that can further support you in making good decisions in MSP.\n\nWho should use this guide?\n\nThis guide is primarily intended for professionals responsible for the planning and management of marine areas and their resources. It is especially targeted to situations in which time, finances, information and other resources are limited. If you encounter one or more of the issues listed in Box 2, this guide might be what you need to get started.\n\nThe guide provides a comprehensive overview of MSP. It focuses on describing a logical sequence of steps that are all required to achieve desired goals and objectives for marine areas. It does not focus on the technical details of any one of the steps, e.g., it is not intended to be a guide on the development of a marine geographic information system or implementation of a performance monitoring system. When available, references to existing technical guides, handbooks, and websites are referenced in the text.\n\nThis guide can be an important tool for professionals at the international, regional, national, and sub-national levels who want to know more about the promise and potential of MSP as a way to achieve multiple goals and objectives, including sustainable economic development and biodiversity conservation.\n\nOther reasons to begin marine spatial planning include:\nTo provide a vision and consistent direction not only of what is desirable, but what is possible in marine areas;\nTo protect nature, which has its own requirements that must be respected if long-term sustainable human development is to be achieved and if large-scale environmental degradation is to be avoided or minimized;\nTo reduce fragmentation of marine habitats (that is, when ecosystems are split up due to human activities and therefore prevented from functioning properly);\nTo make efficient use of marine resources\u2014marine resources, including ocean space, are increasingly in short supply. Those that are available should be used to produce goods and services in a sustainable manner;\nTo set priorities\u2014to enable significant inroads to be made into meeting the development objectives of the marine management area in an equitable way, it is necessary to provide a rational basis for setting priorities, and to manage and direct resources to where and when they are needed most;\nTo create and stimulate opportunities for new users of marine areas;\nTo coordinate actions and investments in space and time to ensure positive effects from those investments, both public and private, and to facilitate complementarity among jurisdictions;\nTo avoid duplication of effort by different public agencies and levels of government in MSP activities, including planning, monitoring, and permitting; and\nTo achieve a higher quality of service at all levels of government, e.g., by ensuring that permitting of human activities is stream-lined when proposed development is consistent with a comprehensive spatial management plan.\n\nWhy is this guide needed?\n\nMost professionals responsible for the planning and management of marine areas and their resources usually have scientific or technical training in areas such as ecology, biology, oceanography or engineering. Few have been trained as professional planners and managers. Many new marine managers wind up \u201clearning on the job\u201d\u2014a sometimes effective, but often expensive, way to do business.\n\nThis guide attempts to fill this gap by using a step-by-step approach for developing and implementing MSP. It provides an understanding of the different tasks, skills and expertise you need to develop and sustain your efforts. It also discusses issues such as obtaining financial resources or organizing stakeholders that are important, often neglected, steps of the MSP process.\n\nAlternative visions of what might happen if we do nothing and what might happen if we manage marine space successfully is presented in Box 3.\n\nHow was this guide developed?\n\nThe steps proposed in this guide are largely based on the analysis of actual MSP initiatives from around the world. This work allowed documentation and analysis of the steps that can lead to successful implementation of the MSP process. Some of these examples have been used throughout this guide. You can read the full results of this work by visiting the UNESCO website at (https:\/\/www.unesco-ioc-marinesp.be\/).\n\nA draft text of the guide was refined through two \u201cfine-tuning\u201d meetings. The first was held in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States of America, from 13-17 October 2008. Massachusetts recently passed an Oceans Act requiring the development of an integrated management plan for its marine waters. The second meeting was held in two locations, Ha Noi and Ha Long Bay, Vietnam, from 1-8 April 2009. Vietnam recently established the Vietnamese Administration of Seas and Islands (VAS I), a national agency that is responsible for sea use management and marine spatial planning. Presenting drafts of the guide during these meetings helped to ensure the steps proposed in the guide would be practical, logical, and effective for users.\n\nFinally, three review meetings were held with an expert group of marine scientists and managers at UNESCO\u2019s headquarters in Paris, France. The first review meeting was held from 18-20 March 2008 and focused on the concepts, frameworks, principles, and approaches that should be incorporated into a guide to MSP. The second review meeting was held from 15-16 September 2008 to evaluate an initial draft of the guide. Major points of discussion included the identification of gaps, the logical sequence and practicality of the steps, and where examples from international good practice could be used to support the text. The final review meeting was held from 27-28 April 2009, during which the draft guide was modified and updated before proceeding to publication.\n\nHow is this guide organized?\n\nThe guide is organized into two parts. The first part defines MSP, why it is needed, what its benefits and outputs are, and includes how it relates to other marine management approaches.\n\nThe second part is the most important. It lays out a ten-step approach that will show you how MSP could become operational in your area. Each step is further divided into separate tasks and actions. How the steps are connected is shown in Fig. 1 on the following page.\n\nHow to use this guide\n\nThis guide is written in distinct parts, following the general structure and elements of well-known coastal and marine management cycles. It can be used in two ways.\n\nYou can start at Step 1, Identifying need and establishing authority, and follow the step-by-step approach all the way through to Step 10, Adapting the marine spatial management process. This will give you a good understanding of the logical steps for planning, developing, implementing, evaluating, and adapting MSP (see Fig. 1).\n\nAlternatively, the table at the end of this section can direct you quickly to the parts of the guide that you may need most. In this way, you will be able to use the MSP elements you need or that may be more relevant to your time and\/or budget limitations.","author":["Ehler, C.","Douvere, F."],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UNESCO-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3292","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-development-welsh-seas-our-approach-marine-planning-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/beta.gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/consultations\/2018-01\/110216marineconsultationen.pdf","title":"Sustainable Development for Welsh Seas: Our Approach to Marine Planning in Wales","description":"The Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (the Act) sets out the statutory basis for a new plan-led system for marine activities throughout the UK. Welsh Ministers are the Planning Authority for the Welsh inshore and the Welsh offshore areas.  The key purpose of this consultation is to seek views on the way in which the Welsh Assembly Government intends developing marine planning in Wales in line with its powers and responsibilities under the Marine \u0026amp; Coastal Act 2009 (the Act).  This consultation sets out our intention to develop a national plan for the Welsh inshore area and a national plan for the Welsh offshore area and adopt them by 2012\/13. The consultation also sets out options for, and asks questions on, how we should plan on a sub-national level in order to embed more detail in the national plans.  In summary this consultation seeks to    map key existing and planned eco nomic, environmental and social features, resources and activities in Welsh seas and establish the need to take them all into account in developing marine plans  set out our overall vision for achieving sustainable development in Welsh seas  emphasise our commitment to make marine and terrestrial planning as joined up as possible and seek views on the challenges to achievement  provide the background to marine planning in Wales  explain the relationship between the UK Marine Policy Statement and Welsh marine plans  set out the constitutional and admin istrative arrangements that will apply  propose national plans and approac hes to sub-national planning  outline the cross-border planning relationships  commit to full public engagement and consultation and set out the key principles we will follow to achieve this  outline next steps","author":["Storer, A."],"organization":["Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-02-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.417875500000","-5.200747000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 08:57:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sustainable-Development-Welsh-Seas-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3293","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-planning-wales-strategic-scoping-exercise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/docs\/drah\/publications\/150521-marine-strategic-scoping-exercise-master-phase-3.pdf","title":"Marine Planning for Wales - Strategic Scoping Exercise","description":"The purpose of marine planning under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (MCAA) is to help achieve sustainable development of the marine area. Sustainable development is the central organising principle of the Welsh Government and is enshrined in the Government of Wales Act 2006. UK Administrations published the UK Marine Policy Statement (MPS) in March 2011 as part of a new system of marine planning being introduced across UK seas. The MPS will ensure an appropriate and consistent approach to marine planning across UK waters with the purpose of achieving the sustainable development of our seas by guiding marine licensing and other decisions. In Wales, marine planning is being taken forward by the Welsh Government.  The marine planning systems will allow the Welsh Government to strategically, and holistically, plan for and guide the management of Wales\u2019s seas; integrating economic, social and environmental considerations, and engaging with communities to help shape the future. Marine planning will build on the framework provided by the MP S to reflect the specific needs and interests of Wales.  The MPS requires plan - making authorities to use the best available evidence in plan making. In order to ensure that Welsh Government is in a position to do so, it has commissioned this Strategic Scoping Exercise (SSE) to assess the spatial distribution of natural resources and human activities within Wales\u2019s marine area and to understand at a strategic level the key issues that marine planning should take account of.  This SSE has collated and summarised the evidence base available for the Welsh Government to develop and implement the Welsh National Marine Plan (WNMP). It has been structured to mirror the MPS and to reflect the likely scope of the WNMP. It includes evidence on status of the marine environment (e.g. biodiversity and geodiversity), over-arching issues (e.g. climate change; air and water quality; noise; historic environment; seascape) and specific human activities (e.g. aggregates; aquaculture; defence; navigation dredging and disposal; energy; fisheries; recreation and tourism; telecommunication cabling; transport ( ports and shipping); surface water management and waste water treatment and disposal). Further evaluations are provided on the social and economic considerations of these topics for marine planning. The evidence in this SSE has been collected from a variety of public sources in the peer-reviewed and grey literature.  The SSE has been developed through a stepwise process of evidence identification, collation and analysis. The introductory Chapters provide the context for marine planning, the relationship with other planning regimes and a series of general considerations. The current SSE has been produced iteratively with earlier drafts distributed to and reviewed by policy and regulatory leads in the Welsh Government and Natural Resources Wales. This has facilitated refinement of the content, ensuring a clear Welsh focus and producing a quality assured product.  In developing the Welsh National Marine Plan the Welsh Government will need to balance environmental, economic, social and cultural considerations. Marine planning requires an understanding of if and how marine space and resources may be managed to optimise their use by multiple, often interdependent, interests. This will entail evaluations of the possible use of spaces for protection, development by multiple and single activities, recognising that the marine environment is already used \/ enjoyed by multiple stakeholders (for livelihood and pleasure). The SSE also presents some initial considerations for identifying areas of future technical opportunity.","author":["Welsh Government"],"organization":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2015-03-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.117595000000","-3.703920000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Planning-for-Wales-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3294","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-modelling-environmental-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925515300202","title":"Underwater Noise Modelling for Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"Assessment of underwater noise is increasingly required by regulators of development projects in marine and freshwater habitats, and noise pollution can be a constraining factor in the consenting process. Noise levels arising from the proposed activity are modelled and the potential impact on species of interest within the affected area is then evaluated. Although there is considerable uncertainty in the relationship between noise levels and impacts on aquatic species, the science underlying noise modelling is well understood. Nevertheless, many environmental impact assessments (EIAs) do not reflect best practice, and stakeholders and decision makers in the EIA process are often unfamiliar with the concepts and terminology that are integral to interpreting noise exposure predictions. In this paper, we review the process of underwater noise modelling and explore the factors affecting predictions of noise exposure. Finally, we illustrate the consequences of errors and uncertainties in noise modelling, and discuss future research needs to reduce uncertainty in noise assessments.","author":["Farcas, A.","Thompson, P.","Merchant, N."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.683229000000","-4.107397000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Farcas-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3295","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/italian-proposal-monitoring-underwater-noise-relationship-between-eu-marine-strategy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569115001908","title":"An Italian Proposal on the Monitoring of Underwater Noise: Relationship Between the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Marine Spatial Planning Directive (MSP)","description":"In recent years, many studies have evaluated the effects of anthropogenic acoustic disturbance on marine organisms. Sounds associated with shipping, seismic surveys, sonar, and many other such sources induce several types of effect on fish and marine mammals. In this regard, the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008\/56\/EC has not only defined underwater acoustic noise as \u201cthe intentional or accidental introduction of acoustic energy in the water column from impulsive and diffuse sources\u201d, but has also expressly identified it as a form of pollution.\n\nIn 2014, the first Italian proposal has been defined with the aim of developing a widespread monitoring plan for sub-regions in European Union waters with respect to two different sub-programs concerning impulsive (Descriptor 11.1) and continuous low frequency (Descriptor 11.2) sounds. The objective of Marine Strategy Framework Directive is the implementation of a recording system for temporal-spatial data regarding impulsive sound sources arising from anthropogenic activities. The pressure, for Descriptor 11.1, is measured by evaluating the source level, or a suitable proxy for anthropogenic sound sources, measured over the frequency band 10\u00a0Hz\u201310\u00a0kHz (and up to 40\u00a0kHz for cetacean detection), that could have an impact on marine organisms.\n\nThe Descriptor 11.2 would monitor trends in the ambient noise level within the 1\/3 octave bands 63 and 125\u00a0Hz (centre frequency) (re 1\u00a0\u03bc\u03a1a RMS; average noise level in these octave bands over a year) via observation stations. This monitoring plan aims to obtain noise maps of sea regions for the frequency band 10\u00a0Hz\u201310\u00a0kHz (and up to 40\u00a0kHz for cetacean detection) by improving existing geophysical\/acoustic observation stations, e.g. those of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) and the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), as well as other medium- and long-term monitoring stations. The program also wants to define the level of damage caused by underwater noise, using underwater noise as an example to evaluate the impact of this type of noise on different marine organisms.\n\nMaritime spatial planning (MSP) and integrated coastal management (ICZM) have to employ an ecosystem-based approach that ensures the protection of the natural resources and provides the basis for carrying out the various monitoring activities. The Italian monitoring proposal on Descriptor 11 of Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) was used in order to analyze the strategic vision of the integrated maritime policy (IMP) between MSFD and MSP programs in terms of achieving Good Environmental Status (GES).","author":["Maccarrone, V.","Filiciotto, F.","de Vincenzi, G.","Mazzola, S.","Buscaino, G."],"organization":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2015-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.886357000000","13.399111000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3297","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-diel-lunar-seasonal-tidal-patterns-biosonar-activity-indo","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0141807","title":"Passive Acoustic Monitoring the Diel, Lunar, Seasonal and Tidal Patterns in the Biosonar Activity of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary, China","description":"A growing demand for sustainable energy has led to an increase in construction of offshore windfarms. Guishan windmill farm will be constructed in the Pearl River Estuary, China, which sustains the world\u2019s largest known population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Dolphin conservation is an urgent issue in this region. By using passive acoustic monitoring, a baseline distribution of data on this species in the Pearl River Estuary during pre-construction period had been collected. Dolphin biosonar detection and its diel, lunar, seasonal and tidal patterns were examined using a Generalized Linear Model. Significant higher echolocation detections at night than during the day, in winter-spring than in summer-autumn, at high tide than at flood tide were recognized. Significant higher echolocation detections during the new moon were recognized at night time. The diel, lunar and seasonal patterns for the echolocation encounter duration also significantly varied. These patterns could be due to the spatial-temporal variability of dolphin prey and illumination conditions. The baseline information will be useful for driving further effective action on the conservation of this species and in facilitating later assessments of the effects of the offshore windfarm on the dolphins by comparing the baseline to post construction and post mitigation efforts.","author":["Wang, Z.","Nachtigall, P.","Akamatsu, T.","Wang, K.","Liu, J.","Duan, G.","Cao, H.","Wang, D."],"organization":["Chinese Academy of Sciences","Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)","Sun Yat-sen University","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2015-11-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["22.414871000000","113.730752000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wang-et-al-2015-Humpback.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3298","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-sensitivity-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148105000170","title":"Climate Sensitivity of Marine Energy","description":"Marine energy has a significant role to play in lowering carbon emissions within the energy sector. Paradoxically, it may be susceptible to changes in climate that will result from rising carbon emissions. Wind patterns are expected to change and this will alter wave regimes. Despite a lack of definite proof of a link to global warming, wind and wave conditions have been changing over the past few decades. Changes in the wind and wave climate will affect offshore wind and wave energy conversion: where the resource is constrained, production and economic performance may suffer; alternatively, stormier climates may create survival issues. Here, a relatively simple sensitivity study is used to quantify how changes in mean wind speed\u2014as a proxy for wider climate change\u2014influence wind and wave energy production and economics.","author":["Harrison, G.","Wallace, A."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2005-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3304","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-behavior-largemouth-bass-pallid-sturgeon-experimental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Effects-of-Electromagnetic-Fields-on-Behavior-of-in-Bevelhimer-Cada\/f04350a076f97aef1caff89297af2f75216f14d8","title":"Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Behavior of Largemouth Bass and Pallid Sturgeon in an Experimental Pond Setting","description":"In addition to potentially generating much desired renewable energy, the future development of offshore wind and wave energy and tidal and riverine hydrokinetic energy is also generating concern regarding possible negative effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from generators and transmission cables on aquatic biota. The effects of EMF on the movements of largemouth bass and pallid sturgeon were studied in mesocosm experiments in a freshwater pond. Over a trial period of 4 days, fish experienced alternating 2 h periods in which an underwater energized coil was alternately powered on and off. Electricity moving through the coil created EMF of magnitudes and frequencies expected to be created by underwater electrical transmission cables associated with marine and hydrokinetic energy generating technologies. Surgically implanted acoustic transmitters signaled the locations of individual fish every 1 to 2 min during trials. An array of four receivers was positioned so that the general location of each fish could be determined relative to the position of the EMF source. Paired t-test statistical analysis revealed no consistent significant differences in location or activity relative to the location of the coil for either species as a result of exposure to the EMF. These results suggest that in natural systems where an EMF field can be avoided at a distance of 1 m or more, there should be little effect on the natural movement and activity patterns of these two species. Additional studies with more fine-scale spatial resolution and other species are needed to better understand potential responses in actual field settings.","author":["Bevelhimer, M.","Cada, G.","Scherelis, C."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bevelhimer-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3305","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enabling-siting-permitting-marine-energy-devices-conjunction-engineering-design","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Enabling Siting and Permitting of Marine Energy Devices, in Conjunction with Engineering Design and Deployment Strategies","description":"Developing a sustainable marine energy industry requires that devices be efficient, robust, and not harmful to biological and physical resources within the marine environment. In every nation exploring marine energy development, laws and regulations protect the marine environment and its resources as society strives to create a sustainable renewable energy source from the sea.  A team of scientists and engineers designed systems that are environmentally protective for harvesting energy from waves, tides, rivers, and ocean currents in the US. Regulatory requirements for baseline and post-installation monitoring were determined for seven devices deployed in four different environments. Studies triggered by regulatory needs were scoped and evaluated. The optimal assessment and monitoring pathways were identified, and costs were developed for siting, permitting (consenting), baseline assessment, and monitoring around marine energy devices, for single machines up to arrays of 100 MW. Feedback loops from the environmental siting team influenced the design and deployment parameters of certain devices. Similarly, close connection between the environmental and engineering teams provided estimates of the cost of energy produced by each device, providing a pathway towards costeffective deployment of marine energy arrays.","author":["Copping, A.","Geerlofs, S.","Hanna, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3306","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modeling-impact-response-tidal-devices-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/Grear_Motley_EWTEC2015.pdf","title":"Numerical Modeling of the Impact Response of Tidal Devices and Marine Mammals","description":"The potential effect of tidal devices on marine mammals is a concern for developing tidal energy resources worldwide. Expanding on work done by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory, and the U.S. Department of Energy, this paper examines existing tissue data for the endangered Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) to understand how variability in the data impacts the results. This paper describes methods for numerically characterizing marine mammal tissues and attempts to understand the impacts of the non-linear response and anisotropy present in most living tissue. An ABAQUS finite element model was created to characterize the response of the variability in material data and therefore elucidate data gaps in the biomechanical properties of marine mammals.","author":["Grear, M.","Motley, M."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.215506000000","-122.804907000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grear-Motley-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3307","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-offshore-wind-wave-energy-extraction-environmental-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Combining Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Extraction: An Environmental Perspective","description":"Wind farm areas may provide an opportunity for the deployment of wave energy converters (WEC) in an environment with reduced risk of collision or accidental disturbance. Complementary use of electric infrastructure (export cable) and maintenance may provide additional economic incentives. In addition, the environmental impact of combined extraction of wind and wave energy may be smaller than the separate alternative. We discuss a number of uncertainties and negative environmental interactions that were identified during the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the first offshore energy park combining offshore wind and wave energy extraction. Assumptions on possible impacts were inferred from research and monitoring results from both WEC pilot projects and offshore wind farms separately as well as from the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) submitted by the developer. A number of uncertainties were identified with regards to seabirds, non-indigenous species, marine mammals and maritime safety which will have to be addressed prior to a full scale deployment. As a result, the environmental license that was granted includes a pilot phase during which the above mentioned environmental impacts will be quantified.","author":["Rumes, B.","Marcantonio, M.","Lauwaert, B.","Degraer, S."],"organization":["Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3308","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-sediment-stability-evaluation-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Sediment Stability Evaluation Framework","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) conversion devices and their respective infrastructure may affect or be affected by the integrity of the sediment bed, thus potentially impacting coastal sediment dynamics and associated ecosystems. It is therefore necessary to evaluate the interrelationships between hydrodynamics and seabed dynamics and the effects of MRE subsea foundations and cables on sediment transport. The movement of sediment in the coastal zone is dynamic and varies spatially and temporally. Given the complex nonlinear behavior of sediment transport, it is critical to begin any predictive study with a well validated model. This study critically evaluates and validates wave, current, and sediment transport models used to estimate risk of sediment mobilization and transport. Specific emphasis is placed upon an overall strategy for model validation of innovative techniques to quantify the risk of sediment mobility.","author":["Roberts, J.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3309","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-science-maintaining-numerical-statistical-standards-pursuit-noise-exposure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journal.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fmars.2015.00099\/full","title":"Sound Science: Maintaining Numerical and Statistical Standards in the Pursuit of Noise Exposure Criteria for Marine Mammals","description":"Establishing noise exposure criteria for marine mammals has proven to be a difficult and contentious issue. Over the last decade, several attempts have been made to provide scientifically-based exposure criteria. While representing the \u0022best available science\u0022 on the issue, these criteria, and the assumptions underpinning them, have led to considerable discussion among both scientists and policy-makers. However, one area where there has been little or no debate is around the use of appropriate statistical and other numerical procedures in the various criteria-establishing methodologies. A common issue, arising from a desire to include as much data as possible, is pseudoreplication. Examples from acoustic criteria are the use of many data points from a single animal to establish a value for one species and the use of several points from one species to set values for a functional hearing group. Less fundamental, but equally problematic for the application of the criteria to policy, is the failure to adequately represent uncertainty around proposed criteria through the use of confidence intervals. Other issues include the uneven treatment of different data in terms of transformation protocols and extrapolation, and the determination of which \u0022outliers\u0022 to discard. Each of these errors introduces bias into the resulting criteria. Thus, despite the paucity of relevant data, we need to meet such statistical standards to truly provide objective advice that rises to the level of the \u0022best available science.\u0022","author":["Wright, A."],"organization":["George Mason University"],"originationDate":"2015-11-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wright-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3310","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-emf-emissions-submarine-cables-monitoring-potential-responses-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Characterization of EMF Emissions from Submarine Cables and Monitoring for Potential Responses of Marine Species","description":"A program of experimental field surveys is underway off the coast of South Florida, USA to characterize the electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions in the water column from submarine cables, and monitoring for responses of local aquatic species is described. The field surveys are being conducted at the South Florida Ocean Measurement Facility (SFOMF), which is a cabled offshore in-water navy range. The program is in support of assessing the impact of EMF emissions from offshore ocean energy conversion (OEC) devices. Several laboratory studies show that diverse aquatic species, including sharks and rays, are electrosensitive, while others can get disoriented by magnetic anomalies. However, field data to validate potential relationships between observed responses and the EMF emissions in situ are lacking, in support of developing accurate verified models to evaluate the potential responses of marine species and impact (if any) of EMF emissions on ecological communities. In the present study, background EMF levels and EMF emissions due to submarine cables are measured using a custom E-field sensor and a commercial magnetometer deployed from an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The potential responses of local marine species are observed using divers on SCUBA, complemented with fixed cameras on the sea bottom and by a set of video cameras mounted on the AUV. The objectives are: 1) to characterize the EMF emission levels associated with submarine cables 2) to monitor potential responses of aquatic animals to the emissions and 3) to develop an associated database of field observations. As control, observations of EMF levels and in situ marine species are conducted with power in the cables turned off. The procedures involved in the study and initial results from the surveys and analyses conducted to date are described.","author":["Dhanak, M.","Kilfoyle, A.","Ravenna, S.","Coulson, R.","Frankenfield, J.","Jermain, R.","Valdes, G.","Spieler, R."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Nova Southeastern University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3311","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/velocity-pressure-solution-modeling-3d-noise-propagation-array-current-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Velocity-Pressure Solution to Modeling 3D Noise Propagation from an Array of Current-Energy Converters","description":"In order to deploy and test prototypes, and commercial installations, marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices must meet strict regulatory guidelines that determine the maximum amount of noise that can be generated. In the absence of measured levels from in-situ deployments, a model for predicting the propagation of a MHK source in a real hydroacoustic environment needs to be established. An accurate model would help promote the growth and viability of marine, water, and hydrokinetic energy by confidently assuring environmental regulations and concerns are met, such that harmful impacts to marine mammals and wildlife are minimized. A 3D finitedifference solution to the governing velocity-pressure equations is presented and offers advantages over other acoustic propagation techniques for MHK applications, as spatially varying sound speeds, bathymetry, and bed composition can be modeled. This solution method also allows for the inclusion of complex MHK sound spectra from turbines and\/or arrays of turbines. Several scenarios are presented in order to show the applicability and viability of a time-domain finite-difference solution for predicting sound propagation in MHK environments as well as an initial investigation of MHK turbine arrays.","author":["Johnson, C.","Roberts, J.","Preston, L.","Johnson, E."],"organization":["Montana State University","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3312","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methodology-assess-displacement-effects-key-wildlife-species-arising-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"A Methodology to Assess Displacement Effects on Key Wildlife Species Arising from Marine Energy Conversion Systems using Onshore Observation Data","description":"There is a regulatory need to determine whether the deployment of Marine Energy Conversion Systems (MECS) is likely to have any significant effect on site integrity. An important part of this is to identify whether MECS have any impact on the abundance or distribution of wildlife species in the vicinity of such devices. Using information collected at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) grid-connected wave and tidal test sites, EMEC is leading an in-depth analysis of landbased wildlife observations data with respect to the operational status of different devices. This data analysis project brings in expertise from the Centre for Ecological and Environmental Modelling (CREEM) in the application of the statistical package MRSea to quantify any spatially-explicit change attributable to MECS testing. This paper summarises progress to date, with particular emphasis on the methodology applied to perform the analysis of the test site observations with respect to the potential displacement of key wildlife species.","author":["Long, C.","Scott-Hayward, L.","Norris, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3313","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/ms35t886k","title":"Acoustic Characterization of a Hydrokinetic Turbine","description":"This study describes the sound produced by a hydrokinetic turbine operating in a riverine environment near Iguigig, AK (USA). Drifting spar buoys equipped with hydrophones and GPS loggers were used to characterize temporal and spatial variability in turbine sound over a range of turbine operating conditions. Because of the quasi-stationary nature of river flows, multiple replicates could be obtained under steady-state operation. The sound from this turbine consists primarily of tones (ascribed to the generator) and broadband emissions (ascribed to blade vibration). The frequency of the tones varies in proportion to the turbine rotation rate. At the closest point of approach, for an optimally operating turbine, one-third octave levels are elevated by up to 40 dB relative to braked conditions. Broadband spatial patterns suggest relatively limited sound directivity. This study highlights the benefits of using Lagrangian drifters to characterize turbine sound (e.g., flow noise mitigation, spatially-resolved acoustic fields) and challenges (e.g., positional accuracy, self-noise contamination). Further analysis is required to interpret spatial variability in the context of acoustic propagation in riverine environments.","author":["Polagye, B.","Murphy, P."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.314604300000","-156.029648600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye-Murphy-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3314","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/discussion-effects-underwater-noise-radiated-wave-energy-device-portugal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281775636_Discussion_of_the_effects_of_the_underwater_noise_radiated_by_a_wave_energy_device_-Portugal","title":"Discussion of the Effects of the Underwater Noise Radiated by a Wave Energy Device - Portugal","description":"Several wave energy projects are being tested at sea and little information is available regarding the real impacts in the marine environment. The lack of knowledge regarding underwater noise radiated by wave energy devices raises concerns about the impact in the marine environment, mainly, the impact on species that rely on sound to survive. This paper aims to present the results of a study carried out to characterise the noise radiated by the WaveRoller (WR) device installed in Peniche, Portugal and to assess its potential impact on marine mammals occurring in the study area.  An acoustic campaign was carried out in September 2014. At the study site the only marine mammals occurring are cetaceans. The results indicate that the frequency ranges at which the device operates overlap those used by some low and midfrequency cetaceans. Only behavioural responses would be expected if the organisms swim near the WaveRoller. Cetaceans were not detected around the WaveRoller device probably because of the low depth where the device was installed.  To conclude, facing the lack of knowledge regarding the underwater noise radiated by wave energy devices this study brings a new contribution to the state of the art presenting the characterization of the underwater sound radiated by the WaveRoller, a totally submerged wave energy device.","author":["Cruz, E.","Simas, T.","Kasanen, E."],"organization":["AW-Energy","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.337322400000","-9.367704200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:35:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cruz-et-al-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3315","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-testing-full-scale-tidal-turbine-part-3-acoustic-characteristics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/283634572_Field_Testing_a_Full-Scale_Tidal_Turbine_Part_3_Acoustic_Characteristics","title":"Field Testing a Full-Scale Tidal Turbine Part 3: Acoustic Characteristics","description":"Like any new technology, tidal power converters are being assessed for potential environmental impacts. Similar to wind power, where noise emissions have led to some regulations and limitations on consented installation sites, noise emissions of these new tidal devices attract considerable attention, especially due to the possible interaction with the marine fauna. However, the effect of turbine noise cannot be assessed as a stand-alone issue, but must be investigated in the context of the natural background noise in high flow environments. Noise measurements are also believed to be a useful tool for monitoring the operating conditions and health of equipment. While underwater noise measurements are not trivial to perform, this non-intrusive monitoring method could prove to be very cost effective. This paper presents sound measurements performed on the SCHOTTEL Instream Turbine as part of the MaRINET testing campaign at the QUB tidal test site in Portaferry during the summer of 2014. This paper demonstrates a comparison of the turbine noise emissions with the normal background noise at the test site and presents possible applications as a monitoring system.","author":["Schmitt, P.","Elsaesser, B.","Coffin, M.","Hood, J.","Starzmann, R."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","SCHOTTEL HYDRO GmbH"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schmitt-et-al-2015-EWTEC-Part-3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3316","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changes-vertical-fish-distributions-near-hydrokinetic-device-cobscook-bay-maine-usa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Changes in Vertical Fish Distributions Near a Hydrokinetic Device in Cobscook Bay, Maine, USA","description":"Utilizing areas with high velocity tidal currents for energy production is a growing research field. However, empirical data concerning the effects of energy harvesting devices on marine organisms, e.g., fishes and their populations are largely unavailable. It is imperative that an empirical understanding of these interactions is established to better inform industry and consenting decision-makers. It is well known that fishes use tidal currents to move in tidal regions for foraging and reproductive purposes. However, specific information regarding fish use of the water column during high flows is lacking. Such information is vital to understanding fish interactions with hydrokinetic devices. We established down-looking hydroacoustic sampling protocols to determine seasonal patterns of fish vertical distribution before and after the installation of a hydrokinetic device in Cobscook Bay, USA. The proportion of fish tended to increase toward the seafloor, with some exceptions in spring. We were able to make comparisons to a nearby control site during times when a device was present. We found that vertical distribution before and after device installation only differed at the turbine site, perhaps as a result of fish re-distribution in response to the device.","author":["Staines, G.","Zydlewski, G.","Viehman, H.","Shen, H.","McCleave, J."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.905332200000","-67.100792000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3317","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-harbour-porpoise-habitat-use-3d-tidal-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281407916_Simulating_Harbour_Porpoise_Habitat_Use_in_a_3D_Tidal_Environment","title":"Simulating Harbour Porpoise Habitat Use in a 3D Tidal Environment","description":"Assessing the environmental impacts of a project are often an important requirement of the planning and consenting process for a marine energy device deployment. Computer simulations are frequently used in other areas of marine energy development, and Individual Based Models (IBMs) provide one method for simulating marine life in order to investigate potential impacts of marine energy devices on the local ecosystem, including the possibility to simulate protected species such as Harbour Porpoise.  This contribution will showcase initial results of a Harbour Porpoise IBM under development at Swansea University, which aims to combine fine scale temporal motion with tidal data from existing hydrodynamic models and other environmental properties in order to examine potential responses of Harbour Porpoise to marine energy developments.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Lake, T.","Masters, I.","Croft, T."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.607725100000","-3.980800100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lake-et-al-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3318","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-testing-full-scale-tidal-turbine-part-2-line-wake-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/283634569_Field_testing_a_full-scale_tidal_turbine_Part_2_In-line_Wake_Effects","title":"Field Testing a Full-Scale Tidal Turbine Part 2: In-Line Wake Effects","description":"Recent research has shown that higher ambient turbulence leads to better wake recovery, so turbines could be installed in closer proximity in real tidal flows than might be assumed from typical towing tank tests that do not take into account turbulent inflow conditions. The standard tools to assess flow velocities in field conditions are Doppler based sonar devices, such as Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADPs) or Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADVs). The use of these devices poses some challenges when assessing the wake of a tidal turbine. While ADPs allow the three-dimensional measurement of a velocity profile over a distance, the data is calculated as a mean of three diverging beams and with low temporal resolution. ADVs can measure with higher sampling frequency but only at a single point in the flow. During the MaRINET testing of the SCHOTTEL SIT turbine at the QUB tidal test site in Portaferry, Northern Ireland, ADP and ADV measurements were successfully tested. Two methods were employed for measuring the wake: firstly, with a rigidly mounted ADP and secondly, with a submerged ADV which was streamed behind the turbine. This paper presents the experimental set-up and results and discusses limitations and challenges of the two methods used.","author":["Schmitt, P.","Elsaesser, B.","Bischof, S.","Starzmann, R."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","SCHOTTEL HYDRO GmbH"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.380083200000","-5.551198300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schmitt-et-al-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3319","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-response-large-scale-tidal-energy-extraction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314868258_Hydrodynamic_Response_to_Large_Scale_Tidal_Energy_Extraction","title":"Hydrodynamic Response to Large Scale Tidal Energy Extraction","description":"Tidal energy extraction offers a highly predictable, reliable energy resource. Natural flow regimes will be altered by the installation of large scale tidal arrays. Bed morphology, sensitive to changes in tidal flow, will be impacted as a result of feedbacks between tidal arrays and coastal hydrodynamics. This research investigates the impact of large scale tidal energy extraction by arrays of tidal stream energy devices on the spatial and temporal variability of hydrodynamics. The research uses the 3D ROMS model (Regional Ocean Modelling System) with tidal energy extraction as a mid-water perturbation and is presented in two halves - first a 3D regional model is developed to investigate the natural hydrodynamics of the Pentland Firth, a highly dynamic and complex channel environment. The second part of this research sees an idealised 3D model of the Inner Sound region of the Pentland Firth developed with the purpose of investigating the sensitivity of the hydrodynamics to turbine array design and placement.","author":["Brown, A.","Neill, S."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.714167000000","-3.101612000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brown-Neill-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3320","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-management-monitoring-carnegie-wave-energys-perth-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Environmental Assessment, Management and Monitoring of Carnegie Wave Energy\u0027s Perth Wave Energy Project","description":"Carnegie Wave Energy Limited is the inventor, developer and owner of CETO wave energy technology. CETO is designed to extract energy from ocean waves to generate clean, renewable and emission-free electricity and desalinated water. Carnegie has been developing CETO wave energy technology for over 10 years and at a cost of $100 million. Carnegie is now focussed on the operation of the Perth Wave Energy Project, a grid and water mains-connected CETO array off Garden Island, Western Australia. The Project will supply both power and desalinated potable water to the Australian Department of Defence. The Project is fully consented through a range of federal, state and local government permits and approvals, supported by a comprehensive community consultation program. This paper describes Carnegie\u2019s environmental management of the Project, with the targeted environmental monitoring and assessment completed to date.","author":["Ward, E.","Sawyer, T."],"organization":["Carnegie Clean Energy Limited"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.247053400000","115.658105000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 08:48:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3321","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-effects-nearshore-wave-propagation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/288496591_Wave_Energy_Converter_Effects_on_Nearshore_Wave_Propagation","title":"Wave Energy Converter Effects on Nearshore Wave Propagation","description":"The present study utilizes SNL-SWAN (Sandia National Laboratories-Simulating Waves Nearshore), a modified version of an industry standard wave model, to simulate wave propagation through a hypothetical WEC array deployment site on the California coast. SNL-SWAN model simulations were performed in hindcast mode for hourly observed wave data in October 2009. Three different wave conditions were examined more closely based on statistical analysis of the observed data: \u201caverage\u201d, \u201csouth swell\u201d, and \u201ctyphoon\u201d. Model results were compared for runs with an array of 50 floating two-body heaving converters against model runs without. During average wave conditions observed in October 2009, the simulated WEC array had little effect on wave height or direction at select output locations chosen for this modeling study. Waves originating from the south (~180\u00b0) resulted in \u0026gt;30% reductions in wave height directly in the lee of the WEC array. These reductions in Hs decreased toward the shoreline to percentage changes of ~5%. Extreme typhoon conditions observed in October 2009 resulted in 40% decreases in Hs in the lee of the WEC array and focused wave reductions along the Santa Cruz shoreline of up to 14%.","author":["Roberts, J.","Chang, G.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.944103000000","-124.118271000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Roberts-et-al-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3322","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/beach-morphodynamics-lee-wave-farm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281742025_Beach_morphodynamics_in_the_lee_of_a_wave_farm","title":"Beach Morphodynamics in the Lee of a Wave Farm","description":"The significant advances in the past years towards the consolidation of wave energy as a major renewable warrant the investigation of the synergies between this novel resource and coastal defence. The aim of this work is to examine the effects of a wave farm operating at different distances from the coastline on the beach morphology. On the one hand, the impacts of the wave farms on the sediment transport are assessed. On the other hand, how the farm affects the modal state of the beach with reference to a baseline (no farm) scenario is examined. For this purpose, a high-resolution nearshore wave propagation model is coupled to a coastal processes model to assess the wave farm impacts on the beach. The wave farm is found to reduce significantly the erosion in the beach. This is a bonus to be added to the primary role of the wave farm \u2013 and one which enhances its economic viability by leading to savings in conventional coastal defence measures.","author":["Abanades, J.","Greaves, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Abanades-et-al-2015-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3323","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hybrid-wave-offshore-wind-farms-comparative-case-study-co-located-layouts-conference","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/301762507_Hybrid_Wave_and_Offshore_Wind_Farms_a_Comparative_Case_Study_of_Co-located_Layouts","title":"Hybrid Wave and Offshore Wind Farms: a Comparative Case Study of Co-located Layouts [Conference Paper]","description":"Marine energy is one of the most promising alternatives to fossil fuels due to the enormous energy resource available. However, it is often considered uneconomical and difficult. Co-located offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters have emerged as a solution to increase the competitiveness of marine energy. Among the benefits of colocated farms, this work focuses on the shadow effect, i.e. the reduction in wave height in the inner part of the farm, which can lead to significant savings in operation and maintenance (O\u0026amp;M) costs thanks to the augmented weather windows for accessing the wind turbines. The aim of this study is to quantify the wave height reduction achieved within a co-located wave-wind farm. Different locations and a large number of layouts are analysed in order to define the optimum disposition.","author":["Astariz, S.","Perez-Collazo, C.","Abanades, J.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3324","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/remote-detection-sea-surface-roughness-signatures-related-subsurface-bathymetry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/513224\/","title":"Remote Detection of Sea Surface Roughness Signatures Related to Subsurface Bathymetry, Structures and Tidal Stream Turbine Wakes","description":"Tidal flow over shallow bathymetry is known to create an identifiable sea surface signature in satellite synthetic aperture radar. Here we present results investigating a similar effect visible on ground based marine radar data recorded at a tidal energy test site. Sea surface roughness signatures generated by strong flow over uneven bathymetry create patches of tidally modulated radar backscatter that may be identified and quantified in an uncalibrated form. Further, we investigate whether tidal stream turbines and their support structures might also create such tidally modulated sea surface signatures related to their turbulent wakes. Initial analyses have identified tidally modulated areas of roughness that are centred on the locations of turbine foundation structures. These however, are dwarfed by the naturally occurring tidally modulated sea surface roughness signatures associated with steep gradients in the bathymetry and shear zones around headlands.","author":["Bell, P.","McCann, D.","Lawrence, J.","Norris, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3325","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-scaled-tidal-stream-turbine-over-mobile-sediment-beds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/512873\/1\/mobile_bed_mods.pdf","title":"Impact of Scaled Tidal Stream Turbine over Mobile Sediment Beds","description":"Tidal stream turbines (TST) have been identified as a desirable technology for harnessing tidal energy. Measurement and characterisation of wakes are critical for environmental and development reasons. Wake recovery length is an important parameter for appropriate design of arrays, and wakes may result in altered dynamics both within the water column and at the seabed. Laboratory-scale experiments over mobile beds have been conducted to quantify the detailed wake structure and its impact on sediment transport dynamics. A 0.2 m diameter model turbine was installed and a steady current was driven over an artificial sediment bed using recirculating pumps. A Nortek acoustic current-meter Aquadopp was used to measure the three-dimensional mean current with vertical profiles at different locations from the turbine. A three-dimensional Acoustic Ripple Profiler was used to map the bed during the experiments. These measurements provide comprehensive data sets which can be combined to (i) characterise wakes, bed disturbances, and the impact on suspension processes and, (ii) used to inform and validate numerical models.","author":["Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza, R.","Amoudry, L.","Thorne, P.","Cooke, R.","Simmons, S.","McLelland, S.","Murphy, B.","Parsons, D.","Jordan, L.","Vybulkova, L."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Hull","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ramirez-Mendoza-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3326","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-transport-pentland-firth-impacts-tidal-stream-energy-extraction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/278509402_Sediment_transport_in_the_Pentland_Firth_and_impacts_of_tidal_stream_energy_extraction","title":"Sediment Transport in the Pentland Firth and Impacts of Tidal Stream Energy Extraction","description":"This paper presents an analysis of the difference to residual sediment transport pathways and bed level changes forced by the installation of four tidal stream turbine arrays in the Pentland Firth. Two areas are considered in detail: the Sandy Riddle, a large banner bank and a sandbank in the Inner Sound close to the Meygen development. No noticeable differences are found for the Sandy Riddle at the modelled level of extraction, residual pathways are the same and the difference in bed level change between the two scenarios is at most 3% of the total modelled change. Greater differences are noted for the Inner Sound case, but uncertainties in sediment coverage and mesh effects in this area mean confidence is lower in these results.","author":["Fairley, I.","Masters, I.","Karunarathna, H."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.715893200000","-3.255081200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 03:49:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3327","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-temporal-analysis-techniques-optimize-hydroacoustic-surveys-fish-mhk-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"Using Temporal Analysis Techniques to Optimize Hydroacoustic Surveys of Fish at MHK Devices","description":"Environmental monitoring is required for permitting, consenting, and responsibly developing the marine hydrokinetic (MHK) industry. One method of detecting cumulative effects of MHK devices on fishes is long-term observation of fish abundance at a tidal energy site using discrete hydroacoustic surveys. However, fish abundance in such dynamic environments is highly variable, and survey timing can greatly affect observed trends. We present an approach using survey timing to limit the effects of natural environmental variation on observed long-term trends in fish abundance. We examined three months of a long-term, continuous hydroacoustic dataset from a tidal energy site in Cobscook Bay, Maine, USA. Temporal analyses using Fourier and wavelet transforms indicated non-stationary, cyclic components in fish abundance related to tidal, diel, and semi-lunar cycles. Changes in these patterns over time were likely related to changes in the local fish assemblage. Four discrete sampling schemes were then simulated by sub-sampling the continuous time series: 1- and 24- hour surveys, first randomly spaced over time and then timed to hold tidal, diel, and lunar stages constant. The best discrete sampling design consisted of 24-hour surveys that held lunar stage constant. This design is likely to be effective at similar tidal sites worldwide.","author":["Viehman, H.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.905332200000","-67.100792000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3328","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr81-tests-acoustic-signals-aversive-sound-mitigation-harbour-seals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR8-1_ADD_mitigation_VF2.pdf","title":"MR8.1 Tests of Acoustic Signals for Aversive Sound Mitigation with Harbour Seals","description":"Some anthropogenic activities that produce intense sound in the marine environment present a risk of causing injury to the body tissues and auditory systems of sensitive marine life. It is an offence to kill or injure a seal under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 and in addition both grey and harbour seals are on Annex II of the Habitats Directive and are qualifying features for Special Areas of Conservation set up to promote their conservation. For these reasons, mitigation measures to minimise the risk of causing damage or injury are often a requirement when licences are issued to carry out risky activities in the marine environment. The traditional approach to mitigation is for observers to search for marine mammals (including seals) using visual and acoustic techniques, within a mitigation zone and to delay or halt risky activities if animals are detected. (A mitigation zone should be defined as an area within which animals are at an elevated risk of suffering damage. Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) guidance suggests that mitigation zones around piling should have a radius of at least 500m.) Such monitoring mitigation is unlikely to be fully effective when animals are difficult to sight at the surface and are rarely vocal, when mitigation ranges are large and when operations are required to continue in poor sighting conditions and at night. Mitigation monitoring can also be very costly to achieve at offshore sites. Aversive sound mitigation is a promising alternative or complimentary approach which would involve moving vulnerable animals out of the mitigation zone before activities such as pile driving commence, using appropriate aversive acoustic signals. In this project data was collected to assess how effectively aversive sound mitigation could be applied to harbour seals by conducting a series of controlled exposure experiments (CEEs).\n\nThree sound sources (a Lofitech ADD, an Airmar ADD and broadcast killer whale calls) were assessed as potential sound sources for aversive sound mitigation. The findings suggest that, of the devices tested, the Lofitech ADD is the most effective at eliciting behavioural responses from harbour seals which should be useful for mitigation. Our results show that out to a range of around a kilometre, all seals might be expected to show a readily identifiable change in behaviour. However, not all responses resulted in straight forward movement away from the sound source. Response also varied between CEEs in ways which may reflect the particular circumstances of the experiment as well as the motivation and status of the subjects.\n\nThree observations from this work are particularly pertinent to those planning to use aversive sound mitigation. The first is the propensity for seals which are close to shore at the start of a CEE to move very close inshore and then move along shore in very shallow waters. This may well be a general and effective anti-predator response but the extent to which it would protect animals from exposure to intense sound needs further investigation. The second is the observation that animals that were traveling when faced with a CEE ahead of them would rarely reverse their tracks. More commonly they would \u201cswerve\u201d around the sound source, passing closer to it than the range at which avoidance behaviour was first noted and on occasion passing within a few hundred metres of it. Clearly, if this occurred during a mitigation exercise then animals might experience higher sound exposure. Studies should be carried out to investigate how animals respond to multiple sound sources in the field which could inform how they should be spaced to achieve effective mitigation. A final important observation is that animals apparently foraging within an area would often start to return to that area soon after a CEE. An implication of this for aversive sound mitigation is that the potentially damaging activity should start immediately after (or during) the mitigation broadcast.\n\nIt will be extremely difficult to measure behavioural response of seals to pile driving because any individual tagged animals would be unlikely to be close to pile driving when it started and it is not feasible to use or replicate pile driving as an experimental sound source. However, the observations made during this study of animals responding to what were clearly aversive signals may provide insights into how seals might react to pile driving. Although seals showed an increase in speed during CEEs this was only modest. This limited response probably reflects energetic constraints on maximum sustainable swim speed which would also limit their escape speed from pile driving. The mean \u201cescape\u201d swim speeds observed during CEEs were lower than those assumed in some exposure models and, in contrast to the assumptions in most models, seals did not always swim directly away from the sound source. These considerations emphasise the desirability of moving animals to a \u201csafe range\u201d using a mitigation sound source whose characteristics can be controlled and measured beforehand using field CEEs.","author":["Gordon, J.","Blight, C.","Bryant, E.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR8-1_ADD_mitigation_VF2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3329","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr723-collision-risk-impact-study-field-tests-turbine-blade-seal-carcass-collisions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR7-2-3_collision_risk_impact_field_VF1.pdf","title":"MR7.2.3 Collision Risk and Impact Study: Field Tests of Turbine Blade-Seal Carcass Collisions","description":"In the absence of any field data, collision risk models currently assume that all collisions between marine mammals and tidal turbines will be fatal. This precautionary assumption is not likely to be true and will lead to over-estimation of mortality rates. Estimated mortality rates are likely to be a serious constraint on turbine deployments and reducing the uncertainty should have the effect of reducing these rate estimates. To address this issue a series of collision trials were carried out with grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) carcasses using a shaped, rigid bar fixed to the keel of a jet drive boat to simulate the leading edge of a turbine blade. The blade profile chosen represented a section near the tip where it is narrowest\/sharpest and therefore most potentially damaging. The boat was driven at and collided with a number of previously frozen grey seal carcasses at a range of speeds. The angle at which the carcass was struck influenced the effective speed of that collision. This was accounted for by measuring the angle of the centre line of the keel to the water\u2019s surface (which varied with the vessel\u2019s speed) using video cameras and incorporating this into the effective speed calculations. Carcasses were impacted at a range of effective speeds from 1.95 m\/s to 5.32 m\/s. Resulting injuries were assessed via inspection of radiographs and by detailed post-mortem analysis. These data and the estimates of effective collision speeds were used to assess the likelihood of injury or death in real collisions.\n\nPost-trial x-rays and post-mortems revealed no evidence of skeletal trauma. Neither were there obvious indicators of trauma such as tears, avulsions or rupture in the integument, musculature or organs, in any of the test subjects as a result of the collision trials. However, due to the difficulties in assessing soft tissue damage such as bruising and tissue oedema in previously frozen carcasses these soft tissue assessments were not considered reliable indicators of trauma in this experiment.\n\nThe results of the trials suggest that slow speed collisions with the tips of tidal turbines, at less than the maximum 5.32 m\/s measured in this test, are unlikely to produce serious or fatal injuries in grey seals. It seems likely that a significant proportion of impacts would not be fatal, given the range of speeds tested in this set-up and the speeds with which wild seals will be exposed to when interacting with tidal turbines (see Data derived collision risk assessment). These are however, preliminary results and should be treated with caution as they are limited in their inability to assess soft-tissue damage or to determine potential unconsciousness as a result of collisions.","author":["Thompson, D.","Brownlow, A.","Onoufriou, J.","Moss, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR7-2-3_collision_risk_impact_field_VF1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3330","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr722-collision-risk-impact-study-examination-models-estimating-risk-collisions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR7-2-2_collision_risk_impact_models_VF1.pdf","title":"MR7.2.2 Collision Risk and Impact Study: Examination of Models for Estimating the Risk of Collisions Between Seals and Tidal Turbines","description":"The rate at which collisions can be expected to occur between marine mammals and tidal energy generation devices is potentially important to both the conservation of these species and the industry. Developers need to identify potential adverse effects of their proposed developments. For seals, this means demonstrating, among other things, that development and operation will not have an adverse effect upon the integrity of any SACs for which seals are a qualifying interest. Seals are seen as a particular problem in this respect because they frequent coastal locations where most tidal turbine developments have been proposed.\n\nThe major difficulty in estimating likely rates of collision is the lack of information on how animals will respond to active turbines. It is possible that they will be attracted, increasing their overall risk, though it seems more likely that they will avoid some potential collisions. Without such information, which is likely to be difficult to collect even once there are operational turbines, estimation is limited to encounter rates. Encounter rates are defined as the number of seals per unit time which turbines would strike if seals did not respond to the presence of the device. Those can be rescaled by assuming rates of avoidance, but that process will necessarily be approximate.\n\nThis report examines two models that have been proposed for estimating the rate at which seals can be expected to encounter tidal turbine blades. It also summarises a method that has been applied to calculate the risks to riverine fish from passing through hydroelectric power stations. The assumptions and implications of using the methods are discussed.\n\nOne approach was developed at SAMS Research Services Ltd (SRSL; Batty et al., 2012). It simplifies calculations by simplifying the shape of animals into spheres that would be of equivalent risk and assuming that animals\u2019 speeds are independent of their direction relative to the turbine blade. The two versions of that model seem to have errors in the equations they present, but their overall intent is clear.\n\nAn alternative approach was a development of the Band model for the risk of birds being struck by wind turbines. That 2012 model assumed the animal\u2019s motion was parallel to the axis of rotation of the turbine. Counterintuitively, the model\u2019s representation of a \u201cflapping bird\u201d is a more appropriate approximation of a seal than is its \u201cgliding bird\u201d one. The model was broadly similar to the one presented by von Raben for fish passing through a hydroelectric power plant.\n\nThe two approaches produce broadly similar results from their different simplifications. Given the greater uncertainty in the animals\u2019 responses, either could be used to give an estimate that will be less of an overestimate than simply estimating the number of animals likely to pass through the disc swept by a turbine rotor. If more detailed comparisons, such as between devices, are required, then a better estimate could be made by averaging the risks over an estimate of the likely joint distribution of animal speeds, directions and orientations throughout the tidal cycle.\n\nIn practice, the results of any assessments of overall risk are likely to be determined by the assumptions made about animals\u2019 ability to avoid collisions. Until data on avoidance rates become available, further refinements of the models of encounter rates may be of limited value.","author":["Lonergan, M.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR7-2-2_collision_risk_impact_models_VF1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3331","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr721-collision-risk-brief-review-available-information-behaviour-mammals-birds-high","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR7-2-1_collision_risk_review_VF1.pdf","title":"MR7.2.1 Collision Risk: A Brief Review of Available Information on Behaviour of Mammals and Birds in High Tidal  Energy Areas","description":"The large body of published literature focusing on the movement, habitat preference and behaviour of marine birds and mammals was examined for evidence of overlap of marine mammals and birds with sites with potential for tidal energy generation developments. From the review it is clear that there is a wide range of species that use areas of high tidal energy and there is confirmation of the overlap between ecologically important mammal and bird populations with possible tidal turbine sites.","author":["Onoufriou, J.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR7-2-1_collision_risk_review_VF1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3332","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr711-quantifying-porpoise-depth-distributions-underwater-behaviour-tidal-rapids-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR7-1-1_porpoise_depth_VF2.pdf","title":"MR7.1.1 Quantifying Porpoise Depth Distributions and Underwater Behaviour in Tidal Rapids Areas","description":"A vertical hydrophone array has been developed to provide new insights into harbour porpoise dive depths, underwater movements and echolocation behaviour in tidal habitats. This information is of direct relevance to understanding and reducing environmental impacts of tidal current driven turbines. Analysis of field data is on-going however we have demonstrated that it is possible to investigate the behaviour of porpoises in tidal areas using passive acoustics and further work is likely to yield reliable depth distributions.","author":["Macaulay, J.","Gordon, J.","Coram, A.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR7-1-1_porpoise_depth_VF2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3333","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr62-definition-range-context-marine-renewable-energy-development-marine-mammal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR6-2_define_range_VF2.pdf","title":"MR6.2 Definition of \u0027Range\u0027 in the Context of Marine Renewable Energy Development and Marine Mammal Conservation","description":"There are a number of potential issues affecting the populations of cetaceans living in or using UK waters. Without knowing the distribution and abundance of these animals the ability to assess how any of these issues could be affecting UK cetaceans are limited.\n\nThe area of sea, or range, specifically used by each cetacean species is an important factor when looking at issues such as Marine Renewable developments. If a development site falls within the natural range of a cetacean species, that species may be likely to be present and therefore collection of baseline data is of vital importance. However, the definition of a natural range, and whether a particular species is likely to be present at a particular site, is not straightforward as cetaceans may only be present at a site seasonally or sporadically because of their wide ranging movements.\n\nThere are a wide variety of techniques developed to explore the issue of animal range but not all of these may be suitable for cetaceans, and for some there are not adequate data. Further research will be necessary to ascertain whether there is enough existing cetacean sightings data to explore the utility of some of the measures that have been devised, and therefore to find a model that best serves the need to define the \u2018natural range\u2019 of these animals both within the context of the Habitats Directive and any other legislative obligations.","author":["Northridge, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR6-2_define_range_VF2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3334","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr61-review-methodology-main-results-jcp-analysis-cetacean-densities-context-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR6-1_review_of_JCP_VF2.pdf","title":"MR6.1 Review of Methodology and Main Results of the JCP Analysis of Cetacean Densities in the Context of Marine Renewable Development","description":"There are a number of potential issues affecting the populations of cetaceans living in or using UK waters. Without knowing the distribution and abundance of these animals the ability to assess how any of these issues could be affecting UK cetaceans is limited.\n\nThe revised Joint Cetacean Protocol (JCP) Phase III report attempted to estimate the abundance and distribution of cetaceans from a disparate data set of dedicated and platform of opportunity surveys. It also considered trends in cetacean abundance in the North Sea and waters out to the shelf-edge west of the UK and Ireland, also examining subareas within that area.\n\nThe modelling of the data involved sophisticated statistical methods and required various simplifications to be made. A formal model selection process was used but alternative models might produce very different estimates. It is recommended that work is carried out to explore whether moving to indices of abundance and\/or maps of relative densities will simplify the model and reduce the risk of producing misleading results without compromising the results of the project.\n\nFor some species, the patterns identified by the models are inconsistent with other available sources of information. In particular, the JCP estimate for harbour porpoise abundance in 1994 is difficult to reconcile with that from the SCANS survey.\n\nThe JCP report contains many important caveats about the robustness and reliability of its results. It is not obvious that the results of the analyses it contains provide a suitable basis for the conservation and management of cetacean populations around the UK.","author":["Lonergan, M.","Hammond, P."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR6-1_review_of_JCP_VF2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3336","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr1-mr2-current-state-knowledge-effects-offshore-renewable-energy-generation-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR1_and_MR2_update_VF1.pdf","title":"MR1 \u0026 MR2 Current State of Knowledge of the Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy Generation Devices on Marine Mammals and Research Requirements: Update, September 2014","description":"This report is designed to provide an update to fulfil requirements MR1 and MR2 within the Marine Mammal Scientific Support Research Programme MMSS\/001\/11. An initial review of the current state of knowledge on the effects of offshore renewable energy generators on marine mammals was provided to the Scottish Government in August 2013. This report provides an update to the 2013 report highlighting improvements to the current state of knowledge of effects of offshore renewable energy generators on marine mammals and provides an update on progress on the prioritised list of research gaps presented in the previous report.\n\nA total of 28 specific research gaps were identified in the previous report. Of these, 16 were at that time already under investigation to some extent with either active research projects or planned and funded future projects.\n\nThe 12 remaining projects were yet to secure funding. Of these, funding has been secured for two (AVOID and ARRY) and discussions are underway in relation to funding for a further two (TAG and MECH). The remainder remain unfunded.\n\nLargely the research priorities remain similar, but additional priorities that were not highlighted in the original report have been identified here.\n\nIn parallel with this study an analysis of research requirements for developing models to identify Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCOD) has been carried out under the ORJIP programme. As part of this work, a number of research priorities have been identified \u2013 this has been used to extend the list of research gaps and amend the priorities of specific projects in this update.","author":["Thompson, D.","Hall, A.","McConnell, B.","Northridge, S.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR1_MR2_update_VF1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3337","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr712-density-behaviour-marine-mammals-tidal-rapids","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/documents\/scotgov\/MR7-1-2_porpoise_in_tidal_rapids_VF1.pdf","title":"MR7.1.2 The Density and Behaviour of Marine Mammals in Tidal Rapids","description":"Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) are one of Europe\u2019s most common cetaceans and they are protected under European law. The current expansion of the tidal energy industry has highlighted concerns about anthropogenic activity in tidal habitats, particularly whether deployed turbines may pose a collision risk to animals. However, the ecological significance of tidal habitats for harbour porpoise is poorly understood and little data exists to inform on the potential risk that tidal turbines may pose. One key metric that needs to be measured to inform on this risk is the depth distribution of animals, for example, if harbour porpoises spend the majority of their time at the surface in tidal habitats then collision risk with deeper turbines will be very low. This report details the results of a three year project to develop, test and survey with a system capable of accurately determining the position of harbour porpoises underwater.\n\nDetermining the dive depths of animals is difficult. Tags are a possibility, however, there are no tagging programmes in the UK and the likelihood any one tagged animal would spend a significant time in tidal areas may be small. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a methodology which can detect the presence, classify the species and localise the position of animals, by listening to their vocalisations. Harbour porpoise use high frequency echolocation clicks almost continually for orientation, prey detection, navigation and social interactions, making them ideal candidates for studies using PAM. However, in order to achieve the accurate underwater tracking required to determine a depth distribution, a large dispersed array of multiple underwater receivers (hydrophones) is required.\n\nDeploying such an array in a tidal habitat is difficult. Fixed structures would be inordinately expensive to deploy in areas with up to 8.5 knots of current and therefore a drifting hydrophone array was developed. The array consisted of 10-12 hydrophones, deployed between 3-45m underwater, from a small research vessel. The practical considerations for such a system are numerous; the array must be quickly recoverable and deployable, any movement underwater must be measured precisely and the delicate electronics used must be sufficiently rugged to remain operational in the particularly harsh environmental conditions present in tidal rips.\n\nIn addition to these considerations there are general issues with PAM. Porpoise have narrow beam profiles and hence are easy to miss if facing away from the hydrophone array. Noise and multiple animals clicking at the same time can also be problematic. Many of these issues were overcome by utilising new localisation and tracking methods developed during the project, however, difficulties remain in the fact that usually only fragments of tracks, rather than entire dive profiles, are detected. For the purposes of determining a depth distribution this information is adequate. However, it makes studies on the fine scale behaviour of animals more challenging.\n\nSix tidal sites were surveyed over three years. Over 8514GB and 234 hours of data were collected resulting in 5210 tracks of animals. These were used to create depth distributions for each dive site. Two sites, Corryvreckan\/the Great Race and Kyle Rhea contained by far the highest number of detected porpoise vocalisations per hour. Both sites are comparatively deep and porpoises had remarkably similar depth distributions during the day with animals spending 75% of time in the upper 38-40m of the water column. Kyle Rhea was the only site surveyed at night and showed a shift in the depth distribution, with animals spending more time in shallow waters.\n\nThe data summarised here provide the first substantial general dataset on porpoise depth distributions and underwater behaviour in tidal rapids. Given that virtually no data existed before, the data presented here can be used to improve collision risk estimates. However, the variation between sites evident in this dataset emphasises the importance of collecting data on a site by site basis.\n\nThe continual development of hardware, open source accessible software and PAM localisation methods during this project mean that a methodology now exists to determine depth distributions of harbour porpoises in tidal sites. However, this only forms a subset of the data required to inform on the ecological significance of such an area. Further work needs to focus on combining fine scale tracking of animals with visual\/acoustic surveys and long term data recorders.","author":["Macaulay, J.","Malinka, C.","Coram, A.","Gordon, J.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MR7-1-2_porpoise_in_tidal_rapids_VF1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3339","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/surveying-marine-mammals-nearby-tidal-energy-development-sites-comparison","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/282610949_Surveying_Marine_Mammals_in_Nearby_Tidal_Energy_Development_Sites_a_Comparison","title":"Surveying Marine Mammals in Nearby Tidal Energy Development Sites: a Comparison","description":"The tidal-stream renewable energy sector continues to advance rapidly but impacts on marine receptors, such as marine mammals, remain incompletely understood. Estimating absolute density of marine mammals is a common requirement for consenting and post-consent monitoring but numerous factors may prevent collection of sufficiently robust data to generate such estimates. The outcomes of two marine mammal survey campaigns in adjacent waters in south-western Scotland and Northern Ireland were compared. Sites were 57 km apart and subjected to comparable environmental conditions. In the West of Islay site (SW Scotland), very small numbers of harbour porpoises (n = 12 sightings) were detected over 21 surveys, whilst at the Fair Head site (Northern Ireland), many more porpoises were detected (n = 70 sightings over 13 surveys to date; survey programme ongoing). Final density estimates were therefore far less robust for the West of Islay site. Harbor porpoises appeared significantly more abundant at the Fair Head site despite the short distance between the two sites. Such spatial heterogeneity in porpoise abundance raises questions about the utility of surveying very low-density areas. Development of cost-effective, adaptable and scientifically robust surveying strategies should be a priority for developers and regulators.","author":["Benjamins, S.","Macleod, A.","Greenhill, L.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-02 12:28:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3340","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-solution-real-time-marine-mammal-monitoring-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/","title":"An Integrated Solution to Real Time Marine Mammal Monitoring for Tidal Turbines","description":"In 2011 Tidal Energy Ltd (TEL) was granted the first Marine Licence for the deployment of a tidal stream turbine in Welsh waters. This License was granted with a ground breaking operating regime with respect to marine mammals, to \u0027deploy and monitor\u0027 rather than the more conservative protocol of suspending plant operation when mammals are present. This approach focused on the opportunity to better understand the interaction between the Marine mammals frequenting the Pembrokeshire coastline with a full scale tidal turbine. In order to satisfy this need for better understanding, TEL required a change in approach to the technology development of the DeltaStreamTM prototype device. Instead of the environmental monitoring packages being an afterthought to the overall Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA), it was considered from the very outset of the project to be a fully integrated component of the system. The extensive marine mammal monitoring package developed by TEL includes a number of developmental scientific technologies that required integration with the more standard industrial components for power generation. In collaboration with Applied Renewables Research Ltd (ARR Ltd) and the special equipment suppliers a highly integrated hardware and software solution was designed and implemented in order to handle the unprecedented scale of real-time data management in this field.","author":["Bromley, P.","Boake, C.","Broudic, M."],"organization":["Applied Renewables Research Ltd","Tidal Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2015-09-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3341","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-assessment-tool","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/tool","title":"Impact Assessment Tool","description":"IMPACT is an online tool that has been produced by Aquatera on behalf of the Scottish Government as one of the outputs from the commissioned study \u2013 A Review of the Potential Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy Development on Scotland\u2019s Marine Ecological Environment (Aquatera, 2012).\n\nIMPACT provides direct access to the outputs of this study in an easily searchable and accessible format.  This allows users to identify the potential key environmental impacts associated with wave and tidal energy developments and to access guidelines and recommendations for how best to assess, monitor and manage these impacts.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-06 12:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3345","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-potential-impacts-wave-tidal-energy-development-scotlands-marine-environment","sourceURL":"","title":"A Review of the Potential Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy Development on Scotland\u0027s Marine Environment","description":"The Scottish Government has set a target for meeting 100% of Scottish demand for electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020. Plans are developing to ensure that marine renewable energy sources, including wave, tidal current and offshore wind, will make a full contribution to meeting this target . As with any type of industrial development, there are a number of potential impacts that may arise, including environmental, economic and social impacts.\n\nIn 2009, Aquatera and its collaborative delivery team were appointed by the Scottish Government to undertake a study to \u2018review the potential impacts of marine energy devices on Scotland\u2019s marine ecological environment\u2019. The team brought together by Aquatera consisted of leading specialists from Aberdeen University, the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), the Environmental Research Institute (ERI), the International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT), Robert Gordon University, the Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS) and the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) Ltd.\n\nThe main objectives of this study were to:\nIdentify the key technical components associated with wave and tidal energy development\nIdentify those marine species and habitats that are potentially sensitive to the development of marine energy in Scotland\nIdentify potentially significant interactions and key issues for marine ecology arising from the development of marine energy in Scotland\nProvide recommendations around strategies for key issues including, strategic and project level baseline and monitoring studies, adaptive management policies etc.\n\nThe major concern within the team at the outset of the initial project was the lack of real data and information regarding the effects of wave and tidal energy developments on the marine environment and therefore, the ability to meet these objectives. This is a nascent industry that has seen relatively few \u2018at-sea deployments\u2019, and there has been little opportunity to monitor or investigate the impacts of the various technology types, moorings etc. on the marine habitats and species of Scotland and indeed around the world.\n\nHowever, members of the team have been involved, in a broad range of capacities, in numerous aspects of predicting and monitoring environmental impacts and risk associated with proposed wave and tidal deployments (a number of which are now installed) including: ecological and technical baseline surveys; environmental impact assessments; monitoring of existing installations; and other industrial activities in Scotland\u2019s seas. The Project Team was and remains acutely aware of the need to understand the potential effects so as to identify those that may be of immediate concern and to identify those that are not.\n\nTherefore the team concluded that these objectives could be met by a high level assessment of the potential effects informed by existing information regarding species, habitats and technology types, along with the expertise and subjective opinions of the team and that this assessment should be updated as new and better information and data become available.\n\nThe initial project involved an assessment process that considered some 29,329 interactions associated with wave and tidal energy development in Scotland. Due to the large volume of data and information generated during the project, it was decided early on that the main outputs should be presented within a framework which is fully transparent and can be easily updated as and when new information becomes available.\n\nFollowing further assessment, 19 potential \u2018key issues\u2019 were identified. Strategies for addressing each of these in relation to single device deployments and demonstration scale arrays were then developed. It was envisaged that these strategies would facilitate early discussions between developers, regulators and stakeholders to scope any environmental assessments and monitoring programmes required for a particular wave or tidal energy project in Scotland.\n\nFollowing completion of this initial study, Aquatera was commissioned by The Scottish Government to develop a project website which provided access to the reports produced during the initial study. The website also included access to the Impact Assessment Tool which developers and stakeholders could use to; interrogate the results of the initial study, generate project specific outputs and access the results and recommendations produced during the initial study. The website can be found here: https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/collections\/marine-licensing-and-consent\/.\n\nIn 2013, The Scottish Government commissioned Aquatera to undertake an initial review of the Impact Assessment Tool. Aquatera assembled a team of leading experts to undertake this study which included:\nEnvironmental Research Institute (ERI);\nEuropean Marine Energy Centre (EMEC);\nInternational Centre for Island Technology, Heriot Watt University (ICIT); and\nSMRU Marine Ltd.\n\nCover Report\nAppendix 3 - Addressing Potential Key Issues","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.775581300000","-4.987718700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-06 12:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aquatera-2014-Appendix3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3346","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-forward-look-ocean-energy-environmental-research-strategy-uk-2015","sourceURL":"","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy: The Forward Look; an Ocean Energy Environmental Research Strategy for the UK [2015]","description":"During 2013, there was an increasing recognition amongst many in the industry (developers, regulators, their advisors and the research community) that a coordinated, strategic approach would help de-risk and accelerate the consenting of wave and tidal projects in the UK. This is particularly the case for array projects yet to be consented, and those recently consented projects with consent conditions requiring technically challenging, costly and pioneering environmental monitoring programmes.  Given this recognition, throughout 2013 and early 2014, The Crown Estate and the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) organised a series of discussions with the UK\u2019s devolved administrations, key decision makers and regulators, advisors, demonstration\/commercial array-scale developers and others. There was consensus that a coordinated research programme would be a welcome development and was something worthy of continued consideration.  To kick-start development of a potential coordinated programme for the wave and tidal sectors, The Crown Estate commissioned Aquatera Ltd to undertake a desk-based study. The study sought to consolidate the key EIA\/HRA issues facing the sectors and identify the current knowledge gaps and priority research areas. In addition to Aquatera involving a large number of organisations in the project\u2019s Call for Evidence, the draft report was discussed by some 50 stakeholders at a workshop organised by NERC (Edinburgh, Nov 2013).  The workshop discussions confirmed the work was comprehensive and assisted Aquatera with finalising the report. Along with a summary of the workshop by NERC, the Aquatera report was published by The Crown Estate in January 2014.  Since the Aquatera report was published in January 2014, The Crown Estate, NERC, Marine Scotland and others have continued to progress the programme. A further meeting was held in July 2014 with the regulators, Government, devolved bodies, some first array developers and others to discuss the programme structure\/management, membership and funding. There was overall support and commitment shown for the proposed structure and for the programme in general, and all wished to see it progress.  To this end, The Crown Estate, Marine Scotland and Welsh Government (the Sponsors) have committed to fund a Secretariat function to run the programme, now known as ORJIP Ocean Energy. Via the Secretariat function, ORJIP Ocean Energy will bring industry, funders and researchers together so that the sectors\u2019 consenting risks can be addressed in a timely manner and on a strategic basis. The Secretariat role will be funded for an initial pilot phase, lasting approximately 15 months. The Secretariat function will be run by Aquatera and delivery partners MarineSpace and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC).  The purpose of the pilot stage is to establish ORJIP Ocean Energy, progress research and monitoring projects in order to de-risk consenting of wave, tidal current and tidal range developments, gain experience of running the programme, and then to evaluate its progress and benefits.  The first key task of the Secretariat during the pilot phase is to produce a published report outlining the strategic research priorities that will form the focus of ORJIP Ocean Energy. This first draft of this report, entitled the Forward Look, is presented in the following document. The Forward Look will be maintained by the Secretariat throughout the Pilot Phase and updated on a six monthly basis.","author":["ORJIP"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.718624000000","-3.092685000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-Ocean-Energy-Forward-Look-1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3347","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scenario-based-approach-evaluating-potential-environmental-impacts-following-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569115001696","title":"A Scenario-Based Approach to Evaluating Potential Environmental Impacts Following a Tidal Barrage Installation","description":"Total exclusion barrages have a high impact on estuarine systems as they are permanent barriers to tidal flow. The environmental impacts of five putative barrages in various locations within the Tamar River estuary in northern Tasmania, Australia were assessed by considering likely hydrological, morphological and ecological outcomes. We found that all hypothetical barrages would produce downstream silt accretion, some to the point where a major port would become unusable without ongoing dredging. The closer a barrage was located to the mouth of the estuary, the greater the loss of tidal prism, the lower the effect of flushing by floodwaters, and the greater the loss of estuarine biodiversity. Eradication of invasive rice grass (Spartina anglica) in the mid estuary is potentially a positive outcome, whilst constant headpond surface heights could cause bank erosion and subsidence. Loss of tidal wetlands would contravene the international treaties protecting the migratory waterbirds which use these habitats. Installation of a barrage at the uppermost location appears to represent the best trade-off between adverse impacts and increased recreational and visual amenity. Unfortunately, barrage installation at any site within the estuary fails to address the major anthropogenic stressors of reduced riverine inflows and tidal flushing. A wider sustainability analysis is needed in which the costs of meeting environmental, social and economic objectives are considered.","author":["Kidd, I.","Fisher, A.","Chai, S.","Davis, J."],"organization":["University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.336445600000","147.058679800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-magnetic-fields-influences-early-embryogenesis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jcb.2400510406\/abstract","title":"Environmental Magnetic Fields: Influences on Early Embryogenesis","description":"A 10-mG, 50 to 60-Hz magnetic field is in the intensity and frequency range that people worldwide are often exposed to in homes and in the workplace. Studies about the effects of 50- to 100-Hz electromagnetic fields on various species of animal embryos (fish, chick, fly, sea urchin, rat, and mouse) indicate that early stages of embryonic development are responsive to fluctuating magnetic fields. Chick, sea urchin, and mouse embryos are responsive to magnetic field intensities of 10\u2013100 mG. Results from studies on sea urchin embryos indicate that exposure to conditions of rotating 60-Hz magnetic fields, e.g., similar to those in our environment, interferes with cell proliferation at the morula stage in a manner dependent on field intensity. The cleavage stages, prior to the 64-cell stage, were not delayed by this rotating 60-Hz magnetic field suggesting that the ionic surges, DNA replication, and translational events essential for early cleavage stages were not significantly altered. Studies of histone synthesis in early sea urchin embryos indicated that the rotating 60-Hz magnetic field decreased zygotic expression of \u201cearly\u201d histone genes at the morula stage and suggests that this decrease in early histone production was limiting to cell proliferation. Whether these comparative observations from animal development studies will be paralleled by results from studies of human embryogenesis, as suggested by some epidemiology studies, has yet to be established.","author":["Cameron, I.","Hardman, W.","Winters, W.","Zimmerman, S.","Zimmerman, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1993-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3350","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bioelectric-fields-marine-organisms-voltage-frequency-contributions-detectability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/669973","title":"Bioelectric Fields of Marine Organisms: Voltage and Frequency Contributions to Detectability by Electroreceptive Predators","description":"Behavioral responses of elasmobranch fishes to weak electric fields have been well studied. These studies typically employ a stimulator that produces a dipole electric field intended to simulate the natural electric field of prey items. However, the characteristics of bioelectric fields have not been well described. The magnitude and frequency of the electric field produced by 11 families of marine organisms were quantified in this study. Invertebrate electric potentials ranged from 14 to 28 \u03bcV and did not differ from those of elasmobranchs, which ranged from 18 to 30 \u03bcV. Invertebrates and elasmobranchs produced electric potentials smaller than those of teleost fishes, which ranged from 39 to 319 \u03bcV. All species produced electric fields within the frequency range that is detectable by elasmobranch predators (\u0026lt;16 Hz), with the highest frequencies produced by the penaeids (10.3 Hz) and the gerreids (4.6 Hz). Although voltage differed by family, there was no relationship between voltage and mass or length of prey. Differences in prey voltage may be related to osmoregulatory strategies; invertebrates and elasmobranchs are osmoconformers and have less ion exchange with the surrounding seawater than teleosts species, which are hyposmotic. As predicted, voltage production was greatest at the mucous membrane\u2013lined mouth and gills, which are sites of direct ion exchange with the environment.","author":["Bedore, C.","Kajiura, S."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2013-04-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3351","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-coastal-defence-structures-tetrapods-demersal-hard-bottom-fish-community","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113612002097","title":"Impact of Coastal Defence Structures (tetrapods) on a Demersal Hard-Bottom Fish Community in the Southern North Sea","description":"In the coming decades, artificial defence structures will increase in importance worldwide for the protection of coasts against the impacts of global warming. However, the ecological effects of such structures on the natural surroundings remain unclear. We investigated the impact of experimentally introduced tetrapod fields on the demersal fish community in a hard-bottom area in the southern North Sea. The results indicated a significant decrease in fish abundance in the surrounding area caused by migration effects towards the artificial structures. Diversity (HB) and evenness (E) values exhibited greater variation after the introduction of the tetrapods. Additionally, a distinct increase in young-of-the-year (YOY) fish was observed near the structures within the second year after introduction. We suggest that the availability of adequate refuges in combination with additional food resources provided by the artificial structures has a highly species-specific attraction effect. However, these findings also demonstrate that our knowledge regarding the impact of artificial structures on temperate fish communities is still too limited to truly understand the ecological processes that are initiated by the introduction of artificial structures. Long-term investigations and additional experimental in situ work worldwide will be indispensable for a full understanding of the mechanisms by which coastal defence structures interact with the coastal environment.","author":["Wehkamp, S.","Fischer, P."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.164080000000","7.915772000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3352","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hard-coastal-defence-structures-habitats-native-exotic-rocky-bottom-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113608001670","title":"Hard Coastal-Defence Structures as Habitats for Native and Exotic Rocky-Bottom Species","description":"The use of hard coastal-defence structures, like breakwaters and seawalls, is rapidly increasing to prevent coastal erosion. We compared low-shore assemblages between wave-protected and wave-exposed habitats on breakwaters along a sandy shore of Tuscany (North-Western Mediterranean). Assemblages were generally characterized by a low diversity of taxa, with space monopolized by Mytilus galloprovincialis and Corallina elongata on the seaward side of breakwaters and by filamentous algae on the landward side. Assemblages in wave-protected habitats were characterized by greater temporal stability than those in exposed habitats and supported non-indigenous macroalgae such as Caulerpa racemosa and Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides. Hence, the introduction of hard coastal-defence structures in otherwise soft-bottom dominated areas, attracting native and exotic rocky-bottom species, should be of great concern for the conservation of marine biodiversity at local and regional scales and for the management of biological invasions.","author":["Vaselli, S.","Bulleri, F.","Benedetti-Cecchi, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.167048000000","10.201711000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3353","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rigs-reefs-north-sea-hydroacoustic-quantification-fish-associated-semi-cold-platform","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/59\/suppl\/S281\/617966","title":"Rigs-to-Reefs in the North Sea: Hydroacoustic Quantification of Fish Associated with a \u0027Semi-Cold\u0027 Platform","description":"We describe an experiment intended to estimate the extent to which decommissioned platforms in the North Sea attract fish. The work was carried out at a \u201csemi-cold\u201d platform in the Norwegian Sector between May and September 1998. Hydroacoustic quantification and trawling carried out by a research vessel running transects from the platform out to a distance of five nautical miles did not demonstrate higher concentrations of fish near the platform. However, for practical and security reasons the vessel was not permitted to operate closer than 50\u2013100 m to the platform. To measure concentrations of fish close to the sides of the jacket, acoustic transducers were hung from three sides of the platform. Large differences in fish density were observed, depending on the side of the platform concerned, time of day, and season. During daytime, mackerel were schooling around the platform, while demersal fish tended to be found under the platform and close to the bottom. At night, the demersal fish spread throughout the water column in such a way that their distribution was suitable for acoustic biomass estimation. Estimated densities of cod and saithe were 0.13, 0.27, and 0.24 kg m\u22122 in May, July, and September, respectively, with corresponding biomass estimates at the platform of 7, 14, and 108 t. An additional 2.3 and 1.2 t of mackerel was present in July and September, respectively.","author":["Soldal, A.","Svellingen, I.","J\u00f8rgensen, T.","L\u00f8kkeborg, S."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2002-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.233361000000","5.712572000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3354","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-community-biological-trait-composition-respect-artificial-coastal-defence","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113613000949","title":"Benthic Community and Biological Trait Composition in Respect to Artificial Coastal Defence Structures: A Study Case in the Northern Adriatic Sea","description":"Biological Traits Analysis (BTA) is a method for addressing ecological functioning based on traits exhibited by members of biological assemblages. This study explores and compares species and biological trait patterns on either side (landward and seaward) of coastal breakwater structures in northwestern Adriatic Sea (Italy), with the aim of giving insights and knowledge for management of sandy beach systems affected by coastal development. Eight ecological traits of 96 benthic species were considered. Taxon composition evidenced differences in benthic assemblages across time and exposure: landward and seaward communities shared less than 50% of the total number of species. BTA suggested a no-management effect in the functioning of benthic assemblages. Dominant traits modalities were deposit-feeding, short life, small body size, short life span, iteroparity, gonocorism, with plankto-planktotrophic larvae. The results of BTA highlighted similarities and stability in trait composition contrary to species composition, suggesting a possible persistence in benthic functioning despite the occurrence of species replacements. To best of my knowledge, this study is one of the first attempts to investigate the effects of a management measure (submerged shore-parallel barriers with groynes) in a shallow marine system by means of BTA.","author":["Munari, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.322020000000","12.940642000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3355","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changing-coasts-marine-aliens-artificial-structures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/e\/9781439890004\/chapters\/10.1201%2Fb12157-6","title":"Changing Coasts: Marine Aliens and Artificial Structures","description":"Marine aliens are non-native species that have been transported across major geographical barriers by human activities, involving vectors that move propagules along pathways. Species may also be newly observed in a geographical area due to range shifts, generally in association with climate change. Artificial structures are considered to be either man-made materials or natural materials shaped or displaced to serve a specific function for human activities. All types of artificial structures are currently increasing dramatically in coastal zones due to increasing human populations on coastlines. Most of the significant marine vectors and pathways involve mobile artificial structures and are reviewed here. These include shipping (ballast water and hull fouling) and aquaculture, including stock transfer and unintentional introductions, all of which can move species into new biogeographical provinces. Some types of structures frequently move long distances but have low fouling loads (e.g., commercial shipping), whereas others (e.g., barges and pontoons) can be hyper-fouled due to long stationary periods such that when moved they transport mature fouling communities. We also examine the presence of alien marine species on static (immobile) artificial structures, which support different communities from those on natural hard substrata. We consider the role of these structures, such as coastal defences, artificial reefs, and offshore platforms, in the dispersal and abundance of alien species. Marinas include both mobile and immobile structures and are apparently particularly favourable habitats for many aliens. For example, in coastal North America approximately 90% of the alien species inhabiting hard substrata have been reported from docks and marinas. Detailed case studies of alien marine species (two seaweeds and four invertebrates) are provided, with an analysis of their origin, vectors of transport, habitat in the introduced range, and potential impact. Although there are exceptions, a large majority of marine alien species seem to be associated, at least for some of the time, with artificial structures. It is clear that artificial structures can pave the way and act as stepping stones or even corridors for some marine aliens, as do urban areas, roads and riparian environments in terrestrial ecosystems. The observed acceleration of spread rates for marine invasions over the course of the last two centuries may partly be a result of the increase of artificial structures in coastal environments coupled with greater activity of vectors.","author":["Mineur, F.","Cook, E.","Minchin, D.","Bohn, K.","Macleod, A.","Maggs, C."],"organization":["Aix-Marseille University","Bangor University","Klaipeda University","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3357","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-assemblages-associated-urban-structures-natural-reefs-sydney-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2007.01802.x\/abstract","title":"Fish Assemblages Associated with Urban Structures and Natural Reefs in Sydney, Australia","description":"Fish ecology in urban estuaries is poorly understood. As coastal landscapes are transformed, recognizing the impact that urban structures, such as marinas, seawalls and wharfs, have on local fish populations is becoming increasingly important. The extent to which fish are able to maintain natural ecological assemblages can be measured, to a certain extent, by how closely they mimic natural habitats. In Sydney Harbour, assemblages of fish associated with artificial structures were compared with those associated with natural rocky reefs. Sampling was carried out in five locations, each with a marina, swimming enclosure and natural reef. In each location, different habitats supported different assemblages, but differences between habitats were not consistent among locations. Subsequent sampling compared artificial and natural sites in three different areas in each of three different estuaries. Results indicated that differences in fish assemblages between artificial and natural sites were greater than differences between sites within each habitat, but there were no patterns among different positions in an estuary or from estuary to estuary. This study provides initial evidence that, although artificial habitats generally support the same species as found on natural reefs, assemblages usually differed between natural and artificial habitats. In addition, without knowing if these habitats do, in fact, sustain viable populations of fish, it would be premature to label artificial structures as effective habitat for fish.","author":["Clynick, B.","Chapman, M.","Underwood, A."],"organization":["University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2008-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.894696000000","151.323405000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3358","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/preliminary-study-feeding-habits-pelagic-fish-around-hawaiian-fish-aggregation-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/1985\/00000037\/00000001\/art00004","title":"Preliminary Study of the Feeding Habits of Pelagic Fish around Hawaiian Fish Aggregation Devices or can Fish Aggregation Devices Enhance Local Fisheries Productivity?","description":"Central Pacific FADs aggregate both yellowfin and skipjack tuna. Standing crops of these fish may, at times, exceed several hundred metric tons around an aggregation device. At these high biomass levels, tuna may remain in the vicinity of a FAD for up to several weeks. Small FAD-associated yellowfin show a significant dietary change relative to non-FAD associated yellowfin. Eighty-four percent of the yellowfin in the FAD fish community feed almost exclusively (92% by volume) on deep dwelling oplophorid shrimps. None of the other fish species in the FAD community take advantage of this resource. Only 4 percent of the non-FAD yellowfin were found to have fed on oplophorid shrimps during the 3 year study period. The diet of these latter fish is comprised of the usual array of epipelagic organisms. There is presently no evidence to suggest that oplophorid shrimps aggregate about FADs. However, the dietary shift and utilization of deep water shrimp resources does occur and may be causal to the maintenance of the high standing crop of yellowfin in the FAD fish community. These data suggest that FADs may, for some species such as yellowfin tuna, be more than just passive attractors. These floating objects may contribute to the enhancement process by causing resident fishes to change their feeding habits to take advantage of otherwise untapped resources.","author":["Brock, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1985-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.839137000000","-155.771783000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3359","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-assemblages-sunken-vessels-natural-reefs-southeast-florida-usa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-6156-1_14","title":"Fish Assemblages on Sunken Vessels and Natural Reefs in Southeast Florida, USA","description":"Derelict ships are commonly deployed as artificial reefs in the United States, mainly for recreational fishers and divers. Despite their popularity, few studies have rigorously examined fish assemblages on these structures and compared them to natural reefs. Six vessel-reefs off the coast of southeast Florida were censused quarterly (two ships per month) to characterize their associated fish assemblages. SCUBA divers used a nondestructive point-count method to visually assess the fish assemblages over 13- and 12-month intervals (March 2000 to March 2001 and March 2002 to February 2003). During the same intervals, fish assemblages at neighboring natural reefs were also censused. A total of 114,252 fishes of 177 species was counted on natural and vessel-reefs combined. Mean fish abundance and biomass were significantly greater on vessel-reefs in comparison to surrounding natural reef areas. Haemulidae was the most abundant family on vessel-reefs, where it represented 46% of total fish abundance. The most abundant family on natural reefs was Labridae, where it accounted for 24% of total fish abundance. Mean species richness was significantly greater on vessel-reefs than neighboring natural reefs and also differed among vessel-reefs. Both mean fish abundance and mean species richness were not significantly different between natural reefs neighboring vessel-reefs and natural reefs with no artificial structures nearby. This suggests the vessel-reefs are not, in general, attracting fish away from neighboring natural reefs in our area. Additionally, economically important fish species seem to prefer vessel-reefs, as there was a greater abundance of these species on vessel-reefs than surrounding natural reef areas. Fish assemblage structure on natural versus artificial reefs exhibited a low similarity (25.8%). Although no one species was responsible for more than 6% of the total dissimilarity, fish assemblage trophic structure differed strikingly between the two reef types. Planktivores dominated on vessel-reefs, accounting for 54% of the total abundance. Conversely, planktivores only made up 27% of total abundance on natural reefs. The results of this study indicate vessel-reef fish assemblages are unique and that these fishes may be utilizing food resources and habitat characteristics not accessible from or found at natural reefs in our area. Production may also be occurring at vessel-reefs as the attraction of fish species from nearby natural reefs seems to be minimal.","author":["Arena, P.","Jordan, L.","Spieler, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.115863000000","-80.005604000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3360","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/theory-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/theorysound06raylgoog","title":"The Theory of Sound","description":"In the work, of which the present volume is an instalment, my endeavour has been to lay before the reader a connected exposition of the theory of sound, which should include the more important advances made in modern times by Mathematicians and Physicists. The importance of the object which I have had in view will not, I think, be disputed by those competent to judge. At the present time many of the most valuable contributions to science are to be found only in scattered periodicals and transactions of societies, published in various parts of the world and in several languages, and are often practically inaccessible to those who do not happen to live in the neighbourhood of large public libraries. In such a state of things the mechanical impediments to study entail an amount of unremunerative labour and consequent hindrance to the advancement of science which it would be difficult to overestimate.\n\nSince the well-known Article on Sound in the Encyclopedia Metropolitana, by Sir John Herschel (1845), no complete work has been published in which the subject is treated mathematically. By the premature death of Prof. Donkin, the scientific world was deprived of one whose mathematical attainments in combination with a practical knowledge of music qualifies him in a special manner to write on Sound. The first part of his Acoustics (1870), though little more than a fragment, is sufficient to shew that my labours would have been unnecessary had Prof. Donkin lived to complete his work.\n\nIn the choice of topics to be dealt with in a work on Sound, I have for the most part followed the example of my predecessors. To a great extent the theory of Sound, as commonly understood, covers the same ground as the theory of Vibrations in general; but, unless some limitation were admitted, the consideration of such subjects as the Tides, not to speak of Optics, would have to be included. As a general rule we shall confine ourselves to those classes of vibrations for which our ears afford a ready made and wonderfully sensitive instrument of investigation. Without ears we should hardly care much more about vibrations than without eyes we should care about light.\n\nThe present volume includes chapters on the vibrations of systems in general, in which, I hope, will be recognised as some novelty of treatment and results, followed by a more detailed consideration of special systems, such as stretching string, bars, membranes, and plates. The second volume, of which a considerable portion is already written, will commence with aerial vibrations.","author":["Rayleigh, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1877-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3361","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-acidification-induced-food-quality-deterioration-constrains-trophic-transfer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0034737","title":"Ocean Acidification-Induced Food Quality Deterioration Constrains Trophic Transfer","description":"Our present understanding of ocean acidification (OA) impacts on marine organisms caused by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is almost entirely limited to single species responses. OA consequences for food web interactions are, however, still unknown. Indirect OA effects can be expected for consumers by changing the nutritional quality of their prey. We used a laboratory experiment to test potential OA effects on algal fatty acid (FA) composition and resulting copepod growth. We show that elevated CO2 significantly changed the FA concentration and composition of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, which constrained growth and reproduction of the copepod Acartia tonsa. A significant decline in both total FAs (28.1 to 17.4 fg cell\u22121) and the ratio of long-chain polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (PUFA:SFA) of food algae cultured under elevated (750 \u00b5atm) compared to present day (380 \u00b5atm) pCO2 was directly translated to copepods. The proportion of total essential FAs declined almost tenfold in copepods and the contribution of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) tripled at high CO2. This rapid and reversible CO2-dependent shift in FA concentration and composition caused a decrease in both copepod somatic growth and egg production from 34 to 5 eggs female\u22121 day\u22121. Because the diatom-copepod link supports some of the most productive ecosystems in the world, our study demonstrates that OA can have far-reaching consequences for ocean food webs by changing the nutritional quality of essential macromolecules in primary producers that cascade up the food web.","author":["Rossoll, D.","Berm\u00fadez, R.","Hauss, H.","Schultz, K.","Riebesell, U.","Sommer, U.","Winder, M."],"organization":["Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)"],"originationDate":"2012-04-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rossoll-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3362","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-enhancement-fish-production-offshore-artificial-reefs-uncertainty-exhibited","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v264\/p265-277\/","title":"Estimating Enhancement of Fish Production by Offshore Artificial Reefs: Uncertainty Exhibited by Divergent Scenarios","description":"Whether artificial reefs installed in estuarine\/marine waters function to produce more fish (enhancement) or simply to attract existing fish (attraction) is still under debate. Despite little resolution over this issue, artificial reefs are often considered for use as compensatory mitigation for damaged marine resources. We estimate the quantitative enhancement of fish production under 4 plausible scenarios: attraction, enhancement, enhancement with fishing, and attraction with fishing. Our intent is not to resolve the attraction-enhancement debate, but to quantify the uncertainty associated with using artificial reefs as compensatory mitigation. Pertinent parameters for production calculations (fish density by size class, length-frequency distributions, diets, behaviors, age-specific growth and mortality rates) were obtained from syntheses of findings from artificial reef studies conducted in coastal waters of the southeastern USA and from species life-history profiles. Year-round reef inhabitants were separated into 2 groups: those whose recruitment appears to be limited by available reef habitat (only 2 taxa) and those not augmented in recruitment but potentially enhanced in realized production by provision of refuges and reef-associated prey (15 taxa). Estimates of enhanced production in this latter group were discounted by an index of reef exclusivity in diet to give production credit in proportion to consumption of reef-associated prey. Estimates of annual production enhancement per 10 m2 of artificial reef ranged from 0 kg under the attraction scenario to 6.45 kg wet weight under the assumption of enhancement plus protection from fishing. Application of fishing reduced the enhancement estimate by 32% to 4.44 kg 10 m-2 yr-1. A 4th scenario of attraction with fishing may yield a net decline in production of a similar magnitude. In contrast to many natural structural habitats (seagrass meadows, oyster reefs, salt marshes, mangroves) that have dramatically decreased over past decades and are clearly important nursery grounds, evidence is weak that habitat provided by artificial reefs on the shallow continental shelf of the southeastern USA is currently limiting to fish production. Until convincing empirical evidence appears, high scientific uncertainty limits confidence in using artificial reefs as compensatory mitigation. Furthermore, even if augmented production were achieved, managing fishing impacts would be critical to achieving the expected production benefit.","author":["Powers, S.","Grabowski, J.","Peterson, C.","Lindberg, W."],"organization":["University of Florida","University of North Carolina","University of South Alabama"],"originationDate":"2003-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.955460000000","-87.451525000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3363","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-likely-effects-climate-change-anadromous-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-brown","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02380.x\/abstract","title":"A Review of the Likely Effects of Climate Change on Anadromous Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and Brown Trout Salmo trutta, with Particular Reference to Water Temperature and Flow","description":"The present paper reviews the effects of water temperature and flow on migrations, embryonic development, hatching, emergence, growth and life-history traits in light of the ongoing climate change with emphasis on anadromous Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and brown trout Salmo trutta. The expected climate change in the Atlantic is for milder and wetter winters, with more precipitation falling as rain and less as snow, decrease in ice-covered periods and frequent periods with extreme weather. Overall, thermal limits for salmonids are species specific. Scope for activity and growth and optimal temperature for growth increase with temperature to an optimal point before constrain by the oxygen content of the water. The optimal temperature for growth decreases with increasing fish size and varies little among populations within species, whereas the growth efficiency may be locally adapted to the temperature conditions of the home stream during the growth season. Indirectly, temperature influences age and size at smolting through its effect on growth. Time of spawning, egg hatching and emergence of the larvae vary with temperature and selective effects on time of first feeding. Traits such as age at first maturity, longevity and fecundity decrease with increasing temperature whilst egg size increases with temperature. Water flow influences the accessibility of rivers for returning adults and speed of both upstream and downstream migration. Extremes in water flow and temperature can decrease recruitment and survival. There is reason to expect a northward movement of the thermal niche of anadromous salmonids with decreased production and population extinction in the southern part of the distribution areas, migrations earlier in the season, later spawning, younger age at smolting and sexual maturity and increased disease susceptibility and mortality. Future research challenges are summarized at the end of the paper.","author":["Jonsson, B.","Jonsson, N."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3364","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-ocean-acidification-marine-fauna-ecosystem-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/65\/3\/414","title":"Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Fauna and Ecosystem Processes","description":"Oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) is altering the seawater chemistry of the world\u2019s oceans with consequences for marine biota. Elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is causing the calcium carbonate saturation horizon to shoal in many regions, particularly in high latitudes and regions that intersect with pronounced hypoxic zones. The ability of marine animals, most importantly pteropod molluscs, foraminifera, and some benthic invertebrates, to produce calcareous skeletal structures is directly affected by seawater CO2 chemistry. CO2 influences the physiology of marine organisms as well through acid-base imbalance and reduced oxygen transport capacity. The few studies at relevant pCO2 levels impede our ability to predict future impacts on foodweb dynamics and other ecosystem processes. Here we present new observations, review available data, and identify priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification. We conclude that ocean acidification and the synergistic impacts of other anthropogenic stressors provide great potential for widespread changes to marine ecosystems.","author":["Fabry, V.","Seibel, B.","Freely, R.","Orr, J."],"organization":["California State University"],"originationDate":"2008-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3365","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-change-impacts-marine-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev-marine-041911-111611","title":"Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems","description":"In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and ocean acidification, with potentially wide-ranging biological effects. Population-level shifts are occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, and changes in species interactions. Together with local climate-driven invasion and extinction, these processes result in altered community structure and diversity, including possible emergence of novel ecosystems. Impacts are particularly striking for the poles and the tropics, because of the sensitivity of polar ecosystems to sea-ice retreat and poleward species migrations as well as the sensitivity of coral-algal symbiosis to minor increases in temperature. Midlatitude upwelling systems, like the California Current, exhibit strong linkages between climate and species distributions, phenology, and demography. Aggregated effects may modify energy and material flows as well as biogeochemical cycles, eventually impacting the overall ecosystem functioning and services upon which people and societies depend.","author":["Doney, S.","Ruckelshaus, M.","Duffy, J.","Barry, J.","Chan, F.","English, C.","Galindo, H.","Grebmeier, J.","Hollowed, A.","Knowlton, N.","Polovina, J.","Rabalais, N.","Sydeman, W.","Talley, L."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.773761000000","-121.829608000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3366","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/plastic-evolutionary-responses-climate-change-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eva.12135\/abstract","title":"Plastic and Evolutionary Responses to Climate Change in Fish","description":"The physical and ecological \u2018fingerprints\u2019 of anthropogenic climate change over the past century are now well documented in many environments and taxa. We reviewed the evidence for phenotypic responses to recent climate change in fish. Changes in the timing of migration and reproduction, age at maturity, age at juvenile migration, growth, survival and fecundity were associated primarily with changes in temperature. Although these traits can evolve rapidly, only two studies attributed phenotypic changes formally to evolutionary mechanisms. The correlation-based methods most frequently employed point largely to \u2018fine-grained\u2019 population responses to environmental variability (i.e. rapid phenotypic changes relative to generation time), consistent with plastic mechanisms. Ultimately, many species will likely adapt to long-term warming trends overlaid on natural climate oscillations. Considering the strong plasticity in all traits studied, we recommend development and expanded use of methods capable of detecting evolutionary change, such as the long term study of selection coefficients and temporal shifts in reaction norms, and increased attention to forecasting adaptive change in response to the synergistic interactions of the multiple selection pressures likely to be associated with climate change.","author":["Crozier, L.","Hutchings, J."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","University of Oslo"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Crozier-and-Hutchings-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3367","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-acoustic-monitoring-marine-mammals-tidal-turbine-site-grand-passage-ns-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Chloe_Malinka\/publication\/283355165_Towards_Acoustic_Monitoring_of_Marine_Mammals_at_a_Tidal_Turbine_Site_Grand_Passage_NS_Canada\/links\/568bf2d108ae16c414a9ce54.pdf","title":"Towards Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Mammals at a Tidal Turbine Site: Grand Passage, NS, Canada","description":"There is a growing interest in extracting energy from tidal flows using in-stream kinetic energy conversion devices, and among the many questions are the possible effects on marine mammals. Underwater sound is used as a tool for detecting marine mammal presence via their vocalisations, but such Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) requires an understanding of site-specific acoustic detection ranges, and the naturally occurring ambient noise in high-flow environments imposes constraints on detectability. A pilot experiment was carried out at a proposed small-scale (\u0026lt;2 MW) tidal energy site (Grand Passage, Nova Scotia, Canada) to partially assess the feasibility of a local PAM system. One goal was to determine the effective detection range as a function of tidal phase using sounds from a drifting underwater sound projector and moored hydrophones. A co-located acoustic Doppler flowmeter registered the near-bed water velocity. The maximum observed detection range was 700 m, with a false alarm rate of 50%. A second goal was to try different arrangements for passively reducing the effects of flow noise on the hydrophone signal. Ambient noise levels were computed for 4 different frequency bands: 0-2 kHz; 2-20 kHz; 20-50 kHz, and 50-200 kHz. On 0.5 to 1 h time scales, the bottom pod data in the 0-2 kHz band exhibited the highest variability, associated mainly with ferry and other boat traffic, and the 50- 200 kHz band the least. At tidal frequencies, the clearest dependence of noise level on flow speed was in the bare hydrophone data, with the strongest dependence in the highest band, from about 48 dB re 1 \u03bcPa at slack water to about 67 dB re 1 \u03bcPa at peak tidal flow. At frequencies above 2 kHz, the data from a drifting hydrophone exhibited a pronounced dependence on position along the channel axis, comparable in magnitude to the tidal variation registered by the moored hydrophone.","author":["Malinka, C.","Hay, A.","Cheel, R."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.269044500000","-66.348066000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Malinka-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3369","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-change-wave-field-due-presence-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gvc.gu.se\/digitalAssets\/1322\/1322956_b593-klar---kopia.pdf","title":"A Study of the Change in the Wave Field Due to the Presence of Wave Energy Converters","description":"This paper investigates the change of wave field characteristics due to the presence of the oscillating buoys of wave energy converters in the ocean. A general theory for devices of the point absorber type, whose dimensions are much smaller than the incident wavelength, is presented. To simplify the process of accounting for wave and body interactions, a small body approximation is used, in which the diffracted wave field that arises when the incident wave is scattered on a body moving with the same amplitude and phase as the wave, is neglected. The formulation for the radiated wave, which is due to the vertical displacement of the buoy relative to the wave surface, is expressed with a plane wave approximation.\n\nThe theory is applied to a wave power concept called the Lysekil project, developed at Uppsala University. Model simulations using data from this system were obtained with the boundary element solver WAMIT. With the use of model output, the amplitude of the radiated wave and the phase shift between the incident and radiated wave can be approximated. This enables calculations of total wave amplitudes at arbitrary positions due to interference of the incident wave and sum of radiated waves from multiple buoys. These findings can be used both to assess environmental impact as well as to enhance the performance of wave farms. The dependence of the amplitude on the distance between devices is shown for arrays of devices in regular grids. The difference between low and high values at varying distance could be considerable. Applied to a location for a future wave farm on the Swedish west coast, the difference may be significant in terms of energy content available for absorption for a typical incident frequency.","author":["Kal\u00e9n, O."],"organization":["University of Gothenburg"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.363857400000","11.230313300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3370","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-wave-energy-converter-wavecat-concept-laboratory-tests","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0951833912000640","title":"The New Wave Energy Converter WaveCat: Concept and Laboratory Tests","description":"For wave energy to become a fully-fledged renewable, efficient and reliable Wave Energy Converters (WECs) must be developed. The objectives of this article are to present WaveCat, a recently patented WEC, and its proof of concept by means of an experimental campaign in a large wave tank. WaveCat is a floating WEC whose principle of operation is oblique overtopping; designed for offshore deployment (in 50\u2013100\u00a0m of water), it has two significant advantages: minimum (if at all) impact on the shoreline, and access to a greater resource than nearshore or shoreline WECs. It consists of two hulls, like a catamaran (hence its name); unlike a catamaran, however, these hulls are not parallel but converging. Using a single-point mooring to a CALM buoy, the bows of WaveCat are held to sea, so incident waves propagate into the space between the hulls. Eventually, wave crests overtop the inner hull sides, and overtopping water is collected in reservoirs at a level higher than the (outer) sea level. As the water is drained back to sea, it drives turbine-generator groups. The freeboard and draught, as well as the angle between the hulls, can be varied depending on the sea state. After preliminary tests with a fixed model of WaveCat in a wave flume, which constituted the first step in the development of the WaveCat patent, in this work a floating model was tested in a large wave tank. In addition to serving as a proof of concept of the WaveCat model, this experimental campaign allowed to gather data that will be used to calibrate and validate a numerical model with which to optimise the design. In addition, it was found in the tests that the overtopping rates (and, therefore, the power performance) greatly depended on the angle between hulls, so that the possibility of varying this angle (as contemplated in the patent) should indeed be incorporated into the prototype.","author":["Fernandez, H.","Iglesias, G.","Carballo, R.","Castro, A.","Fraguela, J.","Taveira-Pinto, F.","Sanchez, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University","Universidade da Coruna","University of Porto","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3372","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-insights-perspectives-associated-using-social-ecological-science-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911500126X","title":"Challenges, Insights and Perspectives Associated with using Social-Ecological Science for Marine Conservation","description":"Here, we synthesize conceptual frameworks, applied modeling approaches, and as case studies to highlight complex social-ecological system (SES) dynamics that inform environmental policy, conservation and management. Although a set of \u201cgood practices\u201d about what constitutes a good SES study are emerging, there is still a disconnection between generating SES scientific studies and providing decision-relevant information to policy makers. Classical single variable\/hypothesis studies rooted in one or two disciplines are still most common, leading to incremental growth in knowledge about the natural or social system, but rarely both. The recognition of human dimensions is a key aspect of successful planning and implementation in natural resource management, ecosystem-based management, fisheries management, and marine conservation. The lack of social data relating to human-nature interactions in this particular context is now seen as an omission, which can often erode the efficacy of any resource management or conservation action. There have been repeated calls for a transdisciplinary approach to complex SESs that incorporates resilience, complexity science characterized by intricate feedback interactions, emergent processes, non-linear dynamics and uncertainty. To achieve this vision, we need to embrace diverse research methodologies that incorporate ecology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics and other disciplines that are anchored in empirical data. We conclude that to make SES research most useful in adding practical value to conservation planning, marine resource management planning processes and implementation, and the integration of resilience thinking into adaptation strategies, more research is needed on (1) understanding social-ecological landscapes and seascapes and patterns that would ensure planning process legitimacy, (2) costs of transformation (financial, social, environmental) to a stable resilient social-ecological system, (3) overcoming place-based data collection challenges as well as modeling challenges.","author":["Leenhardt, P.","Teneva, L.","Kininmonth, S.","Darling, E.","Cooley, S.","Claudet, J."],"organization":["Stockholm University","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leenhardt-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3373","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-anthropogenic-noise-marine-life-publication-patterns-new-discoveries-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911500160X","title":"Impacts of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Life: Publication Patterns, New Discoveries, and Future Directions in Research and Management","description":"Anthropogenic underwater noise is now recognized as a world-wide problem, and recent studies have shown a broad range of negative effects in a variety of taxa. Underwater noise from shipping is increasingly recognized as a significant and pervasive pollutant with the potential to impact marine ecosystems on a global scale. We reviewed six regional case studies as examples of recent research and management activities relating to ocean noise in a variety of taxonomic groups, locations, and approaches. However, as no six projects could ever cover all taxa, sites and noise sources, a brief bibliometric analysis places these case studies into the broader historical and topical context of the peer-reviewed ocean noise literature as a whole. The case studies highlighted emerging knowledge of impacts, including the ways that non-injurious effects can still accumulate at the population level, and detailed approaches to guide ocean noise management. They build a compelling case that a number of anthropogenic noise types can affect a variety of marine taxa. Meanwhile, the bibliometric analyses revealed an increasing diversity of ocean noise topics covered and journal outlets since the 1940s. This could be seen in terms of both the expansion of the literature from more physical interests to ecological impacts of noise, management and policy, and consideration of a widening range of taxa. However, if our scientific knowledge base is ever to get ahead of the curve of rapid industrialization of the ocean, we are going to have to identify na\u00efve populations and relatively pristine seas, and construct mechanistic models, so that we can predict impacts before they occur, and guide effective mitigation for the most vulnerable populations.","author":["Williams, R.","Wright, A.","Ashe, E.","Blight, L.","Bruintjes, R.","Canessa, R.","Clark, C.","Cullis-Suziku, S.","Dakin, D.","Erbe, C.","Hammond, P.","Merchant, N.","O\u0027Hara, P.","Purser, J.","Radford, A.","Simpson, S.","Thomas, L.","Wale, M."],"organization":["Canadian Wildlife Service","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Curtin University","George Mason University","Oceans Initiative","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Bristol","University of St Andrews","University of Victoria","University of York"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.409858000000","-124.168049000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williams-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3377","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/possible-impact-hydrography-sediment-transport-wave-power-park-numerical-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.w-program.nu\/filer\/exjobb\/Olof_Persson.pdf","title":"Possible Impact on Hydrography and Sediment Transport by Wave Power Park - Numerical Modelling","description":"Anthropogenic climate change is upon us and renewable energy sources are needed as one part of the solution. Humanity needs to take responsibility for its actions, to be able to hand on a sustainable society for future generations to come.\n\nWave power is one renewable energy source that today is unexploited, but is thought to possess global potential in same extent as hydro power. Several concepts of electric conversion from wave power are being developed, few are thought to reach commercial potential. One of the most promising techniques at the time were by point absorbers consisting of a linear generator, attached to a buoy at the surface with a rope, developed at Uppsala University. The technique of linear generators is being tested at the Swedish west coast. The test site is situated at the Bohusl\u00e4n coastal area where marine geological surveys have been done for suitable locations for a possible future full scale commercial wave power park.\n\nPossible impact on hydrography and sediment transport by linear generators standing on the bottom is investigated in this master thesis. Current and sediment changes can have effects on ecosystems, for example by sediment trapping and accumulation of pollutants attached that bind to the sediment. Simulations with the marine modelling package, MIKE 21 by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), have been conducted. Modelling at a possible future location in the Bohusl\u00e4n coastal area has been done. As no full scale park exists, a cluster of 60 generators have been modeled, which is the number of generators in a cluster sharing a low voltage substation. The results showed on low impact of local scale in current speed and sediment movement. Previous investigations of such impact by wave power devices are few and the main comparisons have been done to off shore wind power parks in Denmark and Sweden.","author":["Persson, O."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.332089000000","11.789094000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3378","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-induced-hearing-loss-marine-mammals-review-temporary-threshold-shift-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/138\/3\/10.1121\/1.4927418","title":"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Marine Mammals: A Review of Temporary Threshold Shift Studies from 1996 to 2015","description":"One of the most widely recognized effects of intense noise exposure is a noise-induced threshold shift\u2014an elevation of hearing thresholds following cessation of the noise. Over the past twenty years, as concerns over the potential effects of human-generated noise on marine mammals have increased, a number of studies have been conducted to investigate noise-induced threshold shift phenomena in marine mammals. The experiments have focused on measuring temporary threshold shift (TTS)\u2014a noise-induced threshold shift that fully recovers over time\u2014in marine mammals exposed to intense tones, band-limited noise, and underwater impulses with various sound pressure levels, frequencies, durations, and temporal patterns. In this review, the methods employed by the groups conducting marine mammal TTS experiments are described and the relationships between the experimental conditions, the noise exposure parameters, and the observed TTS are summarized. An attempt has been made to synthesize the major findings across experiments to provide the current state of knowledge for the effects of noise on marine mammal hearing.","author":["Finneran, J."],"organization":["US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2015-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3379","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-inform-marine-mammal-site-characterisation-requirements-wave-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Carol_Sparling\/publication\/281236170_Guidance_to_inform_marine_mammal_site_characterisation_requirements_at_wave_and_tidal_stream_energy_sites_in_Wales\/links\/55dc38cf08aec156b9b00cfd.pdf","title":"Guidance to Inform Marine Mammal Site Characterisation Requirements at Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Sites in Wales","description":"There is a growing consensus amongst regulators, statutory nature conservation advisors and developers and their environmental consultants that a \u0027one size fits all\u0027 approach to marine mammal site characterisation survey to inform consenting processes for wave and tidal stream projects is not fit for purpose. Furthermore, it is generally recognised that they may not always provide useful information for underpinning environmental assessments. There is a need to tailor pre-application surveys to a) provide specific information in relation to the particular types of impacts posed by the project, and b) to the likely degree of risk of significant impacts to marine mammals posed by the project. This report provides a mechanism for assessing b) and provides guidance on a) how to tailor survey effort to better provide information to inform specific impact assessment predictions. Section 2 of the report provides an introduction and section 3 provides a summary of the legislative background to the requirement for pre-application data gathering.\n\nSection 4 provides an overview of the information requirements for wave and tidal stream energy projects across a number of identified main impact pathways. A number of general requirements for informing all potential impacts of projects were identified, such as a basic understanding of which species are present at a site and an understanding of the functional use of a site. A number of specific impact pathways were identified for wave and tidal energy projects, such as collision (mainly tidal) and disturbance (wave and tidal). For each impact pathway a set of individual information requirements were identified. For collision impacts the key information requirements were those which would enable a robust, quantitative prediction of collision rates. Specifically these are metrics which will help to predict the potential rate of encounter between marine mammals and the moving parts of devices such as information on animal flux through the project area and how this varies over time. It is accepted that there are important pieces of information that have a large bearing on the prediction of the magnitude and consequence of collision impacts, such as evasion and avoidance, which cannot be informed by pre-application surveys and the uncertainty in collision predictions as a result should be borne in mind.\n\nFor disturbance related impacts the important metrics are likely to be a measure of the density of animals at the site to allow an estimate of the number of animals likely to be affected and an understanding of why animals are present at a site, to allow a prediction of the nature and consequences of any disturbance. Disturbance can result in displacement of animals away from areas but it can also result in disruption to behaviours which may result in a reduction in breeding success or survival without any displacement.\n\nA number of other impact pathways were also explored although it is noted that these impacts are unlikely to drive survey requirements in isolation from those considered above. The third impact pathway considered was indirect impacts mediated through a change in prey availability. The information requirements are similar to the impact of disturbance; how many animals are using the site and their behaviour and whether they are feeding (and what they are feeding on) in particular.\n\nEntanglement with mooring lines was also considered and information requirements are similar to those for collision risk. An assessment of the risk of this impact occurring requires information on the likely rate of encounter between marine mammals and the device which presents the risk. For entanglement with mooring lines, a prediction of the rate at which marine mammals are likely to come into contact with the hazard will be important but pre-application survey can inform very little about the likelihood of entanglement happening, other than highlighting whether species which may be particularly vulnerable to entanglement are present (e.g. larger baleen w hales).\n\nA number of other issues influencing pre-application data requirements were considered and discussed. This included consideration of how much reliance could be placed on existing data, how to assess whether survey methodologies are likely to be fit for purpose and issues involved in setting thresholds against which to assess potential population consequences of predicted impacts.\n\nSection 5 then provides a detailed step by step process for an initial assessment of risk of wave and tidal stream energy projects to assist in determining pre-application survey requirements. The process is intended to be similar in principle to Marine Scotland\u2019s draft Survey, Deploy and Monitor policy but is adapted and developed more specifically for a more detailed consideration of marine mammals and extends to provide guidance on the type of survey that may be useful to inform the EIA and HRA in each case. This assessment should take account of a variety of features, e.g.:\nThe type of device and its physical and mechanical features and the resulting likely impact pathways \u2013 for example a horizontal axis-rotor tidal stream turbine with large, fast moving parts that could cause injury and mortality to marine mammals poses a different level of risk of impact than a surface floating wave energy structure with no such apparent pathway for injury. This would involve a review of the evidence base, including research and knowledge of impacts for a given device or similar types of device. This assessment would need to be carried out for each specific impact pathway identified.\nThe scale of the project \u2013 for example, a single demonstrator device is likely to pose a much smaller risk of impacts than a large array of devices;\nSite sensitivity \u2013 the extent to which the proposed project site is used by marine mammals, the importance of the site for those animals and the degree of legislative protection afforded those animals (either as EPS and\/or as part of an SAC population) will affect the degree of risk of impacts.\nThe duration of project-clearly the risk of significant impacts will be higher for projects of longer duration.\n\nIt is intended that this process would be followed by developers and their consultants at the scoping stage of projects, as part of the evidence plan development. This will allow developers to take responsibility for decisions on pre-application data gathering and to understand the rationale behind any proposed data collection and to understand the costs and benefits of survey work.\n\nA staged, matrix based approach is proposed to classify these various predictors of risk and combine the assessment of biological features and technology related features. Each stage is as follows (note that further guidance on these classifications is given in the main report):\n\nStage 1: The sensitivity of marine mammal populations = classified as low, medium or high. A predetermined classification has been applied to each of the main Welsh marine mammal populations (harbour porpoise, grey seal, bottlenose dolphins and common dolphins).\n\nStage 2: The importance of project location to marine mammals based on existing knowledge = classified as low medium or high.\n\nStage 3: An overall sensitivity matrix combining the results from Stages 1 and 2 to assign a classification of low, medium or high.\n\nStage 4: Technology risk assessment, which is an assessment of the likelihood that a device associated with a project will result in impacts on marine mammals based on the current evidence base. An assignment of low, medium or high is given. Guiding principles for applying this assessment across the main impact pathways is provided.\n\nStage 5: Project risk assessment. This combines the technology risk from Stage 4 with the overall project duration to assign a risk of low, medium or high.\n\nStage 6: Overall risk assessment which combines in a matrix the outcome of Stage 3 (sensitivity) with the outcome of Stage 5 (project risk) to provide an overall classification of low, medium or high.\n\nStage 7: Determining survey requirements. The final stage in the process determines the survey needs based on the overall assignment of risk. For example, if for a given impact pathway, say for the risk of collision, a low risk is assigned, it is likely that a qualitative impact assessment detailing the justification of lo w risk will be sufficient based on existing information. If a high risk were assigned, this would require a quantitative collision risk assessment which may require the collection of site specific data to inform. The question of how much data are sufficient to inform a risk assessment is a difficult one and is best answered on a project and site specific basis. However the spatial and temporal resolution of previous surveys, the overall area of coverage, and the methods used to collect and analyse the data and how long ago the data were collected will be material considerations. General rules of thumb can be applied (e.g. data should be from within the last five years, though there may be exceptions to this).\n\nA number of worked hypothetical examples are provided to illustrate this process.\n\nSection 6 of the report details the range of survey methodologies likely to provide the information required to evaluate the main impact pathways as detailed in section 4. For collision risk the options for understanding animal flux rate through the swept area of devices which pose a collision risk are explored. These include site specific surveys measuring density and how it varies across the tidal cycle, or individual tagging studies for species where this is possible. The options for understanding animal depth distribution are also discussed. For disturbance related impacts, a quantification of animal abundance and surveys which are focused on understanding animal behaviour at a site are important. Across all impact pathways understanding the potential connectivity with protected sites will be important and techniques like telemetry and photo id may be useful. For all surveys it is important to consider the degree of precision that can be achieved. This may be particularly pertinent to small sites where even intensive effort would result in small sample sizes. Extended details of all survey methodologies discussed are provided in Appendix 1.\n\nSection 7 provides a summary of the report and presents a series of recommendations. In summary, developers of wave and tidal stream energy projects should follow the initial risk assessment process outlined in this report to determine the survey needs for a project. This process will allow the developer to identify which impact pathways might result in potentially significant impacts and which impacts and species should be the focus of any pre-application survey. Alongside careful consideration of available data and the likelihood of site specific investigations providing data of sufficient quality, a specific and appropriate data gathering approach can then be devised and implemented. This process will ensure that developers take responsibility for making informed decisions about survey and the need for data to inform assessments, understanding the risks of potential operational restrictions that may result from poor or inadequate baseline data.","author":["Sparling, C.","Smith, K.","Benjamins, S.","Wilson, B.","Gordon, J.","Stringell, T.","Morris, C.","Hastie, G.","Thompson, D.","Pomeroy, P."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2015-07-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sparling-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3380","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annex-i-movements-diving-behaviour-juvenile-grey-seals-areas-high-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Annex I: Movements and Diving Behaviour of Juvenile Grey Seals in Areas of High Tidal Energy","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales (MRESF) provides for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in Welsh waters. As one of the recommendations from the Stage 1 study, a requirement was identified for further evaluation of the occurrence and use of Welsh waters by marine mammals (cetaceans and pinnipeds), and for an initial assessment of the potential risks to these receptors from marine renewable devices. The Phase 1 report for the \u0027Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Devices in Welsh waters\u0027 (Wilson and Gordon, 2011) is a desk based review of the potential impacts from marine renewables devices on marine mammals. The Phase 2 Report (Gordon et al., 2011), to which this report forms an Annex, focuses on providing additional baseline characterisation information of the occurrence and use of Welsh waters by marine mammals. The Phase 2 report covers both cetaceans (whales, dolphins, propoises) as well as pinnipeds, in this case, grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). This Annex provides an assessment of the grey seal tagging study undertaken in autumn 2009 and 2010.  With the exception of a few visual sightings made during cetacean surveys, all the information on seal movements and behaviour has been collected using high resolution fastloc Global Positioning System (GPS) and depth tags which relay data back via the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phone network. These were attached to newly weaned grey seal pups at breeding beaches close to high tidal current sites at the Skerries, Bardsey Island and Ramsey Island in October of 2009 and October and November of 2010. Typically, pups spent the first month or so in waters close to their breeding beaches, spending most of this time in tidal rapid areas, apparently drifting with the current and repeatedly diving to the bottom in a pattern characteristic of foraging dives. With time, animals travelled more widely, one ranging as far as the west of Brittany. In several cases however, seals found other high tidal current areas and appeared to drift and forage within these in a similar way. It is therefore clear that during the first few months of life, when individuals might be expected to be most vulnerable, young seals are making extensive use of high tidal current areas.  Pups from both Ramsey and Anglesey dispersed widely by the end of the study, with seals from both sites moving to south east Ireland and Cornwall.  Dive patterns show that grey seal pups spend the majority of their time either at the surface or close to the maximum dive depth which is usually the sea bed. They swim directly to the bottom and therefore spend relatively little time in mid water where they would be at risk from collision with tidal turbine blades risk. Movement patterns in areas of high tidal flow close to the Skerries and in Ramsey sound show that there is wide variation in rates of transit between individuals. Most seals transited through the tidal rapids but one seal at each of the sites performed approximately 70% of the transits. This extreme variation would presumably translate into a wide variation in the likely exposure to collision risk.","author":["Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2012-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.865648000000","-5.337517000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thompson-2012-Annex-I.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3381","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimising-array-form-energy-extraction-environmental-benefit-ebao","sourceURL":"","title":"Optimising Array Form for Energy Extraction and Environmental Benefit (EBAO)","description":"The EBAO project was developed to establish robust modelling methodologies that could be embedded into the marine energy project design cycle in order to protect, and even enhance, the natural environment while enabling array designs to maximise energy production. To achieve this, a unique consortium was assembled comprising marine environmental modellers with expertise covering the physical environment, marine ecosystems, acoustic propagation and marine mammal behaviour. The remit of the project included wave and tidal energy and, unusually for a project of this nature, offshore wind. Wind was included to enable contrasts between levels of industry maturity and scales of deployment, thus providing a wide range of potential case studies and illustrating future challenges that may be faced by the wave and tidal industry.\n\nThe aim of the project was to identify issues of environmental concern and uncertainty, develop new modelling approaches to address these issues, and demonstrate how the developed methodologies could be included in an integrated design process. Although there are variations from site to site, the usual approach to marine energy array design follows an iterative cycle similar to that shown in Figure 1. The process is based primarily on the physical site characteristics and available resource, and accounts for physical and environmental constraints in informing the design of devices, moorings and array layout for maximum financial return. Once the design process is complete, an environmental impact assessment is performed to ensure all potential impacts fall within acceptable levels, with mitigation measures established where necessary.\n\nHowever, the EBAO team envisaged a process that integrates ecological acceptability throughout the design cycle (Figure 2). The local ecology would be included with the physical environment when characterising the site and a parallel environmental assessment cycle would sit within the standard design process. Information would be passed between the design and environmental assessment cycles as part of a two-way process, enabling the ongoing design process to inform environmental modelling studies, and results from the environmental work to feed back into the design cycle. An example of how this approach might work in reality is the design of channels for vessel access and maintenance within an offshore wind array. Such channels may also be highly beneficial to marine mammals attempting to swim through the site because there will be lower noise levels than in the main array. If initial plans for the channel dimensions are passed to the acoustic and mammal behaviour modellers, the likelihood of animals using the proposed channels can be assessed and any necessary changes to benefit animal movement proposed. A solution that meets the needs of both the engineering design and the local marine species can therefore be found at an early stage in the process.","author":["Smith, H."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Loughborough University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Exeter","University of St Andrews","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EBAO-Report-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3384","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/california-current-cetacean-ecosystem-assessment-survey-calcurceas-final-report-bureau","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/PR-14-OBS\/","title":"California Current Cetacean \u0026 Ecosystem Assessment Survey (CalCurCEAS): Final Report to Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Regarding Surveys of Windfloat and Wave Energy Areas","description":"The California Current Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (CalCurCEAS; https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/region\/west-coast#southwest-science vision=PRD\u0026amp;ParentMenuId=259\u0026amp;id=19382) was a multi-disciplinary expedition to estimate the abundance of cetacean species in the California Current and study their ecosystem. The Marine Mammal and Turtle Division (https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/about\/marine-mammal-and-turtle-division-southwest-fisheries-science-center) of NOAA Fisheries, Southwest Fisheries Science Center conducted the survey, aboard the chartered vessel Ocean Starr. The survey was supported by NOAA\u2019s National Marine Fisheries Service, the U.S. Navy, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and NOAA\u2019s National Ocean Service. The 120-day survey was divided into 5 legs, approximately 24 days each. Two BOEM study areas (Figure 1), which are being considered for alternative energy development (wind and wave power), were surveyed on Legs 1 and 2.\n\nThe Windfloat Area survey took place on 24 August 2014. Sea and weather conditions were typical for coastal Oregon: Beaufort 5 and fog. The fine-scale survey lines were spaced 0.8 nmi apart. The survey began at 09:05:55 local time and was completed at 13:55:55.\n\nThe Wave Energy Area surveys took place on 26 and 30 August 2014 (Legs 1 \u0026amp; 2, respectively). Weather conditions during the 26 August survey hampered marine mammal sightings. A second attempt to survey this area on 30 August was successful. Both sets of data were provided to BOEM; this report primarily summarizes data collected on August 30 at the Wave Energy Area. Sea state for the Wave Energy Area survey was Beaufort 4; wind speed was about 12 kts and a 4\u2019 swell was present. Foggy conditions were present. The fine-scale survey lines were spaced 0.8 nmi apart. The survey began at 09:38:57 local time and was completed at 13:58:51.","author":["Barlow, J.","Henry, A.","Ballance, L."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.615906000000","-124.751971000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 09:16:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PR-14-OBS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3385","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pacific-coast-fisheries-gis-resource-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/werc\/science\/pacific-coast-fisheries-gis-resource-database?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects","title":"Pacific Coast Fisheries GIS Resource Database","description":"Pacific Coast fisheries information is currently available only from wildlife agencies in disparate databases. To maximize the value of these data, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement and U. S. Geological Survey have combined data from several of these sources into a single, comprehensive database. This gives resource managers a tool to easily extract species or catch information from these data according to spatial and temporal queries.  Marine fisheries information has been included that originates from within the Pacific Exclusive Economic Zone boundary (200 nautical miles from shore).  These data are associated with the California reporting block system, the Oregon and Washington Trawl Logbook blocks, Washington Marine Fish-Shellfish Management and Catch reporting areas, or more specific reef and platform locations.  All fisheries-related data has been stored as tables inside a geodatabase and tied to spatial locations via relationship classes.  These fisheries data tables are:    California Commercial Fisheries data (summarized, 1972 \u2013 2009)  California Sport (CPFV) Fishing data (summarized, 1980 \u2013 2009)  California Historical Sport (CPFV) Fishing data (summarized, 1936 \u2013 2009)  California CRFS and MRFSS On-board Survey data (summarized, 1999 \u2013 2009)  Southern California Reefs Fish Survey data (1996 \u2013 2009)  Southern California Platforms Fish Survey data (1996 \u2013 2009)  Oregon and Washington Commercial Fisheries data (summarized, 1987 \u2013 2009)*  Oregon Commercial Shrimp, Nearshore, and Sardine Fishing data (summarized 1996 \u2013 2009)*  Oregon MRFSS On-board Survey data (summarized, 1999 \u2013 2009)  Washington Pink Shrimp Fishing data (summarized, 1970 \u2013 2009)","author":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.953350000000","-124.422381000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3386","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-impact-large-scale-deployment-offshore-marine-hydrokinetic-technology-oregon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/BOEM-2015-018\/","title":"Economic Impact from Large-Scale Deployment of Offshore Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology in Oregon Coastal Counties","description":"The United States\u2019 marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) resources are comprised of river currents, ocean currents, and ocean wave energy. Of the three, ocean wave energy has the greatest resource potential for electricity generation in the nation. Within the continental United States, the West Coast in general, and Oregon in particular, has the most promising wave energy resource. Wave energy resources are transformed into power by using wave energy converters (WECs). MHK power is still in the stage of prototype devices and small demonstration projects; however, this report explores scenarios with high deployment levels of WEC technology to investigate economic impacts for seven coastal counties in Oregon, with the assumptions that technological advancements are made and costs significantly decrease in the future.\n\nTo begin understanding the potential economic impacts of large-scale WEC technology, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) commissioned the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (N REL) to conduct an economic impact analysis of large - scale WEC deployment for Oregon coastal counties. This report follows a previously published report by BOEM and NREL on the jobs and economic impacts of WEC technology for the entire state (Jimenez and Tegen 2015).\n\nAs in Jimenez and Tegen (2015), this analysis examined two deployment scenarios in the 2026 \u2012 2045 time frame: the first scenario assumed 13,000 megawatts (MW) of WEC technology deployed during the analysis period, and the second assumed 18,000 MW of WEC technology deployed by 2045. Both scenarios require major technology and cost improvement s in the WEC devices. The study is on very large-scale deployment so readers can examine and discuss the potential of a successful and very large WEC industry. The 13,000-MW is used as the basis for the county analysis as it is the smaller of the two scenarios. Sensitivity studies examine d the effects of a robust in-state WEC supply chain. The region of analysis is comprised of the seven coastal counties in Oregon \u2014 Clatsop, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Lane, Lincoln, and Tillamook \u2014 so estimates of jobs and other economic impacts are specific to this coastal county area.\n\nThe impacts highlighted here can be used in policy and planning decisions and scaled to get a sense of the economic development opportunities associated with other WE C deployment scenarios. In addition, the analysis can be used to inform stakeholders in other states and sub-state regions about the potential economic effects of this scale of WEC technology development. All estimates are based on currently available data, with caveats discussed in Section 2.1. It should be noted that scenarios in this report are hypothetical, and deployments of this magnitude would not realistically happen without advancements and a significant reduction in the cost of energy produced from WEC technology. Important issues like siting and permitting projects are assumed to be resolved, as the focus is on economic impacts. Concerns about project siting would need to be addressed in actual deployment of WEC technology.\n\nAccording to the analysis conducted in this study, deploying 13,000 MW of WEC installations in Oregon and assuming a modest in-state supply chain could:\nSupport a total of 5,500 operation-phase full-time-equivalent ( FTE ) jobs by 2045 and 5,500 operation-phase jobs annually in the years following the analysis period for the remaining lifetime of the MHK projects\nSupport a total of $1.4 billion in economic activity for Oregon counties during the construction phase\nSupport a total of $ 0.6 billion annually in economic activity by 2045 during operation phases and generate $0.6 billion in annual economic activity in the years following the analysis period for the remaining lifetime of the MHK projects\nProvide $7.4 million in annual lease payments to the State of Oregon, with approximately $2.2 million allocated to the counties in which the WECs are located (i.e., the county with the closest coastline to the project).\n\nFigure ES - 1 shows the estimated jobs in coastal Oregon counties supported by WEC installations throughout the period of analysis. Each scenario\u2019s construction-phase jobs are represented by blue, red, or green bars, and two lines show the FTE jobs estimated during the operation phases. The operation-phase jobs in 2046 indicate the number of jobs in the years following the analysis period for the remaining lifetime of the MHK projects.\n\nThe impact of WEC technology is even greater for the entire state (see Figures ES-2 and Figures 3 and 4). This report only discusses the impact of WEC installations to the coastal count y economies (see Jimenez and Tegen 2015 for an analysis of state-wide impacts) and does not assess spill-over effects from coastal to the inland counties of Oregon. Compared to a total of 5,500 operation-phase FTE jobs by 2045 in the coastal counties, WEC installations are estimated to support 6,800 operation-phase FTE jobs in the entire state (under the 13,000 MW deployment scenario). Correspondingly, the annual construction-phase FTE jobs supported in the state of Oregon are greater than in the coastal counties alone.","author":["Jimenez, T.","Tegen, S.","Beiter, P."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.387511000000","-124.934191000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2015-018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3387","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-impact-large-scale-deployment-offshore-marine-hydrokinetic-technology-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/2014-664\/","title":"Economic Impact of Large-Scale Deployment of Offshore Marine  and Hydrokinetic Technology in Oregon","description":"The overall United States\u2019 marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) resource is comprised of river currents, ocean currents, and ocean wave energy. Of the three, wave energy has the greatest resource potential for electricity generation in the country. Within the continental United States, the West Coast in general, and Oregon in particular, appear to have the best wave energy resource. Wave energy resources are transformed into power by using wave energy converters, or WECs. MHK power is still in the stage of prototype devices and small demonstration projects; however, this report explores scenarios with high deployment levels of WEC technology to investigate economic impacts for the State of Oregon, with the assumptions that technological advancements are made and costs are significantly decreased in the future.\n\nTo better understand the potential economic impacts of large-scale WEC technology, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management commissioned the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to conduct this economic impact analysis of large-scale WEC deployment in Oregon.\n\nThe analysis examined two deployment scenarios in the 2026 \u2012 2045 timeframe. The first scenario assumed 13,000 megawatts (MW) of WEC technology deployed in Oregon during the analysis period and the second scenario assumed 18,000 MW of WEC deployments. Sensitivity studies examined the effects of a robust in-state WEC-based supply chain and WEC device exports outside of Oregon.\n\nThe impacts highlighted here could be used in policy and planning discussions and could be scaled to get a sense of the economic development opportunities associated with other WEC deployment scenarios. In addition, the analysis can be used to inform stakeholders in other states about the potential economic impacts of this scale of WEC technology development. All estimates are based on currently available data, with caveats discussed in Section 2.1. It should be noted that scenarios in this report are hypothetical, and deployments of this magnitude would not realistically happen without advancements in technology and a very significant reduction in the cost of energy for WEC technology.\n\nAccording to the analysis conducted in this study, deploying 13,000 MW of WEC installations in Oregon and assuming a medium-level in-state supply chain could:\nSupport a total of 6,800 operation-phase FTE jobs by 2045 when 13,000 MW have been deployed. Support 6,800 operation- phase jobs annually in the years following the analysis period for the remaining lifetime of the MHK projects\nGenerate a total of $8.0 billion in economic activity for Oregon during the construction phases\nSupport a total of $1 .0 billion in economic activity by 2045 during operation phases. Generate $1.0 billion in annual economic activity in the years following the analysis period for the remaining lifetime of the MHK projects\nProvide $7.4 million in annual lease payments to the State of Oregon","author":["Jimenez, T.","Tegen, S."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.387511000000","-124.934191000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2014-664.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3389","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-turbine-models-complex-channel-topography-local-scour-sediment-transport","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hill-et-al-2015.pdf","title":"Hydrokinetic Turbine Models in Complex Channel Topography: Local Scour, Sediment Transport and Device Performance","description":"Accelerating marine energy development requires investigating the interactions between the engineered environment and its surrounding physical and biological environment. The complex and energetic physical environments desired for such energy conversion installations provide difficulties for efficient and sustainable device designs. One area of investigation focuses on the interactions between the channel topography and substrate material and its impacts on the structural integrity of hydrokinetic devices, as well as device impacts on local scour and far-field sediment transport. Laboratory experiments on such interactions performed at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, USA provide an indication of how small-scale hydrokinetic devices can inform device developers and provide robust data for computational model validation to address the interactions between energy conversion devices and the physical environment. Model axial-flow current-driven 3-bladed turbines (rotor diameters, dT = 0.15m and 0.5m) were installed in open channel flumes with both erodible and non-erodible substrates. Device induced local scour was monitored over several hydraulic conditions and material sizes. Additionally, synchronous velocity, bed elevation and turbine performance measurements provide an indication into how channel topography influences device performance. For comparison, a complimentary set of experiments was performed in a realistic meandering outdoor research channel with active sediment transport to investigate device performance in asymmetric channel flow environments. The suite of experiments in rectangular and meandering channels with stationary and mobile substrates provides an in-depth investigation into how axial-flow hydrokinetic devices respond to channel complexity, and how they impact local and far-field sediment transport characteristics. Results will be discussed in context with addressing uncertainties surrounding physical environment impacts of current-driven turbines and methods for informing future device development and advanced control strategies.","author":["Hill, C.","Kozarek, J.","Sotiropoulos, F.","Guala, M."],"organization":["University of Minnesota"],"originationDate":"2015-07-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hill-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3390","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/attitudes-towards-marine-energy-understanding-values","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pearl.plymouth.ac.uk\/bitstream\/handle\/10026.1\/3470\/2015deGroot10373769edited.pdf","title":"Attitudes towards Marine Energy: Understanding the Values","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) in the form of wave, tidal and offshore wind has emerged as a potentially major component of strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and combat climate change. One factor influencing the implementation of MRE technologies is acceptance by people living near developments. This study investigated (i) attitudes towards MRE in small island communities as likely host communities for MRE developments; (ii) the underlying factors and values shaping these attitudes; (iii) how communities viewed MRE with regard to their place attachments; (iv) the inclusion of communities attitudes into MRE decision-making; and (v) contributions to policy and practice of MRE development.  Data were collected using a mixed-methods approach, employing questionnaire surveys and interviews in three case study communities: 1) the Orkney Islands in Scotland which have considerable experience with MRE; 2) the Shetland Islands, also a Scottish community but with somewhat less experience; and 3) the Isles of Scilly, an English community with limited MRE experience. These study sites provided an opportunity to examine attitudes towards MRE in areas with different levels of MRE experience and differing government administrations and consenting procedures, thus offering novel insights into how local contexts shape attitudes towards MRE.  The theoretical position adopted was place attachment, and the study made steps towards understanding how place attachment processes operate when people evaluate MRE development locally. Processes of place attachment were found to be based on a continuous flow of interactions between people and places based on an evaluation of what happens in specific local contexts and how these are valued against sets of local priorities and preferences. The study found generally positive attitudes towards MRE, and identified local context, place-based values and the perceived effects of MRE as dominant in shaping support. The study thus found two important contributors that shaped attitudes: (i) local references and influences through which people observed issues, including socio-historical references, relational factors, and pragmatic factors, and (ii) local values, through which MRE was evaluated, which were established by residents based on evaluations of local characteristics, and how they related to strategies to maintain the long-term community continuity, and whether they were considered to be a threat, and therefore, a priority for continuity or for change. Based on these factors, a heuristic model was developed to visualise how attitudes towards MRE developed based on local contexts. Although complex interplays of local factors were observed, support for MRE development was largely based on its perceived local socio-economic benefits and perceptions of minimal environmental disruption.  To incorporate local attitudes into decision-making, a place-based approach instead of a technology-based approach was advocated in which community priorities becomes the first focal point of siting processes. This approach is based both on the identified importance of local context for engaging the community and on ensuring appropriate siting based on engagement processes in which communities are appropriately represented and processes are tailored to local circumstances. An added important benefit from such an approach is that it allows for the inclusion of local knowledge and expertise in MRE siting.","author":["de Groot, J."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.140364000000","-2.862181000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3391","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-integrating-active-acoustic-sensors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/METS%202015%20Challenges%20To%20Integrating%20Active%20Acoustic%20Sensors%20REVISED.2.pdf","title":"Challenges to Integrating Active Acoustic Sensors","description":"Before large-scale implementation of marine renewable energy can move forward, it is necessary to understand the environmental impacts of these devices to ensure that the benefits of marine energy outweigh the environmental costs. Environmental monitoring around pilot scale installations can help to close the knowledge gaps surrounding the environmental effects of marine energy devices. Instrumentation to perform this research must provide data about environmental interactions that may occur frequently with low consequence (e.g. a marine mammal reacting to underwater noise) as well as interactions that may occur infrequently with high consequence (e.g. a marine mammal collision with a device). Additionally, this instrumentation must be able to perform reliably over extended periods in harsh environments.","author":["Cotter, E.","Williamson, B.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3394","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/confusion-reigns-review-marine-megafauna-interactions-tidal-stream-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/e\/9781498705462\/chapters\/10.1201%2Fb18733-3","title":"Confusion Reigns? A Review of Marine Megafauna Interactions with Tidal-Stream Environments","description":"Energetic tidal-stream environments are characterised by frequent, variable yet broadly predictable currents containing ephemeral flow structures that change across multiple spatiotemporal scales. Marine mammals and seabirds (marine megafauna) often frequent such sites but increasingly these locations are targeted for renewable energy extraction; little is known however about how marine megafauna use these habitats and any potential impacts. This review aims to summarise existing knowledge concerning usage by marine megafauna and considers their wider ecological significance. The review describes the physical processes occurring within tidal-stream environments that generate the oceanographic structures of potential ecological relevance such as jets, boils, eddies and fronts. Important physical features of these environments include lateral transport, turbulence-driven 3-dimensional flow structure at various spatial scales, and upwelling. Foraging opportunities appear to be the main attractor to marine megafauna, likely driven by enhanced prey abundance, vulnerability and\/or diversity. Many megafauna associate with particular tidal phases, current strengths and flow structures, likely in response to tidally-forced prey distribution and behaviours. Occupancy patterns, distributions and foraging behaviours are discussed. Local site fidelity by \u0027tidal-stream experts\u0027 suggest non-uniform conservation risks within larger metapopulations. The review discusses data gathering techniques and associated challenges, the significance of scaling and information gaps.","author":["Benjamins, S.","Dale, A.","Hastie, G.","Waggitt, J.","Lea, M.","Scott, B.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Aberdeen","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2015-08-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3395","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-implementing-sustainable-marine-spatial-planning-new-portuguese-legal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X15002298","title":"Challenges in Implementing Sustainable Marine Spatial Planning: The New Portuguese Legal Framework Case","description":"Being a large maritime nation, the need to develop sustainable ocean planning and management processes in Portugal has been gaining increased importance in the last decade. After promulgating its first national framework law on maritime spatial planning (MSP), Portugal has recently approved a new MSP Diploma that aims at \u201cdeveloping\u201d (i.e. implementing in detail) the framework law. This paper analyzes and discusses the new Portuguese MSP Diploma by (1) briefly presenting its main specificities; (2) analyzing its contents (and comparing them to the EU MSP Directive contents), namely in what pertains to environmental references; (3) analyzing the link between the EU Marine Strategy Directive (MSFD) and the MSP implementation in Portugal; and (4) discussing the main challenges that the Diploma poses to the long-term sustainability of Portuguese ocean management. Results show that environmental references represent only a small account on the Diploma contents (c. 2% against c. 5% in the EU MSP Directive); main environmental topics addressed include environmental \u201cmonitoring\u201d and \u201cevaluation\u201d, \u201cenvironmental protection\u201d, \u201csustainability\u201d, and \u201cgood (environmental) status\u201d; and the ecosystem-based approach is never referred to. In Portugal the same government entity has responsibility over the implementation of both MSP and the MSFD, and such an institutional framework is expected to promote sustainable maritime uses as well as a true coordination\/communication between both processes. The Diploma enshrines several \u201cunusual\u201d aspects that may compromise environmental sustainability. Although the new Portuguese MSP Diploma has been recently approved and promulgated, it may still be amended in the framework of a parliamentary discussion, therefore still having the opportunity to overcome the identified environmental challenges\/concerns.","author":["Santos, C.","Orbach, M.","Calado, H.","Andrade, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.243705000000","-9.459473000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3396","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-marine-environment-comparison-legal-frameworks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925515000785","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment in the Marine Environment: A Comparison of Legal Frameworks","description":"Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a well-established practice in most developed countries, even though its application to projects in the marine environment is at a much earlier stage of development. We use the Portuguese example to address marine EIA legislation since its exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is currently the third largest in the European Union and its EIA legislation does not require various offshore activities with potentially negative environmental impacts to undergo EIA before being licensed. This paper aims to determine whether three types of projects implemented within Portuguese maritime zones \u2013 artificial reefs using sunken ships, hydrocarbon prospecting and wave-energy generation \u2013 would benefit from application of an appropriately designed EIA. We have conducted a structured review of EIA legal provisions from seven other countries, and considered whether a full EIA was required for each project type. Consequently, 12 Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) have been compared to identify patterns of (dis)similarity across countries and project types. Additionally, we identified key descriptors and predicted impacts for each project type referred to in their EIS. The main conclusion is that ultimately all three projects would benefit from mandatory EIA in Portugal. This paper is relevant for countries with large maritime areas and underdeveloped marine EIA legislation, helping improve international policy-making relating to these three types of marine projects.","author":["Guerra, F.","Grilo, C.","Pedroso, N.","Cabral, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3397","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-generated-noise-bed-stress-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jgrc.20169\/abstract","title":"Sediment-Generated Noise and Bed Stress in a Tidal Channel","description":"Tidally driven currents and bed stresses can result in noise generated by moving sediments. At a site in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington State (USA), peak bed stresses exceed 20 Pa. Significant increases in noise levels are attributed to mobilized sediments at frequencies from 4\u201330 kHz with more modest increases noted from 1\u20134 kHz. Sediment-generated noise during strong currents masks background noise from other sources, including vessel traffic. Inversions of the acoustic spectra for equivalent grain sizes are consistent with qualitative data of the seabed composition. Bed stress calculations using log layer, Reynolds stress, and inertial dissipation techniques generally agree well and are used to estimate the shear stresses at which noise levels increase for different grain sizes. Regressions of the acoustic intensity versus near-bed hydrodynamic power demonstrate that noise levels are highly predictable above a critical threshold despite the scatter introduced by the localized nature of mobilization events.","author":["Bassett, C.","Thomson, J.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.150000000000","-122.690000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3401","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-juvenile-fish-community-turbid-alaskan-rivers-assess-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00028487.2015.1064474","title":"Characterizing the Juvenile Fish Community in Turbid Alaskan Rivers to Assess Potential Interactions with Hydrokinetic Devices","description":"Installation of hydrokinetic power-generating devices is currently being considered for the Yukon and Tanana rivers, two large and glacially turbid rivers in Alaska. We sampled downstream-migrating fish along the margins of both rivers, a middle island in the Yukon River, and mid-channel in the Tanana River in order to assess the temporal and spatial patterns of movement by resident and anadromous fishes and hence the potential for fish interactions with hydrokinetic devices. Results suggest that (1) river margins in the Yukon and Tanana rivers are primarily utilized by resident freshwater species, (2) the mid-channel is utilized by Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. smolts, and (3) only Chum Salmon O. keta smolts utilize both river margin and mid-channel areas. Some species exhibited distinct peaks and trends in downstream migration timing, including Longnose Suckers Catostomus catostomus, whitefishes (Coregoninae), Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus, Lake Chub Couesius plumbeus, Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha, Coho Salmon O. kisutch, and Chum Salmon. Due to their downstream migration behavior, Pacific salmon smolts out-migrating in May\u2013July will have the greatest potential for interactions with hydrokinetic devices installed in mid-channel surface waters of the Yukon and Tanana rivers.","author":["Bradley, P.","Evans, M.","Seitz, A."],"organization":["University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2015-08-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["64.892471000000","-154.891778000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3403","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methodology-multi-criteria-design-multi-use-offshore-platforms-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148115301762","title":"A Methodology for Multi-Criteria Design of Multi-Use Offshore Platforms for Marine Renewable Energy Harvesting","description":"Multi-use offshore platforms (MUPs) combining renewable energy from the sea, aquaculture and transportation facilities can be considered as a challenging way to boost blue growth and make renewable energy (especially wave energy) environmentally and socio-economically sustainable. MUPs allow sharing the financial and other market\/non-market costs of installation and management, locally using the produced energy for different functionalities and optimizing marine spatial planning. The design of these solutions is a complex interdisciplinary challenge, involving scientists and technical experts with different backgrounds.\n\nThis paper presents a new methodology for the design of a MUP based on technical, environmental, social and economic criteria. The methodology consists of four steps: a pre-screening phase, to assess the feasibility of different maritime uses at the site; a preliminary design of the alternative schemes based on the identified maritime uses; a ranking phase, where the performance of the MUPs is scored by means of expert judgment of the selected criteria; a preliminary design of the selected MUP selected.\n\nAn example application of this procedure to a site offshore the Western Sardinia coast, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, is provided. In this site the deployment of a MUP consisting of wave energy converters, offshore wind turbines and aquaculture is specifically investigated.","author":["Zanuttigh, B.","Angelelli, E.","Kortenhaus, A.","Koca, K.","Krontira, Y.","Kondouri, P."],"organization":["Ghent University","University of Bologna"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.172283900000","7.787936860000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3405","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-radiated-ship-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/poma\/17\/1\/10.1121\/1.4792663","title":"Measurement of Radiated Ship Noise","description":"A methodology is presented for measuring the radiated noise from a ship in shallow water, and deriving the source level spectrum. The method is applied to the measurement of dredgers in UK waters, vessels which are restricted to shallow water during aggregate extraction. Estimation of source level requires an estimate of the transmission loss which accounts for the effect of both the surface and seabed. The measurement method used involves the simultaneous measurement of the radiated noise at a number of measurement stations, each consisting of hydrophones which are either deployed from a stationary survey vessel, or from an autonomous recording buoy. The measurements at up to four ranges from the source vessel allow for empirical estimation of the source level using appropriate transmission loss models, with the data analysed in third-octave frequency bands. Measurement results presented are for trailing suction hopper dredgers, which lower a drag head and suction pipe to the sea floor to extract the sand or gravel, whilst returning unwanted material and water over the side.. Noise levels are shown for the same dredger under different operational modes illustrating that, for these vessels, the noise output level is partially dependent upon the aggregate type being extracted.","author":["Wang, L.","Robinson, S.","Theobald, P.","Lepper, P.","Hayman, G.","Humphrey, V."],"organization":["National Physical Laboratory (NPL)"],"originationDate":"2012-07-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3406","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baseline-measurement-underwater-noise-under-surge-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/poma\/17\/1\/10.1121\/1.4772740","title":"Baseline Measurement of Underwater Noise Under the SURGE Project","description":"The Simple Underwater Renewable Generation of Electricity (SURGE) project aims at the demonstration of the Waveroller - a Wave Energy Device, to be installed off the West Coast of Portugal, near the City of Peniche. This project includes a task related to the measurement of ambient and operational noise of the Waveroller device. This paper reports on the analysis results of baseline underwater noise recordings performed in September 2010, before any activities related to the installation of the energy device took place.","author":["Soares, C.","Patricio, S.","Zabel, F.","Moura, A."],"organization":["Marine Sensing and Acoustic Technologies (MarSensing)","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-12-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.325821000000","-9.374229000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:38:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3408","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meygen-tidal-energy-project-phase-1-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/Meygen\/Environmental_statement\/Complete%20ES.pdf","title":"MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1: Environmental Statement","description":"Project Background  MeyGen Ltd (\u201cMeyGen\u201d) was awarded an Agreement for Lease (AfL) for the Inner Sound tidal development site on 21st October 2010 by The Crown Estate (TCE). The Inner Sound AfL is for the installation of 398MW tidal stream energy capacity by 2020. The Inner Sound is the body of water in the Pentland Firth between the north coast of the Scottish mainland and the island of Stroma. The Inner Sound AfL was awarded to MeyGen as part of TCE Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) leasing round for wave and tidal energy projects (Figure 1.2). This was the first competitive seabed leasing round for wave and tidal projects in the UK and was designed to develop the industry on a commercial scale. Through the PFOW leasing round the TCE has agreements for 11 sites with a potential capacity of 1600MW. The AfL does not give consent for MeyGen to develop the site, it provides MeyGen with the security required to develop the project whilst seeking the required consents for the installation and operation of the project from the regulatory authorities.  MeyGen Ltd  MeyGen is a Scottish registered company created in 2010 for the purpose of developing the MeyGen project. MeyGen shareholders provide an excellent combination of development expertise, tidal technology manufacturer, secure financial backing and project operations experience. MeyGen has an in-house development team with a broad range of expertise and experience in offshore energy project development and managing the successful installation of tidal energy devices.  Project Overview  MeyGen intends to consent the 398MW project in two separate phases. The MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 (\u201cthe Project\u201d) will have a maximum aggregated capacity of 86MW, with up to 86 tidal turbines and associated infrastructure. The artist\u2019s impression provides an overview of the Project (Figure 1.1). Phase 1 is the subject of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Statement (ES) and accompanying consent application. The Project requires an area of approximately 1.1km2, the remainder of the AfL area will be developed as Phase 2 (312MW). Phase 2 will be subject to a separate consent application and supporting ES. Figure 1.3 illustrates the AfL area, the Phase 1 turbine deployment area, potential offshore cable corridors and potential areas for onshore infrastructure. The Project will comprise a maximum of 86 fully submerged tidal turbines in the deep water channel in the Inner Sound. All turbines will be located in water depths of over 31m at Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT). The turbines will comprise of a rotor and nacelle and will be supported by a Turbine Support Structure (TSS). Each turbine will have its own dedicated electricity export cable to shore. Cable landfalls will take the form of Horizontally Directionally Drilled (HDD) bores which will be drilled from onshore. Cables will be laid across the seabed from the turbines to the HDD bores. An onshore Power Conversion Centre (PCC) will comprise terminations of the export cables from the turbines, power conversion equipment, transformers and switchgear for grid connection housed in Power Conversion Unit Buildings (PCUBs), and a control centre. Electricity will be exported to the local electricity grid via buried onshore cables to grid connection point. The Project is split into three distinct generating stations, each with turbines, PCUB and export cable to the grid connection. It is anticipated that onshore construction and offshore installation will commence in 2014 and continue over a 3 year period. Following this the operational life of the Project will be 25 years. After this there will be a decommissioning programme in place to remove the turbines and the associated infrastructure. However at that time there may be an option to gain further consent to extend the Project.  Document Purpose  This document reports the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) conducted for Phase 1 in line with EIA Regulations (Section 3). The document will form part of the Project consent application to The Highland Council (onshore) and Marine Scotland (offshore). MeyGen has considered two sites for the combined HDD and PCC site, Ness of Quoys and Ness of Huna (Figure 1.3). At this stage in the development programme of the Project it is not possible to confirm, which of these two sites will be taken forward. As such, planning applications will be submitted for both of these sites, however only one will be developed for Phase 1 of the project.","author":["MeyGen"],"organization":["MeyGen"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.656500000000","-3.130000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 03:49:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MeyGen-2012-ES.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3409","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-long-term-ambient-noise-tidal-turbine-levels-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.acoustics.asn.au\/conference_proceedings\/AAS2012\/papers\/p87.pdf","title":"Measurement of Long-Term Ambient Noise and Tidal Turbine Levels in  the Bay of Fundy","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) is a leading research centre for in-stream tidal energy technology. Located at Minas Passage in the Bay of Fundy, the currents can exceed 6 m\/s (Oceans Ltd., 2009), making it ideal for testing in-stream technology in harsh environments. The effect of turbine noise on marine life is recognised as a potential environmental impact of in-stream turbines that must be understood (Polagye et al., 2011). It is expected that the rotating mechanical equipment in tidal turbines will emit continuous tones into the water, potentially at levels that may harm or harass marine life (Polagye et al. 2011; Stein, 2011). The differences between the soundscapes with and without the turbine in place must be measured to assess impact. Ideally recordings should be made in all seasons, weather and tidal states and flow noise in the data must be minimised. FORCE made drift measurements of the sound levels at Minas Passage in 2008 and 2009 before and after the installation of an Open Hydro turbine, however, the results were deemed not reliable due to vessel and surface noise issues and the short term nature of drifting measurements (Schillinger, 2010). In 2011 JASCO began a project to demonstrate long-term measurements of ambient and turbine noise at FORCE using a special purpose high-flow mooring (HFM) previously developed for measurements in Bristol Channel. The extreme conditions at Minas Passage make deployments and retrievals challenging. The initial deployment was called off when shock loading severed the anchor block on the acoustic releases. Both moorings in the second deployment were lost. Detailed hydrodynamic modelling and discussions with mooring experts were conducted before the third deployment in March 2012. The HFM and a more traditional stream-lined buoy design were deployed and recovered. The data show that the high-flow mooring provides usable measurements in all tidal states.","author":["Martin, B.","Whitt, C.","McPherson, C.","Gerber, A.","Scotney, M."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences","University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2012-11-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.339949000000","-64.420316000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3410","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-techniques-underwater-noise-generated-tidal-turbines-shallow-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eprints.soton.ac.uk\/192957\/1\/OMAE2011-49994_REVISED_DRAFT.pdf","title":"Modelling Techniques for Underwater Noise Generated by Tidal Turbines in Shallow Waters","description":"The modelling of underwater noise sources and their potential impact on the marine environment is considered, focusing on tidal turbines in shallow water. The requirement for device noise prediction as part of environmental impact assessment is outlined and the limited amount of measurement data and modelling research identified. Following the identification of potential noise sources, the dominant flow-generated sources are modelled using empirical techniques. The predicted sound pressure level due to inflow turbulence for a typical turbine is estimated to give third-octave-bandwidth pressure levels of 119 dB re 1 \u03bcPa at 20 metres from the turbine at individual frequencies. This preliminary estimate reveals that this noise source alone is not expected to cause permanent or temporary threshold shift in the marine animals studied.","author":["Lloyd, T.","Turnock, S.","Humphrey, V."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2011-06-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3411","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stream-analytical-processing-acoustic-signals-cetacean-studies-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6003439\/","title":"Stream Analytical Processing of Acoustic Signals for Cetacean Studies and Environmental Monitoring of Ocean Energy Conversion Devices","description":"The utilization of a stream analytical processing approach is presented in the context of real-time analysis of acoustic data streams from hydrophones for cetacean identification and classification. We discuss the development and interim results of an integrated platform for processing underwater acoustic data in real time that also utilizes supplemental data types related to the physical environment. This approach provides advanced capabilities such as real-time dynamic filtering to support the intelligent processing of multiple high volume continuous data streams in parallel. The stream processing platform is being employed for the development of a continuous broad spectrum monitoring station to establish background levels for underwater noise for environmental impact assessment and continued operational monitoring for underwater acoustic noise produced by wave and tidal ocean energy devices. The use of hydrophone and particle velocity detectors in conjunction with other real-time sensors and data sources with dynamic feedback and control mechanisms is presented. The monitoring technologies are discussed along with the establishment of a consistent measurement methodology for varied deployment regimes dependent on water depth, bottom conditions, and variable sea states. We also review the incorporation of these technologies in the Marine Institute of Ireland\u0027s multipurpose research and development SmartBay Galway system to provide a flexible and agile monitoring and management platform which is being extended to include additional environmental variables specific to the ocean energy domain. The platform is being developed for the Galway Bay Quarter Scale Wave Energy Test Site and the full-scale, grid-connected Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site now under development by the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland.","author":["Kolar, H.","Sweeney, E.","Russell, A.","McKeown, E.","Gaughan, P.","Bouillet, E.","McGowan, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-06-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3412","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fall-warness-tidal-test-site-additional-acoustic-characterisation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/doc\/naturescot-commissioned-report-563-fall-warness-tidal-test-site-additional-acoustic-characterisation","title":"Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site: Additional Acoustic Characterisation","description":"Chickerell BioAcoustics was contracted by the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to carry out work to further characterise the ambient noise field at their Fall of Warness tidal energy test site in Orkney, UK. The project was funded by Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and follows on from previous acoustic characterisations of the test site carried out by the Scottish Association for Marine Sciences ( SAMS), Oban, UK (funded by Highlands \u0026amp; Islands Enterprise).  The work carried out by SAMS went some way towards characterising the baseline noise present at the site in the absence of any tidal energy converter (TEC) devices. This work quantified the ambient sound levels at the site in both ebb and flood conditions. Investigating the origins of the sounds was outwith the scope of the SAMS studies and this has been addressed in the current study.  The scope of the current SNH-funded project was to incorporate a review and identify any requirements for additional analysis of existing acoustic surveys at the site and to extend the acoustic dataset to provide a more comprehensive characterisation of the test site. This encompassed investigation of noise sources, including noise contributed by the presence of TECs. While the characterisation of noise from specific devices operating at the site was outwith the scope of this project, such characterisation could be an area of consideration for future work.  The current project called for three surveys to be carried out using drifting acoustic recorders. Initial surveys were carried out using the existing EMEC drifting hydrophone equipment but later surveys used an upgraded system, the Drifting Acoustic Recorder and Tracker (DART) system developed by Chickerell BioAcoustics and EMEC.  This report presents the results of analysing the data collected to date and shows that flow noise is a significant contributor to the ambient noise field within the test site. Other significant contributions to the noise field include shipping noise and noise from TEC devices operating in the test site. The report concludes that the noise from the TECs operating on site during the survey period is unlikely to significantly impact marine mammals using the area.  Main findings  Data collected and analysed during this project have enabled the ambient noise at the EMEC tidal test site to be characterised in the presence of some operating tidal energy converter devices. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study:    The ambient noise levels measured are higher than those suggested by Urick (1975) for shallow water sites, but lower than those measured by Wilson \u0026amp; Carter (2008).  The noise level of frequencies above 1 kHz can vary by at least 26 dB across the site; this is believed to be primarily due to flow-induced noise generation.  Rain can raise ambient noise by up to 30 dB and this extends to lower frequencies than flow noise.  It was not possible to locate the individual noise sources accurately as this was outwith the scope of this project, but future studies could investigate this further.  Further work will be required to fully understand the effect of tidal flow on ambient noise based on experience gained from processing this dataset.  Based on the data gathered during this study, it seems unlikely that the noise generated by tidal energy converters operating within the site would have a significant impact on marine mammals. However, further detailed studies will be required in order to gain more understanding of this.","author":["Harland, E."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:07:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH-2013-Report563.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3413","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydroacoustic-measurements-noise-radiated-wave-energy-converters-lysekil-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A758375\u0026dswid=-2588","title":"Hydroacoustic Measurements of the Noise Radiated from Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project and Project WESA","description":"Field measurements of the hydroacoustic noise from Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in the Lysekil project at Uppsala University and the Project WESA (joint effort between Uppsala University (Lead Partner), \u00c5lands Teknikkluster r.f. and University of Turku) are presented. Anthropogenic noise is increasing in the oceans worldwide and wave energy conversion may contribute to this noise, but to what extent? The main objective in this study is to examine the noise from full scale operating WECs in the Lysekil and project WESA. Acoustic measurements were made in order to be able to estimate potential environmental impact. Submersible recording devices (SRD) were deployed at 1 m from WECs at a depth of approximately 24 meters. Both WECs are a full scale point absorber with a directly driven linear generator, placed on gravitation foundations at the seabed with a connected buoy at the surface that absorbs energy from the heaving waves. The SRDs used to measure the noise from the WECs, consists of a SM2-recorder from Wildlife Acoustics and hydrophones from High Tech Inc. (HTI 96 MIN and HTI 99 HF). Measurements at in the Lysekil project were carried out in the spring of 2013 and in the project WESA in Jan-Feb of 2012. Preliminary results show that the main operating noise radiated from the WEC are short transients with instant rise time when the translator moves past the stator and when the stator hits the end stop springs of the generator. Most of the power in the noise is between 20 \u2013 1000 Hz.","author":["Haikonen, K.","Sundberg, J.","Leijon, M."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2013-06-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.798150000000","17.582919000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haikonen-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3414","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-classification-identification-priority-conservation-areas-pcas-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569115001805","title":"The Marine Spatial Classification and the Identification of Priority Conservation Areas (PCAs) for Marine Biodiversity Conservation - A Case Study of the Offshore China","description":"In order to effectively use limited funds and resources for conservation of biodiversity, the most valuable areas and contents have to be identified. Therefore, it is essential to identify the priority conservation areas (PCAs) and to explore the maximum conservation benefits for biodiversity conservation. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) recommends that countries should conduct \u2018Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs) identification\u2019, and adopt a scheme of using scientific criteria to identify the EBSAs, but in China Offshore Areas, this kind of work almost does not exist. This paper focuses on the method and application of PCAs identification in Offshore China. The first step is to carry out marine spatial classification according to biogeographical factors, and then to discuss the PCAs identification in regard to marine biodiversity in species, community and ecosystem levels, finally to take Offshore China as a case study. Through marine spatial classification, Offshore China is divided into 5 biological regions by climate and geography differences, and 12 ecological regions by typical, ecological and administrative factors, and 98 biogeographical units by biogeographical factors. As a result, among 98 geographical units, 43 units are identified as PCAs, 31 units are PCAs at focal level, 16 units are PCAs at community level, and 15 units are PCAs at ecosystem level.","author":["Hao, H.","Bin, C.","Jinlan, L."],"organization":["State Oceanic Administration (SOA)"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.967362000000","122.990968000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3415","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scapa-flow-wave-test-site-acoustic-characterisation","sourceURL":"","title":"Scapa Flow Wave Test Site: Acoustic Characterisation","description":"Chickerell BioAcoustics was contracted by the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to carry out an acoustic characterisation of the underwater ambient noise field at their Scapa Flow nursery wave energy test site. The project was funded by the Scottish Government.  The scope of the project was to assess the methodology and equipment specified for measuring acoustic noise at EMEC\u2019s main grid-connected wave test site and advise on its suitability for use at the nursery wave test site, and to train EMEC staff in the use of the recommended methodology and equipment for collecting acoustic data at the site. The project called for three surveys to be carried out using the selected methodology and equipment. Data collected from the surveys were analysed and used to characterise the ambient acoustic baseline for the site. The results of these analyses will be made available to developers testing wave energy converter devices at the Scapa Flow test site. This will provide a better understanding of ambient noise at the site, to assist with the acoustic characterisation of installed devices. The characterisation of noise from specific devices operating at the test site was out-with the scope of this project.  The work involved carrying out a number of surveys through autumn and winter 2011-2012, with each survey covering a range of tidal and weather conditions. Acoustic data were gathered using a self-contained hydrophone and recorder package deployed on the seabed. One unit was available for use in the surveys. Three surveys were carried out in September and December 2011, and March 2012.  The collected data were analysed to establish the acoustic levels under quiet conditions and this shows that the background noise levels were in line with that which could be expected for this type of shallow water site. Contributions over and above these conditions were then identified, with the major contribution being the natural sounds from wind\/waves and precipitation. The major anthropogenic source was shipping noise from distant static and mobile sources. Local shipping traffic also contributed to the sound field, although this was only present for around 7% of the time. Other sounds identified included a thunderstorm, aircraft and various biological sources. The identification of marine mammal vocalisations was out-with the scope of this work; however it can be noted that although seals and harbour porpoise were present in the area at the times of the surveys, no calls from either species were identified on any recordings.  The characterisation was limited by the three survey periods not covering a full year and a full characterisation will need at least two more survey periods. Also, the close proximity of the hydrophone to the recorder canister seems to affect the spatial response of the hydrophone, introducing errors of up to 2.5 dB at some frequencies. It is therefore recommended that the mounting arrangement for the hydrophone be improved prior to undertaking any further surveys. The use of additional mobile hydrophone systems together with concentrated study periods using land-based visual observations would assist the analysis of data obtained from future surveys.","author":["Harland, E."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:42:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scapa-Flow-Sound-Acoustic-Characterisation-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3416","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shapinsay-sound-tidal-test-site-acoustic-characterisation","sourceURL":"","title":"Shapinsay Sound Tidal Test Site: Acoustic Characterisation","description":"Chickerell BioAcoustics was contracted by the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to carry out work to characterise the ambient noise field at the Shapinsay Sound tidal energy test site in Orkney, UK. The project was funded by the Scottish Government.  The scope of the project was to assess the methodology and equipment specified for measuring acoustic noise at EMEC\u2019s main grid-connected tidal test site and advise on its suitability for use at the nursery tidal test site, and to train EMEC staff in the use of the recommended methodology and equipment for collecting acoustic data at the site. The project called for three surveys to be carried out using the selected methodology and equipment. Data collected from the surveys were analysed and used to characterise the ambient acoustic baseline for the site. The results of these analyses will be made available to developers testing tidal energy converter devices at the Shapinsay Sound test site, to assist with the acoustic characterisation of their devices. The characterisation of noise from specific devices operating at the test site was out-with the scope of this project.  The work involved carrying out a number of surveys through autumn and winter 2011-2012 with each survey covering a range of tidal and weather conditions. Initial surveys were carried out using the existing EMEC \u2018Drifting Ears\u2019 hydrophone equipment but later surveys used an upgraded system, the Drifting Acoustic Recorder and Tracker system developed by Chickerell BioAcoustics and EMEC.  The results of analysing the data collected show that ambient noise levels were in line with that which could be expected for this type of shallow water site, with anthropogenic noise (from shipping and a \u2018seal scarer\u2019) being the major contributors to the ambient noise field. Other significant contributions to the noise field include noise from aircraft, chains, rain, wind, and waves. No sources of noise associated with strong tidal flow across bathymetric features were identified, and no geographical variation in noise level was observed.","author":["Harland, E."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.996495000000","-2.875706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 09:51:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shapinsay-Sound-Acoustic-Characterisation-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3417","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-wrong-can-you-be-can-simple-spreading-formula-be-used-predict-worst-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/How-wrong-can-you-be-Can-a-simple-spreading-formula-Duncan-Parsons\/46e141052c757c3fba7468387dee04a934bca057","title":"How Wrong Can You Be? Can a Simple Spreading Formula Be Used to Predict Worst-Case Underwater Sound Levels?","description":"Several simple spreading laws have been proposed to allow estimates of underwater sound levels to be made without the complication of numerical modelling. Underwater acoustic propagation depends in an involved way on a number of geometric and environmental parameters, including source, receiver and water depth, and water column and seabed acoustic properties. As a result, there are many scenarios in which the use of these formulae lead to large errors. However, there would be a place for a formula that could provide an upper limit on received sound levels in a particular situation as this would enable sound sources that had a very low probability of posing an environmental hazard to be quickly eliminated from further consideration. Such a formula is proposed in this paper and its bounds of applicability are explored by comparison with numerical model results for several scenarios.","author":["Duncan, A.","Parsons, M."],"organization":["Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2011-11-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3418","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pentland-firth-orkney-waters-enabling-actions-report-pentland-firth-orkney-waters-wave","sourceURL":"","title":"Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Enabling Actions Report: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Wave and Tidal Stream Projects and Migratory Salmonids","description":"Epsilon Resource Management was commissioned by The Crown Estate to organise and deliver a workshop on the potential impacts of wave and tidal energy stream developments on migratory salmonids in the PFOW area. The workshop was held in Thurso on the 17th and 18th of April 2013. A Review and Discussion paper (DP) was initially prepared by Epsilon Resource Management, based on literature searches and face to face consultation with developers and key stakeholders and guided by a Review Group appointed by The Crown Estate. The DP was provided to delegates in advance of the workshop, and served to structure the group discussions that comprised the bulk of the workshop.  The overall aim of the Project was to deliver written detail on:    The potential impacts from wave and tidal stream developments on migratory fish, taking into account cumulative impacts and considering mitigation measures that might be applicable and practical  The current state of knowledge and \u2018knowledge gaps\u2019 as to the potential of any of the possible impacts actually having a quantifiable negative effect within the PFOW area  The agreed\/recommended approach as to how the industry could address the identified key issues\/knowledge gaps related to the actual key potential impacts on migratory fish from the PFOW projects.   This report includes the DP (updated since the workshop) and summarises the outcomes from the workshop, identifies key points, and makes several specific recommendations with respect to de-risking the development process. It is recognised that not everyone will agree with all the recommendations, but each of them is based on either a consensus or an overwhelming majority view from the workshop in Thurso.  It is important to carefully read all sections of this report, and particularly the DP summary in Chapter 6 and the workshop summary in Chapter 8.  Key Points:    17 Scottish rivers are designated as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) for Atlantic salmon and \/ or freshwater pearl mussels, and it is the migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon that potentially causes the concerns that prompted The Crown Estate to organise the Thurso workshop  There is already a good body of knowledge, globally, about possible interactions between wave and tidal stream devices and migratory salmonids (Chapter 4), but there are still some knowledge gaps, and research is underway in order to fill these gaps (Chapter 5)  Of the types of interactions that could occur between wave and tidal energy devices and migratory salmonids, collision, noise and electro-magnetic fields (EMF) are generally considered to be the most important  It was agreed at the workshop that different types of development (whether wave or tidal, or different types of equipment in either category), in different locations, posed different degrees of risk to migratory salmonids, and thus the \u2018case by case\u2019 principle to all aspects of consenting was firmly established  There was some recognition that collision was probably the greater risk for some tidal energy stream devices, but the workshop largely concluded that ongoing research into potential noise and EMF interactions is also important  Following from that, it was agreed that there were two main themes for future research and for modelling exercises to consider:     Whether there would be migratory salmonids sufficiently physically co-incident with proposed wave and \/ or tidal sites for there to be a measurable effect on the fish. This issue was expanded to       Recognise that \u2018physically co-incident\u2019 did not necessarily mean physically touching the equipment \u2013 effects of noise, EMF and even water turbulence may be important    Take account of temporal variations in presence or absence, i.e. seasonally migrating fish    Also take account of the importance of the genetically distinct seasonal stock components    Take account of the numbers of individuals involved    Take account of other behavioural characteristics such as depth in the water column \u2013 i.e. a three dimensional component         Whether, even if there were to be some physical co-incidence, there was actually a mechanism for an impact to occur      Presentations were made to the workshop in relation to the types of research and modelling that are currently being undertaken or developed, and these were broadly welcomed. Difficulties associated with the application of some techniques, such as tagging, in the high energy waters of the PFOW area were acknowledged  There was a strong plea for more collaboration on designing, funding and implementing research, and a wave and tidal energy equivalent of the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programmes (ORJIP) initiative was mentioned  The Marine Scotland Licensing Operations Team (MSLOT) approach to consenting was discussed at the workshop, in conjunction with the fact that early projects would deploy small numbers of commercial scale devices. This led to a broad discussion about the nature of the \u2018monitoring\u2019 that would be appropriate in order to ascertain whether the devices were having any impact on migratory salmonids \u2013 with a clear need to distinguish between monitoring that developers might be asked to implement, and other research \/ monitoring that should be in the purview of a wider set of industries and\/or the public sector bodies  Having established the case by case approach to the consenting process, the workshop considered the degree \/ scope of information that developers should try to provide in Environmental Statements and similar documents.  It was agreed that in addition to general site information and as much detail as possible (subject to new developments) about the proposed equipment and its emissions \/ interaction - capabilities, developers should attempt to provide as much baseline information about migratory salmonids in the area as they could reasonably find from existing data sources. Evidencing, as far as possible, an understanding of \u2018pathways for possible impacts\u2019 was also considered important  It was also agreed that it was unreasonable to ask developers to attempt to gather new information about migratory salmonids in the area through field or other primary research  Modelling, both particle tracking and collision and \/ or encounter modelling, was discussed in some detail at the workshop. It was agreed that modelling is a worthwhile approach, but that more data are required in order to increase the accuracy of assumptions made during the modelling process  Improving communications and ensuring the important information is disseminated and taken on board by stakeholders was a consistent theme throughout the workshop, and several examples where improvements might be made were discussed   Recommendations:    MSLOT should continue with the consenting approach it has been following  Marine Scotland and others should agree a high-level \u2018monitoring approach\u2019 in order to provide developers with greater clarity as to the likely approach to and funding of any monitoring required at their pro jects and will provide stakeholders with a better understanding as to how existing uncertainties will be investigated further  The Crown Estate, Marine Scotland and others should explore the establishment of a wave and tidal equivalent of ORJIP to enable a coordinated approach to be progressed , focused on the key research priorities (including but not exclusively migratory salmonids) for the wave and tidal stream sectors  Marine Scotland Science (MSS) and others should continue to develop and implement research that helps to establish the behaviour and location of migratory salmonids in the PFOW area  The parallel research into mechanisms for interaction and impact should proceed as swiftly as possible  The use of modelling techniques by developers, their advisers and others, should be encouraged, as should their refinement as more data become available  Scoping advice to developers should be clarified, by MSLOT, and offered on a case by case basis  All parties should collaborate more fully on a range of issues, particularly including sharing information and ensuring latest understanding and knowledge is widely disseminated. This will assist with clarifying existing priorities and uncertainties and ensure that aspects which are increasingly well researched and \/or understood are acknowledged and the relevant information fully utilised.","author":["Slaski, R.","Hirst, D.","Gray, S."],"organization":["Epsilon Associates Inc.","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.788520000000","-3.071891000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Crown-Estate-2013-PFOW.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3419","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pentland-firth-orkney-waters-enabling-actions-report-ornithological-cumulative-impact","sourceURL":"","title":"Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Enabling Actions Report: Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment Framework","description":"MacArthur Green has been commissioned by The Crown Estate to produce a methodological framework for the assessment of ornithological cumulative and in combination impacts of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) wave and tidal projects. This work is part of The Crown Estate\u2019s Enabling Actions work to accelerate and de-risk the development of the PFOW wave and tidal projects.\n\nThis report details the Ornithological CIA Framework and is supported by the following three appendices:\nAppendix 1: Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment Framework. Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Wave and Tidal Projects; Supporting Information. This report contains all associated appendices and the Strategic Review completed as part of this project.\nAppendix 2: Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment Framework. Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Wave and Tidal Projects; Worked Example Scoping Report. This report provides a scoping report for a hypothetical wave site.\nAppendix 3: Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment Framework. Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Wave and Tidal Projects; Worked Example. This report provides a worked example of an Ornithological CIA for a hypothetical wave site.\n\nThe conclusion of the Strategic Review included in Appendix 1 is that wave and tidal current developments will have a relatively low impact on PFOW seabird populations, particularly in comparison to other factors affecting seabird populations.\n\nThis guidance has been developed through detailed consultation with the Project Steering Group and wider consultation with various organisations through a workshop held on 11 October 2012. The Project Steering Group comprised representatives from The Crown Estate, from the regulators and their advisors (Marine Scotland Science, Marine Scotland Licencing and Scottish Natural Heritage) and the renewables industry (Niras Consulting [as adviser to The Crown Estate for this project], ScottishPower Renewables, Aquamarine Power and SSE Renewables). MacArthur Green and The Crown Estate wish to thank the Project Steering Group and the various attendees of the workshop who have contributed valuable input to the development of this guidance. We also wish to thank JNCC for their helpful advice and previews of reports in preparation.\n\nMarine Scotland and SNH, as part of the Project Steering Group, have reviewed the documents and have indicated their broad support of the approach adopted in the framework and worked example.\n\nThe Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations and Habitats Regulations both require the full consideration of cumulative impacts. Although the Habitats Regulations refer to \u2018in combination\u2019 impacts instead of cumulative impacts, this report refers to these as \u2018Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment\u2019 (Ornithological CIA).\n\nOrnithological CIA has proven to be challenging. In the context of Ornithological CIA for offshore wind farm developments, King et al. (2009) found that the approach lacked a systematic, standardised method and data. The approach was often qualitative rather than quantitative. This created uncertainty over conclusions, and ultimately caused delays in the consenting process. Causes of these issues were:\nInadequate scoping;\nLack of understanding of which species\/populations were involved;\nLack of understanding of which projects should be included;\nLack of systematic assessment methodology;\nTendency for CIA to be left to the end of the consenting process as an \u2018add-on\u2019 rather than being approached in the same strategic way as EIA.\n\nThe reason that this Ornithological CIA method has been prepared is to provide guidance to avoid similar issues arising for wave and tidal developments in the PFOW. This will help developers to submit comprehensive and proportional Ornithological CIA as part of their Environmental Statement (ES) , and will ultimately help to speed up the consenting process by ensuring regulators and their advisors receive sufficient information on which to make consenting decisions in a timely fashion.\n\nThe invitation to tender from The Crown Estate detailed the aim of this Project:\n\u2018The aim of the Project is to produce a methodological framework to help guide, in an agreed and consistent manner and in the potential absence of information on other projects and\/or species abundance, PFOW developer Cumulative Impact Assessments (CIA) in the identification and analysis of ornithological cumulative and in-combination impacts at the project level.\u2019\n\nThe aim is achieved by the following objectives:\n\n(Objective 1) Define the Ornithological CIA Framework and detail clearly the stages involved within it.\n(Objective 2) For each relevant stage of the Ornithological CIA Framework, provide guidance on the recommended approach and methods to address areas of uncertainty.\n(Objective 3) Make recommendations as to the need for, and benefits of, further strategic work regarding Ornithological CIA and the consenting of wave and tidal projects in the PFOW.\n(Objective 4) Complete a high level strategic review of the factors influencing the dynamics of seabird populations, putting potential cumulative impacts of wave and tidal current projects into the wider context of changing background numbers of seabirds (Appendix 1, Section 5).\n\nThe following Ornithological CIA Framework and associated stages are identified under Objective 2 and recommendations provided for each of these stages where relevant.\n\nStage Description\nScoping\nDefine the Target Bird Populations and designated sites to include in the Ornithological CIA\nDefining the plans and projects to include in the Ornithological CIA\nIdentifying relevant Cumulative Impacts to consider in the Ornithological CIA\nDefine Vulnerability of Target Bird Populations to development\nEstablish Conservation Status of Target Bird Populations and their respective baselines for the assessment\nDetail relevant data collection methods\nData acquisition from other developments\nDetail relevant data analysis methods, compatibility and presentation\nDetermine the significance of Cumulative Impacts\nMitigation Measures\nResidual Effects\n\nOrnithological CIA should be fully integrated into the EIA and Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) processes. It is important to emphasise here that it should not be seen as a separate process; the intention of the EIA Regulations and the Habitats Regulations is that cumulative \/ in combination impacts are an integral part of the assessment and should therefore be considered from the very beginning of the assessment process. It is essential therefore that the Ornithological CIA should be clearly integrated into these established processes and related methodologies. The intention is that this Framework serves to help with this and serves to create a more consistent, proportionate and certain process for all.\n\nRecommendations are given for further strategic work for Ornithological CIA under Objective 3. It is recommended that it would be beneficial to undertake further strategic work on the following issues:\nIdentifying Target Bird Populations and projects relevant to each PFOW wave and tidal project;\nData acquisition;\nAssessment of existing data that could inform on impacts on seabirds;\nDetermination of thresholds for acceptable population change; and,\nUpdated data on SPA populations.\n\nA strategic review is completed under Objective 4 as noted above (Framework Section 6). This review concludes that wave and tidal current energy developments will have a relatively low impact on PFOW seabird populations when compared with other impacts. These include food abundance, fisheries, mammal predation and climate change. Against this backdrop of large scale effects on seabird populations, any impacts from wave and tidal current energy pro jects may be too low to detect, even when considering changes to the most vulnerable seabird populations. In light of this conclusion, it is our view that Ornithological CIA for wave and tidal current energy developments and statutory authorities should take into consideration the relatively minor nature of the predicted ornithological impacts.\n\nFinally, it is important to note that information on bird sensitivities, population vulnerability, population sizes and conservation status will continue to be updated, and information presented in this report will need to be revised regularly to take account of new information, rather than being considered a static resource. Post-construction monitoring at developed sites will play an important role in refining our understanding of the potential (cumulative) impacts and also, therefore, this guidance.\n\nThe Ornithological CIA Framework and supporting information has been developed through a workshop and detailed engagement with key stakeholders. However, it is important to stress that it is not statutory guidance and is not intended to detail a specific process\/approach which developers are required to follow.\n\nDevelopers will of course take their own approach to ornithological CIA, and that approach will no doubt need to reflect relevant issues on a site-specific basis. The aim of the framework and supporting information is to assist those involved in consenting and ornithological CIA and promote a more consistent, proportional and practical approach to ornithological CIA.","author":["MacArthur, D.","Furness, B.","Trinder, M.","MacArthur, K."],"organization":["MacArthur Green","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2013-05-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.788520000000","-3.071891000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MacArthur-Green-2013-PFOW.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3420","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-underwater-background-noise-during-spring-neap-tide-high-tidal-current-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/poma\/17\/1\/10.1121\/1.4865924","title":"Comparison of Underwater Background Noise during Spring and Neap Tide in a High Tidal Current Site: Ramsey Sound","description":"Underwater noise monitoring of a tidal stream is an important component of any Environmental Impact Assessment to assess the potential noise disturbances that a tidal turbine may have on marine life. Before monitoring operational noise, it is crucial to characterise ambient noise at different period of a proposed site. In May 2011, an acoustic survey of Ramsey Sound was undertaken over two entire tidal cycles. Ramsey Sound is a proposed site for the installation of a tidal turbine. It is an open channel measuring 2.5km long and 1km wide, varying between 25 and 70m deep and subject to tidal streams up to 4m.s-1. Continuous recordings have been carried out from 1Hz to 22kHz. The methodology used to monitor ambient noise was to immerse the hydrophone over the board and let the boat drift with the current flow, which allowed the reduction of unwanted noise such as water flow noise, cable strum. This paper presents the impact of the tide, the biological and the physical noise on the ambient noise. Sound Pressure Level during neap tide evolves between 95 and 125dBre_1\u03bcParms. During spring tide, background noise SPL is higher and evolves between 100 and 127dB re_1\u03bcParms.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Broudic, M.","Croft, N.","Willis, M.","Masters, I.","Sei-Him, C."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.848937000000","-5.319557000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3421","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotrenewables-tidal-power-ltd-sr250-deployment-fall-warness-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0046\/00469346.pdf","title":"Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd SR250 Deployment Fall of Warness: Environmental Statement Volume II - Appendices","description":"Appendix 1: Dimensional Drawing of Full Scale SR250  Appendix 2: Scoping Feedback  Appendix 3: Device Specific Navigation Risk Assessment  Appendix 4: Materials Specification Sheets  Appendix 5: Shore Birds  Appendix 6: San day SAC \u2013 Information to Inform Appropriate Assessment  Appendix 7: Faray and Holm of Faray SAC \u2013 Information to Inform Appropriate Assessment  Appendix 8: Seabed Survey Report  Appendix 9: Supplementary study conducted to ascertain the attenuation of sound from the operations on site during the installation of the SR250  Appendix 10: Scotrenewables Statement of Policy on Health and Safety at Work","author":["Orbital Marine Power"],"organization":["Orbital Marine Power"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963384000000","-3.300932000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 05:55:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scotrenewables-Tidal-Power-Ltd-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3422","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-underwater-noise-generated-wave-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/21361","title":"Assessment of Underwater Noise Generated by Wave Energy Devices","description":"Energy harnessed from wave motion is a promising candidate as a clean renewable energy source. The Oregon coast is a key location for Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technology in North America due to the state\u2019s abundant access to ocean wave resources and its coastline transmission capacity. Additionally, the research facilities at Oregon State University (OSU) are ideal to act as a WEC test bed for research and development. A summary of the wave energy potential and the work that has been carried out to date at OSU has been published (Brekken et al, 2009).\n\nThe potential for creating underwater noise disturbance is one environmental impact that must be accounted for by wave energy developers to meet the needs of regulatory agencies. This review study has been conducted to provide a concise knowledge base of the expected underwater noise conditions in the near shore environment in regions of the Oregon coast where wave energy projects could be developed and to present an overview of noise measurement methodologies that would be suitable for the effective regulatory assessment of potential acoustic impacts. This report is intended as a reference to be used by wave energy developers in the specification and selection of approaches to underwater noise measurement that would be acceptable to regulatory bodies, consistent with the state of the industry and cost effective to implement.\n\nIn an attempt to address some of the uncertainties surrounding these types of environmental noise assessment studies, this report provides information on the expected existing ambient noise conditions, the sound propagation characteristics of the environment, and the expected sources of noise associated with various types of wave energy devices. Guidelines detailing specific noise measurement studies are provided, along with a listing of several commercially available devices that are suitable for performing these measurements.\n\nSection 2 of this report provides an overview of the factors that contribute to ambient noise in near-shore environments. As part of this study a literature review was conducted to identify any available measurements of ambient noise along the Oregon coast, but no relevant data were found in published research. To address at least partially this knowledge gap, the latter part of Section 2 provides an overview of the characteristics of the Oregon coast that influence the ambient noise environment and thus helps define a basis for future studies.\n\nSection 3 provides on overview of the various types of currently available WEC devices suitable for use in the Oregon coastal environment and lists the potential sources of noise associated with the construction, operation and decommissioning phases for these devices.\n\nA framework for a comprehensive noise assessment program is detailed in Section 4 of this report with a description of specific measurement programs that are recommended to meet regulatory needs. The types of equipment suitable for performing these noise assessment measurement programs are detailed in Section 5.\n\nAs a complement to the above, an indicative sound propagation modeling study was conducted to provide an introduction to an estimation tool that is becoming the standard in noise impact assessments for regulatory approval. Section 6 of this report presents transmission loss estimates at three sample sites along the Oregon coast that are suitable for wave energy installations and are representative of a range of propagation conditions that can be found along the coast. These results provide an indication of the rate at which sound levels can be expected to decay as a function of distance from potential WEC development sites in the Oregon coastal environment.","author":["Austin, M.","Chorney, N.","Ferguson, J.","Leary, D.","O\u0027Neill, C.","Sneddon, H."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.260229000000","-124.285998000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Austin-et-al-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3423","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-fall-warness-test-site-environmental-appraisal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=168","title":"EMEC Fall of Warness Test Site: Environmental Appraisal","description":"In 2005, to support its application for the development of a test site at the Fall of Warness, Eday, the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) commissioned an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), including the production of an Environmental Statement (Foubister, 2005). The Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA) and Coast Protection Act 1949 (CPA) licences and other consents as detailed in Table 1 below established the principle for the presence of the test site, but did not cover the deployment of individual tidal devices by developers. Consequently, each developer wishing to deploy their device(s) at the test site must apply to the Regulator (Marine Scotland) for a Marine Licence (and Section 36 consent under the Electricity Act 1989, where total nominal rating of the device is greater than 1MW (Section 36)). In doing so, each developer must provide appropriate supporting information to assess the risk of impact of deploying, operating and decommissioning their device(s) on key natural heritage features and other topics, such as safety and navigation.                EMEC    Developers          Previous and existing consents    3 CPAs (for the 7 cables) and 1 FEPA for the installation of cable protectors - all have expired. Planning permission for onshore facilities. Marine Licence for the deployment of scientific instrumentation.    Various CPA\/FEPA\/Marine Licence held by individual developers for device deployments. Includes a temporary cable (#8).          TCE seabed lease    15 year lease from Nov 2007. Expires 2022.    N\/A          Embedded Generation Connection Agreement    Limits total export capacity to 4MW. Expires November 2031.    N\/A          Existing appraisals    (Non statutory) EIA with ES produced in 2005 to support EMEC\u2019s CPA\/FEPA applications. Assesses broad scale generic impacts from presence of test site. Device specific impacts not considered.    Appraisals to support individual developer CPA\/FEPA and Marine Licence applications. Each focuses on individual device specific impacts.        Prior to this Environmental Appraisal document and the associated process becoming current, all applications for individual deployments have required case-by-case appraisal by Marine Scotland, and consultation with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and other consultees. For this purpose, all of the documentation produced by EMEC for the original FEPA application in 2005 (e.g. the Environmental Statement (ES) and subsequent updated Environmental Description) has been made available to each developer to support their individual licence applications.  The Scottish Government\u2019s commitment to the capturing of wave and tidal resources through the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) and Saltire Prize leasing rounds mean that resource demands on Marine Scotland and SNH are increasingly being directed to the assessment of commercial lease sites. Consequently, steps were taken to look at streamlining the appraisal required to inform the Marine Licence\/Section 36 consenting process for deployments at EMEC. This, together with a requirement to review and update the EMEC site environmental documentation in order to incorporate findings from wildlife observation data collected at the site since June 2005, has led to the production of this Environmental Appraisal document.  Through funding received from the Scottish Government, EMEC has undertaken a programme of land-based vantage point surface wildlife observations at its test sites. Observations commenced at the Fall of Warness test site in July 2005 and are currently scheduled to end in March 2015. Data collected by this observation programme has been used to inform the appraisals described in Section 4, and the raw data is available to download in Microsoft Excel format from the Marine Scotland Interactive website.  This document aims to pre-appraise potential deployments within the context of the wider test site. The principles for this work are described below. Broadly, however, the appraisals provided in Section 4 of this document support detailed consideration of potential natural heritage impacts to inform the consenting process for deployment and operation of tidal device(s) at the Fall of Warness. The documentation also aims to support the development of mitigation, monitoring and research strategies to facilitate developers at this site, and the wider industry, through an improved knowledge base that supports their commercial aspirations.  The appraisals described in Section 4 of this document and in the subsequent Appropriate Assessment (AA) undertaken by Marine Scotland (available at https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/policies\/marine-licensing-and-consent\/ ) constitute a Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) to support any application for a Marine Licence or Section 36 consent for deployment at any of the berths in the Fall of Warness up until 2022. Where the project fits within the agreed \u2018project envelope\u2019 (see Section 2 \u0026amp; Annex 1 of this document) no further appraisal by Marine Scotland will be required. Where a project falls outside the agreed project envelope the developer may be required to provide further information to support any additional environmental appraisal and ensuing AA that may be required.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963384000000","-3.300825000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:54:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fall-of-Warness-Environmental-Appraisal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3424","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-report-2011-installation-monopile-voith-hydro-test-berth-fall","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Monitoring Report - 2011 Installation of Monopile at Voith Hydro Test Berth, Fall of Warness, Orkney","description":"This report has been prepared to fulfil the requirements set out in the Licence for Marine Construction Works issued by Scottish government on 24 June 2011 (Licence Number: 03968\/11\/1 \u2013 4807, Reference: FKB\/A 1256) covering the installation of a monopile foundation at the Voith Hydro berth at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney.  This report contains the results of the monitoring work undertaken by Voith Hydro prior to, during and following the installation of its monopile foundation at the test site this summer.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Voith Hydro"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963487000000","-3.301109000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:21:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aquatera-2011-Monopile-Installation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3425","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-potential-marine-hydrokinetic-devices-act-artificial-reefs-or-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1179455","title":"Evaluating the Potential for Marine and Hydrokinetic Devices to Act as Artificial Reefs or Fish Aggregating Devices, Based on Analysis of Surrogates in Tropical, Subtropical, and Temperate U.S. West Coast and Hawaiian Coastal Waters","description":"Wave energy converters (WECs) and tidal energy converters (TECs) are only beginning to be deployed along the U.S. West Coast and in Hawai\u2018i, and a better understanding of their ecological effects on fish, particularly on special-status fish (e.g., threatened and endangered) is needed to facilitate project design and environmental permitting. The structures of WECs and TECs placed on to the seabed, such as anchors and foundations, may function as artificial reefs that attract reef-associated fishes, while the midwater and surface structures, such as mooring lines, buoys, and wave or tidal power devices, may function as fish aggregating devices (FADs), forming the nuclei for groups of fishes. Little is known about the potential for WECs and TECs to function as artificial reefs and FADs in coastal waters of the U.S. West Coast and Hawai\u2018i. We evaluated these potential ecological interactions by reviewing relevant information about fish associations with surrogate structures, such as artificial reefs, natural reefs, kelps, floating debris, oil and gas platforms, marine debris, anchored FADs deployed to enhance fishing opportunities, net-cages used for mariculture, and piers and docks.  Based on our review, we postulate that the structures of WECs and TECs placed on or near the seabed in coastal waters of the U.S. West Coast and Hawai\u2018i likely will function as small-scale artificial reefs and attract potentially high densities of reef-associated fishes (including special-status rockfish species [Sebastes spp.] along the mainland), and that the midwater and surface structures of WECs placed in the tropical waters of Hawai\u2018i likely will function as de facto FADs with species assemblages varying by distance from shore and deployment depth. Along the U.S. West Coast, frequent associations with midwater and surface structures may be less likely: juvenile, semipelagic, kelp-associated rockfishes may occur at midwater and surface structures of WECs in coastal waters of southern California to Washington, and occasional, seasonal, or transitory associations of coastal pelagic fishes such as jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) may also occur at WECs in these waters. Importantly, our review indicated that negative effects of WEC structures on special-status fish species, such as increased predation of juvenile salmonids or rockfishes, are not likely. In addition, WECs installed in coastal California, especially in southern California waters, have the potential to attract high densities of reef-associated fishes and may even contribute to rockfish productivity, if fish respond to the WECs similarly to oil and gas platforms, which have some of the highest secondary production per unit area of seafloor of any marine habitat studied globally (Claisse et al. 2014).  We encountered some information gaps, owing to the paucity or lack, in key locations, of comparable surrogate structures in which fish assemblages and ecological interactions were studied. TECs are most likely to be used in the Puget Sound area, but suitable surrogates are lacking there. However, in similarly cold-temperate waters of Europe and Maine, benthopelagic fish occurred around tidal turbines during lower tidal velocities, and this type of interaction may be expected by similar species at TECs in Puget Sound. To address information gaps in the near term, such as whether WECs would function as FADs in temperate waters, studies of navigation buoys using hydroacoustics are recommended.","author":["Kramer, S.","Hamilton, C.","Spencer, G.","Ogston, H."],"organization":["H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"],"originationDate":"2015-05-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.563531000000","-154.848931000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kramer-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3426","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-registration-document-fundy-tidal-energy-demonstration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.novascotia.ca\/nse\/ea\/minas.passage.tidal.demonstration.asp","title":"Environmental Assessment Registration Document - Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project Volume I: Environmental Assessment","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy proposes to construct, operate and decommission a Tidal Energy Demonstration Facility in the Minas Passage, near Parrsboro, Nova Scotia.  The objectives of the Demonstration Facility are:    To build and operate a tidal energy Demonstration Facility to test the commercial potential of in-stream tidal energy devices designed to convert tidal kinetic energy to electrical energy;  To acquire information necessary to assess the performance of tidal energy devices including their effect on the environment and the effect of the environment on the devices; and,  To develop monitoring techniques and methodologies for these devices in the tidal environment.   The Facility will consist of three subsea turbine generators, individual subsea cables connecting the turbines to land-based infrastructure, an onshore transformer substation, and buried power lines connecting to the local power distribution system (the Project). This Project is subject to a screening level Environmental Assessment under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and is a Class 1 Undertaking under provincial regulations. The Environmental Assessment will be reviewed jointly under the terms of the Federal-Nova Scotia Environmental Assessment Agreement.  This Environmental Assessment Document addresses the potential impacts associated with the Demonstration Project only, and relates to the deployment of three turbine generators. It does not address or predict the impacts of a larger array of turbine generators or a commercialization level project, as these projects would require a separate Environmental Assessment process. It is anticipated that some of the information gained from the environmental effects monitoring for the Demonstration Project can be used by researchers to model and predict potential impacts of scaled-up developments.  The demonstration turbines will be located within a Crown Lease on the seabed in the vicinity of Black Rock on the north side of the Minas Passage, approximately 1.25 km from shore. The generators (with the possible exception of the Minas Basin Pulp and Power\/ Marine Current Turbines unit) will be installed on gravity bases, rather than drilled foundations. The units will be installed on the seabed in approximately 30 - 45 m depth at low tide.  The Clean Current 2.2 MW model is approximately 18 m in length and has an outside diameter of approximately 20 m. The Nova Scotia Power\/OpenHydro turbine is rated to 1 MW and the total diameter is 10 m with a 4 m diameter open centre. The MBP\u0026amp;P\/Marine Current Turbine unit is 1.0 - 1.2 MW and will consist of twin axial flow rotors approximately 15 m in diameter. The MCT turbine will either be mounted on a steel gravity based structure or steel pin pile foundations in the seabed. A visible portion of the turbine\u0027s support structure will project approximately 21.5 m above the sea surface at low tide. The total capacity of the three devices together will be approximately 4.4 MW.  The Crown Lease will also include a 1.25 km long cable corridor connecting the generators to a land based facility above the high water mark. The terrestrial facility will be built on land leased from a private landowner and will consist of an underground vault to receive the submarine cables, a small building housing electrical switchgear and an interpretive centre, a parking area, a transformer substation and an underground cable connection to the power lines along West Bay Road.  Deployment of the NSPI\/OpenHydro turbine is scheduled for October, 2009 when construction of the onshore electrical facility will also begin. The onshore facility is expected to be connected to the electrical grid by summer 2010. Installation of the subsea cables is planned for late summer of 2010, and this will be combined with or followed shortly by installation of the two remaining turbines, which will be completed by mid-summer, 2011. The demonstration turbines will operate for one to four years, following which the turbines and their gravity bases will be removed.  Emissions and discharges are expected to be similar those associated with other marine and small terrestrial construction projects. Electromagnetic fields and noise associated with the turbines are less well understood and will require additional monitoring. Preliminary information suggests these emissions will have negligible impact due to the limited scale demonstration facility.  Studies undertaken in 2008 to characterise the sea bed included the use of high-resolution seismic reflection systems, sidescan sonar, multibeam bathymetric sonar and photographic surveys. For the most part, the deployment area consists of exposed and scoured volcanic and sedimentary bedrock with course gravel and boulders covering glacial-era muds that may remain between upturned sedimentary ridges. Moving toward shore, thick surficial sediments overlie the bedrock. The cable route has been selected to avoid areas of slump and regions of gravel bedforms.  Currents were measured over the lunar month using bottom mounted instruments three times at three different sites around the deployment area. The mean speed, mean velocity and maximum current speeds with the corresponding directions at specific water depths were measured at each site.  Information on benthic animal and seaweed communities was obtained from seabed video and still camera photography in August and September 2008, as well as from several bottom samples obtained by scallop dredge in August 2008. Four main types of benthic communities are described based on the substrate they inhabit. Benthic communities exhibit moderate diversity and abundance of organisms reflective of communities adapted to the particular environment at the Project site.  The Minas Passage\/Minas Channel supports small commercial fisheries which tend to be fished from nearby. Inner Bay fisheries comprise primarily lobster, herring and soft-shell clams; however, many species in the Outer Bay also move in and out of the Inner Bays, and the Inner Bay may be an important nursery area for many species. Most lobster fishing takes place along the Blomidon, Scots Bay and Parrsboro shores, and is concentrated nearshore although traps are occasionally set in deeper, high current areas. Eleven lobster boats routinely fish in the Minas Channel\/Passage (part of LFA 35) although considerably fewer are known to fish in the Project area.  There are no First Nations reserves in or immediately surrounding the Project area. The Fort Folly First Nation in Dorchester, New Brunswick operates commercial fishing vessels from Parrsboro Harbour. A Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study (MEKS) has been commissioned for completion by August 2009, and is jointly funded by FORCE and the province of Nova Scotia.  The largest and most frequent commercial vessels moving through the Minas Channel\/Passage are exclusively gypsum bulk carriers with a maximum draft of 10 m when fully loaded, sailing at high tide or falling high tide. Gypsum vessels sail through the deepest part of the Minas Passage generally tending to the Cape Split (southern) side. The closest the shipping route approaches the edge of the Demonstration Deployment Area is 1 km.  A scoping exercise was undertaken to identify an appropriate list of Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) upon which to focus the assessment. VECS were established based on a review of the Strategic Environmental Assessment Report and supporting Background Report, formal and informal discussions with provincial\/federal regulatory agencies and government scientific authorities, a review of listed species and species at risk found within the Project area, discussions with stakeholders and First Nation\/Aboriginal groups and the professional judgment of the Proponent\u2019s Study Team. Following this process, the following VECs were retained for detailed analysis.           Marine Benthos    Intertidal Environment          Marine Fish and Water Quality    Terrestrial Species at Risk          Marine Mammals    Recreational and Commercial Fishing          Marine Birds    Archaeological and Heritage Resources          Marine Species at Risk    Tourism and Recreation          Terrestrial Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat             Each of the VECs was evaluated for potential interactions between the VEC and Project activities during all project phases as well as malfunctions or accidents that may occur. These interactions were evaluated for potential significance after application of technically and economically feasible mitigative measures. The cumulative effects of the proposed Demonstration Facility in conjunction with past, present and likely future projects were also evaluated. Environmental monitoring and follow-up measures are proposed and will be undertaken to ensure compliance with applicable regulations, standards and guidelines, to verify environmental effect predictions and refine mitigative measures, as well as to gather important information to further evaluate the potential for environmental effect s for future larger scale tidal energy projects ( i.e., commercialization).  With the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures including development and implementation of a detailed monitoring plan, adverse residual environmental effects of the Project are predicted to be not significant for all VECs. A positive effect is anticipated for recreation and tourism given the potential for an increase in ecotourism.  The Project will contribute to the goals established in the Provinces\u2019 Renewable Energy Standards for the reduction of GHGs and dependence on fossil fuels for generating electricity. In addition, a demonstration project of this nature is required and has been recommended in the Strategic Environmental Assessment and the Background Report to gather valuable and much needed information to fully assess the potential environmental effects of tidal energy and tidal in-stream energy conversion technology as a renewable commercial energy source in the Bay of Fundy.","author":["AECOM"],"organization":["AECOM","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2009-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.405659000000","-64.325887000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 05:38:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AECOM-2009-Minas-EA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3428","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/surface-debris-characterization-mitigation-strategies-their-impact-operation-river","sourceURL":"","title":"Surface Debris Characterization and Mitigation Strategies and Their Impact on the Operation of River Energy Conversion Devices on the Tanana River at Nenana, Alaska","description":"The research debris diversion platform (RDDP) has proven a robust platform for protecting surface-mounted river energy converters (RECs) from floating debris. With funding from the Alaska Energy Authority (AEA), grant ADN #R1416 \u0022Debris Characterization and Mitigation,\u0022 the design of the RDDP, as well as our ability to detect and understand its use with RECs, was significantly improved. In addition, the support of the AEA has enabled the development of new analysis techniques and technologies for describing and quantifying debris and its effect on RECs in Alaska\u2019s environments. Work on this project was divided into tasks as follows: (1) improvements to the RDDP and debris impact characterization, (2) the hydrodynamic impact of the RDDP, (3) video observations of debris, and (4) sonar debris monitoring. Though beyond the scope of the original project, an existing discrete element method (DEM) model, COUPi, was tested for simulating the interaction of debris with hydrokinetic infrastructure. A description of this DEM work is included here as a fifth task.\n\nTask 1: Improvements to the RDDP and debris impact characterization. Tests and analyses of debris impacts on the RDDP indicate that the platform\u2019s ability to divert and clear debris improves significantly when all surfaces that come into contact with debris are covered with low-friction material, such as high-density plastic. The RDDP profile in the water is improved by properly ballasting the platform to counterbalance the downward drag at the front of the RDDP caused by water displaced under the debris sweep. The RDDP and mooring buoy system demonstrated the capability of withstanding significant debris impact during long-term deployments. In August 2013, the RDDP cleared debris after three large-scale impacts of up to 29 kN (6,600 lbf), with some debris taking more than 6 hours to clear. Interpretation of load cell data indicates that the debris impacting the infrastructure in the Tanana River likely consists of a mix of single and multiple debris objects. The RDDP will be redeployed during summer 2015 to protect two RECs: in July, the Oceana turbine operating behind the RDDP, and in August, a 5 kW NewEnergy turbine operated by the University of Alaska Fairbanks as part of the ALFA project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE).\n\nTask 2: Hydrodynamic impact of the RDDP. A method for analyzing cross-river acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) transects was developed to (1) maximize information derived from such standard, widely used ADCP measurements, and (2) enable the analysis of large-scale turbulence to determine its effects on REC performance. River velocity measurements performed during summer 2013 at the Tanana River test site (TRTS) were rotated into along- and cross-stream directions and projected onto an ideal straight transect. An optimal interpolation procedure was applied by means of MATLAB routines developed for the project that allowed interpolation of irregularly spaced measurements onto an equally spaced grid. From these gridded transects, averages and deviations from the average were calculated to characterize turbulence velocity fluctuations. The gridding analysis showed very little influence on the mean flow field (or on the vorticity) due to the presence of the RDDP, though questions about smaller-scale turbulence remain and measurement and analysis techniques need improvement. A short series of ADCP and acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) measurements were made on the last day of the 2014 Oceana turbine deployment to determine the influence of the RDDP on REC performance. These measurements demonstrated that power output behind the RDDP is reduced and that the influence of the RDDP decreases with increasing distance from it. As no statistically significant difference was found between the mean velocity at hub height at three distances behind the RDDP, we concluded that the reduction in power output is most likely due to the effect of the RDDP on small-scale turbulence.\n\nTask 3: Video observations of debris. Significant improvements were made to the video debris observation system (VDOS). The VDOS is now able to record images of the river and floating debris at one frame per second, both from shore and from the RDDP. The imagery is then used to determine the size, location, and amount of surface debris in the river and to observe the interaction between debris and the RDDP. The VDOS was first built and tested in a breadboard configuration (i.e., a lab setting), and subsequently, a long-term performance test at the TRTS was completed in conjunction with the Oceana turbine deployment. Presently, the VDOS is capable of long-term autonomous operation and thus is a suitable tool for use in remote locations where hydrokinetic projects are being considered.\n\nTask 4: Sonar debris monitoring. The preliminary investigation of whether a BlueView sonar \u201ccamera\u201d is suitable for detecting debris was largely unsuccessful because we were unable to obtain long-term observations with the system. In 2013, BlueView\u2019s operating software continually \u201chung up\u201d during multiple daylong deployments. Additionally, it was determined that the AHERC BlueView system is unable to detect debris beyond ~15 m due to signal scattering by the sediment carried in the Tanana River. Discussions with Teleydyne BlueView indicate that the company has a lower-frequency (450 kHz) sonar that may perform better in this heavily silted river than higher-frequency sonars, such as the one AHERC currently possesses. Teledyne BlueView indicated an interest in working with AHERC to solve the resolution and software reliability issues. The most recent versions of the Teledyne BlueView operating software appear to address past reliability issues, though these remain to be field tested. A split-beam sonar owned by the University of Alaska Fairbanks, deployed in September 2014for fisheries monitoring in support of the Oceana turbine, repeatedly operated for periods of up to a full day unattended using only a small Honda generator as a power source. With funding from the U.S. DOE, a power and data system has since been developed for long-term operation of the BlueView and split-beam sonar systems.\n\nTask 5: COUPi DEM modeling. In addition to the four tasks that comprise the core of the project, the capability and techniques for simulating debris interactions with hydrokinetic infrastructure such as the RDDP were developed as a complement to the four core tasks. The COUPi DEM was used for simulating the impact of debris on the RDDP to provide a qualitative way of examining the process of debris interaction with the platform and its debris sweep. Simulations indicate that the ability of the RDDP to clear debris is influenced by the shape of the debris object and the contact friction between debris and the platform. With funding from the U.S. DOE ALFA project, the COUPi DEM simulations will be improved by adding more realistic buoyancy effects and RDDP features, including a rotating debris sweep and a variable opening angle between the platform\u2019s pontoons.\n\nOverall, the RDDP and buoy system, developed as part of prior work directed by Alaska Power and Telephone and refined under this project, has proven a strong platform for protecting surface-mounted RECs from floating debris. Despite progress, however, many questions about subsurface debris remain, including its potential to disrupt subsurface RECs. The question of how best to bring hydrokinetic power to shore in debris-infested river waters remains largely unexplored. While we have made substantial progress in maximizing the utility of ADCPs for making hydrodynamic measurements relevant to REC installations, shortcomings in the current generation of ADV mounts require a greater investment of time so that smaller-scale turbulence and its effect on REC power output can be better understood. While the RDDP\/buoy\/pontoon barge protection scheme, developed partly with funding from the AEA, has proven successful, cost-effective installations of RECs in remote communities will require refinements in REC+debris protection systems to achieve affordable and practical implementations. The tools developed during this study are a step forward in our ability to evaluate any future hydrokinetic projects, both within and outside Alaska. As additional steps are taken toward employing hydrokinetic energy systems in Alaska\u2019s waterways, we must consider the effects of any new hydrokinetic infrastructure on habitat, including that of the state\u2019s fisheries.\n\nFinally, given the short open-water season in Alaska, the economics of hydrokinetic energy must be determined, including a realistic projection of the levelized cost of energy for hydrokinetic energy systems. Remaining issues require systematic development of new platforms (e.g., improved ADV mounts or simpler, lighter, and stronger debris-mitigation schemes integral to REC systems) and techniques (e.g., improved understanding of the limits of sonar for fisheries monitoring in turbid rivers that carry large amounts of woody debris). Such efforts require continuing cooperation between state and federal agencies, the university, and the private sector.","author":["Johnson, J.","Kasper, J.","Schmid, J.","Duvoy, P.","Kulchitsky, A.","Mueller-Stoffels, M.","Konefal, N.","Seitz, A."],"organization":["Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP)","University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2015-06-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["64.586307200000","-149.127255000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Johnson-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3429","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scoping-study-review-current-knowledge-underwater-noise-emissions-wave-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/263230264\/download","title":"Scoping Study: Review of Current Knowledge of Underwater Noise Emissions from Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices","description":"This report describes a scoping study commissioned by The Crown Estate with the aim of reviewing the current knowledge of underwater noise emissions from wave and tidal stream energy devices. This consisted of a review of existing data assembled from the public domain, as well as from commercial measurements (often commissioned by developers); a review of measurement methodologies; and a discussion of knowledge gaps and recommendations for a consistent approach. Designs of wave and tidal stream devices currently under development have a range of associated noise spectra, and this study was aimed at reviewing the existing noise data, drawing conclusions about its use in assessing the impact on marine receptors, and making recommendations for future work. As such, whilst drawing broad conclusions about the likely potential impact, the study focused on acoustics rather than biological questions related to impacts on specific species.\n\nA total of 29 relevant studies were identified worldwide, 17 of which made statements of absolute levels of radiated noise in either the operational or construction phase of development (or both). Because of the commercial nature of some of these data, it has not been possible to cite all of these results explicitly in this review. However, even where the data has some commercial sensitivity, it has been possible in most cases to describe the findings and acknowledge the existence of the work. This means that the contents of such commercial reports may be used to inform the generic conclusions of this review even though the specific noise data are not revealed here.\n\nWith regard to the available data from the UK, the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) developers were approached for information for this review. In addition, both Marine Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage have supplied information. As part of the study, the authors also consulted extensively with staff of the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), where a number of the noise data sets described here originate. The authors are also grateful for invaluable discussions with Dr Ben Wilson of Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS). A number of reports describing absolute measurements were available from non-UK sources, and these were also incorporated into the review.\n\nFrom the review of the existing data, it is possible to make the following observations:\nThere was a lack of a common approach to measurement by different researchers, with a range of methodologies applied;\nThe data were rarely reported in a common manner using similar metrics, making it difficult to compare the noise data for different devices, and accurate data for Source Levels were rarely provided;\nThe harsh environments (fast tidal flow, strong wave action, etc.) pose severe problems for accurate measurements, motivating the need to explore novel measurement techniques.\n\nThere are relatively few high quality data sets describing the noise radiated by wave and tidal stream energy devices. Without accurate data for the Source Levels of wave and tidal stream devices, it is very difficult to make definitive statements about the likely impact of the radiated noise, for example in terms of zones within which specific exposure criteria are likely to be exceeded. However, it is possible to examine how the radiated noise levels reported compare to other noise sources, and thereby give a general indication of the potential for impact on receptors. In a number of studies reviewed, the operational noise (and sometimes the noise of drilling during construction) is likened to that of a modest sized vessel. This is probably a good analogy to choose, though the operational noise levels quoted in some of the studies are actually lower than the values quoted for other activities such as the transiting of a modest sized vessel, or marine aggregate extraction. It should be noted that marine percussive piling (a high energy, low frequency impulsive source of underwater sound) was not used during construction for any of the studies reviewed here.\n\nIn general, background noise levels at sites of wave and tidal stream energy described in the reports are typically at higher levels than classic \u2018deep water\u2019 noise curves. The development sites appear to be naturally noisier than deeper water sites. This is due to a variety of reasons including additional local sources of noise in the vicinity, severe wave action, local (rather than distant) shipping, sediment transport, etc. The high levels of background noise present will mean that devices with relatively low operational noise output may not be audible to marine receptors even at surprisingly short ranges. This is borne out by some of the reported findings from operational noise surveys where, on some occasions, the received level from the device was below the background noise level once the measuring hydrophone was more than few hundred metres from the device.\n\nThe noise radiated during operation is likely to be strongly correlated with the background noise level, since both (at least to a degree) depend on environmental conditions. An example would be wave energy converter systems as they become more energetic in higher sea states, and where the increased surface agitation (creating surf, wind and wave related noise) would also lead to a commensurate increase in background noise levels. Similarly, for tidal stream devices, the acoustic output levels are likely to depend on revolution speed and operational mode, this being related to the tidal flow. Conditions of high tidal flow will cause increased background noise levels due to increased turbulence and sediment agitation. Currently, there is not a good understanding of the potential influence of the changes in radiated noise relative to background noise on the risk of impact. In particular, the relative signal-to-noise ratio (the amplitude of the radiated noise level compared to the background noise) will influence perception capability, and therefore the collision risk.\n\nFrom the data that were reported in the studies reviewed here, it is possible to draw some conclusions with regard to the likely impact of the radiated noise from wave and tidal stream developments:\nThe radiated noise during operation of wave and tidal stream devices is not at a level likely to cause injury to the hearing of marine receptors, even at relatively close range;\nSimilarly, the radiated noise during the construction phase of wave and tidal stream devices, though sometimes of greater amplitude than during operation, is also unlikely to cause injury to the hearing of marine receptors;\nRadiated noise during operation and construction is unlikely to cause significant behavioural effects at long ranges from the site development site;\nAccurate data for radiated noise from wave and tidal stream energy devices is important for assessing behavioural response in the vicinity of individual devices and for scaling up to large scale commercial arrays;\nThere is currently not a good understanding of the potential influence of the changes in radiated noise relative to background noise on the risk of impact on a range of receptors. In particular, the relative signal-to-noise ratio will influence perception capability, and therefore the collision risk.\n\nFrom the review, it has been possible to indicate current knowledge gaps and key areas of uncertainty. These include:\nOperational noise source characteristics (acoustic and vibrational) of new and emerging technologies under different operating conditions and modes;\nRelative importance of device noise relative to background noise, particularly in terms of behavioural response;\nUnknown behavioural response of marine receptors to \u2018novel\u2019 acoustic signatures provided by these emerging technologies both in terms of individual devices and large scale array development.\n\nRecommendations\n\nFinally, as part of the review, a prioritised list of recommendations has been identified. These provide a program of noise measurements that could reasonably be undertaken to inform future applications for regulatory approval for the deployment of wave and tidal stream energy devices. Where relevant, a description has been given of the likely routes to future standardisation of methodologies for noise measurement.\n\nThe main theme of the recommendations is that the approaches adopted should be proportional to the perceived risk, should aim to fill in key knowledge gaps, and should aim at the most cost effective solution. The prioritised recommendations are:\nStrategic coordinated approach A strategic coordinated approach should be adopted in devising a measurement programme for the radiated noise during installation and operation (including different operational modes, start up, full capacity, etc.) of wave and tidal stream energy devices. This will lead to cost savings in the long-run, will avoid duplication, and allow comparison of data across projects. This would best be achieved if the noise measurement programme were coordinated by a central facilitating organisation, where best measurement practice could be adopted and testing could take place at well-characterised sites (where the acoustic environment is well understood).\nType-testing in combination with modelling For operational noise assessment, consideration should be given to \u201ctype-testing\u201d in combination with the use of theoretical modelling where appropriate. Type-testing would be an activity that takes place once at the design testing stage in order to accurately determine the acoustic Source Level and characterise the operational acoustic signature of the machine in differing environmental conditions. The measured data could then be used to validate theoretical models of the noise generation mechanisms, where these are available. Further acoustic measurement would then be required only if significant changes are made to the design, or in order to validate extensions to theoretical models (for example for scaling up to an array). On-going monitoring at each development site would not then be required. However, it is recognised that there are many different designs, particularly of wave energy devices, and each separate design may require initial assessment. With regard to construction, if specific construction activities are likely to cause concern (for example, if marine percussive impact piling is used), then a noise monitoring program may be required during the construction phase.\nStandard measurement methodologies Standardised measurement methodologies are needed to accurately derive an acoustic Source Level independent of the acoustic environment for use in predictive models, and to facilitate comparison between different sources measured in different locations. In the first instance, it would be beneficial if generic guidance were provided for making acoustic measurements in the marine environment. It should be possible to reach consensus among expert acousticians on the appropriate metrics to use to describe the acoustic fields, and on the basics of good measurement practice, including uncertainty estimates. There have already been some initiatives in this area, for example those begun by The Crown Estate and Marine Scotland. Secondly, agreed measurement methodologies must be developed for each wave or tidal stream device type. With the technical difficulties posed by the different design of device and the harsh environments, compromises may have to be made, but it should be possible to harmonise the approaches and converge on a common methodology. In the medium to long-term, standards will be provided by international standards committees such as ISO TC43 SC3 and IEC TC114, and the any work begun in the UK must be cognisant of these developments, and ideally the UK work should feed into the development of new standards.\nValidated modelling capability Modelling of energy devices, for example using finite element techniques, holds considerable promise and should be encouraged in order to gain a better physical understanding of the radiation mechanisms and contributions of different components of the devices. This approach also allows consideration of future variants or design options before construction and installation. Ultimately these models need to be validated by comparison with empirical data. Close collaboration, (data sharing, analysis feedback, etc.) between device developer engineers, modellers and acoustic measurement teams should be encouraged to quantify acoustic characteristics of new systems under development.\nImproved measurement technology Recent developments in acoustic technology have greatly increased the capability for measurement of ocean noise, and encouragement should be provided for new technology developments that address the specific difficulties encountered when making measurements of wave and tidal stream energy devices. Examples of further developments of measurement tools are long-term acoustic data loggers, drifting systems, and static systems designed to mitigate flow noise. The noise measurement technology should ideally be cost effective, robust, simple to install, and scalable to array sizes. The protocols developed under item (3) should not be so constraining that they stifle creativity and innovation \u2013 for example the use of new technologies and instruments.\nBackground noise assessment Background noise at specific sites\/locations should be measured by longer-term deployments using new autonomous recorders of sufficient acoustic performance. This could be limited to representative sites that could be used as a proxy for other sites (rather than every development site needing to measure background noise over the long-term). There is also need to consider array-scale spatial variations in ambient sound particularly in tidal areas. Where measurements are undertaken, they should cover the range of environmental conditions likely to be experienced (to match the different operational modes investigated during the radiated noise measurements).\nAcoustic data exchange Although commercial sensitivities may occasionally militate against it, regulators should encourage developers to share data and collaborate where possible allowing greater coordination across the industry as new devices and sites are developed. Where possible within commercial restraints, data collected to meet licence conditions should be made available in the public domain to allow developers and researchers to learn from existing work establishing an industry wide pool of data. Any publically-funded research programme should as a matter of course mandate that any data acquired be made public.\nAcoustic near-field measurements Where feasible, measurements should be encouraged to include the acoustic near-field of the energy device as well as the far-field. Ideally, these should include measurements of the particle velocity and seabed vibration, since some species show sensitivity to motion rather than sound pressure. However, it is recognised that the technology to undertake such measurements, and the knowledge of appropriate exposure criteria, is immature. In the future, developments in the technology may make such measurements viable, and progress with biological research may enable suitable exposure criteria to be developed.","author":["Robinson, S.","Lepper, P."],"organization":["Loughborough University","National Physical Laboratory (NPL)","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.742326000000","-3.108822000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Crown-Estate-2013-Underwater-Noise-Emissions.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3430","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annex-summary-operational-underwater-noise-wave-energy-converter-system-emec-wave","sourceURL":"","title":"Annex A: Summary of Operational Underwater Noise from a Wave Energy Converter System at the EMEC Wave Energy Test Site May 2011: Comparison of Pelamis System Operational and Baseline Noise Measurements","description":"An operational noise assessment was conducted on the Pelamis P2 system at the Billia Croo EMEC wave energy site in May 2011 by a consortium of Loughborough University, Chickerell BioAcoustics, the National Physical Laboratory and SMRU Ltd. The work is part of a contract from the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), Orkney, Scotland to develop an underwater noise measurement methodology for use at the EMEC wave energy test centre. As such the consortium above had developed a provisional measurement methodology based on data from a baseline noise survey (July 2010) [EMEC, 2011a] and review of related materials including previous acoustic work conducted on wave energy systems, likely biological receptors and measurement standards from other industries [EMEC, 2011b]. Trials were then conducted on a Pelamis P2 system in May 2011 with the aim of validating the proposed methodology, these data being used to update and revise the methodology based on lessons learnt [EMEC, 2011c].  In conducting the validation trials a detailed acoustic survey of the Pelamis P2 system was carried out. The aim of this document is to provide a summary of data collected and analyses carried out. Data collected includes long term acoustic data from autonomous recorder units placed on the seabed, wideband boat based drift deployments, CTD casts and analysis of device positional data, weather and oceanographical data.  The full report can be found here.","author":["Lepper, P.","Harland, E.","Robinson, S.","Theobald, P.","Hastie, G.","Quick, N."],"organization":["Loughborough University","National Physical Laboratory (NPL)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:01:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Billia-Croo-Acoustic-Characterisation-Final-Report-ANNEX-A.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3431","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-noise-measurement-methodology-billia-croo-wave-energy-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=66","title":"Acoustic Noise Measurement Methodology for the Billia Croo Wave Energy Test Site","description":"In 2010 the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) received research funding from the Scottish Government to investigate the acoustic output from wave energy devices operating in a high energy wave climate. This research will facilitate future studies into the effects of the acoustic output of wave energy converter devices on cetaceans, sea mammals and seabirds.  The project involved assessment of available techniques and development of a methodology appropriate to EMEC\u2019s Billia Croo wave test site to enable acoustic data collection and analysis, and subsequent use of the methodology to collect data from which an acoustic baseline description of the test site can be formed. The production of this acoustic characterisation of the Billia Croo test site will permit future comparison with data collected by developers testing devices at the EMEC wave test site using the same methodology and equipment.  This document forms the final report to the Scottish Government and comprises four main sections as detailed below, together with an Annex which describes how the methodology was used to measure the acoustic output from an operational wave energy converter device deployed at the Billia Croo test site. Section 1 provides a review of relevant background data, while Sections 2-4 provide details of the measurement methodology developed during the study to characterise noise for operational noise assessment of wave energy converter systems.  Annex A can be found here.","author":["Lepper, P.","Robinson, S.","Harland, E.","Theobald, P.","Hastie, G.","Quick, N."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2012-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:01:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Billia_Croo_Acoustic_Characterisation_Final_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3434","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/killer-whale-call-frequency-similar-across-oceans-varies-across-sympatric-ecotypes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/138\/1\/10.1121\/1.4922704","title":"Killer Whale Call Frequency is Similar Across the Oceans, but Varies Across Sympatric Ecotypes","description":"Killer whale populations may differ in genetics, morphology, ecology, and behavior. In the North Pacific, two sympatric populations (\u201cresident\u201d and \u201ctransient\u201d) specialize on different prey (fish and marine mammals) and retain reproductive isolation. In the eastern North Atlantic, whales from the same populations have been observed feeding on both fish and marine mammals. Fish-eating North Pacific \u201cresidents\u201d are more genetically related to eastern North Atlantic killer whales than to sympatric mammal-eating \u201ctransients.\u201d In this paper, a comparison of frequency variables in killer whale calls recorded from four North Pacific resident, two North Pacific transient, and two eastern North Atlantic populations is reported to assess which factors drive the large-scale changes in call structure. Both low-frequency and high-frequency components of North Pacific transient killer whale calls have significantly lower frequencies than those of the North Pacific resident and North Atlantic populations. The difference in frequencies could be related to ecological specialization or to the phylogenetic history of these populations. North Pacific transient killer whales may have genetically inherited predisposition toward lower frequencies that may shape their learned repertoires.","author":["Filatova, O.","Miller, P.","Yurk, H.","Samarra, F.","Hoyt, E.","Ford, J.","Matkin, C.","Barrett-Lennard, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-03 07:52:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3437","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/trends-harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-density-southern-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X15003635","title":"Trends of Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Density in the Southern North Sea","description":"In the southern North Sea, harbour porpoise occurrence increased in recent years after a phase of low abundances during earlier decades. Only very few studies on porpoise presence in the southern German North Sea exist so far. As anthropogenic activities will strongly increase in this part of the North Sea during the next years it is most important to assess population level effects. This study focuses on the analysis of temporal and spatial trends in porpoise density in this area of recent change. Dedicated aerial line-transect distance sampling surveys were conducted in the southern German North Sea between May 2002 and June 2013 to assess porpoise density and distribution. Statistical inferences on porpoise population trends were made using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique. Two approaches were chosen to test for a trend in porpoise density and an additional model focused on the change in density of calves. During 55,820\u00a0km of survey effort 4377 porpoises including 140 calves were recorded. A significant effect of increasing spatial aggregation from the lower density areas in the south-eastern German Bight to hot spot areas in the western parts was detected. For the western part of the study area a significant increase in porpoise density between 2002 and 2013 was detected. Seasons were significantly different with highest porpoise density in spring and successively decreasing densities in summer and autumn. From 2008 onwards high densities were also observed in summer. Calf density increased during the study period and was significantly higher in the west. On the basis of this extensive and unique data set on porpoise occurrence in the southern German North Sea the findings clearly show that especially the south-western German North Sea serves as habitat of increasing importance for porpoises throughout the last decade. Definite reasons still remain unresolved. Changes in prey abundance or less favourable conditions in other areas could be important factors, which may also have caused a southward shift from high density areas in northern waters. On this baseline, further integrative approaches might lead to a sound understanding of the effect of anthropogenic activities on the future development of porpoise populations.","author":["Peschko, V.","Ronnenberg, K.","Siebert, U.","Gilles, A."],"organization":["University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.864386000000","7.171567000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3476","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-4th-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the 4th Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Monday 23rd March  Session 1: Devices and Turbulence  11:10 - Measuring Turbulent Structures in Tidal Channels Anna Young (University of Cambridge) 4  11:35 - Large Eddy Simulations to Represent a Full-scale Tidal Stream Flow and Turbine Umair Ahmed (University of Manchester) 6  12:00 - A Synthetic Turbulence Model for Numerical Simulation of Marine Current Turbine Gr\u00e9gory Pinon (Universit\u00e9 du Havre) 8  Poster Presentations (1)  12:25 - Modelling Hydrodynamic and Morphodynamic Effects at Ramsey Sound David Haverson (University of Edinburgh) 10  12:30 - The Distribution of the Irish Sea Tidal-stream Resource Matt Lewis (Bangor University) 12  12:35 - The Sensitivity of Tidal Resonance in the Bristol Channel Chanshu Gao (University of Oxford) 14  Session 2: Basin Modelling (1)  14:00 - Impacts of In-Stream Tidal Current Turbines on Sediment Dynamics in the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, Canada Ryan Mulligan (Queen\u2019 s University) 16  14:25 - Characterising the Variability of the Tidal-stream Energy Resource over the Northwest European Shelf Seas Peter Robins (Bangor University) 18  14:50 - Wave-Current Interaction in the Bristol Channel and the Implications of a Severn Barrage on Wave Climate Iain Fairley (Swansea University) 20  Poster Presentations (2)  15:15 - Investigation on the Hydrodynamics of the Catamaran Hull of a Floating Tidal Power Generation Device Qing Xiao (University of Strathclyde) 22  15:20 - 3D Extraction of Tidal Energy from a ROMS Model Alice Goward Brown (Bangor University) 24  Session 3: Devices and Arrays  16:00 - Flexible Blades for Tidal Turbines Ignazio Maria Viola (University of Edinburgh) 26  16:25 - A Blade Design Method of the Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine Xiaohang Wang (Harbin Engineering University) 28  16:50 - Power and Thrust Behaviour in a Porous Disc Fence Array Experiment Susannah Cooke (University of Oxford) 30  17:15 - Hydrodynamic and Ecological Impacts of Turbine Structures: Insights from the FLOWBEC Platform Shaun Fraser (University of Aberdeen) 32  Tuesday 24th March  Session 4: Field Scale Turbulence  9:00 - Field Characterisation of Currents and Near Surface Eddies in the Pentland Firth Jonathan Hardwick (University of Exeter) 34  9:25 - Traditional Turbulence Methods and Novel Visualisation Techniques for Coastal Flow Model in Order to Deploy Tidal Stream Turbines Ian Masters (Swansea University) 36  9:50 - Simplified Wake Models for Small Tidal Farms: Reduced Scale Evaluation and Array Loading Study David Sudall (University of Manchester) 38  10:15 - Micrositing and Turbulence Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 40  Session 5: Basin Modelling (2)  11:10 - Intermittency and Predictability of Tidal Stream Power Thomas Adcock (University of Oxford) 42  11:35 - The Importance of Tidal Phasing on Leasing for Tidal Energy Schemes Simon Neill (Bangor University) 44  12:00 - The Effects of Tidal Farms in Estuaries under Extreme Coastal and Fluvial Events Miriam Garcia-Oliva (University of Exeter) 46  Poster Presentations (3)  12:25 - Moving Meshes and Virtual Porpoise Thomas Lake ( Swansea University) 48  12:30 - Analytical Model for Tidal Farm Design with Free-surface Deformation Effect Vikrant Gupta (University of Cambridge) 50  12:35 - Characterising the Tidal Energy Resource of Pembrokeshire Sophie Ward (Bangor University) 52  Session 6: Devices and Control  14:00 - A Numerical Study of Vertical Axis Tidal Turbines\u0027 Performance Improvement by Active Pitch Control Pierre-Luc Delafin (Cranfield University) 54  14:25 - Power Shedding from Stall and Pitch Controlled Tidal Stream Turbines Matt Edmunds (Swansea University) 56  14:50 - Investigation on H-shape Vertical Axis Turbine with Flexible Blade Wendi Liu (University of Strathclyde) 58","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-03-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/4th-Tidal-Energy-Workshop-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3478","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-wave-energy-converter-unlikely-affect-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0132391","title":"Underwater Noise from a Wave Energy Converter Is Unlikely to Affect Marine Mammals","description":"Underwater noise was recorded from the Wavestar wave energy converter; a full-scale hydraulic point absorber, placed on a jack-up rig on the Danish North Sea coast. Noise was recorded 25 m from the converter with an autonomous recording unit (10 Hz to 20 kHz bandwidth). Median sound pressure levels (Leq) in third-octave bands during operation of the converter were 106\u2013109 dB re. 1 \u03bcPa in the range 125\u2013250 Hz, 1\u20132 dB above ambient noise levels (statistically significant). Outside the range 125\u2013250 Hz the noise from the converter was undetectable above the ambient noise. During start and stop of the converter a more powerful tone at 150 Hz (sound pressure level (Leq) 121\u2013125 dB re 1 \u03bcPa) was easily detectable. This tone likely originated from the hydraulic pump which was used to lower the absorbers into the water and lift them out of the water at shutdown. Noise levels from the operating wave converter were so low that they would barely be audible to marine mammals and the likelihood of negative impact from the noise appears minimal. A likely explanation for the low noise emissions is the construction of the converter where all moving parts, except for the absorbers themselves, are placed above water on a jack-up rig. The results may thus not be directly transferable to other wave converter designs but do demonstrate that it is possible to harness wave energy without noise pollution to the marine environment.","author":["Tougaard, J."],"organization":["Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2015-07-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.214026000000","8.665506000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tougaard-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3479","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-control-otec-physical-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/6418013","title":"Assessment and Control of OTEC Physical Environmental Impacts","description":"The focus of studies of OTEC physical environmental impacts is the determination of OTEC-induced modifications, at several scales, to the ocean environment. Predictions of physical modifications and of the transport and mixing of plant effluents are required for broader ecological assessments. Modifications to ocean temperature structure also impact power plant operations, and maintenance of the thermal resource must be accomplished in a manner consistent with environmental considerations. Physical model studies at laboratory scales have provided data on the potential for resource degradation as a function of plant design and receiving water characteristics as well as the pathways and mixing of plant trajectories. Continuing physical model studies explore near-plant effluent behavior further for variations in upper ocean stratification and currents. Predictions of intermediate-field spreading and mixing are necessary to estimate impacts in the far wake of a plant and bear on spacing between plants. Analytical and numerical models for this regime are presently under development. The results of near-plant and intermediate-field effluent behavior provide the input and boundary conditions for models that simulate the large-scale transport of OTEC perturbations. Limited-area and whole-basin numerical models in development will be employed to address such larger-scale modifications. Climatic impacts of OTEC are coupled to these larger-scale ocean modifications, and assessments of climatic impacts are dependent on the results from ocean models. Predictive models, both physical and mathematical, are only as good as the physics and data underpinning them. Physical oceanographic data in potential OTEC site areas are necessary both for characterization of the input parameters for many of the modeling efforts and for evaluation of the model simulations.","author":["Ditmars, J."],"organization":["Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)"],"originationDate":"1978-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3480","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/macrotidal-estuaries-region-collision-between-migratory-marine-animals-tidal-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0024406684710108","title":"Macrotidal Estuaries: A Region of Collision Between Migratory Marine Animals and Tidal Power Development","description":"Macrotidal estuaries of the inner Bay of Fundy are utilized by large numbers of migratory fishes, particularly dogfish, sturgeon, herring, shad, Atlantic salmon and striped bass as well as by other migratory marine animals, many of which have large body sizes (squid, Lamnid sharks, seals and whales). Tagging experiments indicate the fishes originate from stocks derived over the entire North American Atlantic coast from Florida to LaBrador. Population estimates suggest up to 2.0 \u00d7 106 adult American shad (Alosa sapidissima) migrate through an individual embayment each year. These migrations are an integral part of the life history of the respective species and appear to be controlled in part by the near shore movements of ocean currents. In other regions of the world similar macrotidal estuaries exist (Cook Inlet, Alaska; Severn Estuary, U.K.) and they, like the Bay of Fundy, are linked in continuum to the local ocean currents. We propose that marine animals utilize all these regions in a manner similar to the Bay of Fundy estuaries and properly designed surveys will reveal their presence. Fish passage studies utilizing the Annapolis estuary low-head, tidal turbine on the Bay of Fundy have shown that turbine related mortality of 20-80% per passage occurs depending on fish species, fish size and the efficiency of turbine operation. We suggest that introduction of tidal turbines into open ocean current systems will cause widespread impact on marine populations resulting in significant declines in abundance.","author":["Dadswell, M.","Rulifson, R."],"organization":["Acadia University","East Carolina University"],"originationDate":"1994-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.239471000000","-65.260770000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3484","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-otec-plant-martinique-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.shf-lhb.org\/articles\/lhb\/abs\/2015\/02\/lhb20150020\/lhb20150020.html","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment for an OTEC Plant in Martinique Island","description":"The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a marine renewable energy system that uses the temperature difference between the cold deep waters and warm surface waters to produce electricity. DCNS, a world-expert in naval defence and an innovator in energy has conducted technical, juridical and environmental feasibility studies of a plant offshore Martinique under an agreement with the Regional Council. In this context, DCNS realised a preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment in order to prepare public debate to be done further. Due to innovation of such a project, a specific methodology has been done for that. First step was to study bibliography in details, for site assessment of course, but also for impacts of other projects in the world that should present relevant similarities with OTEC (coastal thermal power plants for example). This bibliographic study dealt with thematic synthesis for each topic of physical, biological and human field that could be impacted by the project (total of 28 topics). The aim was to define priorities for specific assessments that have been done further: acoustic impacts, biogeochemical impacts of artificial upwelling, biofouling impacts, etc. Some of these topics are now on course with specific scientific research programs that have been launched at the end of this study. For each new topic, a specific methodology has been used or adapted for OTEC. These methods are made step by step, with a preliminary approach followed by a specific research program when it is necessary. Noise prediction has been done with a specific tool used for ship construction industry and a 3D propagation modelling. Biofouling has been assessed by a bibliographic approach and will be pr\u00e9cised further with experimental moorings. Biogeochemical and biological impacts due to artificial and localised upwelling are now being studied in details with a double skill approach (physical modelling and plankton analysis), after preliminary water chemicals\u0027 analysis and modelling.","author":["Auvray, C.","Ledoux, S.","Diaz, B.","Yvon, C.","Pouget-Cuvelier, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["14.737356000000","-61.118427000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3486","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hearing-thresholds-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-playbacks-seal-scarer-signals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10750-014-2035-x","title":"Hearing Thresholds of a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for Playbacks of Seal Scarer Signals, and Effects of the Signals on Behavior","description":"Acoustic Mitigation Devices (AMDs) are used to deter marine mammals from construction sites, in order to prevent hearing injury by offshore pile driving noise. To estimate the distance at which two AMDs designed as \u2018seal scarers\u2019 (Ace Aquatec and Lofitech) are detected by harbor porpoises, the 50% hearing detection thresholds for playbacks of recordings of the AMD sounds were assessed. Both became audible at a received broadband sound pressure level (SPL) of 55\u00a0dB re 1 \u03bcPa. The effect of the AMDs on porpoise behavior was quantified at three SPLs determined during a pre-test: one which just did not cause a behavioral change, one which caused a small change in surfacing and swimming pattern, and one which caused the harbor porpoise to swim away from the transducers. The corresponding mean received SPLs in the pool were respectively: Ace Aquatec: 77, 117, and 139\u00a0dB re 1\u00a0\u03bcPa; and: Lofitech: 91, 121, and 151\u00a0dB re 1\u00a0\u03bcPa. As the mean received SPL increased, greater displacement occurred, and higher numbers of surfacings and increased swimming speed occurred in test periods than in associated baseline periods. By combining these results with the source level, the current local propagation conditions and the background noise, the deterring distance at sea for the AMDs can be calculated.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Hoek, L.","Gransier, R.","de Jong, C.","Terhune, J.","Jennings, N."],"organization":["University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.333638000000","5.633563000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3497","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-deep-does-anchor-penetrate-seafloor","sourceURL":"","title":"How Deep does an Anchor Penetrate the Seafloor?","description":"\u201cHow deep does an anchor penetrate the seafloor?\u201d. This question has been explored by a team of scientists and technicians as well as the crews of three involved ships in the German Bight. One HHP AC 14 and one Hall type anchor have been dropped and dragged in a series of 18 trials following an exact specified procedure. The behaviour of the anchor, especially the impact on the seafloor and the maxiumum penetration depth have been documented and surveyed before, during and after the anchor trials. For this different hydroacoustic methods like Sediment Echosounder (SES) and Sonarsystems (MBES, SSS), video-documentation and the measurement of pressure and pulling forces have been implemented.  Motivation for this large scale fieldwork is the shore connection of wind-energy parks by sea cables in the German Bight. The actual regulations prescribe a burial depth of 3m for sea cables in shipping channels. The reason for these increased requirements is the risk potential which is seen by anchor manouvres in emergency cases and disasters. On the other hand the realization of a burial depth of 3m is very ambitious from a technical point of view as well as very cost intensive.  Therefore the approving authority (Generaldirektion Wasserstra\u00dfen und Schifffahrt, GDWS) and the transmission system operator Tennet Offshore GmbH agreed upon this investigations to determine the real penetration depths of anchors into the seafloor. The results of the tests potentially shall support the improvement of the regulations for the burial depth of sea cables in shipping channels.  Next to Tennet the Federal Maritime Hydrographic Agency (BSH) the Dutch research institute Deltares and the Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute (BAW) have been involved in the field work, the documentation and the scientific evaluation of the results.  A news article (in German) associated with the study is available here.","author":["Maushake, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-11-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.450488000000","7.090206000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ifhs_news_no_1_-_christian_maushake.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3503","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-propagation-underwater-acoustic-signals-marine-energy-device-using-finite","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icrepq.com\/icrepq%2714\/246.14-Oshoke.pdf","title":"Modelling the Propagation of Underwater Acoustic Signals of a Marine Energy Device Using Finite Element Method","description":"Today a large number of marine based energy devices are been deployed rapidly across coastal areas of the world\u2019s oceans to harness the huge natural energy and power potential provided by nature. These devices produce sound signals at high sound pressure levels across a wide range of frequencies that could be detrimental to the health and livelihood of marine animals.  This paper proposes a computer model that simulates the emission of acoustic signals produced by a wave energy device. It analyses these signals with the aid of the audiogram of marine mammals, in this case the Harbour seal. This enables us to estimate the levels of acoustic noise experienced by marine mammals due to the presence of ocean deployed devices.  Propagation of the acoustic signals underwater was modelled with boundary conditions using the finite element method. These include the bathymetry (features of underwater terrain) of the deployment site and properties of the propagation media. The type of spreading of the acoustic signals, and their interaction with the bottom surface interface of the acoustic environment was also taken into consideration. The effect of the bottom surface of the acoustic medium was seen to affect the sound pressure level (SPL) values as the sound receiver moves away from the source.","author":["Ikpekha, O.","Soberon, F.","Daniels, S."],"organization":["Dublin City University"],"originationDate":"2014-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3524","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-performance-analysis-acoustic-doppler-velocity-profilers-wake-axial-flow","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166915000211","title":"Numerical Performance Analysis of Acoustic Doppler Velocity Profilers in the Wake of an Axial-Flow Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine","description":"The use of acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) for the characterization of flow conditions in the vicinity of both experimental and full scale marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines is becoming increasingly prevalent. The computation of a three dimensional velocity measurement from divergent acoustic beams requires the assumption that the flow conditions are homogeneous among all beams at a particular axial distance from the instrument.\n\nIn the near wake of MHK devices, the mean fluid motion is observed to be highly spatially variable as a result of torque generation and energy extraction. We examine the performance of ADCP measurements through modeling of a virtual ADCP (VADCP) instrument in the wake of an MHK turbine resolved using unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is achieved by sampling the CFD velocity field at equivalent locations to the sample bins of an ADCP, and performing the coordinate transformation from beam coordinates to instrument coordinates, and finally to global coordinates.\n\nThe stream-wise velocity deficit and tangential swirl velocity caused by the moving rotor lead to significant misrepresentation of the true flow velocity profiles by the VADCP. The most significant errors were observed in the transverse (cross-flow) velocity direction, with a relative error of 17% of the incident velocity. The relative RMS error over the rotor plane was calculate to be less than 2% of the incident velocity by a distance of x\/D\u2a7e2,x\/D\u2a7e1x\/D\u2a7e2,x\/D\u2a7e1 and x\/D\u2a7e6x\/D\u2a7e6 for the stream-wise, transverse and vertical directions, respectively. For the default instrument orientation, A maximum error in the V-velocity occurs when the instrument is located directly behind the turbine, and a maximum W \u00a0-velocity error is found at a lateral offset y\/D=0.20y\/D=0.20. For an instrument directly behind the MHK device, the maximum error in the U-velocity and V \u00a0-velocity occurs at a yaw angle of \u03d5\u224830\u00b0\u03d5\u224830\u00b0 and \u03d5\u224860\u00b0\u03d5\u224860\u00b0.","author":["Richmond, M.","Harding, S.","Romero-Gomez, P."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3525","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mr3-methods-tracking-fine-scale-movements-marine-mammals-around-marine-tidal-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/files\/2015\/10\/MR3_Fine_scale.pdf","title":"MR3 Methods for Tracking Fine Scale Movements of Marine Mammals around Marine Tidal Devices","description":"1. The Scottish Government has the duty to ensure that the development of offshore renewable sectors is achieved in a sustainable manner in the seas around Scotland. There is a need to evaluate potential interactions between offshore renewables and marine wildlife as a matter of priority. One such potential interaction is the effect of underwater turbine generators on marine mammals. This report considers the possible technological methods for tracking fine scale underwater movements of marine mammals around marine tidal devices. Since this is a dynamic field the Report will be updated annually.  2. We define the target specification for interaction data as follows: a range of 100m of the turbine which have a temporal resolution of 1s and a spatial precision of 1m.  3. These data requirements place a heavy demand on existing technology. However, we identify three generic methodologies that show potential: Animal-borne telemetry devices (tags), Passive sonar arrays to track animals that vocalise or that carry acoustic pingers, and Active sonar systems, the underwater equivalent of radar. 4. Animal-borne telemetry devices. These electronic \u2018tags\u2019 are attached to locally captured animals (acoustic pinger tags are discussed below). Capturing cetacea is not currently feasible and so this technique is limited to seals. The difficulty in recapturing individual tagged UK grey and harbours seals (within the six month attachment period) means that those type of tag which rely on retrieval for downloading data are not an option. The best option is a tag that relays surface GPS locations and detailed dive depth profiles through the mobile phone system (the GPS\/GSM tag). GSM coverage is sufficient for most tidal devices areas. It is technically possible to incorporate dead reckoning (DR) so that the 3-D underwater track can be accurately generated in between surface GPS locations. The drawback is that water current data are required for this calculation at a level of detail that is not currently feasible.  5. Passive acoustic detection (PAM). PAM is essentially an array of hydrophones that can detect (to species level) and track vocalising animals (primarily toothed whales \u2013 especially porpoises and dolphins). A static array of hydrophones around a turbine should be capable of achieving the required level of precision. It is an unsatisfactory system for baleen whales that vocalise unpredictably. Whilst seals also do not regularly vocalise, they could be captured and fitted with individually coded acoustic \u2018pinger\u2019 tags. They would thus be capable of being tracked by a PAM system.  6. Active Sonar. Active sonar is akin to underwater acoustic radar. It has been proven to detect and track marine mammals in the vicinity of underwater turbines at sufficient spatial and temporal scales. It is good at detecting both seals and cetacea and viewing the raw data usually allows distinction between a seal and an odontocete. However we recommend that active sonar is used in conjunction with a PAM system, whereby the species (or individual, if acoustically tagged seals are used) discrimination is greatly improved. Active sonar is the only technology that will detect and track baleen whales.  7. To balance the strengths and weakness of the above technologies we suggest that the following generic configuration represents the best probability of achieving the overall objective: Establish a static PAM array around one or more turbine to track vocalising odontocetes. Tag local seals (c. 20+) with acoustic pingers so that they can also be detected and tracked by the PAM array. Establish one or more active sonars on the turbine to detect and track all marine mammal species (including baleen whales). Generic discussions with engineers indicate that such an approach is feasible. However site-specific discussions have yet to take place.  8. Detection of a turbine blade actually striking a marine mammal is essential to interpret the consequences of fine scale movement. However none of the tracking technologies is likely to provide data sufficient to confidently discriminate an actual marine mammal strike from a near miss. Although high risk, we suggest that the feasibility of two possible approaches be explored. First, the physical detection of a strike using stress sensors built into the turbine blades. Second, the development of an underwater video surveillance system.  9. In Appendix II we illustrate our technological approach with a case study scenario at the proposed Sound of Islay turbine array","author":["McConnell, B.","Gillespie, D.","Hastie, J.","Johnson, M.","Macaulay, J."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:23:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McConnell-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3526","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-environmental-mapping-monitoring-methodological-approach-optimise-knowledge","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X15002477","title":"Integrated Environmental Mapping and Monitoring, a Methodological Approach to Optimise Knowledge Gathering and Sampling Strategy","description":"New technology has led to new opportunities for a holistic environmental monitoring approach adjusted to purpose and object of interest. The proposed integrated environmental mapping and monitoring (IEMM) concept, presented in this paper, describes the different steps in such a system from mission of survey to selection of parameters, sensors, sensor platforms, data collection, data storage, analysis and to data interpretation for reliable decision making. The system is generic; it can be used by authorities, industry and academia and is useful for planning- and operational phases. In the planning process the systematic approach is also ideal to identify areas with gap of knowledge. The critical stages of the concept is discussed and exemplified by two case studies, one environmental mapping and one monitoring case. As an operational system, the IEMM concept can contribute to an optimised integrated environmental mapping and monitoring for knowledge generation as basis for decision making.","author":["Nilssen, I.","\u00d8deg\u00e5rd, \u00d8.","S\u00f8rensen, A.","Johnsen, G.","Moline, M.","Berge, J."],"organization":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)","University of Delaware"],"originationDate":"2015-07-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3529","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-environmental-interactions-baseline-assessments-seabirds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8002-5_8","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf","description":"The wave climate along the west coast of North America presents great opportunities for the development of offshore renewable energy, yet initial assessments of the potential ecological effects of wave energy development have only just started. An enhanced regional understanding of the biological resources in the area is needed, and a key information gap is the distribution of both physical substrata and important biological communities. An initial renewable energy project targeted for Oregon is a mobile Ocean Test Facility developed by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC), led by Oregon State University (OSU), for testing wave energy converters. In addition, a number of wave and wind energy projects have been proposed for the Pacific Northwest of the US. In this chapter, an overview of the oceanographic characteristics of the region is presented, summarizing some of the interactions of concern, and highlighting baseline research projects focused on seabirds, marine mammals and benthic ecology in preparation for siting and deploying the NNMREC Ocean Test Facility and offshore renewable structures generally in the region.  This is a chapter from Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions.","author":["Henkel, S.","Suryan, R.","Lagerquist, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.637889000000","-124.648547000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:49:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3530","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pmec-tanana-river-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acep.uaf.edu\/media\/107900\/2014_10_24_trts.pdf","title":"PMEC: Tanana River Test Site","description":"Permitted Site for Hydrokinetic Research and Testing in Natural Alaskan River Conditions:    Complete site characterization     Hydrodynamic measurement \u0026amp; modeling       Discharge, velocity, sediment, turbulence         Endemic fish species   Debris(size, type, frequency, location)      Technology development and testing     Debris modeling and mitigation   River energy converter testing       Fish interaction monitoring         Infrastructure anchoring, deployment and operations in remote communities with islanded grids","author":["Kasper, J.","Johnson, J.","Schmid, J.","Duvoy, P.","Seitz, A.","Kulchitsky, A.","Konefal, N."],"organization":["University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2014_10_24_trts.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3531","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-tanana-river-nenana-alaska-determine-important-factors-affecting-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation\u0026hl=en\u0026user=xlO5NI4AAAAJ\u0026citation_for_view=xlO5NI4AAAAJ:ufrVoPGSRksC","title":"Characterization of the Tanana River at Nenana, Alaska,  to Determine the Important Factors Affecting Site Selection,  Deployment, and Operation of Hydrokinetic Devices to Generate Power","description":"The Tanana River hydrokinetic characterization study started in 2009, when little was known about how river environments in Alaska would affect hydrokinetic power generating devices or how those devices might affect the state\u2019s river environments. Few hydrokinetic devices were beyond the concept\/design stage, and a first attempt at demonstrating a hydrokinetic device at Ruby, Alaska, had just concluded. The primary focus of previous paper studies of hydrokinetic power generation in Alaska involved determining the locations of highest average river currents and hydrokinetic power densities without regard to other aspects of river environments. This project took a broader approach by examining a range of river conditions that include sediment transport and riverbed conditions, river current velocity and turbulence and their seasonal variation, woody debris, fish stocks, and wintertime flow. As the project progressed, it became apparent that many of the river environmental factors identified in our study had the potential to significantly affect the deployment and operation of hydrokinetic power generating devices. For example, both the Ruby demonstration project and another demonstration at Eagle, Alaska, were ended due to problems with debris. To adequately characterize the most important river environmental factors, it was necessary to go beyond the project\u2019s original scope of work to include river hydrodynamic modeling, more extensive fisheries measurements, and an expanded study of woody debris and its mitigation. The results from this expanded scope of work provide a solid basis for moving to the next stage of hydrokinetic technology development and testing needed for successful long-term deployment and operation of hydrokinetic devices in Alaska rivers.","author":["Johnson, J.","Toniolo, H.","Seitz, A.","Schmid, J.","Duvoy, P."],"organization":["Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP)"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["64.560454000000","-149.061206000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Characterization_of_the_Tanana_River.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3532","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecology-fishes-high-latitude-turbid-river-implications-impacts-hydrokinetic-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs11160-011-9200-3","title":"Ecology of Fishes in a High-Latitude, Turbid River with Implications for the Impacts of Hydrokinetic Devices","description":"Hydrokinetic devices generate electricity by capturing kinetic energy from flowing water as it moves across or through a rotor, without impounding or diverting the water source. The Tanana River in Alaska, a turbid glacial system, has been selected as a pilot location to evaluate the effects of such a device on fish communities that are highly valued by subsistence, sport, and commercial users. The basic ecology and habitat use of fishes in turbid glacial systems are poorly understood; therefore it is necessary to study the species composition of the fish community and the spatial and temporal patterns of mainstem river use by these fishes to evaluate impacts of a hydrokinetic device. In this document, we provide an overview of existing knowledge of fish ecology in the Tanana River and impacts of hydrokinetic devices on fishes in other river systems. Seventeen fish species are known to inhabit the Tanana River and several may utilize the deepest and fastest section of the channel, the probable deployment location for the hydrokinetic device, as a seasonal migration corridor. Previous studies in clearwater river systems indicate that mortality and injury rates from turbine passage are low. However, the results from these studies may not apply to the Tanana River because of its distinctive physical properties. To rectify this shortcoming, a conceptual framework for a comprehensive fish ecology study is recommended to determine the impacts of hydrokinetic devices on fishes in turbid, glacial rivers.","author":["Seitz, A.","Moerlain, K.","Evans, M.","Rosenberger, A."],"organization":["University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3533","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d218-tidal-data-analysis-best-practice","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.18 Tidal Data Analysis Best Practice","description":"This document briefly summarises current recommendations on data analysis best practice for experiments on tidal devices. Since a considerable body of prior art exists, this document indicates source material from which details may be drawn whilst pr\u00e9cising the main concerns.","author":["Grant, A.","McCombes, T.","Johnstone, C."],"organization":["University of Strathclyde","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2012-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grantetal2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3534","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d216-tidal-test-parameter-overview","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.16 Tidal Test Parameter Overview","description":"The experimental performance appraisal of tidal energy devices is a crucial aspect of their design and ensures optimality and confidence in performance. The information obtained during testing is used to secure funding and promote device development. The MaRINET project seeks to make available facilities in Europe for testing tidal (and also wave and wind) devices at small, medium and large scales.\n\nThis report is concerned with aiding in the identification of the appropriate experimental facility for a scale test of a tidal energy converter. To this end, the principal scaling laws are identified in order to identify the potential penalties associated with scale testing, and then the options available in the MaRINET project for tidal testing are collated. Finally, a decision making tool is presented to aid the process of arriving at an appropriate MaRINET facility for a device test.","author":["Germain, G."],"organization":["The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D2.16.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3535","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d27-tidal-measurement-best-practice-manual","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.7 Tidal Measurement Best Practice Manual","description":"This document assembles best practice guidelines to assess flow conditions around tidal turbines during all stages of the design and development process. In progressing through the sequence of technology readiness levels experimental tests are usually performed at increasing scales. Advice is given for small scale experimental tests, up to resource and performance assessment at full scale installation sites. Recommendations comprise the selection of the appropriate test method and scale, design of equipment, data acquisition and analysis.","author":["Elsaesser, B.","Schmitt, P.","Boake, C.","Lidderdale, A.","Lawrence, J.","Salvatore, F.","Germain, G.","Colicchio, G.","Jacob, B."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Italian National Institute for Naval Architecture Studies and Testing (INSEAN)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2013-11-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal-measurement-best-practice-manual.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3536","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d22-collation-tidal-test-options","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.2 Collation of Tidal Test Options","description":"The experimental performance appraisal of tidal energy devices is a crucial aspect of their design and ensures optimality and confidence in performance. The information obtained during testing is used to secure funding and promote device development. The MaRINET project seeks to make available facilities in Europe for testing tidal (and also wave and wind) devices at small, medium and large scales.  This report is concerned with aiding in the identification of the appropriate experimental facility for a scale test of a tidal energy converter. To this end, the principal scaling laws are identified in order to ascertain the potential penalties associated with scale testing, and then the options available in the MaRINET project for tidal testing are collated. Finally, a decision making tool is presented to aid the process of arriving at an appropriate MaRINET facility for a device test.","author":["McCombes, T.","Iyer, A.","Falchi, M.","Els\u00e4\u00dfer, B.","Scheijgrond, P.","Lawrence, J."],"organization":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Stichting Tidal Testing Centre (TTC)","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2012-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McCombesetal2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3537","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d405-non-intrusive-wave-field-measurement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Non-intrusive-wave-field-measurement-Bourdier-Dampney\/e9e2aed78cbc2e1d6665cc34b61625eec2e28737","title":"D4.05 Non-Intrusive Wave Field Measurement","description":"The measurement of the wave climate plays a vital role in many stages of the development of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE). Wave climate measurements are for example needed for resource characterisation for identification of potential sites for commercial developments or for environmental monitoring of MRE sites. Wave measurement is also needed in the development of MRE converters, during testing phases at model scale in a controlled environment up to testing phases at full scale out at sea.  Non-intrusive instrumentation can provide several benefits compared to in-situ instruments. The fact that the instrumentation does not interfere with the wave field to be measured can be an advantage in laboratory experiments where it reduces unwanted disturbances, but also at sea where the instrument does not (or less) suffer from exposure to sea water corrosion, bio-fouling, wave load and damages from human activities.  The Marinet program dedicated a work package (WP4-Research to innovate and improve Infrastructures, technologies and techniques) to improve the facilities, operational techniques and instrumentation at European Infrastructures for Offshore Renewable Energy Research. Within this work package, a task (T4.1.2) was identified to develop innovative non-intrusive methods in order to characterize the water wave conditions, for model scale measurements and full scale. Its aim was to build operational instruments and to produce guidelines about their use in WEC studies.  This document presents and discusses some recent developments in a number of non-intrusive techniques for the measurement of water waves, with particular attention paid to the recent works done by some partner institutions of the Marinet program. Because the spatial and temporal scales required for the study of water wave dynamics are different out at sea from those needed at model scale, the techniques developed do differ. Late developments in non-intrusive techniques for ocean wave field measurement at sea are presented in a first section, while those concerning techniques used in laboratories are presented in a second section.","author":["Bourdier, S.","Dampney, K.","Fernandez, H.","Lopez, G.","Richon, J."],"organization":["Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","Plymouth University","University of Edinburgh","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D4_05_Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3538","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d212-collation-wave-simulation-methods","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/D2.12-Collation-of-Wave-Simulation-Methods-Guillouzouic-Marinet\/eee1ff400afe223ec55fc5334de333dbaf4f0c42","title":"D2.12 Collation of Wave Simulation Methods","description":"This document gives an overview of the existing testing facilities dedicated to wave energy converters (WECs). It first presents the different types of wave makers and wave tanks that are commonly used. It also contains a comparative description of the wave generating methods in terms of accordance with a target wave field. Moreover, a presentation and a quality assessment of absorption methods is carried out. Finally, it focuses on special modifications to operate in wave tanks to test marine energy devices in shallow water.","author":["Guillouzouic, B."],"organization":["Aalborg University","DTU Aqua (National Institute of Aquatic Resources)","Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)","Institute for Technological Research (IPT)","Plymouth University","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","University College Cork","University of Edinburgh","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D2.12.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3539","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d25-ec-report-instrumentation-best-practice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.oceanbestpractices.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11329\/2049\/Tetuetal2013.pdf?sequence=1\u0026isAllowed=y","title":"D2.5 EC Report on Instrumentation Best Practice","description":"The present document deals with the specificity of the instrumentation related to wave energy converters.  The introduction section summarizes the different development phases of wave energy converters and introduces Froude scaling law which emphasizes the requirement for instrumentation at different scaling factors of wave energy converters.  An overview of the different instruments related to wave climate, forces, flow, pressures, motions, torque and current velocity is presented with commonly used instruments to measure those physical quantities.  The principal outcome of this report is a list of the different instrumentation for modelling the power take-off system and for measuring the power harvested from the waves by the wave energy converters for scaled models, which is the biggest challenge when modelling this type of devices.  The report lists best practice as used in several MaRINET partners laboratory facilities.","author":["T\u00eatu, A.","Frigaard, P.","Kofoed, J.","Lopes, M.","Iyer, A.","Bourdier, S.","Marina, D.","Stripling, S.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN)","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Plymouth University","University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tetuetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3540","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d213-collation-model-construction-methods","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.13 Collation of Model Construction Methods","description":"Although wave energy has not yet achieved commercial stage, a very large number of Wave Energy Converters have already been tested at several scales, either in wave flumes, tanks or in sheltered ocean areas or lakes. As a consequence, a number of methods have been developed by the institutions responsible for the test facilities and by the technology developers themselves.  Targeting the completion of a MaRINET standard on the laboratory testing of wave energy converters, this intermediate report is a collation of the testing methods being used nowadays in the industry. This compilation of procedures will allow not only the future standard structure to be developed in the right direction, but also to raise a several issues that are not considered yet in current guidelines for the laboratory testing of WEC.  Questionnaires have been filled by WEC developers and Test facilities in order to compose this report that aims to lead future construction and test of WEC devices. An overall six WEC developers (Atgaris, Perpetuwave Power, Resen Waves, Wavedragon, Wello, and Columbia power) and six Test facilities (Aalborg Universitet, WavEC\/Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Strathclyde University, Tecnalia Research \u0026amp; Innovation Foundation, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, and Ecole Central de Nantes) contributed to this task.  Firstly, this report states the main methods and recommendations typically applied when designing and constructing WEC models. For this target a complete analysis of construction, buoyancy, ballasting, and anti-corrosion materials is carried out. Also an exhaustive scale study is presented, including construction accuracy, specific tests scaling, forces scaling, and other different scales effects.  Criteria typically applied when designing and constructing large WEC models tested outside tank facilities are also exposed. With this objective different areas as anti-fouling and marinisation, hazardous materials, certification and insurance, health and safety, transport, and environmental issues are studied.  As a summary of the collation of a WEC device a number of lessons learned and solutions applied when designing and constructing are presented, going throughout the following matters: design and planning, materials, components, instrumentation, and tests.  Finally, the main factors considered when designing and manufacturing a WEC device are exposed. Those factors considered and based on developers and test facilities previous experience, have been classified due to the large amount of random factors provided. This classification evolves different themes as PTO, scale, cost, survivability, tests and instrumentation, numerical modelling, safety and integrity, and general issues.","author":["Lopes, M.","Candido, J.","Mallen, L."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2012-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D2.13_Collation_of_Model_Construction_Methods.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3541","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d21-wave-instrumentation-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5c28c6517\u0026appId=PPGMS","title":"D2.1 Wave Instrumentation Database","description":"This document provides an introduction to wave measurement techniques and a description of the equipment in use by the MARINET partners.  The initial section gives a short overview of the main wave characteristics, including wave height, period and direction. Also covered in this section is an overview of wave frequency domain, wave direction and spreading, 1D and 2D spectra. Following this is an explanation of how these parameters can be measured to provide a data set that describes the wave climate at the measurement location.  An overview of the equipment options and their basic operating principles is presented for both open-sea and tank based equipment. Commonly used open-sea sensors within the MARINET facilities include wave measuring buoys, acoustic profilers and radar and satellite systems. Tank measurement sensors include both capacitance and conductance probes, optical and video systems, pressure sensors and acoustic point measurement devices. A full catalogue of the sensors used by the partners is summarised in an equipment database.  The principal outcome of this deliverable is a common information source for all MARINET partners to cross reference. This will be of key importance in synchronising the various approaches across Europe and working towards the creation of best practice methodologies for wave measurement.","author":["Lawrence, J.","Holmes, B.","Bryden, I.","Magagna, D.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Rousset, J.","Smith, H.","Paul, M.","Margheritini, L.","Candido, J."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","Plymouth University","University College Cork","University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2012-10-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D2.01_Wave_Instrumentation_Database.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3546","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d214-wave-data-presentation-storage-review","sourceURL":"","title":"D2.14 Wave Data Presentation and Storage Review","description":"The research and testing for wave energy devices generates large amounts of experimental data. Recording, processing, presenting and archiving methods vary among the different MARINET facilities; due to different instrumentation, user requirements and experimental set-up.  This document provides a review of the methodologies for wave data storage and presentation techniques at the different facilities allowing the generation of common protocol or the benchmarking of results and presented in a concise format to facilitate comparison of results in a harmonised way.  The document identifies, through the use of a questionnaire, storage requirements for wave data collected at eleven MARINET facilities, both at laboratory and field scale, and reports the most common ways to represent wave data.  Discrepancies in data storage amongst the different facilities were noted when the data was collected in proprietary format. A wider agreement among the facilities was found in the ways wave data are represented. In both cases stronger agreement could be reached by following suggested guidelines, existing standards and creating wave data standards for the wave energy industry.","author":["Magagna, D.","Conley, D.","Proenca, B.","Greaves, D.","Margheritini, L.","Finn, M.","Lawrence, J.","Lopez, J.","Enciso, Y.","Holmes, B.","Paul, M.","MacNulty, H.","Smith, H.","Ashton, I.","Lopes, M.","Candido, J.","Davey, T.","Bryden, I."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover","Plymouth University","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)","University College Cork","University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D2.14_Wave_Data_Presentation_and_Storage_Review.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3547","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d47-best-practice-report-environmental-monitoring-new-study-techniques","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5ba72b53f\u0026appId=PPGMS","title":"D4.7 Best Practice Report on Environmental Monitoring and New Study Techniques","description":"The need for environmental monitoring at marine renewable energy test centres is driven by legislative and research requirements related to environmental uncertainty surrounding offshore renewable energy developments. Uncertainty over the risks to marine wildlife posed by potential negative effects or impacts of marine renewable energy installations is a key factor which has the potential to limit the development of the marine renewable energy industry. A major problem with addressing this uncertainty is that there is as yet (at the time of writing) no available evidence base from which to estimate the risk of a marine renewable energy converter device having any adverse effects on the environment. A common regulatory approach therefore is to require project developers to develop a comprehensive monitoring plan or strategy which contributes to the evidence base and allows the risks to be better understood.  Work to date has identified priority areas in which further investigation is required in order to improve understanding of how marine renewable energy developments interact with the receiving environment. These priority areas are:    Collision risk  Barriers to movement displacement and\/or habitat exclusion  Noise (acoustic impacts on sensitive species)  Effect of energy extraction on benthic and intertidal ecology  Effect of electro-magnetic fields on sensitive species   Site selection for marine renewable energy test centres being designed for multiple use will identify the range of sensitivities at the site. The requirement and scope for any routine environmental monitoring, as envisaged for the testing of a range of types of devices, can then be established. Early initiation of this monitoring not only provides essential baseline data for the subject of the monitoring, but also establishes datasets that can be used periodically for site-wide analysis for potential impacts. This approach sees early agreement on the site-specific environmental uncertainties AQz, which in turn forms the basis on which individual developers will be required to concentrate their environmental monitoring efforts.  Key to the success of undertaking such monitoring to support a greater understanding of the uncertainties is the ability to gather the required data in a robust manner, to the quality required in order to address the questions being posed. Gathering data to address the environmental uncertainties that apply to the marine energy sector has been hindered by the absence of appropriate technology for use in high energy marine environments. The absence of \u2018best practice\u2019 methods for gathering the necessary data can also lead to inconsistent approaches being used which, whilst facilitating in novation, can tend to limit the usefulness of these early-stage investigations aimed at informing on the knowledge gaps.  Specific tools and techniques, prioritised to address the main areas of concern, need to be developed for the environmental monitoring of marine energy converter devices. This report looks at the need for environmental monitoring at marine renewable energy test centres, describing the key environmental uncertainties surrounding offshore renewable energy developments, and strategies developed to address them. The report also discusses the equipment, protocols, and techniques being developed to facilitate environmental monitoring and being applied at marine renewable energy test centres to help address the environmental uncertainties.  European test centres should adopt a coordinated approach towards environmental monitoring of marine energy converter devices, and work towards development of a platform for sharing knowledge and undertaking collaborative projects. The findings from environmental monitoring at the European test centres should be connected and the pertinent findings summarised in a common location for existing and emerging test centres to utilise. Finally, in order to make the licensing process as streamlined as possible, the appetite amongst national regulators to develop a common approach to the licensing of prototype marine energy converter devices within Europe requires further investigation.","author":["Norris, J.","Cowan, D.","Bristow, C.","Magagna, D.","Giebhardt, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Plymouth University","Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES)","Marine Renewables Infrastructure Network (MARINET)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MARINET-D4.7.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3548","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-passive-acoustic-visual-data-model-spatial-patterns-occurrence-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/72\/2\/651","title":"Integrating Passive Acoustic and Visual Data to Model Spatial Patterns of Occurrence in Coastal Dolphins","description":"Fine-scale information on the occurrence of coastal cetaceans is required to support regulation of offshore energy developments and marine spatial planning. In particular, the EU Habitats Directive requires an understanding of the extent to which animals from Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) use adjacent waters, where survey effort is often sparse. Designing survey regimes that can be used to support these assessments is especially challenging because visual sightings are expected to be rare in peripheral parts of a population\u0027s range. Consequently, even intensive visual line-transect surveys can result in few encounters. Static passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) provides new opportunities to extend survey effort by using echolocation click detections to quantify levels of occurrence of coastal dolphins, but this does not provide information on species identity. In NE Scotland, assessments of proposed offshore energy developments required information on spatial patterns of occurrence of bottlenose dolphins in waters in and next to the Moray Firth SAC. Here, we illustrate how this can be achieved by integrating data from broad-scale PAM arrays with presence-only data from visual surveys. Generalized estimating equations were used with PAM data to model the occurrence of dolphins in relation to depth, distance to coast, slope, and sediment, and to predict the spatial variation in the cumulative occurrence of all dolphin species across a 4 \u00d7 4 km grid of the study area. Classification tree analysis was then applied to available visual sightings data to estimate the likely species identity of dolphins sighted in each grid cell in relation to local habitat. By multiplying these probabilities, it was possible to provide advice on spatial variation in the probability of encountering bottlenose dolphins from this protected population at a regional scale, complementing data from surveys that estimate average density or overall abundance within a region.","author":["Thompson, P.","Brookes, K.","Cordes, L."],"organization":["Colorado State University","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.857205000000","-3.423547000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3551","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/attitudes-perceptions-fishermen-island-ireland-towards-development-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X15000834","title":"Attitudes and Perceptions of Fishermen on the Island of Ireland Towards the Development of Marine Renewable Energy Projects","description":"The expansion of the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector will increase pressure on sea space and existing maritime users which could potentially lead to conflict. Commercial fishing has been identified by many as the industry most likely to be affected by the development of MRE. In order to reduce the risk of spatial conflict and to enable decision-making based on the co-existence of the two sectors, it is important to gain a better understanding of the attitudes of fishermen towards the development of MRE projects in their locality. A survey was designed to provide quantitative information on fishermen\u0027s attitudes to marine renewable energy and the perceived impacts and opportunities. Three MRE developments which have been proposed around the island of Ireland (comprising Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) were chosen as case study sites in which to carry out the survey. The sites represent offshore wind, wave and tidal energy respectively and are in differing stages of development. In total, 104 complete surveys were conducted with fishermen located at ports in the vicinity of the case study sites. 40% of those surveyed agreed that it is important to develop marine renewable energy in their locality. A further 15% were neutral on this matter. It is encouraging for developers and policy makers that the majority of respondents (70%) were of the opinion that fisheries and MRE projects can co-exist.","author":["Reilly, K.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Dalton, G."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.415243100000","-7.955966800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3552","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimation-acoustic-particle-motion-source-bearing-using-drifting-hydrophone-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/bitstream\/handle\/1773\/33204\/Murphy_washington_0250O_14303.pdf","title":"Estimation of Acoustic Particle Motion and Source Bearing Using a Drifting Hydrophone Array Near a River Current Turbine to Assess Disturbances to Fish","description":"River hydrokinetic turbines may be an economical alternative to traditional energy sources for small communities on Alaskan rivers. However, there is concern that sound from these turbines could affect sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), an important resource for small, subsistence based communities, commercial fisherman, and recreational anglers. The hearing sensitivity of sockeye salmon has not been quantified, but behavioral responses to sounds at frequencies less than a few hundred Hertz have been documented for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and particle motion is thought to be the primary mode of stimulation. Methods of measuring acoustic particle motion are well-established, but have rarely been necessary in energetic areas, such as river and tidal current environments. In this study, the acoustic pressure in the vicinity of an operating river current turbine is measured using a freely drifting hydrophone array. Analysis of turbine sound reveals tones that vary in frequency and magnitude with turbine rotation rate, and that may sockeye salmon may sense. In addition to pressure, the vertical components of particle acceleration and velocity are estimated by calculating the finite difference of the pressure signals from the hydrophone array. A method of determining source bearing using an array of hydrophones is explored. The benefits and challenges of deploying drifting hydrophone arrays for marine renewable energy converter monitoring are discussed.","author":["Murphy, P."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.247302000000","-133.967261000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3555","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-entanglement-risk-marine-megafauna-due-offshore-renewable-energy-mooring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166915000168","title":"Assessment of Entanglement Risk to Marine Megafauna due to Offshore Renewable Energy Mooring Systems","description":"This paper defines a methodology to compare different offshore renewable energy (ORE) mooring configurations in terms of the risk of entanglement they present to marine megafauna. Currently, the entanglement of large marine animals is not explicitly considered in environmental impact studies. Recommendations need to be developed, assessing the risk of entanglement of ORE mooring configurations at the beginning of their design process. Physical parameters of the mooring system affecting the relative risk of entanglement have been identified as tension characteristics, swept volume ratio and mooring line curvature. These have been investigated further through six different mooring configurations: catenary with chains only, catenary with chains and nylon ropes, catenary with chains and polyester ropes, taut, catenary with accessory buoys, taut with accessory buoys. Results indicate that the taut configuration has the lowest relative risk of entanglement, while the highest relative risk occurs with catenary moorings with chains and nylon ropes or with catenary moorings with accessory buoys. However, the absolute risk of entanglement is found to be low, regardless of the mooring configuration. This methodology can also be applied to other mooring configurations, arrays or power cables.","author":["Harnois, V.","Smith, H.","Benjamins, S.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3558","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-developments-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/19373260.2011.543606","title":"Research and Developments on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a very promising source of clean and renewable energy for our planet. This review article presents the research and developments on OTEC with regard to energy utilisation, platform design and mooring system, heat exchanger system and environmental impact. It also includes very recent developments in realising the construction of large scale OTEC facilities.","author":["Wang, C.","Yee, A.","Krock, H.","Tay, Z."],"organization":["National University of Singapore"],"originationDate":"2011-02-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3559","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-varying-tidal-prism-hydrodynamics-sedimentary-processes-hypertidal-salt","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/esp.3340\/abstract","title":"Influence of Varying Tidal Prism on Hydrodynamics and Sedimentary Processes in a Hypertidal Salt Marsh Creek","description":"Recent initiatives directing tidal power development in the Bay of Fundy have raised questions about far-field environmental impacts related to energy extraction. It is understood that commercial scale tidal power installations in the Minas Passage will result in an overall decrease in tidal amplitude in the Minas Basin. Corresponding changes in sedimentation patterns may or may not be within the natural range of variability, and it is hypothesized that intertidal sedimentation rates will demonstrate a non-linear response to modification of the tidal energy regime. This research considers acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) and optical backscatter sensor (OBS) data from a sheltered tidal creek in the Minas Basin, for analysis of tidal characteristics in a hypertidal creek environment over spring and neap tidal cycles. Sediment deposition in the creek was also measured. Results show a first-order control of topography on flow magnitude in the tidal creek, which impacts net sediment deposition through resuspension and removal of newly introduced material. This study demonstrates that tides which peak around the bankfull level show reduced early ebb stage turbulence and flow velocity and encourage an extended depositional period. The dynamics of marshfull tides may be responsible for the maximum sediment deposition in tidal creeks, providing large amounts of material that is eventually distributed to and deposited on marsh surfaces.","author":["O\u0027Laughlin, C.","van Proosdij, D."],"organization":["Saint Mary\u0027s University"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.101654100000","-64.366928000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3560","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flocculation-sediment-deposition-hypertidal-creek","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434314000661","title":"Flocculation and Sediment Deposition in a Hypertidal Creek","description":"In the hypertidal Bay of Fundy, environmental impacts in response to commercial-scale tidal power development remain to be fully understood. The extraction of tidal energy may impact sediment dynamics in far-field environments, such as the intertidal zone, through potential alterations to tidal amplitude in the Minas Basin. Tidal conditions (e.g. current velocity, turbulence, suspended sediment concentration) were monitored in a sheltered salt marsh creek over 18 tidal cycles in various stages of the spring-neap cycle. Samples of deposited and suspended sediments were collected and analyzed for grain size using a Beckman Coulter Multisizer III. Results suggest that the flocculated component of both deposited and suspended sediment is consistently high over a wide range of tidal conditions. A routinely high incoming concentration of highly-flocculated material results in large amounts of sediment deposition in tidal creeks in response to individual tidal cycles. Resuspension and removal of newly deposited material is shown to vary with over-marsh, bankfull and channel-restricted tides. Disruption of the tidal regime due to a reduction in Minas Basin tidal amplitude may lessen the cumulative export capacity of tidal channels over time, potentially leading to gradual infilling of tidal creeks.","author":["O\u0027Laughlin, C.","van Proosdij, D.","Milligan, T."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Saint Mary\u0027s University"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.101654100000","-64.366928000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3562","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/applying-ecological-risk-assessment-methodology-outlining-ecosystem-effects-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/259559081_Applying_Ecological_Risk_Assessment_Methodology_for_Outlining_Ecosystem_Effects_of_Ocean_Energy_Technologies","title":"Applying Ecological Risk Assessment Methodology for Outlining Ecosystem Effects of Ocean Energy Technologies","description":"With the increasing utilization of marine space and resources, ecosystem-based approaches to environmental assessments are requested. In this study the Ecological Risk Assessment (EcoRA) framework was used to outline risks from three ocean energy technologies; wave power, tidal current power, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Our findings show that the potential risks from these new technologies include a multitude of ecosystem components and biological processes, which stretch over large spatiotemporal scales and motivate, the use of ecosystem-level assessment endpoints. In order to structure environmental assessments with such complex scope, assessment endpoints may preferably be associated with resilience in terms of maintaining ecosystem services. Moreover, cumulative effects from multiple stressors should be included. The systematic EcoRA methodology seems an appropriate tool for proactively assessing the risks from new technologies, such as ocean energy, in the complex and strained ocean environment.","author":["Hammar, L.","Gullstr\u00f6m, M."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology","Stockholm University","University of Gothenburg"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3563","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dspace.mit.edu\/handle\/1721.1\/76927","title":"Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a promising renewable energy technology to generate electricity and has other applications such as production of freshwater, seawater airconditioning, marine culture and chilled-soil agriculture. \u00a0Previous studies on the technology have focused on promoting it to generate electricity and produce energy-intensive products such as ammonia and hydrogen. \u00a0Though the technology has been understood in the past couple of decades through acadeic studies and limited demonstration projects, the uncertainty around teh financial viability of a large-scale plant and teh lack of an operational demonstration project have delayed large investments in the technology.\n\nThis study brings together a broad overview of teh technology, market locations, technical and economic assessment of the technology, environmental impact of the technology and a comparison of the levelized costs of energy of this technology with competing ones. \u00a0It also provides an analysis and discussion on application of this technology in water scarve regions of teh world, emphasized with a case study of the economic feasibility of this technology for the Bahamas.","author":["Muralidharan, S."],"organization":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3564","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-future-prospects-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-small-islands","sourceURL":"","title":"Potential and Future Prospects for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) In Small Islands Developing States (SIDS)","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC system uses the ocean\u0027s natural thermal gradient\u2014the ocean\u0027s layers of water have different temperatures\u2014to drive a power producing cycle. As long as the temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20\u00b0C (36\u00b0F), an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of power, with little impact on the surrounding environment. The oceans are thus a vast renewable resource, with the potential to help us produce billions of watts of electric power. This potential is estimated to be about 1013 watts of base load power generation, according to some experts. The distinctive feature of OTEC energy systems is that the end products include not only energy in the form of electricity, but also several other synergistic products.","author":["Binger, A."],"organization":["Saga University"],"originationDate":"2004-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["17.086939100000","-61.783491000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Binger-2004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3565","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energies-environmental-economic-technological-aspects-alternative-power-sources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/ocean-energies\/charlier\/978-0-444-88248-6","title":"Ocean Energies: Environmental, Economic and Technological Aspects of Alternative Power Sources","description":"Ocean energy harnessing, whether the source is tides, temperatures difference, waves, winds, or any other, has been and remains controversial; in fact, it has been vocally endorsed, and as loudly opposed. With the cost of conventional and nuclear plants rapidly rising, with serious reservations about the safety of the latter and unanswered questions pertaining to wastes disposal, the ocean energy alternative becomes more attractive and more realistic. While ocean energy may not \u0022displace oil\u0022 on its own, its contribution to the world\u0027s power needs, may ultimately prove to be far from negligible, and a serious economic help to capital-poor, labor-intensive, distant sites in less developed countries.","author":["Charlier, R.","Justus, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1993-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3566","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-china-current-status-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S167423701530288X","title":"Marine Renewable Energy in China: Current Status and Perspectives","description":"Based on a general review of marine renewable energy in China, an assessment of the development status and amount of various marine renewable energy resources, including tidal energy, tidal current energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy, and salinity gradient energy in China\u0027s coastal seas, such as the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, is presented. We have found that these kinds of marine renewable energy resources will play an important role in meeting China\u0027s future energy needs. Additionally, considering the uneven distribution of China\u0027s marine renewable energy and the influences of its exploitation on the environment, we have suggested several sites with great potential for each kind of marine energy. Furthermore, perspectives on and challenges related with marine renewable energy in China are addressed.","author":["Zhang, Y.","Lin, Z.","Liu, Q."],"organization":["Tsinghua University"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.122927000000","116.476560000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zhang-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3567","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/design-development-video-acquisition-system-aerial-surveys-marine-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coet.fau.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/theses\/DT-11-330.pdf","title":"Design and Development of Video Acquisition System for Aerial Surveys of Marine Animals","description":"The planned deployment of turbines in the Florida Gulf stream could disturb the pattern of sea-turtle migration and reproduction. \u00a0Therefore, a comprehensive study of the distribution of sea turtles is essential. \u00a0Aerial counts and associated tasks are currently performed using human observations and distance sampling theory. \u00a0The results of the observations made by human observers during flights are error-prone due to visibility biases. \u00a0Video recordings have been introduced to circumvent some of the problems mentioned above and ensuring a systematic approach, frame-by-frame if needed, to minimizing count errors. \u00a0The process is still time-consuming, tedious, and error prone, due to observer\u0027s fatigue. \u00a0The goal of the proposed work is to improve such methodology by approaching the problem from an automated video analysis perspective. \u00a0This work focuses on the first step in automating aerial surveys: design and development fo video acquisition system for aerial surveillance. \u00a0The proposed solution consists of camera mounted on airplane which captures high resolution images at up to 15 frames per second and the captured images are to be compressed and saved to data recorder in real time. GPS is also integrated with the system to tag the images with GPS locations for biologists to crosscheck turtle sightings. \u00a0This work also evaluates image compression schemes and the tradeoffs in compression performances based on computing required and storage capacity that will help in compressing the recorded data in real time.","author":["Aghera, S."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:56:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3568","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-habitat-characterization-offshore-pacific-northwest-volume-2-evaluation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268871907_Benthic_Habitat_Characterization_Offshore_the_Pacific_Northwest_Volume_2_Evaluation_of_Continental_Shelf_Benthic_Communities","title":"Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore the Pacific Northwest Volume 2: Evaluation of Continental Shelf Benthic Communities","description":"Although the oceans provide a variety of valuable goods and services, societies sometimes fail consider the damage that such resource exploitation may cause to marine ecosystems over time (Jackson et al. 2001). Examples of anthropogenic impacts and over-exploitations of these ecosystems are numerous, and hard continental shelves and rocky reefs are among marine ecosystems the most impacted (Lotze et al. 2006; Halpern et al. 2008). Fisheries using bottom gear such as trawls and dredges are by far the most damaging for the seafloor, acting like forest clear-cutting (Watling and Norse 1998). Due to technological improvements during the last decades, bottom-fishing gears are now used from polar to tropical waters on every type of seafloor; only few places on the world\u2019s continental shelves remaining non-impacted (Watling and Norse 1998; Halpern et al. 2008). Other human uses of the oceans like aquaculture, mining or tourism activities threaten continental shelf ecosystems (Rossi 2013) and their effects, both direct and indirect, are synergistic (Jackson et al. 2001; Kaplan et al. 2013). Although the intensity and extent of effects on seafloor communities by marine renewable energy developments, like wave energy or offshore wind farms are as yet uncharacterized (Henkel et al. 2014) past studies of oil platforms have shown that these installations can affect invertebrate communities locally by providing surface for fouling invertebrates to establish, and in some cases, facilitating species invasions (Page et al. 2006). Wave and\/or wind installations could similarly alter the habitat since they could act as artificial reefs with large surface area for new colonies of sessile invertebrates to establish (Wolfson et al. 1979). In addition, bringing new colonies of sessile invertebrates could also alter the ecological niches and change food web dynamics (Langhamer et al. 2009).  One of the major threats to continental shelf ecosystems is a reduction of habitat complexity and heterogeneity by damage to or smothering of slow-growing structure-building organisms like sponges or gorgonians (Watling and Norse 1998; Kaiser et al. 2006; Sheehan et al. 2013), typically found on rocky outcrop, as well as damage to or sedimentation of a rocky outcrop or reef itself. The preferred wave energy installation sites are sedimentary habitats with flat or low relief. As currents flow around installed devices, greater volumes of sediments will be sent into the water column, possibly exposing nearby rocky habitats to increasing sedimentation. Increasing sedimentation in some coral reefs have shown to exert negative effects by smothering the colonies, which reduces recruitment, decreases net productivity, and decreases calcification (Rogers 1990). If the rate of sedimentation on nearby reefs increased due to offshore installations, this could pose a threat to sponges, gorgonians, and crinoids, as their colonies could be smothered by increased sedimentation rates. Habitat heterogeneity can be a major driver of variability in the abundance and diversity of marine species (Benedetti-Cecchi and Cinelli 1995; Garc\u00eda-Charton et al. 2004), supporting global species diversity by increasing niche availability and community complexity and facilitating the formation of distinct species assemblages (Cerame-Vivas and Gray 1966; Garc\u00eda- Charton et al. 2004; McClain and Barry 2010).  The Pacific Northwest (PNW) continental shelf, especially the northern part (i.e. off Oregon and Washington), is mostly characterized by mud and gravel habitats, but rocky outcrops and reefs occur in several areas (Romsos et al. 2007), supporting structure-building invertebrates that increase the habitat complexity of the seafloor (Strom 2006). This region has a long history of fisheries with a variety of fleets using bottom gears dedicated to groundfishes, dermersal rockfishes, crabs and shrimps. Moreover, it is becoming a focus area for offshore wave and wind energy installations on the continental shelf and slope. However, despite the abundance (and some documentation) of invertebrate bycatch, little is known about mega-invertebrate assemblages on this part of the continental shelf. Hixon and Tissot (2007) and Hannah et al. (2010, 2013) compared trawled versus untrawled mud assemblages at two location sites on the Oregon continental shelf, and Tissot et al. (2007) described the invertebrate and fish assemblages at a single outer continental shelf reef off Oregon. Only Strom (2006) has summarized the distribution of structure-forming invertebrates at multiple sites along the continental margin off Oregon. Off southern California, different invertebrate assemblages have been distinguished based on the physical structure of the habitats: habitats composed of high-relief consolidated rocky outcrops are associated with greater densities of sessile and structure-forming mega-invertebrates including sponges and gorgonians while habitats composed of unconsolidated fine sediments are associated with motile mega-invertebrates including sea stars, crustaceans, bivalves, and sea cucumbers (Allen and Moore 1996; Allen et al. 1997; Stull et al. 1999; Tissot et al. 2006). Large sized, structure-forming mega-invertebrates such as sponges, corals, crinoids, and basket stars have been suggested to provide shelter and additional resources for both fish and other invertebrates by increasing the availability of microhabitats through their large surface area (Tissot et al. 2006).  See Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore the Pacific Northwest Volume 1: Evaluation of Continental Shelf Geology for the first volume of this report.","author":["Henkel, S.","Goldfinger, C.","Romsos, C.","Hemery, L.","Havron, A.","Politano, K."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.213811000000","-124.835315000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2014-662-vol2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3569","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-habitat-characterization-offshore-pacific-northwest-volume-1-evaluation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5453.pdf","title":"Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore the Pacific Northwest Volume 1: Evaluation of Continental Shelf Geology","description":"The wave and wind climates along the west coast of North America provide some of the best prospects for offshore renewable energy development, yet initial assessments of the seafloor have been patchy. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) requires knowledge of the seafloor environment and of seafloor-associated (benthic) organisms that may be affected by renewable energy activities. This program of research on benthic habitats and organisms of the Outer Continental Shelf off Washington, Oregon and northern California was designed to provide baseline knowledge of seafloor geology and marine invertebrate distributions at a regional scale by undertaking new mapping, synthesizing existing mapping data, conducting biological assessments and developing new predictive models. By focusing on the physical properties of the seafloor and species-habitat associations throughout the region, this study has delivered tools and information directly useful for assessing renewable energy development in the Pacific Northwest and for determining the nature and extent of future seafloor explorations.  The Active Tectonics and Seafloor Mapping Lab at Oregon State University (OSU) mapped the seafloor at five sites during the summers of 2010 (four sites) and 2011 (one site) located 4.8 to 19 km (three to 12 miles) offshore. Bathymetry was mapped using high-resolution multibeam sonar, accurate to within a few centimeters resolution, and seabed hardness and texture were interpreted from multibeam backscatter data. Seabed grab samples were acquired from soft-bottom areas and analyzed using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer to identify relationships between grain size, the bathymetry and backscatter data. With this wealth of new seabed imagery and sampling data, the project team mapped 848 km2 of seafloor. This significantly narrows the information gap for seafloor imagery in the region. Opportunities to partner with Oregon and California\u2019s extensive state waters mapping efforts, the National Science Foundation-funded Ocean Observing Initiative, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) Ocean Explorer Program and the US Geological Survey accounts for a combined total of seven percent of the continental shelf now mapped in the study area. At 13 of these mapped sites, habitat maps were developed at a local-scale. Regionally, the Surficial Geologic Habitat (SGH Version 4) map of the continental shelf of Oregon and Washington has been extended to include northern California and updated with both the local-scale habitat maps over shelf areas and new mapping of canyons and channels in deep-water slope areas. An underlying map series representing data density and quality was updated and extended to accompany the SGH Version 4 map. A predictive rock outcrop model for the continental shelf extends was created from seismic reflection profiles, interpreted isocore and slope stability contours. This is a large update from previous rock outcrop maps and together with the SGH Version 4 map can aid in marine spatial planning.  Additionally we sampled benthic invertebrates, and the habitats in which they were found, to identify species-habitat associations and classify benthic habitats based on biological species groupings or assemblage distributions, rather than geological features alone. Rocky reefs and soft-bottom sediments such as sand and mud were classified and sampled separately. We visited three sites with rocky reef habitat using a remotely operated vehicle: Grays Bank, Washington, and Siltcoos and Bandon-Arago, Oregon during the summers of 2011 and 2012. Substrate type (on and off the reefs) was quantified and observed invertebrates living on or attached to the sediments (mega-invertebrates) were identified from the resulting footage. We found four main substrate associations of these mega-invertebrate assemblages: (1) pure sand\/mud dominated by sea whips and burrowing brittle stars; (2) mixed mud-rock (which may be further divided based on size of mixed-in rocks) characterized by various species in low density; (3) consolidated rocks characterized by high diversity and density of sessile and motile mega-invertebrates; and (4) rubble rocks showing less diversity and density than the consolidated rocks. Mega-invertebrate assemblages found in both consolidated and rubble rock habitats were not distinct among sites; however, there were considerably more organisms observed on the rocks at Bandon-Arago than Grays Bank and Siltcoos. All four main habitat types were associated with mega-invertebrates that provided structure and complexity to the seafloor environment. Some taxa groups such as gorgonians and sponges, which are long-lived and slow growing, were found not just on rocky reefs but also were characteristic of the areas with smaller rocks around the reef. The four habitat classifications described above based on associated observed invertebrates are different than geological classifications and should be considered in future surveys as distinct seafloor habitats. Analysis of surveys done with distinct methodology from 1992-1995 supported many of these habitat classifications but also indicated that depth is a critical component to distinguishing among mega-invertebrates assemblages.  Prior to this study, invertebrate assemblages living on or in seafloor sediments (macrofauna) had not been comprehensively sampled since 2003. To sample macrofauna living in soft-bottoms, we visited the six originally proposed sites during summer 2010 and collected 118 macrofaunal and sediment samples across the region using a 0.1 m2 box-corer. These samples were used for community characterization, analyzing organics in the sediment and ground-truthing the backscatter mapping results. We sampled two additional sites during the summer of 2012 to fill in latitudinal and habitat gaps. Sediment samples were sieved using 1 mm mesh and all macrofaunal organisms were identified and counted after a sub-sample of sediment was removed for particle size analysis. As expected, significant differences in species assemblages were observed when comparing sandy and silty habitats. Areas comprised of very high percentages of sand (\u0026gt; 87%) contained multiple significantly different assemblages, differentiated based on particle size. Additionally, depth-related changes were observed within sediment types, occurring at approximately 10 m depth intervals. Similar to the habitat associations of mega-invertebrates, these biological-based sediment classifications of habitat differ somewhat from the geologic classifications mapped. While the lithological classification of \u201csand habitat\u201d is defined as having \u0026gt; 90 % sand, these analyses indicate that from the organisms\u2019 perspective, this seemingly homogenous seafloor is actually multiple distinct habitats. Knowing how macrofaunal communities respond to changes in grain size and depth can inform future site surveys and led us to develop tools for mapping macrofauna based primarily on these physical factors.  Bayesian Networks were developed to statistically infer suitable habitat for seven species of soft-sediment associated benthic macrofauna along on the continental shelf of the Pacific Northwest. The final products are static Habitat Suitability Probability maps communicating areas along the shelf that are likely good habitat for species of interest. We also developed maps communicating error or uncertainty associated with the each Habitat Suitability Probability map. Models were learned from benthic macrofauna sampling data collected from the eight sites along the Pacific Northwest continental shelf. Netica software was implemented for the design and analysis of statistical models. A benthic macrofauna model structure was developed for reusability and update capacity. Modeling metrics were applied to ascertain the effectiveness of each model in its accuracy and robustness, aiding in the final model selection. This effort represents the first attempt to map any benthic invertebrate in the Pacific Northwest using a Bayesian Network model. Low uncertainty values, strong error measurements in the initial cross validation and field validation efforts all support this novel approach for mapping benthic species across large regions of the seafloor and have several applications that can inform future spatial and science-based planning.  This study provides BOEM with information on seafloor habitats and invertebrate communities to be used in consideration of Outer Continental Shelf renewable energy development. Because benthic resources are an important factor contributing to the production of benthic fish species and some commercial fisheries, this project provides important baseline data that can be used by other Federal agencies and states in their efforts to understand and manage marine resources. Data gathered from this project may be used in documents and analyses that are necessary for the National Environmental Policy Act. The regional scale of these data can aid in marine spatial planning efforts and provide a context for siting seafloor construction activities and future surveys. Overall, the information derived from this study has greatly contributed to the greater body of knowledge regarding seafloor habitats and biological communities in the Pacific Northwest.  See Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore the Pacific Northwest Volume 2: Evaluation of Continental Shelf Benthic Communities for the second volume of this report.","author":["Goldfinger, C.","Henkel, S.","Romsos, C.","Havron, A.","Black, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.237025000000","-125.417590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:16:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2014-662.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3570","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/open-ocean-energy-production-environmental-context","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coet.fau.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/presentations\/CP-10-165.pdf","title":"Open-Ocean Energy Production: The Environmental Context","description":"Environmental issues present both challenges and opportunities for marine renewable energy development.","author":["Hanson, H."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Southeast National Marine Renewable Energy Center (SNMREC)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hanson2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3573","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bringing-otec-environmental-assessments-1980s-21st-century-oceanographic-standards","sourceURL":"https:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010AGUFMOS11C..04S","title":"Bringing OTEC Environmental Assessments of the 1980s Up To 21st Century Oceanographic Standards","description":"Although the potential environmental effects of OTEC plant construction and operation were evaluated in the 1980s as part of earlier OTEC development, recent OTEC efforts have led to the re-examination of the issues involved. During the intervening years we have significantly increased our understanding of the oceans, and our ability to observe and model the marine environment has improved markedly. For example, OTEC environmental assessments have traditionally included the effects of discharging deep seawater, with its elevated levels of dissolved inorganic nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon, and depleted levels of dissolved oxygen, into the upper water column. However, the role of trace elements in controlling marine primary production rates is now widely accepted, and their natural vertical distribution in the ocean needs to be considered. Our expanded understanding of ocean biogeochemistry also makes environmental assessment more complicated. For example, discharges of deep seawater within the photic zone of the ocean, but below the surface mixed layer, should result in photosynthetic production that would remove both dissolved nutrients and dissolved carbon dioxide at approximately the same stoichiometric ratio as they are elevated in deep seawater; thus, the only large-scale related environmental impact would involve the fate of the resulting photosynthetically produced organic matter. Similarly, our improved knowledge of marine physical chemistry allows a better understanding of OTEC\u2019s potential impact on the ocean\u2019s inorganic carbon chemistry. For example, the reduction in pressure of deep seawater as it is brought to the surface, and the increase in temperature due to OTEC heat exchange, will both lead to an increase in the deep water\u2019s pH; opposite effects will occur in the shallow seawater used by OTEC. Determination of the net effect will require modeling using predicted pumping rates for warm and cold seawater, the planned intake and discharge depths and temperatures, the inorganic carbon chemistry at the specific site, and recently refined inorganic carbon equilibria data. Ecological data (e.g., primary productivity, the biomass of various trophic levels, biota attraction to floating objects, etc.) should also be updated with the results from more contemporary studies. Additional factors that should be examined include electromagnetic effects of cabling, alterations in the bio-physical coupling of water column as a result of the discharge plume, potential harmful algal bloom development, and low-frequency noise production. Moreover, new ocean observation techniques such as gliders and AUVs allow large areas of the ocean to be monitored in 3-D for extended periods of time. Similarly, new marine modeling techniques, such as regional ocean modeling systems (ROMS), allow OTEC plumes to be studied in the context of a 3-D dynamic ocean, including such features as internal tides and mesoscales eddies, and allow assimilation of 3-D data to improve model performance. As an early step in these efforts, we have used HOT time-series data to determine patterns of seasonal variability in the upper ocean (warm water intake and discharge zone) and in the deep ocean (cold water uptake) near the site for the proposed Kahe Point, Oahu OTEC demonstration plant.","author":["Sansone, F.","Comfort, C.","Weng, K."],"organization":["University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3574","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-impacts-closed-cycle-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0195925587900357","title":"Potential Environmental Impacts of Closed-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference between warm surface water in the tropical ocean and the cooler water at depth to generate power. Energy extraction efficiencies are low, 2 to 4 percent (Dugger et al. 1981), relative to conventional steam generation plants, necessitating large flows of ocean water (the fuel in an OTEC system): about 10 m3\/sec\/MW (DOE 1979a). Two OTEC operating cycles, closed-cycle and open-cycle, are currently under development in the United States. In an earlier paper we addressed the environmental concerns associated with open-cycle OTEC operating in conjunction with several secondary uses (Quinby-Hunt et al. 1986). This paper addresses the environmental concerns associated with closed-cycle OTEC, examining, in particular, OTEC impacts in the coastal zone. Closed-cycle operations use warm surface water to evaporate a working fluid which passes through a turbine to generate power. The working fluid is then condensed by cold, deep water and recycled. In open-cycle operations, the working fluid is surface water which is separated into steam and brine under partial vacuum. The steam, after passing through a turbine, is condensed using cold ocean water. Although several configurations for OTEC plants have been considered, nearshore, bottom-resting, and shore-based plants currently are being more actively pursued in the US program due to increased technical and safety risks associated with floating and far offshore configurations (Lewis 1983). The federal environmental documents that addressed the environmental effects of closed-cycle OTEC (DOE 1979a; 1979b; 1980; 1981) focused on free-floating plants. Concerns associated with closed-cycle generation on shore-based or bottom-resting plants have been addressed only in two site\/design specific documents (OTC\/MSG 1985; MSG 1985).","author":["Quinby-Hunt, M.","Sloan, D.","Wilde, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1987-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Chemicals","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3575","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-control-otec-ecological-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/4cj2h4t8","title":"Assessment and Control of OTEC Ecological Impacts","description":"Ecologically sound operations of projected Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants can be insured by careful attention to the marine environment during the design phase. This requires quality information from regions of potential OTEC interest. Currently, preliminary or actual surveys and laboratory studies are being conducted in the waters of Puerto Rico, the Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii, and Guam for potential moored OTEC plants and in the equatorial South Atlantic for proposed plant-ship operations to provide such benchmark and baseline data. These data plus existing archival information can be used to model effects of OTEC operations based on projected design schemes. Four major areas of concerns (1) redistribution of oceanic properties, (2) chemical pollution, (3) structural effects, and (4) socio-legal-economic; and 11 key issues associated with OTEC deployment and operation have been identified. In general mitigating strategies can be used to alleviate many deleterious environmental effects of operational problems as biostimulation. outgassing, etc. Various research studies on toxicity, biocide releases, etc., are under way or are planned to investigate areas where no clear mitigating strategy is available. A Master Plan listing procedures to be followed to identify and evaluate potential concerns at any OTEC proposed site is proposed for discussion and refinement in advance of any real OTEC test operations.","author":["Wilde, P.","Sandusky, J.","Jassby, A."],"organization":["University of California Berkeley","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"1978-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Habitat Change","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilde_et_al_1978.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3576","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-issues-natural-temperature-differences-utilization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.eolss.net\/sample-chapters\/c08\/E3-08-03-05.pdf","title":"Environmental Issues of Natural Temperature Differences Utilization","description":"In this article the environmental issues of both the energy conversion concepts using the temperature gradients that exist between water masses in the ocean at low latitudes (OTEC) and between sea or river water masses in the ocean at high latitudes (AWTEC), are examined. \u00a0Both OTEC an AWTEC use a degraded solar energy resource that does not consume irreplaceable natural resources nor generate specific pollutants. \u00a0Yet building and operating plants will inevitably disturb the natural environment in their close surrounding and - to some extend - at the regional and global levels. \u00a0The AWTEC and OTEC threat for the environment depends upon the very processes of the energy conversion themselves, and upon the size and the design of the installations. \u00a0As for the environmental consequences they are depending upon the characteristics of the site and its surrounding ecosystem.","author":["Gauthier, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2005-08-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3578","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-ocean-guide-otec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/239875533_Renewable_Energy_from_the_Ocean_-_A_guide_to_OTEC","title":"Renewable Energy From the Ocean: A Guide to OTEC","description":"Scientists and engineers around the world are striving to develop new sources of energy. One source, ocean thermal energy conversion, has virtually unlimited potential. It is based on techniques that exploit heat produced by solar energy that may, in turn, be used to produce fuel and electricity. This book reviews the status and background of this promising technology. William H. Avery is the leading expert in this field, and his co-author Chih Wu is an authority on heat engine performance. Together they describe the workings of an OTEC power plant and how such a system might be implemented as part of a futuristic national energy strategy. The book is the only detailed presentation of basic OTEC technology, its testing and improvement. It is based on extensive development initiatives undertaken internationally during the period from 1974 through 1985. The book offers a thorough assessment of the economics of OTEC in comparison with other energy production methods. It will be of interest to a wide range of professionals in energy research, power and mechanical engineering, and to upper-level undergraduate students taking courses in these fields.","author":["Avery, W.","Wu, C."],"organization":["Johns Hopkins University","US Naval Academy"],"originationDate":"1994-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3579","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-operational-otec-platforms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=1151347","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment for Operational OTEC Platforms","description":"As the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Program advances toward commercialization, the potential environmental impacts of large scale development must be assessed. Design modifications that will mitigate or reduce potentially adverse effects must be identified and incorporated into the design configurations. In the second phase of Interstate Electronic\u0027s OTEC Environmental Impact Assessment Program sponsored by the Department of Energy, the key issues associated with the deployment and operation of demonstration and commercial size plants are under evaluation.","author":["Sands, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1979-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3580","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-impacts-open-cycle-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0195925586900429","title":"Potential Environmental Impacts of Open-Cycle Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a power-generating system that uses the temperature difference between warm surface water in the tropical ocean and the cooler water at depth to run a Rankine-cycle heat engine. For the temperature difference typically available in the upper 1000 meters in tropical and subtropical waters, 20-25\u00baC, energy extraction efficiencies are low, two to four percent (Dugger et al. 1981), compared to conventional steam generation plants. Because of the low efficiencies involved, large flows of ocean water (the fuel in an OTEC system) are required: about 10 m3 \/sec per megawatt (DOE 1979a). Two OTEC operating cycles are currently under development in the United States at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois and at the Solar Energy Research Institute at Golden, Colorado: closed- and open-cycle. Because the technology is highly experimental, most of the technical details have not yet appeared in the literature. In closed-cycle systems a low-boiling point working fluid (ammonia or Freon) is evaporated by warm surface waters. The vapor is expanded to drive a turbine. The expanded vapor is then condensed by cooler deep ocean water and returned to the warm side. In open-cycle operations warm surface water is used as the working fluid. Surface sea water is introduced into a evaporator under partial vacuum separating the sea water into steam and brine. The steam, after passing through a turbine, is condensed using cold ocean water.  Several configurations for OTEC plants have been considered to date: free-floating plants (grazing and moored), bottom-resting facilities (at various distances from shore), and shore-based plants. The floating and far-offshore configurations currently are not being actively pursued in the US Program due to increased technical and safety risks associated with them (Lewis 1983). Also, use of open-cycle technology for fresh water generation and mariculture requires land or proximity to land. Accordingly, this paper focuses on shore-based configurations identifying various options for operations and the discharges associated with each of them.  Numerous documents have addressed the environmental effects of closed-cycle OTEC (DOE, 1979a,b, 1980, 1981). Although the earliest OTEC experiments were on open-cycle systems (Claudi:, 1930), the environmental effects of open-cycle OTEC have not yet been thoroughly investigated. This document identifies the potential impacts of open-cycle: OTEC on terrestrial, atmospheric, and marine environments suggesting the environmental studies which would elucidate the importance of potential impacts to the environment.","author":["Quinby-Hunt, M.","Wilde, P.","Dengler, A."],"organization":["University of California Berkeley"],"originationDate":"1986-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hunt_1986.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3581","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-environmental-effects-otec-vs-other-power-generation-methods","sourceURL":"","title":"Overview of Environmental Effects: OTEC vs Other Power Generation Methods","description":"A presentation that compares OTEC to other energy sources for use in Puerto Rico.","author":["Mart\u00ed, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["18.263293000000","-66.496117000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marti_2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3582","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-otec-impacts-hawaiian-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/crrc.unh.edu\/sites\/crrc.unh.edu\/files\/media\/docs\/Workshops\/otec_2\/impacts_hawaii_parke.pdf","title":"Potential OTEC Impacts in the Hawaiian Marine Environment","description":"Operational Impacts\nDischarge\nBiostimulation\/Inhibition\nEffects on Fishery Life History\nEffects on Coral Reefs\nPhysical Impacts\nChemical Impacts\nRegional Impacts\n\nImpacts to Endangered Species\nAcoustic and Electromagnetic Effects Acoustic and Electromagnetic Effects","author":["Parke, M."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777400000","-157.810277800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/park_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3583","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-environmental-effects-assessment-program-plan-1981-85","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/CZIC-td195-e4-u55-1982\/content-detail.html","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Environmental Effects Assessment Program Plan, 1981-85","description":"Public Law 96-320, the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Act of 1980, was enacted on August 3, 1980. The Act sets as its primary goal the establishment of a legal regime which will permit and encourage the development of ocean thermal energy conversion as a commercial energy technology. This goal is to be achieved while providing for protection of the oceanic and coastal environments where OTEC facilities are to be sited and while giving due consideration to preventing or minimizing adverse impacts on other users of the ocean.\n\nAmong the provisions of this law is a requirement, in Section 107, that the Administrator of NOAA, \u0022. . . . initiate a program to assess the effects on the environment of ocean thermal energy conversion facilities and plantships.\u0022 The law further requires (Sect. 107(c)) that The Administrator prepare a plan to carry out this program.\n\nThe Administrator has delegated NOAA\u0027s responsibilities under P.L. 96-320 to the Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy which, among other activities, has developed the plan, as presented in this document. It is a generic plan regarding the environmental effects of OTEC development and thus extends beyond NOAA\u0027s purview. The NOAA part of the plan is discussed in Chapter 3.\n\nThe Plan has the primary objective of obtaining the environmental information and knowledge required to allow the commercial development of OTEC to the maximum extent that is compatible with acceptable environmental risk. Such development would provide a solar-based renewable energy source that, in certain areas, can replace energy generated by burning imported and other nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas.\n\nThe development of OTEC will become viable earlier in U.S. tropical and subtropical island communities than on the mainland because OTEC-produced electricity will be cost competitive in those areas sooner. Electricity costs range from two to eight times higher in island communities which are almost totally dependent on imported oil. In addition, many island communities require fresh water, which is a direct beneficial byproduct of open cycle OTEC plants and could be a product of a closed cycle plant if the power was utilized for desalination. As OTEC designs are improved and conventional power costs continue to increase, OTEC power is expected to become cost-competitive in certain mainland areas also.","author":["NOAA Office of Ocean Minerals and Energy"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"1982-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NOAA-1982.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3584","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-effects-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"","title":"Potential Environmental Effects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"OTEC plants are highly visible and likely will attract wide interest    Effects may be \u201cregionally\u201d measurable, but of \u201cnational\u201d or even \u201cglobal\u201d interest  Information is limited     Effects are not well quantified   Observations are limited   Effect predictions may be hypothetical and abstract until pilot studies can be monitored      Effects will be site- and configuration-specific     Ocean or shore plant location   Discharge location and depth","author":["Sound and Sea Technologies"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/sound_and_sea_solutions_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3585","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/data\/czm\/media\/environmentalfactsheet.pdf","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Environmental Impacts","description":"The environmental impact studies from the 1980s concluded that the risks of OTEC would likely be acceptable, however; further environmental assessments and research are needed to address the following potential issues.","author":["NOAA Office of Ocean \u0026 Coastal Resource Management"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-05 04:52:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/environmentalfactsheet.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3586","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-assessing-potential-physical-chemical-biological","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/data\/czm\/media\/otecjun10wkshp.pdf","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion: Assessing Potential Physical, Chemical and Biological Impacts and Risks","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), a process by which energy from natural temperature differentials in the ocean are converted to mechanical and electrical energy, is a renewable energy source that has experienced a resurgence in interest in recent years. As the lead licensing agency for OTEC facilities under the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act (OTECA), NOAA\u2019s Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM) is responsible for evaluating the potential impacts and risks that the construction, installation, and operation of an OTEC facility poses to the environment. To understand these risks, a thorough understanding of the magnitude and extent of likely physical, chemical and biological impacts is required. In order to aid NOAA OCRM in the permitting process, a workshop was held to identify: 1) the baseline data and monitoring requirements needed to assess the potential physical, chemical and biological impacts related to the construction, installation and operation of a OTEC facility; 2) technology and methods to measure impacts; 3) research needed to adequately determine the degree of potential impacts; and 4) approaches to mitigate and\/or avoid the impacts within the operational and design parameters of an OTEC system. The findings and recommendations of this report are based on assumed potential environmental impacts and should not be exclusively relied upon.  While it is certain that physical, chemical and biological impacts will occur during the installation and operation of an OTEC facility, the magnitude and extent of these impacts are not known. This workshop did not reach any conclusions in regards to cumulative or secondary impacts which, at this point in time, are largely undeterminable without long-term monitoring and additional research. It was recognized at the workshop that potential cumulative and secondary impacts may be more significant from an ecosystem perspective than immediate localized impacts from OTEC operations given expected operational lifetime of 25 - 40 years.  In order to better understand the risks that these impacts represent, a minimum temporal baseline is required prior to installation that includes monitoring for presence and abundance of large and small biota, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of seawater in the region. For certain impacts, a longer baseline may be desired in order to capture multi-year variability. This will provide scientists and engineers with a better understanding of potential impacts and a basis for comparison to changes in the marine environment and ecosystem. Monitoring for changes to this baseline should occur during the installation and operation phase, and will provide information on how the facility is impacting the local environment. Many physical, chemical, and biological criteria should be monitored, including, but not limited to: temperature; salinity; dissolved oxygen; pH; trace metals; and abundance, diversity, mortality and behavioral changes in plankton, fish, marine mammals, turtles, and other biota.  Tables 1, 2, and 3 show specific information needed for baseline assessment, monitoring strategies, and modeling methods. The information contained in these tables, while useful, should not be relied upon exclusively in reaching conclusions regarding the development of baseline data, monitoring plans, sampling frequency and analytical methods. The extent and depth of discussion of the information contained in the tables varied among the break-out groups which developed them, and the information presented does not necessarily represent the consensus of the break-out groups.","author":["Cunningham, J.","Magdol, Z.","Kinner, N."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/otecjun10wkshp.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3587","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electricity-generation-ocean-thermal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1876610211019497","title":"Electricity Generation by the Ocean Thermal Energy","description":"With considering the increasing of global temperature, and also the concern of global climate change, many policy makers worldwide have been accepted the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in particular from the power industries. Energy resource use is one of the most important and Contentious issues of our time. The ocean provides a vast source of potential energy resources. Of the total solar radiation, oceans are the largest collectors, accumulating 250 billion barrels of oil equivalent, according to an estimate. This vast amount of solar energy absorbed in the oceans can be converted into electricity by a process known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, popularly known as OTEC. OTEC makes use of the difference in temperatures of warm surface water (22\u201327\u00a0\u00b0C) and very cold water at a depth of 1\u00a0km (4\u20137\u00a0\u00b0C). an open-cycle plant based on creating a rising mixture of water and steam bubbles or \u201cfoam\u201d, which is separated at a height above sea-level, such that the water can be used to drive a turbine rotor. In closed-cycle OTEC, warm seawater heats a working fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, and the ammonia vapor turns a turbine, which drives a generator. This paper discusses about the ocean energy, ocean thermal energy potential, ocean thermal energy conversion by the close, open and hybrid cycles, environmental impact and special conditions of these process.","author":["Etemadi, A.","Emdadi, A.","AsefAfshar, O.","Emami, Y."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-12-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Etemadi-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3588","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2011-water-power-technologies-peer-review-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/2011_water_power_peer_review_report.pdf","title":"2011 Water Power Technologies Peer Review Report","description":"The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind and Water Power Program (also referred to as the program) convened a peer review meeting of marine and hydrokinetics (MHK) experts, conventional hydropower (CH) experts, national laboratory researchers, and DOE program staff from November 1-4, 2011 at the Hilton Alexandria Mark Center located in Alexandria, Virginia. The purpose of the meeting was to review the progress and accomplishments of marine, hydrokinetic, and conventional hydropower projects funded by the program, as well as to provide input on the strategic direction of the program. Peer review provides program managers, staff, and researchers with an objective review and advice to enhance the management, relevance, effectiveness, and productivity of the program\u2019s research, development, demonstration, deployment, and analysis activities.","author":["Murphy, M.","Zayas, J.","Reed, M."],"organization":["Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2011_water_power_peer_review_report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3589","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-consequences-enhanced-ocean-upwelling","sourceURL":"","title":"Potential Environmental Consequences of Enhanced Ocean Upwelling","description":"Potential Environmental Consequences of Enhanced Ocean Upwelling","author":["Karl, D.","B\u00f6ttjer, D.","Clemente, T.","Poulos, S.","Wilson, S.","Bj\u00f6rkman, K.","Searson, S."],"organization":["University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2013-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.259858400000","-157.847230700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Karl_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3590","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observing-ocean-changes-nations-first-swac-system","sourceURL":"","title":"Observing Ocean Changes at the Nation\u0027s First SWAC System","description":"SWAC Introduction    Similar to OTEC \u2013 renewable energy  Environmental changes or risks? Unique considerationsSeawater plume: moving seawater from 500m to 130m  Ecosystem response unknown  HSWAC development = Opportunity for before-after study","author":["Comfort, C.","Ostrander, C.","McManus, M.","Karl, D.","Luther, D.","Vega, L."],"organization":["University of Hawaii","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2013-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.258812900000","-157.875960600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Comforet_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3591","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-otec-thermal-effluent-kosrae-coastal-waters-micronesia","sourceURL":"","title":"Effect of OTEC Thermal Effluent on the Kosrae Coastal Waters of the Micronesia","description":"Objective    improve our understanding of the flow characteristics around the Kosrae Coastal Waters  Global Circulation Model(HYCOM) or Regional Ocean Model(FVCOM)  Plume Model(EFDC Explorer or CFD(Flow-3D))","author":["Kim, J.","Mun, J.","Kim, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["5.323771000000","162.987654000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kim_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3595","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-ecological-impacts-marine-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S136403211500221X","title":"Social and Ecological Impacts of Marine Energy Development","description":"For marine energy to be truly sustainable, its social and ecological impacts must be identified and measures by which to mitigate adverse effects established before devices are deployed in large arrays. To inform future research and encourage environmentally-sensitive developments, this review aims to identify the most significant social and ecological issues associated with wave and tidal current energy generation. Modifications to wave climates, flow patterns, and marine habitats, particularly through increased underwater noise and collision risk, are identified as key ecological issues. Social acceptance of renewable energy is found to be closely linked to the level of stakeholder involvement and the public perception of renewable energy. The review concludes with a call for a more strategic and collaborative research effort between developers, academia, and the public sector to improve environmental monitoring standards and best practices for device and array design.","author":["Bonar, P.","Bryden, I.","Borthwick, A."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3596","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-aspects-designing-multi-purpose-offshore-platforms-scope-fp7-tropos","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6964306\/","title":"Environmental aspects of designing multi-purpose offshore platforms in the scope of the FP7 TROPOS Project","description":"The objective of the FP7 funded TROPOS project is to design a modular multi-use platform for use in deep waters, with a focus on the Mediterranean, tropical and sub-tropical regions. In this paper, the related environmental aspects are considered, where both legal and technical issues are addressed. The multiple purpose platforms can enlarge the benefit from different functions, and reduce the environmental impacts through synergies among single impact as well. This proposed study demonstrates the impact assessment through multiple, integrated technologies.","author":["Lu, S.","Yu, J.","Golmen, L.","Wesnigk, J.","Papandroulakis, N.","Anastasiadis, P.","Delory, E.","Quevedo, E.","Hern\u00e1ndez, J.","Llin\u00e1s, O."],"organization":["Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","National Sun Yat-Sen University","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","Plataforma Oce\u00e1nica de Canarias (PLOCAN)","University of Bremen"],"originationDate":"2014-04-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.310184000000","17.805155000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Luetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3617","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/self-contained-subsea-platform-acoustic-monitoring-environment-around-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=7066984","title":"A Self-Contained Subsea Platform for Acoustic Monitoring of the Environment Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices - Field Deployments at Wave and Tidal Energy Sites in Orkney, Scotland","description":"The drive towards sustainable energy has seen rapid development of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs). The NERC\/Defra collaboration FLOw, Water column and Benthic ECology 4-D (FLOWBEC-4D) is investigating the environmental and ecological effects of installing and operating wave and tidal energy devices. The FLOWBEC sonar platform combines several instruments to record information at a range of physical and multitrophic levels for durations of two weeks to capture an entire spring-neap tidal cycle. An upward-facing multifrequency Simrad EK60 echosounder is synchronized with an upward-facing Imagenex Delta T multibeam sonar. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) provides local current measurements and a fluorometer measures chlorophyll (as a proxy for phytoplankton) and turbidity. The platform is self-contained, facilitating rapid deployment and recovery in high-energy sites and flexibility in gathering baseline data. Five 2-week deployments were completed in 2012 and 2013 at wave and tidal energy sites, both in the presence and absence of renewable energy structures at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), Orkney, U.K. Algorithms for target tracking have been designed and compared with concurrent, shore-based seabird observations used to ground truth the acoustic data. The depth preference and interactions of birds, fish schools and marine mammals with MREDs can be tracked to assess whether individual animals face collision risks with tidal stream turbines, and how animals generally interact with MREDs. These results can be used to guide marine spatial planning,device design, licensing and operation, as different device types are tested, as individual devices are scaled up to arrays, and as new sites are considered.","author":["Williamson, B.","Blondel, P.","Armstrong, E.","Bell, P.","Hall, C.","Waggitt, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williamson-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3618","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impact-tidal-stream-turbine-arrays-sediment-transport-pentland-firth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811500186X","title":"The Cumulative Impact of Tidal Stream Turbine Arrays on Sediment Transport in the Pentland Firth","description":"This contribution investigates the impact of the deployment of tidal stream turbine arrays on sediment dynamics and seabed morphology in the Pentland Firth, Scotland. The Pentland Firth is arguably the premier tidal stream site in the world and engineering developments are progressing rapidly. Therefore understanding and minimising impacts is vital to ensure the successful development of this nascent industry. Here a 3 dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model is used to investigate the impact on sediment transport and morphodynamics of tidal stream arrays. The aim of the work presented here is twofold: firstly to provide prediction of the changes caused by multiple tidal stream turbine array developments to some of the unique sandy seabed environments in the Pentland Firth and secondly as a case study to determine the relationship between impacts of individual tidal stream farms and cumulative impacts of multiple farms. Due to connectivity in tidal flow it has been hypothesized that the cumulative impact of multiple arrays on sediment dynamics might be non-linear. This work suggests that, for the Pentland Firth, this is not the case: the cumulative impact of the 4 currently proposed arrays in the area is equal to the sum of the impacts of the individual arrays. Additionally, array implementation only has minimal effect on the baseline morphodynamics of the large sandbanks in the region, smaller more local sandbanks were not considered. These two results are extremely positive for tidal stream developers in the region since it removes the burden of assessing cumulative impact from individual developers and suggests that impacts to sub-sea morphodynamics is insignificant and hence is unlikely to be an impediment to development in the Pentland Firth with the currently proposed levels of extraction.","author":["Fairley, I.","Masters, I.","Karunarathna, H."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.715969100000","-3.115000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fairley-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3619","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-socio-economic-assessment-methods-ocean-renewable-energy-public-private","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115000787","title":"Economic and Socio-Economic Assessment Methods for Ocean Renewable Energy: Public and Private Perspectives","description":"This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of the art of the economics and socio-economics of ocean renewable energy (ORE); the many ways in which the viability and impacts of an ORE project are assessed, and an analysis of the current weaknesses, issues or inappropriateness of the metrics and methodologies used in their definition and presentation. The outcomes of this paper are anticipated to benefit the ORE and wider renewable sector as a whole. The review revealed that, for the most part, the current study of economics and socio-economics of ORE remain separate and discrete areas of research. The economic methods utilised appear to be comprehensive but are limited to project (or private investor) level. The methods identified for socioeconomic assessment fall between traditional, and now routine, environmental assessment approaches and more novel holistic approaches such as ecosystem services and life cycle assessment. The novel section of the paper explored the connectivity between the economics and socio-economics of ORE in relation to project developments and policy\/planning. A visualisation method was created of concentric rings intersected by related axis of economic, socio-economic and environment, and enabled the examination of the benefits arising from the connectivity between the two spheres. The concept of sustainable development process and the integration of environmental assessment for ORE was also explored and how it responds to differing stakeholder aspirations and interpretations. The analysis revealed that there was a divergence between public and private economic and socioeconomic assessments for ORE: environmental assessment is primarily a public responsibility but with significant inputs from the private developer involved while economic assessments are conducted primarily by the developer and\/or investor at their own behest. However, the two spheres of economic and socio-economic for ORE are highly connected and synergistic and must be examined in a holistic manner.","author":["Dalton, G.","Allan, G.","Beaumont, N.","Georgakiki, A.","Hacking, N.","Hooper, T.","Kerr, S.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Reilly, K.","Ricci, P.","Sheng, W.","Stallard, T."],"organization":["University College Cork","University of Strathclyde","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Cardiff University","Heriot-Watt University","Tecnalia","University of Manchester","Cardiff University","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Tecnalia","University College Cork","University of Manchester","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2015-01-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3620","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maine-tidal-power-initiative-transdisciplinary-sustainability-science-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11625-014-0263-7","title":"The Maine Tidal Power Initiative: Transdisciplinary Sustainability Science Research for the Responsible Development of Tidal Power","description":"The Maine Tidal Power Initiative (MTPI), an interdisciplinary team of engineers, marine scientists, oceanographers, and social scientists, is using a transdisciplinary sustainability science approach to collect biophysical and social data necessary for understanding interactions between human and natural systems in the context of tidal power development in Maine. MTPI offers a unique opportunity to better understand how group structure and process influence outcomes in transdisciplinary sustainability science research. Through extensive participant observation and semi-structured interviews we: (1) describe MTPI\u2019s organizational structure; (2) examine MTPI\u2019s research approach and engagement with stakeholders from different sectors of society (i.e., industry, government, and the local community); and (3) identify challenges and opportunities for involving different disciplinary expertise and diverse stakeholders in transformational sustainability science research. We found that MTPI\u2019s holistic mission, non-hierarchical structure, and iterative stakeholder engagement process led to important benefits and significant challenges. Positive outcomes include knowledge development, a transferable research framework, shared resources, personal reward, and a greater understanding of the local environment and community. Challenges identified include balancing diverse interests and priorities, maintaining engagement, managing stakeholder relationships, and limited resources. Lessons learned from the process of integrative collaborative research in Maine can offer guidance on what should be considered when carrying out similar transdisciplinary sustainability science projects in other research contexts.","author":["Jansujwicz, J.","Johnson, T."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.593961000000","-67.807871000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3621","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-test-site-environmental-assessment-marine-corps-base-hawaii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hhf.com\/2014\/08\/19\/wave-energy-test-site-ea\/","title":"Wave Energy Test Site Environmental Assessment: Marine Corps Base Hawaii","description":"Naval Facilities Engineering and Expeditionary Warfare Center (NAVFAC EXWC) proposes to construct and operate two wave energy test site (WETS) berths for testing offshore wave energy conversion (WEC) devices in waters off the north coast of Mokapu Peninsula at MCB Hawaii. The \u201cdeep-water\u201d WETS berths would be located in approximately 197 feet (ft) (60 meters [m]) and 262 ft (80 m) of water, approximately 6,500 ft (2 kilometers [km]) and 8,200 ft (2.5 km), offshore of MCB Hawaii, respectively. The Proposed Action includes installation and operation of two trunk power and communications transmission cables, in-water scientific data gathering equipment, and associated shoreside electrical transmission and monitoring equipment. Construction of the new berths would occur within a one-year period, with the first deep-water WEC device installed in 2014. Subsequent WEC devices would be installed when another device developer is ready to begin testing, but no earlier than one month after installation of the first device. Timing of WETS decommissioning would be based on WEC device test activity and funding. It is currently planned for the 2016 timeframe, but use of the site could extend beyond that time.  Three alternatives were analyzed in the EA: 1) Surface-Laid Cable Alternative (Preferred), in which the power and communications cables would be landed on shore in the vicinity of an existing subsea transmission cable and routed to termination points with the MCB Hawaii electrical grid and monitoring equipment; 2) Horizontal Directional Drilled (HDD) Alternative, which is the same as the Proposed Action except the onshore portion of the transmission cable would be routed below grade through an approximately 2,000-ft (609-m) long subsurface bore hole drilled from Building 614 to an offshore outlet point in approximately 33 ft (10 m) of water and 3) No Action, in which no construction would occur and no deep-water WETS berths would be established.  The Proposed Action would not result in significant impacts to the following resources: climate, air quality, geology, soils, shoreline geomorphology, oceanographic conditions, water quality, natural hazards, marine biological resources, terrestrial biological resources, land and water use compatibility, cultural resources, recreation, infrastructure, public safety and visual resources. The Proposed Action would not create environmental health and safety risks that could disproportionately impact children or minority and low-income populations. The Proposed Action is listed among the de minimis activities agreed upon between the Navy and the State of Hawaii Coastal Zone Management (CZM) Program, and is not subject to further review by the State CZM Program. The State CZM office was advised on 11 July 2013 of the Navy\u2019s usage of the De Minimis Activity List and the preparation of this EA; it acknowledged receipt of the Navy\u2019s notification on 12 July 2013. The Navy found that the Proposed Action may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect Endangered Species Act (ESA) protected marine mammals and sea turtles, ESA proposed listed corals, or proposed Hawaiian monk seal critical habitat. The Navy conducted informal consultation with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries) under Section 7 of the ESA; NOAA Fisheries concurred with the Navy\u2019s determination. The Navy conducted informal consultation on Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) with NOAA Fisheries and found that the Proposed Action may have adverse effects on EFH, but effects would be minimal and insignificant. The project area contains two historic properties: Mokapu Burial Area (Site 1017) is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and Building 614 is eligible for NRHP listing. MCB Hawaii determined that the Proposed Action would result in no adverse effect to historic properties and consulted with State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. SHPO did not object to this determination and its concurrence is assumed due to lack of objection within the 30-day period following receipt of the MCB Hawaii consultation letter dated 29 March 2013. The State Office of Hawaiian Affairs concurred with MCB Hawaii\u2019s no adverse effect determination in an electronic mail message dated 19 December 2013.  Based on the information gathered and analysis conducted during the preparation of this EA, the Navy has determined that the Proposed Action will have no significant impacts on the quality of the human environment.","author":["Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)"],"organization":["Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.465559200000","-157.766863600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:57:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WETS-EA-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3622","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/special-issue-renewable-ocean-energy-development-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12237-014-9922-2","title":"Special Issue: Renewable Ocean Energy Development and the Environment","description":"Renewable energy harvested from ocean waves, tides, and winds as part of a portfolio of reliable low-carbon energy sources to address climate change and energy security is under consideration by many nations. Engineering designs and characterization of the harvestable resource are moving forward, particularly in Europe, Asia, and North America. At the same time, stakeholders and regulators have expressed the need to understand potential effects on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes. These potential effects are prompting researchers and resource managers to examine interactions of species and ocean areas with energy conversion devices. This volume demonstrates the breadth of disciplines engaged in the quest to understand potential effects and the proactive efforts to develop these new sources of energy to the world, in a responsible manner.","author":["Zydlewski, G.","Copping, A.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3623","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-resource-extraction-pentland-firth-uk-potential-impacts-flow-regime-sediment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114008106","title":"Tidal Resource Extraction in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential Impacts on Flow Regime and Sediment Transport in the Inner Sound of Stroma","description":"Large-scale extraction of power from tidal streams within the Pentland Firth is expected to be underway in the near future. The Inner Sound of Stroma in particular has attracted significant commercial interest. To understand potential environmental impacts of the installation of a tidal turbine array a case study based upon the Inner Sound is considered. A numerical computational fluid dynamics model, Fluidity, is used to conduct a series of depth-averaged simulations to investigate velocity and bed shear stress changes due to the presence of idealised tidal turbine arrays. The number of turbines is increased from zero to 400. It is found that arrays in excess of 85 turbines have the potential to affect bed shear stress distributions in such a way that the most favourable sites for sediment accumulation migrate from the edges of the Inner Sound towards its centre. Deposits of fine gravel and coarse sand are indicated to occur within arrays of greater than 240 turbines with removal of existing deposits in the shallower channel margins also possible. The effects of the turbine array may be seen several kilometres from the site which has implications not only on sediment accumulation, but also on the benthic fauna.","author":["Martin-Short, R.","Hill, J.","Kramer, S.","Avdis, A.","Allison, P.","Piggott, M."],"organization":["Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.658068900000","-3.120621900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martin-Short-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3624","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/session-1-presentation-wave-energy-converter-effects-wave-current-sediment-circulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarworks.uno.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039\u0026context=oceanwaves","title":"Session 1 Presentation - Wave Energy Converter Effects on Wave, Current, and Sediment Circulation: A Coupled Wave and Hydrodynamic Model of Santa Cruz, Monterey Bay, CA","description":"Characterization of the physical environment and commensurate alteration of that environment due to Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) devices, or arrays of devices must be understood to make informed device-performance predictions, specifications of hydrodynamic loads, and environmental management decisions to physical responses (e.g., changes to circulation patterns, sediment dynamics). Wave energy converter devices will be deployed meters to several kilometers from the shoreline and are exposed to large forces from surface-wave action and currents which will define their performance. Wave-energy devices will be subject to additional corrosion, fouling, and wearing of moving parts caused by suspended sediments in the overlying water. The alteration of the circulation and sediment transport patterns may also alter local ecosystems through changes in benthic habitat, circulation patterns, or other environmental parameters.  The goal of this study is to develop tools to quantitatively characterize the environments where WEC devices may be installed and to assess effects to hydrodynamics and local sediment transport. The primary tools are wave, hydrodynamic, and sediment transport models. In order to ensure confidence in the resulting evaluation of system wide effects, the models are appropriately constrained and validated with measured data where available. Preliminarily, a model is developed and exercised for a location in Santa Cruz, CA for a hypothetical WEC array. An extension of the US EPA\u2019s (United States Environmental Protection Agency) EFDC (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code), SNL-EFDC (Sandia National Laboratories EFDC) provides a suitable platform for modeling the necessary hydrodynamics and it has been modified to directly incorporate output from a Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model of the region. The modeling framework and results will be presented in this document.","author":["Jones, C.","Chang, G.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.917985000000","-122.020266700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones_et_al_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3625","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-role-stakeholders-wave-energy-consenting-process-engagement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/understanding_the_role_of_stakeholders_in_the_wave_energy_consenting_process_engagement_and_sensitivities\/","title":"Understanding the Role of Stakeholders in the Wave Energy Consenting Process: Engagement and Sensitivities","description":"As a relatively new industry, wave energy faces many hurdles, including questions concerning its environmental impacts and public and stakeholder group attitudes towards wave energy sites. The EU funded SOWFIA project aims to address these issues by providing recommendations for the streamlining of approval processes for wave energy developments across Europe. This paper analyses the results of two surveys conducted to assess the opinions of developers and maritimespace users on wave energy and to investigate commonalities and differences in stakeholder groups\u2019 perceptions of wave energy across different test sites in Europe.","author":["Simas, T.","Mu\u00f1oz-Arjona, E.","Huertas, C.","de Groot, J.","Stokes, C.","Bailey, I.","Magagna, D.","Conley, D.","Greaves, D.","Marina, D.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Sundberg, J.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Holmes, B."],"organization":["Abengoa Seapower","Plymouth University","University College Cork","Uppsala University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-10-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Simas_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3626","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gathering-perspectives-experience-test-sites-device-developers-environmental-socio","sourceURL":"","title":"Gathering the Perspectives and Experience from Test Sites and Device Developers for Environmental and Socio Economic Impact Assessment of Wave Energy","description":"The SOWFIA (Streamlining of Ocean Wave Farms Impact Assessment) project aims to make recommendations to streamline impact assessment and to develop coordinated tools that will contribute to advancing the wave energy sector across Europe. This paper examines the types of, and methods used in, environmental scoping studies whilst investigating the applicable consenting process in six test sites in different jurisdictions. The experiences of site and device developers in relation to consenting and financing of scoping studies were gathered in order to understand the non-technological barriers that the wave energy industry faces. The capturing of such experience highlights the urgent need to adopt a common approach to Impact Assessment and thereby facilitate development of the sector.","author":["Magagna, D.","Greaves, D.","Conley, D.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Holmes, B.","Witt, M.","Simas, T.","Olivares, C.","Leit\u00e3o, J.","Mouslim, H.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Sundberg, J.","Rousseau, N."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EIMR_presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3627","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-debris-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X14008571","title":"The Impact of Debris on Marine Life","description":"Marine debris is listed among the major perceived threats to biodiversity, and is cause for particular concern due to its abundance, durability and persistence in the marine environment. An extensive literature search reviewed the current state of knowledge on the effects of marine debris on marine organisms. 340 original publications reported encounters between organisms and marine debris and 693 species. Plastic debris accounted for 92% of encounters between debris and individuals. Numerous direct and indirect consequences were recorded, with the potential for sublethal effects of ingestion an area of considerable uncertainty and concern. Comparison to the IUCN Red List highlighted that at least 17% of species affected by entanglement and ingestion were listed as threatened or near threatened. Hence where marine debris combines with other anthropogenic stressors it may affect populations, trophic interactions and assemblages.","author":["Gall, S.","Thompson, R."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3630","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-legal-policy-challenges-integrating-emerging-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/glen_wright\/marine-renewable-energy-legal-and-policy-challenges-to-integrating-an-emerging-renewable-energy-source","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: Legal and Policy Challenges to Integrating an Emerging Renewable Energy Source","description":"Marine renewable energy:     Sources   The resource   Technologies   Status      The importance of suitable legal and policy frameworks  Law and policy challenges     Permitting   Seabed ownership   Impact assessment   Grid connection   Incentives      Concluding thoughts","author":["Wright, G."],"organization":["Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2012-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Glen-Wright-SA2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3632","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quieting-technologies-reducing-noise-during-seismic-surveying-pile-driving-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5377.pdf","title":"Quieting Technologies for Reducing Noise During Seismic Surveying and Pile Driving Workshop Report","description":"The focus of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management\u2019s (BOEM\u2019s) Quieting Technologies for Reducing Noise during Seismic Surveying and Pile Driving Workshop was to examine current and emerging technologies that have the potential for reducing noise generated during certain ocean activities. Specifically, the Workshop considered technologies that have potential for quieting noise from geological and geophysical exploration, pile driving, and support vessel operations. A significant theme throughout the Workshop was the need for all regulatory agencies as well as the oil and gas industry, technology developers, and non-governmental organizations to work together to gain a better understanding of the specifics of emerging technologies. This will allow the oil and gas industry and the marine industry to better understand regulatory concerns for new technologies, follow timelines for future and pending permitting processes, and identify ways to conduct relevant environmental monitoring and field testing specific to their technology. It was noted that the coordination between industry and regulatory agencies has vastly improved over the past 10 years. This coordination is key to further improvements in technology development, establishment of the regulatory framework and mechanisms, design of environmental monitoring and field testing, and discussion of concepts and regulations to determine a path forward. One of the important issues identified was the lack of consistent acoustic terminology and noise measurement methods\/standards. Standardized measurements would allow for scientific comparisons between and among data. Without this consistency, comparing various technologies or mitigation measures and their usefulness in quieting will be extremely difficult.","author":["CSA Ocean Sciences Inc"],"organization":["CSA Ocean Sciences Inc","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bureau-Ocean-Energy-Management.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3639","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consenting-processes-ocean-energy-oes-member-countries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/maritime-spatial-planning.ec.europa.eu\/practices\/consenting-processes-ocean-energy-oes-member-countries","title":"Consenting Processes for Ocean Energy on OES Member Countries","description":"The present report summarises several aspects of the consenting process for ocean energy in the OES member countries, based on a collection of information provided by the Delegates.  The term \u2018consenting process\u2019 is used in this report to describe all of the consents or permissions necessary to deploy a device or array of devices in the sea. The following technologies are considered: wave, tidal current, salinity gradient and OTEC. Tidal barrage is not considered due to its distinct stage of development. This report addresses the following topics, in separate chapters:    Marine spatial planning policies and site selection for ocean energy development  Regulatory issues and authorities involved in the consenting process  Environmental impact assessment (EIA) requirements  Consultation as part of the licensing process  Challenges to the consenting process and streamlined licensing processes   MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING POLICIES  Each OES member country reports on their existing marine spatial planning (MSP) policy; how it is being effectively implemented and to what extent MSP is used as a decision making tool for ocean energy development. It further includes information about site selection carried out in each country, namely, how sites have been identified and implemented.  CONSENTING PROCESS  The main sequential steps required to get permission for project deployment are reported for each OES member country, as well as the identification of the authorities involved in the consenting process and their specific role.  References to legislation and regulations related with the consenting process for ocean energy are included with indication of fit-for-purpose consenting regulation\/legislation adapted to better suit ocean energy. Plans for changing legal and administrative frameworks to facilitate development and more integrated marine governance are also mentioned.  Some countries give their view on the clarity of the process for applicants (what permits are required, in what order and what information must be supplied at what time).  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT  This chapter addresses several issues related with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process: whether it is always required or instead a case-by-case analysis is applied. If a case-by-case approach is followed, the main criteria used for decision making process is mentioned, as well as the entity responsible for this decision.  There is also some information about the stage of the process at which the EIA is submitted, and in some countries how EIA baseline and post-deployment monitoring steps of the projects deployed have been carried out.  CONSULTATION  Consultation, usually a legal requirement, is briefly described by each OES member country: how is it conducted, in what stage of the process is done and who are the mandatory consultees. Some examples are provided, including informal consultation activities implemented during the licensing process.  CHALLENGES TO THE CONSENTING PROCESS  OES member countries identify the main factors that can delay the consenting process. Reference to existence or lack of specific guidance and advice available to help developers during the process is reported. To help address the challenges of developing ocean energy projects some countries have been taken steps towards delivering a simpler, more streamlined licensing system to handle ocean energy applications. In some countries a single point of contact (a \u0022one-stop-shop\u0022) for developers to obtain consents\/licenses for ocean energy projects has been established in order to make the process of gaining consents more streamlined. Usually deployment in designated test centers are already pre-consented, so developers do not have to submit a full application comprising all the typical consents providing certain initial conditions are met. OES member countries comment if this is the situation in their existing test centers.  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  The report concludes with a set of recommendations aiming to eliminate non-technical barriers and to ensure that the challenges encountered in the consenting process of ocean energy are overcome. These recommendations are presented for four identified critical themes:    Integrated planning  Administrative procedures  Environmental Impact Assessment  Consultation   The development of guidance documents and\/or public platforms or databases is a recurrent recommendation over the identified critical themes.","author":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 08:59:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-AnnexI-Report-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3647","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strengthening-role-science-marine-governance-through-environmental-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114002099","title":"Strengthening the Role of Science in Marine Governance through Environmental Impact Assessment: A Case Study of the Marine Renewable Energy Industry","description":"This paper explores the role of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in advancing the \u0027Blue Economy\u0027. The ability of EIA frameworks to act as the interface between science and regulation and advance scientific knowledge is assessed. This paper examines how regulators and regulatory frameworks can best use available science, as well as facilitate the generation and sharing of new scientific knowledge on environmental impacts, using the emerging Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) industry as a case study. Some reforms to traditional EIA frameworks are considered. In particular this paper represents the first contribution to the literature on the \u0027Deploy and Monitor\u0027 and \u0027Rochdale Envelope\u0027 approaches to EIA. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is also considered in the MRE context. It is argued that some simple reforms to EIA processes, as well as well-planned SEA, can augment the role of science, and contribute to a supportive regulatory environment that facilitates innovation whilst also protecting the environment.","author":["Wright, G."],"organization":["Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3649","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-patterns-winter-flounder-pseudopleuronectes-americanus-abundance-reproductive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02217.x\/abstract","title":"Seasonal Patterns of Winter Flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus Abundance and Reproductive Condition on the New York Bight Continental Shelf","description":"To resolve varied and sometimes conflicting accounts of spawning and habitat characteristics for winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus, seasonal patterns in abundance and reproductive condition were investigated in the New York Bight, near the southern edge of their current reproductive range. Fish were collected from trawl surveys on the inner continental shelf from October 2006 to October 2007. Pseudopleuronectes americanus were most abundant during January and April surveys, were rarely collected in August, with intermediate abundances in June and October. Measurements of fish condition [hepato-somatic index (I(H)), condition factor (K) and the per cent dry mass of muscle tissue (%M(D))] and reproductive condition [gonado-somatic index (I(G))] were determined to evaluate seasonal changes in energy accumulation and depletion and reproduction. Males and females had similar patterns in body and reproductive condition, although the magnitude of change was greater for females. I(H) values were highest during spring and early summer, suggesting increased feeding following spawning. K and %M(D) increased through spring and summer then declined in the autumn and winter concurrent with gonadal development. Gonads began developing in the autumn, and in January, I(G) values approached spawning levels, with many spent individuals collected in spring. Within these general patterns, however, there was a large degree of variability among individuals, and a few mature non-reproductive (\u0027skipped spawning\u0027) females were observed. In the period after spawning, increased energy intake, indicated by increased I(H), may influence reproductive output since this energy is gradually transferred to the muscle and used for gonadal development in the forthcoming year. The occurrence of ripening individuals on the inner continental shelf in January suggests that these fish either rapidly move into estuaries to spawn by February-March or they remain on the inner shelf to spawn, or some combination of these. Future studies should evaluate these possibilities, as both estuarine and inner shelf habitats are potentially affected by activities such as dredging, sand dredging and wind energy development.","author":["Wuenschel, M.","Able, K.","Byrne, D."],"organization":["Rutgers University"],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.947155800000","-73.335299100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3655","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cetacean-noise-criteria-revisited-light-proposed-exposure-limits-harbour-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.infona.pl\/resource\/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-30aa22a8-f5d2-3dc9-bc0e-dc81241acd9f","title":"Cetacean Noise Criteria Revisited in the Light of Proposed Exposure Limits for Harbour Porpoises","description":"The impact of underwater noise on marine life calls for identification of exposure criteria to inform mitigation. Here we review recent experimental evidence with focus on the high-frequency cetaceans and discuss scientifically-based initial exposure criteria. A range of new TTS experiments suggest that harbour and finless porpoises are more sensitive to sound than expected from extrapolations based on results from bottlenose dolphins. Furthermore, the results from TTS experiments and field studies of behavioural reactions to noise, suggest that response thresholds and TTS critically depend on stimulus frequency. Sound exposure levels for pure tones that induce TTS are reasonably consistent at about 100 dB above the hearing threshold for pure tones and sound pressure thresholds for avoidance reactions are in the range of 40\u201350 dB above the hearing threshold. We propose that frequency weighting with a filter function approximating the inversed audiogram might be appropriate when assessing impact.","author":["Tougaard, J.","Wright, A.","Madsen, P."],"organization":["Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2015-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3657","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-wind-generated-bubbles-sea-surface-backscattering-940-hz","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/130\/5\/10.1121\/1.3626125","title":"The Effect of Wind-Generated Bubbles on Sea-Surface Backscattering at 940 Hz","description":"Reliable predictions of sea-surface backscattering strength are required for sonar performance modeling. These are, however, difficult to obtain as measurements of sea-surface backscattering are not available at small grazing angles relevant to low-frequency active sonar (1-3 kHz). Accurate theoretical predictions of scattering strength require a good understanding of physical mechanisms giving rise to the scattering and the relative importance of these. In this paper, scattering from individual resonant bubbles is introduced as a potential mechanism and a scattering model is derived that incorporates the contribution from these together with that of rough surface scattering. The model results are fitted to Critical Sea Test (CST) measurements at a frequency of 940 Hz, treating the number of large bubbles, parameterized through the spectral slope of the size spectrum for bubbles whose radii exceed 1 mm, as a free parameter. This procedure illustrates that the CST data can be explained by scattering from a small number of large resonant bubbles, indicating that these provide an alternative mechanism to that of scattering from bubble clouds.","author":["van Vossen, R.","Ainslie, M."],"organization":["TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3659","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/determining-detection-thresholds-harbor-porpoise-clicks-autonomous-data-loggers-timing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/134\/3\/10.1121\/1.4816571","title":"Determining the Detection Thresholds for Harbor Porpoise Clicks of Autonomous Data Loggers, the Timing Porpoise Detectors","description":"Timing Porpoise Detectors (T-PODs, Chelonia Ltd.) are autonomous passive acoustic devices for monitoring odontocetes. They register the time of occurrence and duration of high frequency pulsed sounds as possible odontocetes echolocation clicks. Because of evolution, five T-POD versions exist. Although the manufacturer replaced those by a digital successor, the C-POD, T-PODs are still used, and data from many field studies exist. Characterizing the acoustic properties of T-PODs enables the interpretation of data obtained with different devices. Here, the detection thresholds of different T-POD versions for harbor porpoise clicks were determined. While thresholds among devices were quite variable in the first T-POD generations, they became more standardized in newer versions. Furthermore, the influence of user-controlled settings on the threshold was investigated. From version 3 on, the detection threshold was found to be easily adjustable with version-dependent setting options \u0022minimum intensity\u0022 and \u0022sensitivity,\u0022 enabling the presetting of standard thresholds. In version 4, the setting \u0022click bandwidth\u0022 had a strong influence on the detection threshold, while \u0022selectivity\u0022 in version 3 and \u0022noise adaptation = ON\u0022 or \u0022OFF\u0022 in version 4 hardly influenced thresholds obtained in the tank tests. Nevertheless, the latter setting may influence thresholds in a complex acoustic environment like the sea.","author":["Verfuss, U.","D\u00e4hne, M.","Gallus, A.","Jabbusch, M.","Benke, H."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3661","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-evaluation-recreational-value-coastal-environment-marine-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911300080X","title":"Economic Evaluation of the Recreational Value of the Coastal Environment in a Marine Renewables Deployment Area","description":"Marine renewable energy generation (ocean energy) is a growing industry due to global demands for increasing power supplies and reduction in carbon emissions. Intrinsic assets associated with deployment environments and values associated with their existing use need to be established to ensure balanced decisions can be made regarding the sustainable development of marine areas. This paper assesses the value of the marine environment around St. David\u0027s, Pembrokeshire, UK, where a tidal stream turbine demonstration project is underway and larger array developments, both wave and tidal, are planned for the next few years. It was found that the marine environment contributed, on average, to 78% of visitors\u0027 total enjoyment of the area. A Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and Travel Cost Method (TCM) used data collected from questionnaires at the case study site to produce cost and valuation results. The results showed there was a higher revealed preference average value of 148 pound per person attributed to the area through the Travel Costs incurred by visitors than their stated preference average valuation of 6.70 pound per person from a willingness to pay CVM contribution. Interviewees were also asked about the potential impact renewable energy generation in the area would have on their visit. Visual aspects of developments and the impact of wave height reduction were queried in particular. Using these responses from interviewees, the influence of marine energy generation in the case study area and the impact on the value of the marine environment was analysed. The results show that only a small number of visitors, 3.5%, would be put off visiting the area again due to marine renewable energy developments. Underwater, non-visible devices were shown to have the least impact on people\u0027s enjoyment of the marine environment compared to surface based designs. These results suggest that marine energy developments should not affect tourist revenue.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Voke, M.","Fairley, I.","Willis, M.","Masters, I."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.896033200000","-5.250253600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3662","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-use-individuals-based-models-predict-effects-habitat-loss-disturbance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00520.x\/abstract","title":"The Development and Use of Individuals-Based Models to Predict the Effects of Habitat Loss and Disturbance on Waders and Waterfowl","description":"Current commitments to increase renewable energy generation have led to concern about the possible effects of such developments on shorebirds and waterfowl. To assess the future impact of industrial developments \u2013 of changes in the intensity or type of activity on an estuary \u2013 or to evaluate the cost effectiveness of proposed mitigating measures, ecologists must be able to predict accurately to new environmental conditions. The difficulty with predicting to new circumstances is often that there is no way of knowing whether the empirical relationships upon which models are based will hold under the new conditions, and so predictions are of uncertain accuracy. Individuals-based models of shorebirds feeding on estuaries have been developed in an attempt to overcome this problem. These models follow the behavioural responses of individual animals to changes in the environment and predict variables such as population mortality rate from the fates of all individuals. Birds in these models use optimal decision rules to determine their behaviour, which means that model birds are likely to respond to environmental changes in the same way as real ones would and are therefore expected to provide a reliable means of predicting how animal populations will be influenced by environmental change. We describe previous approaches to predicting the effects of development in estuaries using two estuarine barrage schemes as examples. We then describe the development of individuals-based models to overcome the limitations of these approaches and discuss examples of how the models have already been used to predict the consequences of habitat loss and disturbance. Finally, we describe two current applications that demonstrate how individuals-based models are being used to predict the effects of barrages and offshore wind farm developments on waterbirds. We believe that individuals-based modelling has the potential to play an important role in future investigations of the impacts of a wide range of renewable energy developments.","author":["West, A.","Caldow, R."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)"],"originationDate":"2006-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3665","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-dynamics-fouling-communities-found-offshore-installations-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?aid=176903","title":"Long-Term Dynamics of Fouling Communities Found on Offshore Installations in the North Sea","description":"Inspection videos of four offshore platforms in the central and northern North Sea were used to study the development of fouling communities on clamps and guides of oil export risers over an 11-y period (1989-2000). Results front multivariate analyses (multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarities) indicated that distinct assemblages developed in different geographical locations. These differences were mainly due to the protracted development of the Metridium senile (Cnidaria: Actinaria) zone on the northern sector platforms. The vertical zonation of fouling organisms was similar on all installations, although the water depth at platform locations varied from 80 to 169 m, indicating that fouling organisms display a wide bathymetric tolerance. This study has highlighted the value of long-term data present in operational inspection videos for the study of fouling communities.","author":["Whomersley, P.","Picken, G."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2003-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.159311000000","-0.903789000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3666","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-man-made-structures-sedimentary-oxygenation-extent-seasonality-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S014111361400035X","title":"Effects of Man-Made Structures on Sedimentary Oxygenation: Extent, Seasonality and Implications for Offshore Renewables","description":"The number of man-made structures to be placed in the marine environment is set to increase massively in the near future as a consequence of the wide-scale adoption and commercialisation of offshore electricity generation. Marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) interact with their receiving environment and are de-facto artificial reefs. The Loch Linnhe Artificial Reef (LLR) complex is a large-scale experimental facility, with the main matrix consisting of 30 separate reef modules deployed in 10-30 m depth and over a gradient of hydrographic and sedimentological conditions. The LLR offers potential to examine impacts that are analogous to those likely to occur around MREDs. The extent of the impact of the LLR modules on the receiving environment was assessed by determining their effect on sedimentary redox potential, as a function of distance from the reef-edge, and season, using an innovative, hand-held, underwater redox probe. The results are commensurate with the reef-proximal baffling of water flow resulting in the entrapment of drifting phytodetritus. At the least current-exposed reef-group the expected decrease in mean redox, at 80 mm sediment depth, was 80 mV (95% Cl 40, 120 mV) but this effect was not observed more than 1 m from the reef edge and only occurred during summer months (water temperature \u003E10 degrees C). Redox at the reef edge, particularly during summer months, was more variable compared to redox taken at 1 m and 4 m reef-distance and was associated with the patchy distribution of phytodetrital accumulations. At all reef groups, there was no discernible difference in modelled mean redox between observations taken at 1 m and 4 m-reef distance. Artificial structures, including MREDs, may cause quite major sedimentary changes but this evidence suggests that these effects will be of limited spatial scale and, where phytodetrital accumulations occur, are only likely to be detrimental in oxygen-deficient sediments. Where these changes occur at well-flushed sites they are likely to be associated with increased infaunal biomass typical of moderate organic enrichment.","author":["Wilding, T."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.593014000000","-5.434314000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilding-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3670","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anticipated-coastal-impacts-what-water-users-think-marine-renewables-why","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114000970","title":"Anticipated Coastal Impacts: What Water-Users Think of Marine Renewables and Why","description":"This article explores the physical coastal impacts that are anticipated by coastal water-users in the lee of the Wave Hub marine renewables test facility (Cornwall, UK). In depth, semi-structured interviews were analysed using a grounded theory approach in order to explore contemporary anticipations as well as the process of opinion formation that has occurred for participants. The interviews focused on anticipated impacts to inshore wave conditions, beach sedimentation, rip current formation and beach safety. The results indicate that participants constructed their anticipations by weighing their perceptions of the technology against their perceptions of the coastal environment. A conceptual model is presented which allows the degree of anticipated coastal impact to be predicted, by categorizing technologies and coastal environments in terms of their perceived properties. The model indicates that wave energy deployments which are perceived to be large scale, close to shore, wide, stationary, or extracting high percentages of energy are likely to invoke anticipations of significant or severe coastal impacts. Conversely, those which are perceived to be small scale, far from shore, narrow, moving, or extracting low percentages of wave energy are more likely to invoke anticipations of insignificant or no coastal impact. Interestingly, the level of anticipated impact was most often based on device properties such as form or siting, and was rarely influenced by device extraction efficiency. The implications for future marine renewables deployments are discussed.","author":["Stokes, C.","Beaumont, E.","Russell, P.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.497097500000","-4.800203100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3674","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-term-disturbance-commercial-two-dimensional-seismic-survey-does-not-lead-long","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/280\/1771\/20132001","title":"Short-Term Disturbance by a Commercial Two-Dimensional Seismic Survey does Not Lead to Long-Term Displacement of Harbour Porpoises","description":"Assessments of the impact of offshore energy developments are constrained because it is not known whether fine-scale behavioural responses to noise lead to broader-scale displacement of protected small cetaceans. We used passive acoustic monitoring and digital aerial surveys to study changes in the occurrence of harbour porpoises across a 2000 km2 study area during a commercial two-dimensional seismic survey in the North Sea. Acoustic and visual data provided evidence of group responses to air gun noise from the 470 cu inch array over ranges of 5-10 km, at received peak-to-peak sound pressure levels of 165-172 dB re 1 mu Pa and sound exposure levels (SELs) of 145-151 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa-2 s-1. However, animals were typically detected again at affected sites within a few hours, and the level of response declined through the 10 day survey. Overall, acoustic detections decreased significantly during the survey period in the impact area compared with a control area, but this effect was small in relation to natural variation. These results demonstrate that prolonged seismic survey noise did not lead to broader-scale displacement into suboptimal or higher-risk habitats, and suggest that impact assessments should focus on sublethal effects resulting from changes in foraging performance of animals within affected sites.","author":["Thompson, P.","Brookes, K.","Graham, I.","Barton, T.","Needham, K.","Bradbury, G.","Merchant, N."],"organization":["Kongsberg Maritime Ltd","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.770710000000","-3.568977000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thompson-et-al-2013.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thompson-et-al-2013_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3675","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cetacean-stock-assessments-relation-exploration-production-industry-activity-other","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/index.php?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=517","title":"Cetacean Stock Assessments in Relation to Exploration and Production Industry Activity and Other Human Pressures: Review and Data Needs","description":"The impacts of manmade underwater sound on cetaceans have become an important environmental issue. A number of studies have documented effects on individuals such as behavioural response; masking of biologically relevant signals; and hearing loss, either temporary or permanent (reviews by Richardson et al., 1995; Southall et al., 2007). Little is known, however, about the population-level consequences of acoustic impacts. Methodologies addressing this issue, such as risk-based and cumulative impact assessments, are still in their infancy (e.g., National Research Council [NRC], 2005; Boyd et al., 2008; Wright, 2009). There is also limited information on levels of human activities generating sound and uncertainties in cetacean stock assessments that hamper quantitative investigations. Yet, sound generating industries are active in many parts of the world\u2019s oceans and, therefore, qualitative assessments could provide a first step in managing potential conflicts between industry sectors generating sound and cetacean conservation. The Exploration and Production industry (E\u0026amp;P industry) generates underwater sound potentially affecting individual cetaceans, with most concerns expressed about the effects of seismic surveys (review by OSPAR, 2009). However, the relationship between E\u0026amp;P industry activities and trends in cetacean stocks has rarely been investigated. We provide a global overview of E\u0026amp;P industries and cetacean stock data in order to identify hot spots for more detailed investigations. Thus, in four case studies, we quantified the E\u0026amp;P industry activity in a specific region, investigated the status and trends of seven cetacean stocks therein, and assessed other factors presumably influencing the populations in question.","author":["Thomsen, F.","McCully, S.","Weiss, L.","Wood, D.","Warr, K.","Barry, J.","Law, R."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2011-02-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3677","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-mode-marine-planning-uk-aspirations-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X14002000","title":"The New Mode of Marine Planning in the UK: Aspirations and Challenges","description":"Since 2009, there has been a shift in UK marine governance with the Marine and Coastal Access Act in which a core mechanism is marine planning, designed to replace a fragmented, ad hoc, and bureaucratic process of marine management with a strategic, integrated, and centralised system. This shift has been justified by the UK government as a more efficient procedure for delivering sustainable development (SD), which is the overarching objective of UK environmental policy. This article, which is based on data from key informant interviews and secondary sources, analyses the shift to understand its aspirations and the challenges facing it. The issues focused on include its holistic approach; its centralising tendencies; its streamlining processes; and its implicit commitment to renewable energy. In these four issues there are tensions between aspirations and challenges, and the conclusion is that the success of the new mode of marine governance depends on satisfactorily resolving these tensions.","author":["Scarff, G.","Fitzsimmons, C.","Gray, T."],"organization":["Newcastle University"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3681","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technologies-their-influence-future-uk-marine-resource-development-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X02000052","title":"Technologies and their Influence on Future UK Marine Resource Development and Management","description":"This paper attempts to predict changes and trends in future UK marine resource development and management. It does this by asserting that our presumptions about marine resources and the way in which they should be used are changing. Some emerging presumptions may not only preclude the use of existing technologies in some cases (e.g. dumping at sea), but may also act as drivers to the development of new technologies, such as offshore wave and wind power generation devices. A variety of maritime industries exploiting both living and non-living resources are examined individually. Attention is paid to marine conservation and the technologies that are important to providing generally for the protection of the marine environment. The authors conclude that major drivers will be ones for cleaner seas, for the development of renewable marine energy sources, and for the innovative management of the consequences of sea-level rise. With regard to the exploitation of living resources the finite limits to fisheries are stressed, and the present importance of industrial fishmeal supplies for salmon farming are highlighted. One of the greatest potential technological advances is predicted to be in marine habitat mapping. Given the changes in presumptions about our use of the seas, one over-riding conclusion is that the sustainable development of marine resources, and the conservation of priority habitats and species (for both the local seas and global oceans), must involve sustainable mechanisms for conflict resolution and decision-making.","author":["Side, J.","Jowitt, P."],"organization":["International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT)"],"originationDate":"2002-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.976010000000","-3.159688000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3684","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noisy-spring-impact-globally-rising-underwater-sound-levels-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534710000832","title":"A Noisy Spring: The Impact of Globally Rising Underwater Sound Levels on Fish","description":"The underwater environment is filled with biotic and abiotic sounds, many of which can be important for the survival and reproduction of fish. Over the last century, human activities in and near the water have increasingly added artificial sounds to this environment. Very loud sounds of relatively short exposure, such as those produced during pile driving, can harm nearby fish. However, more moderate underwater noises of longer duration, such as those produced by vessels, could potentially impact much larger areas, and involve much larger numbers of fish. Here we call attention to the urgent need to study the role of sound in the lives of fish and to develop a better understanding of the ecological impact of anthropogenic noise.","author":["Slabbekoorn, H.","Bouton, N.","van Opzeeland, I.","Coers, A.","ten Cate, C.","Popper, A."],"organization":["University of Antwerp"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3686","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fishery-stakeholder-engagement-marine-spatial-planning-lessons-rhode-island-ocean-samp","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.infona.pl\/resource\/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-1dfc706a-889d-3c75-a4cf-bc7cbb8411ae","title":"Fishery Stakeholder Engagement and Marine Spatial Planning: Lessons from the Rhode Island Ocean SAMP and the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan","description":"Coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) is a key component of the US National Ocean Policy. Efforts to implement CMSP in US federal waters are beginning in earnest. Beyond sound science and data, a stakeholder engagement process that encourages public participation, collaboration and communication between disparate groups is at the heart of effective marine spatial planning (MSP). While a rich body of literature on stakeholder engagement exists, few opportunities exist to compare different stakeholder engagement processes as they occur on the ground for a particular stakeholder group. Between 2008 and 2010 marine spatial planning efforts were conducted by the neighboring US states of Rhode Island and Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan and Rhode Island Ocean SAMP provide models for the nation in structuring effective stakeholder processes for ocean management. Within both states, commercial fishermen were identified as key stakeholders. For this study, commercial fishermen\u0027s perceptions of the engagement process in Massachusetts and Rhode Island were examined. Specifically, this paper explores the role fishermen sought in these two pioneering MSP efforts, and the role they felt they actually played. Key findings include the need for clear communication of the role of stakeholders, stakeholder empowerment and background stakeholder analysis to understand the needs and challenges faced by participating groups. This work provided a unique opportunity to examine how each ocean planning effort engaged commercial fishermen and to reflect on lessons learned for future such initiatives in the US and beyond. Exploring effectiveness through the perceptions of primary stakeholders such as commercial fishermen further elucidates the challenges and opportunities of carrying out MSP and stakeholder processes in practice.","author":["Nutters, H.","Pinto da Silva, P."],"organization":["Brown University"],"originationDate":"2012-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.362630000000","-70.581705000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3693","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-effect-sound-levels-multiple-underwater-anthropogenic-sound-sources-shallow","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12196\/abstract","title":"The Cumulative Effect on Sound Levels from Multiple Underwater Anthropogenic Sound Sources in Shallow Coastal Waters","description":"Underwater anthropogenic sound levels in the ocean are increasing, and the evidence for impacts of sound on marine life is overwhelming. Currently, regulatory bodies require emitted sound from marine renewable energy projects to be assessed in order to infer potential impacts on marine life. Geometric spreading models are sometimes used to assess likely ecological impacts of anthropogenic sound by estimating the propagation of underwater sound without in situ verification.\nThis study investigated the propagation of anthropogenic sound in shallow waters (25\u201345\u00a0m deep) from a single monopole (a single loudspeaker) and twin monopole (two loudspeakers) sound sources replaying tidal turbine sound to approximate anthropogenic sound sources in this environment.\nGreater sound levels at 100\u2013800, 801\u20132000 and 2001\u201320\u00a0000\u00a0Hz were observed at all observation distances from the sound source for the twin monopole compared to the single monopole. These results suggest that the sound from multiple anthropogenic sound sources installed in one location is likely to be cumulative in the environment where their sound fields overlap.\nSound intensities observed in both the single monopole and twin monopole experiments for 0\u00b71\u201320\u00a0kHz were higher than estimates derived from standard geometric spreading models for underwater sound by 3\u201341\u00a0dB across all measured distances from the source. The greatest difference from the theoretical spherical spreading model (41\u00a0dB) occurred at the site most distant from the twin monopole sound source, that is, 5\u00a0km.\nSynthesis and applications. The results show that geometric models used by some regulatory bodies may be underestimating the spatial extent to which the anthropogenic underwater sound may be propagating and creating potential ecological impacts. Based on field measurements, we have presented an alternative model which should assist regulatory agencies to better estimate and manage ecological impacts from anthropogenic underwater sound.","author":["Pine, M.","Jeffs, A.","Radford, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.297629000000","174.897854000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3694","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-perspective-fisheries-ocean-commons-beset-demands-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308597X14003170","title":"Power and Perspective: Fisheries and the Ocean Commons Beset by Demands of Development","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE), though a relative newcomer to the ocean and coastal commons, has become a significant driver of marine spatial planning in the US, posing particular challenges to commercial fisheries and fishing communities. State and federal agencies with primary oversight for MRE development have focused on the identification of places where MRE might proceed unhindered by other uses, most notably coastal fisheries. These agencies and MRE developers have focused on potential space-use conflict and standard mitigation measures for loss of access to that space. However, discussions with fishery participants and other community members, as well as observations of processes on the US West and East Coasts, reveal a complex, multi-faceted social\u2013ecological system not easily parsed out among users, nor amenable to classic mitigation formulas. Recent ethnographic research on potential space-use conflicts and mitigation for MRE demonstrates that marine space use is dynamic and multi-dimensional, with important linkages among fisheries, communities and other interests. Although experiences vary within and across regions and fishing communities, this research illustrates the weak position of fishing communities in marine spatial planning in the context of MRE development. This paper considers the implications of MRE for US East and West Coast fisheries and fishing communities situated within the larger context of neoliberalism and commodification of the ocean commons.","author":["Pomeroy, C.","Hall-Arber, M.","Conway, F."],"organization":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2014-12-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3696","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/involving-public-impact-assessment-offshore-renewable-energy-facilities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X08001292","title":"Involving the Public in the Impact Assessment of Offshore Renewable Energy Facilities","description":"Public participation in decision-making about development has many benefits especially in the coastal zone and in the near-shore marine environment. This research expands the discussion of public involvement in decisions about marine resource use by examining public participation in environmental impact assessment as relevant for offshore renewable energy facilities. A review of empirical and theoretical research supports the development of a framework for further analysis. The framework consists of five main features: (1) effective communication, (2) broad-based inclusion, (3) prioritization, (4) early three-way learning, and (5) alternatives analysis. The paper\u0027s concluding sections explore the relevance of such a framework and indicate possible applications.","author":["Portman, M."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2009-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3697","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/catch-patterns-german-baltic-sea-trawl-fleet-targeting-demersal-species-between-2006","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aiep.pl\/volumes\/2010\/2_4\/txt\/txt_08.php","title":"Catch Patterns of the German Baltic Sea Trawl Fleet Targeting Demersal Species Between 2006 and 2009","description":"Background. The data collection of commercial fisheries has been formalized by the EU data collection framework (DCF). Besides gaining relevant information to fisheries management under the Common Fisheries Policy, the data of the DCF will gain importance in assessing the impacts of fishing on the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. Materials and methods. The catch of the demersal German Baltic Sea trawl fleet between 2006 and 2009 was sampled by on-board observers to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns in catch composition. Results. There was a general increment in tow duration, landing weights, and discard weights from west to east. The most important species by catch weight was cod, for which highest catches were obtained during spring in ICES subdivision 25. Single hauls exceeded 25 h and caught more than 9900 kg of cod. On average, about 5%, 13%, and 20% and of the captured cod, flounder, and dab, respectively, were discarded. Conclusion. The presently reported study provides a benchmark for the German Baltic Fisheries that can be used for assessment of new management regulations and\/or new marine policies. A comprehensive documentation of the spatial and temporal catch distribution of the German Baltic demersal trawl fleet, prior to the implementation of marine spatial planning measures such as marine protected areas or offshore wind farms, should help to evaluate the implications of intensifying spatial use on the fishing industry.","author":["Probst, W.","Berth, U.","Stepputtis, D.","Hammer, C."],"organization":["Johann Heinrich von Th\u00fcnen Institute (vTI)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.511472000000","13.939373000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3700","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-coastal-policy-uk-challenges-opportunities-new-era","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1300211X","title":"Marine and Coastal Policy in the UK: Challenges and Opportunities in a New Era","description":"Marine and coastal policy in the UK has faced a number of significant changes in recent years, most notably the passing of the Marine and Coastal Access Act in 2009. These changes have brought significant challenges and opportunities for all those involved in the management and use of the UK\u0027s marine and coastal environment. This new era of marine policy inspired the UK\u0027s first Marine and Coastal Policy forum held in June 2011. In this introductory paper the global context of marine policy changes and the themes which emerged from the forum, forming the basis of the articles in this special issue, are outlined. It is concluded that there is a high level of engagement, capacity and willingness of key stakeholders to work collaboratively to address the environmental, social and economic complexities of managing the marine and coastal environment. It is both evident and encouraging that progress is being made and the many challenges faced in this new era give rise to a number of opportunities to develop new ideas and effective mechanisms for finding solutions.","author":["Rodwell, L.","Fletcher, S.","Glegg, G.","Campbell, M.","Rees, S.","Ashley, M.","Linley, E.","Frost, M.","Earll, B.","Wynn, R.","Mee, L.","Almada-Villela, P.","Lear, D.","Stanger, P.","Colenutt, A.","Davenport, F.","Barker Bradshaw, N.","Covey, R."],"organization":["Plymouth University","The Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3705","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-tradeoffs-among-ecosystem-services-inform-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/1957\/49911\/BarthJohnCEOASEvaluatingTradeoffsAmong.pdf","title":"Evaluating Tradeoffs Among Ecosystem Services to Inform Marine Spatial Planning","description":"A central challenge for natural resource management is developing rigorous yet practical approaches for balancing the costs and benefits of diverse human uses of ecosystems. Economic theory has a long history of evaluating tradeoffs in returns from different assets to identify optimal investment strategies. There has been recent progress applying this framework to the delivery of ecosystem services in land use planning. However, despite growing national and international interest in marine spatial planning, there is a lack of parallel frameworks in the marine realm. This paper reviews an ecosystem service tradeoff analysis framework and provides a more comprehensive synthesis for how it can be applied to marine spatial planning and marine ecosystem-based management. A tradeoff analysis approach can reveal inferior management options, demonstrate the benefits of comprehensive planning for multiple, interacting services over managing single services, and identify \u2018compatible\u2019 services that provide win\u2013win management options.","author":["Lester, S.","Costello, C.","Halpern, B.","Gaines, S.","White, C.","Barth, J."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lester-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3710","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporary-shift-masked-hearing-thresholds-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-after","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/125\/6\/10.1121\/1.3117443","title":"Temporary Shift in Masked Hearing Thresholds in a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after Exposure to Seismic Airgun Stimuli","description":"An auditory study was conducted to derive data on temporary threshold shift (TTS) induced by single impulses. This information should serve as basis for the definition of noise exposure criteria for harbor porpoises. The measurements of TTS were conducted on a harbor porpoise by measuring the auditory evoked potentials in response to amplitude-modulated sounds. After obtaining baseline hearing data the animal was exposed to single airgun stimuli at increasing received levels. Immediately after each exposure the animal\u0027s hearing threshold was tested for significant changes. The received levels of the airgun impulses were increased until TTS was reached. At 4 kHz the predefined TTS criterion was exceeded at a received sound pressure level of 199.7 dB(pk-pk) re 1 mu Pa and a sound exposure level (SEL) of 164.3 dB re 1 mu Pa(2)s. The animal consistently showed aversive behavioral reactions at received sound pressure levels above 174 dB(pk-pk) re 1 mu Pa or a SEL of 145 dB re 1 mu Pa(2)s. Elevated levels of baseline hearing sensitivity indicate potentially masked acoustic thresholds. Therefore, the resulting TTS levels should be considered masked temporary threshold shift (MTTS) levels. The MTTS levels are lower than for any other cetacean species tested so far.","author":["Lucke, K.","Siebert, U.","Lepper, P.","Blanchet, M."],"organization":["Fjord \u0026 B\u00e6lt","Kiel University"],"originationDate":"2009-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3713","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/crowded-sea-incorporating-multiple-marine-activities-conservation-plans-can","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0104489","title":"The Crowded Sea: Incorporating Multiple Marine Activities in Conservation Plans Can Significantly Alter Spatial Priorities","description":"Successful implementation of marine conservation plans is largely inhibited by inadequate consideration of the broader social and economic context within which conservation operates. Marine waters and their biodiversity are shared by a host of stakeholders, such as commercial fishers, recreational users and offshore developers. Hence, to improve implementation success of conservation plans, we must incorporate other marine activities while explicitly examining trade-offs that may be required. In this study, we test how the inclusion of multiple marine activities can shape conservation plans. We used the entire Mediterranean territorial waters of Israel as a case study to compare four planning scenarios with increasing levels of complexity, where additional zones, threats and activities were added (e.g., commercial fisheries, hydrocarbon exploration interests, aquaculture, and shipping lanes). We applied the marine zoning decision support tool Marxan to each planning scenario and tested a) the ability of each scenario to reach biodiversity targets, b) the change in opportunity cost and c) the alteration of spatial conservation priorities. We found that by including increasing numbers of marine activities and zones in the planning process, greater compromises are required to reach conservation objectives. Complex plans with more activities incurred greater opportunity cost and did not reach biodiversity targets as easily as simplified plans with less marine activities. We discovered that including hydrocarbon data in the planning process significantly alters spatial priorities. For the territorial waters of Israel we found that in order to protect at least 10% of the range of 166 marine biodiversity features there would be a loss of ~15% of annual commercial fishery revenue and ~5% of prospective hydrocarbon revenue. This case study follows an illustrated framework for adopting a transparent systematic process to balance biodiversity goals and economic considerations within a country\u0027s territorial waters.","author":["Mazor, T.","Possingham, H.","Edelist, D.","Brokovich, E.","Kark, S."],"organization":["Imperial College London","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2014-08-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.177223000000","34.405618000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mazor-et-al-2014.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3714","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/re-established-stony-reef-attracts-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/meps_oa\/m481p239.pdf","title":"Re-Established Stony Reef Attracts Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena","description":"Stony reefs in shallow water support abundant and species-rich animal communities, and may thus attract top predators such as the harbour porpoise. In summer 2008, the nature restoration project Blue Reef re-established 45 000 m(2) of cavernous stony reef at L so Trindel in the northern Kattegat, Denmark. To investigate whether the re-established reef attracts harbour porpoises, the acoustic activity of porpoises was monitored by static acoustic data loggers, T-PODs, before and after the restoration project. T-PODs were placed at the L so Trindel reef and at a reference station 10 km away between June and August from 2006 to 2012. Results showed that porpoise activity increased significantly at L so Trindel reef after the reconstruction in 2008. The number of minutes with porpoise recordings (PPM) increased on average from 9.5 PPM per day in 2006 to a maximum in 2010 (15.2 PPM per day) followed by a small decrease (12.75 PPM per day in 2012). An increase in mean encounter duration from 3.0 min in 2006 to 4.7 min in 2010 (3.7 min in 2012) showed that porpoises not only appeared more often, but also stayed longer at L so Trindel. Furthermore, there was a striking diel pattern in porpoise activity at L so Trindel, with significantly higher activity during the night. This pattern became increasingly apparent over the study period. At the reference station, in contrast, most activity took place during the day throughout the study. The results suggest that these changes reflect a new food source which occurs at night on the re-established stony reef and is exploited by the porpoises.","author":["Mikkelsen, L.","Mouritsen, K.","Dahl, K.","Teilmann, J.","Tougaard, J."],"organization":["Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2013-05-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.943904400000","11.300445100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mikkelsen-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3715","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-development-assessing-benthic-footprint-multiple-scales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1890\/120089","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Development: Assessing the Benthic Footprint at Multiple Scales","description":"Increasing concerns over global climate change and sustainable fuel procurement are driving the search for new ways to derive energy from the seas. Globally, the offshore wind energy sector has progressed rapidly, and wave and tidal-current energy converters are now approaching deployment at commercial scales. To date, most studies of the ecological effects of marine renewable energy development have concentrated on birds and marine mammals. Here, we focus on the consequences for benthic flora and fauna, and for benthic habitats across a variety of scales. We use a Benthic Footprint concept to discuss the potential for species-specific environmental responses, and to consider the poorly understood cumulative effects of wind, wave, and tidal-current energy operations on marine ecosystems. Collaborations between ecologists, industry specialists, and government bodies, as well as better designs for devices, arrays, and developments consisting of multiple arrays, can contribute to the goal of reducing the Benthic Footprint of marine renewable energy, thereby facilitating large-scale implementation of these technologies.","author":["Miller, R.","Hutchison, Z.","Macleod, A.","Burrows, M.","Cook, E.","Last, K.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3724","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hearing-thresholds-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-playbacks-seal-scarer-signals-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10750-014-2152-6","title":"Hearing Thresholds of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) for Playbacks of Seal Scarer Signals, and Effects of the Signals on Behavior","description":"Acoustic mitigation devices (AMDs) are used to deter marine mammals from construction sites to prevent hearing injury by offshore pile-driving noise. In order to quantify the distance at which AMDs designed as \u2018seal scarers\u2019 are detected by seals, the 50% hearing thresholds for playbacks of their sounds were determined. The broadband hearing threshold sound pressure levels (SPLs) of two harbor seals for signals from two AMDs were similar (63\u201369 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, rms). Effects of the AMDs on the seals\u2019 behavior were quantified at three SPLs: one which just did not cause behavioral changes, one which caused one of the seals to haul out occasionally, and one which caused one of the seals to haul out more than 10% of the time. The corresponding mean received SPLs were, respectively, Ace Aquatec: 109, 124, and 134 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, rms; Lofitech: 128, 133, and 138 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, rms. Thus at similar received levels, the Ace Aquatec seems more effective than the Lofitech in deterring harbor seals. Detection and behavioral response distances of the AMD sounds for harbor seals at sea can be estimated by combining the results from the present study with data on AMD source levels, propagation conditions, and background noise levels near construction sites.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Helder-Hoek, L.","Gransier, R.","Terhune, J.","Jennings, N.","de Jong, C."],"organization":["University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3731","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/importance-marine-spatial-planning-advancing-ecosystem-based-sea-use-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X0800064X","title":"The Importance of Marine Spatial Planning in Advancing Ecosystem-Based Sea Use Management","description":"During the past 10 years, the evolution of marine spatial planning (MSP) and ocean zoning has become a crucial step in making ecosystem-based, sea use management a reality. The idea was initially stimulated by international and national interest in developing marine protected areas, e.g., the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. More recent attention has been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear, e.g., in the North Sea. Even more recent concern has focused on the need to conserve nature, especially ecologically and biologically sensitive areas, in the context of multi-use planning of ocean space. Despite academic discussions and the fact that some countries already have started implementation, the scope of MSP has not been clearly defined. Terms such as integrated management, marine spatial management, and ocean zoning are all used inconsistently. This is one of the reasons why its importance is not more seriously reflected at the levels of policy and decision-making in most countries. This article attempts to deal with this problem. It describes why MSP is an essential step to achieve ecosystem-based sea use management, how it can be defined and what its core objectives are. The article concludes with an analysis of the use and achievements of MSP worldwide, with particular focus on new approaches in Europe.","author":["Douvere, F."],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-19.170895000000","148.310564000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3752","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/main-characteristics-problems-prospects-western-european-coastal-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X07003748","title":"The Main Characteristics, Problems, and Prospects for Western European Coastal Seas","description":"Located to the far West of Western Europe, France has a western maritime coastal zone of more than 3800 km, which is widely influenced by the North-eastern Atlantic. The English Channel, an epi-continental shallow sea with very strong tides, runs along 650 km of the French coast and 1100 km of the English coast. It is also a bio-geographical crossroad encompassing a much wider range of ecological conditions than other European seas. France\u2019s Atlantic coast north of the Gironde estuary is a succession of rocky and sandy shorelines, including a sizeable intertidal zone, a wide continental shelf, and two major estuaries (Loire and Gironde). South of the Gironde, the 260 km of coastline is low, sandy and straight, with a narrowing continental shelf further on South due to the presence of the Cape Breton canyon in the bathyal and abyssal zones. Interface between the continental and oceanic systems, these bordering seas \u2013 North Sea, English Channel and Atlantic Ocean \u2013 have been the subject of many recent research programmes (the European Mast-FLUXMANCHE and INTERREG programmes; the national coastal environment programme and the LITEAU programme in France), designed to improve comprehension of the functions, production, and dynamics of these seas as well as their future evolution. Given the many conflicting practices in these littoral zones, integrated coastal zone management appears to be essential in order to cope with both natural phenomena, such as the infilling of estuarine zones, cliff erosion, and rising sea levels, and chronic anthropogenic pressures, such as new harbour installations (container dikes, marinas), sea aggregate extraction for human constructions, and offshore wind mill farms. This article provides as complete an overview as possible of the research projects on these bordering seas, both those that have recently been accomplished and those that are currently in progress, in order to highlight the main characteristics of these ecosystems and to underline the future challenges for European marine research in terms of the integrated coastal zone management of these highly significant coastal zones.","author":["Dauvin, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.016043000000","-0.608174000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3756","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-speed-void-fraction-profiles-sea-surface-bubble-layer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X97000029","title":"Sound Speed and Void Fraction Profiles in the Sea Surface Bubble Layer","description":"Observational evidence indicates that the bubble layer beneath the sea surface may show either an exponential or an inverse-square sound speed profile down to depths greater than 10 m. An exponential profile is consistent with a model of gas transport in which the downward flux is clue to turbulent diffusion and the diffusion coefficient is independent of depth. In this paper, a theoretical model is developed for the inverse-square sound speed (or void fraction) profile, which is also based on turbulent transport but in the presence of a constant stress layer immediately beneath the surface. In such a boundary layer, the diffusion coefficient increases linearly with depth. The new solution, which is based on a Hankel transformation of the diffusion equation, includes the input gas flux explicitly. Expressions are given relating the input gas flux and the transport parameters of the bubble layer to the parameters of the inverse-square profile. By comparing this solution with published experimental data, the wind-speed dependencies of the inverse-square profile parameters, the input gas flux and the coupling coefficient between wind energy and bubble formation are estimated. Future modelling efforts that will be required to establish the link between the hydrodynamic properties of the bubble layer and the ambient noise in the ocean are discussed.","author":["Buckingham, M."],"organization":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography","University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"1997-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3760","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potentials-quantitative-qualitative-approaches-assessing-ecosystem-services","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X1100375X","title":"Potentials of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches to Assessing Ecosystem Services","description":"Quantitative and qualitative approaches to assessing and valuing ecosystem services have been compared using case studies from Italy and Germany. This paper describes and analyzes two different methods of applying an ecosystem service approach and discusses their relative strengths, shortcomings and peculiarities. This allows the conditions to be identified that best support the application of one or other of these methods. Suggestions are offered on how to integrate both methodologies in order to improve the implementation of an ecosystem service approach in decision-making processes.","author":["Busch, M.","La Notte, A.","Laporte, V.","Erhard, M."],"organization":["European Commission"],"originationDate":"2012-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3761","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biogeographic-assessments-framework-information-synthesis-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X14001973","title":"Biogeographic Assessments: A Framework for Information Synthesis in Marine Spatial Planning","description":"This paper presents the Biogeographic Assessment Framework (BAF), a decision support process for marine spatial planning (MSP), developed through two decades of close collaborations between scientists and marine managers. Spatial planning is a considerable challenge for marine stewardship agencies because of the need to synthesize information on complex socio-ecological patterns across geographically broad spatial scales. This challenge is compounded by relatively short time-frames for implementation and limited financial and technological resources. To address this pragmatically, BAF provides a rapid, flexible and multi-disciplinary approach to integrate geospatial information into formats and visualization tools readily useable for spatial planning. Central to BAF is four sequential components: (1) Planning; (2) Data Evaluation; (3) Ecosystem Characterization; and (4) Management Applications. The framework has been applied to support the development of several marine spatial plans in the United States and Territories. This paper describes the structure of the BAF framework and the associated analytical techniques. Two management applications are provided to demonstrate the utility of BAF in supporting decision making in MSP.","author":["Caldow, C.","Monaco, M.","Pittman, S.","Kendall, M.","Goedeke, T.","Menza, C.","Kinlan, B.","Costa, B."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3765","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recent-developments-ocean-environmental-description-focus-uncertainties","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S002980181400081X","title":"Recent Developments of Ocean Environmental Description with Focus on Uncertainties","description":"A review of the recent progress made regarding ocean environmental data and models with uncertainties in focus is given in the perspective of marine structures\u0027 design and operations. Uncertainties of wind, waves, current, sea water level and ice data and models are discussed and recent achievements leading to improvement of their accuracy are addressed. The study includes mathematical, probabilistic, empirical and statistical models. Particular attention is given to rogue waves. Challenges related to wind data and models due to the increase of offshore wind energy installations are presented focusing on wind forecast, information about the wind profile and extreme wind events. Attention is also given to ice which is of particular importance due to the projected climate changes opening new opportunities in the Arctic regions for the marine industry. Impacts of improved accuracy of environmental description on design and operations of ships and offshore structures are highlighted.","author":["Bitner-Gregersen, E.","Bhattacharya, S.","Chatjigeorgiou, I.","Eames, I.","Ellermann, K.","Ewans, K.","Hermanski, G.","Johnson, M.","Ma, N.","Maisondieu, C.","Nilva, A.","Rychlik, I.","Waseda, T."],"organization":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3767","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/far-reaching-effects-seal-scarer-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aqc.2311\/abstract","title":"Far-Reaching Effects of a Seal Scarer on Harbour Porpoises, Phocoena phocoena","description":"Although seal scarers are widely used both to reduce economic losses at fish farms caused by seal predation and to reduce risks posed to marine mammals by offshore pile driving activities, the spatial extent of their deterrent effect on harbour porpoises is still largely unclear. However, this information is crucial to understanding the effects these devices have on the marine environment and to judge their potential as a mitigation measure. A study was conducted in the German North Sea, using passive acoustic monitoring and to some extent simultaneous aerial surveying to specifically study the spatial extent of the deterrence effects of a seal scarer on harbour porpoises. In order to link porpoise detections at various distances to actual sound levels, sound measurements of the seal scarer signal were carried out at several distances from the source. C-POD recordings revealed a significant deterrence effect on harbour porpoises up to 7.5 km away (at about 113 dB re 1 Parms), much further than previously reported. During seal scarer operation the number of porpoise detections within 750 m of the C-PODs decreased by between 52 and 95% of the value before the seal scarer was activated. An aerial survey revealed a significant decrease in porpoise density from 2.4 porpoises km-2 before to 0.3 porpoises km-2 during seal scarer operation within the 990 km2 study area, showing that the decrease in porpoise detections by passive acoustic monitoring was probably indeed the result of a decrease in porpoise abundance. These results may raise serious concerns about unwanted disturbance effects on harbour porpoises in the context of seal scarer use at fish farms and also highlight the need for caution when applied as a mitigation measure during offshore construction.","author":["Brandt, M.","H\u00f6schle, C.","Diederichs, A.","Betke, K.","Matuschek, R.","Witte, S.","Nehls, G."],"organization":["BioConsult SH"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3768","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/attachment-properties-blue-mussel-mytilus-edulis-l-byssus-threads-culture-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0144860910000142","title":"Attachment Properties of Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) Byssus Threads on Culture-Based Artificial Collector Substrates","description":"The attachment strength of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) growing under exposed conditions on 10 different artificial substrates was measured while assessing microstructure of the applied substrate materials. Fleece-like microstructure attracted especially mussel larvae, however, most settled individuals lost attachment on this type of microstructure with increasing size during the time of experiment. Substrates with thick filaments and long and fixed appendices were less attractive to larvae but provided a better foothold for juvenile mussels as shown by the results of the dislodgement trials. In addition these appendices of substrates could interweave with the mussels, building up a resistant mussel\/substrate conglomerate. Our results show that a mussel byssus apparatus can withstand harsh conditions, if suitable substrates are deployed. Depending on cultivation aims (seed or market sized mussels) and cultivation method (one or two step cultivation), different collector types for larval attraction, good foothold and interweaving abilities or collectors combining these properties should be developed and applied. The study suggests that substrates need to be very precisely tailored according to the major environmental conditions. Furthermore, the results imply that a \u0022one size fits all substrate\u0022 may not be the most culture-effective approach, but, in the contrary, substrates need to be changed and modified according to the size of the mussel as they go through their different life cycle stages.","author":["Brenner, M.","Buck, B."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR"],"originationDate":"2010-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3769","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predictions-harbor-porpoise-habitat-association-models-are-confirmed-long-term-passive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/134\/3\/10.1121\/1.4816577","title":"Predictions from Harbor Porpoise Habitat Association Models are Confirmed by Long-Term Passive Acoustic Monitoring","description":"Survey based habitat association models provide good spatial coverage, but only a snapshot in time of a species\u0027 occurrence in a particular area. A habitat association model for harbor porpoises was created using data from five visual surveys of the Moray Firth, Scotland. Its predictions were tested over broader temporal scales using data from static passive acoustic loggers, deployed in two consecutive years. Predictions of relative abundance (individuals per kilometer of survey transect) were obtained for each 4\u2009km\u2009\u00d7\u20094\u2009km grid cell, and compared with the median number of hours per day that porpoises were acoustically detected in those cells. There was a significant, but weak, correlation between predicted relative abundance and acoustic estimates of occurrence, but this was stronger when predictions with high standard errors were omitted. When grid cells were grouped into those with low, medium, and high predicted relative abundance, there were similarly significant differences in acoustic detections, indicating that porpoises were acoustically detected more often in cells where the habitat model predicted higher numbers. The integration of acoustic and visual data added value to the interpretation of results from each, allowing validation of patterns in relative abundance recorded during snapshot visual surveys over longer time scales.","author":["Brookes, K.","Bailey, H.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.001377000000","-3.342544000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3772","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/standard-measurement-monitoring-underwater-noise-part-i-physical-quantities-their","sourceURL":"","title":"Standard for Measurement and Monitoring of Underwater Noise, Part I: Physical Quantities and their Units","description":"The Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, Directorate-General for Water Affairs has asked TNO to identify and work with suitable European partners towards the development of standards for the measurement of underwater sound, with a primary focus on acoustic monitoring in relation to the environmental impact of off-shore wind farms. The purpose of this report is to provide an agreed terminology and conceptual definitions for use in the measurement procedures for monitoring of underwater noise, including that associated with wind farm construction. A measurement and reporting procedure for monitoring wind farm construction noise is addressed in a companion report \u201cStandard for measurement and monitoring of underwater noise, Part II: procedures for measuring underwater noise in connection with offshore wind farm licensing\u201d.","author":["Ainslie, M."],"organization":["TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ainslie-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3773","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/attitudes-scottish-fishers-towards-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X12000930","title":"Attitudes of Scottish Fishers Towards Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Development of the offshore renewable energy sector will have implications for the fishing industry by limiting access and navigation, and potential impacts (both positive and negative) upon commercially fished species. Fishers\u0027 attitudes and behaviour have been found to influence the success of fishery management measures, compliance with regulations, and Marine Protected Areas; suggesting they may also affect offshore renewable energy developments. A postal survey was conducted to investigate fishers\u2019 attitudes towards offshore energy extraction and any influential factors in terms of fishing experience and practice, association membership, location, and knowledge of offshore renewable energy installations. The most important factor influencing fishers\u2019 opinions was whether they knew of a nearby offshore development, followed by location (whether they operate from the mainland or the islands); and despite concerns regarding the perceived impacts and mitigation the majority of fishers held either neutral or positive attitudes towards offshore renewable energy extraction.","author":["Alexander, K.","Wilding, T.","Jacomina Heymans, J."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.852076000000","-4.555626000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3775","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-framework-optimal-siting-marine-renewable-energy-installations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/10.2112\/SI65-274.1","title":"A Marine Spatial Planning Framework for the Optimal Siting of Marine Renewable Energy Installations: Two Danish Case Studies","description":"In this analysis two Danish case studies are investigated using a spatial planning approach. The first case study concerns the area on the west coast of Denmark that has been elected as test site by the Danish Wave Energy Center (DanWEC), a foundation constituted by local authorities, Aalborg University supported by the national wave energy industry. The second case study attains the Danish portion of the western Baltic sea, where many offshore windfarms are already installed and many projects are in construction or in the planning stage. The environmental background for the two areas is considered through set of multiple indicators (e.g. sea bottom topography and characteristics, marine biodiversity, presence of vulnerable species). Environmental indicators are aggregated into environmental impact indexes that constitute the basis for evaluating the site suitability for Marine Renewable Energy Installations (MREIs). Concurrently, areas of potential conflicts between the interests of MREI developers and commercial, recreational users are identified. Multivariate analysis techniques allow to disentangle the different components of the environmental vulnerability of the two areas and suggest sound criteria for the optimal siting of these infrastructures. The two case studies, concerning respectively a regional and local scale, offer good examples about how spatial planning has the potential to guide the transition from the single sector management toward the integrated management of sea uses.","author":["Azzellino, A.","Kofoed, J.","Lanfredi, C.","Margheritini, L.","Pedersen, M."],"organization":["Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.675235000000","12.566452000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3777","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-harbour-seal-habitat-combining-data-multiple-tracking","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S002209811300350X","title":"Modelling Harbour Seal Habitat by Combining Data from Multiple Tracking","description":"Technological developments over the last 20 years have meant that telemetry studies have used a variety of techniques, each with different levels of accuracy and temporal resolution. This presents a challenge when combining data from these different tracking systems to obtain larger sample sizes or to compare habitat use over time. In this study, we used a Bayesian state-space modelling approach to integrate tracking data from multiple tag types and standardise position estimates while accounting for location error. Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) telemetry data for the Moray Firth, Scotland, were collated from three tag types: VHF, Argos satellite and GPS GSM. Tags were deployed on 37 seals during 1989 to 2009 resulting in 37 tracks with a total of 2886 tracking days and a mean duration of 87 days per track. A state-space model was applied to all of the raw tracks to provide daily position estimates and a measure of the uncertainty for each position. We used this standardised tracking dataset to model their habitat use and preference, which was then scaled by the population size estimated from haul-out counts to give an estimate of the absolute number of harbour seals using different parts of the Moray Firth. As expected for a central place forager, harbour seals most frequently occurred in areas close to their inshore haul-out sites. However, our analyses also demonstrated consistent use of offshore foraging grounds, typically within 30 km of haul-out sites in waters","author":["Bailey, H.","Hammond, P.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","SMRU Consulting","University of Aberdeen","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.903560000000","-3.872089000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3779","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/probabilistic-model-hydrokinetic-turbine-collision-risks-exploring-impacts-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0117756","title":"A Probabilistic Model for Hydrokinetic Turbine Collision Risks: Exploring Impacts on Fish","description":"A variety of hydrokinetic turbines are currently under development for power generation in rivers, tidal straits and ocean currents. Because some of these turbines are large, with rapidly moving rotor blades, the risk of collision with aquatic animals has been brought to attention. The behavior and fate of animals that approach such large hydrokinetic turbines have not yet been monitored at any detail. In this paper, we conduct a synthesis of the current knowledge and understanding of hydrokinetic turbine collision risks. The outcome is a generic fault tree based probabilistic model suitable for estimating population-level ecological risks. New video-based data on fish behavior in strong currents are provided and models describing fish avoidance behaviors are presented. The findings indicate low risk for small-sized fish. However, at large turbines (\u22655 m), bigger fish seem to have high probability of collision, mostly because rotor detection and avoidance is difficult in low visibility. Risks can therefore be substantial for vulnerable populations of large-sized fish, which thrive in strong currents. The suggested collision risk model can be applied to different turbine designs and at a variety of locations as basis for case-specific risk assessments. The structure of the model facilitates successive model validation, refinement and application to other organism groups such as marine mammals.","author":["Hammar, L.","Eggertsen, L.","Andersson, S.","Ehnberg, J.","Arvidsson, R.","Gullstr\u00f6m, M.","Molander, S."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology","Marine Monitoring AB","Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2015-03-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hammar-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3780","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/examining-impacts-tidal-energy-capture-ecosystem-services-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2015\/00000049\/00000001\/art00009","title":"Examining the Impacts of Tidal Energy Capture from an Ecosystem Services Perspective","description":"As governments from the local to national level have recognized the need to integrate renewable sources into their energy portfolios, there has been a recent push to harness diverse sources of ocean energy, including those generated by tides and waves. Despite the potential benefits, development of these marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) resources has raised concerns in terms of their potential socioeconomic and environmental impacts. An ecosystem services perspective offers a useful means of monitoring how MHKs will affect both people and nature by enabling the identification of the benefits provided by functioning ecosystems to people, including biodiversity, tourism and recreation, and food provision. To illustrate the value of this approach in evaluating the potential impacts of an MHK project, we present the case study of the Muskeget Channel Tidal Energy Project (United States) and identify the types of data and analytical tools that could be used to develop an ecosystem service assessment of MHK development in this study region. To complement this case study, we also reviewed the published literature on tidal energy and other MHK project types, which highlighted how little is known about the ecological effects of MHK development in coastal and marine ecosystems. Integrating ecosystem service knowledge into projects like Muskeget Channel can contribute to more scientifically informed MHK siting processes and more effective, ecosystem-based management of the diverse human activities undertaken in coastal and marine environments.","author":["Leslie, H.","Palmer, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.350111000000","-70.399467500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3781","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/describing-comparing-variability-fish-macrozooplankton-density-marine-hydrokinetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/handle\/1773\/27479","title":"Describing and Comparing Variability of Fish and Macrozooplankton Density at Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Sites","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) operating licenses require biological monitoring to quantify effects of devices on aquatic organisms, but regulations for instrumentation, measurements, and sampling effort have not been standardized. Assuming stationary acoustic surveys are more cost effective than repeated mobile surveys, the abilities of stationary echosounders, ADCPs, and acoustic cameras to characterize fish densities were compared at a MHK site in Admiralty Inlet, WA. The calibrated echosounder was most sensitive to density changes from vertical migrations, and state-space models confirmed measurements were robust to other variance sources including tidal currents. Peak density variance occurred at a 24-hour period, with cyclic fluctuations in phase with tidal currents and tidal ranges. Six methods used mobile acoustic data to estimate representative spatial ranges of stationary acoustic measurements, resulting in values from 31 to 1,388 m. Design objectives were used to develop a generic framework for the design of distributed monitoring networks at MHK sites.","author":["Jacques, D."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.954399000000","-122.584441000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3782","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-zoning-conservation-fisheries-marine-renewable-energy-assessing-trade-offs-co","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479715000614","title":"Ocean Zoning for Conservation, Fisheries and Marine Renewable Energy: Assessing Trade-Offs and Co-Location Opportunities","description":"Oceans, particularly coastal areas, are getting busier and within this increasingly human-dominated seascape, marine biodiversity continues to decline. Attempts to maintain and restore marine biodiversity are becoming more spatial, principally through the designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). MPAs compete for space with other uses, and the emergence of new industries, such as marine renewable energy generation, will increase competition for space. Decision makers require guidance on how to zone the ocean to conserve biodiversity, mitigate conflict and accommodate multiple uses. Here we used empirical data and freely available planning software to identified priority areas for multiple ocean zones, which incorporate goals for biodiversity conservation, two types of renewable energy, and three types of fishing. We developed an approached to evaluate trade-offs between industries and we investigated the impacts of co-locating some fishing activities within renewable energy sites. We observed non-linear trade-offs between industries. We also found that different subsectors within those industries experienced very different trade-off curves. Incorporating co-location resulted in significant reductions in cost to the fishing industry, including fisheries that were not co-located. Co-location also altered the optimal location of renewable energy zones with planning solutions. Our findings have broad implications for ocean zoning and marine spatial planning. In particular, they highlight the need to include industry subsectors when assessing trade-offs and they stress the importance of considering co-location opportunities from the outset. Our research reinforces the need for multi-industry ocean-zoning and demonstrates how it can be undertaken within the framework of strategic conservation planning.","author":["Yates, K.","Schoeman, D.","Klein, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.415147000000","-6.599982000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3784","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-consenting-processes-ocean-energy-selected-european-union-member-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S221416691400037X","title":"Review of Consenting Processes for Ocean Energy in Selected European Union Member States","description":"Consenting is still generally regarded as a non-technological barrier to the progress of the marine renewable energy industry, caused by the complexity of consenting processes and the lack of dedicated legal frameworks. Existing consenting systems for ocean energy projects tend to be based on procedures designed for other sectors and are seen as inappropriate for the specific needs of ocean energy. Licensing procedures are also viewed by developers as time-consuming because regulators see ocean energy as a new activity with unknown or uncertain effects and consequently often apply strong interpretation of the precautionary principle. Consenting processes for ocean energy are, nevertheless, evolving throughout Europe, driven by national and European policies and incentives on renewables, changing legal and administrative frameworks to facilitate development and more integrated marine governance. This review compares the consenting processes for ocean energy in different European countries, focusing on aspects thought to hamper operation of the process. It shows that different systems of governance across the EU Member States have resulted in diversity in the design of consenting processes, though common features can also be identified. This evidence-based review enables suggestions for streamlining consenting processes for wave energy.","author":["Simas, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Hamawi, S.","Magagna, D.","Bailey, I.","Greaves, D.","Saulnier, J.","Marina, D.","Bald, J.","Huertas, C.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Abengoa Seapower","AZTI","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Plymouth University","University College Cork","Uppsala University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:33:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3785","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enhancing-local-distinctiveness-fosters-public-acceptance-tidal-energy-uk-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421510006920","title":"Enhancing Local Distinctiveness Fosters Public Acceptance of Tidal Energy: A UK Case Study","description":"Tidal energy has the technical potential to form part of a low carbon electricity sector, however, its \u2018social potential\u2019 is less clear, as few empirical studies of public beliefs and responses have been conducted to date. This research addressed this gap by investigating a tidal energy convertor in Northern Ireland, said to be the first grid-connected device of its kind in the world. Data was collected from 313 residents of two nearby villages using mixed methods, guided by a conceptual framework that avoided \u2018NIMBY\u2019 assumptions and instead drew on place theory. Findings indicated strong support for the project, arising from beliefs that the project enhanced local distinctiveness by \u2018putting the area on the map worldwide\u2019; appeared visually familiar and helped tackle climate change. These positive beliefs outweighed concerns about outcome and process aspects, which were preponderant in one of the two villages. The project was interpreted to have few positive local economic outcomes, to potentially threaten local livelihoods and local ecology. Moreover, residents expressed cynicism about consultation procedures, and reported low levels of behavioural engagement. Implications of the findings for the literature on public acceptance of renewable energy, and for the emerging marine energy sector specifically, are discussed.","author":["Devine-Wright, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3786","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-resolution-aerial-imaging-surveys-marine-birds-mammals-turtles-us-atlantic-outer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5272.pdf","title":"High-Resolution Aerial Imaging Surveys of Marine Birds, Mammals, and Turtles on the US Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf - Utility Assessment, Methodology Recommendations, and Implementation Tools","description":"This report details the objectives, structure, scope, results, and conclusions of the US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) contract #M10PC00099, titled \u201cPilot Study of Aerial High-definition Surveys for Seabirds, Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles.\u201d This project was awarded by BOEM (then Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement, BOEMRE) to Normandeau Associates, Inc. (then Pandion Systems, Inc.) on 22 Sep 2010 with an expected period of performance of two years from the award date. The objectives of this study, as stated in the contract, were as follows:  to develop and test a methodology for conducting surveys of birds, marine mammals, and sea turtles in the offshore environment using state of the art survey techniques that are efficient and provide high quality, reproducible data.  This objective was largely inspired by pioneering European offshore wind-wildlife studies using high-resolution aerial imaging survey methodologies. Several such studies are cited in the original Request for Proposal (RFP) and in the contract, including an article by Drs. Chris Thaxter and Niall Burton (2009) of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), who reviewed European high-resolution aerial imaging survey methodologies as applied to offshore wind-wildlife studies in the late 2000s, as a follow up to a workshop held in the UK in 2009 on these methodologies, sponsored by the Collaborative Offshore Wind Researches Into the Environment (COWRIE) consortium.  BOEM\u2019s desire to \u201cbuild on the European experience\u201d was specified in the contract\u2019s scope of work, which also further defined the project\u2019s objectives and scope to specifically include high-resolution aerial imaging surveys and several other criteria and qualifiers as follows: \u201c[BOEM] seeks to establish a safe, effective, affordable and scientifically valid sampling protocol for high-[resolution] aerial transect surveys to determine seasonal and annual variation in distributions and abundances of birds along the Atlantic coast of the United States from the shoreline to 30 miles offshore and to test the utility of the technique for surveys of marine mammals and sea turtles, as well as birds.\u201d  These objectives were translated into a set of tasks and expected project outcomes (deliverables) in the contract as follows: Tasks (not including administrative, meeting, reporting)    Evaluate aircraft for safety and effectiveness offshore  Evaluate high [resolution] cameras and mounting systems  Develop protocols for camera control and operation  Evaluate and recommend [onboard] data recording systems  Propose a valid survey sampling grid or grids and estimate the cost per square mile surveyed  Develop software to automate data analysis  Evaluate effectiveness of high-[resolution] aerial transects for surveys of [birds], marine mammals, and sea turtles.","author":["Normandeau Associates Inc"],"organization":["Normandeau Associates Inc","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:51:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2013-01130.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3788","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-behavior-survival-fish-exposed-axial-flow-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/02755947.2014.982333","title":"Evaluation of Behavior and Survival of Fish Exposed to an Axial-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine","description":"Previous studies have evaluated fish injury and mortality at hydrokinetic (HK) turbines, but because these studies focused on the impacts of these turbines in situ they were unable to evaluate fish responses to controlled environmental characteristics (e.g., current velocity and light or dark conditions). In this study, we used juvenile hybrid Striped Bass (HSB; Striped Bass Morone saxatilis \u00d7 White Bass M. chrysops; N = 620), Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (N = 3,719), and White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (N = 294) in a series of laboratory experiments to (1) evaluate the ability of fish to avoid entrainment through an axial-flow HK turbine, (2) evaluate fish injury and survival associated with turbine entrainment, and (3) compare the effects of different HK turbines on fish. We found that the probability of turbine entrainment was species dependent and highest for HSB. Across species, current velocity influenced entrainment probability. Among entrained fish, observed survival rates were generally \u003E0.95. The probability of injury for surviving entrained fish only differed from that for nonentrained fish for Rainbow Trout and in general was not \u003E0.20. The probability of injury following entrainment was greater only for HSB, although there were no differences in injury rates between fish that were turbine entrained and those that were not, suggesting that injuries were not turbine related. Taking turbine entrainment, survival, and injury estimates together allowed us to estimate the probability of a randomly selected fish in a population proximate to an HK turbine surviving passage or remaining uninjured after passage. For species and current velocities for which there was a significant effect due to entrainment, we estimated, for instance, that HSB had a survival probability of 0.95 and that Rainbow Trout and White Sturgeon had a \u003E0.99 probability of survival. Similarly, by combining these estimates with those from previous studies, we derived total passage survival probabilities \u003E0.90 but generally approaching 1.00 across different HK turbine types, fish species, and fish lengths.","author":["Amaral, S.","Bevelhimer, M.","Cada, G.","Giza, D.","Jacobson, P.","McMahon, B.","Pracheil, B."],"organization":["Alden Research Laboratory","Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-02-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3790","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/diving-behaviour-black-guillemots-cepphus-grylle-pentland-firth-uk-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00063657.2013.842538","title":"Diving Behaviour of Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle in the Pentland Firth, UK: Potential for Interactions with Tidal Stream Energy Developments","description":"Capsule Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle were recorded diving in the Pentland Firth to an average depth of 32 metres and an overall maximal depth of 43 metres. The majority (88%) of dives were benthic with a median dive duration of 95 seconds, and a maximal dive duration of 131 seconds. The results provide empirical evidence that Black Guillemots use depths within the water column at which tidal turbines are likely to operate. Although limited, our data suggest the potential for interactions between Black Guillemots and marine renewable energy devices.","author":["Masden, E.","Foster, S.","Jackson, A."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.715969100000","-3.115000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3795","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-enabling-wave-power-streamlining-processes-progress","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plymouth.ac.uk\/uploads\/production\/document\/path\/8\/8934\/SOWFIA_-_Final_Report.pdf","title":"SOWFIA Enabling Wave Power: Streamlining Processes for Progress","description":"The Streamlining of Ocean Wave Farms Impact Assessment (SOWFIA) project (IEE\/09\/809\/ SI2.558291), funded by EU Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE), draws together ten partners, across seven European countries, all of whom are actively involved with monitoring at wave device test centres. The SOWFIA project aims to achieve the sharing and consolidation of pan-European experience of consenting processes and environmental and socio-economic impact assessment (IA) best practices for nearshore wave energy conversion developments.  Studies of wave energy demonstration projects in each of the collaborating EU nations have contributed to the findings. The study sites comprise a wide range of device technologies, environmental settings and stakeholder interests. Through SOWFIA workshops, meetings, on-going communication and networking amongst project partners, ideas and experiences relating to IA and policy have been shared, and coordinated studies addressing key questions for wave energy development carried out.  The overall goal of the SOWFIA project is to provide recommendations for European-wide streamlining of IA and approval processes, thereby helping to remove legal, environmental and socio-economic barriers to the development of offshore power generation from waves.  SOWFIA has gathered information on consenting processes, environmental monitoring and stakeholder interests at European wave energy test centres and has analysed this information to identify commonalities and differences between Member States. Test Centres have to go through the same processes that wave farms will and so are a good template for studying Impact Assessment. They also provide important baseline environmental data that can be checked over the pursuing years for WEC effects. The EIAs for each of the test centres have been synthesised and compared and through this analysis, the following recurrent themes in EIAs have emerged:    Length of Baseline Studies. For most receptors, 2 years is identified as the minimum time to provide a baseline sufficient to detect changes attributable to the presence of WECs in the future.  Electromagnetic Fields. There is a lack of any documented evidence of significant behavioural effect at a species level from EMF emissions by any existing undersea power cables. More work is needed to clarify this situation.  EIA Monitoring Methodology. A BAG (Before-After-Gradient) design may be preferred by developers over a BACI (Before-After-Control-Impact) design (see Section 3.3).   To assist in future wave energy planning and decision-making the SOWFIA Data Management Platform (DMP) was developed. This is an interactive web-based tool designed to present Impact Assessment (IA) information in a format suitable for a non-technical audience and to assist the decision-making process for wave energy consenting. The core of the DMP is composed of environmental and socio-economic datasets collected at EU wave energy test centres. Available from https:\/\/sowfia.hidromod.com, access to the DMP is free to any registered users, allowing visualization and downloading of the datasets for each monitored location.  SOWFIA recommendations for wave energy IA streamlining are derived from consultation, workshops and dissemination activities involving a wide range of representatives from the wave energy community, including device developers, utilities, regulatory authorities, financiers and other stakeholders. Three critical themes have emerged, in which the recommendations are presented:    Integrated Planning and Administrative Procedures;  Environmental Impact Assessment;  Human Dimensions and Consultation.   The synthesis of barriers, accelerators, lessons learned and recommendations are presented in Sections 2, 3 and 4 for each of these critical themes. Overall \u2018Strategic\u2019 and detailed \u2018Operational\u2019 recommendations are given for each of the themes, resulting from the European consultation and analysis. These are supplemented by Member State specific recommendations derived from consultation with national regulatory authorities and policy makers with the intention of making the recommendations more relevant to individual countries.  \u2018Strategic\u2019 recommendations are viewed as being longer term actions perhaps requiring more significant changes and resources. \u2018Operational\u2019 recommendations refer to shorter term actions which could be implemented with minimal changes yet have the potential to make significant improvements to the consenting process. It should be noted that the level of resources (time\/cost\/re-structuring) will vary according to geographic location.","author":["Greaves, D.","Collazo, C.","Magagna, D.","Conley, D.","Bailey, I.","Simas, T.","Holmes, B.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","O\u0027Callaghan, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Dorleta, M.","Olivares, C.","Le-Crom, I.","Saulnier, J.","Sundberg, J.","Embling, C.","Witt, M.","Godley, B.","Leit\u00e3o, J."],"organization":["Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Plymouth University","University College Cork","University of Exeter","Uppsala University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3797","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-sustainable-exploitation-offshore-renewable-energy-account-seabird-species","sourceURL":"","title":"Guidelines for a Sustainable Exploitation of Offshore Renewable Energy - Account on Seabird Species","description":"The purpose of this report is to make recommendations on how offshore renewable energy projects can be best managed to reduce the potential negative impacts on marine fauna especially on seabirds. The guide is structured into four main sections.  Chapter 2 summarizes regulatory frameworks about birds\u2019 conservation. The protection of biodiversity is included in several Conventions and European Directives. Under this regulatory framework protected areas have been established for threatened species conservation. These must be taken into account in the implementation of offshore renewable energy devices (ORED).  Chapter 3 focuses on installations of ORED (Offshore Renewable Energy Devices): resource availability and diversity of technology types that can be installed. The process of Environmental Impact Assessment is also summarised under this chapter as a legal tool needed to ensure that environmental issues are taken into account during all phases of project development.  In Chapter 4 potential impacts of OREDs on birds are reviewed. The major impacts reported are collision risk, habitat modification\/loss, entrapment and artificial reef effect. These are dependent of the species and on the technology type.  Chapter 5 presents recommendations for a sustainable exploitation of offshore renewable energy and different methodologies that can be used to quantify or asses the impacts of OREDs on seabirds. Guidelines for stakeholder involvement and public awareness are also discussed within this chapter.  At the end of the guide a chapter of conclusions is presented.","author":["Cruz, E.","Simas, T."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fame_renewables_best_practices_guide.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3798","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-foraging-movements-diving-predators-theoretical-study-exploring-effect","sourceURL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/544\/","title":"Modelling Foraging Movements of Diving Predators: A Theoretical Study Exploring the Effect of Heterogeneous Landscapes on Foraging Efficiency","description":"Foraging in the marine environment presents particular challenges for air-breathing predators. Information about prey capture rates, the strategies that diving predators use to maximise prey encounter rates and foraging success are still largely unknown and difficult to observe. As well, with the growing awareness of potential climate change impacts and the increasing interest in the development of renewable sources it is unknown how the foraging activity of diving predators such as seabirds will respond to both the presence of underwater structures and the potential corresponding changes in prey distributions. Motivated by this issue we developed a theoretical model to gain general understanding of how the foraging efficiency of diving predators may vary according to landscape structure and foraging strategy. Our theoretical model highlights that animal movements, intervals between prey capture and foraging efficiency are likely to critically depend on the distribution of the prey resource and the size and distribution of introduced underwater structures. For multiple prey loaders, changes in prey distribution affected the searching time necessary to catch a set amount of prey which in turn affected the foraging efficiency. The spatial aggregation of prey around small devices (\u223c 9 \u00d7 9 m) created a valuable habitat for a successful foraging activity resulting in shorter intervals between prey captures and higher foraging efficiency. The presence of large devices (\u223c 24 \u00d7 24 m) however represented an obstacle for predator movement, thus increasing the intervals between prey captures. In contrast, for single prey loaders the introduction of spatial aggregation of the resources did not represent an advantage suggesting that their foraging efficiency is more strongly affected by other factors such as the timing to find the first prey item which was found to occur faster in the presence of large devices. The development of this theoretical model represents a useful starting point to understand the energetic reasons for a range of potential predator responses to spatial heterogeneity and environmental uncertainties in terms of search behaviour and predator-prey interactions. We highlight future directions that integrated empirical and modelling studies should take to improve our ability to predict how diving predators will be impacted by the deployment of manmade structures in the marine environment.","author":["Chimienti, M.","Barto\u0144, K.","Scott, B.","Travis, J."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-09-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chimienti-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3799","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/diving-bird-collision-risk-assessment-framework-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/doc\/naturescot-commissioned-report-773-diving-bird-collision-risk-assessment-framework-tidal-turbines","title":"A Diving Bird Collision Risk Assessment Framework for Tidal Turbines","description":"This report describes an approach for assessing the collision risk of diving birds with marine renewable energy devices, known as the exposure time population model (ETPM). The approach explores the collision rate required to achieve a critical level of additional mortality by estimating (i) thresholds of additional mortality for the population at risk of collision and (ii) the potential time that each individual within the population is at risk of collision. A judgement is then made as to whether the maximum acceptable collision rate is likely to occur or not.  The ETPM approach provides a broad based assessment of the potential impact of collisions with tidal turbines on populations of diving birds. Given the limited knowledge base and poor understanding of the underwater movements of diving birds and their behavioural responses to underwater devices, this approach is considered an appropriate and useful method for assessing collision risk of diving birds.  Apart from the ETPM, there are a number of other models used to assess collision risk of marine wildlife, namely the adapted Band \/ SNH collision risk model and the SRSL encounter rate model. We currently do not favour any one model when undertaking a collision risk assessment. All of the available models are likely to have imperfections, and the accuracy of the model predictions is dependent on the quality of the input data. In particular scenarios, the preferred model choice may differ, for which an appreciation of the model parameters and mathematical functions is required. Ultimately, however, the results of any assessment of overall risk are likely to be determined by the assumptions made about the animals\u2019 ability to avoid collisions. At this early stage of our understanding it may be necessary to take a relatively precautious approach in collision risk assessment, including model design and choice, with a view to improving these options as real-life observations improve our understanding of how animals behave in the water and around these developments.  We advise that developers establish early contact with Marine Scotland and SNH to discuss options for undertaking collision risk assessment in connection with any planned marine renewable energy development. Further guidance on underwater collision risk assessments for marine wildlife is currently in development by SNH.","author":["Grant, M.","Trinder, M.","Harding, N."],"organization":["RPS group","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3800","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mrsea-package-version-001-statistical-modelling-bird-cetacean-distributions-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0043\/00437938.pdf","title":"MRSea Package (version 0.0.1): Statistical Modelling of Bird and Cetacean Distributions in Offshore Renewables Development Areas","description":"The MRSea package was developed for analysing data that was collected for assessing potential impacts of renewable developments on marine wildlife, al- though the methods are applicable to other studies as well. This user guide consists of three sections following this introduction.\n\nWe present two worked examples of which one is segmented line transect data (offshore scenario, Chapter 2) and one is grid count data (nearshore scenario, Chapter 3). Both examples are simulated data based on actual studies. The type of impact artificially imposed for these data sets was a redistribution of animals within the study area and the data are included in the package. The package also includes additional datasets simulated under no impact and overall decrease scenarios. All the coding necessary to reproduce the worked examples is given in the respective sections.\n\nFollowing these examples, Chapter 4 provides extra tips and tricks for coding in R that might be useful in case the user needs to adjust the code for their own purposes.\n\nA full description of each of the functions within the MRSea package can be found in the reference manual at: https:\/\/creem2.st-and.ac.uk\/software.aspx. The manual and this document use version 0.1.1 of MRSea.","author":["Scott-Hayward, L.","Oedekoven, C.","Mackenzie, M.","Rexstad, E."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2013-11-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scott-Hayward-et-al-2013-b.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3801","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/user-guide-mrsea-package-marine-renewables-strategic-environmental-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0043\/00437937.pdf","title":"User Guide for the MRSea Package: Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment","description":"Examines animal survey data for signs of changes in animal abundance and distribution following marine renewables development. The functions of this package can be used to analyse segmented line transect data and nearshore vantage point data. Non-parametric bootstrapping can be used to estimate uncertainty. Several model assessment tools are available. This review constitutes work carried out at the Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling (CREEM) at the University of St. Andrews, performed under contract for Marine Scotland","author":["Scott-Hayward, L.","Oedekoven, C.","Mackenzie, M.","Rexstad, E."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2013-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scott-Hayward-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3802","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/statistical-modelling-seabird-cetacean-data-literature-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0046\/00460871.pdf","title":"Statistical Modelling of Seabird and Cetacean Data: Literature Review","description":"This document forms an overview of the survey and analysis methods used by the marine renewables industry for baseline monitoring and quantitative environmental impact assessment. The information contained within this report is derived from environmental statements submitted to Marine Scotland but also contains other documents that have been made available for review. This review is not intended to be an exhaustive or detailed discussion of all of the potential survey and analysis methods appropriate for (or used by) groups with an interest in marine renewables.\n\nWe begin with a brief overview about how survey and analysis methods are typically conducted for studies of this type and then discuss particulars about the survey and analysis methods. Examples from industry are mentioned throughout the document and the majority of the packages and functions referred to in this document relate to R software (?).","author":["Oedekoven, C.","Mackenzie, L.","Scott-Hayward, L.","Rexstad, E."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oedekoven-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3803","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/statistical-modelling-seabird-cetacean-data-guidance-document","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0046\/00460870.pdf","title":"Statistical Modelling of Seabird and Cetacean Data: Guidance Document","description":"CREEM were commissioned to review statistical modelling methods currently used in the marine renewables industry. We also compared the performance of these methods and appropriate alternatives not presently in use.\n\nAn extensive review of the available literature was undertaken and three modelling methods (GAMs, GAMMs and CReSS) were identified for the methodological comparison. This comparison was carried out using simulated scenarios based on off-shore and near-shore data collected from existing marine renewable developments. In particular, off-shore and near-shore data were each generated with: no-change post-impact, 30 % post-impact decrease and post- impact redistribution scenarios.\n\nThe ability of CReSS, GAMs and GAMMs to recover genuine impact-related changes was examined. In addition to evaluation based around pre\/post-impact changes, the relative performance of the methods at returning both accurate predictions (either pre or post impact) and realistic measures of precision about these predictions was also measured. Further, the ability of each method to correctly identify post-impact effects (if any) was also quantified (e.g. no-change post-impact, post-impact decreases and post-impact redistribution).\n\nCReSS performed better than GAMs and GAMMs at successfully locating spatially explicit impact-related change. CReSS is also recommended for site characterisation because spatial predictions from this method showed fidelity to the simulated animal distributions. Uncertainty in the predicted spatial distribution of animals was close to its nominal (95% coverage) level.\n\nThis document contains a discussion about the issues involved with the data collection process and in particular, the differences in survey methods across platforms (e.g. boat, plane, vantage point). Related platform-based issues about the observation process (and associated imperfect detection) for the data collection, and the associated need to correct observed counts prior to input for analysis are also outlined. A description of the methods comparison process and the associated results then follow, along with recommendations based on the results contained therein. Two worked examples (based on the recommended approach) provide not only a suggested approach to analysis, but also offer signposts that consumers of analyses can use to assess reliability of the results.\n\nIn addition to this guidance document we have produced a literature review related to statistical modelling of animal distribution in the UK marine renewable industry. Based on the evaluation presented in the guidance document, we have also produced software for the assessment of animal distribution.","author":["Mackenzie, M.","Scott-Hayward, L.","Oedekoven, C.","Skov, H.","Humphreys, E.","Rexstad, E."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2013-10-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mackenzie-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3804","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-temporal-patterns-bryozoan-distribution-diversity-scottish-sea-regions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/maec.12088\/abstract","title":"Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Bryozoan Distribution and Diversity in the Scottish Sea Regions","description":"Diversity and distribution patterns of sessile benthic fauna over space and time are often incompletely known. Understanding the factors that govern these patterns is important for informing marine spatial planning, and monitoring the impacts of climate change and habitat alteration in the marine environment. Historical and contemporary records of bryozoans from Scotland were mapped to produce a GIS distribution layer and were assessed in conjunction with JNCC GIS benthic habitat layers. Bryozoans have predominantly been recorded from the west coast, Orkney, Shetland and Western Isle archipelagos. The greatest number of bryozoan species occurred in high energy, rocky environments; few species have been identified from the continental slope, which also has the least number of records. The biodiversity, as measured by the average taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness, was assessed for sampling sites and sub-regions within Scotland. High values were concentrated around the Orkney Isles and Southwest Scotland. This is the first known attempt at a comprehensive analysis of changes in Northern European bryozoan diversity and distribution from the 1700s through to the present day, but overall temporal patterns remain uncertain due to differences in the availability of records through time. This study provides an example of the application of methods that may be used to assess benthic diversity to identify potential sites for marine conservation or marine protected areas. As benthic data layers improve, and sampling is extended to unstudied areas, greater insight into the relationship between the physical environment and diversity and distribution patterns of benthic fauna will be gained. This study serves as a baseline for long-term monitoring of biodiversity changes in this poorly studied Phylum.","author":["Rouse, S.","Jones, M.","Porter, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2010-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.990617000000","-9.989100000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3805","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pentland-firth-orkney-waters-marine-spatial-plan-framework-regional-locational","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/Doc\/295194\/0115355.pdf","title":"Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Marine Spatial Plan Framework \u0026 Regional Locational Guidance for Marine Energy","description":"This document provides a Framework for the preparation of a Marine Spatial Plan (MSP) for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters. The purpose of the Framework is to define the overall three-stage process that we intend to use to develop the MSP. The document also presents the results of the first stage in that process, a baseline review of existing relevant information, identification of gaps in that information and recommendations on how those gaps should be filled.  This document incorporates the results of Regional Locational Guidance (RLG) for Marine Energy (wave and tidal stream) which is published as a Part 2 of this document.  In preparing an MSP all users of the sea and all aspects of environment must be considered. This Framework document therefore considers all sectors, and integrates the results of the RLG to provide more detailed consideration of the specific issues associated with marine energy projects.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.257708000000","-2.196532000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Scotland-2011_0115355.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3806","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-wave-energy-arrays-beach-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/260245437_Impact_of_wave_energy_arrays_on_beach_processes","title":"Impact of Wave Energy Arrays on Beach Processes","description":"Due to depth-induced wave breaking, sand bars protect our coastlines from the impact of storm waves. Since the wave climate between an offshore wave energy converter (WEC) array and the coast will likely be modified by largescale energy extraction, this could disrupt the natural process which maintains sand bars, possibly affecting coastal erosion and flooding. Here, we investigate this hypothesised impact through application of a one-dimensional crossshore wave and sediment transport model.","author":["Neill, S.","Reche, P.","Davies, A.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2012-02-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.799401000000","-5.637514000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AGU_Ocean_Sciences_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3807","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-snl-swan-validated-wave-energy-converter-array-modeling-tool","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.sandia.gov\/wp-content\/gallery\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2013-EWTEC-2013-Development_of_SNL-SWAN_Ruehl.pdf","title":"Development of SNL-SWAN, A Validated Wave Energy Converter Array Modeling Tool","description":"Commercialization of wave energy will lead to the necessary deployment of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in arrays, or wave farms. In order for projects in the United States to be approved, regulatory agencies must perform an Environmental Assessment proving little to no environmental impact. However, little is known about the environmental impacts of such wave farms. As a result, the environmental impacts of wave farms are largely determined by numerical wave models, however spectral wave models are currently limited in their ability to model WECs. Sandia National Laboratories is developing SNL-SWAN, a modified version of Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) that includes a validated WEC Module to more realistically model the frequency and sea state dependent wave energy conversion of WECs.","author":["Ruehl, K.","Porter, A.","Posner, A.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3808","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/further-development-snl-swan-validated-wave-energy-converter-array-modeling-tool","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.sandia.gov\/wp-content\/gallery\/uploads\/dlm_uploads\/2014-METS-2014-SNL-SWAN-Development_Porter.pdf","title":"Further Development of SNL-SWAN, A Validated Wave Energy Converter Array Modeling Tool","description":"Commercialization of wave energy will lead to the necessary deployment of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in arrays, or wave farms. In order for projects in the United States to be approved, regulatory agencies must perform an Environmental Assessment proving little to no environmental impact. However, little is known about the environmental impacts of such wave farms. As a result, the environmental impacts of wave farms are largely determined by numerical wave models capable of modeling large are as (i.e., spectral wave models). However spectral wave models are currently limited in their ability to model WECs. Sandia National Laboratories is developing SNL - SWAN, a modified version of Simulation WAves Nearshore that includes a validated WEC Module to more realistically model the frequency and sea state dependent wave energy conversion of WECs. This paper will provide an update on its development.","author":["Porter, A.","Ruehl, K.","Chartrand, C."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3809","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regulation-tidal-energy-development-nova-scotia-navigating-foggy-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2126159","title":"The Regulation of Tidal Energy Development Off Nova Scotia: Navigating Foggy Waters","description":"The vast potential for tidal power development in the Bay of Fundy region of the Atlantic coast has been recognized for decades. At the same time, finding an effective way to harness this power in a cost effective, sustainable and environmentally responsible manner has been an ongoing challenge. In the 1980s, barrage based tidal power technology was piloted in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. It was found to be unsuitable from both environmental and cost perspectives.  More recently, pilot projects underway around the world are using new, open turbine technology that is expected to significantly reduce cost and environmental impact. This technology operates on principles similar to a wind turbine, except it is anchored on the seabed in tidal waters. These turbines are able to take advantage of flows of water in both directions, and offer power in predictable intervals during most of the tidal cycle. While this technology is still in the early stages of commercialization, there are pilot projects underway around the world. As a result, the question of how to make decisions on whether, where and under what conditions to permit tidal power development in regions such as the Bay of Fundy have arisen again.  The Bay of Fundy finds itself in a region of Canada that has seen the introduction of a number of major new industries over the past few decades. Included in this list are pulp and paper, aquaculture, and, most recently, offshore oil and gas facilities. Decisions on how to regulate these industries were generally reactive and sometimes short-sighted. Since the arrival of these industries, there has been considerable change in the understanding of how governments can make responsible decisions in the best long term interest of their citizens. The pending arrival of tidal power development in Nova Scotia provides an opportunity to implement the lessons learned, to apply appropriate governance models to see through the fog, and to maximize long term benefits to the region.  The following article seeks to make the case for principled governance of resource based industries such as tidal power. The primary aim is to offer an overview of the international, constitutional and legislative context and to briefly illustrate the benefits of a principled, proactive approach. A detailed design of the proposed governance regime, strategic assessment and integrated planning processes are left for follow-up research. The purpose here is to lay the foundation for such further work.  The article therefore considers issues related to the governance of this new development opportunity by first identifying, in Parts One and Two, the international and constitutional context within which any governance regime for the Bay of Fundy would exist. Parts Three and Four then briefly describe key existing legislative and regulatory systems in place in Nova Scotia that would apply to tidal power development projects. Experiences in other jurisdictions are assessed in Part Five, both with respect to tidal power and for other comparable offshore developments, such as wind. Within this overall context, Part 6 of the article then offers some preliminary thoughts on the essential elements of a suitable governance regime.","author":["Doelle, M.","Russell, D.","Saunders, P.","VanderZwaag, D.","Wright, D."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2006-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3810","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/establishing-agenda-social-studies-research-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421513011932","title":"Establishing an Agenda for Social Studies Research in Marine Renewable Energy","description":"To date, academic research relating to Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) has largely focused on resource assessment, technical viability and environmental impact. Experiences from on shore renewable energy tell us that social acceptability is equally critical to project success. However, the specific nature of the marine environment, patterns of resource distribution and governance means experiences from on shore may not be directly applicable to MRE and the marine environment. This paper sets out an agenda for social studies research linked to MRE, identifying key topics for future research: (i) economic impacts; (ii) wealth distribution and community benefits; (iii) communication and knowledge flow; (iv) consultation processes; (v) dealing with uncertainty; (vi) public attitudes; and (vii) planning processes. This agenda is based on the findings of the first workshop of ISSMER, an international research network of social scientists with interests in marine renewable energy. Importantly, this research agenda has been informed by the experiences of developers, regulators and community groups in Orkney. The Orkney archipelago, off the north coast of Scotland, is home to the most intense cluster of MRE research, development and deployment activity in the world today.\u00a0","author":["Kerr, S.","Watt, L.","Colton, J.","Conway, F.","Hull, A.","Johnson, K.","Jude, S.","Kannen, A.","MacDougall, S.","McLachlan, C.","Potts, T.","Vergunst, J."],"organization":["Acadia University","Cranfield University","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","Heriot-Watt University","Oregon State University (OSU)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Aberdeen","University of Copenhagen","University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kerr-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3811","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-geodatabase-ocean-current-power-resource-usa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032115000179","title":"National Geodatabase of Ocean Current Power Resource in USA","description":"Ocean currents represent an alternative source of clean energy given their inherent reliability, persistence and sustainability. The general ocean circulation is characterized by large rotating ocean gyres resulting in rapid ocean currents along the western boundaries because of the Coriolis Effect. The Gulf Stream system is formed by the western boundary current of the North Atlantic Ocean flowing along the east coast of the United States, and is of particular interest as a potential energy resource for the United States. This study presents a national database of ocean current kinetic energy resource derived from seven years of numerical model simulations to help advance awareness and market penetration for ocean current energy. A web based GIS interface is provided for dissemination of the national energy resource data. The website includes GIS layers of computed monthly and yearly mean ocean current speed and associated power density along the coastlines of the United States, as well as joint and marginal probability histograms for current velocities at a variable horizontal resolution of 4\u20137 km. Various tools are provided for viewing, identifying, filtering and downloading the data from this website. The Gulf Stream system, especially the Florida Current, concentrates the highest kinetic power density (\u003E2000W\/m2). The majority of the kinetic power and its variability are only present in relatively shallow water given the strong correlation with the surface wind stress. The kinetic energy flux in the Florida Current is estimated over 30 years to provide temporal variability of the undisturbed kinetic energy with high statistical significance. Available power of approximately 5 GW associated with the undisturbed natural flow condition from the Gulf Stream system is predicted based on hypothetical turbine parameters. Successful development of renewable energy generation requires further studies to account for more precise technical, economic and environmental constraints.","author":["Yang, X.","Haas, K.","Fritz, H.","French, S.","Shi, X.","Neary, V.","Gunawan, B."],"organization":["Georgia Institute of Technology","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","University of Arkansas"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3813","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-public-rights","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11001710","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and Public Rights","description":"Marine renewable energy is likely to be an important part of UK energy policy over the next decades. A start has already been made, but to generate power on a significant scale requires the use of vast areas of ocean, on which there are competing claims. Legislation, and in particular the Energy Act 2004, goes a long way towards giving developers the legal infrastructure they need, to invest with confidence. But it is far from perfect, in dealing with important competing rights. This article has a narrow (but important) focus. It assumes that there are no problems over jurisdiction or international law. It is concerned principally with the rights of UK citizens. The issue is about reconciling the generation of large-scale marine renewable energy with other legitimate uses of the sea, and in particular fishing and navigation rights.","author":["Todd, P."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3814","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-fish-wildlife-presence-near-two-river-instream-energy-conversion-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/281444556_Assessment_of_fish_and_wildlife_presence_near_two_river_instream_energy_conversion_devices_in_the_Kvichak_River_Alaska_in_2014","title":"Assessment of Fish and Wildlife Presence Near Two River Instream Energy Conversion Devices in the Kvichak River, Alaska in 2014","description":"Two river instream hydrokinetic (RISEC) devices were installed in the Kvichak River, Alaska in 2014 to demonstrate the ability to generate hydroelectric power. Fish and wildlife were monitored nearby to describe their presence and to document any negative effects from the devices. Fish were monitored using underwater video cameras and lights mounted to each device; wildlife (birds and mammals) were monitored using shore-based surveys by trained biologists and technicians. Both devices were installed near the village of Igiugig, submerged in the river until sitting on the river bottom, and operated intermittently in August and September.  Fish were present at each device and were seen travelling upstream, travelling downstream, and milling. Most observed fish were salmon and salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.) and moved freely around each device. No fish were detected moving through the turbine part of the larger device, which was manufactured by the Ocean Renewable Power Corporation. At the smaller device, manufactured by Boschma Research, Inc., one lamprey (Lampetra spp.) was detected moving downstream through the part of the device housing the turbine. Overall, salmon were clearly less abundant at the devices than along the edges of the river nearby and showed no negative effects from the devices. Wildlife consisted almost entirely of birds, had no contact with or negative effects from the devices, and showed no behavioral changes when nearby.  The fish monitoring design was also meant to test the ability to use underwater cameras to monitor fish in the type of conditions found on the Kvichak River. Cameras were able to detect fish from 10 to 15 feet away, depending on water clarity; this range allowed coverage of 1\/3 of the ORPC device and of the entire entrance and exit of the BRI device. In the daytime, ambient light was sufficient for fish detection; at night, lights placed nearby allowed video recording to continue with no loss of effectiveness. All cameras and lights were fixed directly to the devices in a design finalized once on site, and were powered from shore. Cameras and lights were able to be started within 1 to 12 hours after deployment of each device, and operated effectively thereafter with no breakdowns.  Camera images were recorded on shore at a temporary recording station, where footage could be viewed in real time during daily site visits by trained technicians. Imagery was then transferred to a laptop computer and reviewed nearby in Igiugig. A subsample of 10 minutes was reviewed from each hour of video footage (from each camera); most of these 10-minute blocks were able to be reviewed within two days of original recording. Video imagery was recorded during all operation time by the ORPC device and 72% of the operating time by the BRI device.  Overall, fish were seen at rates of less than one fish per 10-minute block of video reviewed at each device. This rate was likely a function of the device placement (relatively far offshore, in water that was deeper and faster than other parts of the river channel), and timing (after the peaks of both the juvenile and adult sockeye salmon [O. nerka] run). More detailed aspects of fish presence and behavior are reported below.","author":["Nemeth, M.","Priest, J.","Patterson, H."],"organization":["LGL Ltd","Alaska Department of Fish \u0026 Game"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.658793600000","-157.566700000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Terrestrial Mammals","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nemeth_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3815","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-perceptions-externalities-tidal-stream-energy-valuation-policy-making","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114004013","title":"Public Perceptions and Externalities in Tidal Stream Energy: A Valuation for Policy Making","description":"The Choice Experiment (CE) technique is applied for the first time to one of the most promising marine renewables, tidal stream energy, with two objectives: (i) to investigate the public perceptions of this renewable, and (ii) to estimate the externalities, i.e., the monetary value of the impacts of a tidal stream farm. Both aspects, public perceptions and externalities, are relevant to the policy makers: if a policy is to maximise social welfare, it should be in line with public supporting attitudes and have positive externalities; moreover, the externalities are a prerequisite for establishing the appropriate level of subsidy (e.g., through a feed-in tariff). In this work the environmental and socioeconomic externalities are calculated independently, in a procedure that is illustrated through a case study: a prospective tidal farm in Ria de Ribadeo, an estuary in NW Spain. The public perceptions are found to be generally positive; notwithstanding, a certain degree of NIMBYism is detected. As regards the externalities, we find a positive net value. These findings are encouraging for the development of tidal stream energy, and the quantitative results provide a basis to establish the level of subsidisation.","author":["Vazquez, A.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.552600000000","-7.033169000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3816","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-essential-legal-considerations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jwelb.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/8\/1\/26.short","title":"Marine Renewable Energy - The Essential Legal Considerations","description":"The United Nations Secretary-General, in the 67th annual report, Oceans and the Law of the Sea, gave a preliminary statement regarding the governance policy and legal framework for marine renewable resources. The report also suggested establishing a relevant legal regime but did not provide any details. Legislative and research work have positive effects in facilitating marine renewable energy programmes. It is also a necessary precondition to create a relevant legal governance regime, in order to establish a concrete marine renewable energy programme. This article examines international legal duties and obligations in relation to the exploration of marine renewable energy. It also examines state practice in the USA, the UK and Canada.","author":["Chang, T."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2015-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3817","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-defaunation-animal-loss-global-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/347\/6219\/1255641","title":"Marine Defaunation: Animal Loss in the Global Ocean","description":"Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. Current ocean trends, coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons, suggest that marine defaunation rates will rapidly intensify as human use of the oceans industrializes. Though protected areas are a powerful tool to harness ocean productivity, especially when designed with future climate in mind, additional management strategies will be required. Overall, habitat degradation is likely to intensify as a major driver of marine wildlife loss. Proactive intervention can avert a marine defaunation disaster of the magnitude observed on land.","author":["McCauley, D.","Pinsky, M.","Palumbi, S.","Estes, J.","Joyce, F.","Warner, R."],"organization":["Rutgers University","Stanford University","University of California Santa Barbara","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2015-01-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3818","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-world-oceans-coasts-concepts-sustainability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X13000481","title":"The Development of World Oceans \u0026 Coasts and Concepts of Sustainability","description":"The current phase of technological development and expansion in the world economy is leading to greater human activity and development offshore. Some have described this as the colonisation of the oceans, one phase in the wider history of world industrialisation. This study empirically tests notions of industrialisation\u2019 and \u2018colonisation\u2019 in the oceans for the first time. It finds that human activity in the oceans has increased by multiple factors in the most recent long term wave of economic development. The methods include the combined use of Raster and R! to overcome methodological challenges to analyse large spatial datasets which map the footprint of human activity. In response to increasing human activity in the oceans, nations and supranational institutions are developing new governance regimes. These regimes are characterised by policy integration and a commitment to sustainability. Sustainable development is a central tenet of most national and international policies for the world\u2019s oceans. An analysis of sustainable development terminology within coastal and ocean policy is provided for seven major maritime governance regimes: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, EU, South Africa, UK and the US. The results show that sustainability is highly differentiated in the context of \u2018the blue planet\u2019 (oceans and coasts). The diverse interpretations of sustainability present an impasse to measuring progress in the field. Therefore the paper concludes by offering a framework for explanation and interpretation of sustainable development, by linking it to foundational assumptions held by systems of thought or philosophical traditions","author":["Stojanovic, T.","Farmer, C."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3819","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-radiated-noise-point-absorbing-wave-energy-converters-noise-characteristics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/uu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:758786\/FULLTEXT01.pdf","title":"Underwater Radiated Noise from Point Absorbing Wave Energy Converters: Noise Characteristics and Possible Environmental Effects","description":"The conversion of wave energy into electrical energy has the potential to become a clean and sustainable form of renewable energy conversion. However, like all forms of energy conversion, it will inevitably have an impact on the marine environment, although not in the form of emissions of hazardous substances (gases, oils, or checmicals associated with anticorrosion. Possible environmental issues associated with wave energy conversion include electromagnetic fields, alteration of sedimentation and hydrologic regimes and underwater radiated noise.  Underwater noise has the potential to propagate over long distances and thus have the potential to disturb marine organisms far away from the noise source. There is great variation in the ability to pervieve sound between marine organisms, one sound that is cearly audible to one species can be completely inaudible to another. Thus, to be able to determine potential environmental impact from WECs associated with underwater noise, the noise radiated from the WECs must be known. This thesis presents results from studies on the underwater radiated noise from four different full-scale WEBs in the Lysekil Wave Power Project.  Hydrophones were used to measure the underwater radiated noise from operating point absorbing linear WECs. The main purpose was to study the radiated noise from the operating WECs with emphasis on characteristics such as spectrum levels, Sound Pressure Level (SPL), noise duration and repetition rate. This to be able to determine the origin of the noise and if possible, implement design changes to minimize radiated noise.  The results identified two main operational noises (transients with the bull of the energy in frequencies \u0026lt;1 kHz). The SPL of the radiated noise fluctuated significantly, depending on wave height. Broadband SPLrms of the measurements ranged between ~110 dB and ~140 dB re 1 \u03bcPa and SPL peak of specific noises ranges between ~140 and ~180 dB re \u03bcPa. Audibility was estimated range from 1km to 15 km depending critically on species and on assumptions of propogation loss. The noise is not expected to have any negative effects on hebaviour or mask any signals, unless in the vicinity (\u0026lt;150m) of the WECs in significant wave heights. No physical damage, even in close vicinity are expected on either fish or marine mammals.  Having the aim to have as little impact on the environment a possible, these studies are important. This way precautions can be implemented early in the technical development of this kind of renewable energy converters. The benefits from the WECs the Lysekil wave power project are believed to outweigh possible environmental impacts due to underwater radiated noise.","author":["Haikonen, K."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.744690000000","17.608017000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3820","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-specific-biodiversity-assessment-portuguese-pilot-zone-marine-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/274891293_First_specific_biodiversity_assessment_in_the_Portuguese_Pilot_Zone_for_marine_renewables","title":"First Specific Biodiversity Assessment in the Portuguese Pilot Zone for Marine Renewables","description":"The Portuguese Pilot Zone (PPZ) was created in 2008 (Decree-Law n. \u00ba 5\/2008, January 8th) and is comprised by an area of ca. 320 km2, between the 30m and 90m water depth and located at the west coast of S\u00e3o Pedro de Muel, central Portugal. The PPZ was created to support the deployment of marine renewable energy in Portugal. The integration of biodiversity into the PPZ\u2019s environmental management strategy is a key-factor and efforts have been made to characterize and produce baseline information that can be used in the decision-making process.","author":["Coelho, H.","Rodrigues, S.","Ferriera, R.","De Silva, R.","Pendlebury, C.","Walls, R.","Mascarenhas, M.","Costa, H."],"organization":["Bioinsight","Natural Power"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.761695000000","-9.043887000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Coelho-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3821","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-practices-monitoring-environmental-effects-marine-energy-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"Best Practices for Monitoring Environmental Effects of Marine Energy Devices","description":"As the wave and tidal industry plans for initial commercial deployments, significant uncertainties remain about the risks to marine animals and habitats from wave and tidal devices; this uncertainty continues to slow and complicate siting and permitting (consenting) processes. Advancement of the industry can be simplified if the level of uncertainty is reduced, allowing regulators and the marine energy industry to focus monitoring on a small set of interactions for which risk remains uncertain, or where ongoing observation becomes a component of mitigation for high risk levels (with low risk uncertainty).\n\nEarly deployments of tidal and wave devices have yielded information about interactions of animals with devices and the potential effects of development on marine habitats. Similarly, laboratory studies and the creation of numerical models have provided insight into potential effects. These studies have allowed us to bound certain risks to the marine environment, help focus monitoring and research studies on the highest priority interactions, and diminish concerns about low-risk interactions. The interactions pursued in this report are those for which a high degree of uncertainly remains and those that are of greatest concern to regulators and stakeholders. Other risks have not been addressed, including those that may be of lesser concern (for example, risk from anti-fouling paints on marine energy devices) or those for which information collected for other industries are pertinent (such as the effect of anchors on the seabed).\n\nUnder the sponsorship of Annex IV, a 1-day workshop was held in conjunction with the EIMR (Environmental Impacts of Marine Renewables) conference in Stornoway, United Kingdom (UK), on April 29 2014. Support for the workshop was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the EIMR conference, and was organized by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with assistance from the DOE Wind and Water Power Technologies Office and the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center.\n\nMore information about the workshop is available here.","author":["Copping, A.","Hanna, L.","Hutchison, I."],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","International Energy Agency (IEA)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:17:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Annex-IV-2014-workshop-report-final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/3939","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/summary-environment-impact-renewable-energy-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.616-618.1133","title":"Summary of Environment Impact of Renewable Energy Resources","description":"Every type of energy utilization for electricity generation has environmental consequences. The main consequences of burning fossil fuels and of nuclear power are well-known. Renewable energy sources (wind, solar, biomass, hydroelectric, geothermal, etc.) are generally thought of as harmless, but this doesn\u2019t mean they have no environmental consequences at all. Most of them have a significant aesthetic impact and require large areas of land. Some also have a significant impact on the eco-system (birds, fishes, etc.). This paper summarizes the environmental issues caused by all kinds of renewable energy sources.","author":["Zhu, J.","Cheung, K."],"organization":["Alstom","Chongqing University"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:18:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4001","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reindeer-caribou-rangifer-tarandus-response-towards-human-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/septentrio.uit.no\/index.php\/rangifer\/article\/viewFile\/188\/172","title":"Reindeer and Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Response Towards Human Activities","description":"We address the question of how human activities and infrastructure influence reindeer\/caribou\u2019s (Rangifer tarandus) behaviour and habitat use and review studies based on current methodologies. Anthropogenic activities have a direct affect on Rangifer behaviour through the senses hearing, sight and smell, and all of these are important tools for behavioural risk assessment. Short term indirect responses, such as habituation, sensitisation, avoidance, and displacement, develop through neutral, positive or negative associations towards stimulus in terms of Rangifer\u2019s ability to experience, learn, and remember. Long term behavioural responses develop through interaction with predators and, for reindeer, also domestication. A survey of the literature dealing with behavioural studies reveals that although Rangifer in most cases retreat from anthropogenic activities, comfort distances (i.e. distances beyond which animal behaviour or activity are not influenced) are relatively short. In most cases, energetic implications appear moderate and small compared to other natural, biotic influences such as disturbance (and death) caused by insect and\/or predator harassment. Unless obstructing access, physical constructions of various kinds apparently have limited effects on Rangifer behaviour or habitat use. On the other hand, constructions that do obstruct or limit access and recreational or other motorized and non-motorized activities appear to have stronger impacts on avoidance and redistribution of Rangifer. Behavioural effects that might decrease survival and reproduction include retreat from favourable habitat near disturbance sources and reduction of time spent feeding with resulting energy depletion over time. Rangifer habitat use, habitat avoidance, and feeding preferences are governed by a complexity of natural interacting factors. Domestication, habituation and sensitisation are essential in shaping Rangifer\u2019s adaptability, and should be included in future studies on reindeer and caribou responses towards various anthropogenic activities. Although cumulative effects from human activities are likely, it remains difficult to separate these from natural variations in Rangifer habitat use and demography. Habitat avoidance towards various human infrastructures and activities is reported, but most studies reporting relatively far (4-25 km) avoidance distances relied on measurements of range properties and animal distribution recorded on 1-2 days annually in winter to induce a potential response from the animals and lack important environmental variables and\/or alternative hypothesises. This methodology should be improved in order to enable identification of correlation versus causation. Studies relying on animal behaviour measurements can more correctly identify and test responses to various stimuli while also controlling for degree of domestication and other various environmental variables, but only in a limited time and spatial scale. Furthermore, such studies may not necessarily capture potential population consequences from disturbances. Thus, there are important weaknesses in the two leading methodologies (measuring animal behaviour and indirectly mapping regional\/population movements and habitat use through measurements of range properties). To best study Rangifer\u2019s responses towards anthropogenic infrastructure and activities, we propose that the two methodologies be combined and supplied with modern GPS\/telemetry.","author":["Reimers, E.","Colman, J."],"organization":["University of Oslo"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["61.038674000000","10.107103000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Terrestrial Mammals","Avoidance","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:18:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reimers-Colman-2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4027","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-importance-extremadura-spain-overwintering-migratory-dabbling-ducks-role","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/bird-conservation-international\/article\/international-importance-of-extremadura-spain-for-overwintering-migratory-dabbling-ducks-a-role-for-reservoirs\/886C02D05270F9739F1C21FC21E7FC2D","title":"International importance of Extremadura, Spain, for overwintering migratory dabbling ducks: a role for reservoirs","description":"Many migratory waterbird populations are in decline and loss of natural wetlands is one of the main causes. However, some species may respond positively to artificial wetland recreation. In Extremadura (south-west Europe), several large reservoirs were created for irrigation since the 1960s and some comparatively small reservoirs were built from the late 1990s onwards close to rice fields. Here we analyse the abundance of wintering dabbling ducks (Anas spp.) in Extremadura before (1991\u20131994) and after (2007\u20132010) the creation of these new reservoirs in order to address the current importance of the area for this guild within the East Atlantic Flyway (EAF). A mean of 25,277 dabbling ducks wintered in the study area during 1991\u20131994, increasing to 46,163 individuals during 2007\u20132010. After controlling for environmental variables, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Common Teal A. crecca and Northern Shoveler A. clypeata experienced significant increases in the area between both periods, and only Eurasian Wigeon A. penelope suffered a significant decrease. Mallard A. platyrhynchos and Gadwall A. strepera populations did not show any significant trend. The large older reservoirs experienced overall population decreases between the two periods, with four new reservoirs holding more than 35,000 wintering dabbling ducks. Our results reflect an overall improvement in habitat conditions, driven by the creation of reservoirs near to rice fields that could have resulted in a partial redistribution of wintering dabbling ducks in the EAF. The area emerges as one of the most important wintering sites for dabbling ducks in southern Europe, regularly exceeding two of the Ramsar Convention criteria for the conservation of several populations. The protection of these new reservoirs by legal mechanisms would guarantee the existence of a large functional wetland area, which could also mitigate the loss of natural wetlands for populations using the EAF.","author":["Navedo, J.","Masero, J.","Sanchez-Guzman, J.","Abad-Gomez, J.","Gutierrez, J.","Sanso, E.","Villegas, A.","Costillo, E.","Corbacho, C.","Moran, R."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","University of Extremadura"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.531207000000","-6.162690000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Waterfowl","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:18:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4041","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/arguments-using-population-models-incidental-take-assessments-endangered-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fwspubs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.3996\/062010-JFWM-014","title":"Arguments for Using Population Models in Incidental Take Assessments for Endangered Species","description":"Population models can be useful tools for evaluating management strategies and risks for a given species. A major, but often overlooked, component of endangered or threatened species management and recovery is the incidental take allowance of many endangered species laws. In the United States of America population models are seldom applied to address specific incidental take scenarios. We believe it is prudent for wildlife management agencies like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to embrace explicit predictive tools to assess the possible effects of incidental take actions and to set standards for what constitutes unacceptable levels of incidental take in terms of predicted effect on population viability, recovery, and extinction. We briefly give recommendations for incorporating simulation models into jeopardy evaluations in ways that would dovetail with legislative language and provide a simple example model. Using explicit predictive models to support jeopardy determinations and incidental take decision-making would lead to transparent decisions rooted in measurable quantities such as changes in extinction probability or abundance projections.","author":["McGowan, C.","Ryan, M."],"organization":["University of Missouri"],"originationDate":"2010-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.926160000000","-82.695956000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:18:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4197","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/demonstrating-new-framework-comparison-environmental-impacts-small-large-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479714001388","title":"Demonstrating a New Framework for the Comparison of Environmental Impacts from Small- and Large-Scale Hydropower and Wind Power Projects","description":"Climate change and the needed reductions in the use of fossil fuels call for the development of renewable energy sources. However, renewable energy production, such as hydropower (both small- and large-scale) and wind power have adverse impacts on the local environment by causing reductions in biodiversity and loss of habitats and species. This paper compares the environmental impacts of many small-scale hydropower plants with a few large-scale hydropower projects and one wind power farm, based on the same set of environmental parameters; land occupation, reduction in wilderness areas (INON), visibility and impacts on red-listed species. Our basis for comparison was similar energy volumes produced, without considering the quality of the energy services provided.\n\nThe results show that small-scale hydropower performs less favourably in all parameters except land occupation. The land occupation of large hydropower and wind power is in the range of 45\u201350\u00a0m2\/MWh, which is more than two times larger than the small-scale hydropower, where the large land occupation for large hydropower is explained by the extent of the reservoirs. On all the three other parameters small-scale hydropower performs more than two times worse than both large hydropower and wind power. Wind power compares similarly to large-scale hydropower regarding land occupation, much better on the reduction in INON areas, and in the same range regarding red-listed species. Our results demonstrate that the selected four parameters provide a basis for further development of a fair and consistent comparison of impacts between the analysed renewable technologies.","author":["Bakken, T.","Aase, A.","Hagen, D.","Sundt, H.","Barton, D.","Lujala, P."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)","Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)","SINTEF Energy Research"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["64.948896000000","6.513832000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bakken-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4275","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/symbiotic-offshore-energy-harvesting-storage-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2213138814000848","title":"Symbiotic Offshore Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems","description":"Taken separately, various offshore energy harvesting and storage machines can have a difficult time competing with land-based systems with regard to both initial capital cost and variable costs. However, collocating systems in a symbiotic way can lead to competitive advantages for offshore systems. This paper explores such combinations based on using the support structure for an offshore wind turbine as a basis for an energy storage system, a wave energy harvesting system, and a uranium-from-seawater mining system. Further considerations could also include aquaculture facilities as well as enhanced sport fisherman opportunities. Finally, far offshore systems are not only less likely to negatively impact birds, such as birds-of-prey, while experience with offshore oil platforms have been shown to act as undersea wildlife havens.","author":["Slocum, A."],"organization":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4276","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenging-life-wave-energy-devices-sea-few-points-consider","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114010521","title":"The Challenging Life of Wave Energy Devices at Sea: A Few Points to Consider","description":"Wave power devices offer great prospects for the marine renewable energy sector. But in comparison to wind energy, wave power is still in its infancy, mainly prototype-based, with technological gaps akin to those experienced in the wind sector some 15 years ago. Several aspects that did not seem significant at a first glance in the design phase, such as the interaction with the marine environment, turned out to be important when the first prototypes were put in the water. In fact, these devices have to face great challenges once at sea and several prototypes have not survived. Firstly, ocean waves are not such an innocuous, predictable flow of water and secondly, life thrives in the ocean. Wave power devices are perfect artificial reefs suitable for algal growth and colonization by many species. And they will have to sustain harsh conditions for over two decades while producing energy. For obvious reasons, there is a lack of existing literature on the subject. In this short review we address a simple question: how tough will the life of wave power devices at sea be? The answer is based on available evidence. We provide as well some ideas to take up the challenge.","author":["Tiron, R.","Mallon, F.","Dias, F.","Reynaud, E."],"organization":["University College Dublin"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4277","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multiple-stressors-multifunctionality-limited-effects-illuminated-benthic-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/10\/12\/20140640","title":"Multiple Stressors and Multifunctionality: Limited Effects on an Illuminated Benthic System","description":"The bulk of experiments that study stressor effects on ecosystem functioning consider only individual functions one at a time, and such narrow focus may well bias our understanding of the overall impact on ecosystem functioning. We used data from six published experiments in which marine illuminated sediment systems were exposed to nutrient enrichment, toxicants, sedimentation and warming, either alone or in combination. Measured functions were primary production, community respiration, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes, and autotrophic biomass. We calculated two indices of multifunctionality that simultaneously considered all six functions: (i) a weighted average level of the functions and (ii) the number of functions that simultaneously exceed a critical threshold level. Stressors affected individual functions both positively and negatively, but multifunctionality was generally unaffected by both single and joint stressors. The filtering capacity of coastal illuminated sediment systems thus appears resilient to exposure to moderate levels of multiple stressors, most probably due to the robustness of the benthic microalgal community. We recommend using a multifunctionality approach in future studies on cumulative stressor effects on ecosystem functioning, particularly when considering functions related to ecosystem services.","author":["Alsterberg, C.","Sundb\u00e4ck, K.","Gamfeldt, L."],"organization":["University of Gothenburg"],"originationDate":"2014-12-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.336568000000","9.926470000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4279","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practical-management-cumulative-anthropogenic-impacts-working-marine-examples","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cobi.12425\/abstract","title":"Practical Management of Cumulative Anthropogenic Impacts with Working Marine Examples","description":"Human pressure on the environment is expanding and intensifying, especially in coastal and offshore areas. Major contributors to this are the current push for offshore renewable energy sources, which are thought of as environmentally friendly sources of power, as well as the continued demand for petroleum. Human disturbances, including the noise almost ubiquitously associated with human activity, are likely to increase the incidence, magnitude, and duration of adverse effects on marine life, including stress responses. Stress responses have the potential to induce fitness consequences for individuals, which add to more obvious directed takes (e.g., hunting or fishing) to increase the overall population-level impact. To meet the requirements of marine spatial planning and ecosystem-based management, many efforts are ongoing to quantify the cumulative impacts of all human actions on marine species or populations. Meanwhile, regulators face the challenge of managing these accumulating and interacting impacts with limited scientific guidance. We believe there is scientific support for capping the level of impact for (at a minimum) populations in decline or with unknown statuses. This cap on impact can be facilitated through implementation of regular application cycles for project authorization or improved programmatic and aggregated impact assessments that simultaneously consider multiple projects. Cross-company collaborations and a better incorporation of uncertainty into decision making could also help limit, if not reduce, cumulative impacts of multiple human activities. These simple management steps may also form the basis of a rudimentary form of marine spatial planning and could be used in support of future ecosystem-based management efforts.","author":["Wright, A.","Kyhn, L."],"organization":["Aarhus University","George Mason University"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4283","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-ocean-wave-energy-large-scales-study-us-pacific-northwest","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114007538","title":"Integrating Ocean Wave Energy at Large-Scales: A Study of the US Pacific Northwest","description":"This paper assesses operational impacts of large-scale ocean wave energy development in the US Pacific Northwest. High-resolution wave power production and forecasting data is synthesized for wave energy arrays spatially-distributed along the region\u0027s coast. Geographic diversification is found to limit the rate at which production variability scales with installed capacity, over timescales ranging from minutes to hours. The reduced variability makes it easier to forecast short-term wave generation accurately. When modeled within the operational structure of the region\u0027s primary balancing area authority, large-scale wave energy is found to provide a relatively high capacity value and costs less to integrate than equivalent amounts of wind energy.","author":["Parkinson, S.","Dragoon, K.","Reikard, G.","Garc\u00eda-Medina, G.","Ozkan-Haller, H.","Brekken, T."],"organization":["Flink Energy Consulting","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.145071000000","-124.937616000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4284","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-energy-structures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/us\/book\/9783319121741","title":"Offshore Energy Structures","description":"Due to the rapid growth of offshore renewable energy structures such as offshore wind and ocean energy devices (such as wave energy converters and tidal current turbines), the science, technology and engineering in this field are seeing a phenomenal development. However, the needed competencies and knowledge are not available in a single reference. Particularly, for hybrid marine platforms, where wind and wave energy devices are combined to use possible synergies through proper combinations, limited information is available.\n\nIncredible progress has been made in the last decades in the advancement of offshore energy structures, especially for offshore wind applications. Now, the bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines are mature enough to compete with land-based wind turbines. This has given rise to the development of new concepts\/structures for deep ocean applications. Floating wind turbines are emerging and several concepts have been commissioned, which produce electricity. Also, wave energy converters are being well-developed during the last decades and several concepts are in the stage of producing electricity. Recently, the combination of wave and wind energy devices in hybrid marine platforms has been the focus of scientist in the field of offshore technology. This generated an obvious need for a book providing the state-of-the-art knowledge in offshore energy structures.\n\nOffshore renewable industry has planned for further booming in coming years which needs having more engineers in the \u0022offshore energy structures\u0022 field. This is what this book is about. In this book, the author has tried to avoid sophisticated mathematical expressions. The hope is that engineers with moderate mathematical background can get a proper insight to offshore energy structures by reading this book. However, to read some parts of the book, a proper knowledge of calculus is necessary.\nThis book is written for MSc students and engineers in the field of offshore technology, renewable energy, marine, ocean and coastal engineering. This book can be used in MSc-level courses in departments of civil engineering, mechanical engineering as well as ocean, coastal and marine engineering.\nThis book tries to simply introduce the base for design of offshore energy structures.","author":["Karimirad, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4285","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/patterns-spatial-temporal-distribution-humpback-whales-southern-limit-southeast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0112627","title":"Patterns of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Humpback Whales at the Southern Limit of the Southeast Pacific Breeding Area","description":"Understanding the patterns of spatial and temporal distribution in threshold habitats of highly migratory and endangered species is important for understanding their habitat requirements and recovery trends. Herein, we present new data about the distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in neritic waters off the northern coast of Peru: an area that constitutes a transitional path from cold, upwelling waters to warm equatorial waters where the breeding habitat is located. Data was collected during four consecutive austral winter\/spring seasons from 2010 to 2013, using whale-watching boats as platforms for research. A total of 1048 whales distributed between 487 groups were sighted. The spatial distribution of humpbacks resembled the characteristic segregation of whale groups according to their size\/age class and social context in breeding habitats; mother and calf pairs were present in very shallow waters close to the coast, while dyads, trios or more whales were widely distributed from shallow to moderate depths over the continental shelf break. Sea surface temperatures (range: 18.2\u201325.9\u00b0C) in coastal waters were slightly colder than those closer to the oceanic realm, likely due to the influence of cold upwelled waters from the Humboldt Current system. Our results provide new evidence of the southward extension of the breeding region of humpback whales in the Southeast Pacific. Integrating this information with the knowledge from the rest of the breeding region and foraging grounds would enhance our current understanding of population dynamics and recovery trends of this species.","author":["Guidino, C.","Llapapasca, M.","Silva, S.","Alcorta, B.","Pacheco, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-11-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["-5.168573000000","-82.336560000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guidino-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4287","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multibeam-acoustic-detection-fish-water-column-targets-high-flow-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-014-9828-z","title":"Multibeam Acoustic Detection of Fish and Water Column Targets at High-Flow Sites","description":"The potential rapid development of tidal energy and accompanying structures in the coastal waters in several regions of Canada, and the world, will require subsurface sampling tools to monitor and evaluate the biological and environmental effects of this new industry. Proposed development sites are characterized by large tidal ranges, strong tidal flows, extreme turbulence, and in some cases sediment-laden water restricting visibility, imposing monitoring challenges. Turbulence-induced acoustic backscatter typically occurs in the top 10\u201320\u00a0m, but can extend from the surface to bottom during some phases of the tide. In Minas Passage, turbulence accounted for 78\u00a0% of the total water column backscatter making the separation of fish difficult if not impossible at times. In this paper, we examine operational capabilities of two high-frequency multibeam sonars to meet these monitoring challenges in the nearshore high-flow shallow coastal waters (1\u2013100\u00a0m). Observations from proposed sites are used to illustrate the challenges as well as the advantages, and limitations, of multibeam sonars compared to conventional split beam technology in strong tidal currents and turbulent waters. Acoustic multibeam hardware necessary to meet the monitoring demands is currently available, but the processing and analytical software required to advance their application is insufficient to meet the requirements for effects and impact monitoring. It is anticipated that the required advancements will be available within the next 5\u00a0years. Challenges associated with equipment deployment, power supply, and communications are also discussed.","author":["Melvin, G.","Cochrane, N."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4288","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-power-development-maine-stakeholder-identification-perceptions-engagement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9703-3","title":"Tidal Power Development in Maine: Stakeholder Identification and Perceptions of Engagement","description":"Development of renewable energy affects or is affected by numerous stakeholders. Understanding who the stakeholders are and how they are engaged in the process is necessary for improving the responsible development of renewable energy technologies. Using structured community interviews and in-depth ethnographic research (semi-structured interviews, informal interviews, observations, and document review), we identified and characterized the most salient stakeholders associated with tidal power development in Maine and documented stakeholder perceptions of developer engagement strategies. Stakeholder characterization was facilitated using a framework by Mitchell et al. (The Academy of Management Review 22:853\u2013886,\u00a01997) that characterizes salient stakeholders using attributes of power, urgency, and legitimacy. Key stakeholders identified include fishermen, community members, tribes, regulators, developers, and scientists. Fishermen and regulators are definitive stakeholders, with legitimacy, power, and urgency in the process. Tribes are considered dominant stakeholders; they have legitimacy and power, but their interests are, at this time, not viewed as urgent. Scientists are considered to have urgency and power. The developers viewed their stakeholder engagement strategy as open and transparent. Community stakeholders, regulators, and fishermen generally perceived the developer\u0027s approach as effective; they noted the company\u0027s accessibility and their efforts to engage stakeholders early and often. Given the dynamic nature of stakeholder salience, our findings highlight the importance of engaging dominant stakeholders so that future conflict can be more easily avoided as new information develops. Our approach can be used to inform stakeholder identification and engagement research in other renewable energy contexts.","author":["Johnson, T.","Jansujwicz, J.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.905788000000","-68.049570000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4289","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-hydroacoustics-understand-fish-presence-vertical-distribution-tidally-dynamic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-014-9776-7","title":"Using Hydroacoustics to Understand Fish Presence and Vertical Distribution in a Tidally Dynamic Region Targeted for Energy Extraction","description":"The use of tidal currents by fishes for movements to and from onshore spawning, foraging, and nursery grounds is well documented. However, fishes\u2019 use of the water column in tidal currents frequently exceeding 1.5\u00a0m\u2009\u00b7\u2009s-1\u00a0is largely unknown. With growing interest in extracting energy from the tides, understanding animal use of these dynamic environments has become essential to determining environmental effects of tidal energy devices. To assess the effects of a tidal energy device on fishes, we used down-looking single-beam hydroacoustic technology to collect pre-deployment data on the presence and vertical distribution of fishes at a pilot project site and a control site in Cobscook Bay, ME. Twenty-four-hour stationary surveys were conducted in each season of 2010 and 2011. Relative fish density and vertical distribution were analyzed for variation with respect to site, year, month, and diel and tidal cycles. A seasonal pattern in fish density was apparent in both years at both sites, with maxima in spring and late fall. Fish density was generally highest near the sea floor. Diel changes in vertical distribution were frequently observed, but changes in distribution related to tidal cycle were inconsistent. Results from the project and control sites were very similar, demonstrating that the control site provides a reference for quantifying changes in fish density and vertical distribution related to the tidal device. This approach and baseline dataset will be used to compare hydroacoustic data collected at the project and control sites after device deployment.","author":["Viehman, H.","Zydlewski, G.","McCleave, J.","Staines, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.462841000000","-67.060800000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4291","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-study-potential-water-quality-impacts-stream-tidal-energy-extraction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9718-9","title":"A Modeling Study of the Potential Water Quality Impacts from In-Stream Tidal Energy Extraction","description":"To assess the effects of tidal energy extraction on water quality in a simplified estuarine system, which consists of a tidal bay connected to the coastal ocean through a narrow channel where energy is extracted using in-stream tidal turbines, a three-dimensional coastal ocean model with built-in tidal turbine and water quality modules was applied. The effects of tidal energy extraction on water quality were examined for two energy extraction scenarios as compared with the baseline condition. It was found, in general, that the environmental impacts associated with energy extraction depend highly on the amount of power extracted from the system. Model results indicate that, as a result of energy extraction from the channel, the competition between decreased flushing rates in the bay and increased vertical mixing in the channel directly affects water quality responses in the bay. The decreased flushing rates tend to cause a stronger but negative impact on water quality. On the other hand, the increased vertical mixing could lead to higher bottom dissolved oxygen at times. As the first modeling effort directly aimed at examining the impacts of tidal energy extraction on estuarine water quality, this study demonstrates that numerical models can serve as a very useful tool for this purpose. However, more careful efforts are warranted to address system-specific environmental issues in real-world, complex estuarine systems.","author":["Wang, T.","Yang, Z.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4292","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-effects-tidal-energy-extraction-estuarine-hydrodynamics-stratified-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9684-2","title":"Modeling the Effects of Tidal Energy Extraction on Estuarine Hydrodynamics in a Stratified Estuary","description":"A 3-D coastal ocean model with a tidal turbine module was used in this paper to study the effects of tidal energy extraction on temperature and salinity stratification and density-driven two-layer estuarine circulation. Numerical experiments with various turbine array configurations were carried out to investigate the changes in tidally averaged temperature, salinity, and velocity profiles in an idealized stratified estuary that connects to coastal water through a narrow tidal channel. The model was driven by tides, river inflow, and sea surface heat flux. To represent the realistic size of commercial tidal farms, model simulations were conducted based on a small percentage (less than 10\u00a0%) of the total number of turbines that would generate the maximum extractable energy in the system. Model results show that extraction of tidal in-stream energy will increase the vertical mixing and decrease the stratification in the estuary. Installation of in-stream tidal farm will cause a phase lag in tidal wave, which leads to large differences in tidal currents between baseline and tidal farm conditions. Extraction of tidal energy in an estuarine system has stronger impact on the tidally averaged salinity, temperature, and velocity in the surface layer than the bottom layer even though the turbine hub height is close to the bottom. Finally, model results also indicate that extraction of tidal energy weakens the two-layer estuarine circulation, especially during neap tides when tidal mixing is weakest and energy extraction is smallest.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4293","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survival-behavioral-effects-exposure-hydrokinetic-turbine-juvenile-atlantic-salmon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9680-6","title":"Survival and Behavioral Effects of Exposure to a Hydrokinetic Turbine on Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Adult American Shad","description":"This paper describes a series of experiments designed to measure the effect of exposure to a full-scale, vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine on downstream migrating juvenile Atlantic salmon (N\u2009=\u2009175) and upstream migrating adult American shad (N\u2009=\u2009208). Controlled studies were performed in a large-scale, open-channel flume, and all individuals approached the turbine under volitional control. No injuries were observed, and there was no measurable increase in mortality associated with turbine passage. Exposure to the turbine elicited behavioral responses from both species, however, with salmon passing primarily over the downrunning blades. Shad movement was impeded by the device, as indicated by fewer attempts of shorter duration and reduced distance of ascent up the flume. More work should be performed in both laboratory and field conditions to determine to what extent these effects are likely to influence free-swimming fish.","author":["Castro-Santos, T.","Haro, A."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4294","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rights-ownership-sea-country-implications-marine-renewable-energy-indigenous-local","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X14002942","title":"Rights and Ownership in Sea Country: Implications of Marine Renewable Energy for Indigenous and Local Communities","description":"The adoption of UN Convention of the Law of the Sea in 1982 created optimism for indigenous peoples and marginalised coastal communities that they may (re)gain control of, or improve access to, marine resources. However concerns were also raised that opening the seas to industrial development might create threats for traditional users of the sea. Twenty-five years later the potential enclosure of large areas of coastal seas to marine renewable energy development is reigniting debates about marine governance, access and control over marine resources. Case studies in Scotland, Canada, New Zealand and Australia reveal a dynamic tension between: an economic development \u2018blue growth\u2019 agenda requiring the creation of private rights in the sea; and socio-political drivers which seek to address historic injustices and increase access to natural resources by indigenous and marginalised coastal communities. As yet there is little evidence of this tension being adequately addressed by emerging institutional frameworks for managing marine resources.","author":["Kerr, S.","Colton, J.","Johnson, K.","Wright, G."],"organization":["Acadia University","Australian National University","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.699777000000","-2.199678000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4295","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-hub-wave-monitoring-project-interim-report-number-3","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Hub Wave Monitoring Project Interim Report Number 3","description":"Halcrow Group Ltd has been appointed by the South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) acting on behalf of RWE Npower Renewables Limited, to undertake a metocean field campaign in support of the proposed Wave Hub development. This report serves to summarise field activities and data acquired to date.  A Nortek Acoustic Waves and Current (AWAC) instrument was deployed in the study area to record directional wave and current information. The instrument was placed at a depth of approx 60m off the Cornish coastline (Hayle), UK.  The aim is to collect 18 months of data, which will require a service visit approximately every 3 months. To date there have been four completed deployments, due to an instrument malfunction no data was recorded during the second deployment. This interim report summarises the data collected during the fourth deployment, which covers the period between 10 August 2009 and 27 January 2010.  This fourth deployment was longer than intended, due to stormy conditions during December 2009 and January 2010. During the fourth deployment the instrument functioned as planned and recorded for the entirety of the deployment period. In summary, current flows are tidally dominated with oscillation of flow between the northeast and southeast. Current flows often exceed 0.8 m\/s during spring tide events, with a maximum flow of 1.19 m\/s recorded on 22 August 2009. Wave heights and period show a high degree of variance over the deployment period. The predominant wave direction is from the west, influenced by Atlantic storm systems. The largest waves recorded exceeded 10m (Hmax) on 4 November 2009. Mean significant wave height (Hm0) for the fourth deployment was 2.20 m. Peak wave periods (Tp) of over 12 seconds are common during periods of larger wave events. Mean wave period (Tm02) was 5.59 seconds.","author":["South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"organization":["Halcrow Group Ltd","South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"originationDate":"2010-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:40:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave-Hub-Wave-Monitoring-Report-3-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4296","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-hub-development-design-phase-final-design-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Hub Development and Design Phase Final Design Report","description":"The Wave Hub is an exciting opportunity to ensure the UK continues to play a leading role in Wave Energy. This design concept of the Wave Hub was thoroughly researched in the Technical Feasibility Study (TFS) with the underwater system or \u0022wet hub\u0022 emerging as the preferred way forward. A simplified description would be \u0027socket\u0027 connecting Wave Hub Converters (WECs) to the national grid.  In this Wave Hub Development Phase, much more detailed work has been carried out to flesh out the design details. This work includes reflecting the results of various studies and investigations executed in parallel with the design. The design development has now progressed to a point where it is necessary to confirm design decisions and freeze the main elements in order to be able to complete the tender information.  The engineering design work carried out in the Wave Hub Development Phase has confirmed the technical feasibility of the \u0027wet hub\u0027 option. Suitable components have been identified which are generally either qualified, or under qualification, to oil and gas industry offshore standards or proven in service, thus minimising the cost and time needed for component development.  Further information has been elicited from WEC developers on their requirements and preferences. Extensive discussions have been held with an extended range of potential suppliers. It is probable that a complete offshore system, suitably qualified and proven, can only be supplied from one source.  Some final results and interpretative reports are awaited from a few of the parallel studies as well as guidance from the consenting processes but it is not expected that any of these will have a major effect on the engineering design as described here.  A design has been developed for a 20MW capacity system in a similar configuration to their TFS design. The system now operates at 24kV with transformation from 11kV (or possibly 6.6kV) for WEC connection. This is suitable for a connection at 33kV at Hayle, which matches commercial requirements and the capital available. The Termination and Distribution Unit (TDU) is entirely passive and no maintenance is expected during the project lifetime. The Power Conditioning Units (PCUs) are designed so that they may be retrieved for maintenance.  The feasibility of trenchless construction of a cable duct under the dunes has been confirmed. It is now proposed that the main sub sea transmission cable be pulled ashore and through the duct, thus eliminating the jointing chamber on the beach.  The substation has been expanded in size to cater for a 24\/33\/0.4kV transformer and a possible power quality improvement unit to facilitate connection of the carious WEC generators if the latter should prove necessary.  The budget cost for the 20MW capacity scheme at \u00a317.3 million exceeds the TFS estimate. This cost increase arises from a number of factors, the most important of which are the uncertainties over costs from the main power cable and the installation. Both these factors are affected by an unstable market at present.  The operational and maintenance costs are estimated at \u00a3166,000 per year excluding management and overhead.  Other key issues affecting the through life cycle of the system like the Operation and Maintenance, Designers\u0027 Risk Assessment and the Decommissioning Plan are described within this document and appendices.  This report provides a synopsis of the final design as of May 2006.  The critical design decisions have been taken as follows:    Total connection capacity of 20MW  Provide four connection points of 5MW capacity each  There will be no provision for later expansion of system to a capacity of 30MW   Meetings are planned with selected Developers at which more information may be elicited. These meetings will also be an opportunity to provide them with more Wave Hub design information. Any major changes requested by Developers at this stage is likely to cause delay and should be avoided.  The preferred design option has been developed following extensive discussions with a number of contractors and suppliers of subsea and onshore plant. There was however, reluctance by some to divulge details of plant or methodology which would have assisted in the design development. The preferred design option is therefore, the best gleaned and interpreted from the information given. It is neither a definitive option nor necessarily the best option. It is proposed that tenderers be given the option to propose alternative options in their tenders.","author":["South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"organization":["Halcrow Group Ltd","South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"originationDate":"2006-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:40:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave-Hub-Final-Design-Report-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4297","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/grey-seals-use-anthropogenic-signals-acoustic-tags-locate-fish-evidence-simulated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/282\/1798\/20141595","title":"Grey Seals use Anthropogenic Signals from Acoustic Tags to Locate Fish: Evidence from a Simulated Foraging Task","description":"Anthropogenic noise can have negative effects on animal behaviour and physiology. However, noise is often introduced systematically and potentially provides information for navigation or prey detection. Here, we show that grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) learn to use sounds from acoustic fish tags as an indicator of food location. In 20 randomized trials each, 10 grey seals individually explored 20 foraging boxes, with one box containing a tagged fish, one containing an untagged fish and all other boxes being empty. The tagged box was found after significantly fewer non-tag box visits across trials, and seals revisited boxes containing the tag more often than any other box. The time and number of boxes needed to find both fish decreased significantly throughout consecutive trials. Two additional controls were conducted to investigate the role of the acoustic signal: (i) tags were placed in one box, with no fish present in any boxes and (ii) additional pieces of fish, inaccessible to the seal, were placed in the previously empty 18 boxes, making possible alternative chemosensory cues less reliable. During these controls, the acoustically tagged box was generally found significantly faster than the control box. Our results show that animals learn to use information provided by anthropogenic signals to enhance foraging success.","author":["Stansbury, A.","G\u00f6tz, T.","Deecke, V.","Janik, V."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Cumbria"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.181562000000","-2.532350000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stansbury-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4298","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/embracing-thresholds-better-environmental-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/370\/1659\/20130276","title":"Embracing Thresholds for Better Environmental Management","description":"Three decades of study have revealed dozens of examples in which natural systems have crossed biophysical thresholds (\u2018tipping points\u2019)\u2014nonlinear changes in ecosystem structure and function\u2014as a result of human-induced stressors, dramatically altering ecosystem function and services. Environmental management that avoids such thresholds could prevent severe social, economic and environmental impacts. Here, we review management measures implemented in ecological systems that have thresholds. Using Ostrom\u0027s social\u2013ecological systems framework, we analysed key biophysical and institutional factors associated with 51 social\u2013ecological systems and associated management regimes, and related these to management success defined by ecological outcomes. We categorized cases as instances of prospective or retrospective management, based upon whether management aimed to avoid a threshold or to restore systems that have crossed a threshold. We find that smaller systems are more amenable to threshold-based management, that routine monitoring is associated with successful avoidance of thresholds and recovery after thresholds have been crossed, and that success is associated with the explicit threshold-based management. These findings are powerful evidence for the policy relevance of information on ecological thresholds across a wide range of ecosystems.","author":["Kelly, R.","Erickson, A.","Mease, L.","Battista, W.","Kittinger, J.","Fujita, R."],"organization":["Stanford University","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4299","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regime-shifts-exploited-marine-food-webs-detecting-mechanisms-underlying-alternative","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/370\/1659\/20130262","title":"Regime Shifts in Exploited Marine Food Webs: Detecting Mechanisms Underlying Alternative Stable States using Size-Structured Community Dynamics Theory","description":"Many marine ecosystems have undergone \u2018regime shifts\u2019, i.e. abrupt reorganizations across trophic levels. Establishing whether these constitute shifts between alternative stable states is of key importance for the prospects of ecosystem recovery and for management. We show how mechanisms underlying alternative stable states caused by predator\u2013prey interactions can be revealed in field data, using analyses guided by theory on size-structured community dynamics. This is done by combining data on individual performance (such as growth and fecundity) with information on population size and prey availability. We use Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and their prey in the Baltic Sea as an example to discuss and distinguish two types of mechanisms, \u2018cultivation-depensation\u2019 and \u2018overcompensation\u2019, that can cause alternative stable states preventing the recovery of overexploited piscivorous fish populations. Importantly, the type of mechanism can be inferred already from changes in the predators\u0027 body growth in different life stages. Our approach can thus be readily applied to monitored stocks of piscivorous fish species, for which this information often can be assembled. Using this tool can help resolve the causes of catastrophic collapses in marine predatory\u2013prey systems and guide fisheries managers on how to successfully restore collapsed piscivorous fish stocks.","author":["G\u00e5rdmark, A.","Casini, M.","Huss, M.","Leeuwen, A.","Hjelm, J.","Persson, L.","de Roos, A."],"organization":["Princeton University","Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","Ume\u00e5 University","University of Amsterdam"],"originationDate":"2014-11-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.412935000000","19.917025000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4301","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gis-based-system-assessing-marine-water-quality-around-offshore-platforms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114003275","title":"A Gis-Based System for Assessing Marine Water Quality Around Offshore Platforms","description":"In this study, a GIS-based system (MWQ-FES) is developed for marine water quality assessment around offshore oil platforms. The developed method consists of a fuzzy risk assessment model, a eutrophication assessment module, a heavy metal assessment module, a dynamic database, the ArcGIS Engine, and a graphical user interface (GUI). The developed GIS-based GUI system integrates the fuzzy risk calculation, eutrophication risk assessment and heavy metal risk evaluation and both spatially and visually presents the results in the form of contour maps and color-coded maps that indicate the risk levels. The assessment modules analyze a large amount of data with both spatial and temporal distributions; these data are managed by the developed system. An application of the developed MWQ-FES to a real case study in China is presented in this study. The MWQ-FES produces risk maps that depict the spatial distribution of the integrated water quality index values, the eutrophication risk level and the heavy metal risk level in the study area. The primary factors that affect the water quality are subsequently examined using the visualized results. The results of the fuzzy risk assessment model show that the general water quality status in the study area was good in Oct. 2005, May 2006, and Sept. 2007, while fair water quality occurred in May 2007. For Oct. 2005, May 2006, and Sept. 2007, the eutrophication risk levels were oligotrophic, slightly eutrophic and mesotrophic, respectively. However, the eutrophication risk level at most of the sites in May 2007 was highly eutrophic. These findings agreed with previously reported water quality variations in the study area. The heavy metal risk level in the study area exhibited a slight risk during all four investigations. As for the ecological risk in the mariculture zone near the study area, the heavy metal risk exhibited a slight risk; the eutrophication risk level ranged from eutrophic to slightly mesotrophic. A comparison with previous environmental assessment results for the same study area confirms that the developed MWQ-FES can provide a better understanding of the distribution of the water quality status and ecological risk levels. Moreover, MWQ-FES can be a useful decision-support tool for marine water quality management.","author":["Lu, F.","Chen, Z.","Liu, W."],"organization":["Concordia University","State Oceanic Administration (SOA)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.818598000000","120.815654500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4302","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-renewable-energy-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.crcpress.com\/product\/isbn\/9781482249460","title":"Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy","description":"All energy sources affect the environment in which we live. While fossil fuels may essentially do more harm, renewable energy sources can also pose a threat to the environment. Allowing for the various renewable energy sources: solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal, Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy examines the environmental effects of all available renewable or alternative sources, as they increasingly play a large part in our energy supply, and provides a counterargument about the benefits of renewable energy. This book discusses both the merits and the physical, mechanical, electrical, and environmental limitations of renewable sources of energy. It discusses the pros and cons of renewable energy, addresses environmental issues and concerns, and determines ways to avoid or minimize these impacts.\n\nThis text contains nine chapters reviewing in depth:\nRenewable energy impact on the environment\nMajor renewable energy types\nEnvironmental health, safety, and ecological impacts\nImpact on tribal sacrosanct areas\nEnvironmental Impacts of Renewable Energy covers the adverse effects of major renewable energy sources. Environmental engineers working with renewable energy, environmental consultants\/managers working with municipalities regarding environmental impact and land use, and undergraduate students taking related courses in environmental college programs can greatly benefit from this text.","author":["Spellman, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-12-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4304","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-white-paper-awatea","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Energy White Paper - AWATEA","description":"AWATEA is seeking to bring some ideas to the political table.  The combined mix of technology-driven low impact energy supply with allied advances in research capability and growth is clearly the sort of thing that an economy of New Zealand\u2019s scale needs to embrace.  Therefore the AWATEA Executive is busy defining a roadmap for marine energy and has developed a white paper, which can be downloaded below.  Given that it is an election year, this provides information to political parties as they evolve their energy policies. We want to give them tangible options that not only secure energy for 2030 and beyond but also act as a critical focal point for building new marine capability in what is the 4th biggest marine estate on the planet.","author":["Aotearoa Wave and Tidal Energy Association (AWATEA)"],"organization":["Aotearoa Wave and Tidal Energy Association (AWATEA)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.636891000000","170.644353000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWATEA-Whitepaper-V4.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4310","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/are-we-missing-boat-current-uses-long-term-biological-monitoring-data-evaluation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479714005155","title":"Are We Missing the Boat? Current Uses of Long-Term Biological Monitoring Data in the Evaluation and Management of Marine Protected Areas","description":"Protected area management agencies are increasingly using management effectiveness evaluation (MEE) to better understand, learn from and improve conservation efforts around the globe. Outcome assessment is the final stage of MEE, where conservation outcomes are measured to determine whether management objectives are being achieved. When quantitative monitoring data are available, best-practice examples of outcome assessments demonstrate that data should be assessed against quantitative condition categories. Such assessments enable more transparent and repeatable integration of monitoring data into MEE, which can promote evidence-based management and improve public accountability and reporting. We interviewed key informants from marine protected area (MPA) management agencies to investigate how scientific data sources, especially long-term biological monitoring data, are currently informing conservation management. Our study revealed that even when long-term monitoring results are available, management agencies are not using them for quantitative condition assessment in MEE. Instead, many agencies conduct qualitative condition assessments, where monitoring results are interpreted using expert judgment only. Whilst we found substantial evidence for the use of long-term monitoring data in the evidence-based management of MPAs, MEE is rarely the sole mechanism that facilitates the knowledge transfer of scientific evidence to management action. This suggests that the first goal of MEE (to enable environmental accountability and reporting) is being achieved, but the second and arguably more important goal of facilitating evidence-based management is not. Given that many MEE approaches are in their infancy, recommendations are made to assist management agencies realize the full potential of long-term quantitative monitoring data for protected area evaluation and evidence-based management.","author":["Addison, P.","Flander, L.","Cook, C."],"organization":["University of Melbourne"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-17.999821000000","146.425788000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4311","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integration-round-table-marine-spatial-planning-multi-stakeholder-settings","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0109964","title":"Integration at the Round Table: Marine Spatial Planning in Multi-Stakeholder Settings","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) is often considered as a pragmatic approach to implement an ecosystem based management in order to manage marine space in a sustainable way. This requires the involvement of multiple actors and stakeholders at various governmental and societal levels. Several factors affect how well the integrated management of marine waters will be achieved, such as different governance settings (division of power between central and local governments), economic activities (and related priorities), external drivers, spatial scales, incentives and objectives, varying approaches to legislation and political will. We compared MSP in Belgium, Norway and the US to illustrate how the integration of stakeholders and governmental levels differs among these countries along the factors mentioned above. Horizontal integration (between sectors) is successful in all three countries, achieved through the use of neutral \u2018round-table\u2019 meeting places for all actors. Vertical integration between government levels varies, with Belgium and Norway having achieved full integration while the US lacks integration of the legislature due to sharp disagreements among stakeholders and unsuccessful partisan leadership. Success factors include political will and leadership, process transparency and stakeholder participation, and should be considered in all MSP development processes.","author":["Olsen, E.","Fluharty, D.","Hoel, A.","Hostens, K.","Maes, F.","Pecceu, E."],"organization":["Ghent University","Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-10-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Olsen-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4312","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-fish-assemblages-large-offshore-marine-protected-areas-australian-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0110831","title":"Quantifying Fish Assemblages in Large, Offshore Marine Protected Areas: An Australian Case Study","description":"As the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) increases globally, so does the need to assess if MPAs are meeting their management goals. Integral to this assessment is usually a long-term biological monitoring program, which can be difficult to develop for large and remote areas that have little available fine-scale habitat and biological data. This is the situation for many MPAs within the newly declared Australian Commonwealth Marine Reserve (CMR) network which covers approximately 3.1 million km2 of continental shelf, slope, and abyssal habitat, much of which is remote and difficult to access. A detailed inventory of the species, types of assemblages present and their spatial distribution within individual MPAs is required prior to developing monitoring programs to measure the impact of management strategies. Here we use a spatially-balanced survey design and non-extractive baited video observations to quantitatively document the fish assemblages within the continental shelf area (a multiple use zone, IUCN VI) of the Flinders Marine Reserve, within the Southeast marine region. We identified distinct demersal fish assemblages, quantified assemblage relationships with environmental gradients (primarily depth and habitat type), and described their spatial distribution across a variety of reef and sediment habitats. Baited videos recorded a range of species from multiple trophic levels, including species of commercial and recreational interest. The majority of species, whilst found commonly along the southern or south-eastern coasts of Australia, are endemic to Australia, highlighting the global significance of this region. Species richness was greater on habitats containing some reef and declined with increasing depth. The trophic breath of species in assemblages was also greater in shallow waters. We discuss the utility of our approach for establishing inventories when little prior knowledge is available and how such an approach may inform future monitoring efforts within the CMR network.","author":["Hill, N.","Barrett, N.","Lawrence, E.","Hulls, J.","Dambacher, J.","Nichol, S.","Williams, A.","Hayes, K."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","Geoscience Australia"],"originationDate":"2014-10-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.581395000000","148.450833000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hilletal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4314","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-bird-marine-mammal-data-fall-warness-tidal-test-site-orkney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/marineenergy\/Research\/snhwarness","title":"Analysis of Bird and Marine Mammal Data for Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site, Orkney","description":"The purpose of this report is to provide a review of the bird and marine mammal observation data for the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site from 2005 to 2011. The aims were to explore relationships (if any) between the more frequently observed bird and mammal species\u2019 site usage and habitat and environmental variables. This report can assist in understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of wildlife at the test site, and specifically enable identification of where and when particular species are more likely to encounter test devices or related deployment activity.  Main findings Almost all species analysed showed seasonal variation in their use of the site, which reflected the breeding and wintering habits that are typical for the species. Harbour porpoise, grey seals and some birds, including eiders, diver and cormorant species, black guillemots and puffins, were found to vary in their usage of the site throughout the day. The usage of pelagic and coastal areas of the site was found to differ between species. Auks, including common guillemot, razorbills and puffins, and harbour porpoise were observed more frequently in pelagic areas. Harbour and grey seals, eider, gannets, cormorant species and black guillemots were all observed more frequently in the areas adjacent to the coastline. Several species showed preferences for particular tidal states, including common and black guillemots, cormorants and shags, and harbour seals. Encounter rates for some species were also found to differ under particular environmental conditions.","author":["Robbins, A."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:13:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Analysis-of-Bird-and-Marine-Mammal-Data-for-Fall-of-Warness.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4315","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-fall-warness-tidal-test-site-wildlife-observations-project-annual-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0045\/00455771.pdf","title":"EMEC Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site: Wildlife Observations Project Annual Report","description":"A key concern expressed by policy makers, regulators and environmental stakeholders about deployment of marine energy devices in open waters relates to the possibility of negative impacts they may have on marine mammals and diving birds. The potential for direct collision with such devices, or harmful effects caused by their presence, including the potential for displacement of marine wildlife from habitual waters, are issues which need to be addressed. In order to get as accurate a picture as possible about the presence and behaviour of marine wildlife in the vicinity of operating devices, data needs to be collected both underwater and at the sea surface. The current wildlife observation programme underway at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney gathers surface-visible wildlife information across EMEC\u2019s grid-connected and nursery test sites, and the data gathered can be used to inform regulatory decision-making, as well as in guiding developers\u2019 device-specific wildlife monitoring programmes.  Activities of the wildlife observation programme underway at EMEC are overseen by the EMEC Monitoring Advisory Group (MAG), whose membership includes representatives from Marine Scotland Science, Marine Scotland Licencing Operations Team, Marine Scotland Compliance, Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Government, and the Sea Mammal Research Unit at the University of St Andrews.  The Fall of Warness wildlife observation project commenced in July 2005, with Scottish Government funding current contract. During the period 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2014 a total of 909 hours of observations were completed. Observations at the site for this reporting period have shown seasonal peaks at the site in grey and harbour seal abundances corresponding with pupping seasons, which is mirrored in the data collected to date at the site. The majority of cetacean sightings during this reporting period have been white-beaked dolphins, whereas typically the most sighted cetacean is harbour porpoise. A typically diverse range of marine birds has also been observed, although for several species numbers in April and May 2013 fell below the mean. This could be due to the enduring winter of 2012\/2013 and resultant late spring experienced in Orkney as was the case for the rest of the UK.  Detailed analysis of the data collected is out-with the scope of this project; however a separate data analysis project, funded by Marine Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, has been established to carry out an in-depth analysis of the data.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:12:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fall-of-Warness-Wildlife-Observations-Project.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4316","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecology-marine-tidal-race-environments-impact-tidal-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ethos.bl.uk\/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616783","title":"The Ecology of Marine Tidal Race Environments and the Impact of Tidal Energy Development","description":"Marine tidal race environments undergo extreme hydrodynamic regimes and are favoured locations for offshore marine renewable tidal energy developments. Few ecological studies have been conducted within these complex environments, and therefore, ecological impacts from tidal energy developments remain unknown. This thesis aimed to investigate the ecological aspects of marine tidal race environments in two themes, using a combination of field-based sampling techniques. I first examined the natural ecological variation of a marine tidal race environment at the spatial and temporal scale. These studies were based on the benthic and intertidal communities within the Alderney Race tidal environment, Alderney. My results suggest that both communities vary in species diversity and composition, at different spatial gradients and timescales. Species showed opportunistic or resilient life history characteristics, highlighting the overall influence of the strong hydrodynamic conditions present. I then explored the ecology of a marine tidal race environment within a renewable tidal energy development site. These studies were based within the European Marine Energy Centre\u2019s tidal energy development site, Orkney. Here, I investigated ecological variation in terms of fish interaction and benthic assemblage structure with a deployed tidal energy device, and, the structure of intertidal communities within the overall development site. Interestingly, my results indicated species-specific interactions with the deployed tidal energy device, which was related to species\u2019 refuge or feeding behaviour. These results also imply that different communities show varied spatial and temporal heterogeneity within a development site, associated with the complex interplay of abiotic and biotic processes. This work begins to reveal the ecological consequences of tidal energy development, with single devices acting as potential short-term artificial reef structures. Further research is recommended within these environments, with reference to how the hydrodynamic regimes directly influence these communities, and, the overall ecological consequences of future large-scale tidal energy development scenarios.","author":["Broadhurst, M."],"organization":["Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4317","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fall-warness-wildlife-observations-methodology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/european-marine-energy-centre-fall-warness-wildlife-observation-data\/resource\/ee0f28a9-8b38","title":"Fall of Warness Wildlife Observations Methodology","description":"Land-based visual observations will be carried out by observers on a hilltop on the island of Eday, overlooking the Fall of Warness tidal site in Orkney. Watches will be carried out by an experienced observer during daylight hours, ranging between 04:00hrs and 20:00hrs during summertime. The study area will be scanned and the time and location of any marine mammal or seabird sightings will be recorded. Where possible, the geographic location of each marine mammal or seabird group will be recorded using a pre-defined grid. Although marine mammals and seabirds will be identified to species whenever possible, due to the difficulty in differentiating between marine mammal and bird species, especially at distance, additional categories of \u0027unidentified species\u0027 will be included in the species list. Additional information about species sighted will be collected. For marine mammals, group size will be estimated if animals are seen in groups and the location of the centre of the group will be recorded. Prior to this study, the frequency of use of the Fall of Warness by these animals was unknown.  Surveys will encompass all states of tide and times of day (during daylight hours) in a systematic manner to ensure there is appropriate sampling of all environmental states. Tide state will be defined in relation to time since the previous high tide recorded at Kirkwall. Data on several weather variables including precipitation, sea state, cloud cover, and wind speed and direction will also be recorded. Data will be recorded on paper sheets by the observer and then transferred into an Excel spreadsheet.  Data from the land-based study described here will provide information on distribution and \u0027relative\u0027 abundance of animals in and around the study area. To inform the analysis on the reliability of detecting animals from a land-based vantage point, the land-based observations may need to be augmented with boat-based surveys along transect lines placed perpendicular to the coast. This information would then enable variations due to detectability differences to be distinguished from genuine changes in abundance, yielding more robust impact analysis. Monitoring of a site with similar characteristics to the test site, yet undisturbed by the presence of tidal energy devices, may be valuable in relating any changes observed to the tidal devices.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2013-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fall-of-Warness-Observation-Methodology.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4318","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/applicability-frame-reference-approach-environmental-monitoring-offshore-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479714001649","title":"Applicability of the \u0022Frame of Reference\u0022 Approach for Environmental Monitoring of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects","description":"This paper assesses the applicability of the Frame of Reference (FoR) approach for the environmental monitoring of large-scale offshore Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) projects. The focus is on projects harvesting energy from winds, waves and currents. Environmental concerns induced by MRE projects are reported based on a classification scheme identifying stressors, receptors, effects and impacts. Although the potential effects of stressors on most receptors are identified, there are large knowledge gaps regarding the corresponding (positive and negative) impacts. In that context, the development of offshore MRE requires the implementation of fit-for-purpose monitoring activities aimed at environmental protection and knowledge development. Taking European legislation as an example, it is suggested to adopt standardized monitoring protocols for the enhanced usage and utility of environmental indicators. Towards this objective, the use of the FoR approach is advocated since it provides guidance for the definition and use of coherent set of environmental state indicators. After a description of this framework, various examples of applications are provided considering a virtual MRE project located in European waters. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations are provided for the successful implementation of the FoR approach and for future studies.","author":["Garel, E.","Rey, C.","Ferreira, O.","van Koningsveld, M."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology","University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4319","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environment-description-emec-tidal-test-site-fall-warness-orkney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=140","title":"Environment Description for the EMEC Tidal Test Site Fall of Warness, Orkney","description":"The function of this environmental description is to inform potential developers intending to test devices at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) of the environment within which the tidal test site at the Fall of Warness is located. The description covers the character of the physical, biological and human aspects and includes conservation areas around the Fall of Warness. Meteorological and hydrographical information will be supplied separately by EMEC as well as more detailed environmental information as appropriate.  The following sections provide a description of each important environmental characteristic. A summary figure of the environmental and seasonal sensitivities is displayed in Figure 3.1.","author":["Finn, M."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2006-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:05:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fall-of-Warness-Environmental-Description.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4320","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-bird-marine-mammal-data-billia-croo-wave-test-site-orkney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/doc\/naturescot-commissioned-report-592-analysis-bird-and-marine-mammal-data-billia-croo-wave-test-site","title":"Analysis of Bird and Marine Mammal Data for Billia Croo Wave Test Site, Orkney","description":"The purpose of this report is to provide a review of the bird and marine mammal observation data for the EMEC Billia Croo wave test site from 2009 to 2011. The primary aim was to explore any relationships between site usage and environmental variables.  This report can assist in understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of wildlife at the test site, and specifically enable identification of where and when particular species are more likely to encounter test devices or related deployment activity. It provides information on how the most frequently occurring bird and marine mammal species use Billia Croo wave test site. This included: common eider, red-throated diver, northern fulmar, northern gannet, European shag, great skua, gull species, black-legged kittiwake, tern species, common guillemot, razorbill, black guillemot and Atlantic puffin, as well as grey and common seals, and harbour porpoise.  Main findings    Almost all species showed spatial variation in their use of the Billia Croo site. There are slight differences in the locations of hotspots and the extent to which different species used the wave test site. However, for a number of species (e.g. shag, auks and eider), sightings were concentrated between the Black Craig observation Tower and\/or off Breck Ness.  Many species also showed seasonal variation in their use of the site, which reflected the breeding and wintering habits that are typical for the species. Fulmar, gannet, Arctic tern, black guillemot and puffin, were found to vary in their usage of the site throughout the day.  Encounter rates for some species were found to vary with tidal state and also under different environmental conditions, including wind strength, direction and glare extent.","author":["Robbins, A."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.991917000000","-3.147300200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:03:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Robbins-2012-Report-592.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4321","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-billia-croo-wave-test-site-wildlife-observations-project-annual-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/0045\/00455816.pdf","title":"EMEC Billia Croo Wave Test Site: Wildlife Observations Project Annual Report","description":"A key concern expressed by policy makers, regulators and environmental stakeholders about deployment of marine energy devices in open waters relates to the possibility of negative impacts they may have on marine mammals and diving birds. The potential for direct collision with such devices, or harmful effects caused by their presence, including the potential for displacement of marine wildlife from habitual waters, are issues which need to be addressed. In order to get as accurate a picture as possible about the presence and behaviour of marine wildlife in the vicinity of operating devices, data needs to be collected both underwater and at the sea surface. The current wildlife observation programme underway at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney gathers surface-visible wildlife information across EMEC\u0027s grid-connected and nursery test sites, and the data gathered can be used to inform regulatory decision-making, as well as in guiding developers\u0027 device-specific wildlife monitoring programmes.  Activities of the wildlife observation programme underway at EMEC are overseen by the EMEC Monitoring Advisory Group (MAG), whose membership includes representatives from Marine Scotland Science, Marine Scotland Licencing Operations Team, Marine Scotland Compliance, Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Government, and the Sea Mammal Research Unit at the University of St Andrews.  The Billia Croo wildlife observation project commenced in July 2005, with the Scottish Government funding the current contract. During the period 1 April 2013 to 31 March 2014, a total of 886 hours of observations were completed. Observations at the site for this reporting period have shown seasonal peaks in grey and harbour seal abundances corresponding with pupping seasons, which is mirrored in the data collected to date at the site. During this reporting period the majority of cetacean sightings have been of White-beaked Dolphin, whereas typically the most sighted cetacean is Harbour Porpoise. A typically diverse range of marine birds has also been observed, although for several species, numbers in April and May 2013 fell below the mean. This could be due to the enduring winter of 2012\/2013 and resultant late spring experienced in Orkney as was the case for the rest of the UK.  Detailed analysis of the data collected is out-with the scope of this project; however a separate project, funded by Marine Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage, has been established to carry out an in-depth analysis of the data.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:02:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Scotland-2014-Billia-Croo.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4322","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environment-description-emec-wave-test-site-billia-croo-orkney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/facilities\/wave-test-site\/environmental-description-wave\/","title":"Environment Description for the EMEC Wave Test Site Billia Croo, Orkney","description":"The function of this environmental description is to inform potential developers to the European Marine Energy Test Centre (EMEC) of the environment within which the wave development test site, Billia Croo is located. The description covers the character of the physical environment, the biological environment, the human environment and also conservation areas around Billia Croo. Meteorological and hydrographical information will be supplied by EMEC.  The following sections provide a detailed description of each important environmental characteristic. A summary figure of the environmental sensitivities of the area is provided in Figure 2.7 on page 12 and seasonal sensitivities summarised in Figure 2.8 on page 15.","author":["Finn, M."],"organization":["Aurora Environmental Ltd","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:59:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Finn_et_al_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4323","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/billia-croo-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Billia Croo Environmental Statement","description":"Highland and Islands Enterprise wish to commission a Marine Energy Test Centre (METC) on the south west corner of the mainland island of Orkney. The centre will provide the infrastructure facilities for carrying out testing of up to four offshore wave energy electricity generating devices.  Wave power represents a potentially huge resource of environmentally sound renewable energy and provides an opportunity to attract investment to many of the less favoured areas of Scotland. This document has been prepared to identify potential environmental impacts of the development and record the measures, which are proposed to mitigate these impacts.","author":["Carl Bro Group"],"organization":["Carl Bro","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2002-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:59:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/carlbro2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4324","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigation-spatial-variation-sea-states-offshore-humboldt-bay-ca-using-hindcast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1160296","title":"Investigation of Spatial Variation of Sea States Offshore of Humboldt Bay, CA Using a Hindcast Model","description":"Spatial variability of sea states is an important consideration when performing wave resource assessments and wave resource characterization studies for wave energy converter (WEC) test sites and commercial WEC deployments. This report examines the spatial variation of sea states offshore of Humboldt Bay, CA, using the wave model SWAN. The effect of depth and shoaling on bulk wave parameters is well resolved using the model SWAN with a 200 m grid. At this site, the degree of spatial variation of these bulk wave parameters, with shoaling generally perpendicular to the depth contours, is found to depend on the season. The variation in wave height, for example, was higher in the summer due to the wind and wave sheltering from the protruding land on the coastline north of the model domain. However, the spatial variation within an area of a potential Tier 1 WEC test site at 45 m depth and 1 square nautical mile is almost negligible; at most about 0.1 m in both winter and summer. The six wave characterization parameters recommended by the IEC 62600-101 TS were compared at several points along a line perpendicular to shore from the WEC test site . As expected, these parameters varied based on depth, but showed very similar seasonal trends.","author":["Dallman, A.","Neary, V.","Stephenson, M."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.719515300000","-124.242601000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sandia-2014_Sea-States.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4325","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-acoustic-devices-warn-marine-mammals-tidal-stream-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/resource\/0043\/00436112.pdf","title":"The Use of Acoustic Devices to Warn Marine Mammals of Tidal-Stream Energy Devices","description":"The incidence of marine mammals colliding with man-made objects (such as ships or fishing gear) is well-known and has received much attention in recent years. It is also conceivable that marine mammals will collide with marine renewable energy devices, with tidal-stream energy devices presenting the most obvious strike scenario. However, it is currently unknown whether injurious mammal-turbine collisions will actually occur with sufficient regularity to be of ecological concern. This is primarily because of the embryonic status of the industry, the limited range of installation sites, the diversity of species so far exposed and the spatial responses of mammals to devices.\n\nFor animals to exhibit appropriate spatial responses they will have to be able to accurately perceive the location of the turbines they approach. For marine mammals, vision and mechanoreception are unlikely to be useful senses for anything other than close-range evasion. Longer range upstream avoidance is more likely to come from their auditory senses particularly by picking up turbine noise. The distance that this sound will be audible will be influenced by several factors but particularly the local ambient noise conditions (which are likely to be greater in these sites than other coastal waters). If there is insufficient or inappropriate turbine noise then one solution would be to add further acoustic cues to turbines.\n\nThis report therefore explores the underwater acoustic characteristics of several inshore tidal-stream sites to determine whether or not there is actually a need for acoustic warning devices. It then goes on to investigate whether existing mammal warning acoustic devices developed for other applications might prove valuable in a tidal-stream context and if so what risks there may be of using such devices. This report finally goes on to consider what characteristics a purpose-built acoustic warning device might need.\n\nTo investigate the characteristics of tidal-stream sites we selected three straits on the west coast of Scotland of which two are of immediate interest to tidal-energy developers (Sound of Islay and Kyle Rhea). We measured and mapped the natural ambient soundscapes of each site over a variety of flow conditions (ebb, flood, springs, neaps). We found that ambient noise scaled with flow speed and showed considerable spatial variability across each site. Overall, the levels of ambient sound were higher than less energetic coastal sites.\n\nExisting acoustic warning equipment developed to dissuade seals from approaching fish farms, warn marine mammals of fishing gear, steer fish away from power stations and other applications were reviewed both in terms of their efficacy and potential audibility for marine mammals in tidal-stream sites. This examination showed that the deployment of off-the-shelf acoustic devices developed for other applications, would be inappropriate in a tidal energy context. If the range of warning is too small, as appears to be the case for equipment known as Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs), then animals are not be given sufficient time or space to avoid a turbine encounter. In contrast much louder equipment such as Acoustic Harassment Devices (AHDs) are likely to be detectable at ranges far greater than the sphere of influence of an individual turbine or even an entire array. Accordingly, there is the risk of significant habitat exclusion. Furthermore, habituation is a concern for any equipment, especially if a single source is used to mark an array of turbines.\u00a0\n\nGiven the discrete point source of threat (i.e. individual turbines and the rotors in particular) coupled with the investment and infrastructure associated with tidal stream developments, then more sophisticated acoustic warning devices would not be out of place to help mitigate a collision issue, should one prove to exist. If a warning system were to be built then this report describes seven attributes that should be considered. These were that: (1) the signal must elicit an appropriate response (2) emission rates must suit approach velocities (3) emission frequencies must be audible for target species (4) amplitudes must be appropriate for detection ranges and sites (5) signals must be directionally resolvable (6) the warning should be co-ordinated with the threat and (7) the location of the sound sources at a turbine or within an array must facilitate appropriate spatial responses.\u00a0\n\nFinally, this report emphasises that in the face of a potentially attractive mitigation option, any active acoustic warning also represents a new source of sound pollution, specifically intended to alter the behaviour of marine mammals in tidal-stream habitats. While it is unknown whether there is actually a real (rather than perceived) mammal-turbine collision problem, we should consider carefully whether or not it is appropriate to deliberately add extra-noise to the sea as a precautionary measure. Nevertheless, while further information on the collision issue is likely to emerge as turbines are deployed over the next few years, the acoustic warning option should continue to be explored and not shelved pending that outcome. The use of acoustic warning equipment, if appropriately designed, could prove a valuable mitigation tool should a collision problem become apparent.","author":["Wilson, B.","Carter, C."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson_and_Carter_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4331","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modeling-effect-tidal-stream-turbines-hydrodynamics-sediment-transport","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811400648X","title":"Numerical Modeling of the Effect of Tidal Stream Turbines on the Hydrodynamics and the Sediment Transport - Application to the Alderney Race (Raz Blanchard), France","description":"A regional 2DH hydrodynamic model is used to estimate the tidal stream resource of a site located in a macrotidal environment with extreme tidal velocities. The study site is the Alderney Race (Raz Blanchard in French) which is a straight located in the English Channel between the Alderney Island and La Hague cape (France). The estimation of the resource is used to build two realistic tidal energy extraction scenarios consisting in placing a 290 MW tidal turbine array in two different areas. Then, we analyze the impact of turbines on the hydrodynamics and the sediment transport. The hydrodynamic perturbation is restricted to the vicinity of the array where the mean current velocity reduction reaches 0.3 m\/s locally (corresponding to 15% of the baseline velocity). Focusing on the variable driving the bedload (the critical erosion threshold exceedance), we confirm that tidal energy extraction tends to reduce the bedload rate and to deflect the sediment fluxes. Our simulations with a simple model for the suspended sediment transport suggest that tidal energy extraction has a significant effect on the area of deposition of the particles transiting through the tidal farm. For the baseline, the sediment particles transiting through the tidal farm deposit mostly in the eastern part of the English Channel. Depending on the location of the tidal farm, the sediment mass balance between the eastern and the western part of the English Channel changes drastically.","author":["Thi\u00e9bot, J.","de Bois, P.","Guillou, S."],"organization":["Normandie Universit\u00e9"],"originationDate":"2015-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.699991400000","-2.083333300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4333","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-survival-behavior-fish-exposed-axial-flow-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.epri.com\/abstracts\/Pages\/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002003911","title":"Evaluation of Survival and Behavior of Fish Exposed to an Axial-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines installed in riverine, tidal, and ocean habitats have the potential to impact fish populations, particularly if fish are entrained through operating units and suffer injury and mortality. A primary concern associated with the passage of fish through hydrokinetic turbines is the potential for fish to be struck by turbine blades. To address this issue, a laboratory evaluation was conducted to evaluate fish entrainment and turbine passage survival for an axial-flow turbine developed by Free Flow Power. Testing was conducted in a large flume at approach velocities of about 1.5 and 2.0 m\/s. Test species included rainbow trout, hybrid striped bass, and white sturgeon. High turbine survival rates (98-100%) were observed for fish that passed through the turbine during tests in which a containment net prevented downstream movement around the unit. During behavioral trials conducted without the containment net, active avoidance of turbine entrainment was noted for trout and bass, whereas sturgeon appeared to move passively downstream with little or no attempts to avoid entrainment. Total passage survival estimates were calculated for each species and test velocity by combining turbine survival estimates and avoidance probabilities. Total survival was essentially 100% for all test conditions, with the exception of hybrid striped bass evaluated at a velocity of 1.5 m\/s (94%). This study has produced valuable data that can be used to assess potential impacts of hydrokinetic turbine projects on fish populations.","author":["Amaral, S.","Giza, D.","McMahon, B."],"organization":["Alden Research Laboratory","Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EPRI_Report_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4334","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/update-marine-environmental-consequences-tidal-power-development-upper-reaches-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/Library\/31203C.pdf","title":"Update on the Marine Environmental Consequences of Tidal Power Development in the Upper Reaches of the Bay of Fundy","description":"This report contains the proceedings of a workshop held at the Universite de Moncton on 9-10 November 1982 which reviewed the current knowledge of possible environmental impacts of large scale tidal power development in the upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy. Session I presented emphasis on research conducted since 1976. Engineering details of the most probable tidal power projects were presented in Session II. In Session III, scientists offered their predictions on how the proposed projects could alter environmental conditions in the Fundy region. Finally, Session IV featured a roundtable discussion which considered the adequacy of the environmental studies conducted to date plus the requirements and responsibilities for future work.","author":["Gordon, D.","Dadswell, M."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"1984-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gordon-Dadswell-1984.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4336","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oil-platforms-california-are-among-most-productive-marine-fish-habitats-globally","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/111\/43\/15462","title":"Oil Platforms off California are Among the Most Productive Marine Fish Habitats Globally","description":"Secondary (i.e., heterotrophic or animal) production is a main pathway of energy flow through an ecosystem as it makes energy available to consumers, including humans. Its estimation can play a valuable role in the examination of linkages between ecosystem functions and services. We found that oil and gas platforms off the coast of California have the highest secondary fish production per unit area of seafloor of any marine habitat that has been studied, about an order of magnitude higher than fish communities from other marine ecosystems. Most previous estimates have come from estuarine environments, generally regarded as one of the most productive ecosystems globally. High rates of fish production on these platforms ultimately result from high levels of recruitment and the subsequent growth of primarily rockfish (genus Sebastes) larvae and pelagic juveniles to the substantial amount of complex hardscape habitat created by the platform structure distributed throughout the water column. The platforms have a high ratio of structural surface area to seafloor surface area, resulting in large amounts of habitat for juvenile and adult demersal fishes over a relatively small footprint of seafloor. Understanding the biological implications of these structures will inform policy related to the decommissioning of existing (e.g., oil and gas platforms) and implementation of emerging (e.g., wind, marine hydrokinetic) energy technologies.","author":["Claisse, J.","Pondella, D.","Love, M.","Zahn, L.","Williams, C.","Williams, J.","Bull, A."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Occidental College","University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2014-09-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.266520000000","-120.793048000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4337","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reference-model-6-rm6-oscillating-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/prod.sandia.gov\/techlib\/access-control.cgi\/2014\/1418311.pdf","title":"Reference Model 6 (RM6): Oscillating Wave Energy Converter","description":"This report is an addendum to SAND2013-9040: Methodology for Design and Economic Analysis of Marine Energy Conversion (MEC) Technologies. This report describes an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter reference model design in a complementary manner to Reference Models 1-4 contained in the above report. In this report, a conceptual design for an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter (WEC) device appropriate for the modeled reference resource site was identified, and a detailed backward bent duct buoy (BBDB) device design was developed using a combination of numerical modeling tools and scaled physical models. Our team used the methodology in SAND2013-9040 for the economic analysis that included costs for designing, manufacturing, deploying, and operating commercial-scale MEC arrays, up to 100 devices. The methodology was applied to identify key cost drivers and to estimate levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for this RM6 Oscillating Water Column device in dollars per kilowatt-hour ($\/kWh). Although many costs were difficult to estimate at this time due to the lack of operational experience, the main contribution of this work was to disseminate a detailed set of methodologies and models that allow for an initial cost analysis of this emerging technology. This project is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s (DOE) Wind and Water Power Technologies Program Office (WWPTO), within the Office of Energy Efficiency \u0026amp; Renewable Energy (EERE). Sandia National Laboratories, the lead in this effort, collaborated with partners from National Laboratories, industry, and universities to design and test this reference model.","author":["Bull, D.","Smith, C.","Jenne, D.","Jacob, P.","Copping, A.","Willits, S.","Fontaine, A.","Brefort, D.","Copeland, G.","Gordon, M.","Jepsen, R."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sandia-2014-RM6.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4338","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/great-skua-stercorarius-skua-movements-sea-relation-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S014111361400155X","title":"Great Skua (Stercorarius skua) Movements at Sea in Relation to Marine Renewable Energy Developments","description":"Marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) are an increasing feature of the marine environment. Owing to the relatively small number of existing developments and the early stage of their associated environmental monitoring programmes, the effects of MREDs on seabirds are not fully known. Our ability to fully predict potential effects is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding movements of seabirds at sea. We used GPS tracking to improve our understanding of the movements at sea of a protected seabird species breeding in Scotland, the great skua (Stercorarius skua), to better predict how this species may be affected by MREDs. We found that the overlap of great skuas with leased and proposed MREDs was low; particularly with offshore wind sites, which are predicted to present a greater risk to great skuas than wave or tidal-stream developments. Failed breeders overlapped with larger areas of MREDs than breeding birds but the overall overlap with core areas used remained low. Overlap with wave energy development sites was greater than for offshore wind and tidal-stream sites. Comparison of 2011 data with historical data indicates that distances travelled by great skuas have likely increased over recent decades. This suggests that basing marine spatial planning decisions on short-term tracking data could be less informative than longer-term data.","author":["Wade, H.","Masden, E.","Jackson, A.","Thaxter, C.","Burton, N.","Bouten, W.","Furness, R."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Cornwall College","MacArthur Green","University of Amsterdam","University of Glasgow","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.791247000000","-2.293916000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4339","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multibeam-imaging-environment-around-marine-renewable-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/poma\/17\/1\/10.1121\/1.4772810","title":"Multibeam Imaging of the Environment Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"The drive towards sustainable energy sees rapid development of Marine Renewable Energy devices, and current efforts are focusing on wave and tidal structures. However, little is known of the effect of installing and operating these devices. The NERC\/DEFRA collaboration FLOWBEC-4D (Flow, Water column \u0026 Benthic Ecology 4D) is investigating these effects at test sites in Orkney (EMEC) and Cornwall (Wave Hub), with the first field deployments in June-July 2012. The project combines data from bird observations, shore-based marine X-band radar surveys of wave and current data, detailed modelling of the flow and water column, passive acoustic monitoring and an innovative autonomous sonar platform. Self-contained and deployed for 2 weeks at a time with short turnaround times between deployments, this platform includes an Imagenex Delta T multibeam sonar (260 kHz) with associated power supplies, instrumentation and data storage. The sonar faces vertically upwards with the multibeam swath orientated parallel to the tidal flow. Range and volume backscatter intensity measurements are used to reconstruct the evolution of the environment around the sonar. This allows imaging of targets (e.g. fish and diving seabirds) interacting with the Marine Renewable Energy device of interest and moving in the tidal flow.","author":["Williamson, B.","Blondel, P."],"organization":["University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2012-12-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4340","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/source-levels-underwater-calls-male-leopard-seal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/136\/4\/10.1121\/1.4895685","title":"Source Levels of the Underwater Calls of a Male Leopard Seal","description":"Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) are top predators in the Antarctic ecosystem. They produce stereotyped calls as part of a stylized underwater vocal display. Understanding of their acoustic behavior is improved by identifying the amplitude of their calls. The amplitude of five types of calls (n\u2009=\u200950) from a single male seal were measured as broadband source levels and ranged from 153 to 177\u2009dB re 1\u2009\u03bcPa at 1\u2009m. The mean source levels differed between call types, the lower frequency calls (L, D, and O) tended to have source levels 10\u2009dB higher than the higher frequency calls (H and M). Information on call-type source levels is important to take into account for passive acoustic studies investigating repertoire usage as calls produced with greater amplitudes are likely to have larger acoustic ranges, especially when these are also the calls with lower frequencies, such as is the case in leopard seals.","author":["Rogers, T."],"organization":["University of South Wales"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-68.002240000000","76.999385000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4341","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-deeper-understanding-animal-movements-spatial-dynamics-through-novel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00187.x\/abstract","title":"Developing a Deeper Understanding of Animal Movements and Spatial Dynamics through Novel Application of Network Analyses","description":"Determining how animals move within their environment is a fundamental knowledge that contributes to effective management and conservation. Continuous \u2018round-the-clock\u2019 animal movement data are frequently gathered using biotelemetry technology, providing discrete data packages on the presence\u2013absence of animals at known locations through time. Current analyses of such data do not generally account for the interconnectivity of locations as animals move between them and consequently do not integrate graphically or statistically a temporal component to spatial changes.  Here, we describe the novel application of network analyses to electronic tag data whereby nodes represent locations and edges the movements of individuals. We demonstrate some of the descriptive and quantitative approaches for determining how an animal\u2019s movement interconnects home range habitats. Telemetry data from arrays of recorders provide movement data of individual animals, and as examples of the method proposed, we examine the movements of two distinct shark species, the small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and the Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi). In doing so, we consider both local and global network properties from an animal movement perspective and simulate the effects of node disruption as a proxy for habitat disturbance.  Comparative visual representations of two catshark movement networks suggest, for example, potential differences in space use. Multiple regression quadratic assignment procedure shows that habitat is a significant predictor of movement behaviour.  Null modelling of C. perezi movement data, corrected for the spatial restriction of static nodes, demonstrated a significant, non-random distribution of directed movements among sites. Additionally, the connectivity of this animal\u2019s movement network is significantly reduced through targeted disruption of a site of high centrality but not through disruption of a randomly selected site.  Network theory is a well-established theoretical framework and its integration into the fast developing field of animal movement and telemetry might improve significantly how we interpret animal space use from electronically recorded data. This technique has potentially wide application in animal behaviour but may also inform the management of habitat harbouring threatened or endangered species via the simulation, modelling and intuitive visualisation of animal movement interactions.","author":["Jacoby, D.","Brooks, E.","Croft, D.","Sims, D."],"organization":["Cape Eleuthera Institute","Plymouth University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.838635000000","-76.338826000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4342","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/physical-numerical-large-scale-wave-basin-modeling-fluid-structure-interaction-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF03449284","title":"Physical and Numerical Large-Scale Wave Basin Modeling of Fluid-Structure Interaction and Wave Impact Phenomena","description":"Physical and numerical large-scale wave basin (LSWB) modeling of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) and wave impact phenomena are examined in this study. In particular, the role of numerical modeling and simulation in design and analysis of physical LSWB FSI and wave impact experiments using a numerical wave basin (NWB) modeling approach is examined. Physical characteristics and testing capabilities of a representative LSWB are first described. Selected physical FSI and wave impact experiments pertaining to civil, energy and naval engineering disciplines conducted at the LSWB and the accompanying NWBFSI modeling and simulations of these challenging phenomena are presented. An effort to further improve the NWBFSI software with highly nonlinear wave impact modeling capabilities to facilitate physical FSI experiment design and testing, and details of an on-going NWB development and validation processes are delineated. It is demonstrated that the NWBFSI software is useful in facilitating the design of complex, highly nonlinear FSI and wave impact experiments. Conversely, the resulting measured data from the FSI and wave impact experiments can be used to validate and identify further modeling improvement needs of the NWBFSI and wave impact software.","author":["Yim, S.","Azabakht, M.","Challa, R.","Lou, J.","Mohtat, A.","Newborn, D.","Zhang, Y."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4346","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-conversion-marine-environment-colonization-patterns-habitat-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:228184\/FULLTEXT01.pdf","title":"Wave Energy Conversion and the Marine Environment: Colonization Patterns and Habitat Dynamics","description":"A wave energy park has been established on the Swedish west coast outside Lysekil and pioneer work about its interactions with the marine environment has been conducted. So far, little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and this thesis assists in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. The Lysekil research site is situated about two kilometres offshore and has been under development since 2005. During this time 26 \u201cenvironmental devices\u201d, without generators, consisting of a steel buoy attached via a wire to a foundation on 25 m depth have been placed out for ecological studies on macrofauna in surrounding sediments and on colonization of the foundations and the buoys. Sediment samples to examine macrofauna in the seabed have been taken during five seasons. Biomass, abundance and diversity of infauna in the test site were generally low, but higher than in a nearby control site. The species composition was typical for the area and depth.  In addition to sediment analysis, the effect of wave power concrete foundations on the marine environment has been investigated by scuba diving. The surface orientation and its effect on colonization by sessile organisms was examined on the first five foundations, placed out in 2005, and observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans were made. The results show a succession of colonization over time (three years of investigation) with a higher cover by sessile organisms on vertical surfaces. Mobile fauna abundance on and around the foundations was generally low.  Three months after the deployment of the 21 new foundations in 2007, assemblages of mobile organisms were examined visually. Also here, mobile species exhibit a low density, but still higher than on surrounding soft bottoms. The edible crab used artificial holes in the foundations frequently. The foundations were placed in two different clusters, north and south, and the degree to which early recruits covered the foundations and the succession of epibenthic communities were documented during two years. Sessile organisms colonized the northern foundations more rapidly, producing a higher diversity which suggests that the placement of wave energy devices affects colonization patterns.  Biofouling on buoys was examined and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, dominated with a cover about 90%. Wave exposed buoys were particularly favoured by M. edulis which there had a higher biomass and larger shells compared to those on sheltered buoys. Biofouling on wave power buoys, independent whether these had a cylindrical or toroidal shape, was insufficient to markedly affect their energy production.  Finally, the thesis incorporates a review describing wave power projects in general pointing out the need of future research on for instance no-take zones, marine bioacoustics and electromagnetic fields. The main conclusions are that large-scale renewable wave energy conversion will cause ecological impact primarily by adding new hard substrate to an area but not by harming organisms or decreasing biodiversity within wave power parks.","author":["Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-10-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.274702000000","11.436354000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:57:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4347","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/instream-tidal-power-north-america-environmental-permitting-issues","sourceURL":"","title":"Instream Tidal Power in North America: Environmental and Permitting Issues","description":"This report assesses the potential environmental effects (Section 2), including potential installation, operation, and decommissioning effects, and permitting issues (Section 3) associated with development of a tidal power project. \u00a0The methods used to compile potential environmental effects included collecting and researching the existing reports that have been prepared for other marine energy projects. \u00a0While the wave energy projects are typically farther offshore than the tidal projects discussed herin, certain installation activities and related potential environmental effects are similar and worthy of discussion. \u00a0There are other marine activities necessary for the installation of a TISEC project which have been practiced for many years like barge anchoring, and pile drilling\/driving. \u00a0There are numerous reports available for the potential effects related to these activities. \u00a0Conversely, there are literally no reports available which provide environmental effects based on monitoring studies of tidal turbines, due to the fact that this is an emerging technology. \u00a0In these cases, attempts were made to identify similar activities and provide a comparison of the potential environmental effects that will likely need to be addressed in any environmental permitting activities.\u00a0","author":["Devine Tarbell \u0026 Associates"],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2006-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EPRI_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4350","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/knowledge-brokerage-context-factors-what-matters-knowledge-exchange-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901114001737","title":"Knowledge Brokerage Context Factors - What Matters in Knowledge Exchange in Impact Assessment?","description":"The success of an impact assessment (IA) can mean both instrumental success of applying IA results directly in decision-making, and conceptual success linked to learning about policy problems more generally. Both instrumental and conceptual success can be claimed to be reliant on the knowledge exchange context of the IA, shaped by factors such as the complexity of the policy problem, type of policy area, organisational norms, actor constellations and continuance and openness of information sharing. Even though such context factors may be pre-set, they are nevertheless contested and reformulated during each IA process. This paper ties together lessons from six different IA processes that were performed between 2011 and 2013. The cases include agricultural policy at the EU and regional level in Greece, national-level climate change and energy policy in Finland and Estonia, resource efficiency policy at the German national level, and sustainable land use policy in Inner Mongolia, China. The paper introduces and applies a typology of knowledge brokerage context factors. The paper asks how knowledge brokerage is shaped by different contexts and what determines the consequent application (or non-application) of IA tools and the use of IA results. The paper concludes by highlighting the significance of identification and acknowledgement of different knowledge exchange contexts in IA.","author":["Saarela, S.","S\u00f6derman, T.","Lyytim\u00e4ki, J."],"organization":["Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4351","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-otec-generated-underwater-sounds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1160212","title":"Potential Impacts from OTEC-Generated Underwater Sounds","description":"Oahu has been selected by the Ocean Thermal Corporation as the site for the first commercial ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plant. The plant will be constructed offshore at Kahe Point in a water depth of 50 feet. The purpose of this paper is to report on research on the probable nature of the underwater sound generated by UTEC activities based on the plant design. Those findings will be applicable to assessing the plant\u0027s potential impact on marine biota, and possibly on the U.S. Navy Fleet Operational Readiness Accuracy Check Site (FORACS) range which is located nearby. Approximately 200 cubic meters of seawater must be pumped through the plant per second to generate the planned 40 megawatts of electricity. The seawater pumps will be the dominant source of underwater noise. A simple model of spherical acoustic spreading of the generated noise indicates that OTEC generated pump noise would have a spreading loss of 70 decibels at 3500 yards from the source, and would fall below the measured ambient noise of a sea state 1.","author":["Rucker, J.","Friedl, W."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"1985-11-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4353","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-blade-strike-modeling-results-empirical-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/doewater-14603.pdf","title":"Comparison of Blade-Strike Modeling Results with Empirical Data","description":"Fish passing through hydroturbines are subjected to a variety of conditions that can injure or kill them. Hydropower owners and operators need to understand injury mechanisms to identify designs and operational criteria to increase the survival of fish passing through dams. Of the various mechanisms believed to be responsible for injuries to fish during turbine passage, strike by turbine runner blades is one of the most predominant.\n\nThis study is the initial stage of further investigation into the dynamics of injury to fish during passage through a turbine runner. As part of the study, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) estimated the probability of blade strike, and associated injury, as a function of fish length and turbine operating geometry at two adjacent turbines in Powerhouse 1 of Bonneville Dam. Units 5 and 6 had identical intakes, stay vanes, wicket gates, and draft tubes, but Unit 6 had a new runner and curved discharge ring to minimize gaps between the runner hub and blades and between the blade tips and discharge ring. We used a mathematical model to predict blade strike associated with two Kaplan turbines and compared results with empirical data from biological tests conducted in 1999 and 2000. Blade-strike models take into consideration the geometry of the turbine blades and discharges as well as fish length, orientation, and distribution along the runner.\n\nPreviously, we integrated historical and recent test results for turbine passage in conjunction with published theory for turbine runner blade strike to examine the relationship among fish size, turbine operation, and injury to fish during turbine passage. Use of Monte Carlo techniques allowed consideration of factors such as fish orientation at entry to the runner, distribution of fish along runner blades, and important sources of error and variability into the strike probability estimation. Blade strike was considered for analysis because it is an obvious source of injury, and injury mechanisms have been mathematically and empirically studied.\n\nThe first phase of this study included a sensitivity analysis to consider the effects of difference in geometry and operations between families of turbines on the strike probability response surface. The analysis revealed that the orientation of fish relative to the leading edge of a runner blade and the location that fish pass along the blade between the hub and blade tip are critical uncertainties in blade-strike models.\n\nBlade-strike models predicted that injury increases with decreasing discharge and with increasing fish-passage radius. Over a range of discharges, the average prediction of injury from blade strike was two to five times higher than average empirical estimates of visible injury from shear and mechanical devices. However, differences in relative blade velocities may explain why predictions of injury were within 2-3% of empirical 48-h mortality estimates for fish passing at mid-blade and tip locations but were 6-8% higher than 48-h mortality estimates for fish passing near the hub. Mortal injuries are more likely to result when relative blade velocities are high like those at mid-blade and tip locations. Empirical estimates of mortality may be better metrics for comparison to predicted injury rates than other injury measures for fish passing at mid-blade and blade-tip locations.","author":["Ploskey, G.","Carlson, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2004-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.644291000000","-121.940969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ploskey-et-al-2004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4354","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-hydrokinetic-turbine-arrays-large-eddy-simulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/meetings.aps.org\/Meeting\/DFD14\/Session\/A24.1","title":"Study of Hydrokinetic Turbine Arrays with Large Eddy Simulation","description":"Marine renewable energy is advancing towards commercialization, including electrical power generation from ocean, river, and tidal currents. The focus of this work is to develop numerical simulations capable of predicting the power generation potential of hydrokinetic turbine arrays--this includes analysis of unsteady and averaged flow fields, turbulence statistics, and unsteady loadings on turbine rotors and support structures due to interaction with rotor wakes and ambient turbulence. The governing equations of large-eddy-simulation (LES) are solved using a finite-volume method, and the presence of turbine blades are approximated by the actuator-line method in which hydrodynamic forces are projected to the flow field as a body force. The actuator-line approach captures helical wake formation including vortex shedding from individual blades, and the effects of drag and vorticity generation from the rough seabed surface are accounted for by wall-models. This LES framework was used to replicate a previous flume experiment consisting of three hydrokinetic turbines tested under various operating conditions and array layouts. Predictions of the power generation, velocity deficit and turbulence statistics in the wakes are compared between the LES and experimental datasets.","author":["Sale, D.","Aliseda, A."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-11-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4356","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-processing-electromagnetic-near-field-acoustic-signals-elasmobranch-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/355\/1401\/1135","title":"Detection and Processing of Electromagnetic and Near-Field Acoustic Signals in Elasmobranch Fishes","description":"The acoustic near field of quietly moving underwater objects and the bio-electric field of aquatic animals exhibit great similarity, as both are predominantly governed by Laplace\u0027s equation. The acoustic and electrical sensory modalities thus may, in directing fishes to their prey, employ analogous processing algorithms, suggesting a common evolutionary design, founded on the salient physical features shared by the respective stimulus fields. Sharks and rays are capable of orientating to the earth\u0027s magnetic field and, hence, have a magnetic sense. The electromagnetic theory of orientation offers strong arguments for the animals using the electric fields induced by ocean currents and by their own motions in the earth\u0027s magnetic field. In the animal\u0027s frame of reference, in which the sense organs are at rest, the classical concept of motional electricity must be interpreted in relativistic terms. In the ampullae of Lorenzini, weak electric fields cause the ciliated apical receptor-cell membranes to produce graded, negative receptor currents opposite in direction to the fields applied. The observed currents form part of a positive-feedback mechanism, supporting the generation of receptor potentials much larger than the input signal. Acting across the basal cell membranes, the receptor potentials control the process of synaptic transmission.","author":["Kalmijn, A."],"organization":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"2000-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4357","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-marine-fisheries-habitat-nonfishing-activities-northeastern-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nefsc.noaa.gov\/nefsc\/publications\/tm\/tm209\/","title":"Impacts to Marine Fisheries Habitat  from Nonfishing Activities  in the Northeastern United States","description":"This report stems from a workshop entitled \u201cTechnical Workshop on Impacts to Coastal Fishery Habitat from Nonfishing Activities,\u201d which was held January 10 \u2013 12, 2005 in Mystic, CT. The workshop convened a group of experts in the field of environmental, marine habitat, and fisheries impact assessment from federal and state government agencies. The goals of the workshop were to: (1) describe known and potential adverse effects of human induced, nonfishing activities on fisheries habitats; (2) create a matrix of the degree of impacts associated with various activities in riverine, estuarine, and marine habitats; and (3) develop a suite of best management practices (BMPs) and conservation recommendations that could be used to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to fisheries habitats. Refer to Chapter One-Technical Workshop on Impacts to Coastal Fisheries Habitat from Nonfishing Activities, for a detailed summary of the technical workshop.\n\nThe general purpose and goals of this report are to:\nIdentify human activities that may adversely impact Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) and other coastal fishery habitat. As Stevenson et al. (2004) characterized the impacts to EFH from fishing activities in the northeast region, the focus of this report is on nonfishing activities.\nReview and characterize existing scientific information regarding human-induced impacts to EFH and other coastal fishery habitat.\nProvide BMPs and conservation measures that can be implemented for specific types of activities that avoid or minimize adverse impacts to EFH and other coastal fishery habitat.\nProvide a comprehensive reference document for use by federal and state marine resource managers, permitting agencies, professionals engaged in marine habitat assessment activities, the regulated community, and the public.\nEnsure that the best scientific information is available for use in making sound decisions with respect to project planning, environmental assessment, and permitting.\n\nThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service is mandated to protect and conserve fishery resources, an activity which includes engaging in consultation with federal agencies on actions that may adversely affect NOAA\u2019s trust resources. It is anticipated that the information in this report will be used to assist federal agencies and their consultants in the preparation of impact assessments for EFH and other NOAA\u2019s trust resources. In addition, this report will assist National Marine Fisheries Service habitat specialists in: (1) reviewing proposed projects; (2) considering potential impacts that may adversely affect NOAA\u2019s trust resources; and (3) providing consistent and scientifically supported conservation recommendations. This report will also provide insight for the public and the regulated community on the issues of concern to National Marine Fisheries Service along with approaches to design and implementation of projects that avoid and minimize adverse effects to fish habitat.","author":["Johnson, M.","Boelke, C.","Chiarella, L.","Colosi, P.","Greene, K.","Lellis-Dibble, K.","Ludemann, H.","Ludwig, M.","McDermott, S.","Ortiz, J.","Rusanowsky, D.","Scott, M.","Smith, J."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2008-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Johnson-et-al-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4358","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/waterborne-noise-due-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-plants","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/74\/1\/10.1121\/1.389718","title":"Waterborne Noise Due to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plants","description":"Public law reflects a United States national commitment to the rapid development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) as an alternate energy source. OTEC plants extract the stored solar energy from the world\u2019s tropical seas and in so doing pose a potential for altering the character of the ambient noise there. The sources of noise from an OTEC plant are analyzed in the context of four configurations, two of which were built and tested, and two which are concepts for future full\u2010scale moored facilities. The analysis indicates that the noise resulting from the interaction of turbulence with the seawater pumps is expected to dominate in the frequency range 10 Hz to 1 kHz. Measured radiated noise data from the OTEC\u2010I research plant, located near the island of Hawaii, are compared with the analysis. The measured data diverge from the predicted levels at frequencies above about 60 Hz because of dominant non\u2010OTEC noise sources on this platform. However, at low frequency, the measured broadband noise is comparable to that predicted.","author":["Janota, C.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University"],"originationDate":"1983-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4359","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/40-mwe-otec-plant-kahe-point-oahu-hawaii-case-study-potential-biological-impacts","sourceURL":"","title":"The 40 MWe OTEC Plant at Kahe Point, Oahu, Hawaii: A Case Study of Potential Biological Impacts","description":"Construction and operation of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) facilities will affect marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments. The nature and degree of OTEC environmental impacts have been subjects of numerous studies and reports, but in the absence of an operating commercial OTEC plant, empirical data on OTEC environmental effects are lacking. However, several site-specific model studies have attempted to deliniate probable ranges of effects for the irrespective applications of OTEC technology. The proposed 40 MWe OTEC plant at Kahe Point, Oahu, Hawaii has been the focus of much of this work. Environmental documentation attendant upon the development of the Kahe Point OTEC plant provides the most comprehensive summary to date of the potential effects of OTEC plant construction and operation. This report presents a compilation of biological findings of the environmental impact statement prepared for the Ocean Minerals and Energy Division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) as a prelicensing requirement for the Kahe Point 40 MWe OTEC plant. For the most part, emphasis is placed on oceanographic considerations of OTEC deployment, although significant aspects of nearshore impacts are discussed to provide a comprehensive survey of the full range of projected impacts.  The first section provides a summary of pertinent design features of the proposed plant, including standard operating parameters. Next, salient elements of the biological oceanography in the region of the proposed development are summarized. The following sections discuss expected impacts of construction and operation of the plant, and finally, significant aspects of modeling studies conducted in support of the Kahe OTEC plant development are presented.","author":["Harrison, J."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"1987-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.346925600000","-158.166334900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harrison1997.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4366","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atocpioneer-seamount-cable-after-8-years-seafloor-observations-environmental-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434306000355","title":"ATOC\/Pioneer Seamount Cable after 8 Years on the Seafloor: Observations, Environmental Impact","description":"A study was conducted on the impacts of the presence of the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC)\/Pioneer Seamount cable on the benthos from nearshore waters adjacent to its origin at Pillar Point Air Force Station in Half Moon Bay, California to its terminus 95 km along its length on Pioneer Seamount. The coaxial Type SD cable was installed, unburied on the seafloor in 1995. Thirteen sites along the cable route were surveyed using the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) ROVs Ventana and Tiburon equipped with cable-tracking tools. Quantitative comparisons of biological communities and seafloor features between cable and control sites were performed at nine stations. Forty-two hours of video footage and 138 push cores were collected over 15.1 km of seafloor. Approximately 12.1 km of the cable was observed (13% of the cable route).  This study documents the appearance and condition of the cable and the underlying seafloor, and the effects of the cable on biological communities along its route. Limited self-burial of the cable has occurred during the 8-year deployment, particularly over the continental shelf and upper slope. Cable strumming by nearshore wave action has incised rocky siltstone outcrops. Several observations of kinks and snags in the cable on the upper slope (240 m depth) suggest contact with trawling gear.  Few changes in the abundance or distribution of benthic fauna were detectable from video observations (epifaunal) and sediment core samples (infauna). Of 17 megafaunal groups and 19 infaunal taxa, no tests evaluating the overall effect of the cable were statistically significant. While these results indicate that the biological impacts of the cable are minor at most, three megafaunal groups exhibited cable-related changes at one or more stations. Actiniarians (sea anemones) colonized the cable when it was exposed on the seafloor, and were therefore generally more abundant on the cable than in surrounding, sediment-dominated seafloor habitats. Some fishes were also more abundant near the cable, apparently due to the higher habitat complexity provided by the cable. The study also documents general changes in the benthos across the Central California continental margin.","author":["Kogan, I.","Paull, C.","Kuhnz, L.","Burton, E.","Von Thun, S.","Greene, H.","Barry, J."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)"],"originationDate":"2006-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.465331000000","-122.465180000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4368","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-study-supporting-scottish-executive-strategic-environmental","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater Noise Study Supporting Scottish Executive Strategic Environmental Assessment for Marine Renewables","description":"A desktop study of underwater noise has been carried out in support of the Scottish Executive\u2019s strategic environmental assessment for marine renewables. Sources of ambient noise in the study area have been identified and characterised in terms of their: frequency content; relative level; and spatial and temporal variability. The mechanisms of noise generation in marine renewable devices have been identified and the sources of noise in a range of device types have been assessed. Illustrative noise spectrum levels for two examples of marine renewable devices (a tidal device and a wave device) have been used to assess the potential impact of device noise on receptors in the marine environment. The noise from these devices has also been compared with expected levels of ambient noise. Based on the limited information available to this study noise from these devices is not expected to result in significant impacts. Finally, the information shortfalls in this study have been identified.","author":["Richards, S.","Harland, E.","Jones, S."],"organization":["QinetiQ","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Qinetic-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4369","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modeling-marine-hydrokinetic-mhk-turbines-their-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/20101213_JavaherchiT_pres_AGU.pdf","title":"Numerical Modeling of Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) Turbines and their Environmental Effects","description":"A numerical methodology for simulating flow field around and in the wake of a horizontal axis MHK turbine was developed and validated. and validated.  Two of the numerical models in this methodology are: - Single Reference Frame (SRF) - Virtual Blade Model (VBM)  These models have different level of fidelity and adequacy in capturing detail physics of the flow field.  The simulated and validated flow field is used toward studying the potential environmental effects of the MHK turbines the potential environmental effects of the MHK turbines.","author":["Javaherchi, T.","Aliseda, A."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-12-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Javaherchi2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4370","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-capabilities-tidal-hydrokinetic-blade-strike-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/afs.confex.com\/afs\/2011\/webprogram\/Paper8437.html","title":"Developing Capabilities for Tidal Hydrokinetic Blade Strike Monitoring","description":"Tidal Energy Project Development    Environmental Concerns      Dynamic Effects Monitoring      Possible Monitoring Approaches      Underwater Imaging Considerations      Camera and Optics Selection      Illumination Selection      System Layout      Biofouling Mitigation      Recovery and Redeployment      Monitoring System Integration","author":["Polagye, B.","Kramer, S.","Parker-Stetter, S.","Thomson, J."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2011-09-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagyeetal2011_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4371","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-environment-progress-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/20140122_PolagyeB_pres_iPOC.pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and the Environment: Progress and Challenges","description":"Motivation    Increasing concern over impacts of climate change, particularly on ocean ecosystems  Part of the solution is transitioning to low\u2010carbon sources of power generation  The oceans are a potential source of sustainable power","author":["Polagye, B."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-01-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4372","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-correction-turbulent-spectra-obtained-acoustic-doppler-velocimeters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0955598614000181","title":"Noise Correction of Turbulent Spectra Obtained from Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters","description":"Velocity spectra are essential in characterizing turbulent flows. The Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) provides three-dimensional time series data at a single point in space which are used for calculating velocity spectra. However, ADV data are susceptible to contamination from various sources, including instrument noise, which is the intrinsic limit to the accuracy of acoustic Doppler processing. This contamination results in a flattening of the velocity spectra at high frequencies . This paper demonstrates two elementary methods for attenuating instrument noise and improving velocity spectra. First, a \u201cNoise Auto-Correlation\u201d (NAC) approach utilizes the correlation and spectral properties of instrument noise to identify and attenuate the noise in the spectra. Second, a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) approach utilizes a modal decomposition of the data and attenuates the instrument noise by neglecting the higher-order modes in a time-series reconstruction. The methods are applied to ADV data collected in a tidal channel with maximum horizontal mean currents up to 2 m\/s. The spectra estimated using both approaches exhibit an f\u22125\/3 slope, consistent with a turbulent inertial sub-range, over a wider frequency range than the raw spectra. In contrast, a Gaussian filter approach yields spectra with a sharp decrease at high frequencies. In an example application, the extended inertial sub-range from the NAC method increased the confidence in estimating the turbulent dissipation rate, which requires fitting the amplitude of the f\u22125\/3 region. The resulting dissipation rates have smaller uncertainties and are more consistent with an assumed local balance to shear production, especially for mean horizontal currents less than 0.8 m\/s.","author":["Durgesh, V.","Thomson, J.","Richmond, M.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4373","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-permitting-processes-deep-water-offshore-wind-wave-hybrid","sourceURL":"https:\/\/faculty.washington.edu\/malte\/pubs\/reports\/OffshoreHybrid.pdf","title":"Environmental Effects and the Permitting Processes for a Deep Water Offshore Wind-Wave Hybrid Generator","description":"In order to make advancements in marine renewable energy technology, devices need to be tested and the effects need to be assessed. Unfortunately it is currently very difficult, expensive and time consuming to place a device in the sea to accomplish this. One of the most restrictive aspects of marine renewable energy development is obtaining a license. In order to obtain a license the environmental concerns specific to the project must be addressed. By defining the major environmental concerns and creating a permitting process before seeking a license, it is possible to reduce the difficulty, time and expense involved in installing renewable energy technology in the sea.","author":["DeVault, G."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2011-03-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MSME-Project-Report-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4374","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-support-tools-collaborative-marine-spatial-planning-identifying-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09640568.2014.887561","title":"Decision Support Tools for Collaborative Marine Spatial Planning: Identifying Potential Sites for Tidal Energy Devices Around the Mull of Kintyre, Scotland","description":"The expansion of offshore renewable energy production, such as wind, wave and tidal energy, is likely to lead to conflict between different users of the sea. Two types of spatial decision support tools were developed to support stakeholder workshops. A value mapping tool combines regional attributes with local knowledge. A negotiation support tool uses these value maps to support stakeholders in finding acceptable locations for tidal energy devices. Interactive value mapping proved useful to address deficiencies in data and to create credibility for these maps. The negotiation tool helped stakeholders in balancing objectives of the various stakeholders.","author":["Janssen, R.","Arciniegas, G.","Alexander, K."],"organization":["University of Amsterdam","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.277001000000","-5.809216000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4375","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-interactions-commercial-scale-tidal-energy-device-natural-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-014-9767-8","title":"Fish Interactions with a Commercial-Scale Tidal Energy Device in the Natural Environment","description":"Fish are a key part of the marine ecosystem likely to be affected by hydrokinetic tidal turbines, but little is known about their behavior around such obstacles in the natural environment. In September 2010, two DIDSON acoustic cameras were used to observe fish interactions with a commercial-scale turbine in Cobscook Bay, Maine. Twenty-two hours (nearly two tidal cycles) of footage were collected. Behaviors of individual fish and schools were classified (e.g., entering, avoiding, passing, or remaining in the wake of the turbine). We analyzed the effects of turbine motion (rotating or not rotating), diel condition (day or night), and fish size (small, \u226410\u00a0cm; large, \u003E10\u00a0cm) on individual fish behaviors, and compared behaviors of individual fish to schools of fish. When the turbine was rotating, the probability of fish entering the turbine decreased by over 35\u00a0% from when it was not. The probability that fish would enter the turbine was higher at night than during the day, and this difference was greater for small fish than for large fish (probability of small fish entering\u2009=\u20090.147 day, 0.513 night; large fish\u2009=\u20090.043 day, 0.333 night). Fish were almost always present in the wake of the turbine. Schools of fish had a 56\u00a0% lower probability of entering the turbine than individual fish, and reacted at greater distances from the turbine (median distance of 2.5\u00a0m for schools, 1.7\u00a0m for individuals). This study indicates that fish behavior in response to tidal turbines appears to be similar to responses to obstacles such as trawls, and highlights the importance of environmental context in determining the effects of a tidal turbine on fish.","author":["Viehman, H.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.839948000000","-67.143593000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4376","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-temporal-benthic-species-assemblage-responses-deployed-marine-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113614000610","title":"Spatial and Temporal Benthic Species Assemblage Responses with a Deployed Marine Tidal Energy Device: A Small Scaled Study","description":"The addition of man-made structures to the marine environment is known to increase the physical complexity of the seafloor, which can influence benthic species community patterns and habitat structure. However, knowledge of how deployed tidal energy device structures influence benthic communities is currently lacking. Here we examined species biodiversity, composition and habitat type surrounding a tidal energy device within the European Marine Energy Centre test site, Orkney. Commercial fishing and towed video camera techniques were used over three temporal periods, from 2009 to 2010.  Our results showed increased species biodiversity and compositional differences within the device site, compared to a control site. Both sites largely comprised of crustacean species, omnivore or predatory feeding regimes and marine tide-swept EUNIS habitat types, which varied over the time. We conclude that the device could act as a localised artificial reef structure, but that further in-depth investigations are required.","author":["Broadhurst, M.","Orme, C."],"organization":["Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.101727000000","-2.900377000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4377","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/insights-archaeological-analysis-interpretation-marine-data-sets-inform-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114001604","title":"Insights from Archaeological Analysis and Interpretation of Marine Data Sets to Inform Marine Cultural Heritage Management and Planning of Wave and Tidal Energy Development for Orkney Waters and the Pentland Firth, NE Scotland","description":"The Orkney archipelago has a rich heritage that includes the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site, Viking settlements, harbours supplying Hudson\u0027s Bay Company ships, and the wartime naval base of Scapa Flow. This rich history has left its mark on the seabed but accurate maps showing the location and character of surviving seabed archaeology do not exist to the same extent as for archaeology on land. ORCA Marine was commissioned by Historic Scotland to work with the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland in interrogating marine data sets to enhance historic environment records of Orkney Waters and the Pentland Firth. These waters were prioritised for their history of maritime activity and to help guide planning and developments in an area highlighted by the Scottish Government for marine renewable energy.  A variety of recent and legacy datasets, including wreck databases; sonar data gathered by public sector bodies; aerial photography; seabed cores; Admiralty charts; and local knowledge, were examined for their effectiveness in discovering and interpreting marine cultural heritage cost-effectively. A methodology was developed that enabled marine cultural heritage information to be quickly assimilated within the national and regional inventories for dissemination online. Polygonisation of records resulted in GIS-based shapefiles identifying site extents, and areas of archaeological potential in relation to wrecks, submerged prehistoric landscapes, anchorages and fishing areas.  Substantial gaps in data coverage were identified and areas of the seabed have been surveyed at resolutions that are sufficient to detect large upstanding remains such as iron shipwrecks but insufficient to identify smaller archaeological features. Other geophysical datasets have been created at a resolution detailed enough to allow the recognition of smaller anomalies but in some cases processing of the data has removed small anomalies of interest to archaeologists. Intensively used marine areas often contain the most artefactual remains such as historic ports being developed to service the marine renewable industry. Zones of high wave and tidal energy favoured for renewable energy devices include navigation channels and hazards where a large number of wrecks are documented. Transmission cable routes cross deep water where 20th-century wartime losses occurred. Planning and development of infrastructure relating to renewables may also interact with significant built heritage and archaeology on the foreshore and coast edge.","author":["Pollard, E.","Robertson, P.","Littlewood, M.","Geddes, G."],"organization":["Orkney College"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.717376000000","-3.132167000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4379","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-ocean-noise-future-directions-information-needs-respect-science-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X14003579","title":"Marine Mammals and Ocean Noise: Future Directions and Information Needs with Respect to Science, Policy and Law in Canada","description":"Marine mammals are ecologically and culturally important species, and various countries have specific legislation to protect the welfare of individual marine mammals and the conservation of their populations. Anthropogenic noise represents a particular challenge for conservation and management. There is a large and growing body of research to support the conclusion that anthropogenic noise can affect marine mammal behavior, energetics, and physiology. The legal, policy, and management issues surrounding marine mammals and noise are similarly complex. Our objective is twofold. First, we discuss how policy and legal frameworks in Canada have some important differences from other jurisdictions covered in previous reviews, and provide a useful general case study. Secondly, we highlight some priority research areas that will improve marine mammal conservation and management. Our examples focus on the research needed to meet stated conservation objectives for marine mammal species in waters under Canadian jurisdiction.","author":["Williams, R.","Ashe, E.","Blight, L.","Jasny, M.","Nowlan, L."],"organization":["Natural Resources Canada","Oceans Initiative","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)"],"originationDate":"2014-09-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.811723000000","-61.035671000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4380","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-co-existence-fisheries-offshore-renewable-energy-uk-identification","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114002646","title":"Investigating the Co-Existence of Fisheries and Offshore Renewable Energy in the UK: Identification of a Mitigation Agenda for Fishing Effort Displacement","description":"The increased demand for sea space for renewable energy developments and marine conservation will have impacts on the fishing sector. As a consequence, it is imperative to understand the ways in which fisheries and renewable energy interact and explore the potential for co-existence. In this paper we investigate the challenges for co-existence between the two sectors, and explore a mitigation agenda for fishing effort displacement in the UK. Data were collected through stakeholder questionnaires and two stakeholder workshops. Thematic analysis was carried out to identify the key challenges faced by stakeholder groups. The research identifies as three key priority areas for this agenda: developing efficient and cost-effective mechanisms for overcoming data issues for assessment of fishing effort displacement; the development of appropriate methods of assessment; and the development of an acceptable consultation protocol between MRE and fishing sectors agreed on by all stakeholders.","author":["de Groot, J.","Campbell, M.","Ashley, M.","Rodwell, L."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4384","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-spatially-explicit-risk-assessment-marine-management-assessing-vulnerability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320709004443","title":"Towards a Spatially Explicit Risk Assessment for Marine Management: Assessing the Vulnerability of Fish to Aggregate Extraction","description":"Management of human activities in the marine environment increasingly requires spatially explicit risk assessments that link the occurrence and magnitude of a pressure to information on the sensitivity of the environment. We developed a marine spatial risk assessment framework for the UK continental shelf assessing the vulnerability of 11 fish and shellfish species to aggregate extraction. We calculated a sensitivity index (SI) using life-history characteristics and modelled species distributions on the UK shelf using long-term monitoring data and indicator kriging. Merging sensitivity indices and predicted species distributions allowed us to map the sensitivity of the selected fish to aggregate extraction. The robustness of the sensitivity map was affected primarily by widespread species with a low to medium level of sensitivity, while highly sensitive species with more restricted distributions had a limited effect on the overall sensitivity. The highest sensitivity in the case study occurred in coastal regions, and where nursery and spawning areas of four important commercial species occur. To test the framework, we overlaid the estimated sensitivity map with the occurrence of aggregate extraction activity in inshore waters, including sediment plume estimations, to describe species vulnerability to dredging. We conclude that our spatially explicit risk assessment framework can be applied to other ecosystem components and pressures at different spatial scales and it is therefore a promising tool that can support the sustainable development of marine spatial plans.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Ellis, J.","Rogers, S."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.519997000000","-3.337802800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4387","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/report-environmental-impact-assessment-mitigation-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.troposplatform.eu\/Deliverables-Media\/Project-Deliverables","title":"Report on Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategies","description":"This report presents the Deliverable 6.2 \u2013 Report on Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Strategies. The first and essential step for an evaluation of potential effects on the environment was the collection of available information on the existing environments at the three sites: (i) off Gran Canaria (Spain), (ii) off Crete (Greece), and (iii) off Liuqiu Island (Taiwan). In the second step we developed an appropriate methodology for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of floating multi-use offshore platforms that may serve as a guideline for future EIAs. The third step involved the identification and summary of potential impacts of the three selected TROPOS scenarios, Leisure Island (Gran Canaria), and Green \u0026 Blue Scenario (Crete and Liuqiu Island), on the particular environments. In the fourth step we evaluated the significance of each identified effect to estimate overall magnitude of consequences. The fifth and final step was the development of appropriate negative impact mitigation measures. In total, a multitude of potential impacts were identified for each scenario, most of them of only minor or moderate significance. The Green \u0026 Blue Scenario off Crete is not expected to have major detrimental effects on the environment, because the existing environment is not of high sensitivity. However, the waters are phosphorous limited and the deposits and remains from the fish aquaculture may result in a boost of local primary production due to phosphorous input. For the Leisure Island scenario off Gran Canaria, noise from vessel traffic and operation of leisure facilities, as well as artificial lighting from bars and restaurants have been identified as the most critical effects. The Green \u0026 Blue scenario in Taiwan involves aquaculture, OTEC and some leisure facilities, i.e. noise and artificial lighting are impacts to consider here, too. Additionally, solid and liquid wastes from leisure facilities and the fish aquaculture may in combination significantly affect water quality and the living community. Some of the identified negative effect can be efficiently mitigated, e.g. appropriate waste and waste water treatment and management will avoid or at least significantly reduce negative impacts of wastes on the environment. Other negative effects, such as noise generated by mooring installation, vessel traffic and leisure facilities or artificial lighting can be reduced, but not completely removed. Effects of these stressors on the environment will need comprehensive monitoring and appropriate management. An EIA of a 4th TROPOS concept, the so-called Sustainable Service Hub, will be included in a future deliverable; nevertheless, a first short introduction of the concept and a preliminary summary on environmental aspects are already provided, here.","author":["TROPOS"],"organization":["University of Bremen"],"originationDate":"2014-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tropos_D6.2_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4389","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/urban-structures-marine-habitats-experimental-comparison-composition-abundance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S014111360000266X","title":"Urban Structures as Marine Habitats: An Experimental Comparison of the Composition and Abundance of Subtidal Epibiota Among Pilings, Pontoons and Rocky Reefs","description":"There remains little understanding of the relationship between the ecologies of urban habitats (pilings and pontoons) and natural habitats (rocky reef) for sessile plants and animals (epibiota) living on urbanised coasts. This study describes the structure of subtidal assemblages of epibiota among pilings, pontoons and adjacent rocky reef in Sydney Harbour, Australia. I tested the prediction that the experimental provision of substrata of the same age and composition in all three habitats would produce assemblages that: (1) differed among all three habitats; and (2) differed most on floating pontoons relative to the two fixed habitats (pilings and reef). As predicted, the results suggested that both pilings and pontoons, particularly the latter, create novel habitats for epibiotic assemblages independent of age and composition of substratum. It is not fully understood why these urban structures act as such different habitats from natural rocky reefs. The important point is that they are different and we are yet to understand the implications of this for the ecology of coastal areas subject to urbanisation.","author":["Connell, S."],"organization":["University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2001-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.851396000000","151.477142000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4391","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/some-examples-marine-mammal-discomfort-thresholds-relation-man-made-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/279408780_Some_examples_of_marine_mammal_%27discomfort_thresholds%27_in_relation_to_man-made_noise","title":"Some Examples of Marine Mammal \u0027Discomfort Thresholds\u0027 in Relation to Man-Made Noise","description":"World-wide a concern exists about the influence of man-made noise on marine life and particularly on marine mammals and fish. One of the acoustic polluters of the world\u2019s oceans is high-power active sonar, but also pile driving and seismic activities at sea are of concern with respect to animal welfare. At TNO, acoustic criteria are being developed to protect marine animals from severe disturbance (or worse) due to man-made noise. One of the \u2018stages\u2019 in \u2018dose-response relationships\u2019 is the \u2018discomfort threshold\u2019, the received noise level at which a marine animal turns when approaching a noise source. In The Netherlands discomfort thresholds for a number of sound types have been determined for harbour porpoises, harbour seals and some North Sea fish species. This paper shows how those measurements were carried out and compares some results with proposed TNO dose-response relationships for marine mammals.","author":["Verboom, W.","Kastelein, R."],"organization":["TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verboom-Kastelein-2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4394","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influences-man-made-noise-other-human-actions-cetacean-behaviour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10236249709379006","title":"Influences of Man-Made Noise and Other Human Actions on Cetacean Behaviour","description":"Behavioral reactions of cetaceans to man\u2010made noises are highly variable, ranging from attraction (e.g. bow riding by dolphins) or no response through short\u2010term changes in behaviour to short\u2010 or long\u2010term displacement. Noise can also mask important natural sounds or (if strong enough) cause hearing impairment or perhaps stress. This review summarizes the observed behavioral reactions of cetaceans to noise and other stimuli from aircraft, boats, tourism, marine industrial activities, seismic exploration, sonars, explosions, and ocean acoustics studies. Specific response thresholds have been determined for only a few combinations of species and noise type, and they tend to be quite variable even within species. In general, response thresholds are often low for variable or increasing sounds, e.g. approaching boat; intermediate for steady sounds, e.g. offshore drilling noise; and high for pulsed sounds, e.g. seismic survey pulses. With repeated exposure, many cetaceans habituate at least partially. However, cases of increased sensitivity following harassment are known. Long\u2010term effects on individuals and populations are little known.","author":["Richardson, W.","W\u00fcrsig, B."],"organization":["Texas A\u0026M University"],"originationDate":"1997-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4395","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/responses-cetaceans-anthropogenic-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2007.00104.x\/abstract","title":"Responses of Cetaceans to Anthropogenic Noise","description":"Since the last thorough review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in 1995, a substantial number of research reports has been published and our ability to document response(s), or the lack thereof, has improved. While rigorous measurement of responses remains important, there is an increased need to interpret observed actions in the context of population-level consequences and acceptable exposure levels. There has been little change in the sources of noise, with the notable addition of noise from wind farms and novel acoustic deterrent and harassment devices (ADDs\/AHDs). Overall, the noise sources of primary concern are ships, seismic exploration, sonars of all types and some AHDs.  Responses to noise fall into three main categories: behavioural, acoustic and physiological. We reviewed reports of the first two exhaustively, reviewing all peer-reviewed literature since 1995 with exceptions only for emerging subjects. Furthermore, we fully review only those studies for which received sound characteristics (amplitude and frequency) are reported, because interpreting what elicits responses or lack of responses is impossible without this exposure information. Behavioural responses include changes in surfacing, diving and heading patterns. Acoustic responses include changes in type or timing of vocalizations relative to the noise source. For physiological responses we address the issues of auditory threshold shifts and \u2018stress\u2019, albeit in a more limited capacity; a thorough review of physiological consequences is beyond the scope of this paper.  Overall, we found significant progress in the documentation of responses of cetaceans to various noise sources. However, we are concerned about the lack of investigation into the potential effects of prevalent noise sources such as commercial sonars, depth finders and fisheries acoustics gear. Furthermore, we were surprised at the number of experiments that failed to report any information about the sound exposure experienced by their experimental subjects. Conducting experiments with cetaceans is challenging and opportunities are limited, so use of the latter should be maximized and include rigorous measurements and or modelling of exposure.","author":["Nowacek, D.","Thorne, L.","Johnston, D.","Tyack, P."],"organization":["Duke University","Florida State University","University of Hawaii","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2007-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4397","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-range-effects-airgun-noise-marine-mammals-responses-function-received-sound-level","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228354411_Long-range_effects_of_airgun_noise_on_marine_mammals_responses_as_a_function_of_received_sound_level_and_distance","title":"Long-range Effects of Airgun Noise on Marine Mammals: Responses as a Function of Received Sound Level and Distance","description":"Effects of noise from seismic surveys on marine mammals need to be understood so that they can be appropriately mitigated. This study examined effects of large airgun arrays (79-110 l) on a variety of marine mammal species in the waters of British Columbia and Washington at long distances (1 to \u003E 70 km). Received noise levels near marine mammals were measured to overcome difficulties in modeling long-range propagation in complex near-shore waters. Although airguns concentrate energy at low frequencies, noise was detectable to at least 100 kHz, providing a mechanism to affect marine mammals with good high-frequency hearing. Apparent behavioral responses varied by species. Species with similar hearing capabilities exhibited markedly different responses to airgun noise, and a high- frequency specialist, the harbor porpoise, appeared to be the species affected by the lowest level of noise (\u003C 145 db re 1 \u00b5Pa RMS at a distance \u003E 70 km). The long distances at which behavioral changes were observed indicate that long ramp-up times (\u003E1-5 hours depending on species) are likely to be needed to prevent strong behavioral changes. While infrared imaging and passive acoustic monitoring can complement visual detection, technical constraints limit their usefulness. Scheduling surveys around seasonal distribution of species of concern, limiting periods of exposure, and routing airguns to ensure that marine mammals are not driven ashore may be as important as monitoring safety zones in preventing injuries and death.","author":["Bain, D.","Williams, R."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2006-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.240353000000","-122.855678000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bain-and-Williams-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4401","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maine-tidal-power-initiative-environmental-impact-protocols-tidal-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/orsp_reports\/1","title":"Maine Tidal Power Initiative: Environmental Impact Protocols for Tidal Power","description":"As a result of ongoing climate change, the pressure for the development of new sources of renewable energy has increased. It is extremely likely that climate change is caused by anthropogenic activities. Thus even if dramatic gains are made in energy efficiency; the addition of novel renewable energy sources is critical to reducing fossil fuel emissions. Even current goals for a reduction in the growth of greenhouse gas emissions mean that all possible low-carbon or non-carbon emitting energy sources be considered. In the marine environment, energy in tidal currents, waves, and thermal structure may be extracted to produce electricity. These energy sources are a critical element in the overall renewable portfolio since, unlike wind and solar energy, both marine thermal and tidal energy are reliable additions to the overall electrical grid. In the case of tidal energy, the contribution of periodic but reliable sources of renewable energy becomes increasingly critical as wind and solar penetration in the grid increase. In a high renewable energy penetration grid, a resource like tidal energy does not provide the same base load capacity as, for example, a nuclear power plant. However, tidal energy can have the effect of reducing the size of either storage or peaking capacity that is required for grid stability by providing power for recovery of dispatchable loads. However, as an immature technology, significant questions remain regarding basic questions like the scale of the potential resource, the impact on sediment transport, the effects on fish populations and communities, and the ability to design a system which is acceptable by the people in the associated communities.  The objectives of the funded project were to examine tidal power development in Maine from all perspectives: engineering, resource assessment, biological effects, and social dimensions. Resource and environmental research focused on data collection for the Cobscook Bay\/Western Passage, possibly the most viable commercial tidal energy site in the US, tidal power sites along with initial evaluation of the suitability of the approach for at least two other tidal development sites in Maine. Concomitantly, alternative energy research is used as a basis of education for a number of graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Maine and Maine Maritime Academy. The Maine Tidal Power Initiative has developed resource and environmental assessment protocols in conjunction with the deployment of a specific marine hydrokinetic device. The protocols are transferrable throughout Maine and the US to evaluate tidal energy resources and better understand the potential impact of this development on the environment. Again, site-specific social science and environmental research focused on the Cobscook Bay\/Western Passage area near Eastport Maine. The protocols and methods developed at these sites have also been used to perform initial scoping reviews of locations in Castine Harbor and Wiscasset, Maine that represent a more modest and more typical small scale energy resource.  Specific barrier issues which have been addressed for the industry are technologies and protocols for measuring and modeling tidal flows, responses of fishes to those flows, and people interacting in these environments. Measuring tidal flows is critical to the key economic driver for this industry, the size of the potential resource. The second barrier issue is the need for methods for measuring the impact of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices on fish. Acoustic methods have been used with ground truth validation from trawls. The protocols developed in this project have already had a significant impact on the approach that has been taken at other sites. Finally the assessment of the human community response to these technologies and impact on community cohesion and participation is perhaps the largest single barrier to the acceptance of the projects. This work also has the potential to be replicated at other sites, although in both the case of the environmental effects and the social response to these projects, details of the species impacted and the economic and social environment are the ultimate determinants of impact and acceptance.  The technology focus for most of this work has been the cross-flow turbine developed by Ocean Renewable Power Company. Testing in the University of Maine tow tank has allowed a large design space to be explored for the optimization of the commercial turbine design. The design code developed for the project was validated using this data set. Both the design code and the data will be placed in a public repository. The most important outcome of the turbine design portion of the work is some general design parameters that can be used to assist in the site assessment and for benchmarking of proprietary designs. The design as well as the data is available for resource assessment and design comparisons. The appeal of this turbine design is that the potential exists for a low solidity turbine with lower tip speed ratios, which will have good performance. The low solidity and tip speed ratio is likely to reduce the risk of fish impacts and thus reduce environmental impact and community resistance to these technologies.  The need for low carbon energy sources is undeniable. Resistance to large-scale renewable energy development also continues to increase. The overall approach to this project, where the design of the system considers environmental impacts and social acceptance from the initial engineering design stages and continues with an adaptive management scheme, is the only option for addressing energy needs at the scale required.","author":["Peterson, M."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2014-02-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.534817000000","-67.561643000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peterson2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4402","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/variability-reactions-pacific-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-richardsi-disturbance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/spo.nmfs.noaa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/11suryan.pdf","title":"Variability in Reactions of Pacific Harbor Seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, to Disturbance","description":"Disturbances to harbor seals, Phoca vitulina richardsi, during 1991 and 1992 pupping seasons were observed at Puffin Island, Clements Reef, and Skipjack Island in Washington state. Harassment (\u2265 one seal entering the water) of seals ashore was common (\u226571% of survey days) and primarily caused by powerboat operators approaching to observe seals. Recovery (number of seals on a haul-out site returned to preharassment levels) following a harassment was less at Puffin Island (19%) than at Clements Reef (54%) and Skipjack Island (45%). Additionally, seals were more vigilant (P\u0026lt;0.003) at Puffin Island than at the other two locations. These results indicated that seals at Puffin Island were less tolerant of disturbance than seals at other sites. This could possibly be attributed to a greater (P\u0026lt;0.05) percentage of pups ashore (17%) than at Clements Reef (3%) and Skipjack Island (3%). Because of this, we expected that powerboats would disturb seals from greater distances at Puffin Island. To test this, we used a theodolite to determine distance between seals and an approaching vessel at Puffin Island and Clements Reef. There was, however, no significant (P\u0026gt;0.05) difference in distances at which disturbances occurred. The most notable difference in distance of disturbance was between initial and subsequent harassments during a haul-out period. Those seals remaining or returning to shore after a harassment were more tolerant of powerboats, allowing significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) closer approaches than those initially harassed. Seals detected (head raised and oriented toward the potential disturbance) a powerboat at a mean distance of 264 m, and harassments occurred when boats approached, on average, to within 144 m. Results of this study exemplify the variability in reaction to disturbance and the necessity for considering these differences for minimizing disturbance.","author":["Suryan, R.","Harvey, J."],"organization":["US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"originationDate":"1999-05-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4403","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/criteria-case-definitions-serious-injury-death-pinnipeds-cetaceans-caused","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/dao\/v103\/n3\/p229-264\/","title":"Criteria and Case Definitions for Serious Injury and Death of Pinnipeds and Cetaceans Caused by Anthropogenic Trauma","description":"Post-mortem examination of dead and live stranded beach-cast pinnipeds and cetaceans for determination of a cause of death provides valuable information for the management, mitigation and prosecution of unintentional and sometimes malicious human impacts, such as vessel collision, fishing gear entanglement and gunshot. Delayed discovery, inaccessibility, logistics, human safety concerns, and weather make these events challenging. Over the past 3 decades, in response to public concern and federal and state or provincial regulations mandating such investigations to inform mitigation efforts, there has been an increasing effort to objectively and systematically investigate these strandings from a diagnostic and forensic perspective. This Theme Section provides basic investigative methods, and case definitions for each of the more commonly recognized case presentations of human interactions in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Wild animals are often adversely affected by factors such as parasitism, anthropogenic contaminants, biotoxins, subclinical microbial infections and competing habitat uses, such as prey depletion and elevated background and episodic noise. Understanding the potential contribution of these subclinical factors in predisposing or contributing to a particular case of trauma of human origin is hampered, especially where putrefaction is significant and resources as well as expertise are limited. These case criteria descriptions attempt to acknowledge those confounding factors to enable an appreciation of the significance of the observed human-derived trauma in that broader context where possible.","author":["Moore, M.","van der Hoop, J.","Barco, S.","Costidis, A.","Gulland, F.","Jepson, P.","Moore, K.","Raverty, S.","McLellan, W."],"organization":["International Fund for Animal Welfare","Marine Mammal Center","University of Florida","University of North Carolina","Virginia Marine Aquarium and Marine Science Program","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2013-04-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moore-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4404","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wake-effects-tidal-current-turbine-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.uhi.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/publications\/wake-effects-in-tidal-current-turbine-farms%28da7e5dd1-acab-4880-bc06-8250cee0d35c%29.html","title":"Wake Effects in Tidal Current Turbine Farms","description":"In the current search for cleaner, cheaper solutions to the ever-increasing demand for energy, one of the most promising and often overlooked sources is that of tidal current energy. With several governmentcommissioned studies having concluded that there exists a European potential resource in excess of 12.5 GW, this is a significant and untapped source of power. Although work is well underway to develop tidal turbines in order to exploit this source, there has been no detailed study of optimal layouts for tidal turbine \u201cfarms\u201d. The paper presented here describes the application of Computational Fluid Dynamics techniques to this problem in the modelling of tidal turbine wakes. Results for both one turbine alone and two turbines positioned in tandem are included.","author":["Macleod, A.","Barnes, S.","Rados, K.","Bryden, I."],"organization":["Robert Gordon University"],"originationDate":"2002-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MacLeod-et-al-2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4405","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/basic-mechanisms-pinniped-vision","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00221-009-1793-6","title":"Basic Mechanisms in Pinniped Vision","description":"Pinnipeds are amphibious mammals. The amphibious lifestyle is challenging for all sensory systems including vision, and specific adaptations of the eyes have evolved in response to the changed requirements concerning vision in two optically very different media, water and air. The present review summarizes the information available on pinniped eyes with an emphasis on harbour seal vision for which most information is available to date. Recent studies in this species have improved the understanding of amphibious vision by reanalysing refraction, by studying corneal topography, and by measuring visual acuity as a function of ambient luminance. The harbour seal eye can be characterized as an eye that balances high resolution, supported by data on ganglion cell density and topography, and sensitivity. Furthermore, it was shown that seals have multifocal lenses, broad visual Welds, and distinct eye movement abilities. The mechanisms described here form the basis for future research on visually guided behaviour.","author":["Hanke, F.","Hanke, W.","Scholtyssek, C.","Dehnhardt, G."],"organization":["Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4406","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-seasonal-relationships-between-pacific-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-richardii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285745096_Spatial_and_seasonal_relationships_between_Pacific_harbor_seals_Phoca_vitulina_richardii_and_their_prey_at_multiple_scales","title":"Spatial and Seasonal Relationships Between Pacific Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) and their Prey, at Multiple Scales","description":"Knowing where pinnipeds forage is vital to managing and protecting their populations, and for assessing potential interactions with fisheries. We assessed the spatial relationship between the seasonal distribution of Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardii) outfitted with satellite transmitters and the seasonal distributions of potential harbor seal prey species in San Francisco Bay, California. Pearson\u0027s correlation coefficients were calculated between the number of harbor seal locations in an area of the San Francisco Bay and the abundance of specific prey species in the same area. The influence of scale on the analyses was assessed by varying the scale of analysis from 1 to 10 km. There was consistency in the prey species targeted by harbor seals year-round, although there were seasonal differences between the most important prey species. The highest correlations between harbor seals and their prey were found for seasonally abundant benthic species, located within about 10 km of the primary haul-out site. Probable foraging habitat for harbor seals was identified, based on areas with high abundances of prey species that were strongly correlated with harbor seal distribution. With comparable local data inputs, this approach has potential application to pinniped management in other areas, and to decisions about the location of marine reserves designed to protect these species.","author":["Grigg, E.","Klimley, A.","Allen, S.","Green, D.","Elliott-Fisk, D.","Markowitz, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.696627000000","-122.798960000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4407","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aversiveness-sounds-phocid-seals-psycho-physiological-factors-learning-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/213\/9\/1536","title":"Aversiveness of Sounds in Phocid Seals: Psycho-Physiological Factors, Learning Processes and Motivation","description":"Aversiveness of sounds and its underlying physiological mechanisms in mammals are poorly understood. In this study we tested the influence of psychophysical parameters, motivation and learning processes on the aversiveness of anthropogenic underwater noise in phocid seals (Halichoerus grypus and Phoca vitulina). We compared behavioural responses of seals to playbacks of sounds based on a model of sensory unpleasantness for humans, sounds from acoustic deterrent devices and sounds with assumed neutral properties in different contexts of food motivation. In a captive experiment with food presentation, seals habituated quickly to all sound types presented at normalised received levels of 146 dB re. 1 \u03bcPa (r.m.s., root mean square). However, the fast habituation of avoidance behaviour was also accompanied by a weak sensitisation process affecting dive times and place preference in the pool. Experiments in the wild testing animals without food presentation revealed differential responses of seals to different sound types. We observed avoidance behaviour at received levels of 135\u2013144 dB re. 1 \u03bcPa (sensation levels of 59\u201379 dB). In this experiment, sounds maximised for \u2018roughness\u2019 perceived as unpleasant by humans also caused the strongest avoidance responses in seals, suggesting that sensory pleasantness may be the result of auditory processing that is not restricted to humans. Our results highlight the importance of considering the effects of acoustic parameters other than the received level as well as animal motivation and previous experience when assessing the impacts of anthropogenic noise on animals.","author":["G\u00f6tz, T.","Janik, V."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2010-01-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.434573000000","-2.771098000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4408","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-lethal-propeller-strike-injuries-sea-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1752928X11002393","title":"The Assessment of Lethal Propeller Strike Injuries in Sea Mammals","description":"Assessment of injuries in marine mammals may be required to help authorities determine whether human activity was involved. Three cases of marine animal deaths involving propeller blade strikes are reported to demonstrate characteristic features of such cases and diagnostic difficulties that may occur. Case 1: A juvenile New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) suffered two parallel linear incised wounds of the flank and died following small intestinal herniation. Case 2: An Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin neonate (Tursiops aduncus) died from a deeply incised wound of the left side of the head with shattering of the skull and laceration of the underlying brain. Case 3: An adult female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T. aduncus) died from two parallel chop wounds to the torso with opening of the thoracic and abdominal cavities with fractures of the ribs and vertebrae. Given that some animals may recover, and that the carcasses of those that are killed may simply not be found or reported, it is impossible to provide an estimate of the incidence of this type of injury amongst wild sea mammals. In cases that do come to forensic attention accurate evaluation of the type of injury may potentially have great medicolegal significance. Post-mortem putrefaction and post-mortem feeding by other sea animals may complicate assessments.","author":["Byard, R.","Winskog, C.","Machado, A.","Boardman, W."],"organization":["University of Adelaide"],"originationDate":"2012-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:52:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4409","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/symmetry-key-diagnosing-propeller-strike-injuries-sea-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12024-012-9335-0","title":"Symmetry: The Key to Diagnosing Propeller Strike Injuries in Sea Mammals","description":"The fresh carcass of a neonatal Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) was recovered from a suburban beach near Adelaide, South Australia, by officers of the Australian Marine Wildlife Research and Rescue Organisation (AMWRO). The carcass was incomplete with loss of the tail and three deep parallel incised\/chop wounds to the torso and tail (Fig. 1). At necropsy the carcass was that of an otherwise healthy Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin neonate of around 1\u20132 weeks of age. The animal was normally formed and well nourished, with milk in its mouth and stomach indicating that recent breast feeding had occurred. Frothy white foam was present in the upper airway. The most significant findings consisted of a series of four curvilinear parallel incised\/chop wounds predominately to the right side of the body (Fig. 2). The most rostral injury was a clean incised wound of the upper back and right side of the chest which shelved into paraspinal muscles (Fig. 3). No major vessels had been damaged and the chest cavity had not been opened. Within the chest cavity, however, the deepest part of the chop wound was associated with fracture-dislocation of the midthoracic spine (Fig. 4) with spinal cord transaction. There were also fractures of the posterior aspects of the first to sixth ribs on the right side with fresh paravertebal soft tissue hemorrhage bilaterally. Thoracic organs and vessels were intact. Fifty-nine centimeters caudal to this was a second incised\/chop wound which passed from the right side through the anterior aspect of the dorsal fin (Figs. 1, 2). Although no body cavities or major vessels had been opened the wound shelved caudally with fracturing of the underlying spine and adjacent fresh interstitial hemorrhage. Caudal to this was a deep curved incised wound that also shelved caudally and extended into paravertebral muscles with a chopping injury to the lateral aspect of the vertebral bodies, with underlying fractures. The final injury consisted of amputation of the tail (Fig. 5). There were no congenital defects, underlying organic diseases or parasitic infestations identified that could have caused or contributed to death. Death was, therefore, due to multiple incised\/chop wounds typical of boat propeller injuries with subsequent exsanguination. Amputation of the tail and transaction of the mid thoracic spinal cord would have also have prevented the animal from swimming.","author":["Byard, R.","Machado, A.","Woolford, L.","Boardman, W."],"organization":["University of Adelaide"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:47:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4410","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-habituation-pinnipeds-small-cetaceans-novel-objects-simulated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/index.php?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=589","title":"Behavioral Responses and Habituation of Pinnipeds  and Small Cetaceans to Novel Objects and Simulated  Fishing Gear With and Without a Pinger","description":"Marine mammals are vulnerable to entanglement in nets and lines. To quantify their interactions with fishing gear, pinnipeds and small cetaceans were exposed to novel objects and simulated fishing gear in a zoological environment at SeaWorld San Diego. The objects included a line, a frame covered with gillnetting, and a pinger. Exposures were delivered using a baseline-exposure protocol documenting na\u00efve responses and using repeated trials to measure habituation or sensitization. Responses to objects paired with the pinger differed strikingly from others, stimulating behaviors consistent with aversion in all species. Among pinnipeds, harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) left the test pool or touched the pinger-associated object less often, although some eventually manipulated it extensively. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) reacted initially with avoidance, defensive, and agonistic behaviors. However, they quickly returned to baseline activities and readily took fish from pingered nets. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) reacted the least. Among the cetaceans, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and a Pacific whitesided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) did not manipulate the objects but made fast investigative or agonistic passes near them. Jaw claps and surface-active behaviors were most common during pinger trials. Commerson\u2019s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) responded particularly strongly. Counts of some defensive or agonistic behaviors differed dramatically in the presence vs absence of the pinger, including bows (70 vs 0), roostertailing (117 vs 0), and fluke slaps (76 vs 2). Across seven trials, avoidance time in a refuge pool rose to \u0026gt; 90%, indicating sensitization strongly. Counts of some defensive or agonistic behaviors differed dramatically in the presence vs absence of the pinger, including bows (70 vs 0), roostertailing (117 vs 0), and fluke slaps (76 vs 2). Across seven trials, avoidance time in a refuge pool rose to \u0026gt; 90%, indicating sensitization. However, pinnipeds startled through gillnetting and Commerson\u2019s dolphins charged it deliberately in spite of the pinger. Based on these experiments, it is more likely that pingers reduce entanglement by arousing aversion than by warning marine mammals to avoid a hazard.","author":["Bowles, A.","Anderson, C."],"organization":["Duke University"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.764871000000","-117.226930000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4412","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-auditory-localization-swimming-harbor-seal-phoca-vitulina","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/120\/3\/10.1121\/1.2221532","title":"Underwater Auditory Localization by a Swimming Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)","description":"The underwater sound localization acuity of a swimming harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) was measured in the horizontal plane at 13 different positions. The stimulus was either a double sound (two 6-kHz pure tones lasting 0.5 s separated by an interval of 0.2 s) or a single continuous sound of 1.2 s. Testing was conducted in a 10-m-diam underwater half circle arena with hidden loudspeakers installed at the exterior perimeter. The animal was trained to swim along the diameter of the half circle and to change its course towards the sound source as soon as the signal was given. The seal indicated the sound source by touching its assumed position at the board of the half circle. The deviation of the seals choice from the actual sound source was measured by means of video analysis. In trials with the double sound the seal localized the sound sources with a mean deviation of 2.8 degrees and in trials with the single sound with a mean deviation of 4.5 degrees. In a second experiment minimum audible angles of the stationary animal were found to be 9.8 degrees in front and 9.7 degrees in the back of the seal\u0027s head.","author":["Bodson, A.","Miersch, L.","Mauck, B.","Dehnhardt, G."],"organization":["Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4413","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/unusual-mortality-pinnipeds-united-kingdom-associated-helical-corkscrew-injuries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/index.php?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=605","title":"Unusual Mortality of Pinnipeds in the United Kingdom Associated with Helical (Corkscrew) Injuries of Anthropogenic Origin","description":"Between June 2008 and December 2010, 76 dead pinnipeds were found on the coast of the United Kingdom with peculiar injuries consisting of a single continuous curvilinear skin laceration spiralling down the body. The skin and blubber had been sheared from the underlying fascia and, in many cases, the scapula also had been avulsed from the thoracic wall. Although previously unreported in the UK, similar distinctive lesions had been described in Canadian pinnipeds where they were referred to as corkscrew injuries. In the UK identical injuries were seen in both native species of pinniped, with 43 harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) (57%) and 26 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) (34%) affected, and seven carcasses (9%) for which the species could not be determined. There were two apparent seasonal peaks in incidence; predominantly adult harbor seals were discovered during the summer and juvenile grey seals during the winter. Postmortem examinations of 20 harbor seals revealed they had been alive and healthy when the injuries were sustained, with no evidence of any underlying disease or disability. Based on the pathological findings, it was concluded that mortality was caused by a sudden traumatic event involving a strong rotational shearing force. The injuries were consistent with the animals being drawn through the ducted propellers of marine vessels and, in some cases, there was a direct correlation with the presence of work boats operating in the vicinity. This challenges the conclusions of a previous study in Canada that suggested natural predation by Greenland sharks (Somniosus microcephalus) was likely to be responsible for these injuries.","author":["Bexton, S.","Thompson, D.","Brownlow, A.","Barley, J.","Milne, R.","Bidewell, C."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:47:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4414","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-responses-harbour-seals-human-induced-disturbances","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aqc.1244\/abstract","title":"Behavioural Responses of Harbour Seals to Human-Induced Disturbances","description":"In Denmark, harbour seals,\u00a0Phoca vitulina, were first protected in 1977, and since then a number of seal reserves have been established in Danish waters. The effectiveness of these reserves to prevent human-induced disturbances to the seal population have, however, not been evaluated.\nTo evaluate this, experimental disturbances were conducted in one of the most important seal reserves in Denmark (Anholt seal reserve). Specifically, the behavioural responses (alert distance, flight initiation distance, flee distances and flight duration) of harbour seals to approaching pedestrians and boats were studied.\nThe project was conducted during three periods related to the breeding cycle of harbour seals. In all periods, harbour seals were alerted by boats at significantly greater distances compared with pedestrians (560\u2013850\u2009m and 200\u2013425\u2009m, respectively). Similar differences in the flight initiation distances were observed, 510\u2013830\u2009m for boats and 165\u2013260\u2009m for pedestrians. In most cases seals were alerted and began to flee when the approaching boat was outside the reserve, whereas seals did not respond to approaching pedestrians until after they had entered the reserve.\nHarbour seals exhibited weaker and shorter-lasting responses during the breeding season. They were more reluctant to flee and returned to the haul-out site immediately after being disturbed, in some cases even during the disturbance. This seasonal tolerance is most likely attributed to a trade-off between fleeing and nursing during the breeding season, and hence not an indication of habituation.\nBased on the results of this study it is suggested that the reserve boundaries on land be placed at least 425\u2009m from the haul-out area and the boundary at sea should extend to at least 850\u2009m from the haul-out area in order to secure adequate year-round protection from disturbances.","author":["Andersen, S.","Teilmann, J.","Dietz, R.","Schmidt, N.","Miller, L."],"organization":["Aarhus University","University of Southern Denmark"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.725584000000","11.655428000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4415","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/differentiating-serious-non-serious-injury-marine-mammals-report-serious-injury","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/resource\/document\/differentiating-serious-and-non-serious-injury-marine-mammals-report-serious","title":"Differentiating Serious and Non-Serious Injury of Marine Mammals: Report of the Serious Injury Technical Workshop","description":"This Technical Memorandum contains summaries of presentations given at the 2007 Serious Injury Technical Workshop. These summaries (sections 3.0-6.0) were prepared by the author(s) of the presentations; therefore, statements and recommendations represent the views and opinions of the respective presenter(s). The summaries do not necessarily represent the views of the workshop Steering Committee or the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The Steering Committee did not make any substantive changes to the summaries without permission from the author(s). The Steering Committee edited the summaries only to correct grammatical errors and other minor edits.\n\nThis Technical Memorandum contains summaries of plenary and subgroup discussions that occurred during Days 1-3 of the workshop. While many of the comments and suggestions provided by the individual participants represent shared opinions among the participants, the intent of these discussions was not to reach consensus recommendations. Instead, the intent was to gather input from each individual participant based on his or her expertise and experience. For this reason, the discussions summarized in this Technical Memorandum do not represent consensus recommendations from the workshop participants to NMFS.\n\nThis Technical Memorandum contains recommendations of Federal Government participants and the workshop Steering Committee concerning the guidance and process for distinguishing serious from non-serious injuries. These recommendations do not represent official NMFS policy.","author":["Andersen, M.","Forney, K.","Cole, T.","Eagle, T.","Angliss, R.","Long, K.","Barre, L.","Atta, L.","Borggaard, D.","Rowles, T.","Norberg, B.","Whaley, J.","Engleby, L."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Andersen-et-al-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4416","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-underwater-sounds-escape-behavior-steller-sea-lions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/fishsci1994\/62\/4\/62_4_503\/_article","title":"Effects of Underwater Sounds on Escape Behavior of Steller Sea Lions","description":"The reactions of 10 captive Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus, including one adult male, four adult females and five juvenile animals to underwater sounds, with and without the presence of a baited fishing net, were observed. Two narrow spectrum sounds, an 8 kHz pure tone and a 1 kHz to 4 kHz frequency sweep, three broad spectrum sounds, two mechanically generated impulse sounds, and the recorded vocalization of a killer whale were used. The reactions of Steller sea lions were divided into three categories. Category \u039f: Both adult and juvenile Steller sea lions landed on a side of their pool during a one-minute period timed from the start of the sound projection. Category \u0394: More than two juvenile Steller sea lions landed. Category \u00d7: A single juvenile Steller sea lion or no animals landed.  Impulsive sounds transmitted at high source level (210 dB re 1 \u03bcPa at 1m) or pure tone sounds(165 dB source level) were found to repel adult Steller sea lions. Broad band spectrum sounds did not repel adult and juvenile Steller sea lions after successive sound projections.  The male Steller sea lion was only deterred from eating the fish entangled in the net by the high source level impulsive sound.  The acoustic characteristics required to repel Steller sea lions are thought to be narrow spectrum with-in the sensitive range of a Steller sea lion\u0027s audible frequency and above 165 dB sound pressure level. However, Steller sea lions appear to acclimatize to repeated sound projections, and a sound pressure level below 165 dB does not appear to be enough to repel Steller sea lions from a fishing net.","author":["Akamatsu, T.","Nakamura, K.","Nitto, H.","Watabe, M."],"organization":["Hokkaido University"],"originationDate":"1996-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Akamatsu-et-al-1996.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4423","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/greenhouse-gas-emissions-renewable-energy-sources-review-lifecycle-considerations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114005395","title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Energy Sources: A Review of Lifecycle Considerations","description":"Electricity and heat generation are key contributors to global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). In this paper, specific attention is paid to renewable energy technologies (RETs) for electricity and heat generation and reviews current understanding and estimates of life cycle GHG emissions from a range of renewable electricity and heat generation technologies. Comprehensive literature reviews for each RET were carried out. The 79 studies reviewed involved the life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable electricity and heat generation based on onshore and offshore winds, hydropower, marine technologies (wave power and tidal energy), geothermal, photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal, biomass, waste, and heat pumps. The study demonstrates the variability of existing LCA studies (results) in tracking GHG emissions for electricity and heat generation from RETs. This review has shown that the lowest GHG emissions were associated with offshore wind technologies (mean life cycle GHG emissions could be 5.3\u201313 g CO2 eq\/kWh). Results compared with GHG estimates by fossil fuel heat and electricity indicated that life cycle GHG emissions are comparatively higher in conventional sources as compared to renewable sources with the exception of nuclear-based power electricity generation. In this present study, considering renewable energy sources, waste treatment and dedicated biomass technologies (DBTs) were found to potentially have high GHG emissions based on the feedstock, selected boundary and the inputs required for their production. The study identifies additional impacts associated with renewable electricity and heat technologies, points out the effectiveness of life cycle analysis (LCA) as a tool for assessing environmental impacts of renewable energy sources and concludes with opportunities for improvement in the future.","author":["Amponsah, N.","Troldborg, M.","Kington, B.","Aalders, I.","Hough, R."],"organization":["James Hutton Institute"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4425","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-potential-marine-megafauna-entanglement-risk-marine-renewable-energy-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/265160566_Understanding_the_potential_for_marine_megafauna_entanglement_risk_from_marine_renewable_energy_developments","title":"Understanding the Potential for Marine Megafauna Entanglement Risk from Marine Renewable Energy Developments","description":"The global marine renewable energy (MRE) industry (including offshore wind, wave and tidal energy) is developing rapidly, particularly in Scotland where the Scottish Government is driving growth of the industry as part of their sustainable development agenda. As increasing numbers of devices are set to be deployed, concerns have been raised over potential environmental impacts. One such potential impact of marine renewable energy development is the risk of whales, basking sharks and other large animals (\u201cmarine megafauna\u201d) becoming entangled in mooring systems and associated power cables. Given the widespread occurrence of marine megafauna injury and mortality through entanglement and bycatch in fishing gear, the issue poses potentially serious conservation concerns.  Main findings  The present report set out to review existing information on entanglement risks to marine megafauna posed by moorings. Based on an extensive literature review, it was concluded that moorings such as those proposed for MRE devices will likely pose a relatively modest risk in terms of entanglement for most marine megafauna, particularly when compared to risk posed by fisheries. Nevertheless, some circumstances were identified where moorings associated with MRE devices could potentially pose a risk, particularly, 1) in cases involving large baleen whales and, 2) if derelict fishing gears become attached to the mooring, thereby posing an entanglement risk for a wide range of species (including fish and diving seabirds).  In the absence of significant amounts of empirical data, a qualitative risk assessment approach was developed to assess relative risks to marine megafauna groups on the basis of biological and physical risk parameters. Biological risk factors included body size, animals\u2019 ability to detect moorings, animals\u2019 body flexibility and general feeding modes. Physical risk factors were defined as mooring tension characteristics, swept volume and curvature. Mooring behaviours were dynamically modelled for six different mooring types (catenary [three different compositions], catenary with accessory buoy, taut, taut with accessory buoy) using OrcaFlex\u2122 software to assess the physical risk factors under different sea states. In order to inform the risk assessment, biological and physical risk factors were combined to populate a relative risk matrix for all modelled moorings.  Results suggest that for most megafauna, MRE device moorings are unlikely to pose a major threat; however, it should be remembered that cetaceans (as European Protected Species) and basking sharks are afforded legal protection at the individual level in Scotland and therefore should be considered accordingly. Baleen whales were considered to be at greatest relative risk overall, largely due to their size and foraging habits. Some mooring designs presented a greater relative risk than others, with the greater relative risks generated by catenary moorings, particularly those containing nylon. Taut systems represented the lowest relative risk. Most moorings associated with MRE devices would likely be too strong for animals to easily break free if they became entangled. Entanglement risks among MRE arrays will likely vary substantially based on device spacing, mooring design and array layout.  Currently MRE development proposals often vary in the degree of detail provided about the moorings\u2019 physical properties, complicating attempts by regulators to assess different mooring systems for entanglement risk. The qualitative risk assessment approach described in this report enables device developers and regulatory bodies to assess potential entanglement risks at an early stage of the development of a MRE proposal, allowing appropriate risk management and enabling mitigation strategies to be developed if necessary.  Recommendations include the following:    When submitting a development proposal, developers should be encouraged to follow the relative risk assessment process outlined in this report, and to provide details of existing and planned routine inspection regimes involving moorings.  During the consent period of devices and arrays, a procedure needs to be put in place which would require developers to report to regulators any significant changes to mooring and MRE device behaviour over time if such changes would increase the risk of marine megafauna entanglement.  There is a need for the establishment of an official reporting mechanism by which developers can report the presence of marine megafauna entanglement in MRE device moorings to the regulator (e.g. Marine Scotland who will need to be aware for HRA and EPS purposes).  A formal accident investigation procedure needs to be put in place by the developer, in order that in the event of an entanglement the appropriate authorities are alerted to allow all relevant information to be recorded, and to trigger an assessment by the regulator into whether any emergency measures were required.  Details of moorings relevant to the risk of entanglement of marine megafauna should be included alongside Marine Licence applications and within Environmental Statements.  Further investigations are needed to clarify the distribution and abundance of derelict fishing gear in Scottish waters, and the extent to which gear becomes snagged in moorings or other vertical structures in the water column.  Further research may be required to assess the full range of entanglement mitigation options available to the MRE industry, to minimise any risks of entanglement events occurring.  Further research may be required to assess the effects of redistribution of fishing effort displaced from MRE development sites, to ensure that marine megafauna entanglement\/bycatch risks are not merely displaced or exacerbated elsewhere as a result.","author":["Benjamins, S.","Harnois, V.","Smith, H.","Johanning, L.","Greenhill, L.","Carter, C.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH-2014-Report791.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4430","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-infrasound-fish-behavioral-responses-intense-infrasound-juvenile-salmonids","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarworks.umass.edu\/fishpassage_conference_proceedings\/224\/","title":"Detection of Infrasound in Fish and Behavioral Responses to Intense Infrasound in Juvenile Salmonids and European Silver Eels: A Minireview","description":"This paper reviews recent studies of infrasound detection in fish and the use if intense infrasound as a fish deter-rent. The possible use of intense infrasound in acoustic fish barriers is discussed. Fish are sensitive to infrasound (\u0026lt;20 Hz), even down to below I Hz, and the otolith organs are the sensory system responsible. Particle acceleration, and not sound pressure, is the relevant sound parameter for low frequency detection in fish, and the threshold values are in the range 10(-5)-10(-4) ms(-2). The hydrodynamic noise generated by swimming fish is mainly in the infrasound range, and may be important in prey-predator interactions. An infrasound source able to generate large near-field particle acceleration has been employed to divert downstream migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in a small river. At the observation site the river branched into a main course and a minor channel. The infrasound source was positioned in the channel, and at intensities above 10(-2) ms(-2) the 10 Hz sound effectively blocked passage of smolts through this alternative route. An improved version of the original infrasound source has been employed to test the effect of intense infrasound on downstream migrating European silver eels Anguilla anguilla. The tests were carried out in a river where a trap that catches all the descending eels is installed near the river mouth. The trap was separated in four equal sections. During the periods with infrasound exposure, the proportion of silver eels entering the section closest to the sound source was reduced to 43% of the control value. In the section closest to the opposite riverbank, infrasound increased the proportion of trapped eels to 144% of the control values. We conclude that intense infrasound has a great potential in acoustic fish barriers.","author":["Sand, O.","Enger, P.","Karlsen, H.","Knudsen, F."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"2001-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4432","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-intensity-anthropogenic-sound-damages-fish-ears","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/113\/1\/10.1121\/1.1527962","title":"High Intensity Anthropogenic Sound Damages Fish Ears","description":"Marine petroleum exploration involves the repetitive use of high-energy noise sources, air-guns, that produce a short, sharp, low-frequency sound. Despite reports of behavioral responses of fishes and marine mammals to such noise, it is not known whether exposure to air-guns has the potential to damage the ears of aquatic vertebrates. It is shown here that the ears of fish exposed to an operating air-gun sustained extensive damage to their sensory epithelia that was apparent as ablated hair cells. The damage was regionally severe, with no evidence of repair or replacement of damaged sensory cells up to 58 days after air-gun exposure.","author":["McCauley, R.","Fewtrell, J.","Popper, A."],"organization":["Curtin University","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4438","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cavitation-investigation-hydrofoils-marine-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/FEDSM2013-16576","title":"Cavitation Investigation of Hydrofoils for Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Three different hydrofoil sections were investigated in the recently renovated High-Speed Cavitation Tunnel (HICAT) at the University of New Hampshire: a NACA 0015 (reference foil), a NACA 63-424, and a bidirectional version of the NACA 63-424 hydrofoil. Bi-directional hydrofoils are of interest for marine renewable energy conversion, since they allow the elimination of pitch control mechanisms on marine hydrokinetic turbines. Hydrofoil lift and drag were measured for different velocities, pressures, and angles of attack. For some experimental con- ditions, comparative PIV measurements were performed in the near-wake region. A cavitation inception model for marine hy- drokinetic turbines was derived. Cavitation numbers for incep- tion were obtained for the two NACA 63-424 foils by varying pressure at constant speed as well as by varying speed at con- stant pressure. The performance of the NACA 63-424 and the bidirectional NACA 63-424 was compared.","author":["Nedyalkov, I.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2013-07-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.138917000000","-70.937905000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedyalkovetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4439","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-investigation-helical-cross-flow-axis-hydrokinetic-turbines-including","sourceURL":"","title":"Experimental Investigation of Helical Cross-Flow Axis Hydrokinetic Turbines, Including Effects of Waves and Turbulance","description":"The performance characteristics of two cross-flow axis hydrokinetic turbines were evaluated in UNH\u2019s tow and wave tank. A 1m diameter, 1.25m (nominal) height three-bladed Gorlov Helical Turbine (GHT) and a 1m diameter, four-bladed spherical-helical turbine (LST), both manufactured by Lucid Energy Technologies, LLP were tested at tow speeds up to 1.5 m\/s. Relationships between tip speed ratio, solidity, power coefficient (Cp), kinetic exergy efficiency, and overall streamwise drag coefficient (Cd) are explored. As expected, the spherical-helical turbine is less effective at converting available kinetic energy in a relatively low blockage, free-surface flow. The GHT was then towed in waves to investigate the effects of a periodically unsteady inflow, and an increase in performance was observed along with an increase in minimum tip speed ratio at which power can be extracted. Regarding effects of turbulence, it was previously documented that an increase in free-stream homogenous isotropic turbulence increased static stall angles for airfoils. This phenomenon was first qualitatively investigated on a smaller scale with a NACA0012 hydrofoil in a UNH water tunnel, using an upstream grid turbulence generator and using high frame-rate PIV to measure the flow field. Since the angle of attack for a cross-flow axis turbine blade oscillates with higher amplitude as tip speed ratio decreases, any delay of stall should allow power extraction at lower tip speed ratios. This hypothesis was tested experimentally on a larger scale in the tow tank by creating grid turbulence upstream of the turbine. It is shown that the range of operable tip speed ratios is slightly expanded, with a possible improvement of power coefficient at lower tip speed ratios. Drag coefficients at higher tip speed ratios seem to increase more rapidly than in the non-turbulent case.","author":["Bachant, P.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2011-07-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.138596000000","-70.936746000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bachant-and-Wosnik-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4440","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/performance-near-wake-measurements-vertical-axis-turbine-moderate-reynolds-number","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/FEDSM2013-16575","title":"Performance and Near-Wake Measurements for a Vertical Axis Turbine at Moderate Reynolds Number","description":"Experiments were performed with a 1 m diameter, 1 m tall three-bladed vertical axis turbine in a towing tank. Rotor power and drag (or thrust) were measured at a tow speed of 1 m\/s, corresponding to a turbine diameter Reynolds number ReD = 106 and an approximate blade chord Reynolds number Rec = \u03bb U\u221e c\/\u03bd \u223c 105 . Mechanical exergy efficiency estimates were computed from power and drag measurements using an actuator disk approach. Characteristics of the turbine\u2019s near-wake were measured at one turbine diameter downstream. Variation of all three mean and fluctuating velocity components in the vertical and cross-stream directions were measured at peak turbine power output via acoustic Doppler velocimeter. The effect of tip speed ratio on near-wake mean velocity was observed at the turbine center line. Transverse profiles of mean velocity, fluctuating velocity, and Reynolds stresses were also measured at the turbine\u2019s quarter height for two tip speed ratios of interest. Results are compared and contrasted with previous lower Reynolds number studies, and will provide a detailed data set for validation of numerical models.","author":["Bachant, P.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2013-07-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.138431000000","-70.936703000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bachantetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4441","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reynolds-number-dependence-cross-flow-turbine-performance-near-wake-characteristics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49210","title":"Reynolds Number Dependence of Cross-Flow Turbine Performance and Near-Wake Characteristics","description":"Minimizing wake losses in wind or marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine arrays is a crucial design consideration, as it has a large impact on overall energy production. To understand and mitigate these losses, interactions between turbine wakes must be accurately predicted, with near-wakes being especially important for cross-flow (or vertical-axis) turbines, given their affinity for close-spaced operation. As numerical models become more ac- curate, validation efforts will need to take into account scale dis- crepancies between the numerical and physical models and their real-world applications. One such important scaling parameter is the Reynolds number, and it remains unclear what level of con- fidence can be placed in models validated away from full-scale Reynolds numbers. In other words, what is the minimum accept- able scale mismatch for experimental validation at which models can be said to be \u201caccurate enough?\u201d To address this uncertainty, we investigated\u2014experimentally and numerically\u2014the effects of Reynolds number on the performance and near-wake char- acteristics of a 3-bladed cross-flow turbine. Mechanical power output and overall streamwise drag were measured in a towing tank at turbine diameter Reynolds numbers ReD = U\u221eD\/\u03bd = 0.3\u20131.3 \u00d7 106 , with performance becoming essentially Reynolds number independent at ReD = 0.8 \u00d7 106 , corresponding to an average blade chord Reynolds number Rec \u2261 \u03bbU\u221ec\/\u03bd \u2248 2.1\u00d7105. Detailed measurements of the near-wake one turbine diameter downstream were acquired via acoustic Doppler velocimetry for each Reynolds number case, showing very slight differences in the mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and Reynolds stress at the turbine mid-height plane, i.e., the near-wake statistics were less Reynolds number dependent than the turbine performance. The wake was also simulated using a 2-D Reynolds-averaged Navier\u2013Stokes (RANS) model. The performance results show poor agreement with the experimental data, due to 2-D block- age and the neglecting of blade end effects, however, an increase in performance with Re is predicted. The CFD predictions for wake characteristics are reasonably accurate on the side of the turbine where blades are turning back into the direction of the flow, or where dynamic stall is occurring, but Reynolds number dependence is much more exaggerated compared with the exper- imental data.","author":["Bachant, P.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/89-Bachant.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4442","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dynamics-floating-platform-mounting-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2013\/00000047\/00000004\/art00006","title":"Dynamics of a Floating Platform Mounting a Hydrokinetic Turbine","description":"A two-dimensional mathematical model was developed to predict the dynamic response of a moored, floating platform mounting a tidal turbine in current and waves. The model calculates heave, pitch, and surge response to collinear waves and current. Waves may be single frequency or a random sea with a specified spectrum. The mooring consists of a fixed anchor, heavy chain (forming a catenary), a lightweight elastic line, and a mooring ball tethered to the platform. The equations of motion and mooring equations are solved using a marching solution approach implemented using MATLAB. The model was applied to a 10.7-m twin-hulled platform used to deploy a 0.86-m shrouded, in-line horizontal axis turbine. Added mass and damping coefficients were obtained empirically using a 1\/9 scale physical model in tank experiments. Full-scale tests were used to specify drag coefficients for the turbine and platform. The computer model was then used to calculate full-scale mooring loads, turbine forces, and platform motion in preparation for a full-scale test of the tidal turbine in Muskeget Channel, Massachusetts, which runs north-south between Martha\u2019s Vineyard and Nantucket Island. During the field experiments, wave, current, and platform motion were recorded. The field measurements were used to compute response amplitude operators (RAOs), essentially normalized amplitudes or frequency responses for heave, pitch, and surge. The measured RAOs were compared with those calculated using the model. The very good agreement indicates that the model can serve as a useful design tool for larger test and commercial platforms.","author":["Dewhurst, T.","Wosnik, M.","Baldwin, K.","DeCew, J."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.351060000000","-70.407879000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4443","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-evaluation-mixer-ejector-marine-hydrokinetic-turbine-two-open-water-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2013\/00000047\/00000004\/art00008","title":"Experimental Evaluation of a Mixer-Ejector Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine at Two Open-Water Tidal Energy Test Sites in NH and MA","description":"For marine hydrokinetic energy to become viable, it is essential to develop energy conversion devices that are able to extract energy with high efficiency from a wide range of flow conditions and to field test them in an environment similar to the one they are designed to eventually operate in. FloDesign Inc. developed and built a mixer-ejector hydrokinetic turbine (MEHT) that encloses the turbine in a specially designed shroud that promotes wake mixing to enable increased mass flow through the turbine rotor. A scaled version of this turbine was evaluated experimentally, deployed below a purpose-built floating test platform at two open-water tidal energy test sites in New Hampshire and Massachusetts and also in a large cross-section tow tank. State-of-the-art instrumentation was used to measure the tidal energy resource and turbine wake flow velocities, turbine power extraction, test platform loadings, and platform motion induced by sea state. The MEHT was able to generate power from tidal currents over a wide range of conditions, with low-velocity start-up. The mean velocity deficit in the wake downstream of the turbine was found to recover more quickly with increasing levels of free stream turbulence, which has implications for turbine spacing in arrays.","author":["Rowell, M.","Wosnik, M.","Barnes, J.","King, J."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.854798000000","-70.448755000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4444","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/second-interim-report-working-group-marine-benthal-renewable-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ices.dk\/sites\/pub\/Publication%20Reports\/Expert%20Group%20Report\/SSGEF\/2014\/01%20WGMBRED%20-%20Report%20of%20the%20Working%20Group%20on%20Marine%20Benthal%20and%20Renewable%20Energy%20Developments.pdf","title":"Second Interim Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED)","description":"The 2014 annual meeting of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy developments was attended by 19 experts, representing nine countries (Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom, Netherlands) and was held in Tallinn, Estonia during March. The meeting was co-chaired by Jennifer Dannheim (Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) and Andrew B. Gill (Cranfield University, United Kingdom). As in the previous year, the terms of references were summarised in three thematic sub-groups: (A) The \u2018knowledge group\u2019 (ToR A, E) will evaluate and review existing knowledge on the effects of offshore renewable constructions and related topics (e.g. artificial reefs). (B) The \u2018monitoring group\u2019 (ToR B, F) will review and evaluate sampling techniques the scientific efficiency of ongoing monitoring programmes of offshore renewable construction projects by identifying knowledge gaps and simplifying future standardised research. (C) The \u2018metadatabase group\u2019 (ToR C, D) will develop a database of metadata that will help to cross-foster research and target monitoring, as well as future modelling approaches.  Two main themes were the focus of activity during the meeting, namely the knowledge and monitoring themes, which address the TORs A, B , E and F. Significant progress on both these topics was made particularly in relation to formulating publications. The monitoring group is looking to submit a paper early in 2015 and have a plan of activities between sessions to meet this time schedule. The knowledge group has a task list and is on target to have a draft paper for discussion by the next WGMBRED meeting in 2015. For the metadatabase theme, a decision was made to link with the existing Tethys Annex IV database via a dedicated webpage for WGMBRED hosted on the Tethys database. The links and WG member sign up will take place intersessionally.  In addition to the three main themes and the ToRs the WG discussed the importance of scale issues and cumulative impacts, in general and in relation to current knowledge on effects of offshore renewable devices on the benthal ecosystems and monitoring strategies. These two topics are considered very important in the topic area at the moment hence the need for the WG to ensure that it keeps its activities re levant to current knowledge.  Several talks and posters at international conferences were presented with a number of WGMBRED members contributing to them. A viewpoint article has also been submitted to the journal Hydrobiologia for a special issue on wind farms and environment.  The WG is functioning extremely well with high active participation across northern Europe. Members from other ICES member countries would be encouraged. The WG is on course to meet its ToRs which will be of key importance for ICES if there is any need to advise on marine renewable energy developments in relation to the benthic ecosystem.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4445","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-interim-report-working-group-marine-renewable-energy-wgmre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ices-library.figshare.com\/articles\/report\/Interim_Report_of_the_Working_Group_on_Marine_Renewable_Energy_WGMRE_\/18613640","title":"First Interim Report of the Working Group on Marine Renewable Energy (WGMRE)","description":"The first meeting of this new Working Group took place from 31 March to 3 April 2014. It was hosted by AZTI in Pasajes, Spain. There were 9 attendees, 6 from the United Kingdom and one from Ireland, Spain and Portugal respectively. For the Group to deliver advice that has impact, and is truly representative of the ICES community, it will require representation from a larger number of ICES member countries. Improved representation through communicating the work of the Group throughout the ICES community is needed. It is hoped that the first topic based Workshop will assist in this regard.  The Group agreed that the first topic based Workshop would focus on methodological requirements to inform cumulative assessments of the effects of both climate change and marine renewable energy upon populations of marine predators afforded species protection (e.g. under the Birds and Habitats Directives). Climate change is considered to be likely have a dominant effect upon several populations of marine predators, making it highly relevant for any cumulative impact assessments. The workshop will address the methodological basis for:    analysis of relatively small scale datasets over large spatial scales (clus-tered data);  the spatial and temporal scales of analysis;  ecosystem level food web interactions and the likelihood of change;  quantifying the risk of change to populations of marine predators of con-servation value, and the associated uncertainties;  Providing options for interpreting a modelled framework that enables regulators to account for risk, depending upon societal acceptance of risk of change and the associated uncertainties.   A flyer for the Workshop, which is scheduled to take place in autumn 2015 will be produced by August 2014. The flyer will also promote attendance at the next Working Group meeting, taking place from 31 March to 2 April in Swansea, Wales, UK, where detailed planning of the Workshop will occur.  The Working Group also agreed the approach and format for providing annual updates that report on new science that has utility in the context of regulating the potential environmental impacts of marine renewable energy.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.324629000000","-1.930570000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES2014b.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4446","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-energy-extraction-large-deep-strait-karori-rip-cook-strait","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S027843431100358X","title":"Tidal Stream Energy Extraction in a Large Deep Strait: The Karori Rip, Cook Strait","description":"Successful extraction of tidal stream energy will require a good understanding of flow at a range of scales, including those relating to average energy, variability in energy supply and fatigue. Current and turbulence measurements from the Karori Rip area of Cook Strait, the prime focal region of open-water tidal stream electricity generation in New Zealand, are described. A key issue is that a significant portion of the energy is contained in waters deeper than normally considered for energy extraction. Here we compare shallow and deep sites. Velocity data were derived from acoustic Doppler current profiler moorings, as well as spatial surveys and show flow magnitudes reaching 3.4 m s\u22121 in the shallow regions. The maximum speeds in both shallow and deep sites were typically located in the upper part of the measured water column although moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) observations showed some complexity in this regard. Benthic boundary-layers were resolved in the bottom \u223c20 m of the water column. Measured turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates \u03b5 exceeded 10\u22125 m2 s\u22123 and estimated maximum \u03b5 is a factor of 10 greater. This was not distributed evenly through the water column, with stratification and velocity shear clearly persisting, especially around the turn of the tide. The implications for tidal stream energy are that (i) there is sufficient energy resource in the region for a moderate sized array of turbines, (ii) the vertical variability in the flow speed suggests turbines that can operate near the surface would be more effective at accessing the resource, (iii) stratification may persist and influence the scales of turbulence and (iv) wave\u2013current interaction effects will influence any near-surface structure as well as vessel operations.","author":["Stevens, C.","Smith, M.","Grant, B.","Stewart, C.","Divett, T."],"organization":["National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)","University of Otago"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.320812000000","174.608566000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4447","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-flows-te-aumiti-french-pass-south-island-new-zealand","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00288330809509973","title":"Tidal Flows in Te Aumiti (French Pass), South Island, New Zealand","description":"Observations of tidal flows in Te Aumiti (French Pass), the fastest such flows in New Zealand, were conducted in 2006 using a vessel\u2010mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), pressure sensors, a current meter mooring, drifters, and microwave radar. The suite of measurements revealed spring tide currents exceeding 4 m s\u20101, but only in the throat of the pass. The pressure sensors either side of the pass indicated a phase\u2010shift in the tide of 26 min. Drifters illustrated eddying motion, with the deep scour hole on the NE side of the narrows forming a focal point on both phases of the tide. Notably, the drifters also provided evidence of an upstream eddy in the same location during southwestward flows. The ADCP recorded vertical flows of up to 0.6 m s\u20101. The flow was subcritical as defined by external and internal Froude numbers, and scaling analysis suggests that the driving pressure gradient was balanced by the acceleration.","author":["Stevens, C.","Sutton, P.","Smith, M.","Dickson, R."],"organization":["National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)"],"originationDate":"2008-11-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.922020700000","173.834329000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4448","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modelling-effect-turbines-currents-tidal-channel-tory-channel-new-zealand","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811300092X","title":"Numerical Modelling of the Effect of Turbines on Currents in a Tidal Channel - Tory Channel, New Zealand","description":"Numerical modelling is used to assess the effect of a turbine array on tidal currents in the Tory Channel, New Zealand. The Tory Channel is the smaller of two entrances from Cook Strait to the Queen Charlotte Sound with a large island separating the narrow Tory Channel from the main entrance. The 2D depth-averaged finite element model is validated against velocities from shipboard ADCP transects from a survey during spring tide conditions, and water levels recorded at the study site. Turbine drag is introduced to the model as a stress term in the momentum equations, and includes both the turbine thrust and the structural drag. Turbine array drag is a function of the number and size of turbines, which can be parameterised in a non-dimensional number. This non-dimensional turbine drag number D can be used to represent the drag of several different turbine designs. Restrictions are placed on the size of the array to ensure that turbines are placed in realistic locations. In this study, turbines are restricted to areas with water depths greater than 30 m, and where spring tide currents (in the absence of turbines) are greater than 2.0 m s\u22121, and consequently the turbine array does not span the entire channel width or length. The modelling shows turbines will reduce current speeds both within the turbine array, and also throughout much of the Tory Channel, with local increases in speed immediately adjacent the array. Cut-in and maximum or rated turbine speeds are also incorporated to compare how these factors influence both the power production and effect on currents. The study shows that, due to the restrictions placed on the array location, the likely power production that can be achieved is considerably less than what an analytical prediction suggests might be obtained from the channel. Due to the effects of turbines on current speeds, optimising the area occupied by an array is likely to be an iterative procedure. The power produced per turbine unit could be substantially improved, with little impact on total power produced by the array, by removing turbines from areas where power produced was low. Turbine operational limits, applied in the form of cut-in speeds below which no power is produced, and design speeds above which load shedding occurs, affect both the magnitude and spatial distribution of power production and thus need to be considered in array design.","author":["Plew, D.","Stevens, C."],"organization":["National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.209539400000","174.314283100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4449","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-stream-arrays-relation-natural-variability-sedimentary-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114004352","title":"Impact of Tidal-Stream Arrays in Relation to the Natural Variability of Sedimentary Processes","description":"Tidal Energy Converter (TEC) arrays are expected to reduce tidal current speeds locally, thus impacting sediment processes, even when positioned above bedrock, as well as having potential impacts to nearby offshore sand banks. Furthermore, the tidal dissipation at potential TEC sites can produce high suspended sediment concentrations (turbidity maxima) which are important for biological productivity. Yet few impact assessments of potential TEC sites have looked closely at sediment dynamics beyond local scouring issues. It is therefore important to understand to what extent exploitation of the tidal energy resource will affect sedimentary processes, and the scale of this impact is here assessed in relation to natural variability. At one such site in the Irish Sea that is highly attractive for the deployment of TEC arrays, we collect measurements of sediment type and bathymetry, apply a high resolution unstructured morphodynamic model, and a spectral wave model in order to quantify natural variability due to tidal and wave conditions. We then simulate the impacts of tidal-stream energy extraction using the morphodynamic model. Our results suggest that the sedimentary impacts of \u2018first generation\u2019 TEC arrays (i.e. less than 50 MW), at this site, are within the bounds of natural variability and are, therefore, not considered detrimental to the local environment. Yet we highlight potential environmental issues and demonstrate how impact assessments at other sites could be investigated.","author":["Robins, P.","Neill, S.","Lewis, M."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.436445000000","-4.733966000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Robins-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4455","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-medaka-embryos-model-system-study-biological-effects-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0147651314002917","title":"Using Medaka Embryos as a Model System to Study Biological Effects of the Electromagnetic Fields on Development and Behavior","description":"The electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of anthropogenic origin are ubiquitous in our environments. The health hazard of extremely low frequency and radiofrequency EMFs has been investigated for decades, but evidence remains inconclusive, and animal studies are urgently needed to resolve the controversies regarding developmental toxicity of EMFs. Furthermore, as undersea cables and technological devices are increasingly used, the lack of information regarding the health risk of EMFs to aquatic organisms needs to be addressed. Medaka embryos (Oryzias latipes) have been a useful tool to study developmental toxicity in vivo due to their optical transparency. Here we explored the feasibility of using medaka embryos as a model system to study biological effects of EMFs on development. We also used a white preference test to investigate behavioral consequences of the EMF developmental toxicity. Newly fertilized embryos were randomly assigned to four groups that were exposed to an EMF with 3.2\u00a0kHz at the intensity of 0.12, 15, 25, or 60\u00a0\u00b5T. The group exposed to the background 0.12\u00a0\u00b5T served as the control. The embryos were exposed continually until hatch. They were observed daily, and the images were recorded for analysis of several developmental endpoints. Four days after hatching, the hatchlings were tested with the white preference test for their anxiety-like behavior. The results showed that embryos exposed to all three levels of the EMF developed significantly faster. The endpoints affected included the number of somites, eye width and length, eye pigmentation density, midbrain width, head growth, and the day to hatch. In addition, the group exposed to the EMF at 60\u00a0\u00b5T exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety-like behavior than the other groups did. In conclusion, the EMF tested in this study accelerated embryonic development and heightened anxiety-like behavior. Our results also demonstrate that the medaka embryo is a sensitive and cost-efficient in vivo model system to study developmental toxicity of EMFs.","author":["Lee, W.","Yang, K."],"organization":["Chang Jung Christian University"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4456","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/computational-tools-assess-turbine-biological-performance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/downloads\/hydro-review-computational-tools-assess-turbine-biological-performance","title":"Computational Tools to Assess Turbine Biological Performance","description":"Public Utility District No. 2 of Grant County in Washington operates the 912-MW Priest Rapids facility on the Columbia River. The powerhouse contains 10 Kaplan-type turbines that are more than 50 years old. Plans are under way to install new runners. The Columbia River is a migratory pathway for several species of threatened and endangered juvenile and adult salmonids, thus safe fish passage is a major consideration when upgrading the turbines.\n\nTo ensure biological impact is considered during design of the replacement turbines, the PUD has included specific criteria in the contract with prospective manufacturers for addressing fish passage risk. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a method for estimating this risk, called the biological performance assessment (BioPA). BioPA computes a suite of biological performance indicators based on data from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a proposed turbine design.\n\nThis article presents the strategy Grant County PUD used to incorporate fish passage criteria into the design phase of the Priest Rapids turbine upgrade project.","author":["Richmond, M.","Serkowski, J.","Rakowski, C.","Strickler, B.","Weisbeck, M.","Dotson, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-07-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.644189400000","-119.910411400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Richmond_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4463","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-fisheries-marine-spatial-planning-gear-specific-vessel-monitoring-system-vms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X13002121","title":"Mapping Fisheries for Marine Spatial Planning: Gear-Specific Vessel Monitoring System (VMS), Marine Conservation and Offshore Renewable Energy","description":"Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data from 2005 to 2008 in ICES Divisions VIIe-h were used to assess the distribution and intensity of fishing activity in and around the western English Channel, one of the most intensively used marine areas on the planet. The distribution of the UK fleet of large (\u0026gt;15 m length) fishing vessels was analysed and clear gear-specific temporal and spatial differences in activity were found. Mobile demersal gears had the highest intensity and widest distribution of activity in the study area, and so might be expected to have the most widespread ecosystem-level impacts. The potential effects of two proposed fisheries closures; a planned wave energy testing facility (Wave Hub) and a candidate offshore Marine Protected Area (Haig Fras) are described. Maps indicate that mobile demersal gear fleets would be little affected if they were excluded from these proposed closures, but if the static gear fleets were excluded this would likely result in displacement of certain vessels, increasing fishing pressure on other rocky grounds and other fishers. Predictions concerning the effects of fisheries displacement can be improved through the use of high-resolution gear-specific activity data. This study shows that VMS can provide an invaluable source of such data, provided that gear information is made available to fisheries managers and scientists.","author":["Campbell, M.","Stehfest, K.","Votier, S.","Hall-Spencer, J."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.572886000000","-6.989665000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4465","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-hearing-sensitivity-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-narrow-noise-bands-between","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/126\/1\/10.1121\/1.3132522","title":"Underwater Hearing Sensitivity of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) for Narrow Noise Bands Between 0.2 and 80 kHz","description":"The underwater hearing sensitivities of two 1.5-year-old female harbor seals were quantified in a quiet pool built specifically for acoustic research, by using a behavioral psychoacoustic technique. The animals were trained to respond when they detected an acoustic signal and not to respond when they did not (\u0022go\/no-go\u0022 response). Fourteen narrowband noise signals (1\/3-octave bands but with some energy in adjacent bands), at 1\/3-octave center frequencies of 0.2-80 kHz, and of 900 ms duration, were tested. Thresholds at each frequency were measured using the up-down staircase method and defined as the stimulus level resulting in a 50% detection rate. Between 0.5 and 40 kHz, the thresholds corresponded to a 1\/3-octave band noise level of approximately 60 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa (SD+\/-3.0 dB). At lower frequencies, the thresholds increased to 66 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa and at 80 kHz the thresholds rose to 114 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa. The 1\/3-octave noise band thresholds of the two seals did not differ from each other, or from the narrowband frequency-modulated tone thresholds at the same frequencies obtained a few months before for the same animals. These hearing threshold values can be used to calculate detection ranges of underwater calls and anthropogenic noises by harbor seals.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Wensveen, P.","Hoek, L.","Terhune, J."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2009-04-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4466","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-signal-duration-underwater-hearing-thresholds-two-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/127\/2\/10.1121\/1.3283019","title":"The Effect of Signal Duration on the Underwater Hearing Thresholds of Two Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) for Single Tonal Signals Between 0.2 and 40 kHz","description":"The underwater hearing sensitivities of two 2-year-old female harbor seals were quantified in a pool built for acoustic research by using a behavioral psycho-acoustic technique. The animals were trained only to respond when they detected an acoustic signal (\u201cgo\/no-go\u201d response). Detection thresholds were obtained for pure tone signals (frequencies: 0.2\u201340 kHz; durations: 0.5\u20135000 ms, depending on the frequency; 59 frequency-duration combinations). Detection thresholds were quantified by varying the signal amplitude by the 1-up, 1-down staircase method, and were defined as the stimulus levels, resulting in a 50% detection rate. The hearing thresholds of the two seals were similar for all frequencies except for 40 kHz, for which the thresholds differed by, on average, 3.7 dB. There was an inverse relationship between the time constant (r), derived from an exponential model of temporal integration, and the frequency [log(r)=2.86\u22120.94 log(f);r in ms and f in kHz]. Similarly, the thresholds increased when the pulse was shorter than ~780 cycles (independent of the frequency). For pulses shorter than the integration time, the thresholds increased by 9\u201316 dB per decade reduction in the duration or number of cycles in the pulse. The results of this study suggest that most published hearing thresholds less than or equal to 1 kHz for harbor seals are probably not absolute, as they were derived from signals with durations shorter than the time constants for those frequencies.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Hoek, L.","Wensveen, P.","Terhune, J.","de Jong, C."],"organization":["TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy","University of New Brunswick","SEAMARCO"],"originationDate":"2009-12-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4467","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hearing-threshold-shifts-recovery-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-after-octave-band-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/132\/4\/10.1121\/1.4747013","title":"Hearing Threshold Shifts and Recovery in Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) after Octave-Band Noise Exposure at 4 kHz","description":"Safety criteria for underwater sounds from offshore pile driving are needed to protect marine mammals. As a first step toward understanding effects of impulsive sounds, two harbor seals were exposed to octave-band white noise centered at 4 kHz at three mean received sound pressure levels (SPLs; 124, 136, and 148 dB re 1 lPa) at up to six durations (7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 min); mean received sound exposure level (SEL) range was 166\u2013190 dB re 1 lPa2 s. Hearing thresholds were determined before and after exposure. Temporary hearing threshold shifts (TTS) and subsequent recovery were quantified as changes in hearing thresholds at 1\u20134, 4\u20138, 8\u201312, 48, and 96 min after noise exposure in seal 01, and at 12\u201316, 16\u201320, 20\u201324, 60, and 108 min after exposure in seal 02. Maximum TTS (1\u20134min after 120min exposure to 148dB re 1lPa; 187dB SEL) was 10dB. Recovery occurred within 60 min. Statistically significant TTSs (\u003E2.5 dB) began to occur at SELs of 170 (136 SPL, 60 min) and 178 dB re 1 lPa2 s (148 SPL, 15 min). However, SEL is not an optimal predictor of TTS for long duration, low SPL continuous noise, as duration and SPL play unequal roles in determining induced TTS. \u00a0","author":["Kastelein, R.","Gransier, R.","Hoek, L.","Macleod, A.","Terhune, J."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2012-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4468","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-70-120-khz-tonal-signals-behavior-harbor-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113608001591","title":"The Influence of 70 and 120 kHz Tonal Signals on the Behavior of Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a Floating Pen","description":"Two harbor porpoises in a floating pen were subjected to five pure tone underwater signals of 70 or 120 kHz with different signal durations, amplitudes and duty cycles (% of time sound is produced). Some signals were continuous, others were intermittent (duty cycles varied between 8-100 %). The effect of each signal was judged by comparing the animals\u0027 surfacing locations and number of surfacings (i.e. number of respirations) during test periods with those during baseline periods. In all cases, both porpoises moved away from the sound source, but the effect of the signals on respiration rates was negligible. Pulsed 70 kHz signals with a Source Level (SL) of 137 dB had a similar effect to a continuous 70 kHz signal with a SL of 148 dB (re 1 Pa, rms). However, a pulsed 70 kHz signal with a SL of 147 dB had a much stronger deterring effect than a continuous 70 kHz signal with a similar SL. For pulsed 70 kHz signals (2 s pulse duration, 4 s pulse interval, SL 147 dB re 1 Pa, rms), the avoidance threshold Sound Pressure Level (SPL), in the context of the present study, was estimated to be around 130 dB (re 1\u03bcPa, rms) for porpoise 064 and around 124 dB (re 1\u03bcPa, rms) for porpoise 047. This study shows that ultrasonic pingers (70 kHz) can deter harbor porpoises. Such ultrasonic pingers have the advantage that they do not have a \u201cdinner bell\u201d effect on pinnipeds, and probably have no, or less, effect on other marine fauna, which are often sensitive to low frequency sounds.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Verboom, W.","Jennings, N.","de Haan, D.","van der Heul, S."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","SEAMARCO"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4469","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-underwater-data-transmission-sounds-displacement-behaviour-captive-harbour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113605000346","title":"The Influence of Underwater Data Transmission Sounds on the Displacement Behaviour of Captive Harbour Seals (Phoca vitulina)","description":"To prevent grounding of ships and collisions between ships in shallow coastal waters, an underwater data collection and communication network (ACME) using underwater sounds to encode and transmit data is currently under development. Marine mammals might be affected by ACME sounds since they may use sound of a similar frequency (around 12 kHz) for communication, orientation, and prey location. If marine mammals tend to avoid the vicinity of the acoustic transmitters, they may be kept away from ecologically important areas by ACME sounds. One marine mammal species that may be affected in the North Sea is the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). No information is available on the effects of ACME-like sounds on harbour seals, so this study was carried out as part of an environmental impact assessment program. Nine captive harbour seals were subjected to four sound types, three of which may be used in the underwater acoustic data communication network. The effect of each sound was judged by comparing the animals\u0027 location in a pool during test periods to that during baseline periods, during which no sound was produced. Each of the four sounds could be made into a deterrent by increasing its amplitude. The seals reacted by swimming away from the sound source. The sound pressure level (SPL) at the acoustic discomfort threshold was established for each of the four sounds. The acoustic discomfort threshold is defined as the boundary between the areas that the animals generally occupied during the transmission of the sounds and the areas that they generally did not enter during transmission. The SPLs at the acoustic discomfort thresholds were similar for each of the sounds (107 dB re 1 lPa). Based on this discomfort threshold SPL, discomfort zones at sea for several source levels (130\u2013180 dB re 1 lPa) of the sounds were calculated, using a guideline sound propagation model for shallow water. The discomfort zone is defined as the area around a sound source that harbour seals are expected to avoid. The definition of the discomfort zone is based on behavioural discomfort, and does not necessarily coincide with the physical discomfort zone. Based on these results, source levels can be selected that have an acceptable effect on harbour seals in particular areas. The discomfort zone of a communication sound depends on the sound, the source level, and the propagation characteristics of the area in which the sound system is operational. The source level of the communication system should be adapted to each area (taking into account the width of a sea arm, the local sound propagation, and the importance of an area to the affected species). The discomfort zone should not coincide with ecologically important areas (for instance resting, breeding, suckling, and feeding areas), or routes between these areas.","author":["Kastelein, R.","van der Heul, J.","Verboom, W.","Triesscheijn, R.","Jennings, N."],"organization":["TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy","University of Bristol"],"originationDate":"2005-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4470","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-detection-tonal-signals-between-0125-100-khz-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/125\/2\/10.1121\/1.3050283","title":"Underwater Detection of Tonal Signals Between 0.125 and 100 kHz by Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)","description":"The underwater hearing sensitivities of two 1-year-old female harbor seals were quantified in a pool built for acoustic research, using a behavioral psychoacoustic technique. The animals were trained to respond when they detected an acoustic signal and not to respond when they did not go\/no-go response. Pure tones 0.125\u20130.25 kHz and narrowband frequency modulated tonal signals center frequencies 0.5\u2013100 kHz of 900 ms duration were tested. Thresholds at each frequency were measured using the up-down staircase method and defined as the stimulus level resulting in a 50% detection rate. The audiograms of the two seals did not differ statistically: both plots showed the typical mammalian U-shape, but with a wide and flat bottom. Maximum sensitivity 54 dB re 1 Pa, rms occurred at 1 kHz. The frequency range of best hearing within 10 dB of maximum sensitivity was from 0.5 to 40 kHz 61 octaves. Higher hearing thresholds indicating poorer 3 sensitivity were observed below 1 and above 40 kHz. Thresholds below 4 kHz were lower than those previously described for harbor seals, which demonstrates the importance of using quiet facilities, built specifically for acoustic research, for hearing studies in marine mammals. The results suggest that under unmasked conditions many anthropogenic noise sources and sounds from conspecifics are audible to harbor seals at greater ranges than formerly believed.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Wensveen, P.","Hoek, L.","Verboom, W.","Terhune, J."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2008-11-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4471","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/natural-human-impacts-centennial-sediment-accumulation-patterns-umpqua-river-margin","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025322713000595","title":"Natural and Human Impacts on Centennial Sediment Accumulation Patterns on the Umpqua River Margin, Oregon","description":"Quantifying patterns of sediment accumulation rates (SARs) over the past ~ 125 years on continental margins provides insight into diverse processes spanning the land\u2013ocean boundary. In particular, temporal changes in the export of fluvial sediment can lead to changes in ocean margin SARs, whereas spatial patterns of accumulation reflect the net effect of wave-driven resuspension and current transport averaged over many years. To explore these issues we quantified SARs using 210Pb geochronology at 73 stations on the shelf and upper slope off the Umpqua River, Oregon. Three types of 210Pb profiles were observed: a well-defined roughly 10-cm-thick surface mixing layer (SML) underlain by a zone of logarithmic decrease on the distal mid to outer shelf and slope (type 1, n = 45); a deep (20\u201330-cm thick) SML underlain by a zone of logarithmic decrease in the sandy inner shelf (type 2, n = 8); and a composite profile with two distinct zones of logarithmic decrease below an ~ 10-cm-thick SML in a mid-shelf depocenter adjacent to the river mouth (type 3, n = 21). Type 3 profiles imply a 2\u20134-fold increase in the SAR that occurred, on average, in 1967 \u00b1 13 y. Such an increase in SARs is consistent with the history of industrial logging in the Umpqua basin, which peaked in the two decades after World War II and coincided with a wet phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (1944\u20131978) when average and peak river flows were elevated. Comparison of the Umpqua River shelf depocenter with the well-studied Columbia and Eel River systems reveals some important similarities and differences between these \u2018marine-dispersal dominated\u2019 systems, whereby forcing (e.g., river\u2013ocean coherence) on the Umpqua is comparable to that of the Eel, whereas the spatial pattern is more similar to that of the Columbia. These seemingly paradoxical results can be reconciled by considering the relative significant wave height during periods of elevated sediment delivery.","author":["Wheatcroft, R.","Go\u00f1i, M.","Richardson, K.","Borgeld, J."],"organization":["Humboldt State University","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2013-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.688291500000","-124.181521900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4472","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-glacial-sea-level-change-along-pacific-coast-north-america","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0277379114002030","title":"Post-Glacial Sea-Level Change Along the Pacific Coast of North America","description":"Sea-level history since the Last Glacial Maximum on the Pacific margin of North America is complex and heterogeneous owing to regional differences in crustal deformation (neotectonics), changes in global ocean volumes (eustasy) and the depression and rebound of the Earth\u0027s crust in response to ice sheets on land (isostasy). At the Last Glacial Maximum, the Cordilleran Ice Sheet depressed the crust over which it formed and created a raised forebulge along peripheral areas offshore. This, combined with different tectonic settings along the coast, resulted in divergent relative sea-level responses during the Holocene. For example, sea level was up to 200\u00a0m higher than present in the lower Fraser Valley region of southwest British Columbia, due largely to isostatic depression. At the same time, sea level was 150\u00a0m lower than present in Haida Gwaii, on the northern coast of British Columbia, due to the combined effects of the forebulge raising the land and lower eustatic sea level. A forebulge also developed in parts of southeast Alaska resulting in post-glacial sea levels at least 122\u00a0m lower than present and possibly as low as 165\u00a0m. On the coasts of Washington and Oregon, as well as south-central Alaska, neotectonics and eustasy seem to have played larger roles than isostatic adjustments in controlling relative sea-level changes.","author":["Shugar, D.","Walker, I.","Lian, O.","Eamer, J.","Neudorf, C.","McLaren, D.","Fedje, D."],"organization":["University of the Fraser Valley","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.429332000000","-127.476788000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4473","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reconnaissance-geology-geologic-hazards-offshore-coos-bay-basin-oregon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/b1645","title":"Reconnaissance Geology and Geologic Hazards of the Offshore Coos Bay Basin, Oregon","description":"The offshore Coos Bay basin underlies the continental shelf and upper slope between Heceta Bank and Coquille Bank, Oregon, and comprises a succession of middle Eocene and younger principally marine sedimentary rocks 5,000+ m thick. Three acoustic units have been defined within this basin on the basis of seismic-reflection and sampling data: acoustic unit 1, inferred to be Quaternary in age and to be a maximum of about 500 m thick, is widespread on the continental shelf and slope; acoustic unit 2., inferred to be late Miocene to late Pliocene in age, is exposed on Heceta Bank, on the inner shelf between Cape Blanco and Cape Arago, and, locally, in breached anticlines; and acoustic unit 3, inferred to comprise strata of Eocene to middle Miocene age, is exposed locally in breached anticlines on the inner and middle continental shelf and on the middle of the continental slope. Recurrent major episodes of deformation are evidenced by regional unconformities of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene, early late Miocene, and middle to late Eocene age; these unconformities probably reflect significant changes in the history of plate convergence along this margin.  Potential geologic hazards to offshore development include groups of short north- to northwesttrending faults that cut Quaternary (locally Holocene) deposits on the continental shelf between Cape Arago and Heceta Bank. Seismic activity appears to be low within the offshore basin area; however, a significant possibility exists of damage from tsunamis, sea-floor mass movement, and liquefaction resulting from earthquakes in adjacent regions, notably the northern California continental margin. Unstable sea-floor conditions resulting from recent subaqueous slides and flows appear to be uncommon, although the presence of locally steep slopes and thick accumulations of unconsolidated sediment with unknown engineering characteristics make site-specific studies of sea-flool stability advisable. Buried zones as large as 190 km in area and 2.00 to 2.50 m thick of disrupted and rotated acoustic reflectors appear to record episodes of seafloor failure during Pleistocene low stands of sea level. Several folds showing sea-floor relief, one of which appears to be diapiric, reflect tectonic instability of the modern upper continental slope along the west margin of the basin. Acoustic anomalies suggestive of shallow gas accumulations cover areas of as much as 12.0 km, and combined geophysical and geochemical evidence indicate that gas is being vented at the sea floor in two localities. At one locality, 2.5 km west of Cape Arago, samples contained high methane concentrations and equivocal indications of thermogenic hydrocarbon gas. Reduction of the bearing strength of the enclosing sediment by such gas accumulations enhances the possibility of failure; if these accumulations are of thermogenic origin, they may reflect an overpressured zone at depth.","author":["Clarke, S.","Field, M.","Hirozawa, C."],"organization":["US Department of the Interior (DOI)","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"1985-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.428927300000","-124.228539200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/USGSetal1984.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4474","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-glacial-sea-level-ii-numerical-formulation-comparative-results-spherically","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02553.x\/abstract","title":"On Post-Glacial Sea Level - II. Numerical Formulation and Comparative Results on Spherically Symmetric Models","description":"Theoretical approaches to computing gravitationally self-consistent sea-level changes in consequence of ice growth and ablation are comprised of two parts. The first is a mapping between variations in global sea level and changes in ocean height (required to define the surface load), and the second is a method for computing global sea-level change arising from an arbitrary surface loading. In Mitrovica \u0026 Milne (2003) (Paper I) we described a new, generalized mapping between sea-level change and ocean height that takes exact account of the evolution of shorelines associated with both transgression and regression cycles and time-dependent marine-based ice margins. The theory is valid for any earth model. In this paper we extend our previous work in three ways. First, we derive an efficient, iterative numerical algorithm for solving the generalized sea-level equation. Secondly, we consider a special case of the new sea-level theory involving spherically symmetric earth models. Specifically, we combine our iterative numerical formulation with viscoelastic Love number theory to derive an extended pseudo-spectral algorithm for solving the new sea-level equation. This algorithm represents an extension of earlier methods developed for the fixed-shoreline case to precisely incorporate shoreline migration processes. Finally, using this special case, we quantitatively assess errors incurred in previous efforts to extend the traditional (fixed shoreline) sea-level equation of Farrell \u0026 Clark (1976) to treat time-dependent shorelines. We find that the approximations adopted by Johnston (1993) and Milne (1998) to treat transgression and regression at shorelines introduce negligible (\u223c1 per cent) error into predictions of post-glacial relative sea-level histories. In contrast, the errors associated with the Peltier (1994) sea-level equation are an order of magnitude larger, and comparable to the error incurred using the traditional sea-level theory. Furthermore, our numerical tests verify the high accuracy of the Milne (1998) approximation for treating the influence of grounded, marine-based ice.","author":["Kendall, R.","Mitrovica, J.","Milne, G."],"organization":["Durham University","University of Toronto"],"originationDate":"2005-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4475","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-influence-inflow-turbulence-noise-performance-tidal-turbine-using-large-eddy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114003516","title":"Assessing the Influence of Inflow Turbulence on Noise and Performance of a Tidal Turbine using Large Eddy Simulations","description":"Large eddy simulations of a model scale tidal turbine encountering inflow turbulence have been performed. This has allowed both unsteady blade loading and hydrodynamic noise radiation to be predicted. The study is motivated by the need to assess environmental impact of tidal devices, in terms of their acoustic impact on marine species.  Inflow turbulence was accounted for using a synthetic turbulence generator, with statistics chosen to represent the gross features of a typical tidal flow. The turbine is resolved in a fully unsteady manner using a sliding interface technique within the OpenFOAM\u00ae libraries. Acoustic radiation is estimated using a compact source approximation of the Ffowcs Williams\u2013Hawkings equation.  It is observed that the long streamwise length scale of the inflow turbulence results in characteristic \u2018humps\u2019 in the turbine thrust and torque spectra. This effect is also evident in the far-field noise spectra. The acoustic sources on the blades are visualised in terms of sound pressure level and \u201cPowell\u0027s source term\u201d. These measures show that the dominant sources are concentrated at the blade leading edges towards the tip. This results from the high loading of the turbine blades, and causes the sound to radiate more akin to a monopole than a dipole.  The full scale source level, obtained from scaling of the simulation results, is found to be lower than comparable measured data reported in the literature; this is attributed to additional sources not included in the present study. Based on the predicted source level, no physical impact on fish is expected.","author":["Lloyd, T.","Turnock, S.","Humphrey, V."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4476","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecospatial-information-database-us-atlantic-region","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc955283\/","title":"EcoSpatial Information Database: U.S. Atlantic Region","description":"An EcoSpatial Information Database (ESID, \u201cee-sid\u201d) has been created to make ecological data for the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) of the U.S. Atlantic coast readily accessible through advanced geographic and content data search techniques. A web Geographic Information System (GIS) application, hosted in the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2\u00ae; hereafter referred to as the cloud) was developed to provide broad access to the data and supporting documents. This report describes the processes used to search for, prioritize, and collect literature and datasets, and the development of the geodatabase and web portal that allows the system to be searched.  The ESID was developed by a project team led by AMEC Environment \u0026amp; Infrastructure (AMEC) and included contributors from Atkins (formerly PBS\u0026amp;J), CSA International, Inc. (CSA), Esri\u00ae, and GISbiz Inc. The ESID will help BOEM meet requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to support its leasing decisions.  The ESID project area consists of Federal waters within BOEM\u2019s Atlantic OCS Region, which extends from Maine to central Florida (specifically, the North Atlantic, Mid-Atlantic, and South Atlantic Planning Areas). As specified by BOEM, the resources to be included in the literature and dataset searches were geology, water quality, pelagic ecology, and benthic ecology (including infauna\/meiofauna, demersal fishes, coral and hardbottom communities, and seagrass). The project team conducted extensive searches of literature and datasets to incorporate into the ESID. The team developed a unique search protocol to identify and scientifically screen over 27,000 scientific papers and environmental reports, and approximately 10,000 web links to identify scientific datasets. During the prioritization process, it was determined that 2,717 documents and 391 web links (a total of 3,101 resources, spanning years 1884\u20132010) were relevant to the ESID. These resources were then geospatially referenced and included in the system. A rigorous Quality Assurance\/Quality Control (QA\/QC) program was implemented on all levels of the project to validate the process and the results.  The cloud-based ESID Web Application allows users to search by content and location, view citations and abstracts, export bibliographic entries, view and download documents that are not subject to copyright restrictions, print map views, identify mapped features, and upload additional resources (subject to system administrator approval). The system is designed to accommodate virtually unlimited expansion with any type of resource file on any subject for any geographic area.","author":["Madsen, K.","Zimmer, B.","Fritze, B.","Manzello, L.","Metzger, K."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:19:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EcoSpatial-information-database.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4477","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-underwater-sounds-fishes-other-forms-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acousticstoday.org\/assessing-the-impact-of-underwater-sounds-on-fishes-and-other-forms-of-marine-life-anthony-d-hawkins-and-arthur-n-popper\/","title":"Assessing the Impact of Underwater Sounds on Fishes and Other Forms of Marine Life","description":"Current expansion of offshore industrial activities has led to concern about the impact of man-made sounds upon marine animals (Southall et al., 2007; Hastings, 2008; Popper and Hawkins, 2012, 2014). Offshore oil and gas exploration and developments, wind farm construction and operations, other renewable energy sources, dredging, construction activities, naval sonars, and increases in commercial shipping are all contributing to increased noise in the sea.\n\nWhile most concerns have been focused on effects on marine mammals, similar issues arise with other marine life including fishes, turtles, and invertebrates. While the basic principles we discuss, however, are applicable to all marine groups, the focus of this paper will be on fishes since that is our particular area of research interest.\n\nMany marine animals use sound during their everyday lives to track prey, avoid predators, navigate, and communicate with one another (e.g., Hawkins and Myrberg, 1983). And even species that do not communicate by sound use the acoustic scene (or soundscape) to learn about and exploit their environment (Fay and Popper, 2000). Thus, anything in the environment that interferes with the ability of a fish to detect and use sounds of biological relevance could have a substantial impact on fitness and survival.\n\nA succession of reports and scientific papers has now emphasized the potential risks to marine animals from exposure to man-made sounds or noise (Southall et al., 2007; Popper and Hawkins, 2012, 2014; Popper et al., 2014). Increasingly, environmental assessments of the impact of offshore developments and other activities have been required to consider the effects of underwater noise.\n\nAn environmental assessment essentially evaluates the effects of underwater noise in terms of mortality or any physical injury, impairment to hearing, or behavioral disturbance it might cause to animals in the ocean. The assessment end points are typically aimed at determining whether there is a significant impact on populations of marine animals and on the wider ecosystem. Often a threshold for an adverse effect is sought, and this can lead to conclusions about the likely severity of any impact. This process, referred to as risk assessment, can subsequently be used to construct \u201cwhat-if \u201d scenarios to evaluate methods for effective prevention, control, or mitigation of impacts, and to provide a reasoned basis for action to reduce risks.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4478","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/locating-spawning-haddock-melanogrammus-aeglefinus-linnaeus-1758-sea-means-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783614000502","title":"Locating Spawning Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Linnaeus, 1758) at Sea by Means of Sound","description":"The sites where haddock spawn and the factors that bring the fish together to spawn at particular locations are not well known. We have located haddock in the sea by listening for the sounds this species makes during its reproductive behaviour. The characteristics of the sounds made by haddock were first examined in the aquarium. Listening was then carried out in a Norwegian fjord, where fishers had reported spawning haddock. Long sequences of repeated knocks were heard in the fjord, similar to the display sounds recorded during stereotyped reproductive behaviour in the aquarium. Rapidly repeated knocks and humming were also heard, confirming that fish were engaging in courtship. At night the sounds merged into a continuous low frequency rumble, suggesting that many haddock were present, producing sounds simultaneously. Listening for haddock sounds provides a reliable, non-invasive way of locating aggregations of spawning haddock in the sea, allowing closer definition of the spawning areas. Both fishing and exposure of haddock to man-made noise at the critical time of spawning may have deleterious effects upon reproductive success.","author":["Casaretto, L.","Picciulin, M.","Olsen, K.","Hawkins, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["69.268373000000","19.350436000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4479","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/responses-free-living-coastal-pelagic-fish-impulsive-sounds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/135\/5\/10.1121\/1.4870697","title":"Responses of Free-Living Coastal Pelagic Fish to Impulsive Sounds","description":"The behavior of wild, pelagic fish in response to sound playback was observed with a sonar\/echo sounder. Schools of sprat Sprattus sprattus and mackerel Scomber scombrus were examined at a quiet coastal location. The fish were exposed to a short sequence of repeated impulsive sounds, simulating the strikes from a pile driver, at different sound pressure levels. The incidence of behavioral responses increased with increasing sound level. Sprat schools were more likely to disperse and mackerel schools more likely to change depth. The sound pressure levels to which the fish schools responded on 50% of presentations were 163.2 and 163.3\u2009dB re 1\u2009\u03bcPa peak-to-peak, and the single strike sound exposure levels were 135.0 and 142.0\u2009dB re 1\u2009\u03bcPa(2) s, for sprat and mackerel, respectively, estimated from dose response curves. For sounds leading to mackerel responses, particle velocity levels were also estimated. The method of observation by means of a sonar\/echo sounder proved successful in examining the behavior of unrestrained fish exposed to different sound levels. The technique may allow further testing of the relationship between responsiveness, sound level, and sound characteristics for different types of man-made sound, for a variety of fish species under varied conditions.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Roberts, L.","Cheesman, S."],"organization":["Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)","Subacoustech Ltd","University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4480","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-trace-anthropogenic-structures-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982214007490","title":"Marine Mammals Trace Anthropogenic Structures at Sea","description":"On land, species from all trophic levels have adapted to fill vacant niches in environments heavily modified by humans. In the marine environment, ocean infrastructure has led to artificial reefs, resulting in localized increases in fish and crustacean density. Whether marine apex predators exhibit behavioural adaptations to utilise such a scattered potential resource is unknown. Using high resolution GPS data we show how infrastructure, including wind turbines and pipelines, shapes the movements of individuals from two seal species (Phoca vitulina and Halichoerus grypus). Using state-space models, we infer that these animals are using structures to forage. We highlight the ecological consequences of such behaviour, at a time of unprecedented developments in marine infrastructure.","author":["Russell, D.","Brasseur, S.","Thompson, D.","Hastie, G.","Janik, V.","Aarts, G.","McClintock, B.","Matthiopoulos, J.","Moss, S.","McConnell, B."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Glasgow","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2014-07-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.171045000000","7.089537000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Russell-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4485","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-scottish-west-coast-fishers-exploring-impacts-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911300015X","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and Scottish West Coast Fishers: Exploring Impacts, Opportunities and Potential Mitigation","description":"There is currently a strong political drive for the development of the marine renewable energy industry in Europe, particularly in Scotland. However, little is known regarding the potential impacts upon and opportunities for the fishing industry. Furthermore, there has been little discussion of potential mitigation measures. In depth interviews were conducted with fishers based on the west coast of Scotland to address the gap in knowledge of the potential conflict between offshore renewable energy development and commercial fishers. The key aim of this study was to ascertain the underlying needs of fishers. Three key issues were identified: i) A potential loss of livelihood is of largest concern to fishers; ii) Skills shortages are a potential problem should a loss of livelihood occur; iii) Fishers have varied opinions regarding the potential benefits arising from offshore renewable energy induced changes to the ecosystem. The key needs of fishers were determined to be continued security of employment and income, and control of one\u0027s own life through decision-making based on fact. However, further research is required to answer the question: how can these basic needs be satisfied?","author":["Alexander, K.","Potts, T.","Wilding, T."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4486","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/situ-ecological-interactions-deployed-tidal-energy-device-observational-pilot-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114001835","title":"In-Situ Ecological Interactions with a Deployed Tidal Energy Device; An Observational Pilot Study","description":"At present, few studies exist that consider the relationship between species interactions and key environmental variables, with the added influence of offshore marine renewable energy technologies. Video footage and ADCP survey techniques were used, to examine the presence of fish and velocity flow rates within the vicinity of a deployed tidal energy device. Pilot trials were conducted across 15 day temporal periods, during the summer months of 2009 and 2010. Five random photographic stills were taken from the video footage at hourly intervals throughout each trial day to estimate species presence and abundance. Mean abundance then was compared between hour and day temporal scales and their relationship with velocity rate, for both years.  Pollack, Pollachius pollachius was observed aggregating in shoals temporarily round the deployed device, with larger abundance observed in 2009 than 2010. No other species were identified from the surveys. Pollack abundance was significantly associated to velocity rate for both trial years. Increased abundance was related to a reduction in velocity rate for both years, with shoals potentially using the device for temporary protection or feeding strategies. Responses to tidal velocity also differed between years, with 2009 abundances ranging from 0 to 1.2 m\/s and 2010 abundances between 0.5 and 1.7 m\/s. Overall this preliminary study outlined a potentially useful approach to investigate species responses with new anthropogenic activities in the marine environment.","author":["Broadhurst, M.","Barr, S.","Orme, D."],"organization":["Imperial College London","OpenHydro"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.186211000000","-2.723549000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 11:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4487","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-human-generated-sound-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2008.00134.x\/abstract","title":"The Effects of Human-Generated Sound on Fish","description":"There is growing international concern about the effects of human-generated sound on fish and other aquatic or- ganisms. However, because of a striking paucity of well-designed and controlled experimental data, very little is actually known about the effects of these sounds on fish. Findings suggest that human-generated sounds, even from very high intensity sources, might have no effect in some cases or might result in effects that range from small and temporary shifts in behavior all the way to immediate death. At this point, however, it is nearly impossible to ex- trapolate from results with one sound source, one fish species, or even fish of one size to other sources, species, or fish sizes. The present paper briefly discusses the potential effects of sound on fish, describes some of the more recent well-controlled experimental studies, and points out areas for future study that will be needed before a real understanding of the effects of sound on fish can be developed.","author":["Popper, A.","Hastings, M."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4491","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/are-high-densities-fishes-artificial-reefs-result-habitat-limitation-or-behavioral","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/1989\/00000044\/00000002\/art00009","title":"Are High Densities of Fishes at Artificial Reefs the Result of Habitat Limitation or Behavioral Preference?","description":"Rapid colonization, high fish densities, and high catch rates at artificial reefs have been used as evidence for habitat-limitation and increased production of reef fishes. An alternative hypothesis is that artificial reefs attract fishes due to behavioral preferences but do not increase reef fish production or abundance. Reviewed literature reveals that except in one case evidence for increased production is mostly anecdotal and inadequate. Attraction and\/or production by a particular artificial reef is predicted to depend on the species and individual ages (size) of reef fish, and on reef location. Factors predicted to be important are natural reef availability, mechanisms of natural population limitation, fishery exploitation pressure, life history dependency on reefs, and species-specific and age-specific behavioral characteristics. Increased production is most likely at locations isolated from natural reefs, and for habitat-limited, demersal, philopatric, territorial, and obligatory reef species. Attraction should be more important in locations with abundant natural reef habitat; where exploitation rates are high; and for recruitment-limited, pelagic, highly mobile, partially reef-dependent, and opportunistic reef species. Artificial reefs are unlikely to benefit heavily exploited or overfished populations without other management actions.","author":["Bohnsack, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1989-03-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4502","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/merific-332-passive-acoustic-monitoring-small-cetaceans-isles-scilly","sourceURL":"","title":"MERiFIC 3.3.2: Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Small Cetaceans in the Isles of Scilly","description":"This report was compiled as part of the Marine Energy in Far Peripheral and Island Communities (MERiFIC) project. The MERiFIC project seeks to advance the adoption of marine energy across two regions of Cornwall and Finist\u00e8re by developing \u0027toolkits\u0027 of methodologies and best practice, that will in turn, facilitate the development of sustainable marine renewable energy extraction in similar communities.\n\nMarine Renewable Energy Installations (MREIs) have the potential to make significant contribution to energy supplies. However, their construction, operation and subsequent decommissioning in marine ecosystems may bring associated impacts (potentially positive and negative) to marine species and habitats. Cetaceans have been identified as a species group that may be affected. As such, to facilitate best practice in the development of MREIs, where negative effects are minimised and positive effects are promoted, it is necessary to quantify species distribution and relative abundance, both spatially and temporally, over seasonal and annual time scales.\n\nHere we use autonomous passive acoustic monitoring devices (C-PODS) deployed in coastal water locations of the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall, England, to monitor and subsequently describe, spatial and temporal occurrence of cetacean species in geographically remote locations through autumn and winter months; areas that would likely otherwise be inaccessible to traditional survey methods.","author":["Pikesley, S.","Godley, B.","Witt, M."],"organization":["University of Exeter","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pikesley-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4503","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/merific-332-grey-seal-population-surveys-isles-scilly-parc-naturel-marin-diroise","sourceURL":"","title":"MERiFIC 3.3.2: Grey Seal Population Surveys of the Isles of Scilly and Parc Naturel Marin d\u0027Iroise","description":"The impact of extracting energy from marine environments upon host ecosystems is poorly understood. As such, integrated assessments are required to ensure ecological benefits are gained at the local and regional scale, while meeting the increased need to supply energy from renewable sources.  Work Package 3 of the MERiFIC project has enabled a collaborative partnership to develop between the University of Exeter, Cornwall Seal Group and Parc Naturel Marin d\u2019Iroise (PNMI). The relationship has resulted in a fieldwork programme focusing upon the grey seal (Halichocerus grypus), a species found in the Isles of Scilly and within the Parc Naturel Marin d\u2019Iroise. These regions are the focus of growing interest regarding marine renewable energy extraction from wind, wave and tidal resources. Given their proximity, the regions are likely connected with respect to seal movements; hence, human activities should be carefully considered.  The MERiFIC fieldwork programme in Work Package 3 has gathered data (for task 3.3.2) that will assist any future marine spatial planning activities with respect to marine renewable energy installation.  This document provides an overview of surveys conducted at the two study sites (N=19, 2011-2013). Surveys assessing the abundance of adult and juvenile grey seals were conducted in October 2011, January 2012, May 2012 (Isles of Scilly and PNMI), November 2013 (Isles of Scilly only), January 2013, December 2013 (PNMI only). A survey specific to grey seal pups was also conducted in the Isles of Scilly (October 2011). Each survey of the Isles of Scilly required a single survey team and was completed over two survey days. Each survey of Parc Naturel Marin d\u2019Iroise required two survey teams and was completed in a single day. Surveys for grey seal pups in the Isles of Scilly required a single land-based survey team and covered four known sites in a single day.","author":["Witt, M."],"organization":["Cornwall Marine Network","Parc Naturel Marin d\u0027Iroise","University of Exeter","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.209147000000","-5.029290000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Witt2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4504","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/merific-331-collaborative-field-study-programme","sourceURL":"","title":"MERiFIC 3.3.1: Collaborative Field Study Programme","description":"The MERiFIC project is part of the European programme INTERREG IVa, France (Channel) \u2013 England. This cross\u2010border project brings together England, more specifically the county of Cornwall, and Brittany, specifically the d\u00e9partement of Finist\u00e8re. The purpose of MERiFIC, which stands for \u201cmarine energy in far peripheral and island communities\u201d, is to study the development of marine renewable energies (MREs). Through various issues governing their development:\n\n\n Energy potential,\n Impact on biodiversity,\n Support from public policy and regulatory frameworks,\n Economic development strategies, \u2010 Social acceptability and the involvement of civil society,\n\n\nMERiFIC aims to prepare for the arrival of this new industrial segment and develop decision\u2010making support tools specific to far peripheral and island communities, which are typical of Cornwall, with the Isles of Scilly, and Finist\u00e8re with the islands in Parc Naturel Marin d\u2019Iroise.\n\nParc Naturel Marin d\u2019Iroise is particularly involved in the MERiFIC project in relation to the issues of environmental assessments and environmental impacts. This document is the result of work package 3 within the project: \u201cTechnological support\u201d. This work package covers all the issues relating to the assessment of energy resources (waves and currents), anchoring techniques for surface wave energy equipment, the assessment of biodiversity and environmental impact studies. The sub\u2010theme, covered here, is \u201ctransfer and development of skills on environmental assessment\u201d with a view to a better selection of biodiversity assessment methods.\n\nThis document has been produced further to three workshops, under titles 3.3.4a and 3.3.4b within the project, during which the partners involved had an opportunity to present their environmental assessment work. The purpose was to talk about the methods and tools used and to discuss the results, in order to share know\u2010how and develop shared skills on either side of the Channel.\n\nThree themes were considered during these workshops:\n\n\n Analysis of the use of the space by grey seals,\n Studying of noise and its impact on the environment, focusing on the study of small cetaceans (particularly the harbour porpoise \u2013 Phocoena phocoena \u2013 and the common bottlenose dolphin \u2013 Tursiops truncatus),\n Mapping and monitoring of marine habitats.\n\n\nFor further information, all the presentations are available on the project website (www.merific.eu). The first theme, grey seals, was the subject of an information gathering and discussion exercise in document 3.3.2 \u201cMarine biodiversity and habitat surveys\u201d produced by the University of Exeter.\n\nIn this document, we have decided to concentrate on the theme of noise and its impact on small cetaceans (dolphins in particular). Acoustic research is becoming more and more widely used. It is a relatively recent addition to the environmental field, and there are still many uncertainties around it when it comes to choosing means and methods. This document takes stock of these activities and concludes by establishing a shared work programme that includes methods of assessment for the presence and distribution of marine mammals.","author":["Sotta, C.","Witt, M.","Le Niliot, P."],"organization":["Parc Naturel Marin d\u0027Iroise","University of Exeter","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.086848000000","-1.597267000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 05:16:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sotta-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4507","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-impacts-wave-energy-converter-arrays-nearshore-wave-climate","sourceURL":"","title":"Analysis of the Impacts of Wave Energy Converter Arrays on the Nearshore Wave Climate","description":"This study analyzes the impacts of offshore Wave Energy Converter (WEC) arrays on far-field waves and on nearshore wave-induced hydrodynamic forcing for a variety of array designs and incident wave conditions. The main objective of the study is to provide general conclusions on the nearshore impacts of WEC arrays in order to facilitate the assessment of future field test sites. The study utilizes the spectral wave model SWAN. Two array configurations are simulated, and WEC arrays are located either 5, 10, or 15 km offshore. Input conditions include parametric JONSWAP spectra with a range of offshore wave heights and periods. Trials are conducted with a directional wave field with the dominant direction being shore normal in all cases. Arrays are represented in SWAN through the external modification of the wave spectra at the device locations based on an experimentally-determined Power Transfer Function. Based on an analysis of existing field data, a new threshold for nearshore hydrodynamic impact is also established. The threshold represents an empirical relationship between radiation stress and longshore current magnitude. This threshold value is subsequently used as an indicator of when significant changes in the nearshore forcing are induced by WEC arrays. Results show that the changes in nearshore forcing parameters decrease as the distance between the array and the shore increases. Additionally, a more significant change in nearshore forcing parameters is seen in cases with larger input wave heights and periods and with low directional spread. The incident wave conditions, array configurations, and array locations that lead to nearshore impact are identified and assessed.","author":["O\u0027Dea, A.","Haller, M."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ODea-and-Haller-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4508","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatio-temporal-resolution-different-flow-measurement-techniques-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49225","title":"Spatio-Temporal Resolution of Different Flow Measurement Techniques for Marine Renewable Energy Applications","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy conversion devices are subject to a wide range of turbulent scales, either due to upstream bathymetry, obstacles and waves, or from wakes of upstream devices in array configurations. The commonly used, robust Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) are well suited for long term flow measurements in the marine environment, but are limited to low sampling rates due to their operational principle. The resulting temporal and spatial resolution is insufficient to measure all turbulence scales of interest to the device, e.g., \u0022blade-scale turbulence.\u0027\u0027 The present study systematically characterizes the spatial and temporal resolution of ADCP and Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV). Simulations were used to quantitatively investigate the flow scales that each of the instruments can resolve in low and high turbulence intensity flows. For comparison, measurements were conducted at the UNH Tidal Energy Test Site in Great Bay Estuary at General Sullivan Bridge. The purpose of the study is to supply data for mathematical modeling to improve predictions from ADCP measurements, which can help lead to higher-fidelity energy resource assessment and more accurate device evaluation, including wake measurements.","author":["Lyon, V.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/104-Lyon.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4509","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-adaptable-monitoring-package-marine-renewable-energy-projects-part-i","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49228","title":"Development of an Adaptable Monitoring Package for Marine Renewable Energy Projects Part I: Conceptual Design and Operation","description":"Environmental monitoring of marine renewable energy projects is needed to reduce environmental uncertainties and enable sustainable commercial implementations. An Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP), along with the support infrastructure required to perform maintenance of the AMP, is being developed to enable real-time environmental monitoring of marine renewable energy converters. The monitoring capabilities supported by the AMP include marine animal interactions with converters, noise levels, current and wave fields, and water quality. The core instrumentation on the AMP is comprised of a hybrid stereo-optical and acoustical camera system, a localizing hydrophone array, acoustic Doppler current profilers and velocimeters, a water quality sensor, cetacean click detector, and fish tag receiver. For an initial deployment to monitor a tidal turbine in deep water, the AMP is integrated into the converter structure and connected to shore via the turbine export cable, but can be disconnected and recovered for maintenance independently of the turbine. The AMP is deployed by a SeaEye Falcon inspectionclass ROV and a custom tool skid. This paper describes the function, design, and dynamic stability of the AMP and deployment ROV. The conceptual design and approach to operations, to be confirmed through field testing, suggests that the AMP is likely to meet the need for high-bandwidth monitoring of marine renewable energy converters at an acceptable cost.","author":["Rush, B.","Joslin, J.","Stewart, A.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rushetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4510","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tagged-species-detection-approach-monitoring-marine-species-marine-hydrokinetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49194","title":"Tagged Species Detection: Approach to Monitoring Marine Species at Marine Hydrokinetic Projects","description":"Verdant Power, LLC (Verdant) is licensed to operate an array of up to 30 kinetic hydropower turbines in East River, NY. During the licensing process, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), the federal regulatory agency responsible for protecting Endangered Species Act (ESA)\u2010 listed Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons, expressed concern regarding the potential interaction of these species with the turbines. To advance understanding of potential interactions, Verdant, partnering with the marine fishery community through the Atlantic Cooperative Telemetry (ACT) Network, installed 3 VEMCO fixed detection devices near the Project to collect presence and distribution data on sturgeon tagged by the ACT researchers. During the 25 months that the receivers have been deployed, 22 tagged fish ranging in size from 150 cm have been detected including 15 Atlantic sturgeon. These data have provided valuable spatial and temporal distribution information and represent the first documented proof that sturgeon migrate through the East River.","author":["Tomichek, C.","Colby, J.","Adonizio, M.","Frisk, M.","Dunton, K.","Fox, D.","Jordaan, A."],"organization":["Delaware State University","Kleinschmidt Associates","State University of New York","University of Massachusetts","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tomichecketal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4511","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-impacts-energy-extraction-gulf-stream-system","sourceURL":"","title":"Modeling Impacts of Energy Extraction from the Gulf Stream System","description":"Ocean currents are an attractive source of clean energy due to their inherent reliability, persistence and sustainability. The Gulf Stream system, particularly the Florida Current, is of interest as a potential energy resource for some coastal states within the USA. However, little is known about the potential impacts of extracting energy from this unconfined flow field. The presented study takes two approaches to evaluate the modifications of the flow field upon extraction of significant energy from the Florida Current. First, the theoretical momentum balance in the Gulf Stream system is examined using the two-dimensional ocean circulation equations based on the assumptions of the Stommel model for subtropical gyres with additional turbine drag formulated and incorporated into the model to represent power extraction by turbines. The impact of the extraction is evaluated by examining the new circulation patterns such as the flow diversion around the turbine extraction region. Secondly, a full numerical simulation of the ocean circulation in the Atlantic Ocean is performed using Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and power extraction from the Florida Current is modeled as additional momentum sink. Various scenarios with different turbine distributions are tested. Effects of power extraction are shown to include flow rerouting from the Florida Strait channel to the east side of the Bahamas. Other effects, such as changes to the residual kinetic energy as well as the water level variations are also evaluated for different scenarios.","author":["Haas, K.","Yang, X.","Fritz, H."],"organization":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.488000000000","-80.047000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Modeling-impacts-of-energy-extraction-from-the-Gulf-Stream.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4512","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scaling-spatial-temporal-biological-variability-marine-renewable-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49198","title":"Scaling of Spatial and Temporal Biological Variability at Marine Renewable Energy Sites","description":"Baseline characterization of fish and macrozooplankton is required for marine renewable energy (MRE) site developments such as offshore wind, surface wave, and tidal power. Baseline measurements typically cover a small proportion of the total project area and need to be scaled to develop monitoring programs at pilot and commercial sites after installation. Spatial representativeness, the range to which observations from a point source can be interpolated, can be used to calculate the density of point source monitoring instruments. We demonstrate a framework for calculating the spatial representativeness of stationary splitbeam echosounders used to monitor pelagic fish and macrozooplankton at MRE sites by comparing observed variability between mobile and stationary acoustic surveys at a proposed MRE tidal site in Puget Sound, WA. Three approaches were used to test the consistency of spatial representativeness estimates. First, stationary observations of nekton variability were compared to mobile observations at different spatial scales to identify the scale at which similar patterns and variability were measured. Second, correlation coefficient models generated from spatial and temporal variograms and autocorrelation were used to describe the representativeness of point sources as a function of range. Spatial autocorrelation was used to show that nekton abundance measurements became independent at 300m, while temporal measurements became independent within 24 seconds. Third, an equation translating power law slopes of the spatial and temporal global wavelet spectrums, analogous to spectral densities, was used to translate variability between spatial and temporal measurement scales. Preliminary results indicate that spatial (Log10(Wavelet Power) = 1.24 + 0.223log10(meters)) and temporal (Log10(Wavelet Power) = 0.74 + 0.405log10(hours) power laws are equivalent at scales of approximately one month and 1 km. Subtracting these equations gives a scalar equation to translate between spatial and temporal variability across measurement scales. A standardized spatial representativeness calculation provides an objective technique to determine minimum monitoring effort, maximizes the cost effectiveness of monitoring for developers, and ensures adequate monitoring resolution for environmental regulators.","author":["Jacques, D.","Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jacquesetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4513","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annex-iv-investigating-environmental-effects-wave-tidal-devices-through-international","sourceURL":"","title":"Annex IV - Investigating Environmental Effects of Wave and Tidal Devices Through International Cooperation","description":"The pace of development for marine energy projects worldwide continues to be hindered by uncertainty surrounding potential environmental effects of wave and tidal devices and the balance of system. In response to this continued uncertainty, member nations of the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) developed a collaborative project \u2013 Annex IV \u2013 to increase collection and sharing of knowledge, research collaborations around high priority environmental interactions, and relevancy of the information to permitting (consenting) processes. The culmination of Annex IV Phase 1 is a searchable database of current literature and reports on environmental effects of marine energy development, and an analysis of three key interactions of devices and the marine environment.  The initial phase of Annex IV concluded in 2013 with an examination of three priority environmental concerns: 1) interaction of aquatic animals with turbine blades; 2) effects of underwater noise from tidal and wave devices on marine animals; and 3) effects of energy removal on physical systems. Each priority interaction (or \u201ccase study\u201d) examined published literature, compliance and investigative reports, and information and metadata gathered directly from device developers and researchers. This information was used to: reach preliminary conclusions on the importance of each interaction to the environment; assess the level of certainty surrounding each interaction; and highlight key research gaps that hinder a deeper understanding of the interaction. This paper will present the findings of each case study and discuss the importance that each of the three priority interactions continue to play in permitting wave and tidal devices.","author":["Copping, A.","Hanna, L.","Battey, H.","Brown-Saracino, J."],"organization":["New West Technologies","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4514","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-measurement-test-plan-determine-effects-hydrokinetic-turbine-deployment-canal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49217","title":"Field Measurement Test Plan to Determine Effects of Hydrokinetic Turbine Deployment on Canal Test Site in Yakima, WA, USA","description":"The primary goal of the Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Program is to efficiently develop and utilize the country\u2019s marine hydrokinetic (MHK) and conventional hydropower (CH) resources. The program has recently identified the need to better understand the potential for hydrokinetic energy development within existing canal systems that may already have integrated CH plants. Hydrokinetic (HK) turbine operation can alter water surface elevations and modify the flow in a canal. Significant water level alterations and hydrodynamic energy losses are generally undesirable not only for CH plan operations, but also for irrigation and flood management operations.  The goal of this study is to better understand the effect of operating individual and arrays of devices on local water operations through field measurements and numerical modeling. A methodology to study the effect of hydrokinetic turbine deployment in a test site in Roza Canal, Yakima, WA, is presented. The methodology comprises detailed water level and velocity measurements to characterize energy gradeline and inflow and wakeflow fields. Results from a preliminary testing are also discussed.","author":["Gunawan, B.","Neary, V.","Roberts, J.","Dallman, A.","Grovue, S.","Mortensen, J.","Heiner, B."],"organization":["Instream Energy Systems","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","US Bureau of Reclamation"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.594000000000","-120.548000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/96-Gunawan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4515","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/array-optimization-tidal-energy-extraction-tidal-channel-numerical-modeling-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vtechworks.lib.vt.edu\/handle\/10919\/49233","title":"Array Optimization for Tidal Energy Extraction in a Tidal Channel - A Numerical Modeling Analysis","description":"This paper presents an application of a hydrodynamic model to simulate tidal energy extraction in a tidal dominated estuary in the Pacific Northwest coast. A series of numerical experiments were carried out to simulate tidal energy extraction with different turbine array configurations, including location, spacing and array size. Preliminary model results suggest that array optimization for tidal energy extraction in a real-world site is a very complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors. Numerical models can be used effectively to assist turbine siting and array arrangement in a tidal turbine farm for tidal energy extraction.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.263389000000","-122.557550000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Yangetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4516","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ices-wgmbred-report-2013-report-working-group-marine-benthal-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"ICES WGMBRED Report 2013: Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED)","description":"The 2013 annual meeting of the working group \u2018Marine Benthal and Renewable En-ergy developments\u2019 was held on the 19-22 March at the laboratory of \u0027Continental and Coastal Morphodynamic\u0027 in Caen, France. The meeting was attended by 21 ex-perts, representing nine countries (Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Po-land, Sweden, UK, Netherlands). The meeting was co-chaired by Jennifer Dannheim (Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) and Andrew B. Gill (Cranfield University, UK). The terms of references were summarized in three thematic subgroups: (A) The \u2018knowledge group\u2019 (ToR A, E) will evaluate and review existing knowledge of the effects of offshore renewable constructions and related topics (e.g. artificial reefs). (B) The \u2018monitoring group\u2019 (ToR B, F) will review and evaluate sampling techniques the scientific efficiency of ongoing monitoring programmes of offshore renewable con-struction projects by identifying knowledge gaps and simplifying future standard-ized research. (C) The \u2018metadatabase group\u2019 (ToR C, D) will develop a database of metadata that will help to cross-foster research and target monitoring, as well as fu-ture modelling approaches.  The knowledge group will develop a set of hypothesis-driven pathways from a con-ceptual scheme of cause\u2013effect relationships (outcome of the WKEOMB) and will evaluate how knowledge of related topics (e.g. artificial reefs) can contribute to the issue of effects of renewable energy constructions. The disentanglement of the con-ceptual scheme began with consideration of components of relevance to societal is-sues, i.e. the benthal being (1) a \u2018biogeochemical reactor\u2019, (2) a source of biodiversity and (3) a source of food resources for higher trophic levels. Schemes were simplified and text descriptors of the processes (i.e. the hypotheses) that link the remaining components were formulated. During subsequent meetings, prioritization of the most important cause\u2013effect relationships and the description of the main pathways of cause\u2013effect-chains will be done.  The monitoring group will review why monitoring is needed, what needs to be moni-tored and how best to achieve those needs. This requires reviewing existing guidance for monitoring for marine renewables and other relevant marine activities. It was identified that time and spatial scale was crucial to the determination of the need to monitor and consequently what data should be collected and the best methodologies. Also identification of the type and extent of change, in the context of determining any significance, compared to natural variability and other effectors of change to the ben-thal community. The next stage is to write a review paper concerning monitoring and the crucial issues that were identified by the group. This will then be linked into the activities of the other two groups.  The metadatabase group was suggested to link to the T\u00e9thys ANNEX IV knowledge-management system, which is a USA-led collaborative project to gather and share information on the environmental effects of ocean energy development (tidal, wave, and ocean current) under the auspices of the Ocean Energy Systems (OES). A metadatabase will improve information exchange and guidelines for sampling tech-niques on renewable energy construction monitoring techniques (linked back to the monitoring group) and will simplify collaboration in the research field of marine re-newables effects on the benthal in the future.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2013-03-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WGMBRED13.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4518","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-datasets-marine-mammals-learning-past-manage-future","sourceURL":"","title":"Long-Term Datasets on Marine Mammals: Learning from the Past to Manage the Future","description":"Abstract book: 25th Annual Conference of the European Cetacean Society 21st \u2013 23rd March 2011, Cadiz, Spain  THEME Long-term datasets on marine mammals: learning from the past to manage the future  VENUE Palacio de Congresos and Aulario la Bomba, Cadiz","author":["European Cetacean Society"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-03-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Long-term-datasets-on-marine-mammals-BOOK.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4523","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-marine-renewables-industry-relation-marine-mammals-synthesis-work","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/265728493_Assessment_of_the_marine_renewables_industry_in_relation_to_marine_mammals_synthesis_of_work_undertaken_by_the_ICES_Working_Group_on_Marine_Mammal_Ecology_WGMME","title":"Assessment of the Marine Renewables Industry in Relation to Marine Mammals: Synthesis of Work Undertaken by the ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME)","description":"Marine renewables is a rapidly developing industry. In past meetings, the ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME1) looked at the effects of construction and operation of windfarms (ICES WGMME 2010), tidal devices (ICES WGMME 2011) and wave energy converters (ICES WGMME 2012) on marine mammals1. This included an overview of some of the features of renewable energy devices and the distribution and scale of developments in the ICES Area. Further information on these can be found in the respective reports. In addition, in 2010 the WGMME presented an overview of each country\u2019s guidelines on monitoring and mitigation of the effects of the offshore wind renewable energy sector. Preliminary guidelines for the wet renewable energy sectors were reviewed in 2011 and 2012. As wet renewable devices are at a relatively early stage of development, so are their guidelines and knowledge of the potential interactions with marine mammals is limited; based purely on first interactions and inferences derived from comparisons with other industries such as offshore wind, fisheries, and oil and gas developments.\n\nThis current synthesis summarizes the known and proposed effects of construction, operation and decommissioning of renewable energy devices on marine mammals, highlights information data gaps and presents the main recommendations of the ICES WGMME.","author":["Murphy, S.","Tougaard, J.","Wilson, B.","Benjamins, S.","Haelters, J.","Lucke, K.","Werner, S.","Brensing, K.","Thompson, D.","Hastie, G.","Geelhoed, S.","Lees, G.","Davies, I.","Graw, K.","Pinn, E."],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)","International Whaling Commission (IWC)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Murphy-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4529","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/merific-321-documentary-summary-environmental-impact-renewable-marine-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"MERiFIC 3.2.1: Documentary Summary of the Environmental Impact of Renewable Marine Energy","description":"Today, many countries have become aware of the need to integrate \u2018renewable energy\u2019 into their energy policies to compensate for their limited resources of combustible fossil fuels, achieve energy security for the future and reduce the effects of climate change that result from human activities (MacKay, 2009).\n\nThere are numerous possibilities for using the sea to producing energy. Notably the energy of waves (houlomotrice), the energy of currents (hydrolienne), the energy of tides (maremotrice), the energy of the wind (eolienne), the thermal energy (ETM), energy related to gradients of salt content (salinity), etc.\n\nSuitable sites are selected by the promoters based on technical criteria: depth, reasonable distance from the coast, near a landfall point, nature of the seabed, etc. These sites could correspond with areas important for the good functioning of ecosystems (such as spawning and nursery) or pathways of migratory species. Generally, the coastal zone is a key area for the whole of the food chain (plankton, fish and invertebrates, marine mammals, birds). Marine energy has an impact on all compartments of the marine environment and land in relation with these: the water column, the seabed, the airspace etc.\n\nTo avoid impacting these important ecological and trophic areas, it is necessary to know the levels of conservation, sensitivity and resilience of species and habitats when planning this type of project. These assessments are used to define sites with the least environmental constraints. Subsequently, integrated environmental impact assessments, both positive and negative, will identify some of the environmental benefits and damage that will occur during implantation and implementation of MRE, and thus provide plans for evasive action, repair and restoration to compensate for these damages.\n\nThe scientific literature points out that the potential impacts of this type of activity will be different depending on the various phases of construction, operation and dismantling. These effects are of concern as they will have an impact on habitats and species displacement, changes in turbidity of the water, effects on species associated with vibrations and noise, the magnetic fields of cable networks, the effects of collisions with birds (Annex 1).","author":["Sotta, C."],"organization":["Parc Naturel Marin d\u0027Iroise","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/3-2-1_Documentary_summary_EN-MERiFIC-web.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4531","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/merific-612-civil-society-involvement-social-acceptability-marine-energy-projects","sourceURL":"","title":"MERiFIC 6.1.2: Civil Society Involvement and Social Acceptability of Marine Energy Projects","description":"Various EU policies identify marine energy, an array of technologies, as a key emerging area (Renewable Energy Sources Directive, Europe 2020 Strategy). Their development is, among other reasons, conditioned upon their social acceptability. Hence, their deployment depends on the ability of developers to work with communities and stakeholders to ensure consideration to local concerns and needs. How this is achieved is not outlined in European law and national governments must work out their own strategies to overcome the barriers linked to social acceptability.  This guide focuses on the technologies harnessing wave, tidal and current energy through semi or fully submerged devices. Offshore wind is also included as its maturity offers transferable lessons to future marine-based systems.  The focus is on the community level of acceptance and distinguishing it from the public \/socio-political acceptance and the market acceptance, more limited to technological uptake. The guide presents evidence from a number of European examples that reinforces the key message of this report \u2013 the needs and objectives of developers are best met by working with stakeholders and building trust, adopting collaborative rather than adversarial positions.  Social acceptability of a given project is the result of a shared effort between developers and stakeholders to set the ideal conditions for integrating the project within its environmental and human context (ENEA, 2012).  Experiences are presented around a matrix combining the selection of marine renewable energy projects and the generic type of strategies deployed to cover interested parties in planning and implementing following three important paths as summarised by Soerensen et al. (2003) as:    through information about ongoing development (information)  through involvement in the decision making process (planning participation)  through stakeholder engagement with financial involvement in the project (financial participation)   It is important to note here that each strategy does not exclude the other ones.  At this stage developers could be guided toward best practice in the following ways;    Start stakeholder engagement as early as possible.  Ensure that relevant information is made accessible to all stakeholders.  Develop a sound platform of exchange \u2013 and do it in a timely: Going beyond minimal requirements.  Illustrate as clearly as possible the potential impacts and benefits of the project.  Create direct opportunities for local businesses by linking them to the project from inception to operation.  Foster financial participation to renewable marine energy project: from stakeholder to shareholder.   The reach of the conclusions and their potential generalisation are limited by the number of projects reviewed. To date, projects generally lack maturity and most are either test or pilot sites which may not reflect the conditions of larger industrial scale projects. However, the experiences from mature offshore wind farms and other relevant marine projects have transferable best practices.  This is not a step by step guide and it is to be complemented by another document including a toolbox and associated methodology.","author":["Delvaux, P.","Rabuteau, Y.","Stanley, K."],"organization":["ACTeon","Marine Energy in Far Peripheral Island Communities (MERiFIC)"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MERiFIC-6.1.2-Civil-society-involvement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4532","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-coastal-renewable-energy-potential-ecological-benefits-impacts-large-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nerc.ac.uk\/research\/funded\/programmes\/mre\/marine-scoping-study-1\/","title":"Offshore and Coastal Renewable Energy: Potential Ecological Benefits and Impacts of Large-scale Offshore and Coastal Renewable Energy Projects","description":"The purpose of this report is to identify research needed to determine the impacts\u00a0and benefits of large-scale marine renewable energy projects, and to allow NERC to\u00a0develop detailed plans for research activities in the 2009 Theme Action Plans. The\u00a0overarching research challenge is to demonstrate the benefits of including\u00a0environmental thinking in energy technology development, and to raise the profile of\u00a0environmentally focused, as opposed to technologically driven, science in the energy arena. Our review therefore focuses on: (i) identification of the key science\u00a0challenges and research opportunities and (ii) indications of where NERC science\u00a0can contribute most and institutions which should be involved.\n\nEnvironmental research in relation to marine renewable energy is progressing\u00a0against a background of a complex funding and research landscape with a wide\u00a0diversity of organisations involved, with research being undertaken on behalf of\u00a0regulatory bodies, policy makers and developers. The main focus to date has been\u00a0the DECC \/ COWRIE Research Programme overseen by a multi-agency Research\u00a0Advisory Group. This group has prioritised and commissioned research to support\u00a0deployment and licensing of arrays of wind turbines, and is now focussing mainly on\u00a0the needs of the wave and tidal energy sector. All Oceans 2025 partners have been\u00a0involved in delivering some of this research, which has included development of\u00a0appropriate methods and novel technologies for studying organisms in hostile\u00a0environments, studies focused on individual species and communities and their\u00a0interactions with renewable energy technologies, as well as exploring the nature of\u00a0potential ecosystem and economic benefits.","author":["Linley, A.","Laffont, K.","Wilson, B.","Elliott, M.","Perez-Dominguez, R.","Burdon, D."],"organization":["Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)","PML Applications Ltd","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Linley-et-al-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4533","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-recent-literature-relevant-environmental-effects-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-21846.pdf","title":"Review of Recent Literature Relevant to the Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Devices 2013","description":"A literature search was conducted to identify recent articles that would be useful to help assess the potential environmental effects of renewable energy development in the ocean, with emphasis on seabirds and fish. It was clear that the potential effects frequently were offered as hypotheses that were not supported by appropriate documentation. Therefore, the literature search was refined and focused on trying to obtain the necessary information to support or challenge a proposed potential effect.\n\nTwo case studies were developed to investigate the validity of the concerns that an offshore wave park proposed for development off Reedsport, Oregon, would affect two federally protected species, the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) and the green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris). The literature review showed that the marbled murrelets could encounter the wave park proposed for Reedsport, but most birds would pass the park over shallower waters that are closer to shore. Although the interaction between the proposed wave park and marbled murrelets cannot be excluded, the description of the wave park and the literature on murrelet biology suggest that the likelihood of an adverse interaction between the park and murrelets is low. Similarly, some Southern green sturgeons, a distinct population segment, migrating north to estuaries along the Oregon and Washington coasts would encounter the wave park proposed for Reedsport and its associated shoreward transmission cable, but most sturgeons would pass the park in shallower waters that are closer to shore. Migrating sturgeons would be exposed to some electromagnetic field levels, but those would not be expected to adversely affect the sturgeon population because field strength diminishes to levels near background at short distances from the cable and most fish swim relatively close to shore where they would only encounter the single transmission cable.","author":["Kropp, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kropp-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4534","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-nations-de-facto-marine-protected-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov\/helpful_resources\/inventoryfiles\/defacto_mpa_report_0608.pdf","title":"State of the Nation\u0027s de Facto Marine Protected Areas","description":"This report is the first synthesis of information on the location, purpose, and restrictions for all federal de facto marine protected areas (DFMPAs) in the United States. This report reveals important trends in how areas that are established for purposes other than conservation are used, and describes whether and how these areas limit access or restrict human activities (such as fishing and recreation). This is viewed as a first step towards assessing how these areas contribute to conservation of marine resources nationwide.","author":["Grober-Dunsmore, R.","Canny, D.","D\u0027Iorio, M.","Wahle, C.","Wenzel, L.","Woodnick, L."],"organization":["National Marine Protected Areas Center"],"originationDate":"2008-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Groberetal2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4536","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-marine-renewable-energy-devices-stepping-stones-across-biogeographical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12207\/abstract","title":"Offshore Marine Renewable Energy Devices as Stepping Stones Across Biogeographical Boundaries","description":"Offshore renewable energy provides an increasing component of our electricity supply. We have limited understanding of the potential environmental impacts of these developments, particularly in the move to larger scales. Surfaces provided by devices offer novel habitat to marine organisms, which may allow species to spread to new areas.  We used coupled biological and hydrodynamic models to investigate the spread of intertidal marine organisms with pelagic larvae (such as barnacles or gastropods) in the region around south-western Scotland. We assessed the impact of novel habitat on dispersal and its role in allowing transgression of physical barriers.  Model renewable energy device sites provided habitat for pelagic larval particles that would otherwise have been lost offshore. They also provided a source of larvae for existing coastal sites.  Many offshore devices fulfilled source and destination (or intermediate connection) roles, creating new dispersal pathways, and allowing previously impossible northward dispersal from the Northern Irish coast to Scotland.  Synthesis and applications. New habitat close to biogeographical barriers has implications for existing species\u2019 distributions and genetic population structure. It also affects the spread of non-native species and \u2018climate migrants\u2019. Monitoring these sites for the presence of such species will be important in determining the future ecology of coastal habitat and in maintaining economic aquaculture and marina operations. Future model studies should focus on particular species of importance, taking account of their biology and current distribution.","author":["Adams, T.","Miller, R.","Aleynik, D.","Burrows, M."],"organization":["British Ecological Society","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 05:29:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4540","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-noise-turn-it-down-report-ocean-noise-pollution","sourceURL":"","title":"Ocean Noise: Turn it down - A report on ocean noise pollution","description":"The great whales and other marine species that share our ocean planet swim in a sea of troubles. Threats to these magnificent creatures and their underwater habitats seem to proliferate daily. Industrial chemicals, heavy metals and fertilisers, inappropriate coastal development, a rising tide of solid waste, entanglement in outmoded fishing gear, collisions with high- speed vessels, resurgent commercial whaling in the 21st Century and now the massive threat of climate change all threaten their survival. On top of these comes a new, emerging threat, as insidious as it is invisible: ocean noise pollution.  Today humankind is unleashing an acoustic onslaught on the seas. The collective cacophony of millions of noisy ships and boats, the shattering blasts of airguns used in seismic surveys, the deafening din from unrestricted use of high intensity naval sonar and other man-made sounds have begun to silence the natural songs of the sea.  For creatures that depend on their sense of sound to survive this is a severe threat. Unbridled noise pollution is drowning out the calls of whales and other marine mammals with life-threatening consequences for finding food, mating, nurturing young, navigating and communicating across their vast watery realm. Ocean noise pollution is already driving some marine mammals from their breeding and feeding grounds. And while we have much more left to learn, leading marine scientists warn that in addition to losing their hearing from the worst of our largely uncontrolled ocean noise pollution, some marine mammals are already being killed by it.  In a sense, thoughtful policy makers considering this complex issue face the same challenge as the marine mammals IFAW is working to protect: how to separate important sounds and signals from the ambient background noise. This new IFAW report and the practical, science-based policy recommendations it contains provide a clarion call for humanity to turn down the volume. While there is uncertainty about the scale of the harm ocean noise pollution is already causing, it is time for the international community - for governments, international bodies, industry and individuals - to work together to take precautionary action now. Without such collective action the relentless increase in ocean noise pollution may soon threaten marine mammals at population levels. What a terrible irony it would be if the ultimate effects of this `invisible pollution\u2019 became obvious only once it was too late.","author":["McKenna, C.","International Fund for Animal Welfare"],"organization":["International Fund for Animal Welfare"],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McKenna-et-al-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4543","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-anthropogenic-sound-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/archives.esf.org\/fileadmin\/Public_documents\/Publications\/MBpp13.pdf","title":"The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals","description":"In some parts of the world the next two decades will probably see increasing levels of offshore industrial development and this will almost certainly lead to increased amounts of noise pollution in the oceans. Added to this, there is a great deal of speculation about whether current or future levels of anthropogenic sound are likely to be harmful to marine life. Some people advocate banning or curtailing some forms of activity and many of these people cite the potential sensitivity of marine mammals to anthropogenic sound as the reason for their concern. A few incidents involving the stranding of cetaceans in proximity to some sources of anthropogenic sound have brought this opinion into sharp relief. This position has been accompanied by some speculation about possible effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals that moves well beyond the knowledge available from current data and information.  Marine mammals could be one of the more sensitive groups of marine species because some species have a highly developed auditory system and use sound actively for feeding and for social communication. It is also known that some marine mammal populations are vulnerable to the effects of habitat loss or reduced survival and reproductive rate. Marine mammals have also become totems of environmental awareness and sustainability and this has resulted in a controversial stand-off between environmental groups and those who are responsible for producing sound in the oceans.  The problem faced by society is that many economically important activities are at risk because of a lack of information about the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals. The Precautionary Principle has probably achieved customary status in international maritime legislation where the marine environment is involved, which means that the Precautionary Principle is likely to be applied even if it is not specifically stated. This also probably means that it is no longer satisfactory for users of the oceans to ask for evidence of the effects of some activities before they take action to mitigate these effects. Precautionary regulation is leading to considerable burdens being placed upon future development in some areas, but implementation is patchy. This patchy implementation is evident when one considers the different levels of regulation placed on the oil and gas industry compared with those imposed on the fishing industry. The report presented here brings forward a view from the marine mammal specialists within the scientific community about the research effort that is needed to assess the effects of anthropogenic sound upon marine mammals.  The test of a research strategy is whether funding organisations use it to provide an underpinning rationale for investing in research. Since the workshop that resulted in this report took place, two new research initiatives have been developed. Both initiatives involve multi-stakeholder collaborations because, as recognised in this report, the biological problems associated with investigating the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine life are so large that probably no single organisation is capable of funding the research effort. In one case, a consortium of oil and gas companies has built a fund of more than $25 million to investigate the effects of sound on marine life (see www.soundandmarinelife.org) and in the other case, the US Navy, assisted by other funders that also includes the oil and gas industry Sound and Marine Life Program, have sponsored a sound playback experiment on beaked whales. These initiatives reflect a serious intent on the part of organisations that actively emit sound into the oceans to address current environmental concerns. In both these cases, the research strategy in the report presented here has helped to focus their research effort on the principal research questions and approaches.  The report is a consensus of views from across the community of active researchers in the field of marine mammals. Where there are such controversial issues a consensus is often difficult to achieve. I am grateful to all those involved for entering into this initiative in a spirit of cooperation and for not allowing the debate to become polarised to such an extent that it undermined the outcome. I am also very grateful to the Marine Board of the European Science Foundation for sponsoring the workshop and for endorsing the emerging research strategy. I hope that others will find the research strategy presented here to be a useful reference for a long time into the future.","author":["Boyd, I.","Brownell, B.","Cato, D.","Clark, C.","Costa, D.","Evans, P.","Gedamke, J.","Gentry, R.","Gisiner, R.","Gordon, J.","Jepson, P.","Miller, P.","Rendell, L.","Tasker, M.","Tyack, P.","Vos, E.","Whitehead, H.","Wartzok, D.","Zimmer, W."],"organization":["European Science Foundation Marine Board"],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Boyd_et_al_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4544","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-guidance-underwater-noise-european-seas-part-i","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC88733","title":"Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas, Part I","description":"The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires European Member States (MS) to develop strategies that should lead to programmes of measures that achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) in European Seas. As an essential step reaching good environmental status, MS should establish monitoring programmes for assessment, enabling the state of the marine waters concerned to be evaluated on a regular basis.\n\nIn 2010, in Commission Decision 2010\/477\/EU, criteria and methodological standards on GES of marine waters were published. Two indicators were described for Descriptor 11 (Noise\/Energy): Indicator 11.1.1 on low and mid frequency impulsive sounds and Indicator 11.2.1 on continuous low frequency sound (ambient noise).\n\nAs a follow up to the Commission Decision, the Marine Directors in 2010 agreed to establish a Technical Subgroup (TSG) under the Working Group on Good Environmental Status (WG GES) for further development of Descriptor 11 Noise\/Energy. TSG (Underwater) Noise in 2011 focused on clarifying the purpose, use and limitation of the indicators and described methodology that would be unambiguous, effective and practicable. In February 2012, TSG Noise delivered its first report [Van der Graaf et al., 2012]1. For both the impulsive and the ambient noise indicators significant progress was made to their practical implementation, and most ambiguities were solved.\n\nIn December 2011, EU Marine Directors requested the continuation of TSG Noise, and the group was tasked with recommending how MS might best make the indicators of the Commission Decision operational. TSG Noise was asked first to provide monitoring guidance that could be used by MS in establishing monitoring schemes for underwater noise in their marine waters. Further work includes providing suggestions for (future) target setting; for addressing the biological impacts of anthropogenic underwater noise and to evaluate new information on the effects of sound on marine biota, with the view to considering indicators of noise effects.\n\nThe present document is Part I of the Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas (Interim Guidance Report) and provides MS with the information needed to commence the monitoring required to implement this aspect of MSFD. TSG Noise has focused on ambiguities, uncertainties and other shortcomings that may hinder monitoring initiatives and has provided solutions, and describes methodology for monitoring both impulsive and ambient noise in such a way that information needed for management and policy can be collected in a cost-effective way. TSG Noise has no doubt that further issues will arise once monitoring starts, but hopes the principles laid out in this guidance will help resolve these.\n\nTo view Part II of this report, click here.","author":["Dekeling, R.","Tasker, M.","Ainslie, M.","Andersson, M.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Castellote, M.","Borsani, J.","Dalen, J.","Folegot, T.","Leaper, R.","Liebschner, A.","Pajala, J.","Robinson, S.","Sigray, P.","Sutton, G.","Thomsen, F.","Van der Graaf, A.","Werner, S.","Wittekind, D.","Young, J."],"organization":["European Commission"],"originationDate":"2013-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dekeling-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4545","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/system-perspectives-renewable-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.chalmers.se\/en\/areas-of-advance\/energy\/publications-media\/systems-perspectives\/Pages\/default.aspx","title":"System Perspectives on Renewable Power","description":"Electricity, the lifeblood of industrial society, powers an increasing variety of human activities. In despite of measures to improve energy efficiency, global demand for electrical power will likely continue to grow in decades to come. While electricity in itself is a clean and convenient energy carrier, its production is laden with environmental, social and political problems. This calls for a radical transformation from fossil and nuclear to renewable sources of electrical power.\n\nA transition to renewables, however, is not without problems. Numerous questions demand an answer: if there is enough renewable energy to replace all non-renewables; what environmental impact that may be caused by the production and use of novel types of power plants; how supply and demand of electricity is balanced when large amount of intermittent power is connected to the grid; how the political power of the incumbent industry is balanced by other forces; and what is required from policy makers and investors to build large new systems.\n\nThere is not one final answer to questions like these. However, studying renewable power from different systems perspectives can help out in killing myths, clarifying controversies, deepening understanding and formulating new and more precise questions. The sixteen chapters of Systems Perspectives on Renewable Power 2014 address different topics related to the profound question whether electricity, and eventually all energy, can and should be supplied from renewable energy sources, and what is required to realise such a future.\n\nSystems Perspectives on Renewable Power is an evolving ebook with annual updates. You may also want to read Systems Perspectives on Electromobility and Systems Perspectives on Biorefineries.","author":["Sand\u00e9n, B."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4549","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-habitat-classification-britain-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mhc.jncc.gov.uk\/media\/1027\/04_05_introduction.pdf","title":"The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland","description":"This publication presents a classification of marine habitats for the shores and seabed around Britain and Ireland. It has been substantially revised and updated from the previous version which was developed by JNCC\u2019s Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) as part of the EC Life Naturefunded BioMar programme (Connor et al. 1997a, b). This new version reflects the continuing needs of end-users for improved information about each habitat, which is presented in a variety of interactive ways in this web-based version. As a result of re-analysis of field data, including new data from recent surveys in candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs), a number of new habitat types have been described. The classification has been restructured, both to reflect improved understanding of the inter-relationship of habitat types and to align itself more closely with the European EUNIS habitat classification system (https:\/\/mrw.wallonie.be\/dgrne\/sibw\/EUNIS\/home.html).","author":["Connor, D.","Allen, J.","Golding, N.","Howell, K.","Lieberknecht, L.","Northen, K.","Reker, J."],"organization":["Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2004-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Connoretal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4566","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/updated-summary-knowledge-selected-areas-pacific-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/Environmental-Stewardship\/Environmental-Studies\/Pacific-Region\/Studies\/2010-014-Pacific-Coast-Report.aspx","title":"Updated Summary of Knowledge: Selected Areas of the Pacific Coast","description":"The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE) of the U.S. Department of the Interior (Department), formerly the Minerals Management Service, has jurisdiction over leasing and development of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) submerged lands for mineral development. The BOEMRE Pacific OCS Region is a significant source of oil and gas for the nation. To perform periodic and project reviews of oil and gas production activities on existing leases in California, the BOEMRE Pacific Region has relied on environmental documentation prepared for previous lease sales, platform and pipeline construction, undeveloped leases, and other documents and reports. The basis for much of this documentation comes from a summary of knowledge prepared for the predecessor agency MMS in 1993, covering available information for key environmental topics through 1992. The BOEMRE needs to update this summary of knowledge to include information for subjects where significant new information has become available since 1992.  The Energy Policy Act of 2005 amended Section 8 of the OCS Lands Act (OCSLA) (43 USC 1337) to give the Secretary of the Interior authority to issue a lease, easement, or right-of-way on the OCS for activities that are not otherwise authorized by the OCSLA, including activities that produce or support production, transportation, or transmission of energy from sources other than oil and gas. This includes wind, wave, and current technologies. The BOEMRE Pacific Region prepared a previous summary of knowledge for areas beyond existing leases in Southern California in 1977. The BOEMRE needs to update its summary of knowledge for areas of the OCS suitable for the development of alternative energy. This would include significant new information for the Pacific Coast from Grays Harbor, Washington to San Francisco Bay, California.","author":["Kaplan, B.","Beegle-Krause, C.","McCay, D.","Copping, A.","Geerlofs, S."],"organization":["Mangi Environmental Group","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kaplanetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4568","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-level-duration-inter-pulse-interval-1-2-khz-sonar-signal-exposures-harbor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/136\/1\/10.1121\/1.4883596","title":"Effect of Level, Duration, and Inter-Pulse Interval of 1-2 kHz Sonar Signal Exposures on Harbor Porpoise Hearing","description":"Safety criteria for underwater low-frequency active sonar sounds produced during naval exercises are needed to protect harbor porpoise hearing. As a first step toward defining criteria, a porpoise was exposed to sequences consisting of series of 1-s, 1\u20132\u2009kHz sonar down-sweeps without harmonics (as fatiguing noise) at various combinations of average received sound pressure levels (SPLs; 144\u2013179\u2009dB re 1\u2009\u03bcPa), exposure durations (1.9\u2013240\u2009min), and duty cycles (5%\u2013100%). Hearing thresholds were determined for a narrow-band frequency-swept sine wave centered at 1.5\u2009kHz before exposure to the fatiguing noise, and at 1\u20134, 4\u20138, 8\u201312, 48, 96, 144, and 1400\u2009min after exposure, to quantify temporary threshold shifts (TTSs) and recovery of hearing. Results show that the inter-pulse interval of the fatiguing noise is an important parameter in determining the magnitude of noise-induced TTS. For the reported range of exposure combinations (duration and SPL), the energy of the exposure (i.e., cumulative sound exposure level; SELcum) can be used to predict the induced TTS, if the inter-pulse interval is known. Exposures with equal SELcum but with different inter-pulse intervals do not result in the same induced TTS.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Hoek, L.","Gransier, R.","Rambags, M.","Claeys, N."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America"],"originationDate":"2014-05-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4571","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-habitat-use-north-pacific-albatrosses-during-non-breeding-season-their-spatial","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Habitat Use of North Pacific Albatrosses During the Non-breeding Season and Their Spatial and Temporal Interactions with Commercial Fisheries in Alaska","description":"Albatrosses are among a group of upper trophic level consumers that are highly migratory yet relatively abundant in Alaskan waters. Therefore, albatrosses are an important ecosystem component, but also vulnerable to fishery interactions. We studied the marine habitat use of three species of albatrosses and their spatial and temporal overlap with commercial fisheries using stable isotope analysis, satellite tacking, satellite remote sensing, and fisheries effort\/seabird bycatch data. Albatross species showed strong differences in foraging niches and habitat associations. Short-tailed albatrosses had the strongest association with continental shelf break and slope regions (although, juveniles also frequented shelf habitats). Black-footed albatrosses were the most varied in habitat use, whereas Laysan albatrosses most often used oceanic habitats well offshore of the continental slope, but still north of the sub-arctic transition domain.  Short-tailed albatrosses had the greatest overlap with Bering Sea walleye pollock and Pacific cod fisheries and all three albatross species with Aleutian Islands sablefish and Pacific halibut fisheries, although short-tailed and Laysan more so with fisheries in the western Aleutians, including Atka mackerel. Black-footed and juvenile short-tailed albatrosses had the greatest overlap with Gulf of Alaska and west coast Pacific halibut and sablefish fisheries and overlapped a portion of the high seas tuna fishery. Laysan albatrosses overall had the least spatial overlap with North Pacific fisheries, spending the majority of time in areas devoid of fishing activities. These results provide an improved understanding of ecological relationships among North Pacific albatrosses, as well as indicating inter-specific differences in potential interactions with regional fisheries.","author":["Suryan, R.","Balogh, G.","Fischer, K."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2008-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Suryan-et-al-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4574","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/catalog-oregon-seabird-colonies-biological-technical-publication","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalmedia.fws.gov\/cdm\/ref\/collection\/document\/id\/1514","title":"Catalog of Oregon Seabird Colonies Biological Technical Publication","description":"The rocky islands and rugged habitats of the outer Oregon coast and the low flat islands of the Columbia River estuary provide habitat for approximately 1.3 million nesting seabirds representing 15 species. Current and historical information on colony locations and estimates of breeding seabirds were compiled into databases, for all known seabird colonies in Oregon. A total of 393 colonies were identified, and maps and data tables for each colony are presented in this catalog. The data tables include counts of nests and birds, where available, and estimates of the number of breeding birds for each species at a colony. Specific information regarding date, observers, type of survey, quality of the estimate, and source of the data are provided for each record. The geographic scope of this catalog encompasses seabird colonies in marine and estuarine environments. Marbled Murrelets, which nest solitarily in habitats distinctly different from the rest of the seabird community, are not included in this catalog.","author":["Naughton, M.","Pitkin, D.","Lowe, R.","So, K."],"organization":["US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Naughtonetal2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4577","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-environmental-monitoring-wello-penguin-cooling-system-noise-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/267252970_Acoustic_Environmental_Monitoring_Wello_OY_Penguin_Cooling_System_Noise_Study","title":"Acoustic Environmental Monitoring - Wello Penguin Cooling System Noise Study","description":"The study examined the underwater sound pressure levels produced by the Wello Penguin\u0027s cooling system. The measured sound pressure levels suggest a source level of 140.5dBrms re 1\u03bcPa at 1m. Significant narrowband harmonics are evident generally at low frequencies although it is expected that ambient background noise levels to be reached within approximately 10m from the device. There was a degree of directionality of sound production due to the position of the equipment within the hull.  Airborne noise could not be examined due to the generator used to power the device but found to be unlikely to have any ecological impact when access hatches are normally shut during operation.","author":["Beharie, R.","Side, J."],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Heriot-Watt University","International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.032418900000","-3.463682000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 04:37:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Beharie2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4579","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-islay-demonstration-tidal-array-cable-route-environmental-information","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scottishpowerrenewables.com\/userfiles\/file\/Sound%20of%20Isaly%20Demonstration%20Tidal%20Array%20Cable%20Route%20Environmental%20Report_May%202013.pdf","title":"Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, Cable Route Environmental Information","description":"ScottishPower Renewable Energy Limited, the parent company of ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of ScottishPower UK plc. At April 2013 SPR had an onshore wind portfolio of over 1,239MW, and was the first company to attain 1GW of installed onshore wind in the UK.  SPR aims to continue to expand its renewables capacity in the UK order to help the Scottish and UK Governments to meet their 2020 electricity generation targets from renewable sources. This includes the development of some of the newer renewable technologies including wave and tidal.  In July 2010, ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Limited (hereafter referred to as SPR) submitted an application under Section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 to construct and operate a demonstration tidal array in the Sound of Islay, Argyll and Bute. The application comprised a ten turbine development with an installed capacity of 10MW, which will be wholly owned and operated by SPR.  The proposed Development could be the first tidal array in UK waters and it will deliver power directly into the National Grid. This will assist both the Scottish and UK Governments in meeting their future energy targets and their reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The Development capacity of 10MW equates to an average production of 26.3GWh p.a., which is enough to supply approximately 5400 average domestic households.  SPR currently holds consent to construct, install and operate a demonstration tidal power array within the Sound of Islay (Figure 1.1). The Development will utilise the tidal flow running through the Sound to power tidal turbines during the flood and ebb tidal flows and generate electricity throughout these flow periods.  Post-consent discussions were held with the regulator and, as a result of these discussions related to the interpretation of planning legislation, a number of amendments have been made to the Development. The principal change in relation to this Marine Licence application relates to a new cable route to shore, which is now planned to make landfall on Islay instead of Jura as previously consented (Figure 1.2).  The preparation of this Marine Licence application and its supporting documentation has been an integral component in ensuring that the investigation of any environmental impacts of the proposed project is robust and comprehensive. This document and the supporting Marine Licence application will assist Scottish Ministers in reaching a decision as to whether permission should be granted for the proposed new cable route to shore.","author":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"organization":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2013-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.850000000000","-6.100000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:17:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ScottishPower-Renewables-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4580","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/draft-guidance-assessing-effects-anthropogenic-sound-marine-mammals-acoustic-threshold","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/national\/marine-mammal-protection\/marine-mammal-acoustic-technical-guidance","title":"Draft Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals: Acoustic Threshold Levels for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts","description":"This document provides guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammal species under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the National Ocean Service (NOS) (hereafter referred to collectively as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)). Specifically, it identifies the received levels, or thresholds, above which individual marine mammals are predicted to experience changes in their hearing sensitivity (either temporary or permanent) for all underwater anthropogenic sound sources. This is the first time NOAA has presented this information in a single, comprehensive document. This guidance is intended to be used by NOAA analysts and managers and other relevant user groups and stakeholders, including other federal agencies, when seeking to determine whether and how their activities are expected to result in particular types of impacts to marine mammals via acoustic exposure. This document outline s NOAA\u2019s updated acoustic threshold levels and describes in detail how the thresholds were developed and how they will be updated in the future.\n\nNOAA has compiled, interpreted, and synthesized the best available science to produce updated acoustic thresh old levels for the onset of both temporary (TTS) and permanent hearing threshold shifts (PTS). These thresholds replace those currently in use by NOAA. Updates include a protocol for estimating PTS and TTS onset levels for impulsive (e.g., airguns, impact pile drivers) and non-impulsive (e.g., sonar, vibratory pile drivers) sound sources, the formation of marine mammal functional hearing groups (low-, mid-, and high-frequency cetaceans, and otariid and phocid pinnipeds), and the incorporation of marine mammal auditory weighting functions into the calculation of thresholds. These acoustic threshold levels are presented using the dual metrics of cumulative sound exposure level and peak sound pressure level. This document addresses how to combine multiple datasets, as well as how to determine appropriate surrogates when data are not available. While the updated acoustic thresholds are more complex than those previously used by NOAA, they accurately reflect the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the characteristics of sound that have the potential to impact marine mammal hearing sensitivity. Given the specific nature of these updates, it is not possible to directly compare the updated thresholds presented in this document with the thresholds previously used by NOAA.\n\nAlthough NOAA has updated the acoustic threshold levels from those previously used, and these changes may necessitate new methodologies for calculating impacts, the application of the thresholds in the regulatory context under applicable statutes (Marine Mammal Protection Act, Endangered Species Act, and National Marine Sanctuaries Act) remains consistent with past NOAA practice. It is important to note that these updated acoustic threshold levels do not represent the entirety of an impact assessment, but rather serve as one tool (in addition to behavioral impact thresholds, auditory masking assessments, evaluations to help understand the ultimate effects of any particular type of impact on an individual\u2019s fitness, population assessments, etc.), to help evaluate the effects of a proposed action on marine mammals and make findings required by our various statutes.\n\nThis acoustic guidance is classified as a Highly Influential Scientific Assessment by the Office of Management and Budget. As such, independent peer review is required prior to broad public dissemination by the Federal Government. Details of the peer review can be found within this document, and at the following website: https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/insight\/understanding-sound-ocean.\n\nThis document is organized so that the most pertinent information can be found easily in the main body. Additional details are provided in the appendices. Section I provides an introduction to the document and a description of how NOAA addressed uncertainty and data limitations in the development of this guidance. NOAA\u2019s updated acoustic threshold levels for onset of PTS and TTS for marine mammals exposed to underwater sound are presented in Section II. Section III describes how acoustic threshold levels are interpreted under NOAA\u2019s statutes. NOAA\u2019s plan for periodically updating acoustic threshold levels is presented in Section IV. More details on the marine mammal auditory weighting functions, the development of acoustic threshold levels, the peer review process, and a glossary of acoustic terms can be found in the appendices.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-06 12:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Draft-Acoustic-Guidance-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4581","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/communicating-marine-environmental-information-decision-makers-enablers-barriers-use","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911400163X","title":"Communicating Marine Environmental Information to Decision Makers: Enablers and Barriers to Use of Publications (Grey Literature) of the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment","description":"Ocean governance and management require reliable information for evidence-based solutions to ocean problems. Marine environmental organizations often wish to understand how the information they produce, frequently as grey literature, is used to influence designated audiences (e.g., policy makers), but rarely study such outcomes. In this paper, the publication practices of an American\u2013Canadian intergovernmental organization, the Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment (GOMC), founded in 1989, were examined to identify enablers and barriers affecting production, distribution, and use of its publications. Many of GOMC\u0027s publications are intended to increase public awareness and understanding about marine environmental issues; others are destined for specific audiences including policy makers, scientists, and environmental managers in the Gulf of Maine region. GOMC\u0027s publications number over four hundred and are distributed to potential users, largely through the internet. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 members of GOMC\u0027s primary Working Group to probe their knowledge of the publication processes. Enablers and barriers to three phases of GOMC\u0027s publications \u2013 production, distribution, and use \u2013 were identified through thematic analysis of the systematically coded responses. Careful consideration of these enablers and barriers is warranted, since many organizations rely on their publications as a primary means to communicate results of research and related activities. Further, dependence on the Internet for information dissemination requires understanding of searching patterns and of potential barriers to discovery and access to publications. This study shows that such knowledge will facilitate the use of marine scientific information by diverse audiences, hence influencing policy decisions and other efforts to manage and solve marine environmental problems.","author":["Cossarini, D.","MacDonald, B.","Wells, P."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Selkirk College"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.233856000000","-68.800260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4582","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-transect-survey-wsr-88d-radar-methods-monitoring-daily-changes-stopover","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2011.00356.x\/abstract","title":"Comparing Transect Survey and WSR-88D Radar Methods for Monitoring Daily Changes in Stopover Migrant Communities","description":"For decades, researchers have successfully used ground-based surveys to understand localized spatial and temporal patterns in stopover habitat use by migratory birds. Recent technological advances with WSR-88D radar now allow such investigations on much broader spatial scales. Both methods are assumed to accurately quantify patterns in migrant bird communities, yet information is lacking regarding relationships between radar estimates of migration and different ground-based monitoring methods. From 2005 to 2007, we monitored migrant communities on or near two Department of Defense installations in the spring (Ft. Polk Military Complex, LA; U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command, Yuma Proving Ground, AZ) and on two installations in the fall (Ft. Polk Military Complex, LA; Eglin Air Force Base, FL) using both ground-based transect surveys and radar imagery of birds aloft. We modeled daily changes in migrant abundance and positive and negative species turnover measured on the ground as a function of radar estimates of migrant exodus and input densities. Radar data were not significant predictors of any response variable in any season either in the southeastern or southwestern United States, indicating a disparity between the results obtained using different methods. Multiple unique sources of error associated with each technique likely contributed to the conflicting outcomes, and researchers should take great care when selecting monitoring methods appropriate to address research questions, effects of management practices, or when comparing the results of migration studies using different survey techniques.","author":["Fischer, R.","Gauthreaux, S. Jr.","Valente, J.","Guilfoyle, M.","Kaller, M."],"organization":["Clemson University","Louisiana State University","US Army Engineer Research and Development Center"],"originationDate":"2012-02-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.413255000000","-93.043825000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4600","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conceptual-models-potential-marine-hydrokinetic-technology-impacts-biological","sourceURL":"","title":"Conceptual Models of Potential Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Impacts on Biological Resources","description":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines ecological risk assessment as the process of evaluating \u201c\u2026the likelihood that adverse ecological effects may occur or are occurring as a result of exposure to one or more stressors\u201d (EPA, 1998).  The EPA identified multiple steps in performing an ecological risk assessment (EPA, 1998). The first step is problem formulation, which consists of systematically identifying potential stressors, exposure routes, and ecological effects. The critical step in problem formulation is the development of a conceptual model that diagrammatically identifies how a stressor may affect ecosystem receptors, as well as the appropriate risk assessment endpoints (measurable ecological variables) needed to test risk hypotheses about stressor and receptor interactions (EPA, 1998).  The EPA has identified several practical benefits from developing conceptual models, shown in Table 1. Aside from the utility of such models for clearly and visually communicating risk, the formation of a conceptual model allows one to understand linkages between biotic and abiotic variables within an ecosystem; develop risk hypotheses about which receptors are most likely to be adversely affected; and identify the data needed to characterize risk probability. In the case of a marine and hydrokinetic technology (MHK) device, an example of a risk hypothesis could be that noise from device operations (the stressor) could exceed the tolerance thresholds of demersal fish species (receptors), resulting in avoidance of the MHK device and a subsequent decrease in the abundance of affected species (assessment endpoint) in the vicinity of the device.","author":["Grippo, M.","Hlohowskyj, I."],"organization":["Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)"],"originationDate":"2012-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.713732000000","-87.982249000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grippo-and-Hlohowskyj-2012-Argonne.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4601","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessments-wave-energy-developments-learning-existing-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114001732","title":"Environmental Impact Assessments for Wave Energy Developments - Learning from Existing Activities and Informing Future Research Priorities","description":"Plans for Marine Renewable Energy Installations (MREI) are developing worldwide, yet many questions still remain about the impacts such developments may have on marine ecosystems and on coastal and oceanographic processes. This uncertainty, combined with a lengthy and complex Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) phase prior to consent, has slowed the growth of the marine renewables sector. Information on completed and ongoing EIAs at MREI sites across Europe was summarised and compared amongst sites and with completed, comprehensive EIAs for Horns Rev offshore wind farm and the SeaGen tidal turbine site at Strangford Lough. This allowed for the identification of commonalities and differences in monitoring activities, and of data gaps in the wave energy EIA process. Studies on the socio-economic impacts of MREIs were lacking, as were monitoring of fish, fish habitats, electromagnetic fields and their impacts on marine wildlife. Even amongst sites monitoring similar topics, methodologies varied greatly. Science cannot inform the management of marine renewables whilst there are inconsistencies in baseline and impact monitoring, as this study has documented. A streamlined EIA process and collaborations between researchers and developers are required to move the industry forward.","author":["Leeney, R.","Greaves, D.","Conley, D.","O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.470078000000","-5.584806000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4602","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/us-national-debate-topic-2014-2015-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/us-national-debate-topic-2014-2015-the-ocean\/oclc\/880374432","title":"U.S. National Debate Topic 2014-2015: The Ocean","description":"The books in this series contain reprints of articles, excerpts from books, addresses on current issues, and studies of social trends in the United States and other countries. There are six separately bound numbers in each volume, all of which are usually published in the same calendar year. Numbers one through five are each devoted to a single subject, providing background information and discussion from various points of view and concluding with an index and comprehensive bibliography that lists books, pamphlets, and articles on the subject. The final number of each volume is a collection of recent speeches. Books in the series may be purchased individually or on subscription.\nOceanography.\nOcean - Environmental aspects.\nMarine resources development.\nMarine resources conservation.\nMarine ecology.","author":["H.W. Wilson Company"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4606","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integration-environmental-management-aspect-optimization-design-planning-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652614005757","title":"Integration of the Environmental Management Aspect in the Optimization of the Design and Planning of Energy Systems","description":"The increasing concerns regarding the environmental pollution derived from anthropogenic activities, such as the use of fossil fuels for power generation, has driven many interested parties to seek different alternatives, e.g. use of renewable energy sources, use of \u0022cleaner\u0022 fuels and use of more effective technologies, in order to minimize and control the quantity of emissions that are produced during the life cycle of conventional energy sources. The work presented in this paper focuses on the examination of the possibilities of integrating the environmental aspects in the preliminary phase of the conventional design and planning of energy systems in conjunction with other parameters, such as financial cost, availability, capacity, location, etc. The integration of the environmental parameter to the design is carried out within a context where Eco-design concepts are applied. Due to the multi-parameter nature of the design procedure, the tools that are used are Life Cycle Analysis and Multi-criteria Analysis. The proposed optimization model examines and identifies optimum available options of the use of different energy sources and technologies for the production of electricity and\/or heat by minimizing both the financial cost and the environmental impacts, with regard to a multiple objective optimization subject to a set of specific constraints. Implementation of the proposed model in the form of a case study for the island of Rhodes in Greece revealed that an optimized solution both cost and environmental-wise, would be an almost balanced participation of renewables and non-renewable energy sources in the energy mix.","author":["Theodosiou, G.","Stylos, N.","Koroneos, C."],"organization":["Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","University of Wolverhampton"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4607","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/floating-vs-bottom-fixed-turbines-tidal-stream-energy-comparative-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S036054421400663X","title":"Floating Vs. Bottom-Fixed Turbines for Tidal Stream Energy: A Comparative Impact Assessment","description":"Tidal currents represent a promising energy source for electrical supply in Europe; however, nowadays there still exist important aspects to address regarding their exploitation prior to becoming a fully-fledged renewable energy. The accurate assessment of the available resource and the development of TECs (Tidal Energy Converters) are challenges which have been partially solved, but it is necessary to go further in the investigation of other aspects such as the impacts on the estuarine circulation. In this work, the impacts caused on the estuarine circulation in Ria de Ortigueira by the operation of two different tidal stream plants, one composed of floating and the other of bottom-fixed TSTs (Tidal Stream Turbines), were analysed by means of a three-dimensional model. Prior to using the model for assessing the impacts, it was validated based on field data at two measuring stations. Then, the tidal farms were implemented in the model as a momentum sink. The results show that there are no significant differences between the impacts caused on the general circulation by floating and bottom-fixed TSTs with slight reductions of the flow being apparent up to some km away the plant. Then again, strong differences were found in the vicinity of the plant.","author":["Sanchez, M.","Carballo, R.","Ramos, V.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.729741000000","-7.836299000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4608","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-planning-sustainable-marine-renewable-energy-developments-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114001616","title":"Spatial Planning for Sustainable Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Scotland","description":"Scottish Government targets for renewable energy developments are ambitious. The creation of new marine industries requires a structured approach that links marine spatial planning with Strategic Environmental Assessment and Sustainability Appraisal. Marine Scotland Science has worked with The Crown Estate spatial decision support tool MaRS to plan for wave, tidal and wind power in Scottish waters. This multi-factorial spatial modelling system has been used to visualise and balance the relative opportunities and constraints on development arising from a wide range of environmental, industrial and socio-economic factors. Areas of search for development sites have been identified, explored through Regional Locational Guidance and adopted in development plans.","author":["Davies, I.","Watret, R.","Gubbins, M."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.759368000000","-3.391238000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4609","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-final-environmental-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.gov\/sites\/prod\/files\/2013\/08\/f2\/EA-1949-FEA-2013.pdf","title":"Admiralty Inlet Final Environmental Assessment","description":"In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission\u2019s (Commission or FERC\u2019s) regulations, 18 CFR Part 380 (Order No. 486, 52 FR 47897), the Office of Energy Projects reviewed the Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County, Washington\u2019s (Snohomish PUD) application for a 10-year license for the proposed Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project No. 12690, which would be located in Admiralty Inlet in Puget Sound, near the City of Port Townsend, in Island County, Washington, and has prepared a final environmental assessment (FEA) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE\/EA-1949). In the FEA, Commission staff analyzed the potential environmental effects of constructing and operating the project and concludes that licensing the project, with appropriate environmental protective measures, would not constitute a major federal action that would significantly affect the quality of the human environment.","author":["Snohomish County PUD"],"organization":["Snohomish County PUD","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2013-08-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 10:01:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Snohomish_County_PUD_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4610","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/discovery-sound-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dosits.org\/","title":"Discovery of Sound in the Sea","description":"The Discovery of Sound in the Sea website will introduce you to the science and uses of Sound in the Sea. There are several major sections on the site such as The Science of Sound in the Sea, People and Sound in the Sea, and Animals and Sound in the Sea. You will find the site\u0027s Audio Gallery a fascinating place to visit where you can listen to underwater sounds created by marine animals, human activities, and natural phenomena such as lightning, earthquakes, and rain. Check out the Technology Gallery and discover a variety of equipment that uses sound to investigate the ocean. Watch video interviews with scientists that study how marine animals produce and hear sounds. Investigate how scientists use underwater acoustics to track ocean currents, identify potential obstacles, and quantify fish distributions. There is also a special section for teachers with resources and classroom activities.\n\nThe Discovery of Sound in the Sea website focuses on acoustics in the ocean. However, much of the information about sound in the ocean and underwater bioacoustics are true for all aquatic environments.\n\nThe Discovery of Sound in the Sea web site has been developed by the University of Rhode Island\u0027s (URI) Graduate School of Oceanography (GSO) in partnership with Marine Acoustics, Inc.(MAI) of Middletown, RI. Many other people contributed to the site, including independent scientific reviewers and ten Rhode Island school teachers. Special thanks go to Dr. Peter Worcester of Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Dr. Peter Scheifele from the University of Cincinnati for their substantial contributions. This site was developed and produced with funding from the U.S. Office of Naval Research. Other contributors are acknowledged below.","author":["University of Rhode Island"],"organization":["University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.738358000000","-71.576512000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4614","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/humanity-sea-marine-renewable-energy-technology-environmental-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/us\/book\/9789401780018","title":"Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions","description":"Brings together research focused on improving our understanding of marine renewable energy and environmental interactions\n Covers environmental topics related to wind, wave and tidal energy technology\n Describes novel methods for collecting data in locations with extreme environmental conditions\n\n\nIt is now widely recognized that there is a need for long-term secure and suitable sustainable forms of energy. Renewable energy from the marine environment, in particular renewable energy from tidal currents, wave and wind, can help achieve a sustainable energy future. Our understanding of environmental impacts and suitable mitigation methods associated with extracting renewable energy from the marine environment is improving all the time, and it is essential that we be able to distinguish between natural and anthropocentric drivers and impacts. An overview of current understanding of the environmental implications of marine renewable energy technology is provided.\n\nTable of Contents\n\n\n An Introduction to Marine Renewable Energy\n The Physics and Hydrodynamic Setting of Marine Renewable Energy\n Baselines and Monitoring Methods for Detecting Impacts of Hydrodynamic Energy Extraction on Intertidal Communities of Rocky Shores\n Assessing the Impact of Windfarms in Subtidal, Exposed Marine Areas\n The Influence of Fisheries Exclusion and Addition of Hard Substrata on Fish and Crustaceans\n Marine Renewable Energy, Electromagnetic (EM) Fields and EM-Sensitive Animals\n Seabirds and Marine Renewables: Are we Asking the Right Questions?\n Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf\n Rethinking Underwater Sound-Recording Methods to Work at Tidal-Stream and Wave-Energy Sites \n Tracking Technologies for Quantifying Marine Mammal Interactions with Tidal Turbines: Pitfalls and Possibilities\n Strategic Sectoral Planning for Offshore Renewable Energy in Scotland\n Strangford Lough and the SeaGen Tidal Turbine","author":["Shields, M.","Payne, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-29 10:00:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4615","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survey-deploy-monitor-licensing-policy-guidance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/Applications\/SDM","title":"Survey, Deploy and Monitor Licensing Policy Guidance","description":"The intention of the policy is to provide regulators, and developers, with an efficient risk-based approach for taking forward wave and tidal energy proposals. It distinguishes between those proposed developments for which there are sufficient grounds to seek determination on a consent application based on a minimum of 1 year of wildlife survey effort and analysis to develop site characterisation pre-application1, and those where a greater level of site characterisation is required. This would provide an assurance that those developments that are larger in scale or in more environmentally sensitive areas are based upon an evidence based understanding of the impacts of the devices, and allow licensing and statutory advisors to base any licensing decisions on greater awareness and knowledge.  This policy will only be applied following discussion with Marine Scotland. Developers will still be required to undertake assessments required as part of the statutory licensing and consenting process, such as the provision of Environmental Impact Assessments and other procedures necessary for compliance with national and European conservation legislation.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-08-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.724632000000","-1.261707000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Survey-Deploy-Monitor-Licensing-Policy-Guide.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4616","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-blade-strike-fish-passing-through-marine-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114003127","title":"Simulating Blade-Strike on Fish Passing Through Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"The occurrence, frequency, and intensity of blade-strike of fish on an axial-flow marine hydrokinetic turbine was simulated using two modeling approaches: a novel scheme combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with Lagrangian particle tracking, and a conventional kinematic model. The kinematic model included simplifying assumptions of fish trajectories such as distribution and velocity. The proposed CFD and Lagrangian particle tracking methods provided a more realistic representation of blade-strike mechanisms by integrating the following components: (i) advanced unsteady turbulence simulation using detached eddy simulation (DES), (ii) generation of inflow turbulence based on field data, (iii) moving turbine blades in highly transient flows, and (iv) Lagrangian particles to mimic the potential fish pathways. The test conditions to evaluate the blade-strike probability and fish survival rate were: (i) the turbulence environment, (ii) the fish size, and (iii) the approaching flow velocity. The proposed Lagrangian method simulates potential fish trajectories and their interaction with the rotating turbine with the limitation that it does not include any volitional fish avoidance behavior. Depending upon the scenario, the percentage of particles that registered a collision event ranged from 6% to 19% of the released sample size. Next, by using a set of experimental correlations of the exposure-response for live fish colliding with moving blades, the simulated collision data were used as input variables to estimate the survival rate of fish passing through the operating turbine. The resulting survival rates were greater than 96% in all scenarios, which is comparable to or better than known survival rates for conventional hydropower turbines. The kinematic model predicted higher blade-strike probabilities and mortality rates than the Lagrangian particle-based method did. The Lagrangian method also offers the advantage of expanding the evaluation framework to include additional mechanisms of stress and injury on fish, or other aquatic biota, caused by hydrokinetic turbines and related devices.","author":["Romero-Gomez, P.","Richmond, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4617","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-approach-select-suitable-areas-installing-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08920753.2011.637483","title":"A Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Select Suitable Areas for Installing Wave Energy Converters on the Basque Continental Shelf (Bay of Biscay)","description":"Recently, considerable interest has been generated in the wave energy production. As a new use of the ocean, a Spatial Planning approach is proposed to provide a mechanism to achieve consensus among the sectors operating at present, together with the identification of the most suitable locations to accommodate the Wave Energy Converters (WECs), in the near future. In this contribution: (a) a methodology for the establishment of a Suitability Index (SI) for WECs installation location selection is proposed; (b) the spatial distribution of the SI is mapped; and finally, (c) the accessible wave energy potential has been calculated for the entire Basque continental shelf. As the SI represents the appropriateness of several locations for WECs installation, while minimizing the conflict with other marine uses, the first step in the development of the analysis involved gathering all such information that may be likely to determine, or influence, the decision-making process. Seventeen information layers (among them 10 technical, 4 environmental, and 3 socioeconomical), corresponding to the identified key factors, including the theoretical wave energy in the study area, were generated to define their spatial distribution. Geographical Information System algorithms were used then in the assessment of the total theoretical energy potential and the accessible theoretical energy potential; these were calculated excluding areas where conflicts with other uses occur, such as navigation regulations or designated Marine Protected Areas. The resulting map indicates that, taking into account the zones not affected by \u201cuse conflicts,\u201d together with the estimated energy performance of the most advanced WECs technology, the potential energy produced in the study area could supply between 37% and 50% of the electrical consumption of households in the Basque Country. This contribution could avoid the annual emission of 0.96 to 1.54 million tons of CO2 into the atmosphere.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Liria, P.","Legorburu, I.","Bald, J.","Chust, G.","Ruiz-Minguela, P.","P\u00e9rez, G.","Marqu\u00e9s, J.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Gonzalez, M.","Borja, A."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia","Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.578405600000","-8.853326600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4618","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-environmental-assessment-transporting-bulk-energy-grazing-ocean-thermal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114002729","title":"An Economic and Environmental Assessment of Transporting Bulk Energy from a Grazing Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Facility","description":"An ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) facility produces electrical power without generating carbon dioxide (CO2) by using the temperature differential between the reservoir of cold water at greater depths and the shallow mixed layer on the ocean surface. As some of the best sites are located far from shore, one option is to ship a high-energy carrier by tanker from these open-ocean or \u201cgrazing\u201d OTEC platforms. We evaluate the economics and environmental attributes of producing and transporting energy using ammonia (NH3), liquid hydrogen (LH2) and methanol (CH3OH). For each carrier, we develop transportation pathways that include onboard production, transport via tanker, onshore conversion and delivery to market. We then calculate the difference between the market price and the variable cost for generating the product using the OTEC platform without and with a price on CO2 emissions. Finally, we compare the difference in prices to the capital cost of the OTEC platform and onboard synthesis equipment. For all pathways, the variable cost is lower than the market price, although this difference is insufficient to recover the entire capital costs for a first of a kind OTEC platform. With an onboard synthesis efficiency of 75%, we recover 5%, 25% and 45% of the capital and fixed costs for LH2, CH3OH and NH3, respectively. Improving the capital costs of the OTEC platform by up to 25% and adding present estimates for the damages from CO2 do not alter these conclusions. The near-term potential for the grazing OTEC platform is limited in existing markets. In the longer term, lower capital costs combined with improvements in onboard synthesis costs and efficiency as well as increases in CO2 damages may allow the products from OTEC platforms to enter into markets.","author":["Gilmore, E.","Blohm, A.","Sinsabaugh, S."],"organization":["Lockheed Martin","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2014-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.757815000000","-122.507639900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4619","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rearing-distorted-magnetic-field-disrupts-map-sense-juvenile-steelhead-trout","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/10\/6\/20140169","title":"Rearing in a Distorted Magnetic Field Disrupts the \u0027Map Sense\u0027 of Juvenile Steelhead Trout","description":"We used simulated magnetic displacements to test orientation preferences of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to magnetic fields existing at the northernmost and southernmost boundaries of their oceanic range. Fish reared in natural magnetic conditions distinguished between these two fields by orienting in opposite directions, with headings that would lead fish towards marine foraging grounds. However, fish reared in a spatially distorted magnetic field failed to distinguish between the experimental fields and were randomly oriented. The non-uniform field in which fish were reared is probably typical of fields that many hatchery fish encounter due to magnetic distortions associated with the infrastructure of aquaculture. Given that the reduced navigational abilities we observed could negatively influence marine survival, homing ability and hatchery efficiency, we recommend further study on the implications of rearing salmonids in unnatural magnetic fields.","author":["Putman, N.","Meinke, A.","Noakes, D."],"organization":["Oregon Hatchery Research Center","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.850412000000","-124.149946000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Putmanetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4620","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-site-bathymetry-tidal-resource-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Influence of Site Bathymetry on Tidal Resource Assessment","description":"Tidal resource assessment requires parameter studies involving many variables including, but not limited to, the layout of tidal devices within the tidal stream, amplitude, frequencies and phases of tidal constituents, coastal geometry and hydraulic resistance characteristics of sea bed and shelf. The local bathymetry, which may be very complicated and include islands and headlands, has a direct effect on the distribution and value of the tidal power resource. This paper will examine the effect of different channel layouts on tidal flows, with a view towards a better understanding of the effect of the site bathymetry on tidal resource assessment, the optimal location of the tidal array and its technical specifications.","author":["Perez-Ortiz, A.","Borthwick, A.","Pescatore, J.","Smith, H.","Vigars, P.","Xiao, Q."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2014-Bathmetry-on-Tidal-Resource-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4621","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coherence-extrapolation-underwater-ambient-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/1.4879663","title":"Coherence Extrapolation for Underwater Ambient Noise","description":"This paper considers extrapolation of the vertical coherence of surface-generated oceanic ambient noise to simulate measurements made on a longer sensor array. The extrapolation method consists of projecting the noise coherence measured with a limited aperture array into the domain spanned by prolate spheroidal wave functions, which are an orthogonal basis defined by array parameters and the noise frequency. Using simulated data corresponding to selected multi-layered seabeds as ground truth, the performance of the extrapolation method is explored. Application of the technique is also demonstrated on experimental data.","author":["Quijano, J.","Dosso, S.","Siderius, M.","Muzi, L."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2014-05-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4622","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-sound-levels-associated-pile-driving-cape-disappointment-boat-launch","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater Sound Levels Associated with Pile Driving at the Cape Disappointment Boat Launch  Facility, Wave Barrier Project","description":"This technical report describes the data collected during pile driving efforts at the Cape Disappointment boat launch facility near Ilwaco, Washington during the month of December 2005. One 12-inch diameter standard steel pile and four 12-inch piles with 1.5-foot wide interlocking steel \u2018wings\u2019 on two sides were monitored at different water depths at the Cape Disappointment boat launch facility.  Piles were driven using different pile cap materials and monitored to look for differences (in sound pressure?). The pile cap materials tested were wood (plywood), Conbest, Micarta, and Nylon. Piles were driven with an air hammer. Table 1 summarizes the results for each pile monitored. The bubble curtain was tested with the bubbles off and then on during the pile driving events. Micarta achieved the best sound level reductions, with the exception of wood, while retaining hammer efficiencies and minimizing safety hazards.  Ambient sound levels averaged approximately 148 dBpeak to 155 dBpeak with construction equipment. The maximum sound reduction achieved using a pile cap was 27 dB with the wood pile cap. The maximum sound reduction achieved with the bubble curtain was 17 dB.","author":["Laughlin, J."],"organization":["Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)"],"originationDate":"2006-03-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.282515000000","-124.050188800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Env-Noise-MonRpt-CapeDisappointmentPileDriving.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4624","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geographical-based-multi-criteria-approach-marine-energy-farm-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/3\/2\/781","title":"A Geographical-Based Multi-Criteria Approach for Marine Energy Farm Planning","description":"The objective of this paper is to devise a strategy for developing a flexible tool to efficiently install a marine energy farm in a suitable area. The current methodology is applied to marine tidal current, although it can be extended to other energy contexts with some adaptations. We introduce a three-step approach that searches for marine farm sites and technological solutions. The methodology applied is based on a combination of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and an optimization algorithm. The integration of GIS and MCA is at the core of the search process for the best-suited marine areas, taking into account geographical constraints, such as human activity, pressure on the environment and technological opportunities. The optimization step of the approach evaluates the most appropriate technologies and farm configurations in order to maximize the quantity of energy produced while minimizing the cost of the farm. Three main criteria are applied to finally characterize a location for a marine energy farm: the global cost of the project, the quantity of energy produced and social acceptance. The social acceptance criterion is evaluated by the MCA method, Electre III, while the optimization of the energy cost is approximated by a genetic algorithm. The whole approach is illustrated by a case study applied to a maritime area in North-West France.","author":["Maslov, N.","Brosset, D.","Claramunt, C.","Charpentier, J."],"organization":["French Naval Academy Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2014-05-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.037277400000","-4.871176100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Maslovetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4625","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-adaptable-monitoring-package-marine-renewable-energy-projects-part-ii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/nnmrec\/docs\/METS_AMP_Part2_Revised.pdf","title":"Development of an Adaptable Monitoring Package for Marine Renewable Energy Projects Part II: Hydrodynamic Performance","description":"The Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP), along with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and custom tool skid, is being developed to support near-field (10 meters) monitoring of hydrokinetic energy converters. The AMP is intended to support a wide range of environmental monitoring in harsh oceanographic conditions, at a cost in line with other aspects of technology demonstrations. This paper, which is the second in a two part series, covers the hydrodynamic analysis of the AMP and deployment ROV given the strong waves and currents that typify marine renewable energy sites. Hydrodynamic conditions from the Pacific Marine Energy Center\u2019s wave test sites (PMEC) and Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington are considered as early adoption case studies. A methodology is presented to increase the AMP\u2019s capabilities by optimizing its drag profile through a combination of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling and sub-scale experiments. Preliminary results suggest that AMP deployments should be possible in turbulent environments with a mean flow velocity up to 1 m\/s.","author":["Joslin, J.","Polagye, B.","Stewart, A.","Rush, B."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-04-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joslinetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4626","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-active-acoustic-monitoring-network-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/1113677","title":"Underwater Active Acoustic Monitoring Network For Marine And Hydrokinetic Energy Projects","description":"This project saw the completion of the design and development of a second generation, high frequency (90-120 kHz) Subsurface-Threat Detection Sonar Network (SDSN). The system was deployed, operated, and tested in Cobscook Bay, Maine near the site the Ocean Renewable Power Company TidGen\u2122 power unit. This effort resulted in a very successful demonstration of the SDSN detection, tracking, localization, and classification capabilities in a high current, MHK environment as measured by results from the detection and tracking trials in Cobscook Bay. The new high frequency node, designed to operate outside the hearing range of a subset of marine mammals, was shown to detect and track objects of marine mammal-like target strength to ranges of approximately 500 meters. This performance range results in the SDSN system tracking objects for a significant duration - on the order of minutes - even in a tidal flow of 5-7 knots, potentially allowing time for MHK system or operator decision-making if marine mammals are present. Having demonstrated detection and tracking of synthetic targets with target strengths similar to some marine mammals, the primary hurdle to eventual automated monitoring is a dataset of actual marine mammal kinematic behavior and modifying the tracking algorithms and parameters which are currently tuned to human diver kinematics and classification.","author":["Stein, P.","Edson, P."],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)","Scientific Solutions Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.841007000000","-67.150835000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stein-Edson-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4627","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-environmental-protocols-modeling-tools-support-ocean-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5208.pdf","title":"Developing Environmental Protocols and Modeling Tools to Support Ocean Renewable Energy and Stewardship","description":"This document serves as the Final Report (Draft) for National Oceanographic Partnership Program project number M10PC00097, Developing Environmental Protocols and Modeling Tools to Support Ocean Renewable Energy and Stewardship. This document presents a summary of the findings of this project, and summarizes each of the individual reports completed as part of this project.  Offshore renewable energy (ORE) development is the construction and operation of one or more devices designed to harness power from the marine environment (wind, tidal, and wave power considered here), and includes any necessary infrastructure, including subsea cables, the vessels necessary to construct or install an ORE development, and the footprint of a project.The motivation for this work was to provide BOEM and the nation with a comprehensive, yet flexible and tested means of making efficient and balanced assessments regarding the impacts of a broad range of ORE projects on marine and human ecosystems. With these tools, BOEM will have the capacity to proactively and comprehensively manage ocean renewable energy resources and implement adaptive management techniques for the benefit of natural and human ecosystems and the nation. The goal of this particular project was to develop and test standardized protocols for baseline studies and monitoring for the collection and comparison of scientifically valid and comparable data for specific ORE issues, which seamlessly integrate with a newly designed conceptual framework and approach for cumulative environmental impact evaluation of ORE development. This goal consists of two objectives, addressed by the following reports:  Objective 1: Develop and test standardized protocols for baseline studies and monitoring for the collection and comparison of scientifically valid and comparable data for specific ORE issues;    Task 1.2: Report on Monitoring the Potential Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy  Task 1.3: A Comprehensive Review and Critique: Existing U.S and International Monitoring Protocols for Offshore Renewable Energy Development and Other Marine Construction  Task 1.4: Standardized Protocols for Assessing the Effects of Offshore Alternative Energy Development on Cultural Resources  Task 1.5: Developing Standardized Protocols and Monitoring   Objective 2: Develop a conceptual framework and approach for cumulative environmental impact evaluation of ORE development, as part of a larger framework for a site evaluation tool for decision makers;    Task 2.3: Report on the Framework for Cumulative Impact Evaluation   The timeline of completion for these Tasks followed a logical progression from understanding the basic environmental concerns related to ORE developments (Task 1.2), to evaluating current monitoring standards (Task 1.3), to developing new U.S. standards for monitoring ecological and cultural resources (Task 1.4 and Task 1.5, respectively), and finally, to developing a site evaluation and impact assessment tool (Task 2.3).  The body of work undertaken for this project meets an urgent need to bring consistency to ORE data collection, provide comparability across state and federal ORE projects, and help coastal managers apply these data to make better management decisions and to better understand the cumulative impacts. This effort involved the collaboration and input from scientists, regulators, industry and non-government environmental organizations in the U.S. and Europe.  Summaries of the objectives and the findings of each of these reports follow. For a more complete understanding of each of these products, the reader is encouraged to view the full reports.","author":["McCann, J."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of Rhode Island","US Department of Energy (DOE)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McCann-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4628","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-potential-conflict-between-existing-ocean-space-use-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/seagrant.oregonstate.edu\/sgpubs\/assessment-potential-conflict-between-existing-ocean-space-use-and-renewable-energy","title":"Assessment of the Potential for Conflict between Existing Ocean Space Use and Renewable Energy Development off the Coast of Oregon","description":"Oregon\u2019s ocean waters are a potential source of wind, wave, and tidal energy; of interest to renewable energy entrepreneurs and to the U.S. government as it seeks to bolster energy security. In order to install technology to capture this energy, however, it may be necessary to mitigate conflict with existing ocean space users. The objective of this research was to construct a conflict analysis model in a GIS to answer the following research questions: (1) Within the study area off the coast of Oregon, where are stakeholders currently using ocean space and how many uses overlap? (2) To what extent might existing ocean space use present potential for conflict with renewable energy development? (3) How do various types of uncertainty affect analysis results? (4) What are the implications of these findings for ecosystem based management of the ocean?  All available spatial information on ocean space usage by commercial fishing, commercial non-fishing, recreational, Native American, and scientific communities was gathered. Stakeholder outreach with these communities was used to vet the collected data and allow each to contribute knowledge not previously available through GIS data clearinghouses maintained by government or interest groups. The resulting data were used as inputs to a conflict visualization model written in Python and imported to an ArcGIS tool. Results showed extensive coverage and overlap of existing ocean space uses; specifically that 99.7% of the 1-nm2 grid cells of the study area are occupied by at least 6 different categories of ocean space use. The six uses with the greatest coverage were: Fishing \u2013 Trolling, Habitat, Military, Fishing - Closure Areas, Protected, and Marine Transportation - Low Intensity. An uncertainty analysis was also completed to illustrate the margin for error and therefore the necessity of appropriate stakeholder outreach during the renewable energy siting process, as opposed to relying only on a GIS.  Ranking of each category by its potential for conflict with renewable energy development demonstrated which areas of the ocean may be particularly contentious. Because rankings are subjective, the tool was created to allow users to input their own rankings. For the purpose of this report, default rankings were assigned to each as justified by the literature. Results under these assumptions showed that space use and potential for conflict were highest between the coast and approximately 30 nm at sea. This is likely because certain space use is limited by depth (e.g., recreational use); there is increased shipping density as vessels approach and depart major ports; and increased fuel costs associated with traveling further from shore.  Two potential applications of model results were demonstrated. First, comparison with existing wave energy permit sites highlighted relative potential for conflict among the sites and the input data detailed the specific uses present. Second, comparison with areas determined most suitable for development by the wave energy industry illustrated that areas of high suitability often also had high rankings for potential for conflict. It appeared that the factors that determined development suitability were often the same factors that drew current ocean space users to those locations.  Current support at the state, regional and federal level under the National Ocean Policy for the use of marine spatial planning as a tool to implement ecosystem based management of the oceans requires that tools such as the one developed in this research are used, to ensure that all components of the marine ecosystem are considered prior to implementation of a management plan. The addition of renewable energy to the current social landscape of the ocean will reduce the resource base for many categories of ocean space use. Model results demonstrated that mitigation of conflict between development and existing space use is not merely a best practice supported by current policy, but a necessity. Results presented a visualization of the social landscape of the ocean that could help managers determine which stakeholders to engage during the initial stage of choosing a site for development.","author":["Sullivan, C."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.630389000000","-124.428820000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4629","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identification-outer-continental-shelf-renewable-energy-space-use-conflicts-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/36453","title":"Identification of Outer Continental Shelf Renewable Energy Space-Use Conflicts and Analysis of Potential Mitigation Measures","description":"The ocean accommodates a wide variety of uses that are separated by time of day, season, location, and zones. Conflict can and does occur, however, when two or more groups wish to use the same space at the same time in an exclusive manner. The potential for conflict is well known and the management of ocean space and resources has been, and is being, addressed by a number of State, regional, and Federal organizations, including, among others, coastal zone management agencies, state task forces, and regional fisheries management councils. However, with new and emerging uses of the ocean, such as aquaculture and offshore renewable energy, comes the potential for new types of space-use conflicts in ocean waters. In recent years, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) (formerly the Minerals Management Service [MMS]) has examined ocean space-use conflicts and mitigation strategies in the context of offshore oil and gas exploration and production and sand and gravel dredging, activities that are both subject to BOEM regulation and oversight. BOEM now has authority to issue leases on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) for renewable energy projects, but seeks additional information on potential conflicts between existing uses of the ocean environment and this new form of activity. The broad purpose of this study was to begin to fill this gap by (1) identifying potential spaceuse conflicts between OCS renewable energy development and other uses of the ocean environment, and (2) recommending measures that BOEM can implement in order to promote avoidance or mitigation of such conflicts, thereby facilitating responsible and efficient development of OCS renewable energy resources. The result is a document intended to serve as a desktop resource that BOEM can use to inform its decision making as the agency carries out its statutory and regulatory responsibilities.","author":["Conway, F.","Hall-Arber, M.","Harte, M.","Hudgens, D.","Murray, T.","Pomeroy, C.","Weiss, J.","Wiggin, J.","Wright, D."],"organization":["Industrial Economics Inc","Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of California Santa Cruz","University of Massachusetts","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_Ocean_Space_Use_final_report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4630","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-risk-evaluation-system-approach-ranking-risk-ocean-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-014-9816-3","title":"Environmental Risk Evaluation System - An Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments","description":"The pressure to develop new and renewable forms of energy to combat climate change, ocean acidification, and energy security has encouraged exploration of sources of power generation from the ocean. One of the major challenges to deploying these devices is discerning the likely effects those devices and associated systems will have on the marine environment. Determining the effects each device design and deployment system may have on specific marine animals and habitats, estimating the extent of those effects upon the resiliency of the ecosystem, and designing appropriate mitigation measures to protect against degradation all pose substantial challenges. With little direct observational or experimental data available on the effects of wave, tidal, and offshore wind devices on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes, researchers have developed the Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES) to provide preliminary assessments of these risks and to act as a framework for integrating future data on direct interactions of ocean energy devices with the environment. Using biophysical risk factors, interactions of marine animals and seabirds, with ocean energy devices and systems, are examined; potential effects on habitats, and changes in processes such as sedimentation patterns and water quality, are also considered. The risks associated with specific interactions for which data are more readily available are explored including interactions between ocean energy devices and surface vessels, toxicity of anti-biofouling paints, and potential for harm to animals from turbine blade strike. ERES also examines the effect that environmental regulations have on the deployment and operation of ocean energy devices.","author":["Copping, A.","Hanna, L.","Van Cleve, B.","Blake, K.","Anderson, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.650855000000","-122.305700000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Habitat Change","Displacement","Collision","Chemicals","Changes in Flow","Avoidance","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4631","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-assessment-environmental-effects-marine-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114000969","title":"An International Assessment of the Environmental Effects of Marine Energy Development","description":"Power generated from marine energy devices, including those that harvest power from the waves and tides, has the potential to help meet the low-carbon energy needs of many coastal nations. However, these devices, and their related mooring lines, anchoring and buoyancy systems, and power export cables are still under development, resulting in a lack of understanding of potential environmental effects of these technologies. Locations suitable for marine energy development typically consist of rough waters, strong tidal currents, large waves, and inhospitable conditions for oceanographic measurements. Coupled with novel interactions between marine animals (particularly marine mammals and fish) and marine energy devices, these high-energy environments create a challenge for accurately observing, measuring, and analyzing environmental effects. Under the auspices of the International Ocean Energy Systems (OES), a collaborative project (Annex IV) was devised to identify and facilitate sharing of existing information on potential effects of tidal turbines and wave energy converters, and to inform permitting (consenting) processes that will enable deployment of these devices. In this paper, we explore the application of a variety of scientific fields to the examination of the environmental impacts of marine renewable energy devices, through three focused analyses. These analyses were conducted as part of the Annex IV initiative and are explored in greater length in the final report for the Annex IV effort; they focus on high-priority areas of concern for marine energy development that have appeared across several nations: 1) the interaction of marine animals with turbine blades; 2) effects of underwater sound from marine energy devices on marine animals; and 3) effects on the physical systems due to energy removal and flow changes from the operation of marine energy devices. These analyses synthesize the current state of scientific understanding, informed by field monitoring, laboratory studies, and modeling efforts, and identify key data gaps that limit the information regulators and researchers can apply to future device deployments.","author":["Copping, A.","Battey, H.","Brown-Saracino, J.","Massaua, M.","Smith, C."],"organization":["New West Technologies","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.480053000000","-5.592360000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4632","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flow-noise-turbulence-two-tidal-channels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/135\/4\/10.1121\/1.4867360","title":"Flow-Noise and Turbulence in Two Tidal Channels","description":"Flow-noise resulting from oceanic turbulence and interactions with pressure-sensitive transducers can interfere with ambient noise measurements. This noise source is particularly important in low-frequency measurements (f \u0026lt; 100 Hz) and in highly turbulent environments such as tidal channels. This work presents measurements made in the Chacao Channel, Chile, and in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA. In both environments, peak currents exceed 3 m\/s and pressure spectral densities attributed to flow-noise are observed at frequencies up to 500 Hz. At 20 Hz, flow-noise exceeds mean slack noise levels by more than 50 dB. Two semi-empirical flow-noise models are developed and applied to predict flow-noise at frequencies from 20 to 500 Hz using measurements of current velocity and turbulence. The first model directly applies mean velocity and turbulence spectra while the second model relies on scaling arguments that relate turbulent dissipation to the mean velocity. Both models, based on prior formulations for infrasonic (f \u0026lt; 20 Hz) flow-noise, agree well with observations in Chacao Channel. In Admiralty Inlet, good agreement is shown only with the model that applies mean velocity and turbulence spectra, as the measured turbulence violates the scaling assumption in the second model.","author":["Bassett, C.","Thomson, J.","Dahl, P.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.825000000000","-73.491667000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4640","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-global-scale-statistics-sound-propagation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/135\/5\/10.1121\/1.4869693","title":"Long-Term, Global-Scale Statistics of Sound Propagation","description":"The near-surface sound levels emitted due to a point source show a large variability caused by sound propagation through changing meteorological conditions. To assess this variability, this study uses a numerical model of sound propagation which accounts for ground reflection, atmospheric refraction, and turbulence effects. The atmospheric inputs to the model\u2014including turbulence\u2014are calculated from Numerical Weather Prediction data. The method is used to investigate the relative sound levels at a range of 1.5\u2009km from a 40\u2009Hz sound source. The outstanding diversity of sound propagation conditions is illustrated over the globe. Over the long term, the sound propagation climates at selected sites are found to be modulated by the dominant wind regimes, the seasonal and diurnal cycles. The explored sensitivities stress the need for a careful assessment of sound scattering by turbulence and absorption by the surface.","author":["Cheinet, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-03-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.998521000000","7.012623000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4642","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/200-khz-commercial-sonar-systems-generate-lower-frequency-side-lobes-audible-some","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0095315","title":"200 kHz Commercial Sonar Systems Generate Lower Frequency Side Lobes Audible to Some Marine Mammals","description":"The spectral properties of pulses transmitted by three commercially available 200 kHz echo sounders were measured to assess the possibility that marine mammals might hear sound energy below the center (carrier) frequency that may be generated by transmitting short rectangular pulses. All three sounders were found to generate sound at frequencies below the center frequency and within the hearing range of some marine mammals, e.g. killer whales, false killer whales, beluga whales, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, harbor porpoises, and others. The frequencies of these sub-harmonic sounds ranged from 90 to 130 kHz. These sounds were likely detectable by the animals over distances up to several hundred meters but were well below potentially harmful levels. The sounds generated by the sounders could potentially affect the behavior of marine mammals within fairly close proximity to the sources and therefore the exclusion of echo sounders from environmental impact analysis based solely on the center frequency output in relation to the range of marine mammal hearing should be reconsidered.","author":["Deng, Z.","Southall, B.","Carlson, T.","Xu, J.","Martinez, J.","Weiland, M.","Ingraham, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dengetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4656","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-brave-new-ocean-marine-renewable-energy-ecological-risks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.lib.chalmers.se\/records\/fulltext\/196091\/196091.pdf","title":"Power from the Brave New Ocean: Marine Renewable Energy and Ecological Risks","description":"This thesis address ecological risks associated with the possible growth of marine renewable energy. Tidal power, wave power, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and currently expanding offshore wind power are likely to become common components of future seascapes. The world ocean is strongly affected by other marine activities and it is essential that the possible expansion of marine renewables takes place without causing further detriment to the ecosystem. Identifying possible ecological risks at an early stage of technical development facilitates adaptation and supports apposite regulation.  The five studies of this thesis address: (I) stressors from marine renewables in comparison with other human activities that can cause cumulative effects to marine ecosystems; (II) ecological risks of an offshore wind power project in Kattegat; (III) effects of a small tidal turbine on fish movements; and (IV-V) modeling of collision risks of large tidal turbines. Methodological contributions include procedures for handling assessment uncertainties, introduction of fish behavior in collision risk modeling, and stereo-video based in situ measurements of current speed and fish swimming speed.  The results indicate that marine renewables are associated with comparatively many different stressors with potential effects on marine ecosystems. The stressors from offshore wind power, wave power and tidal turbines are quite similar. Most stressors from marine renewables are already common as a cause of existing human activities; however, some are different and may have unprecedented effects. Particular uncertainties regard the ecological effects of OTEC. It was further shown that ecological risks from offshore wind power on cod can be effectively reduced by planning harmful installation procedures so as not to coincide with biologically sensitive periods and that risks for cod are insignificant during the wind power operation phase. For tidal turbines particular uncertainty regards underwater collisions. Here it was found that small turbines are unlikely to pose significant risk to fish. For large turbines the findings indicate that small fish are unlikely to be harmed while large animals may be at risk for collision under poor visibility conditions, such as at night.  Apparent ecological risks of marine renewables vary among the many technical designs and are not known to detail. Positive effects are possible and have not been studied here. By further reducing uncertainties and mitigating risks through technical adaptation, regulation and planning negative effects of expanding marine renewables can be alleviated. This thesis provides some recommendations for research, development and management.","author":["Hammar, L."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4657","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regulating-marine-renewable-energy-development-preliminary-assessment-uk-permitting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/sut\/unwt\/2014\/00000032\/00000001\/art00005","title":"Regulating Marine Renewable Energy Development: A Preliminary Assessment of UK Permitting Processes","description":"While the UK has implemented a number of reforms to permitting processes to support the emerging marine renewable energy industry, research into the effectiveness of such reforms has been limited. The present paper presents a preliminary assessment of two key aspects of the UK\u0027s regulatory framework: the seabed leasing process and the permitting process. In particular, the Crown Estate seabed leasing process and Scotland\u0027s \u0027one-stop shop\u0027 for permitting are discussed. Some concluding thoughts are given regarding the efficacy of these processes, laying the foundation for further research and analysis.","author":["Wright, G."],"organization":["Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wright-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4660","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-mean-flow-field-rivers-resource-environmental-impact-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114002390","title":"Characterizing the Mean Flow Field in Rivers for Resource and Environmental Impact Assessments of Hydrokinetic Energy Generation Sites","description":"The use of hydrokinetic technology in rivers for energy generation is an area of active research with potential applications in urban and rural settings. Negating the need for a physical barrier to the flow, in-stream hydrokinetic devices are viewed as having less environmental impact than conventional hydropower. The introduction of any device that alters the flow field, however, has the potential to affect both the river morphology and the ecosystem it supports. Characterizing the pre-installation flow conditions and monitoring changes following device installation are necessary to evaluate the ecological costs associated with this developing technology. This study presents techniques for quantifying the mean flow field throughout a study reach using an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Employing two survey procedures that provide flexibility in terms of the resolution and extent of measurements, quantities ranging from bulk flow features, such as discharge, to mean three-dimensional velocity profiles can be obtained. Results of the different survey procedures are demonstrated using data collected on the lower Roanoke River, USA. Recommendations are given to aid in the design of field data collection to best match the stage of the project. These measurements contribute to resource assessment at the site scale, designing turbines and planning installation, and environmental impact studies.","author":["Petrie, J.","Diplas, P.","Guitierrez, M.","Nam, S."],"organization":["Washington State University","Lehigh University","Colorado School of Mines","South Dakota School of Mines and Technology"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.840500000000","-76.846180000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4661","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-impact-role-farm-coast-distance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114002341","title":"Wave Farm Impact: The Role of Farm-to-Coast Distance","description":"The objective of this work is to investigate how the impact of a wave farm on the nearshore wave conditions depends on its location and, more specifically, its distance to the coast. For this purpose eight case studies in an area with a very substantial wave resource are considered; they encompass three values of the farm-to-coast distance (2\u00a0km, 4\u00a0km and 6\u00a0km) plus a baseline situation (with no farm), in combination with two wave conditions representative of winter and summer scenarios. A coastal wave model is implemented on a high-resolution nested grid. The interaction between the individual Wave Energy Converters (WECs) of the array and the waves is simulated by the model on the basis of experimental data, i.e., the wave transmission coefficients are obtained from laboratory tests. To characterise the nearshore impact of the wave farm we define a series of impact indicators, including the Nearshore Impact (NI), the Maximum absolute Nearshore Impact (NImax) and the Relative Nearshore Impact (RNI). We find that increasing the farm-to-coast distance does not guarantee a reduction of the Maximum absolute Nearshore Impact, and that the distance influences the location of the point of occurrence of the maximum impact along the coast.","author":["Iglesias, G.","Carballo, R."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.210180000000","-9.171803000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4662","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-island-detailed-effects-nearshore-wave-climate","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544214003405","title":"A Wave Farm for an Island: Detailed Effects on the Nearshore Wave Climate","description":"Wave energy is of particular interest in the case of islands, and even more so if the electricity network of the island is isolated \u2013 as in many Atlantic islands. The objective of this work is to analyse the impacts of wave exploitation on the nearshore wave climate of the island through a case study: the island of Tenerife (Spain), in the NE Atlantic, and a wave farm off its north coast. Two wave conditions, typical of winter and summer, and three values of the wave transmission coefficient of the Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are used. For each of these six cases, the nearshore wave conditions in the lee of the farm are compared with the baseline scenario. The impact is characterized in terms of: wave height, power, energy period, directional spreading and energy dissipation due to bottom friction. We find that the impact is relevant, in particular in some of these cases, with the value of the wave transmission coefficient playing a significant role.  Highlights:    Wave energy is well suited to islands aiming to reduce their carbon footprint.  Understanding the coastal impacts of a wave farm is a fundamental prerequisite.  We study these impacts in detail through a case study in Tenerife (Spain).  Energy dissipation due to bottom friction is very sensitive to the value of Ct.  Wave farm impact on the directional spreading exhibits a particular behaviour.","author":["Veigas, M.","Ramos, V.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.294005400000","-16.802865800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4663","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/physical-modelling-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801814001085","title":"Physical Modelling of Wave Energy Converters","description":"In guiding the progression and implementation of wave energy converters in a more effective and solid way, stepwise protocols have been recommended for assessing and validating their performance, feasibility, reliability and survivability during the devices\u05f3 progression stages from the concepts to full-scale commercial devices. One important aspect is scale model testing in different development stages as a path to solve the most important problems and to build confidence in the device development. Particularly, in the early development stages of the wave energy converters, small scale models are often tested in well-controlled laboratory conditions in a manner that some dynamic effects can be isolated, hence the analysis and understanding of the dynamic process could be much simplified and specified. However, there is no theory or guideline developed for this scaling practice in explaining whether or not the scaling is correct and how the test data can be used. In this paper, a theoretical analysis to the requirements and an explanation to the feasibilities of physical modelling\/scaling, and some important scaling issues on physical modelling of wave energy converters, are presented with an emphasis on the physical modelling and scaling of power take-off systems. This theoretical analysis can help to understand why and how a small scale model can be tested and how the test data can be used.","author":["Sheng, W.","Alcorn, R.","Lewis, T."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4664","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-changes-induced-wave-energy-farm-nearshore-wave-conditions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0098300414000569","title":"Assessment of the Changes Induced by a Wave Energy Farm in the Nearshore Wave Conditions","description":"Starting from the observation that an important next stage in exploiting the ocean energy is to install large arrays of several identical devices in order to raise their overall electricity production, the present work has as objective to assess the local and coastal impact of a large wave farm that would operate in the Portuguese coastal environment. The target area is the Portuguese maritime pilot zone, S\u00e3o Pedro de Moel, which is located in the central part of the Portuguese continental nearshore. A generic wave farm was considered and various transmission situations were analyzed. The study started with the situation without wave farm (zero absorption) and subsequently different scenarios were considered by gradually increasing the conditions to the hypothetic case of the total absorption. For each case study, model simulations were performed covering the entire year 2009 using a wave prediction system based on Wave Watch 3, for the wave generation at the level of the entire North Atlantic Ocean, and on SWAN, for the coastal wave transformation. In this way, a comprehensive picture of the possible impact of the wave farm is provided. The results show that the presence of a wave farm operating offshore has a strong influence on the wave conditions immediately down wave. Although this influence is usually attenuated at the level of the coastline, it appears as obvious a general decrease in terms of significant wave height due to the wave farm, but also some other wave parameters are modified.","author":["Bento, A.","Rusu, E.","Martinho, P.","Soares, C."],"organization":["Centre for Marine Technology and Engineering (CENTEC)","Technical University of Lisbon"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.759397000000","-9.037685000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4665","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/remotely-operated-autonomous-wave-energy-converter-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/46789","title":"A Remotely Operated, Autonomous Wave Energy Converter System","description":"The potential for electric energy generation from ocean waves is substantial and much research is being conducted on the conversion process as a renewable, gridconnected, power source. Some of the same attributes that make wave energy harvesting attractive as a grid-connected source also make it attractive as a remote, or isolated, ocean energy source. The advantages for autonomous applications such as energy persistence and energy density, as well as challenges such as system complexity, maintainability, and cost, will be explored. First, a survey of wave energy fundamentals, generation, conversion devices, and converter control will be completed. Then remote ocean applications that require electrical power will be reviewed. The requirements for an isolated, or remote, wave energy generation device will be summarized and a candidate set of ocean power device requirements chosen. Ocean wave energy options will be generated and their use as a remote ocean power source will be explored. A potential solution will be proposed, designed, fabricated, and tested in a wave energy laboratory. Control methods to attempt to maximize power will be designed and implemented and then compared to classical damping control.","author":["Lewis, T."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4666","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/slipstream-between-marine-current-turbine-seabed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544214002175","title":"Slipstream Between Marine Current Turbine and Seabed","description":"The investigation of hydrodynamics near seabed is an initial input to study marine current turbine-induced seabed scour. The authors investigated the slipstream between the seabed and the marine current turbine via OpenFOAM. The axial component of velocity is the dominating velocity of flow below marine current turbine. The maximum axial velocity under the turbine blades is around 1.07 times of the initial incoming flow. The maximum radial and tangential velocity components of the investigated layer are approximately 4.12% and 0.22% of the maximum axial velocity. The slipstream varies in direct proportion to the incoming velocity. A schematic diagram to describe the flow pattern under the marine current turbine has been proposed based on the study. The turbine adopted in current simulation has three blades. The acceleration of flow under the marine current turbine changes seabed boundary layer profile. The height of tip clearance and turbine geometry are the two principal parameters in scour design of the marine current turbine.","author":["Chen, L.","Lam, W."],"organization":["University of Malaya"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4670","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-marine-currents-strait-gibraltar-its-potential-renewable-energy-resource","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114001750","title":"Energy of Marine Currents in the Strait of Gibraltar and its Potential as a Renewable Energy Resource","description":"A non-hydrostatic hydrodynamic model of the Strait of Gibraltar with high spatial and temporal resolution has been used to assess suitable areas for energy extraction from marine currents. The model shows great spatial variability of the available energy flux, ranging from 200 W m\u22122 to more than 1800 W m\u22122. In addition to the mean energy flux, other properties and characteristics of the flow such as permanence and direction of the currents, vertical shear or occurrence of unwanted high frequency internal waves have been merged into an index that is used in this work as a proxy for the suitability of a given place to install a power plant. This index highlights two zones gathering the required conditions: the subsurface layer of the eastern half of the strait and the near-bottom layer of Espartel sill at the westernmost gateway of the strait.","author":["Quesada, M.","Lafuente, J.","Garrido, J.","Sammartino, S.","Delgado, J."],"organization":["University of M\u00e1laga"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.998240000000","-5.687874000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4672","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydraulic-impacts-hydrokinetic-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114000056","title":"Hydraulic Impacts of Hydrokinetic Devices","description":"A simple technique to estimate the far-field hydraulic impacts associated with the deployment of hydrokinetic devices is introduced. The technique involves representing hydrokinetic devices with an enhanced Manning (bottom) roughness coefficient. The enhanced Manning roughness is found to be a function of the Manning roughness, slope, and water depth of the natural channel as well as device efficiency, blockage ratio, and density of device deployment. The technique is developed assuming simple open channel flow geometry. However, once the effective bottom roughness is determined, it can be used to determine the hydraulic impact of arbitrary device configurations and arbitrary flow situations.  Highlights:    Hydrokinetic (HK) devices can be represented with enhanced Manning roughness.  The enhanced Manning roughness depends on the channel and HK device properties.  HK device deployments lead to an increase in water depth and a decrease in flow velocity.  Impacts to velocity, water surface elevation, and potential sediment transport can be estimated.","author":["Kartezhnikova, M.","Ravens, T."],"organization":["University of Alaska Anchorage"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kartezhnikova-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4675","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cross-coupling-between-device-level-cfd-oceanographic-models-applied-multiple-tisecs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/research\/cross-coupling-between-device-level-cfd-and-oceanographic-models-applied-multiple-tisecs","title":"Cross Coupling between Device Level CFD and Oceanographic Models Applied to Multiple TISECs in Minas Passage","description":"This project set out to develop a link between Oceanographic computer models and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models in order to improve state of the art modeling techniques used for resource assessments and tidal turbine siting for both single and multiple TISECs.   The research was completed in two phases:     CFD Modeling and flume tank experiments of single and multiple turbine facsimiles in a straight channel;  A case study modeling single and multiple turbines in Minas Passage and Petit Passage.    Experiments were completed in the flume tank at the University of Victoria to measure thrust and study downstream wake dissipation for turbine arrays. Porous disc mounted on a force-measurement rig in the flume tank were used to represent the turbines. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement equipment was used to visualize and quantify the wake structures behind the disks. The PIV system provided very rich flow-field data for a variety of array configurations clearly showing disc interactions and wake structure. Data from the experimental results was subsequently used to validate the turbine thrust and wake field computed using the CFD and Ocean models.   It was found that the CFD simulations did a reasonable job in predicting the thrust force acting on porous discs in several different array configurations. For all cases considered as part of this project, the thrust was predicted within 8% error of experimental results. The CFD simulations also did an adequate job predicting the wake recovery behind porous discs; however, significant tuning of turbulence parameters was required to get a good match to experimental data. The fact that thrust forces for each of the turbines can be predicted with reasonable accuracy and the wake can be tuned will allow site developers to use this simplified method for planning the initial layout of turbine arrays.   A team workshop was hosted by the University of Victoria on July 10th, 2012 to brainstorm CFD \u2013 Ocean model coupling approaches. Two cross-coupling methods were identified at the workshop:    Mid Field CFD model: 100s of meters or even few km in size (see Figure 1)  Near Field CFD model: 10s of meters, only spanning one or few Ocean model elements around the turbine(s) (see Figure 2)   One of the key objectives of this project was to apply these cross coupling methods to tidal sites in Nova Scotia. At the project outset, it was anticipated that all of the work would be applied to modeling the flows through Minas Passage with inclusion of 4 turbines at the test berths. As the project progressed, and the two different cross coupling approaches were identified, the team decided to include Petit Passage as a case study for testing the mid-field CFD approach while Minas Passage was used for testing the near-field approach.   The near field-modeling approach was tested on the Minas Passage site by modeling four 16m diameter turbines, one at each of the FORCE test berths. Each of the four turbines was first modeled in CFD (as a porous disk) in a 200m x 200m area surrounding each berth with inclusion of detailed bathymetry. Inflow and turbulence conditions were sourced from the Ocean model for the peak flood. To simplify the analysis only the M2 tidal component was used to drive the system. At peak flood (nominally U=2.5m\/s) the total estimated power production in the Ocean model was 5MW.   The near-field coupling method work shows great promise. The objective was to ensure consistency between the Ocean and CFD models and in large part this was achieved. This methodology has a range of potential applications including:    estimation of total extractable power from a tidal system;  informing wide tidal site selection,  array layout and channel build-out;  investigation of the impact of a tidal installation on current patterns and tidal range;  Investigation of the impacts of tidal installations on one another, etc.    With this methodology in place, regulators, developers and other stakeholders in the tidal industry can virtually investigate any number of \u2018what if\u2019 scenarios for the installations of free stream turbines before ever driving a pile or laying cable.   The mid-field cross-coupling method was also successfully implemented and demonstrated for Petit Passage. The flow through Petit Passage was modeled for both ebb and flood conditions (6 h each). In general results from the CFD simulations showed good agreement with Ocean model data, especially where the flow is relatively uni-directional and not dominated by large eddies.   A methodology was also proposed and subsequently demonstrated for how best to use the mid-field modeling approach to identify suitable turbine deployment locations. A deployment location along the north eastern shore was identified as a possible turbine deployment site. A simulation was subsequently run with the inclusion of a turbine. This simulation demonstrated the potential for using CFD to calculate power extracted by the turbine over a tidal cycle as well as modeling the wake generated by the turbine. This methodology could therefore be extended to modeling tidal farm arrays with inclusion of turbine interaction effects.   At this point, the CFD model of Petit Passage is still considered preliminary because it has not been validated against field data. While ADCP measurements have been completed at several locations in Petit Passage, the data is not yet available for public release.   The team therefore succeeded in meeting initial project objectives by testing two separate methods of coupling CFD and Ocean models. Detailed models of both Minas Passage and Petit Passage now exist that can be used as tools by project developers for laying out turbine arrays and technology developers to better understanding local inflow conditions.","author":["Klaptocz, V.","Waung, T.","Crawford, C.","Shives, M.","Karsten, R.","Hiles, C.","Walters, R."],"organization":["Acadia University","Cascadia Coast Research","Mavi Innovations Inc","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2013-02-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Klaptocz-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4676","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-cetacean-activity-patterns-movements-minas-passage-pre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-of-cetacean-activity-patterns-and-movements-in-minas-passage-pre-turbine-baseline-conditions","title":"Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Cetacean Activity Patterns and Movements in Minas Passage: Pre-Turbine Baseline Conditions","description":"Currently, there is sparse information available on the near-field effects of tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) devices on marine mammals. There is also little data on the temporal presence and activity of marine mammals in the upper Bay of Fundy (Tollit et al., 2011). Overall, harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) are listed by COSEWIC as a species of special concern and represent the most commonly occurring species of cetacean in Minas Passage\/Basin, seen year-round in small pods, while white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) are believed to visit periodically in the summer. While the risk of direct collision or turbine strike remains a potential concern for marine mammals (Wilson, Batty, Daunt, \u0026amp; Carter, 2007), behavioral or activity level modifications or loss of foraging habitat due to anthropogenic noise disturbance (notably noise during TISEC turbine operation, but also during any foundation construction) and indirectly due to changes in prey populations (such as reef effects due to TISEC turbine presence) are considered two significant data-gaps that need biological assessment before any defensible build-out occurs (Ryan, 2010). The collection of baseline data prior to further TISEC deployments is considered vital in any subsequent post-deployment assessment of changes in cetacean activity levels or spatial use.  Prior to this Research Project, FORCE funded SMRU Ltd (University of St Andrews) and Acadia University to undertake a three month pilot baseline study (10 August 2010 \u2013 23 November 2010) during which three autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) devices, specifically C-POD hydrophones (autonomous cetacean echolocation click detectors manufactured by Chelonia Ltd), were deployed and recovered in the FORCE demonstration area using custom-made bottom moorings fitted with acoustic releases (Tollit et al., 2011).  This Final Report describes work undertaken in 2011 and 2012, during which seven C-PODs were deployed to expand the spatial and temporal coverage of the pilot baseline study. C-PODs were deployed in a gradient design (Ellis \u0026amp; Schneider, 1997), believed most appropriate to study impacts like noise disturbance and indirect prey effects. During both years of study, 2 devices were located within the demonstration area and 5 outside the area (dependent on recovery of C-PODs), ensuring coverage of shallower waters north and deeper waters south, where prey availability may concentrate cetacean foraging. Battery operated CPODs required multiple (3) deployments per year to cover the time period May to November.  The main objectives of the Research Project were to determine the baseline activity patterns and behavior of key cetaceans (porpoises and dolphins) in the Minas Passage during spring, summer and fall, and to assess how these vary temporally (with respect to time of day, weeks, months and across years), spatially (within and outside the FORCE demonstration area) and with current patterns (tidal cycles and current velocity). A secondary goal was also to assess (if possible) how these activity patterns vary subsequent to the deployment of TISEC devices or cable-laying operations. This secondary goal could not be achieved as there were no TISEC deployments during the study period. Instead, we conducted a pilot study to assess the performance of another hydrophone technology that was co-deployed with C-PODs in the FORCE test area.   In summary, cetacean baseline data was collected for all three seasons (May \u2013 January), but a variety of technical difficulties prevented complete coverage for some units outside of the demonstration area. In spite of this, a total of 1,342 days of data were collected (1,932,410 minutes). Data collected in 2011 and 2012 indicate a daily (98% of days had detections) but typically low level presence of harbour porpoise in Minas Passage (median DPM\/day = 22 or 1.5% of each day). No other odontocete cetacean species (i.e., dolphins) was detected during either year of the study.  Porpoise presence was highest during the month of May and lowest during the months of July and August coinciding with the seasonal movement of the summer harbour porpoise population into the Bay of Fundy. A final peak in porpoise presence occurred in late October. While it appears that porpoise activity decreases during winter, winter monitoring would need to be conducted to verify this. The tidal variables of velocity and height had a large impact on porpoise presence in Minas Passage. Porpoise presence peaked at flood tidal velocities from 0.5 to 2.5 m\/s and tidal heights of 1.5 to 3.5 m above mean tidal height. At higher flood velocities, porpoise detections decreased. On ebb tides, porpoise presence decreased with increasing tidal velocity. Tidal height had a similar pattern with porpoise detections decreasing as tidal height became more negative. The location of C-POD units did have an effect on porpoise detections. The most plausible explanation for this is the depth at which the C-POD was deployed. The deeper the C-POD unit, the higher the number of porpoise detections. The C-PODs within the FORCE area had relatively high porpoise detections (depth ranges from 52-56 m) while those units in deeper water to the south outside of the FORCE area (84 m) had higher predicted detections. The shallowest unit to the north of the FORCE site (27 m) had the lowest porpoise detections.  Diel (day-night) effects were also evident in the data. Porpoise detections were highest in the early morning hours, just after midnight, while they were at their lowest during early afternoon, just after midday. Sediment noise caused by large current velocities within Minas Passage interfered with our ability to detect porpoise by causing memory saturation of the C-POD units. This impact varied by location with the majority of locations impacted most during spring flood tides (i.e., the fastest tidal velocities). However, two locations outside the FORCE lease area were heavily impacted on both ebb and flood tides and were thus avoided in year two of this study. In spite of the impact of sediment noise on porpoise detections, we were able to control for sediment noise by including it as a covariate in our statistical modelling and therefore still make predictions at high tidal velocities.   A pilot project to compare the porpoise detection performance of C-PODs with a digital hydrophone and recorder, the icListenHF, was conducted over a one month period in August 2012. This study showed that flow-induced noise, which varies with tidal height and current speed, limits Harbour porpoise detection by both hydrophone types, especially during spring tide cycles. Click train detections per minute in August were greatest on the ebb tide at night during a neap tide. Further concurrent deployments using a combination of C-PODs and digital hydrophones are recommended for comparative and complementary purposes and for greater spatial coverage, especially during peak activity periods (spring and fall). Range testing of hydrophones under different flow scenarios would assist the interpretation of the datasets collected.  Minas Passage is a very challenging location in which to monitor biological and physical processes of importance to testing TISEC devices. In spite of these challenges this two year study on marine mammal presence has succeeded in measuring baseline levels of marine mammal usage of Minas Passage which will be crucial for monitoring potential impacts from TISEC devices after they are installed at FORCE.","author":["Wood, J.","Tollit, D.","Redden, A.","Porskamp, P.","Broome, J.","Fogarty, L.","Booth, C.","Karsten, R."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Acadia University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)","SMRU Consulting","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.342742000000","-64.435294000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tollit-Redden-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4677","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-energy-extraction-sediment-dynamics-intertidal-ecosystems-minas-basin","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/effects-of-energy-extraction-on-sediment-dynamics-in-intertidal-ecosystems-of-the-minas-basin","title":"Effects of Energy Extraction on Sediment Dynamics in Intertidal Ecosystems of the Minas Basin","description":"Sediments are the primary determinants of biological activities in the Upper Bay of Fundy, notably benthic habitat and ecosystem processes; being able to forecast their behaviour is a high priority as indicated in the SEA report (Whitford, 2008). These areas are of high importance for primary productivity and functioning of the estuarine ecosystem. However, our current understanding of sedimentary processes operating in the upper intertidal zone is extremely limited and significantly limits our ability to accurately model far field effects of energy extraction. We know that a decrease in velocity will affect the transport and deposition of sediments and alter their properties (e.g. grain size, cohesiveness, organic matter content) however the relative magnitude of these changes in upper intertidal zones such as tidal creeks and salt marshes is unknown. In addition, we do not know if these changes would fall within the bounds of natural variability or how processes would be either amplified or dampened under a changing climate.  The purpose of this research project was to assess how the dynamics of sedimentation change in response to changes in energy between neap and spring tidal cycles. The differences in tidal prism and energy between neap and spring tidal cycles were used as a proxy for energy extraction due to in-stream tidal power devices. The overall goal therefore was to gain a better understanding of the factors controlling sediment transport and deposition within intertidal ecosystem and how these processes may or may not change with changing tidal energy or amplitude.  The research was conducted over a 3 year period at two intertidal sites within the Cornwallis Estuary. Starrs Point and Kingsport were chosen specifically for contrasting levels of wave exposure which would likely result in differences in sediment transport processes and \u2018sensitivity\u2019 to changing tidal conditions. Similar types of instruments available at the Intertidal Coastal Sediment Transport (In_CoaST) Research Unit were used for all three experiments however were deployed in different configurations and at different sampling rates to focus on a range of research priorities. Instruments used included: one Nortek shallow water bottom mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, 3 Nortek Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters, 2 Optical Backscatter Sensors (OBS 3+ Campbell Scientific), surface mounted sediment traps, 1 Teledyne ISCO automated water sampler deployed on a tower and 1 RBR temperature, turbidity and salinity probe.  From August 2009 to September 2011, a total of 73 tides were sampled over a range of spring to neap tidal cycles. Complete data sets (all instruments and traps function with the exception of the ISCO sampler) were collected for 40 of these tides. A total of 624 sediment deposition and 431 suspended sediment samples were collected with almost a third of these being processed for disaggregated grain size (DIGS) analysis. In addition, data were collected during a full range of natural variability in non-ice meteorological conditions. Data collected during these experiments represent the most comprehensive empirical data set ever collected within intertidal ecosystems in the Bay of Fundy.   Significant differences in sediment transport processes and controls on sediment deposition were found between the sheltered Starrs Point site (both within the creek and on the marsh surface) and the exposed Kingsport location. The differences in sediment deposition may be linked to differences in both the availability of sediment and the opportunity for this sediment to be deposited. Overall current velocities were very low 5-10 cm\u2219s-1 within the Starrs point tidal creek and less than 5 cm\u2219s-1 within the vegetated canopy at both sites. Measured shear stresses are insufficient to re-suspend sediment within the exception of the creek thalweg. Water depth and tidal stage play an important role in controlling the hydrodynamics within these systems, particularly within the tidal creek system. Tides which are restricted to the channel tend to be flood dominant while those that exceed the bankfull level are ebb dominant. Suspended sediment concentrations were highly variable ranging from \u0026lt; 50 mg\u2219l-1 to 5,800 mg\u2219l-1 particularly during flood and final ebb portions of the tide and during storms - mean during tides ~ 50-150 mg\u2219l-1. This suggests an ephemeral formation of a fluid mud layer which would dampen turbulence near the bed. At Starrs Point, there was approximately seven times the mass of sediment deposited within the tidal creek when compared to the marsh surface. In addition, approximately 1.5 times more sediment was deposited during overmarsh tides compared with channel restricted tides. The ADCP and OBS records indicate notable settling of sediment just after high tide which was not observed at the Kingsport site. Significantly less sediment (approximately 10 times) was deposited within the exposed Kingsport site and the highest values were recorded, not surprisingly, during lower amplitude tides. The grain size spectra between tides were very similar, and the highly flocculated nature of the material leads to more rapid settling with higher suspended sediment concentrations and more resultant deposition with a greater volume of water (e.g. depth). While sediment availability is enhanced during heavy rainfall events it does not necessarily lead to higher deposition immediately after the storm. Overall, these findings provide important baseline information regarding natural variability in biophysical processes and the ability of intertidal ecosystems to respond to changes in the environment (e.g. resilience) that can be applied to computer models currently being developed.  The amount of sediment deposited, particularly on the marsh surface, appears to be most sensitive to changes in water depth rather than changes in tidal energy. Therefore even a 5% reduction in tidal amplitude would reduce the number of over-marsh tides by a similar figure, and cause an increase in the occurrence of channel-restricted tides and result in significant changes in inundation time and flooding frequency on the marsh surface. The frequency of marshfull tides can potentially increase as well, in which case amplified erosion of marsh edges may create an additional sediment source. Decreased inundation frequency of high marsh surfaces may impose a sediment deficit in marsh systems, as less material is distributed to the marsh surface from tidal creeks. High marsh areas will likely be the most significantly impacted with a loss of sediment input. This can show impacts in marsh sedimentation and resulting elevation, channel equilibrium, vegetation community structure, and ecological productivity.   Potential decreased ebb-flow magnitude is likely to be associated with decreased tidal amplitude, due to less water being put into storage on the marsh surface, as well as less frequent inundation events. Lower magnitude ebb flows may show less capacity for sedimentary work, reducing sediment mobility during ebb phases. The result may be creek infilling and a reduction in bank steepness, which would likely have continued impacts on creek hydrodynamics and sediment transport. A continuation and exacerbation of this cycle would constitute a non-linear response of fine-grained materials in tidal creeks, and would impact the movement of water in and out of the estuary through changes in deposition and erosion patterns and the resulting basin geometry. Either a circumstance of decreased sediment supply to the marsh surface, or an increase in in-channel sedimentation, will impact the form and function of salt marshes  While this research has led to an increased understanding of the factors controlling sediment transport and deposition, it has also raised our awareness of the spatial and temporal complexity of these processes. Future field data collection efforts should try to get a better picture of the significant fluctuations in suspended sediment concentrations in the exposed marsh and mudflat system, given the challenges during the Kingsport deployment. It is recommended that the research be expanded to include a greater range of seasonal conditions and simultaneous measurements at multiple locations. It will be critical that computer models be tested for a range of environmental conditions and at a sufficiently fine spatial scale to resolve differences in sediment transport processes between un-vegetated creek or mudflat surfaces and the marsh surface. In addition, given the sensitivity of intertidal sediment transport processes and deposition to water depth, it is recommended that a Basin wide GIS assessment be conducted to identify the areas that will be most sensitive (e.g. upper marsh) to changes in tidal amplitude.","author":["van Proosdij, D.","O\u0027Laughlin, C.","Milligan, T.","Law, B.","Spooner, I."],"organization":["Acadia University","Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Saint Mary\u0027s University"],"originationDate":"2013-02-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.343810000000","-64.425809000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Van-Proosdij-2013-FinalReport.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4678","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-tidal-energy-extraction-sediment-dynamics-minas-basin-bay-fundy-ns","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/resources\/f1c21770b59114114866df4d4913810e\/2012-Impacts-of-Tidal-Energy-Extraction-on-Sediment-Dynamics-Final-Report-BIO-QueensUniversity-DalhousieUniversity.pdf","title":"Impacts of Tidal Energy Extraction on Sediment Dynamics in Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy, NS","description":"The introduction of in-stream turbines in Minas Channel could impose changes to the oceanographic conditions on the tidal flats, at the shoreline, and in river channels in Minas Basin that might result in sediment erosion\/accretion as the system adjusts to a new equilibrium. The goal of this research project is the development of numerical hydrodynamic and sediment transport models for Minas Basin in the Bay of Fundy, the focus of which will be the sediment dynamics of the tidal inlets and flats. The models have been validated by field observations and used for prediction of the impacts of tidal power devices on the dynamics of coastal flows, sediment transport and seabed morphology. These models include the relevant physical processes for sediment dynamics, including tidal currents, river flows and wave-induced sediment mobilization and re-suspension. The models used for this study are the first step in addressing the problem of sedimentation in tidal rivers and on the tidal flats induced by tidal energy extraction.  The models are based on existing and well established in three-dimensional models for hydrodynamics (Delft3D and FVCOM), and use coupled nested grids or unstructured meshes to appropriately resolve the locations of interest within Minas Basin. Model grids have been developed using existing high-resolution multi-beam bathymetry (Parrott et al, 2008). Relevant forcing mechanisms are evaluated and included, for example tides, storm surges, winds and waves. The model results have been used to evaluate sediment erosion, suspension, transport and deposition. The domain encompasses all of Minas Basin, with the boundary placed in Minas Passage such that changes in boundary conditions may be used to represent various tidal energy extraction schemes. The impacts of single turbines, lines and arrays of turbines are simulated in the model flows as well. Regarding validation of the natural system, the models are used to predict sediment changes during the spring\/neap tidal cycle and compared with data reported by Amos and Joice (1977) and concurrent observations by others, including measurements of sediment concentration profiles, erosion and deposition rates in sensitive estuaries of the Avon and Cornwallis Rivers and nearby tidal flats in the upper Bay of Fundy. The predicted differences between spring and neap conditions are used as a proxy for before and after tidal energy extraction. The modelling system was used to predict changes to tidal currents, water levels, sediment concentrations, sediment transport rates and areas of seabed erosion\/accretion. This research identifies some of the impacts of tidal power generation on the coastal marine environment in Minas Basin, which benefits and complements other environmental research.","author":["Smith, P.","Bugden, G.","Wu, Y.","Mulligan, R.","Tao, J."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Dalhousie University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)","Queens University"],"originationDate":"2012-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4679","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/near-field-effects-tidal-power-extraction-extreme-events-coastline-integrity-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oera.ca\/marine-renewable-energy\/tidal-research-projects\/hydrodynamic-modeling\/near-field-effects-of-tidal-power-extraction-on-extreme-events-and-coastline-integrity-in-the-bay-of-fundy\/","title":"Near Field Effects of Tidal Power Extraction on Extreme Events and Coastline Integrity in the Bay of Fundy","description":"The objective of this project is to quantify the near-field effects of large scale tidal power extraction from the Bay of Fundy by the use of tidal energy extraction devices on the resulting effects of extreme storm events and coastline integrity by implementing a spectral wave model to numerically simulate wave transformation for operational (with turbines) and nonoperational (without turbines) tidal conditions. The predicted current fields for the operational and non-operational conditions were obtained directly from the hydrodynamic modeling of the Bay of Fundy produced by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (Dr. David Greenberg). Time-dependent current predictions for the near and far-field models were input directly into the wave spectral model to assess the effects of power extraction on wave transformation. The wave-current modelling analysis was organized into three phases.\nPhase I Seasonal (Non-Storm) Wave Conditions\nPhase II Storm Wave Conditions\nPhase III Extreme Wave Conditions\nA spectral wave model (one-dimensional and two-dimensional) was integrated with the existing circulation models for tidal currents in the Bay of Fundy to simulate the wave-current interaction. The overall objective of the work is to assess the changes in wave conditions caused by the extraction of energy from tidal currents, which will indicate the effect of the tidal energy turbines on shoreline erosion and coastline integrity.\n\nThe results of the analysis carried out using the SwanOne wave model (a one-dimensional model) show that changes in the current affect the spectral shape of the waves and redistribute wave energy to different frequency bands. As expected, changes in the current produce a net change in the characteristics of energy propagating through the model. More detailed analysis of the transformations occurring, particularly the redistribution of energy to the various frequency bands, was carried out using two-dimensional models.\n\nThe modelling of the wave-current interaction using the 2-dimensional STWAVE model with the BIO tidal current model is shown to be a powerful tool to quantify expected changes in wave energy throughout the model domain. The modelling and refinement of the wave-current model was carried out to help define areas of interest in regards to shoreline response to changing conditions. Some of the modelling results from the on-going BIO\/Acadia research were integrated into our analysis to incorporate any expected changes in the flow field with the introduction of tidal energy extraction devices. In particular, the extreme case of an intense concentration of 225 turbines installed across Minas Passage had shown a decrease of up to 20% in current magnitude in close proximity to the turbines. Using this value of change in the current field in a portion of Minas Passage and combining with a series of wave conditions, nearshore effects produced only small localized changes in wave energy levels at the adjacent shoreline. Based on the analysis carried out on potential changes in wave patterns as a result of current changes and caused by a set of 225 tidal turbines positioned offshore from Cape Split across a portion of Minas Passage, the resulting nearshore effects observed in the model were small decreases in energy levels at the adjacent shoreline. Therefore, it can be expected that under the conditions analyzed, the energy extraction could cause increased deposition of suspended sediment in some near-field regions of the Minas Basin channel and Passage. Far field effects of tidal changes were not considered as part of this study.\n\nSmall changes shown in the analysis carried out could still represent more significant changes in sedimentation or erosion as a cumulative effect over the longer term. More detailed information on flow and sediment properties are required. Details of the flow field surrounding the individual turbines and the resultant details of flow around an array require further characterization. Sediment properties in the regions of flow changes should be better quantified for predictive effects of deposition or scour due to flow changes.","author":["Watanabe, R."],"organization":["Martec Ltd","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.359252000000","-64.398344000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martec-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4680","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-impacts-power-generation-tidal-lagoons-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/259623467_Hydrodynamic_impacts_of_tidal_power_lagoons_in_the_bay_of_fundy","title":"Hydrodynamic Impacts of Power Generation by Tidal Lagoons in the Bay of Fundy","description":"The Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada is renowned for its high tides, which are among the world\u2019s largest; and for this reason, the Bay of Fundy (BoF) has long been recognized as one of the world\u2019s premier locations for deployment of tidal power generation systems. The large tides are a result of the near-resonant response of the BoF-GoM system to the M2 tidal forcing. The tidal barrage at Annapolis Royal has been operating successfully since 1984; however, because of hydrodynamic and environmental impacts upstream of this barrage, this type of tidal power development remains highly controversial. Tidal power lagoons are an alternative approach to tidal power conversion that attempts to achieve high efficiency while avoiding some of the environmental problems associated with tidal barrages. A typical tidal power lagoon consists of a large impoundment structure (a rubble-mound dyke or caisson) and a power-house containing sluices and conventional low-head hydroelectric generating equipment, situated a mile or more offshore in an area with shallow depths and high tides. While tidal power lagoons are believed to be technically feasible and efficient, their potential effects on the hydrodynamics of the BoF-GoM tidal system has not been investigated previously and remains unknown. The main objective of the study described in this report was to discover and assess the scale and character of the changes in tidal hydrodynamics that would be caused by tidal power lagoons operating in the upper part of the Bay.  A detailed two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, based on the TELEMAC modelling system, has been developed to simulate tidal flows in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. The model has been well calibrated and validated against water level and velocity data. Twenty different versions of the model have been developed to simulate existing conditions and nineteen hypothetical scenarios with one or more tidal power lagoons operating in the upper Bay. Methods were developed to simulate, numerically, the flows through low-head turbines and sluices, and the storage and release of water from a lagoon impoundment. Tidal power lagoons, varying in size from 12 km2 up to 58 km2, have been simulated at six prospective sites, three sites in Minas Basin and three in Chignecto Bay. In one scenario, the effect of six lagoons working together, one at each site, was investigated. The changes in tidal hydrodynamics throughout the BoF and GoM due to the presence and operation of one or more tidal lagoons have been estimated by differencing results from simulations with lagoons and an equivalent simulation of existing conditions without lagoons. The sensitivities to changes in lagoon location, lagoon size, lagoon type, the number of lagoons and their location have all been investigated. Moreover, relationships that describe the trade-off between power generation from lagoons and the magnitude of the resulting hydrodynamic change have been developed for several major communities around the BoF and GoM.  The methods employed in the study and the results of these simulations are presented and discussed in this report. These results will help inform current and future policies concerning the development of the vast tidal energy resources in the Bay of Fundy.","author":["Cornett, A.","Cousineau, J."],"organization":["Canadian Hydraulics Centre","National Research Council Canada"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cornett-Cousineau-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4681","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-laden-ice-measurements-observations-implications-potential-interactions-ice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oera.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Stokesbury-Final-Report.pdf","title":"Sediment-Laden Ice Measurements and Observations, and Implications  for Potential Interactions of Ice and Large Woody Debris with  Tidal Turbines in Minas Passage","description":"The report is one of three reports submitted under the overall project \u201c3-D Acoustic Tracking of Fish, Sediment-Laden Ice, and Large Wood Debris in the Minas Passage of the Bay of Fundy\u201d Research Project Duration: October 1, 2009 - December 31, 2011 Grant Recipients (PIs): Dr. Michael Stokesbury and Dr. Anna M. Redden Institution Holding Grant: Acadia University\n\nDr. Stokesbury and Dr. Redden, in collaboration with the Ocean Tracking Network and a broad team of researchers and consultants, are using VEMCO animal tracking technology to complete in-situ testing of the path, depth and velocity of fish and objects passing through the Minas Passage. Using hydrodynamic models, they will determine the potential for interaction of fish and objects with turbines installed in the water column, and provide advice on risk and mitigation to regulators and developers.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Redden, A.","Broome, J."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Acadia University","Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER)","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sanderson-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4682","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-far-field-effects-tidal-power-extraction-bay-fundy-gulf-maine-scotian-shelf","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/assessing-the-far-field-effects-of-tidal-power-extraction-on-the-bay-of-fundy-gulf-of-maine-and-scotian-shelf","title":"Assessing the Far Field Effects of Tidal Power Extraction on the Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf","description":"The Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine system has a natural resonant period very close to the main semi-diurnal lunar tide. This results in the world\u2019s highest tides and strong tidal currents in the Bay of Fundy, particularly in Minas Channel and Minas Basin. The physical and ecological conditions in the \u201cfar field\u201d could undergo significant changes given significant extraction of tidal power from this near-resonant system. The \u201cfar-field\u201d in this project includes the Bay of Fundy (BoF) and adjacent Gulf of Maine (GoM) and western Scotian Shelf (SS). This research project is to quantify the far-field effects of tidal power extraction with a particular focus on tides, tidal current patterns, the vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity and also large-scale sediment distributions from numerical results produced by ocean circulation models.  Two types of ocean circulation models based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) were used in this study. The first is the three-dimensional (3D), barotropic tidal circulation model for examining the far-field effect of tidal energy extraction in the Minas Passage on the tidal elevations and 3D tidal currents in the BoF-GoM system. The tidal in-stream energy extraction in the model is parameterized in terms of the quadratic Rayleigh friction in the momentum equation. A suite of numerical experiments are conducted to determine the ranges of extractable tidal in-stream energy and resulting effects on the 3D tidal circulation in the BoF-GoM region in terms of the Rayleigh friction coefficients. The 3D model results suggest that the maximum energy extraction in the Minas Passage increases tidal elevations and tidal currents throughout the GoM and reduces tidal elevations and circulation in the upper BoF, especially in the Minas Basin. The far-field effect of tidal energy extraction in the Passage on the 3D tidal circulation in the BoF-GoM region is examined in two cases of harnessing tidal in-stream energy from (a) the entire water column and (b) the lower water column within 20 m above the bottom in the Passage. It was found that tidal in-stream energy extraction from the lower water column has must less impact on the tidal elevations and circulation in the BoF-GoM than the energy extraction from the whole water column in the Minas Passage.  The second type of the circulation models used in the study is the 3D shelf circulation forecast model known as DalCoast for investigating the far-field effect of the tidal energy extraction on the 3D total currents (including tidal, wind-driven and density-driven currents) and temperature\/salinity fields in the BoF, GoM, and western SS. DalCoast was integrated for one year and model results were used to generate the monthly and annual means of currents and hydrographic distributions. It was found that the tidal energy extraction in the Minas Passage affects significantly the monthly and annual mean circulation and hydrographic distributions in the BoF, particularly in the inner BoF. The maximum tidal energy extraction in the Minas Passage also has some noticeable effects in the density-driven currents and temperature\/salinity distributions over the central GoM and western SS.  The far-field effect of the tidal energy extraction on the bottom sediment properties was also studied based on the maximum bed shear stress calculated from the near bottom maximum tidal currents. In case B, the significant effect of tidal energy extraction on the large-scale distribution of the near-bottom sediment occurs mainly over the BoF.","author":["Sheng, J.","Thompson, K.","Hill, P.","Greenberg, D."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2012-06-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sheng-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4683","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-potential-tidal-power-minas-passage-minas-basin","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/research\/assessment-potential-tidal-power-minas-passage-and-minas-basin","title":"Assessment of the Potential of Tidal Power from Minas Passage and Minas Basin","description":"This research project was undertaken to accurately estimate the power potential of the tides and tidal currents in the Minas Basin and Minas Channel regions of the Bay of Fundy. Its goal was to make a power estimate that is both attainable and sustainable; that is, an assessment based on available turbine technology that includes an estimate of the impact on the tidal range and currents. The results of our theoretical analysis and hydrodynamic modelling are producing critical information for many stakeholders. For developers, it will provide realistic power estimates that will determine if commercial scale turbine farms are financially viable. For resource users, it will provide estimates of the changes to the physical environment such power extraction will produce so that they can determine how their livelihood will be affected. For researchers, it will provide the baseline changes to tidal range and currents that will be necessary to examine changes in sediment, impacts on marine life, and other concerns.  The research, described in detail in this report, focused on four topics. First, we examined the improvement of the numerical simulations of the tides and tidal flows in the upper Bay of Fundy. The numerical models, FVCOM and RiCOM, have been run at high resolution in 2D and 3D. The models have been validated against data gathered from ADCPs. This has produced an accurate data set of tidal currents through Minas Passage that will be made publicly available through an ftp site in the coming month. The high resolution simulations has revealed that the flow through Minas Passage is turbulent, with large eddies forming around major bathymetric features. In particular, the slack after the flood tide is dominated by these eddies. The flood and ebb tides are very different, with the flood tide dominated by a strong jet coming off the tip of Cape Split.  Although the models have improved significantly, there is still significant issues that need to be addressed. Observations have shown that the bottom roughness varies across Minas Passage. Observations and simulations show that the throughout the water column is determined by the bottom drag, and therefore accurate modelling of the bottom roughness on the flow is critical. This requires further research. As well, the observations show large velocity fluctuations due to unsteady flow and turbulence. Further work needs to be done to include these in numerical simulations. As well, other effects such as waves and extreme weather events need to be included to get a complete analysis of the variations and extremes of the tidal currents in Minas Passage.  Secondly, we adapted previous theoretical analysis to the specific dynamics of Minas Pas- sage to predict the potential power of turbine fences. This analysis illustrates the importance of the blockage ratio, the portion of the channel cross-section that turbines occupy. If the blockage ratio is high, turbines can be designed to extract significantly more power from the flow. In such cases, the power the turbine fence generates can be over 500% the kinetic energy flux, rather than the 59% maximum of a single turbine. For more realistic smaller blockage ratios, similar large amounts of power can be extracted using many turbine fences. The theory highlights the difference between the power that is available to the turbine for power generation and the total power extracted from the flow. The extracted power exceeds the generation power because energy is lost in the turbine wake (and due to the drag of the turbine supporting structure). It is the extracted power that determines how much power can be taken from a given tidal flow and how extracting this power will change the tidal flow. It is therefore important to increase turbine efficiency, the ratio of the generated power to the extracted power. However, there is a trade-off between maximizing the generated power and increasing efficiency. For Minas Passage, where we expect blockage ratios are most likely to be less than 20%, the theory suggests that it is still possible for the generation power to be exceed 2500 MW for less than a 5% reduction in the flow, and approximately 800 MW for the first 1% reduction in the flow. These results confirm that previous results can be extended to realistic turbine fences.  Our third research topic was the analysis of power extraction using numerical simulations. Using a typical power curve for a 1.2 MW turbine, we used the water speed calculated by our numerical simulations to generate a map of the potential power generation over the Minas Passage. The resulting map shows that there are tens of thousands of locations where the turbine will generate a mean power exceeding 750 kW, a very high capacity factor. This region cover the northern portion of the passage with a significant portion in water depths that exceed 50 m. We also examined the power potential of a 3D complete turbine fence, illustrating that numerical simulations roughly agree with the theory analysis. We did show that increasing the numerical resolution could reduce the maximum power extracted, from 8 GW to 6 GW. This emphasizes that the numbers produced by simulations are not absolute, but will change as the models are adapted and improved. But, significantly, moving to 3D dimensional simulations has not changed qualitatively the 2D results. When we examined partial turbine fences, the simulations suggested that significantly more turbine power than the theory suggested was possible. In the simulations, the turbine drag could be increased to much higher values than the theory suggested. Why this is the case is not fully understood, we believe it is connected to the vertical profile of the flow. It is the focus of ongoing research.  Finally, we combined numerical and theoretical to construct a Turbine Array Model. This model was a relatively simple tool to quickly analyse what the power potential of turbine arrays in Minas Passage. Importantly, included a model of turbine wakes and therefore could assess realistic arrangement of turbines. This model further confirmed previous results. For a small number of turbines, the turbines can theoretically generate in excess of 1MW each. As the number of turbines increases, the turbines must be placed in locations of slower flow and will produce less power. This is especially true if the turbines are restricted to shallow water, for example if the turbines are restricted to water less than 50 m less than 500 turbines can be reasonably located. For all the tested arrays, the model suggests that about 800 MW of power is available for each 1% reduction in the flow through Minas Passage. Even given the reduction in efficiencies of real turbines, this suggests that hundreds of turbines producing hundreds of MW will results in a minimal, likely difficult to observe, reduction in flow through Minas Passage.  In conclusion, our research has supported previous results that in the range of 2000MWof power extracted from Minas Passage by an array of in-stream tidal turbines with a relatively small reduction in the flow through the passage, less than 5%. For smaller arrays, the turbines can be placed in locations with the fastest water and produce power more efficiently with even less impact. Of course, these are initial estimates. More work remains to be done to understand the turbulent nature of tidal flow, the complex interaction of turbines and the flow, and possibility of designing turbines to make arrays generate electricity with minimum power extraction.","author":["Karsten, R.","Greenberg, D.","Tarbotton, M.","Culina, J.","Swan, A.","O\u0027Flaherty-Sproul, M.","Corkum, A."],"organization":["Acadia University","Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER)","Triton Environmental Consultants Ltd"],"originationDate":"2011-11-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.150000000000","-64.400000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Karsten-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4684","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/community-business-toolkit-tidal-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tidalenergy.acadiau.ca\/community-business-toolkit.html#","title":"Community and Business Toolkit for Tidal Energy Development","description":"In June 2011, the Nova Scotia Utility and Review Board (UARB) announced Community Feed-In Tariffs (COMFIT) for various renewable energy developments, including small-scale tidal energy. This innovative government policy gives communities\/developers a long-term, guaranteed price for electricity generated from renewable resources. UARB also released developmental tidal feed-in tariff rates for large scale projects in November, 2013.  There were many questions around how communities and businesses in Nova Scotia can benefit from tidal energy development. To address some of these questions the Acadia Tidal Energy Institute, with support from municipal, provincial and federal partners, has developed the Community and Business Toolkit for Tidal Energy Development. The Toolkit will assist communities and businesses in better understanding the opportunities stemming from tidal energy while encouraging responsible harvesting of tidal energy resources.  An addendum to the toolkit, a Tidal Energy Community Engagement Handbook, was produced as a step-by-step guide to community engagement for usage by all stakeholders involved in tidal power development.  The Community and Business Toolkit for Tidal Energy Development contains a series of modules that describe opportunities and strategies for communities and businesses to become involved in tidal energy development. The modules also provide relevant advice, checklists and links.","author":["MacDougall, S.","Colton, J."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MacDougall-Colton-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4685","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-community-engagement-handbook","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tidalenergy.acadiau.ca\/tl_files\/sites\/atei\/Content\/Reports\/Tidal%20Energy%20Engagement%20Handbook_final.pdf","title":"Tidal Energy Community Engagement Handbook","description":"Successfully implementing tidal-based marine renewable energy projects in Nova Scotia will largely depend on the level of community engagement. However, in most instances community and stakeholder engagement is poorly planned and underfunded. The Tidal Energy Community Engagement Handbook was developed to support community and stakeholder engagement for the Community Feed-in Tariff program and to specifically support those projects related to tidal energy development.  This handbook provides a step-by-step guide to community engagement for usage by all stakeholders involved in tidal power development including municipal, provincial, industry and academic interests.","author":["Isaacman, L.","Colton, J."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Acadia University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Isaacmanetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4686","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-2013-nova-scotia-tidal-energy-research-symposium-forum","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fern.acadiau.ca\/document_archive.html?action=view\u0026id=212","title":"Proceedings of the 2013 Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Research Symposium and Forum","description":"The Nova Scotia Tidal Energy Research Symposium and Forum was held on 14-15 May 2013 at the KC Irving Environmental Science Centre, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS. The purpose was to provide a forum for individuals engaged in ongoing and recently completed environmental, technological \/ engineering and socioeconomic research and technical work related to tidal energy development in Nova Scotia to share and discuss their activities, findings and insights.  Over 100 people from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, British Columbia, Washington, and Massachusetts attended the 2 day event, with delegates representing academia, government, and public and private sector organizations involved in tidal energy research.  The symposium and forum included:    Updates on Marine Renewable Energy developments and related activities in Nova Scotia;  Overviews of recently funded research projects and associated technical needs;  Oral and poster presentations on results and lessons learned from ongoing and recently completed research and technical work related to tidal energy development in Nova Scotia and its practical relevance to development and regulation;  Focused break-out sessions with facilitated discussions on     collaboration and engagement in tidal energy R\u0026amp;D   information\/technology gaps and challenges   technological solutions to address tidal energy development challenges;      A panel session featuring tidal energy Research and Development (R\u0026amp;D) financing, including Feed-in-Tariffs and regional and national priorities and opportunities;  Networking opportunities to foster dialogue, understanding and cooperation among the research community, industry and regulators.   The following sections include information on the symposium organisers, the 2-day programme of events, abstracts (and some extended abstracts) of all oral and poster research presentations, summaries of the facilitated break-out sessions and a list of the Tidal Energy Research Symposium and Forum delegates.","author":["Isaacman, L.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Acadia University","Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN)","Nova Scotia Department of Energy","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2013-05-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.681987000000","-63.744311000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Proceedings-of-the-2013-Nova-Scotia-Tidal-Energy-Research-Symposium-and-Forum.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4687","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pacific-continental-shelf-environmental-assessment-pacsea-aerial-seabird-marine-mammal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5427.pdf","title":"Pacific Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment (PaCSEA): Aerial Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys off Northern California, Oregon, and Washington, 2011-2012","description":"Marine birds and mammals comprise an important community of meso- and upper-trophic-level predators within the northern California Current System (NCCS). The NCCS is located within one of the world\u2019s four major eastern boundary currents and is characterized by an abundant and diverse marine ecosystem fuelled seasonally by wind-driven upwelling which supplies nutrient-rich water to abundant phytoplankton inhabiting the surface euphotic zone. The oceanographic conditions throughout the NCCS fluctuate according to well-described seasonal, inter-annual, and decadal cycles. Such oceanographic variability can influence patterns in the distribution, abundance, and habitat use among marine birds and mammals. Although there are an increasing number of studies documenting distributions and abundances among birds and mammals in various portions of the NCCS, there have been no comprehensive, large-scale, multi-seasonal surveys completed throughout this region since the early 1980s (off northern California; Briggs et al. 1987) and early 1990s (off Oregon and Washington; Bonnell et al. 1992, Briggs et al. 1992, Green et al. 1992). During 2011 and 2012, we completed the Pacific Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment (PaCSEA) which included replicated surveys over the continental shelfslope from shore to the 2000-meter (m) isobath along 32 broad-scale transects from Fort Bragg, California (39\u00b0 N) through Grays Harbor, Washington (47\u00b0 N). Additionally, surveys at a finer scale were conducted over the continental shelf within six designated Focal Areas: Fort Bragg, CA; Eureka, CA; Siltcoos Bank, OR; Newport, OR; Nehalem Bank, OR; and Grays Harbor, WA. We completed a total of 26,752 km of standardized, low-elevation aerial survey effort across three bathymetric domains: inner-shelf waters (\u0026lt;100-m depth), outer shelf waters (100 \u2013 200-m depth) and continental slope waters (200 \u2013 2000-m depth). Survey effort was similar among seasons (winter, summer, and fall) and between years and varied according to the three bathymetric domains: 47% (12,646 km) covered the continental slope, 33% (8887 km) covered the inner-shelf (0 \u2013 100-m depth), and 20% (5,219 km) covered the outer-shelf.  Overall, we recorded 15,403 sightings of 59,466 individual marine birds (12 families, 54 species). During winter, seven species groupings comprised \u0026gt;90% of the total number of birds counted (19,033) with Common Murres (Uria aalge) representing the majority of individuals counted (70.4% of total). The remaining six most abundant taxa included: Surf\/White-winged Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata\/M. fusca; 4.8% of total), Herring\/Thayer\u2019s Gulls (Larus argentatus\/L. thayeri; 3.8% of total), Cassin\u2019s Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus; 3.8% of total), Glaucous-winged Gulls (Larus glaucescens; 3.7% of total), Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla; 2.0% of total), and Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis; 1.9% of total). During summer, five species comprised \u0026gt;95% of the total number of birds counted (17,063) with the majority comprised of Common Murres (54.1% of total) and Sooty Shearwaters (Puffinus griseus; 34.4% of total). The remaining most abundant three taxa included: Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma furcata; 3.3% of total), Western Gulls (2.1% of total), and Leach\u2019s Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa; 1.1% of total). During fall, nine species comprised \u0026gt;85% of the total number of birds counted (23,376) with the majority comprised of Common Murres (50.0% of total) and Sooty Shearwaters (10.5% of total). The remaining seven taxa included Cassin\u2019s Auklets (5.2% of total), Surf\/White-winged Scoters (5.1% of total), Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels (3.8% of total), Red\/Red-necked Phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius\/P. lobatus; 3.2% of total), California Gulls (Larus californicus; 3.1% of total), Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis; 2.7% of total), and Sabine\u2019s Gulls (Xema sabini; 2.2% of total). Throughout the entire PaCSEA survey area, average densities (\u00b1 SE) at sea for all marine birds combined were similar between fall (23.7 \u00b1 1.9 birds km-2) and winter (24.0 \u00b1 1.9 birds km-2) and least during summer (16.3 \u00b1 2.2 birds km-2). Marine bird densities at sea varied according to bathymetric domain and season. Throughout the entire PaCSEA study area average densities (\u00b1 SE) for all marine birds combined were greatest over the inner-shelf domain (\u0026lt;100-m depth) during fall (49.4 \u00b1 5.0 birds km-2) and similar during winter (37.4 \u00b1 4.6 birds km-2) and summer (37.5 \u00b1 6.4 birds km-2). Within the outer-shelf domain (100 \u2013 200-m depth), average densities for all marine birds combined were greatest during winter (34.6 \u00b1 4.2 birds km-2), lesser during fall (16.2 \u00b1 1.7 birds km-2), and least during summer (6.9 \u00b1 1.1 birds km-2). Within the farthest offshore waters over the continental slope domain (200 \u2013 2000-m depth) average densities for all marine birds combined were greatest during fall (10.0 \u00b1 2.2 birds km-2) and winter (9.3 \u00b1 1.5 birds km-2), and lesser during summer (6.2 \u00b1 1.4 birds km-2).  We observed 16 cetacean species and five pinniped species. Among the Mysticeti (baleen whales), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were most frequently observed (114 sightings of 264 individuals) during summer and fall mostly over the outer-shelf and slope waters, however, individuals were also seen within the Siltcoos, Nehalem, Fort Bragg, and Eureka Focal Areas. We recorded 11 Odontoceti (toothed whale) species. Harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were the most frequently sighted (164 sightings of 270 individuals). Harbor porpoises were present year-round and most frequently sighted within the inner-shelf domain throughout the entire study area in all seasons. Harbor porpoises occurred in all six Focal Areas, with noteworthy aggregations within the Eureka, Siltcoos, and Grays Harbor Focal Areas. We recorded 246 sightings of 375 individual pinnipeds (5 species). California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were the most frequently sighted and were present year-round with slightly more sightings recorded during the fall. California sea lions showed a decreasing frequency of sightings and relative abundance with distance from shore across the bathymetric domains surveyed, being most frequently observed over the inner-shelf. Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) were observed occasionally during all seasons with harbor seals occurring nearshore (usually within 10 km of the coast) and northern fur seals almost exclusively beyond the shelf break (\u0026gt; 200-m depth), especially during winter off Oregon and Washington. Northern (Steller\u2019s) sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were uncommonly sighted during winter and fall.","author":["Adams, J.","Felis, J.","Mason, J.","Takekawa, J."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.333620000000","-126.246111000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Adams_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4688","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/discrete-element-modeling-blade-strike-frequency-survival-fish-passing-through","sourceURL":"","title":"Discrete Element Modeling of Blade-Strike Frequency and Survival of Fish Passing Through Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Evaluating the consequences to fish from blade-strike on marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine blades is important for incorporating environmental objectives into the integral optimization of machine performance. For instance, experience with conventional hydroelectric turbines has shown that innovative shaping of the blade and other machine components can improve hydraulic performance while reducing negative impacts to fish and other aquatic life. In this work, we used unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of turbine flow and discrete element modeling (DEM) of particle motion to estimate the frequency and severity of collisions between a horizontal axis MHK tidal energy device and drifting aquatic organisms or debris. Two metrics are determined with the method: the strike frequency and the survival rate estimate. To illustrate the procedure step-by-step, an example case of a simple runner model was run and compared against a probabilistic model widely used for strike frequency evaluation. The results for the example case showed a strong correlation between the two approaches. In the application case of the actual MHK turbine flow, turbulent flow was modeled using detached eddy simulation (DES) in conjunction with a full moving rotor. The CFD-simulated power and thrust were satisfactorily comparable to experimental results conducted in a water tunnel on a reduced-scale (1:8.7) version of the turbine design. A cloud of DEM particles was injected into the domain to simulate fish or debris entrained into the turbine flow. Because various studies have pointed out the importance of fish volitional behavior, an assumed avoidance rate of 90% was applied to the particle sample. The strike frequency was the ratio of the count of colliding particles to the crossing sample size. The fish length and approaching velocity were test conditions in the simulations of the MHK turbine. Comparisons showed that DEM-based frequencies tend to be greater than previous results from Lagrangian particles and probabilistic models, mostly because the DEM scheme accounts for both the geometric aspects of the passage event \u2014which only the probabilistic method does\u2014 as well as the fluid-particle interactions \u2014which only the Lagrangian particle method does. With the full particle sample (0% avoidance), the DEM-based survival rates were generally high (above 90% in all studied cases), and comparable to previously reported laboratory results for small fish but not for mid-size fish mainly because of the considerable differences in rotor design between the CFD and laboratory models. With an assumed avoidance rate of 90%, the survival rates increased to nearly 99% across all scenarios. These results point to the need for further research and development of field monitoring methods for operating turbines to better understand the potential interaction between fish and MHK devices. The modeling framework can be used for applications that aim at evaluating the biological performance of MHK turbine units during the design phase and to provide information to regulatory agencies needed for the environmental permitting process.","author":["Romero-Gomez, P.","Richmond, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Richmond-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4689","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-barotrauma-risk-juvenile-fish-during-hydro-turbine-passage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783614000095","title":"Quantifying Barotrauma Risk to Juvenile Fish during Hydro-Turbine Passage","description":"We introduce a method for hydro turbine biological performance assessment (BioPA) to bridge the gap between field and laboratory studies on fish injury and turbine engineering design. Using this method, a suite of biological performance indicators is computed based on simulated data from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a proposed hydro turbine design. Each performance indicator is a measure of the probability of exposure to a certain dose of an injury mechanism. If the relationship between the dose of an injury mechanism (stressor) and frequency of injury (dose\u2013response) is known from laboratory or field studies, the likelihood of fish injury for a turbine design can be computed from the performance indicator. By comparing the values of the indicators from various turbine designs, engineers and biologists can identify the more-promising designs and operating conditions to minimize hydraulic conditions hazardous to passing fish. In this paper, the BioPA method is applied to estimate barotrauma induced mortal injury rates for Chinook salmon exposed to rapid pressure changes in Kaplan-type hydro turbines. Following the description of the general method, application of the BioPA to estimate the probability of mortal injury from exposure to rapid decompression is illustrated using a Kaplan hydro turbine at the John Day Dam on the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. The estimated rates of mortal injury increased from 0.3% to 1.7% as discharge through the turbine increased from 334 to 564\u00a0m3\/s for fish assumed to be acclimated to a depth of 5\u00a0m. The majority of pressure nadirs occurred immediately below the runner blades, with the lowest values in the gap at the blade tips and just below the leading edge of the blades. Such information can help engineers focus on problem areas when designing new turbine runners to be more fish-friendly than existing units.","author":["Richmond, M.","Serkowski, J.","Ebner, L.","Sick, M.","Brown, R.","Carlson, T."],"organization":["Andritz Hydro","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Army Corps of Engineers"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.715109000000","-120.694164000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Richmond-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4690","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-collisions-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-22580.pdf","title":"Simulating Collisions for Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Evaluations of potential blade-strike on an axial-flow marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine were conducted using a method that integrates the following components into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model: (i) advanced eddy-resolving flow simulations, (ii) inflow turbulence based on field data, (iii) moving turbine blades in a transient flow, and (iv) Lagrangian particles to represent fish. The sensitivity of blade-strike probability to the following conditions was also evaluated: (i) turbulent environment, (ii) fish particle size and (iii) mean stream flow velocity. A limitation of the method is that fish are represented as particles that simply move with the fluid and can exhibit no behavioral response such as avoidance of the MHK turbine. This limitation causes a tendency for the model to overestimate strikes since it is likely that some fraction of an approaching population of fish would actively avoid the turbine.\n\nThe CFD-based blade strike simulations provide not only the frequency of collisions, but also insights into the causal relationships between the flow environment and resulting particle strikes on rotating blades. The results were compared against the outcomes of a conventional method that only considers the kinematic aspects of the fish passage event without any regard for the flow dynamics. Overall, the conventional method, while simple to apply, largely overestimates the probability of strike, and lacks the ability to produce potential fish and aquatic biota trajectories as they interact with the rotating turbine. In contrast the CFD-based Lagrangian method utilizes a set of experimental correlations of exposure-response of live fish colliding on moving blades, frequency of occurrence, intensity of the particle collisions to calculate the estimated survival rate of fish encountering the MHK turbine. Estimated survival rates were greater than 96%, which are comparable to or better than many conventional hydropower turbines. Although the proposed CFD framework is computationally more expensive, it provides the advantage of evaluating multiple mechanisms of stress and injury of hydrokinetic turbine devices on fish and relating those to specific design features of the MHK turbine.","author":["Richmond, M.","Romero-Gomez, P.","Rakowski, C."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Richmond-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4691","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-severn-barrage-wave-conditions-bristol-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114001141","title":"The Effects of a Severn Barrage on Wave Conditions in the Bristol Channel","description":"The study investigates the impact that construction of a Severn Barrage in the Severn Estuary, on the west coast of the UK, might have on local wave conditions. Implementation of a barrage will impact on tidal currents and water elevations in the wider region. There is strong tidal modulation of wave conditions under the natural regime and therefore barrage-induced changes to tidal conditions could affect wave modulation in the region. This paper uses Swan, an open source 3rd generation spectral wave model, to investigate the possible impacts of construction of a barrage on tidal modulation of the wave conditions. It is found that current variations, rather than water level variations, are the dominant factor in tidal modulation of wave conditions. Barrage implementation does not substantially change the modulation of the wave period or direction. However, barrage implementation does affect the tidal modulation of wave heights in the area of interest. The tidal modulation of the wave heights is generally reduced compared to the natural case; the peaks in the wave heights on an incoming tide are slightly lowered and there is lesser attenuation in wave heights on the outgoing tide. This modulation leads to net changes in the wave heights over one tidal cycle. For all of the tested wave conditions, this net change is small for the majority of the tested domain, namely to within \u00b15% of the no barrage case. There are some areas of greater change, most notably larger net increases in the wave heights near the North Somerset coast where the post-construction net wave height increase over a tidal cycle approach 20% of the pre-construction conditions. These changes do not impact coastal flooding because the wave height increase is not co-incident with high tide. Importantly, the maximum wave height is not increased and thus the likelihood of extreme events is not increased. The area of greatest reduction is between Swansea and Porthcawl. Changes over a neap tidal cycle show similar patterns of net change, but the modulation over the tidal cycle is different; primarily the magnitude of modulation is half that for the spring tide case and the shape is altered in some locations.","author":["Fairley, I.","Ahmadian, R.","Falconer, R.","Willis, M.","Masters, I."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.369149000000","-4.008091000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4697","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-life-cycle-assessment-seawater-reverse-osmosis-desalination-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148113006289","title":"Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plant Powered by Renewable Energy","description":"This paper evaluates life cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions of a Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant and assesses its performance under three power supply scenarios. A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis is conducted for a plant located in Perth, Western Australia (WA). Input and output flows of SWRO plant are based on literature and Perth desalination plants. The Simapro Australian and Ecoinvent databases are used for operational phase Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). An LCI for the construction phase of the plant is developed using economic input\u2013output analysis. Electricity supply scenarios are \u201c100% WA grid\u201d, \u201c100% wind energy\u201d and \u201c92% wind energy plus 8% Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy\u201d. Results indicate that renewable energy powered desalination plants achieve GHG emissions reduction of \u223c90% compared to the plant powered by WA grid scenario. For the plant powered by fossil based grid electricity, electricity use in the operational phase is found to be responsible for more than 92% of its GHG emissions. On the other hand, for the plants powered by renewable energy, the highest contribution belongs to chemical use in the operational phase (60%) followed by the construction phase (17%). Indirect emissions due to the electricity consumption in the chemical, wind turbine and PV solar panel manufacturing are found to contribute the lion\u0027s share (36\u201339%) of the life cycle emissions for the renewable energy powered desalination plants. Any improvement in fuel mixes in grid electricity towards cleaner energy sources can be beneficial by reducing impacts associated with upstream electricity use in manufacturing. This work provides the first reference to identify and quantify supply chain contributions to the overall environmental impact associated with renewable energy powered desalination plants.","author":["Shahabi, M.","McHugh, A.","Anda, M.","Ho, G."],"organization":["Murdoch University"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-31.986049000000","115.647040000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4698","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-stream-tidal-energy-development-its-potential-effects-tacoma-narrows","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114000477","title":"Modeling of In-Stream Tidal Energy Development and its Potential Effects in Tacoma Narrows Washington USA","description":"Understanding and providing proactive information on the potential for tidal energy projects to cause changes to the physical system and to key water quality constituents in tidal waters is a necessary and cost-effective means to avoid costly regulatory involvement and late stage surprises in the permitting process. This paper presents a modeling study for evaluating the tidal energy extraction and its potential impacts on the marine environment in a real world site \u2013 Tacoma Narrows of Puget Sound, Washington State, USA. An unstructured-grid coastal ocean model, fitted with a module that simulates tidal energy devices, was applied to simulate the tidal energy extracted by different turbine array configurations and the potential effects of the extraction at local and system-wide scales in Tacoma Narrows and South Puget Sound. Model results demonstrated the advantage of an unstructured-grid model for simulating the far-field effects of tidal energy extraction in a large model domain, as well as assessing the near-field effect using a fine grid resolution near the tidal turbines. The outcome shows that a realistic near-term deployment scenario extracts a very small fraction of the total tidal energy in the system and that system wide environmental effects are not likely; however, there are near-field effects on the flow field and bed shear stress in the area of tidal turbine farm. Model results also indicate that from a practical standpoint, hydrodynamic or water quality effects are not likely to be the limiting factor for development of large commercial-scale tidal farms. Results indicate that very high numbers of turbines are required to significantly alter the tidal system; limitations on marine space or other environmental concerns are likely to be reached before reaching these deployment levels. These findings show that important information obtained from numerical modeling can be used to inform regulatory and policy processes for tidal energy development.  Highlights:    Tidal energy extraction by tidal turbine farms was simulated in Tacoma Narrows.  Potential environmental effects due to tidal energy extraction were evaluated.  Extraction of a very small fraction of the total tidal energy has little system-wide effect.  Local effects on flow field and bed stress near tidal turbines are likely to occur.  Marine space is likely to be the limiting factor for development of large tidal farms.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Copping, A.","Geerlofs, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.268709000000","-122.550949000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4700","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-geomagnetic-imprinting-homing-mechanism-pacific-salmon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982213000031","title":"Evidence for Geomagnetic Imprinting as a Homing Mechanism in Pacific Salmon","description":"In the final phase of their spawning migration, Pacific salmon use chemical cues to identify their home river, but how they navigate from the open ocean to the correct coastal area has remained enigmatic. To test the hypothesis that salmon imprint on the magnetic field that exists where they first enter the sea and later seek the same field upon return, we analyzed a 56-year fisheries data set on Fraser River sockeye salmon, which must detour around Vancouver Island to approach the river through either a northern or southern passageway. We found that the proportion of salmon using each route was predicted by geomagnetic field drift: the more the field at a passage entrance diverged from the field at the river mouth, the fewer fish used the passage. We also found that more fish used the northern passage in years with warmer sea surface temperature (presumably because fish were constrained to more northern latitudes). Field drift accounted for 16% of the variation in migratory route used, temperature 22%, and the interaction between these variables 28%. These results provide the first empirical evidence of geomagnetic imprinting in any species and imply that forecasting salmon movements is possible using geomagnetic models.","author":["Putman, N.","Lohmann, K.","Putman, E.","Quinn, T.","Klimley, A.","Noakes, D."],"organization":["Oregon Hatchery Research Center","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of North Carolina","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2013-02-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.598608000000","-125.497985000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4701","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geomagnetic-imprinting-unifying-hypothesis-long-distance-natal-homing-salmon-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/105\/49\/19096","title":"Geomagnetic Imprinting: A Unifying Hypothesis of Long-Distance Natal Homing in Salmon and Sea Turtles","description":"Several marine animals, including salmon and sea turtles, disperse across vast expanses of ocean before returning as adults to their natal areas to reproduce. How animals accomplish such feats of natal homing has remained an enduring mystery. Salmon are known to use chemical cues to identify their home rivers at the end of spawning migrations. Such cues, however, do not extend far enough into the ocean to guide migratory movements that begin in open-sea locations hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. Similarly, how sea turtles reach their nesting areas from distant sites is unknown. However, both salmon and sea turtles detect the magnetic field of the Earth and use it as a directional cue. In addition, sea turtles derive positional information from two magnetic elements (inclination angle and intensity) that vary predictably across the globe and endow different geographic areas with unique magnetic signatures. Here we propose that salmon and sea turtles imprint on the magnetic field of their natal areas and later use this information to direct natal homing. This novel hypothesis provides the first plausible explanation for how marine animals can navigate to natal areas from distant oceanic locations. The hypothesis appears to be compatible with present and recent rates of field change (secular variation); one implication, however, is that unusually rapid changes in the Earth\u0027s field, as occasionally occur during geomagnetic polarity reversals, may affect ecological processes by disrupting natal homing, resulting in widespread colonization events and changes in population structure.","author":["Lohmann, K.","Putman, N.","Lohmann, C."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2008-12-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.071060000000","-80.544829000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Reptiles","Pelagic Fish","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:43:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4702","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-maps-animals-natures-gps","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/210\/21\/3697","title":"Magnetic Maps in Animals: Nature\u0027s GPS","description":"Diverse animals detect the Earth\u0027s magnetic field and use it as a cue in orientation and navigation. Most research on magnetoreception has focused on the directional or `compass\u0027 information that can be extracted from the Earth\u0027s field. Because the field varies predictably across the surface of the globe, however, it also provides a potential source of positional or `map\u0027 information, which some animals use to steer themselves along migratory pathways or to navigate toward specific target areas. The use of magnetic positional information has been demonstrated in several diverse animals including sea turtles, spiny lobsters, newts and birds, suggesting that such systems are phylogenetically widespread and can function over a wide range of spatial scales. These `magnetic maps\u0027 have not yet been fully characterized. They may be organized in several fundamentally different ways, some of which bear little resemblance to human maps, and they may also be used in conjunction with unconventional navigational strategies.","author":["Lohmann, K.","Lohmann, C.","Putman, N."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2007-07-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:08:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4703","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/compatibility-magnetic-imprinting-secular-variation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982208006052","title":"Compatibility of Magnetic Imprinting and Secular Variation","description":"Diverse ocean migrants, including some sea turtles, elephant seals, and salmon, begin life in particular reproductive areas along coastlines, disperse across vast expanses of sea, and then return as adults to their natal areas to reproduce. Little is known about how such marine animals guide themselves to the correct coastal region from hundreds or thousands of kilometers away and after absences ranging in duration from a few months to a decade or more. One hypothesis is that animals imprint on the magnetic field of their home area and use this information to return. The Earth\u0027s field varies predictably across the globe, so different geographic areas are marked by distinctive magnetic fields that might, in principle, provide unique magnetic signatures for natal areas. A potentially serious complication for this hypothesis is that the Earth\u0027s field changes gradually over time, causing the magnetic signatures that define natal areas to slowly drift. This secular variation could make natal homing via magnetic imprinting impossible if the magnetic signatures moved too far from the natal area. To investigate whether magnetic imprinting is compatible with secular variation, we sought a species with a life history that poses challenges for the hypothesis, reasoning that if magnetic imprinting is consistent with natal homing under unfavorable circumstances, then it would also be plausible in most other cases. We chose the Kemp\u0027s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempii), an endangered species that ranges widely over the Gulf of Mexico, northern Caribbean, and the eastern U.S. coast, but returns to nest along a single, limited region of coastline in northern Mexico. This species requires approximately 10\u201315 years to reach sexual maturity and is thus absent from its natal area for much longer than animals such as salmon and elephant seals. Given this long absence, the Kemp\u0027s ridley appears to be particularly susceptible to effects of secular variation if it relies on magnetic imprinting. The modeling results we report here show that the magnetic imprinting hypothesis can account for how the Kemp\u0027s ridley turtle returns to its natal region even after absences of a decade or more.","author":["Putman, N.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2008-07-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.645846000000","-96.045256000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Demersal Fish","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:59:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4704","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-transoceanic-migrations-young-loggerhead-sea-turtles-merging-magnetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/215\/11\/1863","title":"Simulating Transoceanic Migrations of Young Loggerhead Sea Turtles: Merging Magnetic Navigation Behavior with an Ocean Circulation Model","description":"Young loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from eastern Florida, USA, undertake a transoceanic migration in which they gradually circle the Sargasso Sea before returning to the North American coast. Loggerheads possess a \u2018magnetic map\u2019 in which regional magnetic fields elicit changes in swimming direction along the migratory pathway. In some geographic areas, however, ocean currents move more rapidly than young turtles can swim. Thus, the degree to which turtles can control their migratory movements has remained unclear. In this study, the movements of young turtles were simulated within a high-resolution ocean circulation model using several different behavioral scenarios, including one in which turtles drifted passively and others in which turtles swam briefly in accordance with experimentally derived data on magnetic navigation. Results revealed that small amounts of oriented swimming in response to regional magnetic fields profoundly affected migratory routes and endpoints. Turtles that engaged in directed swimming for as little as 1\u20133 h per day were 43\u2013187% more likely than passive drifters to reach the Azores, a productive foraging area frequented by Florida loggerheads. They were also more likely to remain within warm-water currents favorable for growth and survival, avoid areas on the perimeter of the migratory route where predation risk and thermal conditions pose threats, and successfully return to the open-sea migratory route if carried into coastal areas. These findings imply that even weakly swimming marine animals may be able to exert strong effects on their migratory trajectories and open-sea distributions through simple navigation responses and minimal swimming.","author":["Putman, N.","Verley, P.","Shay, T.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2012-02-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.945362000000","-79.083239000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:43:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4705","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/inherited-magnetic-map-guides-ocean-navigation-juvenile-pacific-salmon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982214000189","title":"An Inherited Magnetic Map Guides Ocean Navigation in Juvenile Pacific Salmon","description":"Migratory marine animals exploit resources in different oceanic regions at different life stages, but how they navigate to specific oceanic areas is poorly understood. A particular challenge is explaining how juvenile animals with no prior migratory experience are able to locate specific oceanic feeding habitats that are hundreds or thousands of kilometers from their natal sites. Although adults reproducing in the vicinity of favorable ocean currents can facilitate transport of their offspring to these habitats, variation in ocean circulation makes passive transport unreliable, and young animals probably take an active role in controlling their migratory trajectories. Here we experimentally demonstrate that juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) respond to magnetic fields like those at the latitudinal extremes of their ocean range by orienting in directions that would, in each case, lead toward their marine feeding grounds. We further show that fish use the combination of magnetic intensity and inclination angle to assess their geographic location. The \u201cmagnetic map\u201d of salmon appears to be inherited, as the fish had no prior migratory experience. These results, paired with findings in sea turtles, imply that magnetic maps are phylogenetically widespread and likely explain the extraordinary navigational abilities evident in many long-distance underwater migrants.","author":["Putman, N.","Scanlan, M.","Billman, E.","O\u0027Neil, J.","Couture, R.","Quinn, T.","Lohmann, K.","Noakes, D."],"organization":["Oregon Hatchery Research Center","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of North Carolina","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2014-02-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.848434000000","-124.733714000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Putman-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4706","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coordination-cooperation-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive-us-national","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114000258","title":"Coordination and Cooperation in the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the US National Ocean Policy","description":"This paper explores coordination and cooperation between different levels of governance in the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the US National Ocean Policy. Both policies aim at overcoming the previous sectoral organization of the marine policy field by establishing integrated approaches. As in the EU and the US, competencies in marine policies are shared between different levels of governance, the proper implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the National Ocean Policy to large parts depends on the common efforts of all levels involved. In this submission, the co-management approach is used to analyze the coordinative procedures throughout the policy processes in the EU and the US. It derives four criteria for effective shared management from the literature, which are then applied to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the National Ocean Policy. It appears that the EU and the US promote different consensus-oriented procedures: while in the EU, they are mainly part of the decision-making phase, in the US, they are mostly subsequent to the National Ocean Policy\u0027s adoption.","author":["Maier, N."],"organization":["Hochschule Bremen (City University of Applied Sciences)"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.896389000000","-77.027612000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4708","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/insights-ocean-health-index-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032114001002","title":"Insights into the Ocean Health Index for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Several nations around the world start to consider marine renewable energy (MRE) to be an alternative energy to sustainable development. The utilisation of the ocean includes common interests for food provision, artisanal fishing opportunity, natural products, carbon storage, coastal protection, tourism and recreation, coastal livelihoods and economies, sense of place, clean waters and biodiversity. An index is required to relate the marine renewable energy industry to ocean healthiness quantitatively. The Ocean Health Index (OHI) recently published in Nature measures the healthiness of the ocean within 171 Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). This study identified several data gaps and suggests improvements for the treatment of MRE in OHI calculations. It is suggested to include MRE effects under pressure (pi) or resilience (ri) variables based on the MRE technology type, stage of operation and its effects on OHI goals. The study suggests the OHI may be a suitable indicator to monitor MRE developments after fully including the components of MRE. Policy makers can use the improved OHI to balance the various multiple-competing activities in maritime spatial planning.","author":["Lam, W.","Roy, C."],"organization":["University of Malaya"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4709","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-landscape-modifications-long-term-persistence-animal-populations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0008932","title":"The Effects of Landscape Modifications on the Long-Term Persistence of Animal Populations","description":"Background: The effects of landscape modifications on the long-term persistence of wild animal populations is of crucial importance to wildlife managers and conservation biologists, but obtaining experimental evidence using real landscapes is usually impossible. To circumvent this problem we used individual-based models (IBMs) of interacting animals in experimental modifications of a real Danish landscape. The models incorporate as much as possible of the behaviour and ecology of four species with contrasting life-history characteristics: skylark (Alauda arvensis), vole (Microtus agrestis), a ground beetle (Bembidion lampros) and a linyphiid spider (Erigone atra). This allows us to quantify the population implications of experimental modifications of landscape configuration and composition.  Methodology\/Principal Findings: Starting with a real agricultural landscape, we progressively reduced landscape complexity by (i) homogenizing habitat patch shapes, (ii) randomizing the locations of the patches, and (iii) randomizing the size of the patches. The first two steps increased landscape fragmentation. We assessed the effects of these manipulations on the long-term persistence of animal populations by measuring equilibrium population sizes and time to recovery after disturbance. Patch rearrangement and the presence of corridors had a large effect on the population dynamics of species whose local success depends on the surrounding terrain. Landscape modifications that reduced population sizes increased recovery times in the short-dispersing species, making small populations vulnerable to increasing disturbance. The species that were most strongly affected by large disturbances fluctuated little in population sizes in years when no perturbations took place.  Significance: Traditional approaches to the management and conservation of populations use either classical methods of population analysis, which fail to adequately account for the spatial configurations of landscapes, or landscape ecology, which accounts for landscape structure but has difficulty predicting the dynamics of populations living in them. Here we show how realistic and replicable individual-based models can bridge the gap between non-spatial population theory and non-dynamic landscape ecology. A major strength of the approach is its ability to identify population vulnerabilities not detected by standard population viability analyses.","author":["Nabe-Nielsen, J.","Sibly, R.","Forchhammer, M.","Forbes, V.","Topping, C."],"organization":["Aarhus University","National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)","Roskilde University","University of Reading"],"originationDate":"2010-01-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.383528000000","9.638316000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nabeetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4711","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renews-global-marine-2012-report","sourceURL":"","title":"ReNews Global Marine 2012 Report","description":"Debt financing is tallest step on path to maturity\nArrival of industrial heavyweights brings sharper focus on bottom line at coming early-stage array. (Page 2)\nGlobal project rundown\nTried and trusted turbines ahead in tidal race\nPelamis breaks out from wave pack\nNarec offers ultimate dry run for developers\nUK challenge to go for gold\nMatching funds \u2018grant funding guarantee\u2019\nTEL aims for quality not speed off Wales\n\nSparks flying at EMEC\nOrkney test centre underpins Scotland\u2019s claim to the global ocean energy crown. (Page 9)\nLease in bag for bigger and better Siadar\nBrussels swings towards collaborative R\u0026D\nAusterity waiting game for Ireland\u2019s developers\nLease round in the North open to all-comers\nScandinavians chase financing tide\nSeabased to build swarm of point absorbers\n\nFrench eye on the prize\nSuite of test sites and Cherbourg manufacturing plant flag up the nation\u2019s industrial ambitions. (Page 13)\nWave partners mull joining FEM\nCustomers beat path to 40South\u2019s door\nIberia off pace in competition for wave crown\nMutriku offers learning but no profit\n\nSponsors cheer at Carnegie\nAustralian developer\u2019s largest Ceto 4 buoyant actuator yet is gearing up for summer trials. (Page 16)\nKiwi cash cupboard stripped bare\nAsian big guns turn sights out to sea\nKorean gates open for Tocardo turbines\nAtlantis to get ball rolling in Gujarat\n\nIt\u2019s payback time in Canada\nOcean energy developers under pressure to deliver return on generous federal and provincial support. (Page 20)\nNova Scotian grid to feel the FORCE\nBrazilian university taps into wave potential\nGiant leap for US pioneers\nIndustry mourns PTC then moves on...","author":["Westbrook, T.","Kennedy, S.","Wachtmeister, W."],"organization":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD"],"originationDate":"2012-05-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963450000000","-3.301393000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/reNewsGlobalMarine2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4712","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/encouraging-renewable-energy-offshore-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569113002585","title":"Encouraging Renewable Energy in the Offshore Environment","description":"Traditionally, offshore energy exploitation has occurred through production of fossil fuels. However, increasing attention is being focused on various forms of offshore renewable energy as it can reduce fossil fuel emissions, create green jobs, lead to local economic returns for coastal communities, and facilitate movement towards a low-carbon economy. Recent research indicates the presence of significant offshore energy in the form of winds, waves, currents, and tides. Spurred by the promising potential of these resources and an improving policy environment, efforts are under way in different offshore areas to assess resource potential, examine various technical approaches, and install renewable energy devices. Obstacles to development of this industry remain, and include technical difficulties, potential environmental impacts, and lack of funding. These obstacles must be overcome before the industry can become a viable alternative to carbon-based energy sources. Policy alternatives to overcome these obstacles, to stimulate offshore renewable energy development, and to level the playing field for these resources are discussed.  Highlights:    Issues surrounding offshore renewable energy are discussed and policy recommendations put forth.  Some forms of offshore energy present notable potential for utility-scale electric generation.  Obstacles include technical issues, potential ecological impacts, and lack of funding.  Small island states present a unique context for offshore renewable energy.  Various policy options are being examined and implemented, with varying success.","author":["Appiott, J.","Dhanju, A.","Cicin-Sain, B."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","University of Delaware"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4713","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-marine-mammals-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114000222","title":"Status of Marine Mammals in Korea","description":"Although marine mammals, particularly cetaceans, have been protected in Korea for more than 24 years after a commercial whaling moratorium in 1986, relatively little effort has been focused on assessing their current status of marine mammals in this area after this protection and the efficacy of this protection. Thus, for the first time, the status of marine mammals in Korea was investigated using potential biological removal (PBR) and mortality data. A total of 5 stocks of marine mammals were investigated and 4 stocks experienced anthropogenic mortalities that exceeded their estimated PBR level. Therefore, these 4 stocks were considered strategic. These mortalities were mainly associated with commercial fishing activities. To conserve and manage marine mammals in this area effectively, it urgently needs to investigate the efficiency of various bycatch mitigation measures and to apply these measures in field actually for reducing bycatch. This study has advanced our understanding of the current status of marine mammals in Korea, but quantitative data on abundance are not available for most small cetaceans such as common dolphin, harbor porpoise. Thus, further study needs to examine abundance of small cetaceans for investigating of the current status of these stocks in Korea.","author":["Song, K."],"organization":["University of Ulsan"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.255789000000","127.837112000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4714","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project-2013-environmental-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orpc.co\/storage\/2022\/02\/CBTEP_2013_Enviro_Report-FERC_Final.pdf","title":"Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2013 Environmental Monitoring Report","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (collectively ORPC), submits this 2013 Environmental Monitoring Report for Phase I of the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (Project), in compliance with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) pilot project license P-12711-005. This report represents a significant achievement for the Project and its Adaptive Management Plan and demonstrates improved knowledge of our TidGen\u00ae Power System\u2019s operation and interaction with the marine environment.  The purpose of FERC\u2019s pilot project license process is to advance new marine hydrokinetic technology while minimizing the potential for environmental impacts. The process allows developers to test and evaluate new hydrokinetic technologies and determine environmental  effects of the technologies, while maintaining FERC oversight and agency input. Pilot projects must be temporary, limited in size, removable, and able to shut down on short notice. License terms ensure environmental monitoring and safeguards during the short project term.  ORPC is using this licensed pilot project to advance, demonstrate, and accelerate deployment of its tidal-current based marine hydrokinetic energy conversion technology, associated power electronics, interconnection equipment, and environmental monitoring program within a replicable full-scale, interconnected array of devices capable of reliably delivering electricity to the domestic power grid. The Project consists of designing, building, installing and monitoring a commercial-scale array of multiple, grid-connected TidGen\u00ae devices on the sea floor in Cobscook Bay off Eastport and Lubec, Maine.  The Role of Adaptive Management  The Project has successfully demonstrated the ability to modify license requirements based on the results of science-based data collection, the engagement and concurrence of the Adaptive Management Team (AMT), and clear communication with FERC. This process has garnered international attention as a model for adaptive management.  ORPC provided the 2012 Environmental Monitoring Report to the AMT in February 2013 with a subsequent meeting held on March 12, 2013. This meeting was an opportunity for ORPC to summarize the early results of the monitoring program and solicit feedback from the AMT, including any recommendations for program modifications. ORPC subsequently met with the AMT on September 10, 2013 to provide updated environmental monitoring and project status information.  Through the adaptive management process, ORPC has requested modifications to environmental monitoring to clarify elements of the plan and reduce frequency of monitoring surveys based on increased knowledge of species presence and environmental effects. With concurrence from the AMT, ORPC\u2019s license modifications have been accepted by FERC. This process demonstrates a clear reduction in effort and cost on the part of ORPC based on the risk reduction demonstrated by environmental monitoring results.  Environmental Monitoring Results  The 2013 environmental monitoring results continued to build an increased knowledge of marine life interaction with the TidGen\u00ae Power System and indicated negligible environmental effects for many elements of the monitoring plans.  Article 405. Acoustic Monitoring Plan  Measurements of the in-water noise level related to the TidGen\u00ae Power System demonstrated that sound levels in the vicinity did not exceed 120 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa2\/Hz at any frequency while the turbine was rotating, both while generating and when freewheeling. Further, the integrated rms levels from 20 Hz to 20 kHz did not exceed 120 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa2, the level some regulators have used to establish level B harassment of marine mammals.  Article 406. Benthic and Biofouling Plan  Observations of the exposed cable(s) indicated there continues to be little, if any, evidence of scouring or disturbance to the bottom or the associated faunal community. Results of the post deployment benthic sampling survey indicated a healthy and highly productive benthic community with no discernible continuing effects from either the installation or operation of the cable. Assessments conducted in July 2013 indicated minor biofouling on the TidGen\u00ae turbine generator unit (TGU) with more significant growth on the bottom support frame; however, the functionality of the system did not appear to be compromised.  Article 407. Fisheries and Marine Life Interaction Plan  Hydroacoustic assessments conducted by the University of Maine (UMaine) demonstrate that while fish density was indeed variable, patterns were repeatable and will be useful in understanding the effects of devices. Data collected from the side-looking sonar during operation was minimal and only limited to when the TidGen\u00ae was not generating. However, available data allowed UMaine to identify some key issues that should be addressed in the future with the goal of collecting data while the turbine is generating power.  Article 409. Hydraulic Monitoring Plan  Hydrodynamic modeling conducted by Sandia National Laboratories continued to contribute to an understanding of hydraulic effects of the TidGen\u00ae Power System. Their work investigated velocity deficits created by the turbines and wake recovery as well as optimization of turbine arrays. Results of the scour monitoring continued to indicate minimal change in seabed elevation around the foundation piles.  Article 410. Marine Mammal Monitoring Plan  Marine mammal observations made by trained ORPC personnel in 2013, including during periods of operation, maintenance and retrieval, did not indicate changes in marine mammal presence or behavior. There was no evidence of marine mammal strike with system components during deployment and retrieval or with TGU foils during operation. In addition, the continued presence of marine mammals in the vicinity of the Project indicated that the TidGen\u00ae Power System was not acting as a deterrent or a barrier to passage into the inner portions of the Bay.  Article 412. Bird Monitoring Plan  The Center for Ecological Research (CER) observed a decline in several species of seabirds in the Cobscook Bay study area in 2012-2013; however, they determined that it was unlikely that the operation of the TidGen\u00ae affected seabird numbers because it was not deployed in November 2012, a period when no eiders or Red-breasted Mergansers were observed.  Temporary Variance Period  ORPC requested to place environmental monitoring on a hiatus during the technology optimization period at the AMT meeting in September 2013. ORPC presented the following rationale for the appropriateness of the request:      Comprehensive pre-deployment environmental studies have contributed to an understanding of inter-annual variability.  Results-to-date indicated negligible effects to marine life from ongoing operations.  TGU operational status made adherence to license conditions impractical and did not advance the conditions purpose.  No undue impacts or impedance of other license requirements were anticipated. ORPC plans to return to adherence of conditions once TGU operation recommences.    Following the meeting, ORPC submitted the temporary variance request to FERC with the concurrence of the AMT. FERC issued a license order approving the temporary variance request on October 29, 2013.  Despite the temporary variance from environmental monitoring for the Project, ORPC will work with UMaine to conduct fisheries monitoring associated with a test of its floating OCGen\u00ae turbine technology in 2014. The OCGen\u00ae Module Mooring Project represents a significant advancement in marine hydrokinetic technology and deployment procedures while reducing potential environmental effects (elimination of the bottom support frame). Even though the mooring project will not be grid connected (and thus not under FERC jurisdiction), ORPC provided the AMT with detailed project information and requested concurrence on the relocation of the testing from off Shackford Head to within the FERC-licensed Project site.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.914400000000","-67.051400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:45:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC-2014-Cobscook.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4716","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/depth-averaged-water-levels-puget-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"Depth Averaged Water Levels for Puget Sound","description":"This animation shows model simulated water surface elevations for entire Puget Sound over a 24-hour period. The propagation of tides in the Sound can be seen. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.280604000000","-123.011795000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4717","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/depth-averaged-currents-puget-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"Depth Averaged Currents for Puget Sound","description":"This animation shows model simulated depth averaged currents for entire Puget Sound over a 24-hour period. A number of high velocity spots, e.g., Admiralty Inlet and Tacoma Narrows, can be seen from the animation. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.287740000000","-122.964192000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4718","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/depth-averaged-currents-sequim-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"Depth Averaged Currents at Sequim Bay","description":"This animation shows model simulated depth averaged currents for Sequim Bay over a 24-hour period. Strong currents can be seen at the entrance. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.225140000000","-123.089036000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4719","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/surface-currents-tacoma-narrows","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/projects\/salish-sea-model","title":"Surface Currents at Tacoma Narrows","description":"Animation shows the simulated surface currents around Tacoma Narrows, Washington produced with Salish Sea Model. These currents represent 24-hours corresponding to 2 January 2017 and are meant to demonstrate the ebbing and flooding tidal cycle. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Puget Sound Institute"],"originationDate":"2020-03-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.261241000000","-122.558393000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4720","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/surface-currents-san-juan-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/projects\/salish-sea-model","title":"Surface Currents at San Juan Islands","description":"This animation shows the simulated surface currents around San Juan Islands produced with Salish Sea Model. These currents represent 24-hours corresponding to 2 January 2017 and are meant to demonstrate the ebbing and flooding tidal cycle. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Puget Sound Institute"],"originationDate":"2020-03-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.541079000000","-122.955724000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4723","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/responsible-practices-minimizing-monitoring-environmental-impacts-marine-seismic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/index.php?option=com_content\u0026view=article\u0026id=663","title":"Responsible Practices for Minimizing and Monitoring Environmental Impacts of Marine Seismic Surveys with an Emphasis on Marine Mammals","description":"Marine seismic surveys, which use loud, primarily low-frequency sound to penetrate the sea floor, are known to disturb and could harm marine life. The use of these surveys for conventional and alternative offshore energy development as well as research is expanding. Given their proliferation and potential for negative environmental impact, there is a growing need for systematic planning and operational standards to eliminate or at least minimize impacts, especially when surveys occur in sensitive areas. Mitigating immediate impacts is obviously critical, but monitoring for short- as well as long-term effects and impacts is also needed. Regulatory requirements for both mitigation and monitoring vary widely from one country or jurisdiction to another. Historically, most have focused on acute effects but share a common objective of minimizing potential adverse impacts. Specific examples in different areas are given to illustrate general approaches for predicting, minimizing, and measuring impacts for operations in essentially any marine environment. The critical elements of a robust mitigation and monitoring plan for responsibly conducting marine seismic surveys include obtaining baseline ecological data; substantial advance planning, communication, and critical review; integrated acoustic and visual monitoring during operations; and systematic analysis of results to inform future planning and mitigation.","author":["Nowacek, D.","Br\u00f6ker, K.","Donovan, G.","Gailey, G.","Racca, R.","Reeves, R.","Vadenev, A.","Weller, D.","Southall, B."],"organization":["Duke University","International Whaling Commission (IWC)","Texas A\u0026M University","JASCO Applied Sciences","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of California Santa Cruz","Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2013-11-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4724","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mitigation-low-frequency-underwater-anthropogenic-noise-using-stationary-encapsulated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/poma\/17\/1\/10.1121\/1.4767960","title":"Mitigation of Low-Frequency Underwater Anthropogenic Noise using Stationary Encapsulated Gas Bubbles","description":"Collections of bubbles cause significant dispersion and attenuation of underwater sound near the individual bubbles\u0027 resonance frequencies and can potentially be used to abate low-frequency anthropogenic underwater noise. Such effects have been reported for large encapsulated bubbles with resonance frequencies below 100 Hz and significant attenuation due to bubble resonance phenomena and acoustic impedance mismatching was observed in experiments using a compact electromechanical acoustic source. We describe a method of shielding either a noise source or a receiver using screens or curtains of large encapsulated bubbles. This method was applied to two distinct types of real-world noise excitation: continuous wave noise radiated by a vibrating marine vessel and impact noise from marine pile driving. Experimental results show significant noise reduction ranging up to 40 dB can be attained using this method. In addition, a model of encapsulated bubble dynamics was developed and has been used in conjunction with numerical models to design the encapsulated bubble curtain systems.","author":["Lee, K.","Wochner, M.","Wilson, P."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of Texas"],"originationDate":"2012-11-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4726","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/repeated-elicitation-acoustic-startle-reflex-leads-sensitisation-subsequent-avoidance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186%2F1471-2202-12-30","title":"Repeated Elicitation of the Acoustic Startle Reflex Leads to Sensitisation in Subsequent Avoidance Behaviour and Induces Fear Conditioning","description":"Autonomous reflexes enable animals to respond quickly to potential threats, prevent injury and mediate fight or flight responses. Intense acoustic stimuli with sudden onsets elicit a startle reflex while stimuli of similar intensity but with longer rise times only cause a cardiac defence response. In laboratory settings, habituation appears to affect all of these reflexes so that the response amplitude generally decreases with repeated exposure to the stimulus. The startle reflex has become a model system for the study of the neural basis of simple learning processes and emotional processing and is often used as a diagnostic tool in medical applications. However, previous studies did not allow animals to avoid the stimulus and the evolutionary function and long-term behavioural consequences of repeated startling remain speculative. In this study we investigate the follow-up behaviour associated with the startle reflex in wild-captured animals using an experimental setup that allows individuals to exhibit avoidance behaviour.","author":["Janik, V.","G\u00f6tz, T."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2011-04-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Janiketal2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4727","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/auditory-effects-underwater-noise-odontocetes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7311-5_44","title":"Auditory Effects of Underwater Noise in Odontocetes","description":"A common result of noise exposure is a noise-induced threshold shift, defined as an increase in auditory threshold that persists after cessation of a noise exposure. If the hearing threshold returns to normal after some period of time, the threshold shift is called a temporary threshold shift (TTS). If the threshold does not return to normal, the remaining amount of threshold shift is called a permanent threshold shift (PTS). Observed PTS\/TTS may be the result of a variety of mechanical and biochemical processes, including physical damage or distortion of the tympanic membrane and cochlear hair cell stereocilia, oxidative stress-related hair cell death, changes in cochlear blood flow, and swelling of cochlear nerve terminals resulting from glutamate excitotoxicity (Henderson et al. 2006; Kujawa and Liberman 2009). Although the outer hair cells are the most prominent target for noise effects, severe noise exposures may also result in inner hair cell death and loss of auditory nerve fibers (Henderson et al. 2006).  This is a chapter in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life.","author":["Finneran, J."],"organization":["US Navy Marine Mammal Program"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4728","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-far-field-hydro-environmental-impacts-tidal-farms-focus-tidal-regime","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0098300414000260","title":"Modelling the Far Field Hydro-Environmental Impacts of Tidal Farms - A Focus on Tidal Regime, Intertidal Zones and Flushing","description":"The introduction of tidal stream turbines into water bodies can have an impact on the environment due to changes in the hydrodynamic flow fields resulting from the extraction of energy by the tidal turbines. Water levels, tidal currents and flushing characteristics could potentially be significantly altered with the introduction of tidal turbine farms, which could lead to possible loss of habitat and a change in the tidal regime. Therefore, planning of tidal turbines field deployments must take into account possible hydro-environmental impacts. This paper describes research undertaken by the authors in the Shannon Estuary to predict changes in the tidal regime and flushing characteristics, with the introduction of tidal turbine farms of different array configurations. The model was simulated using a 2D hydrodynamic model that was modified to incorporate the effects of tidal turbine fields. Water levels are shown to have been affected with the inclusion of turbines, especially in areas upstream of the turbine farm where inter-tidal zones could become predominately inundated resulting in loss of habitat in the estuary. Flushing parameters were also shown to be altered with the inclusion of turbines, with residence time shown to be increased, which could change pollutant transport in the region.","author":["Nash, S.","O\u0027Brien, N.","Olbert, A.","Hartnett, M."],"organization":["National University of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.548681000000","-9.872976000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4729","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farm-impact-beach-profile-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0378383914000179","title":"Wave Farm Impact on the Beach Profile: A Case Study","description":"If wave energy is to become a fully-fledged renewable, its environmental impacts must be fully understood. The objective of the present work is to examine the impact of a wave farm on the beach profile through a case study. The methodology is based on two coupled numerical models: a nearshore wave propagation model and a morphodynamic model, which are run in two scenarios, both with and without the wave farm. Wave data from a nearby coastal buoy are used to prescribe the boundary conditions. A positive effect on the wave climate, the cross-shore sediment transport and, consequently, the evolution of the beach profile itself due to the presence of the wave farm was found. The wave farm leads to a reduction in the erosion of the beach face. This work constitutes the first stage of the investigation of the effectiveness of a wave farm as a coastal defence measure, and the accuracy of the quantification of the erosion reduction will be enhanced in future research. In any case, the overarching picture that emerges is that wave farms, in addition to providing carbon-free energy, can be used as elements of a coastal defence scheme.","author":["Abanades, J.","Greaves, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.358917000000","-5.213462000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4730","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biological-existing-data-analysis-inform-risk-collision-entanglement-hypotheses","sourceURL":"","title":"Biological and Existing Data Analysis to Inform Risk of Collision and Entanglement Hypotheses","description":"A literature search was conducted to identify articles that would be useful to help assess the likelihood that migrating whales, particularly gray whales, would encounter wave parks that might be proposed for off the U.S. west coast and collide with and\/or become entangled in a park\u2019s underwater cables. These concerns have been mentioned in several review articles without any documentation that such encounters would be likely. Therefore, this literature search was focused on trying to obtain the necessary information to support or challenge the hypothesized concern. As an example of the potential interaction, this review focuses on a wave park placed off the coast of Oregon.  The review identified a considerable body of literature that documents the severity of entanglements involving marine mammals, particularly large baleen whales. However, these entanglements involved fixed or derelict fishing gear, such as various types of nets and the cables used to attach floats to lobster and crab traps. The review did not identify any cases of whales being entangled in mooring cables such as those planned for use in offshore wave parks.  One of the key properties with fishing lines is that there is usually a considerable amount of slack in the lines. This slack enables the lines to wrap around whale body parts, which ultimately leads to entanglement. The various mooring lines and cables associated with wave parks would be taut under most circumstances and would not have enough slack to allow a whale to become entangled.  Three species of baleen whales\u2013gray, humpback, and blue\u2013are the most likely large species that would encounter a wave park placed about 2 to 3 nmi off Oregon. Of the three species, the gray whale is the most likely species to encounter the park because it undergoes an 18,000-km (11,185-mi) migration during which it passes through Oregon nearshore waters twice per year. Most of the more than 18,000 gray whales that pass the Oregon coast would swim within 3.5 to 6.5 km (1.9 to 3.5 nmi) of shore while migrating north to feeding areas in the Bering Sea and within 5.6 to 7.0 km (3.0 to 3.8 nmi) of shore on the return trip south to breeding areas in Mexico. Thus, it is likely that many gray whales would encounter a nearshore wave park. However, the encounter likelihood is not uniform throughout the year. Based on the timing of the migrations, the most likely encounter period would be during the northbound migration from late February through about late May when the adult males, pregnant females, and immature whales follow a migratory path through shallower Oregon waters that has strong overlap with the location of the proposed nearshore wave park. During the southbound migration most whales pass the Oregon coast in January at distances farther offshore than the location of a proposed wave park. The number of whales that might encounter a park is further reduced by the tendency of the whales to generally follow depth contours while swimming past Oregon. Thus, whales swimming at depths shallower than a nearshore wave park would tend to stay at those depths and whales swimming deeper than the park would tend to stay deeper. Humpback whales primarily use the waters off Oregon for feeding and occasionally occur relatively close to shore although most frequent offshore deeper-water banks. Blue whales do not spend much time in Oregon waters, passing through them to more northerly locations. Both species are relatively rare in Oregon waters.  Anatomical studies of whale vision and hearing allow some hypotheses about the detectability of a wave park to be made. Whale vision, especially that of gray whales, is fairly poor, and it seems unlikely that whales would be able to visually detect underwater cables and lines at a distance sufficient to allow them to avoid them. One study showed that minke whales could detect and avoid highly contrasting (black and white) lines, but whether other large whales would be able to do so is not known. The literature suggests that baleen whales, unlike many toothed whales, do not use sound to detect underwater objects but to communicate with others of the same species.  Despite the lack of information about some aspects of large whale population density and behavior, the described features of the wave park cables and mooring lines, the relative rarity or absence of most baleen whales in nearshore Oregon waters, and the gray whale migration pattern inshore of a nearshore wave park allow the hypothesis that entanglement in wave park cables should not be a significant issue for baleen whales.","author":["Kropp, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.550561000000","-124.331010000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Collision","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PNNL-Entanglement-Report-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4731","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-monitoring-beluga-whale-interactions-cook-inlet-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1117710","title":"Acoustic Monitoring of Beluga Whale Interactions with Cook Inlet Tidal Energy Project","description":"Cook Inlet, Alaska is home to some of the greatest tidal energy resources in the U.S., as well as an endangered population of beluga whales (\u0027\u0027Delphinapterus leucas\u0027\u0027). Successfully permitting and operating a tidal power project in Cook Inlet requires a biological assessment of the potential and realized effects of the physical presence and sound footprint of tidal turbines on the distribution, relative abundance, and behavior of Cook Inlet beluga whales. ORPC Alaska, working with the Project Team\u2014LGL Alaska Research Associates, University of Alaska Anchorage, TerraSond, and Greeneridge Science\u2014undertook the following U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) study to characterize beluga whales in Cook Inlet \u2013 Acoustic Monitoring of Beluga Whale Interactions with the Cook Inlet Tidal Energy Project (Project).  ORPC Alaska, LLC, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC, (collectively, ORPC). ORPC is a global leader in the development of hydrokinetic power systems and eco-conscious projects that harness the power of ocean and river currents to create clean, predictable renewable energy. ORPC is developing a tidal energy demonstration project in Cook Inlet at East Foreland where ORPC has a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) preliminary permit (P-13821).  The Project collected baseline data to characterize pre-deployment patterns of marine mammal distribution, relative abundance, and behavior in ORPC\u2019s proposed deployment area at East Foreland. ORPC also completed work near Fire Island where ORPC held a FERC preliminary permit (P-12679) until March 6, 2013. Passive hydroacoustic devices (previously utilized with bowhead whales in the Beaufort Sea) were adapted for study of beluga whales to determine the relative abundance of beluga whale vocalizations within the proposed deployment areas. Hydroacoustic data collected during the Project were used to characterize the ambient acoustic environment of the project site pre-deployment to inform the FERC pilot project process. The Project compared results obtained from this method to results obtained from other passive hydrophone technologies and to visual observation techniques performed simultaneously. This Final Report makes recommendations on the best practice for future data collection, for ORPC\u2019s work in Cook Inlet specifically, and for tidal power projects in general.  This Project developed a marine mammal study design and compared technologies for hydroacoustic and visual data collection with potential for broad application to future tidal and hydrokinetic projects in other geographic areas. The data collected for this Project will support the environmental assessment of future Cook Inlet tidal energy projects, including ORPC\u2019s East Foreland Tidal Energy Project and any tidal energy developments at Fire Island. The Project\u2019s rigorous assessment of technology and methodologies will be invaluable to the hydrokinetic industry for developing projects in an environmentally sound and sustainable way for areas with high marine mammal activity or endangered populations. By combining several different sampling methods this Project will also contribute to the future preparation of a comprehensive biological assessment of ORPC\u2019s projects in Cook Inlet.","author":["Worthington, M."],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.719600000000","-151.410600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC-Beluga-Whale-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4732","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/method-identification-doppler-noise-levels-turbulent-flow-measurements-dedicated-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166913000313","title":"Method for Identification of Doppler Noise Levels in Turbulent Flow Measurements Dedicated to Tidal Energy","description":"Acoustic Doppler sensors used for flow measurements at energetic tidal sites present an inherent \u201cDoppler noise\u201d in the measured signal, varying with hardware configuration and flow conditions. At scales comparable to the sensors\u2019 sampling frequencies, the corresponding perturbations notably contaminate the signal, and cannot be corrected in the time series.  At such scales, dynamic phenomena are of particular interest in the process of increasing reliability and effectiveness of tidal turbines, and are mostly addressed in terms of statistics. In the case of inflow speed variations, the bias due to Doppler noise should be taken into account, and can be assessed via manufacturer specifications.  Here, a method is presented that enables a direct estimation of the Doppler noise strength from the measured signal itself. Inspired from polynomial least square regression, it is based on a spectral analysis of the measured signal respect to turbulence theory, under the hypothesis of a white Doppler noise contamination. The subsequent limitations are discussed and illustrated by practical cases.  The values found are generally higher than suggested by manufacturers, but still in the same order of magnitude. The use of the highest sampling frequency available is recommended.","author":["Richard, J.","Thomson, J.","Polagye, B.","Bard, J."],"organization":["Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES)","Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2013-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4733","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characteristics-operational-noise-full-scale-wave-energy-converters-lysekil-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/6\/5\/2562","title":"Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts","description":"Wave energy conversion is a clean electric power production technology. During operation there are no emissions in the form of harmful gases. However there are unsolved issues considering environmental impacts such as: electromagnetism; the artificial reef effect and underwater noise. Anthropogenic noise is increasing in the oceans worldwide and wave power will contribute to this sound pollution in the oceans; but to what extent? The main purpose of this study was to examine the noise emitted by a full scale operating Wave Energy Converter (WEC) in the Lysekil project at Uppsala University in Sweden. A minor review of the hearing capabilities of fish and marine mammals is presented to aid in the conclusions of impact from anthropogenic sound. A hydrophone was deployed to the seabed in the Lysekil research site park at distance of 20 and 40 m away from two operational WECs. The measurements were performed in the spring of 2011. The results showed that the main noise was a transient noise with most of its energy in frequencies below 1 kHz. These results indicate that several marine organisms (fish and mammals) will be able to hear the operating WECs of a distance of at least 20 m.","author":["Haikonen, K.","Sundberg, J.","Leijon, M."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2013-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:59:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haikonen_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4734","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-wave-energy-generation-devices-impacts-ocean-bio-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1872203212000121","title":"Offshore Wave Energy Generation Devices: Impacts on Ocean Bio-Environment","description":"As the crisis of petroleum-based energy is aggravating and the carbon emission is elevating, the search and exploitation of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind and oceanic powers, are of global interest and underway in some developed countries. In western countries pioneering the oceanic energy utilization, wave is currently an attractive energy source due to the predictability and the ease to be absorbed into power grid. As wave-energy generators (WEGs) and the associated devices interact with the surrounding environment, they would have impacts on the biological components within the ecosystem in the vicinity of WEGs. However, the environmental effects of offshore WEGs on local fauna and flora have yet to be evaluated in a comprehensive way. This article discusses several aspects, including influence of offshore WEGs on marine macrofaunal communities, interactions between offshore WEGs and biofouling organisms, impacts of offshore WEGs on marine birds and of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on marine animals as well as \u201cartificial reef\u201d effects. If precaution is taken with the planning and construction of offshore WEGs, and environmental monitoring is performed with operation of these devices, marine wave energy can become a desirable alternative to fossil fuels.","author":["Lin, L.","Yu, H."],"organization":["Southeast University"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4735","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/who-should-be-afraid-tidal-turbine-good-bad-or-ugly","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Who Should be Afraid of a Tidal Turbine - The Good the Bad or the Ugly?","description":"Advances in tidal power development indicate that many coastal straits and bends with rapid currents will be equipped with in-stream turbines in the future. Considering the variety among turbine designs it is reasonable to assume both large and small rotors will be utilized. Each design implies a different way of interfering with local environment. However, there are very few available reports on fish behaviour in the presence of in-stream turbines. In this paper fish swimming behaviour is investigated in relation to the risk of colliding with different tidal turbine rotors. Based on an existing model and Monte-Carlo simulations with biological data from a field survey the blade-strike probability is calculated for three different and widespread fish taxa (damselfishes, requiem sharks, and barracudas). The results indicate that small turbines carry higher risks, as long as fish are assumed not to detect and actively avoid the rotor. However, the following paper indicates that improvements to the model may alter these results. Furthermore, it is shown that the potential hazard of tidal turbines varies strongly between different fish taxa and individuals. And seemingly it is \u2018the bad\u2019 that has the most reasons to be afraid.","author":["Hammar, L.","Ehnberg, J."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2013-09-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-25.330179000000","34.239740000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:54:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hammar_and_Ehnberg_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4736","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-multibeam-measurements-around-tidal-turbine-test-site-orkney-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/opus.bath.ac.uk\/37168\/","title":"Long-Term Multibeam Measurements Around a Tidal Turbine Test Site in Orkney, Scotland","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) extraction in the UK has until now focused on offshore wind turbines, with targets of 34 GW by 2020. Wave and tidal energy follow this trend, with targets of 1-2 GW1. By 2050, most accessible MRE sources will be exploited or close to being fully exploited2. However, little is known of the general effects of installation and operation. Impacts on the surrounding ecosystems have been predicted as varying from benign to adverse3,4. Experience gained over the years, and around the world, has been summarised in recent reviews, which all highlight the need for more generic modes of assessment5-7. MRE developers have also stressed the need for an improved understanding of the baseline environment8, measuring common impacts with easily adaptable technologies.\n\nThe NERC\/DEFRA project FLOWBEC-4D (FLOw, Water column and Benthic ECology 4-D: https:\/\/www.noc.ac.uk\/project\/flowbec) started investigating these effects at MRE test sites in Orkney (European Marine Energy Centre: https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/) and in Cornwall (Wave Hub: https:\/\/www.wavehub.co.uk) in September 2011, with its first field deployment at EMEC in summer 20128,9. FLOWBEC-4D combines long-term measurements from a remote-sensing sonar platform 8, bird observations9, shore-based X-band radar surveys of wave and current data10 and detailed modeling of the flow and water column. It aims at quantifying the impacts of MRE devices on marine life (e.g. fish, mammals and seabirds) as well as the surrounding environments using remote sensing. This article describes the self-contained multibeam sonar platform designed and built at Bath to image the water column and seabed around MRE devices for as long as 2 weeks at a time. Section 2 explains the concept and building of the instrument. Section 3 presents the results from the 2012 survey in Orkney. Section 4 presents preliminary analyses of the wealth of measurements collected during this first deployment (\u0026gt; 4.5 GB\/day for the multibeam instrument alone). Finally, Section 5 summarises the results so far and presents the next steps in MRE acoustic monitoring.","author":["Blondel, P.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["Institute of Acoustics","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.891512000000","-2.279905000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-05 11:36:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Blondel_and_Williamson_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4737","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-enabling-actions-report-consolidation-wave-tidal-eia-hra-issues-research","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave and Tidal Enabling Actions Report: Consolidation of Wave and Tidal EIA \/ HRA Issues and Research Priorities","description":"Background  As part of the current initiative to assist with developing a coordinated approach to addressing the key strategic EIA\/HRA issues associated with wave and tidal stream arrays (under, for example, an Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) for wave and tide), Aquatera Limited was commissioned by The Crown Estate to undertake a short, focused consultancy project; \u2018Consolidation of wave and tidal EIA\/HRA issues and research priorities\u2019.  This report, produced by Aquatera Ltd, has been informed by an extensive consultation process including a workshop hosted by Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) which was attended by over 50 participants. The consultation process, which also included a Call for Evidence at the outset, has included regulators, Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (SNCBs), developers, researchers and other stakeholders from across the UK and internationally. Therefore, the results presented within this report are considered to represent a consensus as to the key EIA\/HRA issues and the current research gaps and priorities relevant to the wave and tidal sectors.  Project aims and objectives  The key driver for this project was the recognition of the benefits of a coordinated effort to obtain, translate and share learning, knowledge, experience, information and data from single device and particularly first array projects to larger array deployments. It is considered that a coordinated approach will ensure that the best possible information is available to developers, regulators, SNCBs and other stakeholders to inform the consenting process and project planning and design activities. As such, the main aims of this project are to:    Produce a consolidated up-to-date list identifying the key strategic EIA\/HRA issues facing the wave and tidal stream sectors  Identify the priority research gaps relevant to wave and tidal stream demonstration scale arrays and then outline potential approaches to address them  Identify strategic research priorities which could be addressed through a coordinated programme   It is intended that the outputs from this project, by guiding future research work, will assist with resolving the priority EIA\/HRA issues relevant to wave and tidal stream arrays. It will do this by focusing any coordinated approach to research that is developed (e.g. via ORJIP Wave and Tide). However, it should be noted that the priorities identified in this project are not only relevant to any coordinated research programme but also to any research which individual developers, regulators\/advisors, academic institutions etc. may plan to undertake.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/R2590_Final_15Apr2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4738","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-term-movement-home-range-behavior-red-snapper-around-petroleum-platforms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc955240\/","title":"Short-term Movement, Home Range, and Behavior of Red Snapper around Petroleum Platforms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico, as Determined by High Resolution Acoustic Telemetry","description":"Understanding the behavior, including the movement, of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) around and among the many oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is crucial to the management of this commercially and recreationally important species. What role oil and gas production platforms play in the attraction vs. production continuum for red snapper is unknown, but it is certain these large structures have a role at some life-history stage. The VRAP acoustic telemetry system was used to track red snapper around two platforms in the GOM in 2005 and 2006. Fish detections per hour generally decreased over the course of each experiment, and detections also fluctuated with strong periodicity. Spectral analysis revealed that red snapper had a 24-hour periodicity to their movements. The probability of fish presence likewise fluctuated within a day, perhaps indicating foraging away from the platforms. Red snapper in this study showed much lower site fidelity than in previous studies of red snapper on artificial reefs. These results appear to support the hypothesis that platforms function largely as attracting devices.","author":["McDonough, M.","Cowan, J. Jr."],"organization":["Louisiana State University","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.097982000000","-92.125064000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mcdonoughetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4739","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-spatial-overlap-approach-estimate-risk-collisions-between-deep-diving-seabirds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X13001498","title":"Using a Spatial Overlap Approach to Estimate the Risk of Collisions between Deep Diving Seabirds and Tidal Stream Turbines: A Review of Potential Methods and Approaches","description":"It is likely that there will be a substantial increase in the number of tidal stream turbines within the UK over the next decade. However, the ecological impacts upon marine top-predators, including seabirds, remain largely unknown. Although tidal stream turbines could have many direct and indirect impacts upon seabird populations, it is the risk of direct collisions between individuals and moving components that currently causes the most concern. Species such as Auks Alcidae sp., Cormorants Phalacrocorax sp. and Divers Gavia sp. almost certainly face higher risks than others. However, it is likely that they are not equally vulnerable. Part of predicting which are most vulnerable involves the estimation of spatial overlap between their foraging distributions and the location of tidal stream turbines. This paper reviews potential methods and approaches that should help to predict whether a population would: (1) exploit areas suitable for tidal stream turbines, (2) dive near tidal stream turbines within these areas, or (3) dive to depths where moving components are found? Answering these questions in a hierarchical manner (from 1 to 3) could help to predict the extent of spatial overlap for vulnerable populations. These approaches require a fundamental understanding of the mechanistic links between physical conditions, prey characteristics and foraging opportunities. Therefore, multi-disciplinary approaches incorporating methods usually associated with oceanographic and fisheries studies are needed to document physical conditions and prey characteristics over large and small spatial scales. Answering these questions also requires collaborative efforts and a strategic governance approach to collating the wide range of distributional, prey and physical datasets currently being collected.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Waggitt-Scott-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4740","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/individual-consistency-foraging-behaviour-northern-gannets-implications-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X1200173X","title":"Individual Consistency in the Foraging Behaviour of Northern Gannets:  Implications for Interactions with Offshore Renewable Energy Developments","description":"With recent EU directives requiring that Europe must achieve 20% of its energy from renewable sources by 2020 the development of offshore wind, tidal and wave technologies is gaining momentum, increasing pressure on our already vulnerable marine systems and organisms. All EU countries are required to have Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidelines in place for such developments and whilst tracking studies of marine predators have been recommended to aid EIAs, they are as yet not a requirement. This study tracked Northern Gannets breeding on Les Etacs, a stack immediately offshore Alderney, Channel Islands, to determine their use of both local and international waters and examine the consistency between an individual\u0027s foraging trips. The 15 Northern Gannets that made at least two foraging trips foraged in three different territorial waters and their combined home-range area overlapped with nine potential offshore marine renewable energy developments. Repeatability between the first and second foraging trips made by an individual was apparent when considering the direction travelled and the maximum distance travelled from the colony, but not when considering the percentage overlap in core foraging areas, trip duration, or the total trip distance suggesting individuals did not appear to be dependent on specific foraging areas. Our findings highlight the need to consider all important seabird colonies which forage in the range of potential offshore developments and to use tracking technology to determine which colonies may be affected by such developments and the colony\u0027s dependence on these areas. Tracking studies of birds from important seabird colonies should form an integral part of the EIA process for marine renewable developments.","author":["Soanes, L.","Atkinson, P.","Gauvain, R.","Green, J."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","University of Liverpool","Alderney Wildlife Trust (AWT)"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.722033000000","-2.204460000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4741","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-turbine-effects-fish-swimming-behaviour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0084141","title":"Hydrokinetic Turbine Effects on Fish Swimming Behaviour","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines, targeting the kinetic energy of fast-flowing currents, are under development with some turbines already deployed at ocean sites around the world. It remains virtually unknown as to how these technologies affect fish, and rotor collisions have been postulated as a major concern. In this study the effects of a vertical axis hydrokinetic rotor with rotational speeds up to 70 rpm were tested on the swimming patterns of naturally occurring fish in a subtropical tidal channel. Fish movements were recorded with and without the rotor in place. Results showed that no fish collided with the rotor and only a few specimens passed through rotor blades. Overall, fish reduced their movements through the area when the rotor was present. This deterrent effect on fish increased with current speed. Fish that passed the rotor avoided the near-field, about 0.3 m from the rotor for benthic reef fish. Large predatory fish were particularly cautious of the rotor and never moved closer than 1.7 m in current speeds above 0.6 ms-1. The effects of the rotor differed among taxa and feeding guilds and it is suggested that fish boldness and body shape influenced responses. In conclusion, the tested hydrokinetic turbine rotor proved non-hazardous to fish during the investigated conditions. However, the results indicate that arrays comprising multiple turbines may restrict fish movements, particularly for large species, with possible effects on habitat connectivity if migration routes are exploited. Arrays of the investigated turbine type and comparable systems should therefore be designed with gaps of several metres width to allow large fish to pass through. In combination with further research the insights from this study can be used for guiding the design of hydrokinetic turbine arrays where needed, so preventing ecological impacts.","author":["Hammar, L.","Andersson, S.","Eggertsen, L.","Haglund, J.","Gullstr\u00f6m, M.","Ehnberg, J.","Molander, S."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology","Marine Monitoring AB","Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2013-12-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["-25.838811000000","32.929266000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hammar_et_al._2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4742","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/method-eia-scoping-wave-energy-converters-based-classification-used-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925511000503","title":"A Method for EIA Scoping of Wave Energy Converters - Based on Classification of the Used Technology","description":"During the first decade of the 21st Century the World faces spread concern for global warming caused by rise of green house gasses produced mainly by combustion of fossil fuels. Under this latest spin all renewable energies run parallel in order to achieve sustainable development. Among them wave energy has an unequivocal potential and technology is ready to enter the market and contribute to the renewable energy sector. Yet, frameworks and regulations for wave energy development are not fully ready, experiencing a setback caused by lack of understanding of the interaction of the technologies and marine environment, lack of coordination from the competent Authorities regulating device deployment and conflicts of maritime areas utilization. The EIA within the consent process is central in the realization of full scale devices and often is the meeting point for technology, politics and public. This paper presents the development of a classification of wave energy converters that is based on the different impact the technologies are expected to have on the environment. This innovative classification can be used in order to simplify the scoping process for developers and authorities.","author":["Margheritini, L.","Hansen, A.","Frigaard, P."],"organization":["Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4743","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-centre-website","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.wavec.org\/","title":"Wave Energy Centre Website","description":"The Wave Energy Centre (WavEC) is a non-profit organisation, founded in 2003 dedicated to the development and promotion of ocean wave energy and offshore wind through technical and strategic support to companies, R\u0026amp;D institutions and public entities. The Centre also strives to collaborate with companies and other institutions outside Portugal that recognise the necessity of International Cooperation, in particular those who seek an association with Portuguese companies \/ institutions.  The Wave Energy Centre renders services to entities that intend to explore the attractive natural and legal conditions of Portugal for testing and demonstration of wave energy structures.  Further, the Centre coordinates or participates in R\u0026amp;D projects to support the development of wave energy on national and international level, as e.g. WAVETRAIN2, CORES, SOWFIA, SURGE, WAVEPORT. The most valuable asset of WavEC is the 400 kW OWC pilot plant (Azores), providing important field experience and monitoring activities to the centre\u0027s staff and invited researchers.","author":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 08:58:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4744","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-conversion-systems-optimal-localization-procedure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.witpress.com\/elibrary\/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-the-environment\/126\/20637","title":"Wave Energy Conversion Systems: Optimal Localization Procedure","description":"Wave energy is a renewable and pollution-free energy source that has a potential world-wide contribution to the electricity market estimated in the order of 2,000 TWh\/year, which represents about 10% of the world\u2019s electricity consumption with an investment cost of EUR 820 billion.\n\nSea waves have one of the highest energy densities among the Renewable Energy Sources (RES).\n\nToday, the largest problem in harvesting wave energy is obtaining reliability of the technology and bringing the cost down. The main types of wave energy converters are: - The oscillating water column, which consists of a partially submerged, hollow structure open to the sea below the water line. - Overtopping devices that collect the water of incident waves in order to drive one or more low head turbines. - Point absorbers (floating or mounted on the sea bed), which usually provide a heave motion that is converted by mechanical, magnetic and\/or hydraulic systems in linear or rotational motion for driving electrical generators. - Surging devices that exploit the horizontal particle velocity in a wave to drive a deflector or to generate the pumping effect of a flexible bag facing the wave front. Obviously the amount of available energy depends on the different distribution of the wave energy on the world coastlines.\n\nThe most energetic sites are situated on the west coasts of the oceans at middle latitudes.","author":["Benassai, G.","Dattero, M.","Maffucci, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Benassai-et-al-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4745","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-ecological-effects-workshop-ecological-assessment-briefing-paper","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Energy Ecological Effects Workshop: Ecological Assessment Briefing Paper","description":"The primary goal of the Wave Energy Ecological Effects Workshop consisted of:    Developing an initial assessment of the potential impacting agents and ecological effects of wave energy development in Oregon\u2019s coastal ocean; and  Developing a general conceptual framework of physical and biological relationships that can be applied to assess both specific wave energy projects and cumulative effects of multiple projects.   The workshop created a broad discussion concerning the potential ecological effects of harnessing wave energy. The current knowledge, information gaps, level of uncertainty, level of agreement, sense of priority of environmental issues, an assessment of the ability of the conceptual approach, and any recommended studies and monitoring parameters were all addressed.","author":["McMurray, G."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2007-10-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.707563000000","-124.091341000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McMurray_2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4746","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-potential-baltic-sea-danish-part-north-sea-reflections-skagerrak","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148106002795","title":"Wave Energy Potential in the Baltic Sea and the Danish Part of the North Sea, with Reflections on the Skagerrak","description":"Wave power, along with renewable energy-generating sources like tides and streams, is underestimated considering its advantageous physical properties and predictability. This paper examines possible examples of wave power installations in the Baltic Sea and the Danish part of the North Sea. Hindcasting data is used allowing estimations of wave energy generated and results show promising areas in the North Sea, but also several parts of the Baltic Sea are of interest. The study is based upon linear generator technique, placed on the seabed using point-absorbers arranged in arrays of up to several thousand units. The study aims at showing the physical possibilities of wave energy, including economical feasibility and environmental advantages of wave energy even in moderate wave climates. With discussion from two examples in the Baltic Sea, one in the Danish North Sea and a new pilot study site in the Swedish part of Skagerrak, this study show feasible illustrations of wave energy takeouts. Project examples vary in size due to distance to grid, grid voltage, and may thus be economically feasible. Examples also show considerations in societal and nature conservation matters, including aspects such as industrial and military interests, archaeological or marine reserves and local geology. The authors conclude that wave energy electric conversion is an option that needs more attention and which has several advantages compared to conventional renewable sources. Sound engineering, in combination with producer, consumer and broad societal perspective is advised for a sustainable development of wave energy conversion.","author":["Henfridsson, U.","Neimane, V.","Strand, K.","Kapper, R.","Bernhoff, H.","Danielsson, O.","Leijon, B.","Sundberg, J.","Thorburn, K.","Ericsson, E.","Bergman, K."],"organization":["Uppsala University","Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"2007-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.646730000000","8.419940000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4747","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-utilization-review-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032109002652","title":"Wave Energy Utilization: A Review of the Technologies","description":"Sea wave energy is being increasingly regarded in many countries as a major and promising resource. The paper deals with the development of wave energy utilization since the 1970s. Several topics are addressed: the characterization of the wave energy resource; theoretical background, with especial relevance to hydrodynamics of wave energy absorption and control; how a large range of devices kept being proposed and studied, and how such devices can be organized into classes; the conception, design, model-testing, construction and deployment into real sea of prototypes; and the development of specific equipment (air and water turbines, high-pressure hydraulics, linear electrical generators) and mooring systems.","author":["Ant\u00f3nio, F."],"organization":["Technical University of Lisbon"],"originationDate":"2010-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4748","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-underwater-noise-state-art-uncertainties","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5278302","title":"Wave Energy and Underwater Noise: State of Art and Uncertainties","description":"After several years of maturation of wave energy concepts and technologies some developers have finally reached a pre-mature phase. Over the course of this progress some concern has arisen regarding possible environmental impacts, however due to the limited number of devices tested in real sea conditions the few environmental studies available seldom resort to field data. Preliminary studies of wave energy converters (WECs) indicate that few and low environmental impacts are expected. However, with the forthcoming large scale deployments of WECs it will become possible to monitor the positive and negative environmental effects in more detail.  Developers and promoters have demonstrated particular concern regarding the possible effects of underwater noise emitted by WECs. Noise generation has a potential impact on marine fauna, for that reason it is necessary to identify the species present within the vicinity of the deployment area.  This paper includes a brief review of existing environmental studies\/documents of individual devices and projections of future wave farms regarding underwater noise as an environmental descriptor. It also addresses present uncertainties and knowledge gaps associated with this subject.","author":["Patricio, S.","Moura, A.","Simas, T."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2009-05-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Patricio_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4749","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-north-sea-experiences-lysekil-research-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10712-008-9047-x","title":"Wave Energy from the North Sea: Experiences from the Lysekil Research Site","description":"This paper provides a status update on the development of the Swedish wave energy research area located close to Lysekil on the Swedish West coast. The Lysekil project is run by the Centre for Renewable Electric Energy Conversion at Uppsala University. The project was started in 2004 and currently has permission to run until the end of 2013. During this time period 10 grid-connected wave energy converters, 30 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower for monitoring the interaction between waves and converters will be installed and studied. To date the research area holds one complete wave energy converter connected to a measuring station on shore via a sea cable, a Wave Rider\u2122 buoy for wave measurements, 25 buoys for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower. The wave energy converter is based on a linear synchronous generator which is placed on the sea bed and driven by a heaving point absorber at the ocean surface. The converter is directly driven, i.e. it has no gearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion system. This results in a simple and robust mechanical system, but also in a somewhat more complicated electrical system.","author":["Leijon, M.","Bostr\u00f6m, C.","Danielsson, O.","Gustafsson, S.","Haikonen, K.","Langhamer, O.","Str\u00f6mstedt, E.","Stalberg, M.","Sundberg, J.","Svensson, O.","Tyrberg, S.","Waters, R."],"organization":["Seabased Industry","Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2008-10-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:56:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4750","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-hub-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Hub Environmental Statement","description":"A Non-Technical Summary is also available here.  The South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) is proposing the Wave Hub project to provide the electrical infrastructure necessary to support and encourage developers of wave energy converter devices (WECs) to generate electricity from wave energy.  Wave Hub will facilitate WEC development through final demonstration and pre-commercialisation development stages by allowing developers to install, operate and monitor commercial-scale WECs in realistic offshore marine conditions over a number of years. In this respect, Wave Hub will perform the function of a WEC proving zone for the efficient delivery of power derived from renewable wave energy.  Wave Hub supports:    the UK government\u2019s energy policy by contributing towards the UK\u2019s drive to meet the challenges and achieve the goals of the new energy policy including a 60% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050; and  the South West region\u2019s commitment to encouraging technologies for renewable energy generation that will contribute to the region\u0027s renewable energy target of 11% - 15% of electricity production by 2010.   Wave Hub will be based onshore at Hayle, Cornwall. The offshore elements of Wave Hub, including the WECs, will be situated in approximately situated some 10 nautical miles out to sea off St Ives Head (see Figure 1.1).  Wave Hub\u2019s infrastructure can be divided into three main components. This infrastructure provides the:    Firstly, there will be offshore infrastructure comprising four underwater power converter units (PCUs; i.e. transformers and circuit breakers that receive power generated by the WECs) connected back to a termination and distribution unit (TDU) via semi-flexible connector cables placed on the seabed within a 4km x 2km deployment area. Various aids to navigation will be positioned around the deployment area. It is within the deployment area that the WECs and their associated infrastructure (e.g. anchors, moorings, cables) will be installed.  Secondly, there will be a 25km sub-sea cable comprising power cables and fibre-optic communications connecting the Wave Hub\u2019s offshore infrastructure and onshore infrastructure.  Thirdly, there will be onshore infrastructure at Hayle comprising a new substation and other operational facilities. The new substation will provide an intermediary connection point for the cable to the 33kV bulk electricity system operated by Western Power Distribution (WPD) at the existing Hayle substation complex from where electricity generated at the Wave Hub will be passed into the regional and national electricity supply networks (e.g. the National Grid).   The WECs do not form part of the Wave Hub\u2019s infrastructure but are material to its consideration as a project and the consent application supported by this Environmental Statement.  In essence, all WECs comprise a carcass (made of steel, concrete or composites), electrical and hydraulic equipment, electronic control and telecommunications equipment, and moorings.  All WECs will be floating or semisubmersible, connected to the Wave Hub\u2019s PCUs by cable, and anchored to the seabed via varying numbers of mooring lines. WEC units may take a number of forms, with varying outputs, operating ranges, numbers in an array, and spacings.  The main types of WECs will be oscillating water column devices (partially submerged), buoyant moored devices (floating on or just below the surface of the sea), or hinged contour devices (floating on the surface of the sea). Figure 1.3 provides an illustration of some of the WECs that are under development.  Different developers will be able to connect either individual WECs or arrays of WECs to a PCU at any one time. All WECs and their moorings \/ anchors will be installed within the same 4km x 2km deployment area as used for the Wave Hub\u2019s PCUs and TDU.  By virtue of providing four PCUs, the deployment area will accommodate four connections from a WEC or an array of WECs.  Wave Hub will have a maximum output of 20MW (i.e. 4 PCUs x 5MW). This output effectively limits the scale and\/or number of WECs and WEC arrays that can be connected to the Wave Hub.  At 20MW, Wave Hub will produce the equivalent amount of energy to power approximately 7,500 average UK homes. In local terms, this translates to around 3% of Cornwall\u2019s domestic energy requirement.    Appendix A - Coastal Processes Study Report  Appendix B - Sediment Quality Laboratory Report  Appendix C - Terrestrial Ecology Survey Reports  Appendix D - Intertidal Bird Survey Report  Appendix E - Offshore Seabird Survey Report  Appendix F - Intertidal Ecology Survey Report  Appendix G - Subtidal Ecology Baseline Survey Report  Appendix H - Subtidal Biotype Classification Report  Appendix I - Supplementary Subtidal Ecology Baseline Survey  Appendix J - Commercial Fisheries Study  Appendix K - Baseline Fisheries Resource Reports  Appendix L - Navigation Risk Assessment  Appendix M - Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Part 1)  Appendix M - Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Part 2)  Appendix M - Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (Part 3)  Appendix N - Archaeological Assessment","author":["South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"organization":["South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"originationDate":"2006-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:40:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave_Hub_Appendix_N-Archaeological_Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4751","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-wave-hub-technical-studies-impacts-inshore-surfing-beaches","sourceURL":"","title":"Review of Wave Hub Technical Studies: Impacts on Inshore Surfing Beaches","description":"This report responds to the request by the South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) for an independent review of the work carried out by the Halcrow Group Limited, specifically that which dealt with coastal processes and the impacts of the devices on the inshore wave climate. Of high relevance is the impact on surfing in Cornwall. Other reviewed information was a scientific publication of Millar et al. (2006). Discussions with the industry, through a spokesperson, Mr Andrew Scott, of xx were held to more fully consider the wave height reduction in the lee of the Pelamis. New information and measurements were provided.","author":["Black, K."],"organization":["ASR Ltd","South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"originationDate":"2007-12-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:57:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Impacts_on_Inshore_Surfing_Beaches.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4752","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-power-us-permitting-jurisdictional-issues","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Power in the US: Permitting and Jurisdictional Issues","description":"E2I, Electric Research Power Institute (EPRI) and Global Energy Partners LLC (Global) are collaborating with state energy agencies and utilities from main, Massachusetts, San Francisco, California, Oregon, Washington and Hawaii, and the Department of Energy\u0027s (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to define system designs for wave energy conversion device power plants at one site in each of those states. The overall project objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of wave power to provide efficient, reliable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective electrical energy and to create a push towards the development of a sustainable commercial market for this technology. This report, funded by the NREL,\n\n\u0022investigates the existing regulations for permitting and licenses for coastal\/ offshore\/ outer continental shelf (OCS) renewable electrical power generation for the three site-device options. Potential national level agencies involved are the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACOE), and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In addition, various state and local agencies may be involved.\u0022\n\nThis report assesses the current regulations applicable to wave energy demonstrations and explains the legal barriers and challenges associated with getting a test project approved. Given that there are not specific statutes or national leadership supporting wave power, the regulatory framework is in flux and each demonstration project will have a different pathway for approval to operate. The research is based upon the experience of NREL staff with offshore wind energy projects in the US and Europe, interviews with legal experts and developers, and analysis of selected studies from Europe.\n\nExperiences from the offshore wind industry are relevant to future planning and permitting requirements for wave energy, though the jurisdictional issues and the lead agencies may be different. The reason for using information from wing energy is that planning rules for wave energy projects generally have not been prepared or tested yet and offshore wind is farther ahead developmentally. There are two proposed offshore wind projects in the US testing jurisdictional issues, i.e. the Cape Wind project off of Hyannis in Massachusetts and the Long Island Power Authority project off of Jones Beach, Long Island. It is expected that ocean jurisdiction issues and environmental standards and regulations for offshore wind energy may, in many cases, provide some insight to demonstrating wave projects.\n\nSection 2 discusses the policy framework and international ocean jurisdictions briefly, the legal framework for federal agency jurisdictions as well as selected federal and state laws that are applicable to a wave energy project. Section 3 describes current events with wave power demonstration projects, providing a brief overview of the technology and a summary of their regulatory experiences. Section 4 summarizes the lessons learned from the wave power projects as well as what we can learn from the regulatory pathway of installing offshore wind power projects in the US (Section 4.1). The last section (4.2) outlines some strategic considerations to streamline the regulatory requirements and clarify the jurisdictional issues.","author":["Ram, B.","Thresher, R.","Fall, N.","Bedard, R."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Global Energy Partners LLC"],"originationDate":"2004-12-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ram_et_al_2004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4753","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-power-sustainable-energy-or-environmentally-costly-review-special-emphasis-linear","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032109002780","title":"Wave Power - Sustainable Energy Or Environmentally Costly? A Review With Special Emphasis On Linear Wave Energy Converters","description":"Generating electricity from waves is predicted to be a new source of renewable energy conversion expanding significantly, with a global potential in the range of wind and hydropower. Several wave power techniques are on the merge of commercialization, and thus evoke questions of environmental concern. Conservation matters are to some extent valid independent of technique but we mainly focus on point absorbing linear generators. By giving examples from the Lysekil project, run by Uppsala University and situated on the Swedish west coast, we demonstrate ongoing and future environmental studies to be performed along with technical research and development. We describe general environmental aspects generated by wave power projects; issues also likely to appear in Environmental Impact Assessment studies. Colonization patterns and bio-fouling are discussed with particular reference to changes of the seabed and alterations due to new substrates. A purposeful artificial reef design to specially cater for economically important or threatened species is also discussed. Questions related to fish, fishery and marine mammals are other examples of topics where, e.g. no-take zones, marine bio-acoustics and electromagnetic fields are important areas. In this review we point out areas in which studies likely will be needed, as ventures out in the oceans also will give ample opportunities for marine environmental research in general and in areas not previously studied. Marine environmental and ecological aspects appear to be unavoidable for application processes and in post-deployment studies concerning renewable energy extraction. Still, all large-scale renewable energy conversion will cause some impact mainly by being area demanding. An early incorporation of multidisciplinary and high quality research might be a key for new ocean-based techniques.","author":["Langhamer, O.","Haikonen, K.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2010-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:02:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4754","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-energy-its-emergence-challenges-it-faces","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1471084606705741","title":"Wave and Tidal Energy Its Emergence and the Challenges it Faces","description":"Like a new frontier for power generation, wave and tidal technologies have attracted considerable attention in the past six months, with the industry finally emerging from a long and uncertain period of embryonic development. As the industry is maturing, it is important not to forget the difficulty in balancing industry prospects with the many obstacles along the way.","author":["Ferro, B."],"organization":["Douglas-Westwood Ltd"],"originationDate":"2006-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4755","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-energy-uk-state-industry-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave and Tidal Energy in the UK: State of the Industry Report","description":"In 2011 it became clear that the wave and tidal energy industry in the UK had reached a tipping point. As it decisively moved towards commercial viability the industry offered vast improvements in its value proposition, driven by a surge in deployment and a demonstrable track record. As a result we now have proposals for the first wave and tidal arrays and the front running developers are looking to develop multi-megawatt projects.\n\nIncreased visibility of project pipelines and improved levels of knowledge within the sector have derisked projects, indicating a pathway to profitability. The flow of manufacturing capability into the industry through the involvement of major original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) has vastly improved the credibility of the industry and we now have several industrial partnerships developing the foremost projects. The involvement of major energy utilities is further evidence of progress as we now have end customers intimately involved in the development process.\n\nThe increased attractiveness of the industry to investors is largely due to government support and several high profile demonstrations of commitment. With the provision of increased revenue support, as heralded in the 2011 consultation on Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) rebanding, and upfront capital support offered, DECC is working hard to unlock private sector investment. The Scottish Government has been equally engaged and has provided the Scottish Renewable Obligation regime to compliment the upfront capital support of its own. The harmonisation of the revenue support regimes for marine energy is very welcome but it is vital that the government continues to discuss ways of ensuring that the various funding streams are both coordinated and complementary.","author":["Adams, J.","Valpy, B.","Krohn, D."],"organization":["RenewableUK"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UK_State_of_the_Industry_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4756","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-pacific-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/370\/1959\/481","title":"Wave Energy: A Pacific Perspective","description":"This paper illustrates the status of wave energy development in Pacific rim countries by characterizing the available resource and introducing the region\u0027s current and potential future leaders in wave energy converter development. It also describes the existing licensing and permitting process as well as potential environmental concerns. Capabilities of Pacific Ocean testing facilities are described in addition to the region\u0027s vision of the future of wave energy.","author":["Paasch, R.","Ruehl, K.","Hovland, J.","Meicke, S."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.937128000000","-128.273156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4757","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-power-potential-along-atlantic-coast-southeastern-usa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148109000871","title":"Wave Power Potential along the Atlantic Coast of the Southeastern USA","description":"The wave power potential along the southeast Atlantic coast of the United States of America bounded by latitudes 27\u00b0 N and 38\u00b0 N and longitudes 82\u00b0 W and 72\u00b0 W (i.e. North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida) is investigated. The available data from National Data Buoy Center wave stations in the given area are examined. Temporal trends of the wave heights, wave periods and the wave power are analyzed for a time scale of weeks. The time series from the wave stations are downsampled with a 15-day moving average filter with near 50% overlapping to study the seasonal trends. Power calculated from hourly significant wave heights and average wave periods is compared to power calculated using spectral wave density. It is found that a factor of 0.61 needs to be applied to the wave power calculated from hourly significant wave heights and average periods in order to get the same results with the power calculated from spectral wave density. The mean power within 50 km of the shore is determined to be ~9 kW\/m, whereas higher power (~15 kW\/m) is available further offshore.","author":["Defne, Z.","Haas, K.","Fritz, H."],"organization":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"2009-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.548544000000","-78.292859000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4759","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-coast-environmental-protocols-framework-baseline-monitoring-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/Environmental-Stewardship\/Environmental-Studies\/Pacific-Region\/Studies\/2012-013.aspx","title":"West Coast Environmental Protocols Framework: Baseline and Monitoring Studies","description":"The overarching goal of this West Coast Environmental\u00a0Protocols Framework\u00a0is to describe a clear, consistent process for regulators and industry to follow when designing environmental baseline and post-installation monitoring studies for proposed wave, tidal and offshore wind projects along the U.S West Coast, thus reducing time and uncertainty associated with project development. The use of the term\u00a0environmental\u00a0in the context of this report refers specifically to natural resources and ecological issues, not to human resources or socioeconomic or cultural issues. The project will describe a step-wise approach to identify monitoring protocols for developing wave, tidal and offshore wind ocean renewable energy projects. Common protocols will provide clarity and consistency in study requirements, which presently differ substantially between projects and regions. The specific objectives of the project are to:\n\nIdentify and prioritize potential environmental issues to be monitored;\nDevelop a screening tool (the protocols framework) for renewable ocean energy projects that can be used to identify baseline and effects information and protocols needed to collect that information;\nAddress environmental thresholds, both scientific and regulatory, and related criteria in the framework;\nScreen the environmental issues and design the protocols framework, focusing on the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) and with intended portability to other LMEs;\nObtain and consider information on emerging environmental monitoring protocols for ocean renewable energy development from Europe;\nVerify the proof of concept for the framework through case studies of wave, offshore wind and tidal projects on the U.S. West Coast;\nVet the resulting products and process with a broad stakeholder group representing industry, regulators, scientists, environmental nongovernmental organizations, and industry; and\nProvide process recommendations for the possible adoption of this work into the state and federal regulatory processes to allow for consistency.\n\nThe protocols framework may be used to identify protocols that are applicable to a specific project and areas where additional protocol development is likely needed. The protocols framework may serve as a point of departure for discussions between ocean energy industry proponents and regulatory agencies.","author":["Klure, J.","Hampton, T.","McMurray, G.","Boehlert, G.","Henkel, S.","Copping, A.","Kramer, S.","Chwaszczewski, R.","Fresh, K."],"organization":["Pacific Energy Ventures LLC","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.486218000000","-127.230683000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PEV_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4760","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-orkney-south-wave-energy-site-environmental-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"West Orkney South Wave Energy Site Environmental Scoping Report","description":"E.ON Climate and Renewables Developments Ltd (E.ON) is proposing to develop two adjacent wave energy projects off the west coast of Orkney called West Orkney Middle South and West Orkney South. If both of these areas are developed to their full potential, they could provide up to 100 megawatts (MW) of capacity, making a significant contribution to the Scottish Government\u2019s renewable energy and emissions reduction targets.  The following scoping report has been produced to provide regulatory authorities, statutory advisers and key stakeholders with an outline of the West Orkney South (WOS) project, the existing environment in which it will be constructed and operated, and the potential environmental impacts arising from these activities. West Orkney Middle South (WOMS) will be the subject of a separate scoping report.","author":["RSK Group"],"organization":["E.ON","RSK Group"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 09:28:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/West_Orkney_South_Wave_Energy_Site.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4761","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/where-are-all-people-study-integration-socioeconomics-marine-conservation-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dukespace.lib.duke.edu\/dspace\/bitstream\/handle\/10161\/973\/Feldman_MP_May_2009.pdf","title":"Where Are All the People? A Study on the Integration of Socioeconomics and Marine Conservation Planning","description":"The Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment, designed by The Nature Conservancy, is a marine spatial planning process which strives for an integrated management approach to marine conservation design. As ecosystem based management gains momentum, non-governmental organizations and federal agencies have realized the need to consider socio-economic objectives for and impacts of management plans and conservation strategies on coastal and marine-related communities.\n\nThis report reviews the application of three methods for the integration of socio-economics in marine conservation planning: market and non-market economic valuation and social impact assessment. Market and non-market economic valuation can be used by marine managers to make informed decisions on conservation alternatives while social impact assessments evaluate the social consequences of specific conservation or management actions. Each of these methods can be represented in a geographic information system (GIS) and integrated with biophysical data in marine spatial planning processes. This report shows how market and non-market economic values and local ecological knowledge can be mapped both onshore and offshore and be used in designing marine conservation strategies.\n\nThe findings presented here demonstrate that although there are defined methods for socio-economic analysis and some techniques for integrating socio-economics into marine spatial planning, marine conservation planners are not applying them when making management decisions. This report is a guide for conservation organizations and marine managers on how to set biophysical and socio-economic objectives and use clearly defined methods to incorporate social science into marine conservation and spatial planning.","author":["Feldman, L."],"organization":["Duke University"],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4775","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/worldwide-synthesis-analysis-existing-information-regarding-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.offshorewindhub.org\/resource\/1093","title":"Worldwide Synthesis and Analysis of Existing Information Regarding Environmental Effects of Alternative Energy Uses on the Outer Continental Shelf","description":"The Minerals Management Service (MMS) is charged with environmentally responsible management of federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) resources (e.g., oil and gas, sand and gravel, other mineral resources). The OCS includes the submerged lands, subsoil, and seabed, lying between the seaward extent of the states\u0027 jurisdiction and the seaward extent of federal jurisdiction. The seaward extent of state jurisdiction is mostly 3 nautical miles, although in Texas and the Gulf coast of Florida, it is 3 marine leagues (9 nautical miles) and in Louisiana it is 3 imperial nautical miles. Federal jurisdiction extends to the farthest of 200 nautical miles or, if the continental shelf can be shown to exceed 200 nautical miles, a distance not greater than a line 100 nautical miles from the 2,500-meter isobath or a line 350 nautical miles from the baseline.\n\nSection 388 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 granted the Department of the Interior (Department) discretionary authority to issue leases, easements, or rights-of-way for activities on the OCS that produce or support production, transportation, or transmission of energy from sources other than oil and gas, and are not otherwise authorized by other applicable law. The Department delegated this authority to the MMS. Examples of the general types of alternative energy project activities that MMS has the discretion to authorize include, but are not limited to: wind energy, wave energy, ocean current energy, solar energy, and hydrogen production. The MMS was also delegated discretionary authority to issue leases, easements, or rights-of-way for other OCS project activities that make alternate use of existing OCS facilities for \u201cenergy-related purposes or for other authorized marine-related purposes,\u201d to the extent such activities are not otherwise authorized by other applicable law. Such activities may include, but are not limited to: offshore aquaculture, research, education, recreation, and support for offshore operations and facilities.\n\nUnder this new responsibility, MMS is working to establish an MMS Alternative Energy and Alternate Use Program that will provide for sound multiple-use management of federal offshore lands for nontraditional energy and related uses. Alternative energy sources that could be developed on the OCS under MMS stewardship include wind, ocean wave, ocean current, solar, and hydrogen. Large-scale nearshore wind projects are already in operation internationally, and in the United States projects are in the preplanning and permitting stages. OCS project development is yet to be accomplished. In the OCS, ocean wave technology is deployed on a small, prototype scale at a few locations, but the technology is still in its infancy. Ocean current technology is based on tidal technology and is in the pre-planning stages. Solar and hydrogen technologies are still in the conceptual stage.","author":["Michel, J.","Dunagan, H.","Boring, C.","Healy, E.","Evans, W.","Dean, J.","McGillis, A.","Hain, J."],"organization":["ICF International","US Minerals Management Service (MMS)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2007-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:20:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Worldwide_Synthesis_and_Analysis_of_MHK.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4776","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/yaquina-bay-oregon-ocean-dredged-material-disposal-sites-evaluations-study","sourceURL":"","title":"Yaquina Bay, Oregon Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites Evaluations Study and Environmental Assessment","description":"This Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site (ODMDS) Evaluation and Environmental Assessment has been jointly prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The purpose of this evaluation is to provide documentation in support of final designation by EPA of two ODMDSs needed for long-term use by the authorized Yaquina Bay navigation projects. This evaluation will determine if the proposed North and South ODMDS offshore of Yaquina Bay, Oregon, fully meets all criteria and factors set forth in Parts 228.5 and 228.6 of Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). These regulations were promulgated in accordance with the criteria set out in Sections 102 and 103 of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Further, this document is intended to provide sufficient information to determine compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act, the national Historic Preservation Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, and Endangered Species Act. Use of the sites would be for disposal of material dredged for operation and maintenance of the federally authorized navigation project at Yaquina Bay, as well as through separate Section 103 permit evaluation for disposal of dredged material from other dredging projects.  The availability of ODMDSs in the vicinity of Yaquina Bay are necessary to maintain safe deep-draft navigation through authorized federal channels and permitted actions. The historic Interim and nearshore Section 103 site experienced mounding, generating a potentially hazardous navigation safety condition, and had limited site capacity to receive future dredge material disposals. Commercial shippers, crab fishermen, and the U.S. Coast Guard expressed concern over this situation to both the USACE and EPA. While the situation may not have constituted an imminent hazard to life and property, which would warrant an emergency, the EPA and USACE agreed that prudent management action was required in order to prevent any further adverse conditions from developing. Efforts were undertaken by the federal government to temporarily expand the historic Interim and nearshore Section 103 sites in 1998 and to manage distribution of the maintenance dredged material within the available site while seeking a more permanent management solution. The need for ocean dumping and implementation of a management solution by USACE and EPA were at a point where the ability to maintain the Yaquina Bay project was at risk. Unless the Yaquina Bay project can be maintained, continued commercial use of the existing navigation channels at their authorized depth would not be possible.  The rough seas encountered at the Yaquina Bay entrance preclude the safe and efficient operation of any dredge other than a hopper dredge. Upland disposal of dredged material from a hopper dredge operation is not economic due to the need to double handle the material and sufficient upland capacity is unavailable. Disposal of the material dredged from Yaquina Bay, therefore, must occur at an in-water site.  While it is possible to dredge and transport material back into the estuary for disposal, there is a lack of suitable estuarine and upland disposal sites. Further, estuarine habitats are unique and far less extensive than are sandy nearshore oceanic habitats. Estuarine disposal would cause greater adverse environmental impacts than would ocean disposal.  Table B-1 in Appendix B provides dredged material volumes estimated for the Yaquina Bay federal navigation project from 1928-2010. Future estimated total disposal quiantity for the long-term maintenance dredging of the navigation channel is expected to remain relatively constant.  Though the volume is expected to be minor compared to the federal dredging volumes, the designated sites may receive material dredged by non-USACE entities and disposed under specific permits issued by USACE. With the fundamental need for ocean dumping having been demonstrated, USACE and EPA had to consider the needed disposal capacity which influences the number and\/or size of site(s). The USACE conducts their site capacity modeling based on a 20-year outlook (Appendix B).  Given their modeling results, two ocean disposal sites, the North ODMDS and South ODMDS are proposed (Figure 1). Due to their size, disposal capacity was considered sufficient for approximately 20 years or more for each. These proposed sites replace the nearshore Section 103 Site in the government\u0027s preferred action for management of dredged material at Yaquina Bay. The need for designation of these sites pursuant to 40 CFR 227 Subpart C is considered demonstrated.","author":["US Army Corps of Engineers","US Environmental Protection Agency"],"organization":["US Army Corps of Engineers","US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.690000000000","-124.134000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:15:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EPA-R10-OW-2012-0197-0043.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4778","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-measurements-17th-scale-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6107283","title":"Underwater Noise Measurements of a 1\/7th Scale Wave Energy Converter","description":"Field measurements of the underwater acoustic signature of Columbia Power Technologies (Columbia Power) SeaRay wave energy converter (WEC) prototype are presented. The device was deployed in the vicinity of West Point (Puget Sound, Washington State) at a depth of approximately 20 meters. The 1\/7th scale SeaRay prototype is a heave and surge, point absorber secured to the seabed with a three-point mooring. Acoustic measurements were made in order to satisfy permit requirements and assure that marine life is not adversely affected. A series of one-minute hydrophone recordings were collected on March 30, 2011 for approximately 4 hours. During these recordings, significant wave height varied from 0.4 to 0.7 m, peak wave periods varied from 2.9 to 3.2 seconds, and southerly winds varied from 5 to 10 m s-1. These are approximately twice the amplitude of typical operating conditions for the SeaRay in Puget Sound. Shipping vessel and ferry traffic levels also were typical. Received sound pressure levels during the experiment vary from 116 to 132 dB re 1 \u03bcPa in the integrated bands from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. At times, ship traffic dominates the signal, as determined from spectral characteristics and vessel proximity. Received sound pressure levels attributed to the WEC cycle from 116 to 126 dB re 1 \u03bcPa in the integrated bands from 60 Hz to 20 kHz at distances from 10 to 1500 m from the SeaRay. The cycling is well correlated with the peak wave period, including peaks and harmonics in the pressure spectral densities. Masking by ship noise prevents rigorous extrapolation to estimate the WEC source level at the conventional 1 m reference.","author":["Bassett, C.","Thompson, J.","Polagye, B.","Rhinefrank, K."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2011-09-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.661315000000","-122.439386000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:19:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4780","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-whale-watching-boats-potential-effects-killer-whales-orcinus-orca","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01045.x","title":"Underwater Noise of Whale Watching Boats and Potential Effects on Killer Whales (Orcinus orca), Based on an Acoustic Impact Model","description":"Underwater noise of whale-watching boats was recorded in the popular killer whale-watching region of southern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State. A software sound propagation and impact assessment model was applied to estimate zones around whale-watching boats where boat noise was audible to killer whales, where it interfered with their communication, where it caused behavioral avoidance, and where it possibly caused hearing loss. Boat source levels ranged from 145 to 169 dB re 1 \u03bcPa @ 1 m, increasing with speed. The noise of fast boats was modeled to be audible to killer whales over 16 km, to mask killer whale calls over 14 km, to elicit a behavioral response over 200 m, and to cause a temporary threshold shift (TTS) in hearing of 5 dB after 30\u201350 min within 450 m. For boats cruising at slow speeds, the predicted ranges were 1 km for audibility and masking, 50 m for behavioral responses, and 20 m for TTS. Superposed noise levels of a number of boats circulating around or following the whales were close to the critical level assumed to cause a permanent hearing loss over prolonged exposure. These data should be useful in developing whale-watching regulations. This study also gave lower estimates of killer whale call source levels of 105\u2013124 dB re 1 \u03bcPa.","author":["Erbe, C."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2002-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.513467000000","-125.092755000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4781","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-surf-noise-near-sea-coasts-different-types","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134%2FS1063771008060109","title":"Underwater Surf Noise Near Sea Coasts of Different Types","description":"Data on underwater surf-generated noise measured near stony, rocky, and sandy coasts of the Black Sea and the Pacific Ocean are presented for a frequency band of 0.03 16 kHz and distances of 0.01 30 km from the coastline. The frequency-power spectra and the excess coefficients in the distributions of the instantaneous values of sound pressure in surf-generated noise are considered for coasts of different types. At surface wave heights of 0.5 0.8 m, the surf-generated acoustic noise near pebble-type coasts is higher than the noise of the open sea at a distance of 10 km from the coast, while the excess coefficients are positive at distances of up to 2.7 km from the coast.","author":["Bardyshev, V."],"organization":["Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.266498000000","38.590395000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4782","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-assessment-messina-strait-italy","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater Noise Assessment in the Messina Strait - Italy","description":"In July 2007 Nauta-rcs was asked to perform an underwater acoustic noise level assessment in the Messina Strait (Italy) in order to create a baseline noise profile for this environment. CIBRA - Centro Interdisciplineare di Bioacustica e Ricerche Ambientali of the Pavia University, also offered supervision to this assessment, and offered help and instruments.  These data were needed to compare standard noise levels in the area with new readings as those obtained with an operational Kobold turbine. Kobold turbine is a patented energy producing floating system today under tests in the Messina Strait.  Messina Strait is a small, rather deep and with heavy ship traffic strait that separates the most southern peninsular Italy from Sicily. The strait connects south Mediterranean Sea with the Tyrrhenian Sea.","author":["Nauta-rcs","CIBRA"],"organization":["Nauta-rcs"],"originationDate":"2007-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.235017800000","15.653656000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:17:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Noise_assessment_Messina_Strait.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4783","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-radiated-noise-modern-commercial-ships","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/131\/1\/10.1121\/1.3664100","title":"Underwater Radiated Noise from Modern Commercial Ships","description":"Underwater radiated noise measurements for seven types of modern commercial ships during normal operating conditions are presented. Calibrated acoustic data (","author":["Mckenna, M.","Ross, D.","Wiggins, S.","Hildebrand, J."],"organization":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"2011-11-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.391420000000","-119.688143000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4784","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/usseabed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/walrus.wr.usgs.gov\/usseabed\/","title":"UsSEABED","description":"usSEABED is a relational database containing over 300,000 site observations of seafloor sediment and physical character information for U.S. waters from the intertidal zone to the deep ocean, including rivers, lakes, and estuaries. Data types include sediment grab samples, benthic still photographs, side-scan sonar imagery, surficial geology and sediment distribution maps interpreted from acoustic backscatter, coastal backdrop maps of U.S. coastlines, bathymetric contours, marine boundaries and coastal vulnerability. These observations contain information on sediment texture, surface pattern, benthic biota, and seafloor geology, which can help inform marine planning, ecological assessment, sea level change monitoring, and sediment movement analysis. Because many sites include direct observations, they also can be useful for validating maps derived from remote sensing methods. The data are recorded in a tabular format that can easily be imported into a traditional GIS environment (e.g., ESRI Shapefile and ASCII comma-delimited text files).","author":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","University of Colorado Boulder"],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4785","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-multiple-orientation-cues-juvenile-loggerhead-sea-turtles-caretta-caretta","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/206\/23\/4317","title":"Use of Multiple Orientation Cues by Juvenile Loggerhead Sea Turtles, Caretta caretta","description":"Although the orientation cues used by hatchling sea turtles have been studied extensively, little is known about the mechanisms of orientation and navigation that guide older turtles. To investigate the orientation cues used by juvenile loggerheads Caretta caretta L., captured turtles were tethered in a water-filled arena located outdoors. Turtles tested under these conditions established and maintained headings in specific directions in the absence of wave cues, familiar landmarks and chemical gradients. Distorting the magnetic field around the anterior part of a turtle\u0027s body did not disrupt orientation if vision remained unimpaired. Similarly, eliminating visual cues by attaching frosted goggles did not disrupt orientation if the magnetic environment was undisturbed. However, when turtles experienced a simultaneous disruption of magnetic and visual cues, their orientation was altered. These results imply that sea turtles, like migratory birds and homing pigeons, are able to maintain headings using multiple sources of directional information.","author":["Avens, L.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2003-08-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.847861000000","-76.339692000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:41:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4786","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-pressure-sensitive-film-quantify-sources-injury-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1577\/M03-190.1","title":"Use of Pressure-Sensitive Film to Quantify Sources of Injury to Fish","description":"We examined the use of pressure-sensitive film (PSF) to estimate pressures experienced by fish exposed to potentially damaging mechanical and fluid structures during downstream passage at hydroelectric dams. The films responded well to a wide range of applied pressures (0.5\u201350 MPa), providing reliable estimates of pressures even when contained within waterproof plastic packaging, stacked under other films, and exposed at low water temperatures or low and high relative humidities. Waterproof packages of PSF were field-tested by wrapping them around polycarbonate plastic cylinders and passing them down the spillways of hydroelectric dams. Most of the spillway-passed PSF samples had marks indicating impacts. Many of the marks revealed high values of pressure (e.g., \u003E40 MPa) that are likely to injure fish.","author":["Cada, G.","Smith, J.","Busey, J."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4787","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-adaptive-management-resolve-uncertainties-wave-tidal-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/using-adaptive-management-to-resolve-uncertainties-for-wave-and-tidal-energ","title":"Using Adaptive Management To Resolve Uncertainties For Wave And Tidal Energy Projects","description":"As the nation clamors for new renewable energy sources, hydrokinetic technologies\u2014including wave, current, tidal, and in-stream energy technologies\u2014offer promising additions to the grid. Placing new technologies in ocean and tidal environments, which contain vast, sometimes sensitive resources but are, surprisingly, relatively unstudied, presents a challenge to agencies and developers alike as the industry strives to move through initial project-permitting stages in an efficient but environmentally responsible manner.\n\n\u201cAdaptive management\u201d approaches can allow projects to be permitted and installed while providing agencies and other stakeholders the opportunity to verify their anticipated impacts. Moreover, where actual impacts exceed expectations, an adaptive management approach allows agencies to address such impacts consistent with existing regulatory standards intended to protect marine resources.\n\nAdaptive management is not a new concept; whether called \u201cadaptive management\u201d or not, the practice of studying something and making changes to address identified problems is a logical concept that we naturally apply in many permitting schemes. As applied to initial ocean and tidal energy projects, however, the particular challenge is that adaptive management schemes may need to contain fewer specific contingency plans\u2014fewer \u201cif X, then Y\u201d scenarios\u2014than agencies, in particular, may be used to having. This article considers that challenge and describes an approach to adaptive management intended address those concerns.\n\nAs the hydrokinetics industry moves from demonstration projects to commercial build-out, the knowledge gained in initial project stages will help mitigate the uncertainty that exists today. Ultimately, as agencies and other stakeholders better understand the positive and negative impacts of placing hydrokinetic devices in marine environments, adaptive management plans should evolve from open-ended processes toward more prescriptive, contingency-based plans. And just as agencies and other stakeholders gain more certainty, this trend toward more specific contingency planning will provide the necessary certainty to support long-term investments in this industry.\n\nThis article attempts to define adaptive management for our purposes. It then discusses the components of adaptive management that are necessary to make such schemes viable for initial ocean and tidal energy projects, including that such schemes be project-specific, adopted at the developer\u2019s election, and guided by standards articulated in laws that already exist to protect ocean and tidal resources. Finally, this article confirms that adaptive management is allowable under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and describes how analyses under NEPA should address such schemes.","author":["Oram, C.","Marriott, C."],"organization":["Stoel Rives LLP"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Adaptive_Management_to_Resolve_Uncertainties.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4788","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-geographic-information-systems-predict-north-atlantic-right-whale-eubalaena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journal.nafo.int\/dnn\/Volumes\/Articles\/ID\/247\/Using-Geographic-Information-Sysytems-to-Predict-North-Atlantic-Right-Whale-Eubalaena-glacialis-Habitat","title":"Using Geographic Information Systems to Predict North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Habitat","description":"Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an innovative and powerful tool to define relationships between species and habitat in large marine ecosystems. The objectives of this study were: 1) to gather bathymetry, SST(sea-surface temperature), and right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) sightings data and convert them to GIS coverages, and 2) to create a GIS based logistic regression model to predict North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) distribution as a function of SST and bathymetry. Part of the Scotian Shelf, 45\u00b000\u0027N to 42\u00b000\u0027N latitude and 66\u00b000\u0027W to 61\u00b000\u0027W longitude, was used as a study area to develop the model. The validity of the model was tested in a separate area with known right whale distribution, and the results showed that the model predicted sightings where right whales had been observed. Observations had shown that during their seasonal migration, a portion of the population does not appear in the known summering grounds in the Gulf of Maine, Bay of Fundy, and on the Scotian Shelf. New genetic evidence suggested an additional summering ground. Using the model, predictions for the North Atlantic showed possible summering grounds in areas which were historical whaling grounds. The results from the model can be incorporated into the Recovery Plan for this species. GIS offers an inexpensive method to examine marine mammals in relation to environmental and oceanographic features which affect their life histories.","author":["Moses, E.","Finn, J."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"1997-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.000000000000","-66.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mosesetal1997.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4789","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-ship-speed-mass-describe-potential-collision-severity-whales-application-ship","sourceURL":"","title":"Using Ship Speed and Mass to Describe Potential Collision Severity with Whales: An Application of the Ship Traffic, Energy and Environment Model (STEEM)","description":"This paper presents an application of the Ship Traffic, Energy, and Environment Model (STEEM) to estimate and visualize the risk and severity of collision between ships and the North Atlantic Right Whales along the U.S. and Canadian Atlantic coast. According to the physics of the interaction between a ship and a whale, for ships larger than 500 tons, speed is more important than the size of a ship in determining a lethal injury to a whale. Reducing ship speed could reduce the ton-force significantly. The visual representation of the risk and potential severity of ship-whale collision along the U.S. and Canadian Atlantic coast shows that the coast between Jacksonville, FL and Savannah, VA, the major shipping lanes of Cape Cod, the mouth of Bay of Fundy, and the area south to Nova Scotia, Canada (Roseway Basin) are the areas with highest risk of severe or lethal injury due to a ship strikes. On the waterway network the distribution of ton-force of ship traffic is rather uniform, and thus, the distribution of whales rather than ton-force determines the distribution of risk of potential severity of injury to whales. We use impact physics from known ship strikes to estimate the probability of injury severity and whale death, showing that these outcomes are correlated with shipwhale collisions at different speeds and masses.","author":["Wang, C.","Lyons, S.","Corbett, J.","Firestone, J."],"organization":["University of Delaware"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.968471000000","-67.194364000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 01:34:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wang-et-al-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4790","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-standardised-counting-methods-seabirds-monitor-marine-mammals-dutch-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.zoogdierwinkel.nl\/sites\/default\/files\/imce\/nieuwesite\/Winkel\/pdf%20download\/Lutra%2055%282%29_Fijn%20et%20al_2012.pdf","title":"Using Standardised Counting Methods for Seabirds to Monitor Marine Mammals in the Dutch North Sea from Fixed Platforms","description":"In the period 2003-2011 offshore platforms in the North Sea have been successfully used for ornithological monitoring programs following standardised observation protocols. As most seabird observers have a strong interest in other large marine animals, marine mammal observations were included in these systematic observation protocols for recording seabirds. Some of these programs ran for several years and the collated sightings have the potential to contribute to the knowledge on at-sea distribution of marine mammals around these platforms. However, detection of marine mammals from offshore platform has several limitations. This study showed that detection significantly increased with increasing altitude of the viewing platform and decreasing sea state. Also, in instances where observers aim to record both seabirds as well as marine mammals the latter have the potential to be missed during busy periods. Nevertheless, a total of 167 platform-based sightings of three species of marine mammal were collected during standardised counts on 132 observation days between 2003 and 2011. The \u2018seabird\u2019 observation protocols used have limitations for monitoring marine mammals but were useful to elucidate trends. In this study it was demonstrated that densities recorded from platforms were up to three orders of magnitude lower than during dedicated aerial marine mammal surveys but were comparable to ship-based surveys and aerial surveys that recorded both birds and marine mammals. Provided that limitations are taken into consideration, fixed platforms can provide suitable observation bases for recording the presence, relative abundance and seasonal changes of marine mammals in offshore environments. The potential application of survey data collected from platforms is discussed and recommendations for future work with the observation protocols used are given.","author":["Fijn, R.","Poot, M.","Beuker, D.","Bouma, S.","Collier, M.","Dirksen, S.","Krijgsveld, K.","Lensink, R."],"organization":["Bureau Waardenburg bv"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.662074000000","5.268008000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4793","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/utilisation-space-grey-harbour-seals-pentland-firth-orkney-waters","sourceURL":"","title":"Utilisation of Space by Grey and Harbour Seals in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters","description":"The Pentland Firth and Orkney waters are important for both grey and harbour seals. Both species are resident, using the area for all aspects of their life cycle. The area is also high in wave and tidal energy and areas in the Pentland Firth and Orkney waters have been leased for both demonstration and commercial renewable energy production projects.\n\nThis report aims to assess the potential for overlap between areas around Orkney and the Pentland Firth that are used by seals and those proposed for wave\/tidal energy development. In particular, the spatial and temporal overlap between seals and the location of potential renewable energy devices was required.\n\nMain Findings\n\nIn 2008, 37% of Orkney grey seal pups were born at colonies close to or within the Pentland Firth.\nNumbers of grey seals hauling out during the summer have not changed particularly in recent years.\nWhen foraging, adult grey seals routinely move large distances.\nThe main overlap between grey seals and areas of high tidal current\/potential development appears to be in the Pentland Firth, particularly the area around Stroma, Swona and the Pentland Skerries (which are heavily used for both breeding and hauling out).\nHarbour seal numbers in Orkney declined by 63% between 2001 and 2008. On the north coast of Scotland, they declined by 41% between 1997 and 2008.\nHarbour seal movements are relatively local, and there is less movement between haulout regions than there is for grey seals.\nCosta Head, the licensed area to the west of Rousay, overlaps a corridor that harbour seals use to move to and from a foraging area to the west of Orkney.\nBoth seal species use the whole water column when diving.","author":["SMRU"],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.950791000000","-3.285858000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SMRU_Ltd_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4794","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/valuing-attributes-renewable-energy-investments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421504002782","title":"Valuing the Attributes of Renewable Energy Investments","description":"Increasing the proportion of power derived from renewable energy sources is becoming an increasingly important part of many countries\u0027s strategies to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. However, renewable energy investments can often have external costs and benefits, which need to be taken into account if socially optimal investments are to be made. This paper attempts to estimate the magnitude of these external costs and benefits for the case of renewable technologies in Scotland, a country which has set particularly ambitious targets for expanding renewable energy. The external effects we consider are those on landscape quality, wildlife and air quality. We also consider the welfare implications of different investment strategies for employment and electricity prices. The methodology used to do this is the choice experiment technique. Renewable technologies considered include hydro, on-shore and off-shore wind power and biomass. Welfare changes for different combinations of impacts associated with different investment strategies are estimated. We also test for differences in preferences towards these impacts between urban and rural communities, and between high- and low-income households.","author":["Bergmann, A.","Hanley, N.","Wright, R."],"organization":["University of Glasgow","University of Stirling"],"originationDate":"2006-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.938372000000","-2.394767000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4795","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/valuing-shoreline-guideline-socio-economic-analyses","sourceURL":"","title":"Valuing the Shoreline - Guideline for Socio-Economic Analyses","description":"This guide is intended to facilitate increasing the knowledge and the understanding of coastal valuation and the co-operation between coastal managers. It provides an explanation of why socio-economic evaluation is conducted, a summary of evaluation methods, a discussion of socio-economic analysis of coastal erosion projects, as well as numerous case studies of coastal erosion projects and the lessons learned. Detailed descriptions of economic analysis models, socio-economic evaluation models, and case studies are provided in the report appendices.","author":["Persson, M.","Rankka, K.","Rydell, B.","Uytewaal, E."],"organization":["Lund University","National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management (RIKZ)","Swedish Geotechnical Institute","University of Barcelona","University of Szczecin"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Valuing_the_Shoreline.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4796","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/variability-uk-marine-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0204431","title":"Variability of UK Marine Resources","description":"The development of a viable marine and tidal power programme in the United Kingdom requires a coordinated approach - coordination between developers and industry, between planners and network operators, between financiers and market policies that support the marine and tidal power sector.  Above all, success in the wave and tidal power sector means generating meaningful and reliable amounts of electricity that help satisfy electricity demand. The ability to supply electricity at all times of peak demand in a reliable and predictable manner will be necessary for the sector to truly succeed.  To achieve this aim, the patterns of energy availability from different wave and tidal power regions around the UK need to be understood. This report provides a detailed insight into the regional characteristics of their resources, examines the opportunities available for diversification within marine renewables to reduce the supply variability, and assesses the impact of marine renewable electricity generation on the net electricity demand pattern experienced by the network. Strategies to reduce the variability of marine renewables at a national and regional level are examined, and the impact of these strategies quantified.  Planning a diversified renewables strategy will provide a more reliable renewable energy supply - understanding the resource is central to that planning.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Carbon Trust"],"organization":["The Carbon Trust","Environmental Change Institute (ECI)"],"originationDate":"2005-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carbon_Trust_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4798","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/verifying-marine-hydro-kinetic-energy-generation-simulations-using-snl-efdc","sourceURL":"","title":"Verifying Marine-Hydro-Kinetic Energy Generation Simulations Using SNL-EFDC","description":"Increasing interest in marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy has led to significant research regarding optimal placement of emerging technologies to maximize energy capture and minimize effects on the marine environment. Understanding the changes to the near- and far-field hydrodynamics is necessary to assess optimal placement. MHK projects will convert energy (momentum) from the system, altering water velocities and potentially water quality and sediment transport as well. Maximum site efficiency for MHK power projects must balance with the requirement of avoiding environmental harm.  This study is based on previous modification to an existing flow, sediment dynamics, and water-quality code (SNL-EFDC) where a simulation of an experimental flume is used to qualify, quantify, and visualize the influence of MHK energy generation. Turbulence and device parameters are calibrated against wake data from a flume experiment out of the University of Southampton (L. Myers and A. S. Bahaj, \u201cNear wake properties of horizontal axis marine current turbines,\u201d in Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, 2009, pp. 558- 565) to produce verified simulations of MHK-device energy removal. To achieve a realistic velocity deficit within the wake of the device, parametric studies using the nonlinear, modelindependent, parameter estimators PEST and DAKOTA were compared to determine parameter sensitivities and optimal values for various constants in the flow and turbulence closure equations. The sensitivity analyses revealed that the Smagorinski subgrid-scale horizontal momentum diffusion constant and the k-\u03b5 kinetic energy dissipation rate constant (C\u03b54) were the two most important parameters influencing wake profile and dissipation at 10 or more device diameters downstream as they strongly influence how the wake mixes with the bulk flow. These results verify the model, which can now be used to perform MHK-array distribution and optimization studies.","author":["James, S.","Lefantzi, S.","Barco, J.","Johnson, E.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oceans_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4799","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vessel-collisions-whales-probability-lethal-injury-based-vessel-speed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00098.x\/abstract","title":"Vessel Collisions with Whales: The Probability of Lethal Injury Based on Vessel Speed","description":"Historical records demonstrate that the most numerous, per capita, ocean-going vessel strikes recorded among large-whale species accrue to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). As vessel speed restrictions are being considered to reduce the likelihood and severity of vessel collisions with right whales, we present an analysis of the published historical records of vessels striking large whales. We examine the influence of vessel speed in contributing to either a lethal injury (defined as killed or severely injured) or a nonlethal injury (defined as minor or no apparent injury) to a large whale when struck. A logistic regression model fitted to the observations, and consistent with a bootstrap model, demonstrates that the greatest rate of change in the probability of a lethal injury (Plethal) to a large whale occurs between vessel speeds of 8.6 and 15 knots where Plethal increases from 0.21 to 0.79. The probability of a lethal injury drops below 0.5 at 11.8 knots. Above 15 knots, Plethal asymptotically approaches 1. The uncertainties in the logistic regression estimates are relatively large at relatively low speeds (e.g., at 8 knots the probability is 0.17 with a 95% CI of 0.03\u20130.6). The results we provide can be used to assess the utility of vessel speed limits that are being considered to reduce the lethality of vessels striking the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale and other large whales that are frequent victims of vessel strikes.","author":["Vanderlaan, A.","Taggart, C."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:55:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4800","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vessel-noise-effects-delphinid-communication","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v395\/p161-175\/","title":"Vessel Noise Effects On Delphinid Communication","description":"Increasing numbers and speeds of vessels in areas with populations of cetaceans may have the cumulative effect of reducing habitat quality by increasing the underwater noise level. Here, we first use digital acoustic tags to demonstrate that free-ranging delphinids in a coastal deepwater habitat are subjected to varying and occasionally intense levels of vessel noise. Vessel noise and sound propagation measurements from a shallow-water habitat are then used to model the potential impact of high sound levels from small vessels on delphinid communication in both shallow and deep habitats, with bottlenose dolphins Tursiops sp. and short-finned pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus as model organisms. We find that small vessels travelling at 5 knots in shallow water can reduce the communication range of bottlenose dolphins within 50 m by 26%. Pilot whales in a quieter deep-water habitat could suffer a reduction in their communication range of 58% caused by a vessel at similar range and speed. Increased cavitation noise at higher speeds drastically increases the impact on the communication range. Gear shifts generate high-level transient sounds (peak\u2013 peak source levels of up to 200 dB re 1 \u03bcPa) that may be audible over many kilometres and may disturb close-range animals. We conclude that noise from small vessels can significantly mask acoustically mediated communication in delphinids and contribute to the documented negative impacts on animal fitness.","author":["Jensen, F.","Bejder, L.","Wahlberg, M.","Soto, N.","Johnson, M.","Madsen, P."],"organization":["Aarhus University","Fjord \u0026 B\u00e6lt","Murdoch University","University of La Laguna","University of Southern Denmark","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.193936000000","-16.097306000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vessel_Noise_Effects_on_Delphinid_Communication.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4801","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vessel-operator-response-voluntary-measure-reducing-collisions-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v17\/n3\/p245-254\/","title":"Vessel Operator Response to a Voluntary Measure for Reducing Collisions with Whales","description":"Voluntary programs have been used with varying degrees of success to address a variety of environmental issues. The goal of the present study was to assess mariner response to a voluntary program to reduce the threat of vessel collisions with the endangered North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis. The program involves the creation of temporary zones, dynamic management areas (DMAs), in which vessel operators are requested, but not required, to either navigate around the area or travel through at speeds of 10 knots or less. Using remotely sensed automatic identification system data, we analyzed 3324 transits made by 1100 individual vessels, the majority of which belong to the international commercial shipping industry utilizing east coast ports of the USA. In general, we observed very little change in vessel operations in response to the DMAs. The mean transit speeds for cargo, tanker, and passenger vessels within the DMAs exceeded the requested maximum of 10 knots and differed little from speeds used outside DMAs. In addition, few transits appeared to involve efforts to navigate around the DMAs. Therefore, we conclude that the program likely had only a modest consequence in reducing vessel collisions with whales, at least as measured by vessel operations. These results may have application to other settings where voluntary programs are contemplated or implemented.","author":["Silber, G.","Adams, J.","Bettridge, S."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:47:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4802","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/visual-censuses-around-drifting-fish-aggregating-devices-fads-new-approach-assessing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/00000\/4674\/","title":"Visual Censuses Around Drifting Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs): A New Approach For Assessing The Diversity Of Fish In Open-ocean Waters","description":"This study provides a baseline measure of pelagic fish species diversity around fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Western Indian Ocean. Using data from visual censuses made by SCUBA divers around drifting FADs we (1) analysed 11 diversity indices describing 4 main components of pelagic diversity: number of species, evenness, taxonomic diversity and rarity and (2) discussed the viability of using visual censuses around FADs to monitor temporal and spatial changes in diversity patterns of pelagic fishes in the future. Our results not only show that a single index, such as species richness or the Shannon-Wiener index, cannot provide a complete description of pelagic fish diversity around FADs, but also that some components of diversity appear to be multifaceted themselves and require the simultaneous use of several complementary indices in order to be accurately described and monitored. Despite a limited sampling effort, our results suggest that using visual censuses around FADs could provide reproducible \u2018relative\u2019 indices of diversity for a well-delimited assemblage of species (intra- and extranatant species in the epipelagic domain). In this context, we propose a preliminary \u2018short list\u2019 of diversity indices based firstly on their complementarity and secondly on their simplicity. While visual censuses of pelagic fishes at FADs (like any other sampling method) cannot give an exhaustive picture of diversity, they are a fishery-independent survey method that can complement other sampling techniques and provide reproducible information to monitor the diversity of these very difficult-to-access pelagic fish communities.","author":["Gaertner, J.","Taquet, M.","Dagorn, L.","M\u00e9rigot, B.","Aumeeruddy, R.","Sancho, G.","Itano, D."],"organization":["College of Charleston","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2008-08-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["-4.999195000000","49.217724000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Visual_Censuses_around_Drifting_FADs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4808","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-washingtons-coast-washingtons-coastal-zone-management-program","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fortress.wa.gov\/ecy\/publications\/documents\/0006029.pdf","title":"Managing Washington\u0027s Coast: Washington\u0027s Coastal Zone Management Program","description":"This report is called the \u201cWashington Coastal Zone Management Program Document.\u201d This document explains Washington\u2019s coastal zone management program and how the Department of Ecology administers the program. Basically, Washington\u2019s program consists of two parts: 1) the six state laws, or \u201cauthorities\u201d and their implementing regulations that Washington uses to manage activities in the coastal zone; and 2) the tasks that Ecology staff perform in accordance with the Coastal Zone Management grant in furtherance of the purposes of the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA).  Washington manages its coastal zone through a partnership with the federal government - a partnership expressed in the federal Coastal Zone Management Act. Passed in 1972, the Act calls for the \u201ceffective management, beneficial use, protection, and development\u201d of the nation\u2019s coastal zone and promotes active state involvement in achieving those goals.  As a means to reach those goals, the Coastal Zone Management Act requires participating coastal states to develop management programs that demonstrate how states carry out their obligations and responsibilities in managing their coastal areas. Upon federal approval of a state\u2019s coastal zone management program, the state benefits by becoming eligible for federal coastal zone grants. A state\u2019s grant allocation is based on the total number of shoreline miles and shoreline population density within the state\u2019s jurisdiction.  Besides receiving federal funds, another benefit of having an approved program is the review authority that states have over certain federal agency actions. That authority allows the states to determine whether federal projects; or activities requiring federal licenses or permits; or those using federal funding are consistent with the state\u2019s coastal program. Commonly referred to as \u201cfederal consistency,\u201d this authority can enhance a state\u2019s ability to manage its coastal zone in accordance with its particular goals and objectives.  Upon passage of the state Shoreline Management Act in 1971, the Washington State Department of Ecology became the lead agency for developing a comprehensive blueprint for managing the state\u2019s shorelines. Ecology\u2019s Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program works with local governments and others to flesh out plans aimed at maintaining and improving shoreline quality, while at the same time allowing for reasonable and appropriate shoreline uses.  Because the federal Coastal Zone Management Act and the state Shoreline Management Act meshed so well, the Department of Ecology was best-suited to house Washington\u2019s Coastal Zone Management Program. In 1976, Washington became the first state in the Nation to have a federally approved coastal zone management program. Since that time, Washington has benefited from annual coastal zone grants of $1.5 to $2.9 million and has served as an example of a cooperative federal-state partnership.  This version of Washington\u2019s Coastal Zone Management Program (WCZMP) document (or \u201cprogram document\u201d) replaces the 1976 document (the \u201corange book\u201d) and the 1979 Amendments (the \u201cgreen book\u201d). It finalizes interim draft documents submitted by Ecology in 1995 and 1999. This rendition replaces all those earlier documents but makes no substantial changes to Washington\u2019s coastal program. Rather, this final version updates and refines the original document to reflect changes made over the past quarter century.  Washington\u2019s program document is organized to first acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of the CZMA. In Chapter 1, you will find the important language of the CZMA that launched a nationwide effort to protect the nation\u2019s valuable and sensitive coastal areas.  To evoke a sense of \u201cplace,\u201d Chapter 2 thoroughly describes Washington\u2019s coastal zone and the resources found within its boundaries. The coastal zone is comprised of the fifteen coastal counties that border on the Pacific Ocean and\/or the Puget Sound. Organizationally, the document divides the coastal zone into two regions: the Pacific Ocean Coast and the Puget Sound Basin and their associated upland or watershed areas. The coastal zone\u2019s geography, geology, and climate are generally described. The Ecosystems and Living Resources section discusses the different habitat types that are found in the coastal zone, including wetlands, intertidal areas, ocean waters, riverine areas, forests, and mountains.  Chapter 2 also includes a description of ten areas in the coastal zone that are Areas of Particular Concern - so called because they meet certain criteria spelled out in the CZMA that guide states in designating such areas. Information on other specially designated areas follows the discussion of the Areas of Particular Concern.  Chapter 3 is a brief description of the Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest and the role they play in Washington\u2019s economy. Chapter 4 discusses the resource-based industries that contribute to the coastal zone economy followed by a summary of the impacts resulting from those activities.  Chapter 5 provides a background of the operations of the Coastal Zone Management Program within Ecology\u2019s Shorelands and Environmental Assistance Program. A description of the CZMP\u2019s \u201cAuthorities\u201d outlines the state laws that are used to manage the state\u2019s land and water uses. Those authorities are: the Shoreline Management Act; the State Environmental Policy Act; the Clean Water Act; the Clean Air Act; the Ocean Resources Management Act; and the Energy Facilities - Site Location Act (commonly referred to as the Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council or EFSEC). Within these authorities and their implementing regulations are the enforceable policies.   Chapter 5 also describes how Washington complies with the CZMA and includes some of the important activities carried out  with coastal zone funding. The \u201cfederal consistency\u201d process is discussed here. Unique to coastal zone management, the  federal consistency process is the network for permits, public notice, and decision-making through which federal actions  are demonstrated to be consistent with the state\u2019s enforceable policies. Chapter 5 also explains the state\u2019s procedures  that must be followed in order to be consistent with Washington\u2019s Coastal Zone Management Program.     Also included are the \u201cProtecting Coastal Water Quality\u201d (Section 6217) and \u201cCoastal Zone Enhancement\u201d (Section 309)  grant programs. Chapter 5 contains a brief description of some important state laws and programs that complement the  implementation of the CZMP\u2019s authorities and enforceable policies. These include the Growth Management Act, the  Hydraulics Project Approval, the Puget Sound Plan, the Watershed Planning Act, and several others.    Chapter 5 also contains a description of the local government grants available through the Coastal Zone Management Act. In recent years, Washington has passed nearly 20% of its federal coastal zone grant funds directly to local governments for a variety of projects.   The appendices that follow contain contact information, a glossary, a listing and summary of each program authority, the  national requirements of the CZMA, and a list of federal programs subject to consistency review.","author":["Swanson, T."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2001-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.447956000000","-124.860130000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 09:37:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WA_Coastal_Zone_Management_Program.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4809","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-climate-investigation-array-wave-power-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Wave Climate Investigation for an Array of Wave Power Devices","description":"This paper presents the results of a study carried out to determine the change in wave climate around an array of hypothetical wave devices. The main objective of this work is to investigate the change in wave height in the upstream and downstream of the devices for different levels of wave absorption. This is achieved by modeling the wave devices as porous structures with different porosity levels, with the inclusion of partial reflection and partial transmission. The MIKE 21 suite wave models, (i) Spectral wave and (ii) Boussinesq wave are used for this purpose. The former wave model is employed for the estimation of various phase averaged wave parameters for the Orkney Islands. These wave parameters are then used as input to the Boussinesq model to study wave-device array interactions. The results are presented in the form of wave disturbance coefficients defined as a ratio of the significant wave height at a particular location relative to the incoming or input significant wave height. This study illustrates how the variations in wave absorption by the devices affect the degree of wave reflection and transmission around the devices.","author":["Venugopal, V.","Smith, G."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.950791000000","-3.285858000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:55:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Venugopal_2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4810","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-dragon-mitigation","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Dragon Mitigation","description":"Mitigation has been built into the Wave Dragon device and project design and especially throughout the EIA process, wherever possible. The following text consolidates the detail contained in the preceding chapters and presents the mitigation and monitoring proposals for the Wave Dragon project during the construction and operational phases of the development.","author":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2005-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.691670000000","-5.233330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave_Dragon_Mitigation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4811","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-dragon-pre-commercial-wave-energy-device-environmental-statement-volume-1-non","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Dragon Pre-Commercial Wave Energy Device, Environmental Statement Volume 1: Non-Technical Summary","description":"Wave Dragon Wales Ltd (referred to herein as WDWL) is proposing the construction, installation, operation and decommissioning of a pre-commercial demonstration wave energy converter device off the Pembrokeshire Coast. The proposed development is called the Wave Dragon Pre-Commercial Demonstrator.  The demonstration project is being partly funded by the Welsh Assembly Government under the Objective 1 initiative. The device is intended to be tested for up to 5 years, whereupon it will be removed from the site and the site decommissioned.  The Wave Dragon device proposal is for a full scale floating slack moored wave energy converter. The Wave Dragon Company has been working toward commercialisation of the device for 3 years, and has deployed a prototype in Denmark since 2003 where reliable power production has already been demonstrated.","author":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD"],"organization":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD","Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2007-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.691670000000","-5.233330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:48:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WDNTS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4812","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-dragon-wave-energy-converters-used-coastal-protection-physical-model-test-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vbn.aau.dk\/en\/publications\/wave-dragon-wave-energy-converters-used-as-coastal-protection%2813dddc2c-eb39-4418-a6a4-adddda250d43%29.html","title":"Wave Dragon Wave Energy Converters Used as Coastal Protection: A Physical Model Test Study","description":"This paper deals with wave energy converters used to reduce the wave height along shorelines. For this study the Wave Dragon wave energy converter is chosen. The wave height reduction from a single device has been evaluated from physical model tests in scale 1:51.8 of the 260 x 150 m, 24 kW\/m model. Different stiffness of the mooring system and reflector joints has been tested for different wave steepness and relative floating ratios. The influence of each of these parameters on the wave transmission is presented. Additionally, a numerical case study is performed for the Santander Bay in the northern Spain, to evaluate the potential for reducing wave heights close the shore by means of Wave Dragons.","author":["N\u00f8rgaard, J.","Andersen, T.","Kofoed, J."],"organization":["Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2011-08-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4813","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-marine-environment-colonization-patterns-habitat-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/uu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:228184\/FULLTEXT01.pdf","title":"Wave Energy and the Marine Environment: Colonization Patterns and Habitat Dynamics","description":"A wave energy park has been established on the Swedish west coast outside Lysekil and pioneer work about its interactions with the marine environment has been conducted. So far, little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and this thesis assists in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. The Lysekil research site is situated about two kilometers offshore and has been under development since 2005. During this time 26 \u0022environmental devices\u0022, without generators, consisting of a steel buoy attached via a wire to a foundation have been placed out for ecological studies on macrofauna in surrounding sediments and on colonization of the foundations and the buoys. Sediment samples to examine macrofauna in the seabed have been taken during five seasons. Biomass, abundance and diversity of fauna in the test site were generally low, but higher than in a nearby control site. The species composition was typical for the area and depth.\n\nIn addition to sediment analysis, the effect of wave power concrete foundations on the marine environment has been investigated by scuba diving. The surface orientation and its effect on colonization by sessile organisms was examined on the first five foundations, placed out in 2005, and observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans were made. The results show a succession of colonization over time (three years of investigation) with a higher cover by sessile organisms on vertical surfaces. Mobile fauna abundance on and around the foundations was generally low.","author":["Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4814","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/threats-sandy-beach-ecosystems-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771408003752","title":"Threats to Sandy Beach Ecosystems: A Review","description":"We provide a brief synopsis of the unique physical and ecological attributes of sandy beach ecosystems and review the main anthropogenic pressures acting on the world\u2019s single largest type of open shoreline. Threats to beaches arise from a range of stressors which span a spectrum of impact scales from localised effects (e.g. trampling) to a truly global reach (e.g. sea-level rise). These pressures act at multiple temporal and spatial scales, translating into ecological impacts that are manifested across several dimensions in time and space so that today almost every beach on every coastline is threatened by human activities. Press disturbances (whatever the impact source involved) are becoming increasingly common, operating on time scales of years to decades. However, long-term data sets that describe either the natural dynamics of beach systems or the human impacts on beaches are scarce and fragmentary. A top priority is to implement long-term field experiments and monitoring programmes that quantify the dynamics of key ecological attributes on sandy beaches. Because of the inertia associated with global climate change and human population growth, no realistic management scenario will alleviate these threats in the short term. The immediate priority is to avoid further development of coastal areas likely to be directly impacted by retreating shorelines. There is also scope for improvement in experimental design to better distinguish natural variability from anthropogenic impacts. Sea-level rise and other effects of global warming are expected to intensify other anthropogenic pressures, and could cause unprecedented ecological impacts. The definition of the relevant scales of analysis, which will vary according to the magnitude of the impact and the organisational level under analysis, and the recognition of a physical\u2013biological coupling at different scales, should be included in approaches to quantify impacts. Zoning strategies and marine reserves, which have not been widely implemented in sandy beaches, could be a key tool for biodiversity conservation and should also facilitate spillover effects into adjacent beach habitats. Setback and zoning strategies need to be enforced through legislation, and all relevant stakeholders should be included in the design, implementation and institutionalisation of these initiatives. New perspectives for rational management of sandy beaches require paradigm shifts, by including not only basic ecosystem principles, but also incentives for effective governance and sharing of management roles between government and local stakeholders.","author":["Defeo, O.","McLachlan, A.","Schoeman, D.","Schlacher, T.","Dugan, J.","Jones, A.","Lastra, M.","Scapini, F."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4815","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/three-dimensional-hydrodynamic-modelling-inland-marine-waters-washington-state-united","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5621007","title":"Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Modelling of Inland Marine Waters of Washington State, United States, for Tidal Resource and Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"Inland coastal waters of the State of Washington, United States, are fjord-like in character and feature passages where tidal currents with speeds of 3 m\/s or greater occur. Combined with close proximity to the major metropolitan area of Seattle and easy access to the power grid, the region is a prime candidate within the United States for tidal power generation. A new three-dimensional (3D) model of tidal circulation of these waters has been implemented. The model is based on Stanford University s SUNTANS code, and covers the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca, Puget Sound, San Juan and Channel Islands, and the southern Georgia Basin with an unstructured triangular mesh of 250 m average resolution. It is forced with tidal currents from a regional tidal model along open boundaries. Barotropic tidal response is calibrated against compiled tidal data for the region; the system response is characterized in terms of sea surface height variability and energy dissipation. The model can simulate tides with quantitative accuracy within Puget Sound, but it over-predicts tidal range and under-predicts currents in the waterways leading up to the Main Basin of the Sound. Future plans for the model include extension of the model domain for the entire Georgia Basin, incorporation of partial bottom cells and baroclinic processes and improvements in bathymetry.","author":["Kawase, M.","Thyng, K."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.275595000000","-123.246440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4816","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/threshold-onset-injury-chinook-salmon-exposure-impulsive-pile-driving-sounds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0038968","title":"Threshold for Onset of Injury in Chinook Salmon from Exposure to Impulsive Pile Driving Sounds","description":"The risk of effects to fishes and other aquatic life from impulsive sound produced by activities such as pile driving and seismic exploration is increasing throughout the world, particularly with the increased exploitation of oceans for energy production. At the same time, there are few data that provide insight into the effects of these sounds on fishes. The goal of this study was to provide quantitative data to define the levels of impulsive sound that could result in the onset of barotrauma to fish. A High Intensity Controlled Impedance Fluid filled wave Tube was developed that enabled laboratory simulation of high-energy impulsive sound that were characteristic of aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions. The sounds used were based upon the impulsive sounds generated by an impact hammer striking a steel shell pile. Neutrally buoyant juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to impulsive sounds and subsequently evaluated for barotrauma injuries. Observed injuries ranged from mild hematomas at the lowest sound exposure levels to organ hemorrhage at the highest sound exposure levels. Frequency of observed injuries were used to compute a biological response weighted index (RWI) to evaluate the physiological impact of injuries at the different exposure levels. As single strike and cumulative sound exposure levels (SELss, SELcum respectively) increased, RWI values increased. Based on the results, tissue damage associated with adverse physiological costs occurred when the RWI was greater than 2. In terms of sound exposure levels a RWI of 2 was achieved for 1920 strikes by 177 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s SELss yielding a SELcum of 210 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s, and for 960 strikes by 180 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s SELss yielding a SELcum of 210 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s. These metrics define thresholds for onset of injury in juvenile Chinook salmon.","author":["Halvorsen, M.","Casper, B.","Woodley, C.","Carlson, T.","Popper, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2012-06-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.737882000000","-119.907699000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pile_Driving_Injury_in_Chinook_Salmon.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4817","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-barrages-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00519.x\/abstract","title":"Tidal Barrages and Birds","description":"This paper reviews the main effects that building tidal power barrages would have on the bird populations using Britain\u0027s estuaries. The changes in the tidal prism that would occur after a tidal power barrage is built are discussed in the context of their effect on the ecology of the estuary. Three main issues are discussed; the effect of changes in size and nature of the intertidal areas of the estuary, effects on saltmarshes, and the displacement of birds at closure. Recently, tidal stream technologies have been developed which are individually likely to have small effects on birds. However the cumulative effects of large scale tidal stream arrays need to be investigated. Finally, the effects of tidal barrages are put in the context of Britain\u0027s energy policy and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Should tidal power barrages be considered in the future, there will be a need for strategic assessments to be used to select sites that maximize the energy produced while minimizing the impacts on bird populations.","author":["Clark, N."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)"],"originationDate":"2006-03-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Habitat Change","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4818","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-current-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00518.x\/abstract","title":"Tidal Current Energy Technologies","description":"This paper sets the context for the development of tidal current technology in the face of impending climate change and so called \u2018peak oil\u2019. Siting requirements are specified for tidal turbines and a general overview of the different technologies under development is given. Specific and detailed descriptions of leading Marine Current Turbine\u0027s technology are also highlighted. The paper considers the likely environmental impact of the technology, considering in particular possible (perceived and real) risks to marine wildlife, including birds. It concludes by indicating the planned future developments, and the scale and speed of implementation that might be achieved.","author":["Fraenkel, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-03-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.134084000000","-3.658080000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4819","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-current-power-development-korea","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal Current Power Development in Korea","description":"Background  R\u0026amp;D Projects  Uldolmok Tidal Current Power Pilot Plant  Future RD\u0026amp;D\u0026amp;D Plan","author":["Lee, K.","Yum, K.","Park, J.S.","Park, J.W."],"organization":["Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)"],"originationDate":"2009-11-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.568330000000","126.307780000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal_Current_Power_Development_in_Korea.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4820","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-power-aquatic-environment-la-rance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1994.tb00941.x\/abstract","title":"Tidal Power and the Aquatic Environment of La Rance","description":"The Ranee basin, on the northern coast of Brittany, is the only site where a full-scale evaluation of the ecological impact of a tidal power scheme, after 20 years of operation, has been made. The isolation of the estuary, during the construction phase, was particularly damaging to the environment. Gradually, after the scheme was put into service, an increasingly diverse flora and fauna became established. The patterns of distribution of this flora and fauna, their groupings into ecological units and the nature of their interrelationships, indicate a variable degree of biological adjustment to the new environmental conditions. Migratory organisms are able to pass via sluice gates and turbines. However, the new ecological equilibrium, established in the space of 10 years, remains fragile and, being linked to the degree of stability of abiotic conditions, depends to a large extent on the operating conditions of the power station.","author":["Retiere, C."],"organization":["Museum National d\u0027Histoire Naturelle"],"originationDate":"1994-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.619974000000","-2.024199000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:22:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4821","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methodology-estimating-tidal-current-energy-resources-power-production-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"","title":"Methodology for Estimating Tidal Current Energy Resources and Power Production by Tidal In-Stream Energy Conversion (TISEC) Devices","description":"The EPRI North American Tidal In Stream Energy Conversion (TISEC) Power Project will demonstrate the feasibility of tidal current power to provide efficient, reliable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective electrical energy and to create a push towards the development of a sustainable commercial market for this technology. This project is being conducted by a team consisting of the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), EPRIsolutions, a subsidiary of EPRI, Virginia Tech, the University of Washington, Mirko Previsic (private consultant), Devine Tarbell and Associates (TDA) and the Department of Energy\u0027s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), herein referred to as \u0022the Project Team.\u0022\n\nEPRI is a non-profit science and technology energy industry collaborative organization that provides a wide range of innovative products and services to more that 700 energy-related organizations in 40 countries and has an annual budget of about $300 million. EPRI\u0027s multidisciplinary teams of scientists and engineers draw on a worldwide network of technical and business expertise to help solve today\u0027s toughest energy and environmental problems.","author":["Hagerman, G.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2006-06-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal_Current_Energy_Resources_with_TISEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4823","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-best-environmental-practice-cetacean-conservation-developing-scotlands-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X10000527","title":"Towards Best Environmental Practice for Cetacean Conservation in Developing Scotland\u0027s Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Marine renewable energy is seen as an important component of the UK\u0027s future energy strategy and contribution to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions responsible for climate change. The UK aims to generate a total of 33 GW (gigawatts) of offshore wind energy. Its implementation strategy includes the development of ten offshore wind farms within Scottish territorial waters. In addition, between 1000 MW (megawatts) and 2600 MW of marine renewable energy generating capacity could be achieved in Scotland using wave and tidal power devices. However, there are negative environmental impacts associated with marine renewable energy. Intense noise is produced during pile driving, drilling and dredging operations with potential consequences for cetaceans. There are also increases in vessel activities during exploration, maintenance and construction with association risks of disturbance and collisions. Some underwater devices will be large and may be positioned in arrays across the habitats that cetaceans frequent. The consequences of encounters between cetaceans and such devices are as yet unknown. It is recommended that the Scottish Government complete full and transparent Marine Spatial Planning, including consideration of cumulative impacts, before moving to license appropriate sites.","author":["Dolman, S.","Simmonds, M."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","Whale and Dolphin Conservation"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.326939000000","-1.934990000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4824","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-statistically-valid-method-textural-sea-floor-characterization-benthic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S002532270500294X","title":"Towards a Statistically Valid Method of Textural Sea Floor Characterization of Benthic Habitats","description":"Multibeam bathymetric sonar technology and benthic habitat research require the systematic characterization of the seafloor, necessitating reliable and accurate sea floor descriptors in combination with a robust means to statistically assess descriptor associations. Historically, geoscientific sea floor characterisation involves identifying the spatial extent and relationship of geological units, broadly following litho\u2013 or chronostratigraphic criteria, but these conventions may not be meaningful biologically because they incorporate temporal elements that stem from a geochronological qualifier. Textural properties of geological facies are typically given in terms of distribution-dependent statistics, which have been shown to be inappropriate with multimodal marine sediments, such as on glaciated shelves. As habitat classification is aimed at boundary definition, the boundaries between groups in such cases could be arbitrary, or based on very subtle differences, or noise (e.g., sampling bias). This study uses an independent statistical approach pioneered by Calinski and Harabasz (C\u2013H) which offers significant advantages in determining the appropriate number of groups that might exist in any sample population. Used in conjunction with a multivariate extension to information-entropy, grain size populations can be clustered into statistically validated groups. This study utilizes a 30-yr legacy of 4-class grain size data collected from the Scotian Shelf, Canadian Atlantic continental margin, we show that a traditional stratigraphic approach does not provide clear discrimination between basic textural types, and hence, basic benthic habitats. Considerable improvements in textural zonation are obtained using a combination of information entropy-clustering and C\u2013H technique. Two high resolution, 32-class particle-size data sets yield a solution where no obvious textural groups exist, contrary to published field-based studies. Comparison of sediment grab samples to bottom photographs from other shelf sites show that photos capture (sample) a wider range of textural variability, particularly the coarsest-gravel component that is sometimes absent from grabs, and therefore, classification from photos creates more groups. This study emphasizes that data resolution and sea-floor sampling strategies should be intimately linked, and to fully unravel high-resolution textural data might require in excess of a four order of magnitude increase in the number of bottom sediment samples. Therefore, data should be collected at the highest practical resolution but be reduced to a resolution meaningful for statistical analysis, in accordance with the total sample population.","author":["Orpin, A.","Kostylev, V."],"organization":["Natural Resources Canada"],"originationDate":"2006-01-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.612246000000","-58.649330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4826","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tracking-marine-mammals-around-marine-renewable-energy-devices-using-active-sonar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/232963\/OESEA2_SMRU_tracking_marine_mammals_around_renewable_devices.pdf","title":"Tracking Marine Mammals Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices Using Active Sonar","description":"Currently, there is a high level of uncertainty surrounding the environmental impacts of marine renewable energy devices on marine wildlife (particularly seals, whales, and dolphins). The principal concerns derive from the potential of physical injury to marine mammals through direct contact with moving parts of marine energy devices.  In recent years, there has been accelerated development of active sonar systems for the defence sector for sub-sea monitoring of potential security threats, and for fisheries research and management. This may provide a basis for monitoring close range interactions between marine mammals and energy devices.  In this report, we describe a program to develop a sonar system to provide a behavioural monitoring tool for marine mammals around marine energy devices that is accurate, user-friendly, and data efficient.  A 4-phase program involved collaborations between marine mammal specialists, marine renewable energy developers, and sonar engineers to develop a sonar system for the marine renewable industry. The overall approach was one of caution with key tests at each phase which had to be satisfied in order to progress to the subsequent phases.  As part of Phase 1 of the project, a Request for Proposals (RFP) document was drafted and distributed to sonar manufacturers who were invited to provide a formal proposal for the development of a marine mammal sonar. A total of 5 proposals were received from sonar manufacturers and although all manufacturers offered solutions based on off-the-shelf systems, there appeared limited interest in investing internal R\u0026amp;D support to system development for this application; however, two manufacturers (BioSonics and Tritech) did provide a commitment to internal R\u0026amp;D to the project and these were included in subsequent testing.  It was important when developing the behavioural monitoring sonar that any observed behavioural responses could be attributed to the tidal turbine rather than to the sonar being used to measure it; there is the potential that low frequency components of the signals from sonar systems could be audible to animals and elicit behavioural reactions. Phase 2 of the project was therefore designed to measure potential behavioural responses by marine mammals to each sonar and interpret the significance of these.  The results of the behavioural response trials suggest that grey seals and harbour porpoises exhibit differing behavioural responses to the signals of each sonar system. Porpoises exhibited relatively subtle responses to the Tritech Gemini; in contrast, seals exhibited overt responses to the BioSonics DT-X by leaving the pool when the sonar was active.  In addition to the behavioural response trials, the range of audibility of the sonar signals was modelled to predict the ranges that different species would be likely to hear the signals in a tidal environment. Seals and harbour porpoises were predicted to be able to hear the signals of the Tritech Gemini and BioSonics DT-X at ranges of approximately 60 and 4,000 metres respectively.  Given the results of the marine mammal behavioural response trials and the predicted ranges of audibility, there was a clear need to modify the acoustic properties of the BioSonics DT-X signal prior to any further development. Although signal modification was carried out, analysis of the modified signal suggested these were unsuccessful in sufficiently reducing the lower frequency components likely to be responsible for eliciting the observed responses; the decision was therefore made not to continue with development of this system.  Improvements to the Gemini system focused on the development of efficient classification algorithms to reduce data volumes and provide a probabilistic indication of the identity of individual targets; these included variables such as size, shape and swimming characteristics to determine valid marine mammal targets.  In order to develop classification algorithms sonar image data for some of the more abundant marine mammal species around the UK (grey and harbour seals, harbour porpoises, and bottlenose dolphins) were collected. Using this, a series of detection and classification developments were implemented in the Gemini software.  Results of the analysis of the software \u2018detection efficiency\u2019 suggest that there is a significant negative relationship between range and probability of detection; the probability of the software automatically detecting a seal was greater than 0.9 for ranges up to around 37 metres and dropped to below 0.1 at ranges greater than 56 metres. In the context of using this sonar as a behavioural monitoring tool, this appears to limit analysis of small marine mammal behaviour to ranges of approximately 40-50m.  To provide an assessment of the software \u2018classification capabilities\u2019, the classification probabilities for each of the confirmed targets and the unidentified targets were analysed. The majority of classification probabilities for confirmed seals were \u2018Probable\u2019 and \u2018Potential\u2019. However, both the unidentified targets and confirmed debris also had a relatively high proportion of \u2018Potential\u2019 and \u2018Probable\u2019 classifications assigned to them. These results highlight the scope for behavioural monitoring using active sonar but also highlight the current limitations in terms of species ID.  To evaluate the long term reliability and detection capabilities of the sonar on an operational tidal turbine, a Gemini system was deployed on the SeaGen tidal turbine in Strangford Lough. A single Tritech Gemini sonar transducer was attached to a mounting plate and secured to the centre of the crossbeam of the turbine, facing south towards the seaward end the Narrows. Sonar images were collected on a total of 42 days between the 20th May and 29th July 2011. Only data collected during the flood tide (i.e. the sonar was facing the incoming tide) were used in analysis.  The data were then analysed post-hoc using the developed software to determine what proportion of targets were classified as marine mammals with a high probability and their proximity to the turbine. In addition, the temporal variation in the number of \u2018marine mammal\u2019 targets were analysed in a General Additive Modelling framework to assess how \u2018time of day\u2019, \u2018tidal speed\u2019, and turbine operation (ON\/OFF) influenced the number of marine mammals around the turbine.  The results of the deployment suggested that there were 109 \u2018high probability marine mammals\u2019 in the data. A manual review of the data associated with these \u2018marine mammal\u2019 detections appeared to confirm that they were marine mammals with only 3 of the targets being obviously non-marine mammals. The detection rate of \u2018high probability marine mammals\u2019 was approximately 5.9 per day.  The ranges that \u2018marine mammals\u2019 were detected at Strangford Lough suggest that marine mammals do move in close proximity to the tidal turbine both when it was operational (minimum range=9.9m) and non-operational (minimum=8.4m).  The results of the modelling of \u2018marine mammal\u2019 detections with the temporal covariates suggested that the occurrence of \u2018marine mammals\u2019 changed with time of day. Detections generally decreased during early morning with a minimum at approximately 0500. In contrast, there was no significant variation in \u2018marine mammal\u2019 detections in relation to tidal speed and turbine operation (ON\/OFF).  In terms of future sonar development work, the automated classification algorithms are currently highly conservative and the reduction of these to \u2018high probability marine mammals\u2019 requires post hoc analysis; this feature could either be incorporated into the existing software or an additional classification module could be developed to analyse the detection and track data. Furthermore, validation of marine mammal detections around a tidal turbine [through visual observations or by tagging seals with high resolution movement tags (e.g. Wilson et al., 2007b)] would be of clear benefit. In terms of measuring fine scale behaviour of animals around tidal turbines, the system developed here does not currently provide data on the depth of the targets and although there are deployment configurations (e.g. using more than one transducer in different orientations) that could address this to a certain extent, the development of a true 3D sonar system would be highly beneficial for measuring tracks of marine mammals around turbines.","author":["Hastie, G."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SMRU-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4827","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/true-navigation-magnetic-maps-spiny-lobsters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature01226","title":"True Navigation and Magnetic Maps in Spiny Lobsters","description":"Animals are capable of true navigation if, after displacement to a location where they have never been, they can determine their position relative to a goal without relying on familiar surroundings, cues that emanate from the destination, or information collected during the outward journey. So far, only a few animals, all vertebrates, have been shown to possess true navigation. Those few invertebrates that have been carefully studied return to target areas using path integration, landmark recognition, compass orientation and other mechanisms that cannot compensate for displacements into unfamiliar territory. Here we report, however, that the spiny lobster Panulirus argus oriented reliably towards a capture site when displaced 12\u201337 km to unfamiliar locations, even when deprived of all known orientation cues en route. Little is known about how lobsters and other animals determine position during true navigation. To test the hypothesis that lobsters derive positional information from the Earth\u0027s magnetic field, lobsters were exposed to fields replicating those that exist at specific locations in their environment. Lobsters tested in a field north of the capture site oriented themselves southwards, whereas those tested in a field south of the capture site oriented themselves northwards. These results imply that true navigation in spiny lobsters, and perhaps in other animals, is based on a magnetic map sense.","author":["Boles, L.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2003-01-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.835389000000","-80.975712000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4829","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/turbine-sound-may-influence-metamorphosis-behaviour-estuarine-crab-megalopae","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0051790","title":"Turbine Sound May Influence the Metamorphosis Behaviour of Estuarine Crab Megalopae","description":"It is now widely accepted that a shift towards renewable energy production is needed in order to avoid further anthropogenically induced climate change. The ocean provides a largely untapped source of renewable energy. As a result, harvesting electrical power from the wind and tides has sparked immense government and commercial interest but with relatively little detailed understanding of the potential environmental impacts. This study investigated how the sound emitted from an underwater tidal turbine and an offshore wind turbine would influence the settlement and metamorphosis of the pelagic larvae of estuarine brachyuran crabs which are ubiquitous in most coastal habitats. In a laboratory experiment the median time to metamorphosis (TTM) for the megalopae of the crabs Austrohelice crassa and Hemigrapsus crenulatus was significantly increased by at least 18 h when exposed to either tidal turbine or sea-based wind turbine sound, compared to silent control treatments. Contrastingly, when either species were subjected to natural habitat sound, observed median TTM decreased by approximately 21\u201331% compared to silent control treatments, 38\u201347% compared to tidal turbine sound treatments, and 46\u201360% compared to wind turbine sound treatments. A lack of difference in median TTM in A. crassa between two different source levels of tidal turbine sound suggests the frequency composition of turbine sound is more relevant in explaining such responses rather than sound intensity. These results show that estuarine mudflat sound mediates natural metamorphosis behaviour in two common species of estuarine crabs, and that exposure to continuous turbine sound interferes with this natural process. These results raise concerns about the potential ecological impacts of sound generated by renewable energy generation systems placed in the nearshore environment.","author":["Pine, M.","Jeffs, A.","Radford, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2012-12-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.893836000000","177.349944000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pineetal2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4830","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-marine-special-areas-conservation-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ukmpa.marinebiodiversity.org\/uk_sacs\/project-background.htm#:~:text=The%20UK%20Marine%20SACs%20Project%20was%20set%20up%20to%20establish,monitoring%20of%20European%20marine%20sites.","title":"UK Marine Special Areas of Conservation Project","description":"The requirements of the EC Habitats Directive to set up protected areas in the marine environment presents new challenges for wildlife conservation. The Project aims to develop approaches and techniques to the management and monitoring of the marine SACs. Specifically the project aims to:    Establish operational management schemes on a selection of 12 marine SACs around the UK, working with relevant authorities and other local partners  Share best practice on developing appropriate management schemes  Gather existing knowledge and improve our understanding on     the dynamics and sensitivity of marine features   impact of human activities on marine features   practical techniques for monitoring and accessing the condition of these features      Raise awareness in the UK and Europe for the value of marine SACs and the means by which they may be safeguarded   All information generated by the Project can be accessed through this site as either individual pages of html or as PDF files of complete reports.","author":["European Commission"],"organization":["Countryside Council for Wales","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Natural England","Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2001-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4834","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-informing-permitting-decisions-tidal-energy-development-using-adaptive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9678-0","title":"Understanding and Informing Permitting Decisions for Tidal Energy Development Using an Adaptive Management Framework","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy offers a promising new source of renewable ocean energy. However, the young industry is faced with significant challenges. Most notable is the challenge of regulatory uncertainty that is thought to hamper the successful deployment of new tidal energy technologies. Adaptive management may be one approach to deal with uncertainty and inform permitting decisions for hydrokinetic projects. In this study, we apply the concept of adaptive management to the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project in Maine to better understand and inform permitting decisions. Using a social science approach of observation, interviews, and document analysis, we examine (1) agency roles and authority, (2) agency interactions, (3) regulatory change, and (4) challenges faced in the regulatory and permitting process for MHK development at the federal and state level. We found four institutional factors favorable to an adaptive approach. These include experimentation and learning, institutionalized choice to correct avoidable error, a strong commitment to interagency coordination, and an emphasis on early proactive engagement with project developers. We also identified institutional challenges or vulnerabilities. These include conflicting agency cultures, high financial costs, and long timeframes associated with baseline data collection. Lessons learned from this study can assist regulators, policymakers, and project developers design and implement an actively adaptive management approach that can move new renewable ocean energy development forward in a way that is socially acceptable and environmentally responsible.","author":["Jansujwicz, J.","Johnson, T."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.203514000000","-68.994394000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4836","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-ambient-noise-proposed-tidal-energy-site-puget-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/20100528_BassettC_thesis_UnderwaterNoise.pdf","title":"Underwater Ambient Noise at a Proposed Tidal Energy Site in Puget Sound","description":"Ambient underwater acoustics data are presented for one-year at a potential tidal energy site in Admiralty Inlet, Washington, USA with maximum currents exceeding 3 m\/s. The site, at a depth of approximately 60 meters, is located near shipping lanes, a local ferry route, and a transit area for many cetacean species. A key finding is that non-propogating turbulent pressure fluctuations, termed pseudosound, can mask ambient noise, especially in highly energetic environments suitable for tidal energy development. A statistical method identifies periods during which changes in the mode and standard deviation of the one-third octave band sound pressure levels are statistically significant and thus suggestive of pseudosound contamination. For each deployment, recordings with depth averaged tidal currents below this threshold are used in the subsequent ambient noise analysis. Mean total sound pressure levels (0.16-30 kHz) over all recordings are 117 dB re 1\u03bcPa.\n\nCommercial shipping and ferry vessel traffic are found to be the most significant contributor to ambient noise levels at the site, with secondary contributions from rain, wind, and marine mammal vocalizations. Post-processed data from an AIS (Automatic Identification System) receiver is used to determine the location of ships during each recording. Referencing 368 individual recordings with the distance between the ferry and the site obtained from AIS data, the source level of the ferry is estimated to be 179 \u00b1 4 dB re 1\u03bcPa at 1m with a logarithmic spreading loss coefficient of 18.","author":["Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.898982000000","-122.405239000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4839","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hawaii-coastal-use-mapping-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov\/dataanalysis\/hi_coastal_use\/","title":"The Hawaii Coastal Use Mapping Project","description":"The Hawaii Coastal Use Mapping Project is an innovative partnership between NOAA\u0027s National Marine Protected Areas Center, NOAA\u0027s Pacific Islands Regional Office, the Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources, and NOAA\u0027s Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. The project was designed to enhance ocean management by gathering geospatial data on human uses of the nearshore ocean environment in the Kawaihae-Keahole region of Hawaii Island. It has provided an unprecedented, comprehensive, consistent and spatially explicit picture of human uses for management agencies, policy makers and stakeholders interested in sound and equitable ocean governance. Using participatory GIS concepts and applications, the mapping project generated spatial data and map products illustrating patterns, intensity, and qualitative information on both extractive and non-extractive\/recreational uses. The resulting datasets depict patterns of ocean use on a broad scale appropriate for a variety of ocean planning and management needs. Specifically, the data will be used by DAR and The Nature Conservancy in a Conservation Action Planning process engaging local stakeholders in resource management and protection.","author":["National Marine Protected Areas Center"],"organization":["National Marine Protected Areas Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.946090000000","-154.921387000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4840","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-wave-energy-farms-shoreline-wave-climate-portuguese-pilot-zone-case-study-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148109002687","title":"The Impact Of Wave Energy Farms In The Shoreline Wave Climate: Portuguese Pilot Zone Case Study Using Pelamis Energy Wave Devices","description":"This paper describes the study of the impact of energy absorption by wave farms on the nearshore wave climate and, in special, the influence of the incident wave conditions and the number and position of the wave farms, on the nearshore wave characteristics is studied and discussed. The study was applied to the maritime zone at the West coast off Portugal, namely in front of S\u00e3o Pedro de Moel, where it is foreseen the deployment of offshore wave energy prototypes and farms between the 30 m and 90 m bathymetric lines, with an area of 320 km2. In this study the REFDIF model was adapted in order to model the energy extraction by wave farms. Three different sinusoidal incident wave conditions were considered. Five different wave farm configurations, varying the position of the wave farm, its number and the width of the navigation channels at each wave farm were analysed. The results for each configuration in terms of the change of the wave characteristics (wave height and wave direction) at the nearshore are presented, compared and discussed for three representative wave conditions.","author":["Palha, A.","Mendes, L.","Fortes, C.","Brito-Melo, A.","Sarmento, A."],"organization":["Laborat\u00f3rio Nacional de Engenharia Civil","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.468610000000","-8.847220000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4843","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-stream-turbines-large-scale-sediment-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148109002882","title":"The Impact of Tidal Stream Turbines on Large-Scale Sediment Dynamics","description":"Tidal stream turbines are exploited in regions of high tidal currents. Such energy extraction will alter the hydrodynamics of a tidal region, analogous to increasing the bed friction in the region of extraction. In addition, this study demonstrates that energy extracted with respect to tidal asymmetries due to interactions between quarter (M4) and semi-diurnal (M2) currents will have important implications for large-scale sediment dynamics. Model simulations show that energy extracted from regions of strong tidal asymmetry will have a much more pronounced effect on sediment dynamics than energy extracted from regions of tidal symmetry. The results show that energy extracted from regions of strong tidal asymmetry led to a 20% increase in the magnitude of bed level change averaged over the length of a large estuarine system, compared with energy extracted from regions of tidal symmetry. However, regardless of the location of a tidal stream farm within a tidal system, energy extraction reduces the overall magnitude of bed level change in comparison with non-extraction cases. This has practical application to many areas surrounding the UK, including the Irish Sea and the Bristol Channel, that exhibit strong tidal currents suitable for exploitation of the tidal stream resource, but where large variations in tidal asymmetry occur.","author":["Neill, S.","Litt, E.","Couch, S.","Davies, A."],"organization":["Bangor University","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4844","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-anthropogenic-ocean-noise-cetaceans-implications-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/Z07-101","title":"The Impacts Of Anthropogenic Ocean Noise On Cetaceans And Implications For Management","description":"Ocean noise pollution is of special concern for cetaceans, as they are highly dependent on sound as their principal sense. Sound travels very efficiently underwater, so the potential area impacted can be thousands of square kilometres or more. The principal anthropogenic noise sources are underwater explosions (nuclear and otherwise), shipping, seismic exploration by mainly the oil and gas industries, and naval sonar operations. Strandings and mortalities of especially beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) have in many cases been conclusively linked to noise events such as naval maneuvers involving tactical sonars or seismic surveys, though other cetacean species may also be involved. The mechanisms behind this mortality are still unknown, but are most likely related to gas and fat emboli at least partially mediated by a behavioral response, such as a change in diving pattern. Estimated received sound levels in these events are typically not high enough to cause hearing damage, implying that the auditory system may not always be the best indicator for noise impacts. Beaked whales are found in small, possibly genetically isolated, local populations that are resident year-round. Thus, even transient and localized acoustic impacts can have prolonged and serious population consequences, as may have occurred following at least one stranding. Populations may also be threatened by noise through reactions such as increased stress levels, abandonment of important habitat, and \u201cmasking\u201d or the obscuring of natural sounds. Documented changes in vocal behavior may lead to reductions in foraging efficiency or mating opportunities. Responses are highly variable between species, age classes, behavioral states, etc., making extrapolations problematic. Also, short-term responses may not be good proxies of long-term population-level impacts. There are many examples of apparent tolerance of noise by cetaceans, however. Noise can also affect cetaceans indirectly through their prey. Fish show permanent and temporary hearing loss, reduced catch rates, stress, and behavioral reactions to noise. Management implications of noise impacts include difficulties in establishing \u201csafe\u201d exposure levels, shortcomings of some mitigation tools, the need for precaution in the form of reducing noise levels and distancing noise from biologically important areas, and the role of marine protected areas and monitoring in safeguarding cetaceans especially from cumulative and synergistic effects.","author":["Weilgart, L."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2007-12-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4847","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lessons-learned-development-wind-energy-industry-might-be-applied-marine-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/370\/1959\/451","title":"The Lessons Learned from the Development of the Wind Energy Industry that Might be Applied to Marine Industry Renewables","description":"This paper considers the early experiences of the development of wind turbines and the wind energy industry in order to try and identify lessons learned that could now be applied to the developing marine renewables technology and industry. It considers both political and commercial incentives and engineering development.","author":["Garrad, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-01-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4848","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-sector-early-stage-supply-chain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/sites\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/files\/canmetenergy\/files\/pubs\/MarineRenewableEnergySupplyChain_EN.pdf","title":"The Marine Renewable Energy Sector Early-Stage Supply Chain","description":"A well-defined supply chain can highlight the maturity, strengths, weaknesses and areas of opportunity for a particular industry or market sector. This report breaks Canada\u2019s marine renewable energy supply chain down into ten segments: technology developers, manufacturers and suppliers, project developers, development services, supporting technology providers, engineering and construction, operations and maintenance, research and development, policy and industry support, and business services. A survey of sector proponents conducted for this report showed that all agreed the most critical activity today is for the industry to learn, improve and create confidence in ocean renewable energy technologies through large-scale deployments.  The survey also identified areas of potential strengths and weaknesses in the nascent industry\u2019s supply chain. Areas of perceived strength include deep sea ports, marine construction, resource monitoring and analysis, environmental assessment, marine supplies, commercial diving, and transport. Areas of perceived weakness include device manufacturing, engineering construction, and foundations\/anchoring expertise. Based on these and other observations, this report offers short- and medium-term visions for the ocean energy sector\u2019s supply chain. The report concludes that this sector\u2019s development needs to be centered on a solid vision that is embraced by industry, government and the public, and a strategic roadmap is critical to providing an emerging supply chain with a tangible picture of how to proceed.","author":["CanmetENERGY"],"organization":["Natural Resources Canada"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Renewable_Energy_Sector_Early-Stage_Supply_Chain.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4851","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-hampshire-southern-maine-ocean-uses-atlas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov\/dataanalysis\/atlas_nhsm\/","title":"The New Hampshire and Southern Maine Ocean Uses Atlas","description":"The New Hampshire and Southern Maine Ocean Uses Atlas Project is an innovative partnership between NOAA\u0027s Marine Protected Areas Center and the University of New Hampshire\u2019s Coastal Response Resource Center. This project fills a critical information gap in response efforts and ocean management by mapping, for the first time, the full range of significant human uses of the ocean in state and federal waters off of the coast of New Hampshire and southern Maine. Spatial data for nearly 30 ocean uses were gathered during a participatory mapping workshop convened with regional ocean use experts. The resulting atlas data provides baseline information regarding the location and extent to which the ocean environment is used for non-consumptive, fishing, and industrial and military activities. The results of this project can be accessed online and include individual use maps, sector aggregate use maps, and downloadable GIS data.","author":["National Marine Protected Areas Center"],"organization":["National Marine Protected Areas Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-08-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.335147000000","-69.549720000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4852","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/perception-weak-electric-dc-currents-european-eel-anguilla-anguilla","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0300962976800771","title":"The Perception of Weak Electric D.C. Currents by the European Eel (Anguilla anguilla)","description":"Eels were conditioned to exhibit bradycardia to d.c. electric currents.\nCurrent thresholds averaged 0\u00b708 \u03bcA\/cm2 (lowest value 0\u00b704 \u03bcA\/cm2) in fresh water of resistivity 3 \u00d7 104 \u03a9\u00b7cm and increased with decreasing water resistivity (increasing salinity) to 9\u00b75 \u03bcA\/cm2 at 75 \u03a9\u00b7cm. Thresholds were 2\u20133 times higher for a current direction perpendicular than parallel to the fish\u0027s body.\nCalculated voltage gradient thresholds were 0\u00b74\u20130\u00b76 mV\/cm and independent of water resistivity, except for purest fresh water used (3 \u00d7 104 \u03a9\u00b7cm) where the threshold was 2\u00b74 mV\/cm.","author":["Enger, P.","Kristensen, L.","Sand, O."],"organization":["University of Oslo"],"originationDate":"1976-07-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.903079000000","10.728120000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4853","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/physics-geomagnetic-field-transduction-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5326434\/","title":"The Physics Of Geomagnetic-Field Transduction In Animals","description":"Birds, fish, sea turtles, and various other animals have been reported to sense the geomagnetic field and to use it for orientation, navigation, and homing. In recent years, exciting progress has been made towards elucidating the physical and structural basis of this remarkable phenomenon. This paper focuses on the two hypotheses that drive current research into magnetoreception. One proposal relies on the presence of molecules that undergo magnetically anisotropic chemical reactions due to transient formation of a radical pair. The proposed mechanism-essentially a chemical compass-is theoretically well-established and specifically designed behavioral experiments may indeed be interpreted that way, which has sparked a hunt for the molecules and structures in question. The ferrimagnetic transduction hypothesis, on the other hand, draws its plausibility from both theoretical considerations and the fact that magnetite has been detected in sensory neurons, with stable single-domain particles in fish and micrometer-scale clusters of superparamagnetic nanocrystals in birds. We discuss the limitations of our current knowledge and suggest future studies.","author":["Winklhofer, M."],"organization":["Ludwig Maximilian Universit\u00e4t of Munich"],"originationDate":"2009-11-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:09:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4857","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impact-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.214.5695\u0026rep=rep1\u0026type=pdf","title":"The Potential Impact of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) on Fisheries","description":"The commercial development of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) operations will involve some environmental perturbations for which there is no precedent experience. The pumping of very large volumes of warm surface water and cold deep water and its subsequent discharge will result in the impingement, entrainment, and redistribution of biota. Additional stresses to biota will be caused by biocide usage and temperature depressions. However, the artificial upwelling of nutrients associated with the pumping of cold deep water, and the artificial reef created by an OTEC plant may have positive effects on the local environment. Although more detailed information is needed to assess the net effect of an OTEC operation on fisheries, certain assumptions and calculations are made supporting the conclusion that the potential risk to fisheries is not significant enough to deter the early development of OTEC. It will be necessary to monitor a commercial-scale plant in order to remove many of the remaining uncertainties.","author":["Myers, E.","Hoss, D.","Matsumoto, W.","Peters, D.","Seki, M.","Uchida, R.","Ditmars, J.","Paddock, R."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"1986-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.277187000000","-157.955731000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_Potential_Impact_of_OTEC_on_Fisheries.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4858","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-cooperative-management-elasmobranchs-offshore-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?aid=341565","title":"The Potential for Cooperative Management of Elasmobranchs and Offshore Renewable Energy Development in UK Waters","description":"The UK government\u0027s strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to meet carbon mitigation obligations and the wider aims on sustainable development has provided the impetus for a rapid growth in activity associated with offshore renewable energy, particularly offshore wind farms. Recently, consents for offshore renewable energy development (ORED) were approved in three strategic areas\u2014the Outer Thames estuary, the Greater Wash and the eastern Irish Sea. The scale of the planned developments means that each will have a large environmental footprint and multiple ORED will have a cumulative effect on the environment. Here we discuss current understanding of ORED construction, operation and decommissioning with regard to the potential interaction with elasmobranchs because of the worrying status of elasmobranch populations within the UK coastal zone. Based on the likely interactions between elasmobranchs and ORED a framework is proposed which aims to promote cooperative initiatives between elasmobranch conservation management and the offshore renewables industry.","author":["Gill, A.","Kimber, J."],"organization":["Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2005-10-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.920649000000","-3.780156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4859","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-potential-tidal-currents-channels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/461\/2060\/2563","title":"The Power Potential Of Tidal Currents In Channels","description":"Interest in sources of renewable energy has led to increasing attention being paid to the potential of strong tidal currents. There is a limit to the available power, however, as too many turbines will merely block the flow, reducing the power generated. The maximum average power available from a tidal stream along a channel, such as that between an island and the mainland, is estimated and found to be typically considerably less than the average kinetic energy flux in the undisturbed state through the most constricted cross-section of the channel. A general formula gives the maximum average power as between 20 and 24% of the peak tidal pressure head, from one end of the channel to the other, times the peak of the undisturbed mass flux through the channel. This maximum average power is independent of the location of the turbine \u2018fences\u2019 along the channel. The results may also be used to evaluate the power potential of steady ocean currents.","author":["Garrett, C.","Cummins, P."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2005-04-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4860","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practice-comprehensive-silt-proof-measures-tide-power-stations","sourceURL":"","title":"The Practice of Comprehensive Silt Proof Measures in Tide Power Stations","description":"Comprehensive management plays an important role in ensuring the normal operation of tide power stations. Effective measures are obtained through a thorough theoretical study and a long-term investigation, which include:\n\nRational project arrangement\nAppropriate operation mode\nAll sorts of essential engineering facilities\nEffective mechanical sand-proof methods\nBiological measures\n\nAll these above are the measures widely used in the tide power stations in China along the West Pacific coast and remarkable results have been achieved.","author":["Liu, X.","Fagong, L."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2001-09-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.301709000000","121.603451000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Comprehensive_Silt_Proof_Measures_in_Tide_Power_Stations.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4861","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reality-environmental-compliance-tidal-perspective","sourceURL":"","title":"The Reality of Environmental Compliance: A Tidal Perspective","description":"Tidal Energy is an important source of alternative energy because it is compliant in three areas. These areas include predictability, energy density, and no visual\/noise impact. In addition, tidal energy has a high potential ceiling in energy resources and economic impacts. There are 50 TWh resources located in Irish\/UK waters and 19.6 TWH in U.S. waters. Not to mention, there is an estimated 128 Euros expected to be made from equipment sales.  Currently, the European Marine Energy Centre is a leading industry for tidal renewals. Much of the leading technology is underway by the EMEC.","author":["Barr, S."],"organization":["OpenHydro"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/4_Sue_Barr_Open_Hydro_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4863","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-federal-energy-regulatory-commission-authorizing-hydrokinetic-technology-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/the-role-of-the-federal-energy-regulatory-commission-in-authorizing-hydroki","title":"The Role Of The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission In Authorizing Hydrokinetic Technology Projects","description":"There is growing interest in hydrokinetic technologies used to harness the free-flowing, renewable energy of the ocean\u2019s waves, currents, and tides, as well as inland rivers, without the use of dams. In response to this growing interest, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has experienced a surge in activity regarding the testing and development of hydrokinetic projects. Although the Commission\u2019s well-tested regulatory process is compatible with these hydrokinetic projects, providing a strong foundation for overseeing their orderly development, the Commission has been taking steps to adapt its program to the challenges of a new technology. Using input actively solicited from the industry, state and federal agencies, Native American tribes, and the public, the Commission has adapted its administrative procedures to meet the challenges of regulating this nascent industry.","author":["Konnert, T."],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_Role_of_the_Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4864","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/case-study-royal-norwegian-navy-underwater-acoustic-noise-measurement-vessels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.yumpu.com\/en\/document\/view\/10372393\/case-study-the-royal-norwegian-navy-underwater-acoustic-noise-","title":"Case Study: The Royal Norwegian Navy Underwater Acoustic Noise Measurement of Vessels","description":"The acoustic range at Heggernes, near Bergen, is used for measuring noise from all types of NATO naval vessels. Some civilian owned ships are also tested. The range, which commenced operating in 1994, is one of only few in the world and is run as a cooperation between Norway, The Netherlands and Germany.  The equipment used for testing must be totally accurate and reliable - Br\u00fcel \u0026amp; Kj\u00e6r products were chose for their accuracy, ease of use and reliability, and the acoustic range uses a wide variety of Br\u00fcel \u0026amp; Kj\u00e6r products including a PULSE\u2122 Multi-analyzer, other types of analyzers, customised software, power and conditioning amplifiers, sound level meters and transducers.","author":["Br\u00fcel \u0026 Kj\u00e6r"],"organization":["Royal Norwegian Navy"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.394078000000","5.266729000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_Royal_Norwegian_Navy_Case_Study.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4865","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shipping-industry-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nautinst.org\/uploads\/assets\/uploaded\/299f934f-ee69-492e-8ada51abf26e8b19.pdf","title":"The Shipping Industry and Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) will become an increasingly important issue for the shipping sector over the next few years. Maritime professionals need to engage with other users of waterways space, from both a sea and shore perspective, and to take part in international, regional, national and local MSP debates, to ensure that the needs of the shipping sector are taken into full consideration and that the sector understands the needs of other marine users and resources.\n\nThe Nautical Institute, together with the World Ocean Council, has put together this operational guide to the risks and benefits connected with the shipping industry that should be considered during the MSP process. This guidance seeks to outline just some of the many opportunities for engagement and issues to consider. It should be noted that this guidance only summarises some of the main issues, but does however provide reference to other industry documents for further technical and procedural details.\n\nThis guide has been specifically produced to aid maritime professionals to participate in MSP developments. For the purpose of brevity the guide assumes a certain level of maritime expertise and has not sought to clarify a number of maritime terms and definitions. Should this guide be used by non-mariners (and we hope it is) it may be useful to seek further explanation of some issues by those familiar with maritime operations.","author":["Patraiko, D.","Holthus, P."],"organization":["The Nautical Institute","World Ocean Council"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NI_and_WOC_Report_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4866","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-rhode-island-coastal-resources-management-program","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.crmc.ri.gov\/","title":"The State of Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Program","description":"The development of the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Program was undertaken in 1973, approved by the CRMC in 1977, and federally-approved in 1978. In 1983, its first five chapters were replaced by this document, commonly referred to as the \u201cRedbook\u201d and initially printed for the Council through the University of Rhode Island\u2019s Publication Office (P964 12\/83 5M). The Redbook was last printed as a bound document in May of 1990. This edition of the RICRMP is the first time that the Redbook has been formatted for a three-ring binder. It was printed in June 1996. All revisions to this edition are current as of December 14, 2010. Over the years, many people devoted time and thought to this document and made significant contributions to its form and content. For its initial development, John A. Lyons, chairman of the Coastal Resources Management Council, and CRMC\u0027s Working Group on Program Revision attended innumerable meetings to review several drafts of this document over a period of two years. The members of the group were Alvaro Freda, Dr. William Miner, Barbara Colt, Malcolm Grant, James Beattie, Frank Geremia, and Lee Whitaker. The entire Council attended many sessions of the Planning and Policy Subcommittee to discuss major policy issues raised by these amendments. The many years\u0027 experience of the Council\u0027s staff led to the initial development of the standards listed in Part Three. Special thanks go to Nicholas Pisani, James Parkhurst, Linda Steere, and Gail Chmura, all of whom made substantial contributions to the document. Various agencies, private groups, and individuals commented on the document during the initial nine-month public review period and made suggestions that are incorporated in the final product. Special thanks are due to Malcolm Grant of the Department of Environmental Management; Daniel Varin, chief of the Statewide Planning Program; Christopher Little of Save the Bay; Kenneth Payne, director of the League of Cities and Towns; Friends of the Waterfront (Newport); the Rhode Island Association of Realtors; and the Rhode Island Marine Trades Association. Over the years, these same groups have made many comments on proposed revisions and have kept active in the review process. For the initial \u201cRedbook\u201d document (1983), the authors were Stephen Olsen and George Seavey, of URI\u2019s Coastal Resources Center. The maps were originally drawn by Marion McHugh and Betsy Watkins. Vicki Desjardins did the final editing, and Larry Pearce was responsible for the layout and design. This current format for the Redbook, the three-ring bound document of the RICRMP, was prepared, edited, and designed by Joanne Moore and Jeff Willis of the Council\u2019s staff. The preparation of the original Redbook publication was financed in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under the provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-583), and in part from the NOAA Office of Sea Grant, U.S. Department of Commerce, under Grant NA-81AA-D-00073. This three-ring bound document was financed in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under the provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-583), under Grant #NA57OZ0449. The U.S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes not-withstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon.","author":["Goldman Law Offices"],"organization":["Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council"],"originationDate":"2010-12-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.329480000000","-71.467817000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RI_Coastal_Resources_Management_Program.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4869","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/value-net-cage-fish-aggregating-device-southern-california","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2008.00233.x\/abstract","title":"The Value of a Net-Cage as a Fish Aggregating Device in Southern California","description":"There is an urgent need for primary data that can be used to quantify the value of marine aquaculture facilities that also describe influences on the surrounding natural ecosystem and its wild fish communities. Divers completed 360 transect replicates below a net-cage and at nearby and distant rocky reefs off Catalina Island, California, estimating the species abundance and size class of all conspicuous fishes in the water column. We observed 10,234 fishes aggregating below the net-cage with a mean annual density of 142 (SE \u00b1 30) per 100 m2 and diversity H\u2032 2.29. At the adjacent reference reef, we counted 8452 fishes with a mean annual density of 117 (SE \u00b1 20) and H\u2032 1.45 and at Reference Reef 2, located 500 m away, there were 8958 fishes with a density of 124 (SE \u00b1 20) and H\u2032 1.13. The total density of fishes was the same between the study sites (ANOVA; P= 0.24); however, the spatial density of fishes in the water column was different between the net-cage and reference reefs. Additionally, the density of juvenile fish was significantly lower at the net-cage (ANOVA; P= 0.02), while the density of subadult and adult fishes was higher (ANOVA; P= 0.03). Feeding guild analysis ranked the net-cage highest (3507), while Reference Reef 1 (2149), and Reference Reef 2 (2241), had lower values, a relationship often found between artificial and natural reefs. This suggests the importance of available trophic resources to the adult population of wild fishes, and has implications in the artificial reef attraction\u2013production debate. The results of this study not only reproduce a pattern of fish attraction to net-cages in the marine environment reported in previous studies but also demonstrate a relative habitat value compared in both time and space, of the fish community at a net-cage compared with vibrant kelp bed communities.","author":["Oakes, C.","Pondella, D."],"organization":["Occidental College"],"originationDate":"2009-01-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.425611000000","-118.508336000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Habitat Change","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4872","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-work-within-vattenfall-ocean-energy-programme","sourceURL":"","title":"The Environmental Work within the Vattenfall Ocean Energy Programme","description":"The Ocean Energy Programme (OEP) is a program to get marine hydrokinetic devices ready for commercial use. There is a pilot phase from 2009 until 2011. Then, from 2012 to 2018, the demonstration phase will further test the technologies. Finally, if everything goes well, the best technologies should be ready for market implementation after 2018. In addition, there are three projects, which highlight important environmental work. These are the Maren, Shetland, and Amets projects.  The OEP uses a system of rising importance for studying environmental impacts starting with screening and evaluating risks, learning from others, modeling\/analyzing, and monitoring. In addition, there are several needs that will help in their environmental analyses. Some of these needs include: information sharing, developing and streamlining methodologies, and field surveying.","author":["Anderson, K."],"organization":["Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"2010-09-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.333330000000","5.416670000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/8_Kristin_Andersen_Vattenfall_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4874","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-energy-extraction-tidal-flow-development","sourceURL":"","title":"The Impact of Energy Extraction on Tidal Flow Development","description":"Tidal currents represent a largely ignored renewable energy resource. Most early attention to harnessing the energy of the tides concentrated on tidal barrage systems, which aim to extract the energy available from the rise and fall of the water level in locations with a high tidal range. The La Rance tidal power station developed in the 1960\u2019s in France and continued proposals for a barrage on the Severn Estuary in the UK are examples of this method of extracting energy from tides. Most recent attempts to develop the tidal energy resource have, however, been directed towards harnessing the rapid currents encountered in many coastal regions of the world. In the UK the inter island channels of Orkney and Shetland which frequently experience spring tidal currents in excess of 3 m\/s appear to offer some intriguing opportunities for development. The energy flux in a 3 m\/s tidal current is considerable at 14 kW\/m2.  The harnessing of energy in a tidal flow requires the conversion of kinetic energy in a moving fluid, in this case sea-water, into the motion of a mechanical system, which can then drive a generator. It is not too surprising therefore, that many developers propose using technology that mirrors that which has been successfully utilized to harness the wind, which is also a moving fluid. Of course, there are obvious differences between the environment the extraction devices are exposed to and the details of the technology, but the majority of existing proposals follow the format of \u2018windmills in the sea\u2019.","author":["Couch, S.","Bryden, I."],"organization":["Robert Gordon University"],"originationDate":"2004-07-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Impact_Tidal_Energy_Extraction.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4878","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tacoma-narrows-tidal-currents","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"Tacoma Narrows Tidal Currents","description":"Close up of tidal currents in Tacoma Narrows, showing cross section of current and asymmetry of tidal currents cross channel. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.275093000000","-122.543310000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4879","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/target-strength-southern-resident-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-measurement-modeling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/mts\/mtsj\/2012\/00000046\/00000002\/art00007","title":"Target Strength of Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca): Measurement and Modeling","description":"A major criterion for permitting the deployment of tidal turbines in Washington State\u2019s Puget Sound is management of risk of injury to killer whales from collision with moving turbine blades. An active monitoring system is being proposed to detect and track killer whales within proximity of turbines and alert turbine operators of their presence and location to permit temporary turbine shutdown when the risk of collision is high. Knowledge of the target strength (TS) of killer whales is critical to the design and application of active acoustic monitoring systems. In 1996, a study of the TS directivity of a 2.2-m-long bottlenose dolphin at an insonifying frequency of 67 kHz was performed. Noting that killer whales, which are dolphins, are morphologically similar to bottlenose dolphins and then assuming allometry, we estimated the relative broadside and tail aspect TS of a 7.5-m-long adult killer whale at an insonifying frequency of 67 kHz to be \u22128 and \u221228 dB, respectively. We used a three-layer model for plane wave reflection of sound at 200 kHz from the lung of killer whales to estimate their TS. We assessed the accuracy of our killer whale TS estimates by comparing them with TS estimates of free swimming killer whales obtained using a split-beam active acoustic system operating at 200 kHz. The killer whale TS estimates based on the preliminary model were in good agreement with those obtained for free swimming killer whales.","author":["Xu, J.","Deng, Z.","Carlson, T.","Moore, B."],"organization":["BioSonics Inc","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4880","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technical-guidance-assessment-mitigation-hydroacoustic-effects-pile-driving-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dot.ca.gov\/hq\/env\/bio\/files\/Guidance_Manual_2_09.pdf","title":"Technical Guidance for Assessment and Mitigation of the Hydroacoustic Effects of Pile Driving on Fish","description":"Most estuaries and major streams in California provide habitat for one or more fish species listed as threatened or endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA) or California ESA (CESA), or species managed under the essential fish habitat (EFH) provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Management and Conservation Act (MSFMCA). The potential for death or injury of fish resulting from driving piles has elevated the public and resource agency concerns relative to effects on listed species populations. Required development of minimization measures to protect fish species listed under the ESA has resulted in costly project delays and has increased project implementation costs for California Department of Transportation (the Department) and other transportation departments and ports on the West coast. The purpose of this technical guidance manual is to provide Department engineers, biologists, and consultants with guidance related to the environmental permitting of in-water pile driving projects. Specifically, this manual provides guidance on:\n\n\nFundamentals of hydroacoustics;\nFish hearing and hydroacoustic impacts on fish;\nEnvironmental documentation and permit applications required for pile driving projects;\nAssessment of potential impacts on fish and their habitat from sound generated from pile driving;\nMeasures to avoid or minimize pile driving impacts; and\nmethods to assess impacts, mitigation, and compensation for pile driving on fish.","author":["Oestman, R.","Buehler, D.","Reyff, J.","Rodkin, R."],"organization":["ICF International","Illingworth and Rodkin Inc","California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)"],"originationDate":"2009-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Caltrans_2009_Guidance_Manual_for_noise_effects_on_fish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4881","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/techniques-cetacean-habitat-modeling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v310\/p271-295\/","title":"Techniques for Cetacean-Habitat Modeling","description":"Cetacean\u2013habitat modeling, although still in the early stages of development, represents a potentially powerful tool for predicting cetacean distributions and understanding the ecological processes determining these distributions. Marine ecosystems vary temporally on diel to decadal scales and spatially on scales from several meters to 1000s of kilometers. Many cetacean species are wide-ranging and respond to this variability by changes in distribution patterns. Cetacean\u2013habitat models have already been used to incorporate this variability into management applications, including improvement of abundance estimates, development of marine protected areas, and understanding cetacean\u2013fisheries interactions. We present a review of the development of cetacean\u2013habitat models, organized according to the primary steps involved in the modeling process. Topics covered include purposes for which cetacean\u2013habitat models are developed, scale issues in marine ecosystems, cetacean and habitat data collection, descriptive and statistical modeling techniques, model selection, and model evaluation. To date, descriptive statistical techniques have been used to explore cetacean\u2013habitat relationships for selected species in specific areas; the numbers of species and geographic areas examined using computationally intensive statistic modeling techniques are considerably less, and the development of models to test specific hypotheses about the ecological processes determining cetacean distributions has just begun. Future directions in cetacean\u2013habitat modeling span a wide range of possibilities, from development of basic modeling techniques to addressing important ecological questions.","author":["Redfern, J.","Ferguson, M.","Becker, E.","Hyrenbach, K.","Good, C.","Barlow, J.","Kaschner, K.","Baumgartner, M.","Forney, K.","Ballance, L.","Fauchald, P.","Halpin, P.","Hamazaki, T.","Pershing, A.","Qian, S.","Read, A.","Reilly, S.","Torres, L.","Werner, F."],"organization":["Alaska Department of Fish \u0026 Game","Cornell University","Duke University","Kiel University","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)","Scripps Institution of Oceanography","University of British Columbia","University of California Santa Barbara","University of North Carolina","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2006-04-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4882","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-patterns-ambient-noise-biological-origin-shallow-water-temperate-reef","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00442-008-1041-y","title":"Temporal Patterns In Ambient Noise Of Biological Origin From A Shallow Water Temperate Reef","description":"A systematic study of the ambient noise in the shallow coastal waters of north-eastern New Zealand shows large temporal variability in acoustic power levels between seasons, moon phase and the time of day. Ambient noise levels were highest during the new moon and the lowest during the full moon. Ambient noise levels were also significantly higher during summer and lower during winter. Bandpass filtering (700-2,000 Hz and 2-15 kHz), combined with snap counts and data from other studies show that the majority of the sound intensity increases could be attributed to two organisms: the sea urchin and the snapping shrimp. The increased intensity of biologically produced sound during dusk, new moon and summer could enhance the biological signature of a reef and transmit it further offshore. Ambient noise generated from the coast, especially reefs, has been implicated as playing a role in guiding pelagic post-larval fish and crustaceans to settlement habitats. Determining a causal link between temporal increases in ambient noise and higher rates of settlement of reef fish and crustaceans would provide support for the importance of ambient underwater sound in guiding the settlement of these organisms.","author":["Radford, C.","Jeffs, A.","Tindle, C.","Montgomery, J."],"organization":["National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)","University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2008-05-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.195908000000","177.236150000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4883","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-variability-benthos-does-sea-floor-function-differently-over-time","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098111000724","title":"Temporal Variability in the Benthos: Does the Sea Floor Function Differently over Time?","description":"More than thirty years of data at two benthic stations in the North Sea show periods of stable species composition with decadal shifts. This paper examined the extent to which these shifts alter ecosystem functioning and hence provision of \u2018ecosystem goods and services\u2019. Ecosystem functioning results from the biological activity of the organisms present and changes in the life style, behaviour and morphology of the species present at a site alter system functioning. As an exploratory technique, the biological traits composition of the species primarily responsible for the shifts in assemblage composition at the two stations were scored using \u2018fuzzy coding\u2019 and the resulting \u2018traits\u2019 were analysed multivariately and as time series of both trait composition and function delivery. The traits scored were mapped to deliver of the ecological functions of fish food, carbon cycling and nutrient regeneration. The range and abundance of traits in the assemblage showed only limited temporal variability. This reflected dominance of polychaetes, bivalves, amphipods and ophioroids throughout the series although species composition changed. However, the estimated quantity of ecosystem functions delivered did vary over the study period as a result of changing density of infauna. Thus there is the potential for species substitutions to maintain ecological functioning in marine benthic systems since the decadal scale fluctuations in the abundance and composition of the fauna has altered the quantity\/rate of ecological processes over time.","author":["Frid, C."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2011-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.115750000000","-0.509590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4884","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-variability-pelagic-fish-assemblages-around-fish-aggregation-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2005.00674.x\/abstract","title":"Temporal Variability of Pelagic Fish Assemblages around Fish Aggregation Devices: Biological and Physical Influences","description":"Pelagic fishes were counted around four fish aggregation devices (FADs) moored between 3 and 10 km offshore on the continental shelf off Sydney, Australia. Visual counts were made at FADs on 81 days periodically from April 1999 to April 2002. Surface water temperature and current speed were also measured at the FADs. Assemblages of fishes at FADs followed a seasonal pattern, however, biological and physical variables influenced seasonal structure greatly. Abundances at FADs were greatest in spring due to the appearance of large schools (100s to 1000s) of juvenile Trachurus sp. In contrast, diversity was far greater in summer and autumn, principally due to the appearance of schools (10s to 100s) of juvenile Coryphaena hippurus (Coryphaenidae), and other warm water species from January to May when water temperatures were \u0026gt;20\u00b0 C. Short-term variability differed among species; C. hippurus fluctuated greatly among counts separated by 2\u20133 days, while Seriola lalandi (Carangidae) and Alutera monoceros (Monacanthidae) abundances were more stable, indicating greater residence times at FADs for these two species. Marked differences in fish assemblages occurred between times when predators were present and absent, with few small fishes being observed when piscivorous predators occurred at FADs, regardless of season. Furthermore, abundances of C. hippurus and A. monoceros were correlated with current speed, with greatest abundances observed when currents were strong and weak, respectively. The results indicated that much of the temporal variability in fish assemblages at moored FADs could be explained by biological and physical factors.","author":["Dempster, T."],"organization":["University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2005-05-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.910634000000","151.580140000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4885","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporary-shift-masked-hearing-thresholds-odontocetes-after-exposure-single-underwater","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/111\/6\/10.1121\/1.1479150","title":"Temporary Shift in Masked Hearing Thresholds in Odontocetes After Exposure to Single Underwater Impulses from a Seismic Watergun","description":"A behavioral response paradigm was used to measure masked underwater hearing thresholds in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and a white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) before and after exposure to single underwater impulsive sounds produced from a seismic watergun. Pre- and post-exposure thresholds were compared to determine if a temporary shift in masked hearing thresholds (MTTS), defined as a 6-dB or larger increase in postexposure thresholds, occurred. Hearing thresholds were measured at 0.4, 4, and 30 kHz. MTTSs of 7 and 6 dB were observed in the white whale at 0.4 and 30 kHz, respectively, approximately 2 min following exposure to single impulses with peak pressures of 160 kPa, peak-to-peak pressures of 226 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, and total energy fluxes of 186 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2 x s. Thresholds returned to within 2 dB of the preexposure value approximately 4 min after exposure. No MTTS was observed in the dolphin at the highest exposure conditions: 207 kPa peak pressure, 228 dB re 1 \u03bcPa peak-to-peak pressure, and 188 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2 x s total energy flux.","author":["Finneran, J.","Schlundt, C.","Dear, R.","Carder, D.","Ridgway, S."],"organization":["Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)","Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center"],"originationDate":"2002-03-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4886","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ten-years-experience-la-rance-tidal-power-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0302184X78900239","title":"Ten Years of Experience at the La Rance Tidal Power Plant","description":"A brief history and description of the scheme are given, describing \u201cone-way\u201d and \u201ctwo-way\u201d tide cycle utilization, operating results and environmental effects. Technical problems experienced with the operation of electrical and mechanical plant equipment are discussed and also remedial action. Effects on development of large axial \u201cbulb\u201d turbine sets for river operation are described. The conclusion is reached that after a few \u201cteething troubles\u201d, the \u201cLa Rance\u201d tidal power plant has performed fully up to expectations.","author":["Andre, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1978-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.618512000000","-2.024585000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:21:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4887","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/testing-ducted-axial-flow-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/etd\/1793\/","title":"Testing of a Ducted Axial Flow Tidal Turbine","description":"Energy independence and a reduction on the reliance on fossil fuels is a critical area of current research and development. Utilizing the energy in the world\u2019s oceans can help the world move towards a more sustainable energy supply. One of the most promising sources of ocean energy is tidal energy or marine hydrokinetics, the topic of this thesis. This research analyzes the performance of a ducted axial flow tidal turbine and compares the result to an unducted turbine. While the focus of this research is on experimental results obtained in tow tank tests, the turbine and duct were designed using the open source software code, OpenProp. OpenProp was used because of the suitability of the design approach for the optimization of a turbine design and its modeling capability for ducted propellers. While OpenProp has the capability to analyze ducted turbines this capability has been added only recently and has not been validated. Thus the duct used in the experimental work could not be optimized and was intended to provide data which could be used as a part of the validation of the ducted portion of the code. Literature reviews indicate that limited experimental data exists for the performance of comparable ducted and unducted turbines. The design used is a three-bladed, ducted turbine with blade shapes optimized in OpenProp. For the unducted case, an optimal Cp of 0.44 was measured at a tip speed ratio of 4.43. The duct was shown to have a detrimental effect on the performance of the turbine with a maximum Cp=.4 at a tip speed ratio of 4.4. This result demonstrates the challenges associated with the design of an efficient ducted turbine","author":["Lokocz, T."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2010-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4888","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tethys-knowledge-management-support-environmental-risk-modeling-mitigation-mhk-power","sourceURL":"","title":"Tethys - Knowledge Management to Support Environmental Risk Modeling and Mitigation in MHK Power Systems","description":"Marine Hydrokinetic Power is a great potential renewable energy source. However, environmental risks and other fears is a barrier against new renewable energy technologies. The need for understanding potential environmental impacts spurred the continuing development of the Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES). ERES is a scientific tool, which allows specific identification and prioritization of risks. It is a supplemental tool, and it is not designed to replace sound judgment. ERES will work with Tethys, which is a wiki - knowledge base that will support ERES. In addition, Tethys will facilitate knowledge creation, retention, and aggregation. Tethys will also incorporate Annex IV data.  Tethys design comes from the Knowledge Encapsulation Framework (KEF). KEF was developed to capture technosocial models (intended to manage data from scientific literature, simulation models, and social media). Although Tethys is a wiki-based site, it is conducted in the traditional wiki manner. Tethys is mostly closed, except for some key collaborators. However, from a design standpoint, it is built on familiar open source frameworks such as PHP\/mysql\/ AJAX. The key Tethys features includes semantic forms for incorporating documents and annotation features.","author":["Butner, S.","Snowden-Swan, L.","Ellis, P.","Unwin, S.","Anderson, R.","Ward, J.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/5_Scott_Butner_PNNL_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4889","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustics-acoustic-behavior-california-spiny-lobster-panulirus-interruptus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/125\/5\/10.1121\/1.3097760","title":"The Acoustics And Acoustic Behavior Of The California Spiny Lobster (Panulirus Interruptus)","description":"Numerous animals produce sounds during interactions with potential predators, yet little is known about the acoustics of these sounds, especially in marine environments. California spiny lobsters (Panulirus interruptus) produce pulsatile rasps when interacting with potential predators. They generate sound using frictional structures located at the base of each antenna. This study probes three issues\u2014the effect of body size on signal features, behavioral modification of sound features, and the influence of the ambient environment on the signal. Body size and file length were positively correlated, and larger animals produced lower pulse rate rasps. Ambient noise levels (149.3\u2004dB re 1\u2004\u03bcPa) acoustically obscured many rasps (150.4\u00b12.0\u2004dB re 1\u2004\u03bcPa) at distances from 0.9\u20131.4\u2004m. Significantly higher numbers of pulses, pulse rate, and rasp duration were produced in rasps generated with two antennae compared to rasps produced with only one antenna. Strong periodic resonances were measured in tank-recorded rasps, whereas field-recorded rasps had little frequency structure. Spiny lobster rasps exhibit flexibility in acoustic signal features, but their propagation is constrained, perhaps beneficially, by the noisy marine environment. Examining the connections between behavior, environment, and acoustics is critical for understanding this fundamental type of animal communication.","author":["Patek, S.","Shipp, L.","Staaterman, E."],"organization":["University of California Berkeley"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.399350000000","-118.524840000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4891","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annapolis-tidal-power-project-head-pond-water-levels-impacts-mitigations","sourceURL":"","title":"The Annapolis Tidal Power Project Head Pond Water Levels - Impacts and Mitigations","description":"Operation of the Annapolis Tidal Generating Station will result in higher average levels on the Annapolis River. Studies have identified potential impacts on agricultural and non-agricultural land. Remedial works and other mitigating measures are being put in place to protect land from effects of the higher water levels. Compensation is necessary where it is not possible to mitigate damage.","author":["Rice, R."],"organization":["Nova Scotia Power Corporation"],"originationDate":"1984-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.750690000000","-65.511380000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 10:10:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rice_1984.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4892","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-observing-system-data-california-current-ecosystem-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sanctuaries.noaa.gov\/science\/conservation\/california_current.html","title":"The Application Of Observing System Data In California Current Ecosystem Assessments","description":"Ecosystem-based management requires comprehensive assessments of the ecosystem to establish a feedback loop on the conditions in the systems under management. These assessments require observing data that reflect the pressures and ecosystem indicators of concern to managers. This report examines ongoing ecosystem assessment and modeling efforts in the California Current Ecosystem (hereafter referred to as \u2018ecosystem assessments\u2019) in the context of NOAA\u2019s model for Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (IEA) development. The goals of this effort are to 1) examine the ecosystem assessments in the context of a DPSIR (Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response) approach; and 2) identify ocean observing datasets in use by current assessments to identify gaps in the data and services available to support future assessments.\n\nThe purpose, scale, and drivers for 10 selected assessments were compared with the ocean observing data sources used in their development. These 10 assessments vary in the spatial scope of the assessment from the California Current Ecosystem scale to the local scale. A more detailed comparison of the California Current IEA, Module 1 and Northern California Current Ecosystem, Atlantis model was then undertaken to highlight their use of drivers, pressures, and indicators.\n\nFive Sanctuary condition reports, assessments for individual sanctuaries, were examined in depth to understand the relationship between drivers, pressures and responses in the context of management requirements. The sources of data used to evaluate indicators of those responses were then identified. This provided a link between a pressure-state-response model of IEA development and ocean observing data sets. The final step was to examine observing datasets being used by one or more assessment efforts in the California Current Ecosystem. This work provides an assessment of how existing ocean observing efforts are informing assessments efforts in the California Current Ecosystem and where gaps exist.\n\nWe identified four datasets available through the Pacific Coast Ocean Observing System that are being used by both large and small-scale assessment efforts. However, the overwhelming majority of the datasets identified in this analysis were used by either small or large-spatial scale assessment efforts but not both. A very large gap exists for data describing the level of human activities that impact the marine environment. In addition, the authors identify a need for more data collected at the sub-regional and local level. Currently, in no single sub-region are data available for all the physical, chemical, and especially biological indicators required for comprehensive analyses.\n\nThis review recognized four key barriers to fully exploiting ocean-observing data for ecosystem-based management: data discovery, data access, integrating disparate data, and closing the gap between data needs and data collection. One of the key challenges to IEA application in ecosystem-based management is the lack of available data. Even if there were no barriers to discovering, accessing, and integrating existing data, effectively developing management alternatives and monitoring effectiveness requires investments in data collection and analysis. In many cases, the necessary data are not available, significantly hampering our ability for taking ecosystem-relevant management actions and increasing uncertainty in outcomes. Resource managers must make the best decisions possible with available information. This requirement to move forward, even with data gaps highlights the importance of maximizing the use of what we do have through data management, improved accessibility, improved integration and compatibility, and more comprehensive analysis.","author":["Brown, J.","Pavia, R.","King, C.","DeVogelaere, A."],"organization":["National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2010-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.398512000000","-123.104022000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_Application_of_Observing_System_Data.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4893","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-environment-north-west-scotland-northern-western-isles-sources-information","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/Doc\/1086\/0048986.pdf","title":"The Benthic Environment of the North and West of Scotland and the Northern and Western Isles: Sources of Information and Overview","description":"The temperate west coast of Scotland, from Burrow Head, Galloway to Unst, Shetland, hosts several areas that may be suited for the placement of devices designed to extract the energy contained in wind-induced waves or tidally induced currents. These areas are, by their very nature, exposed to waves or strong tidal currents and support quite different biological communities.\n\nWithin the region under review, the wave-exposed shorelines are characteristically steep, rocky and backed by cliffs. Such exposed shorelines are typically poor in terms of species diversity, a trend that continues subtidally where sediments are coarse and mobile. Conversely rocky areas that are exposed to rapid tidal currents, without the extreme rigour of an open oceanic aspect, typically host high biodiversity, unique biological assemblages and are relatively scarce. As a consequence tidal rapids are a priority habitat under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.\n\nWave-and tide-powered devices will be located in quite different receiving environments and therefore have quite different impacts on the local benthos. Wave generators are likely to have minimal impact as they are not likely to significantly reduce the wave energy reaching the shoreline behind them. The moorings of such structures may have very localized impacts that will be commensurate with the degree of change in the nature of the sediment caused. With careful siting it is doubtful if associated changes in the benthos would be considered deleterious. Tide-powered devices are more likely to be located in areas with high benthic conservation value. Structures that reduce the mean velocity of water moving through a restricted tidal channel are likely to cause a shift in community structure commensurate to the decrease in current speed. Where a significant reduction occurs the resultant re-structuring of the community, to one associated with a decreased current flow, might be considered deleterious.\n\nWithin the reviewed area there are several sites considered of particular conservation value. These include the Firth of Lorn, Sound of Barra, and Kyle Rhea area.\n\nIn order to make a proper assessment of the likely benthic impact of power-generation devices, and advise regarding the siting of various components, the receiving environment needs to be extensively mapped using a suite of acoustic and visual methods. Of the areas reviewed here only the Firth of Lorn and Sound of Barra have been adequately covered in this way.\n\nAcknowledgement:\u00a0This article was identified by the\u00a0Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Wilding, T.","Hughes, D.","Black, K."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2005-10-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.760732000000","-7.022832000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilding_et_al_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4894","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/california-ocean-uses-atlas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineprotectedareas.noaa.gov\/dataanalysis\/atlas_ca\/welcome.html","title":"The California Ocean Uses Atlas","description":"The California Ocean Uses Atlas maps the full range of significant human uses of the ocean in state and federal waters of the coast of California. Spatial data for nearly 30 ocean uses were gathered through a series of participatory mapping workshops convened with regional ocean use experts throughout the state. The resulting atlas data provides baseline information regarding the location and extent to which the ocean environment is used for non-consumptive, fishing, and industrial and military activities. The results of this project can be accessed online and include regional and statewide use maps, a downloadable GIS geodatabase, analytical case studies and an online mapping tool for data visualization.","author":["Marine Conservation Biology Institute","NOAA\u0027s Marine Protected Areas Center"],"organization":["National Marine Protected Areas Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.244108000000","-122.378924000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4895","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/case-renewables-apart-global-warming","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112000547","title":"The Case for Renewables Apart from Global Warming","description":"The outcome of COP15, the conference on climate change in Copenhagen, was the Copenhagen Accord which was recognised by the 193 countries that attended. The Accord set no compulsory limits on carbon emissions, and none of the countries that introduced it - USA, China, India [with Brazil and South Africa] - has signed the Annexe to the Kyoto Agreement, committing them to limit their emissions. Climate change is only of secondary importance to them compared with eradicating poverty. Nevertheless three of these countries are in the lead currently for installing renewables, far ahead of most of those [only 37 out of 187 countries world-wide] who are committed to limiting their emissions. This paper explains why. The main function of renewable energy is to save fuel, thereby reducing energy imports and maintaining security of energy supplies without the need to fight world wars over them. Also, being capital intensive with all the money paid up-front, renewables avoid the price fluctuations that bedevil the oil and other fossil fuel industries. As capacity is doubling every 3 years, renewables prices will come down with savings of scale, so wind power in particular will soon be the cheapest form of power.","author":["Swift-Hook, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4896","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/derivation-performance-role-univariate-multivariate-indicators-benthic-change-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098105006258","title":"The Derivation, Performance and Role of Univariate and Multivariate Indicators of Benthic Change: Case Studies at Differing Spatial Scales","description":"In Europe there is an extensive history of the derivation and use of benthic indicators which parallels similar developments in North America and elsewhere. Most recently, this has increased because major European Union Directives require that indicators of marine benthic change are used to confirm good ecological status quality (as in the Water Framework Directive) and favourable conservation status (as in the Habitats and Species Directive). Furthermore, these indicators have to fit within the current philosophy of the Ecosystem Approach requiring the development and use of Ecological Quality Objectives and Standards. Despite this, comparisons of families of indicators derived by differing methods have not been carried out such that the robust nature of the indicators on differing spatial scales and under differing benthic conditions has not been rigorously assessed. Using case studies from the Portuguese coasts and estuaries, this paper compares and contrasts univariate and multivariate macrobenthic indicators to quantify comparisons of change. The studies indicate the relative value of those indicators at contrasting spatial scales, e.g. in the transition from small areas around coastal submarine outfalls, to the local and regional estuarine and coastal scale. The analysis indicates the difficulties of deriving and using qualitative and quantitative indicators from benthic communities in stable, and in moderately and highly variable environmental conditions in estuarine, coastal and open sea habitats. In some areas, the variability in the indicators and indices within a station and site is as large as that between stations and sites. For those areas studied, there is an adequate quality and quantity of benthic data available for making management decisions but this is unlikely to be the case for all areas. Similarly, the interrogation of the methods shows that while their use and interpretation rely on a good understanding of the biology of the individual species and their responses to physical and polluting stress, that understanding is not yet available for many of the species. Most notably, while the indices and integrative indicators are becoming increasingly sophisticated, many are still dependent on the Pearson\u2013Rosenberg model for organic enrichment hence they require to be validated for physical disturbance and for chemical pollution. Because of these features, the outcome of the analysis has repercussions for the management of coastal and estuarine areas. Although the present study indicates the value of indicators of benthic change for making management decisions at the various scales, further validation is required especially, for example, where one indicator over-estimates the ecological status for poor areas and underestimates it for good areas.","author":["Quintino, V.","Elliott, M.","Rodr\u00edguez, A."],"organization":["University of Aveiro","University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2006-03-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.345129000000","-8.923259000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4899","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-targeted-environmental-monitoring-strategy-streamlining-marine-renewables","sourceURL":"","title":"The Development of a Targeted Environmental Monitoring Strategy and the Streamlining of Marine Renewables Consents in Scotland","description":"As the first facility of its kind anywhere in the world, EMEC provides wave and tidal developers with opensea grid-connected testing facilities for single devices and small arrays. In addition to its technical and operational services, EMEC also provides in-depth assistance with all matters relating to the consenting of devices, which includes regular close liaison with regulators and stakeholders.  For devices being tested for the first time in the open sea, interactions with wildlife and other sea users need to be well understood. Primarily an operational test facility, there is also a key role for EMEC to play in establishing and facilitating monitoring of devices regarding their potential impacts on the receiving environment and other sea users.  This paper presents an update on the environmental monitoring work underway at EMEC, together with work being undertaken by EMEC in the development of a Monitoring Strategy, which may be used as a basis for consistent monitoring by developers of individual units and small arrays of devices on test at the wave and tidal sites.  The paper also presents EMEC\u2019s work to streamline the consents process for the marine renewables industry in Scotland (under contract from Marine Scotland).","author":["Norris, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2009-09-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.975593000000","-5.280723000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Norris_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4900","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecosystem-consequences-sediment-disturbance","sourceURL":"","title":"The Ecosystem Consequences of Sediment Disturbance","description":"The seabed of the UK coastal waters and shelf is subject to a variety of pressures from human activities. These include: fishing by bottom trawlers; the dredging and disposal of dredge spoil from estuaries and harbours, to maintain navigation, which may contain contaminants; and, the extraction of sand and gravel for use in construction. Such activities may lead to the disruption of benthic communities (micro-, meioand macro-fauna) by physical disturbance or removal of habitat; the introduction of contaminants; and changes in the cyling of carbon and nutrients within the seabed. These perturbations in turn may result in an undesirable disturbance to the overall health of the ecosystem (in terms of biodiversity, resilience and impacts on higher trophic levels).\n\nThe overall aim of the project was to establish the impact of sediment disturbance due to human activities on: the biogeochemical functioning of the seabed ecosystem (i.e. the storage and cycling of carbon and nutrients, and organic degradation); the bio-availability of sediment-bound contaminants; and, the redistribution of toxic algae. This was placed in the context of natural disturbance due to regular tidal motions and episodic storm events. We sought to address each of these issues within the project and provide a conceptual model that could be developed as a tool for use in environmental impact assessment, and to provide a means for conveying information on the consequences of disturbance to regulators, policy makers and the general public, and to contribute to the formulation of guidance through international fora such as OSPAR (https:\/\/www.ospar.org\/). This was based on the DPSIR approach to assessing ecosystem \u2018health\u2019 (Driver, Pressure, State, Impact \u0026amp; Response). The project was multidisciplinary with chemists, biologists, sedimentologists, physical oceanographers and information scientists working together. A combination of field observations, laboratory experiments, modelling and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) techniques were used.\n\nFive main scientific objectives were identified at the inception of the project, with a further two added later, and these were managed as separate \u2018work strands\u2019:\n\n\n To develop a conceptual model of the consequences of sediment disturbance to support impact assessments and the development of activity-related ecological targets;\n To assess the relative magnitude of sediment disturbance due to natural (storms and tides) and human (dredging, fishing and construction) activities, at both local and regional scales;\n To assess the effect of sediment disturbance on the biogeochemical functioning of coastal marine sediments;\n To assess the effect of sediment disturbance on contaminant (PAHs, TBT, Cu and other metals) bio-availability and toxicity;\n To assess the effect of sediment disturbance on the occurrence and distribution of toxic algal cysts and the conditions under which the toxic algae would thrive.\n To support a project funded under the EU 6th Framework programme: COBO - towards a Coastal Ocean Benthic Observatory. This commenced in March 2004, consisting of a consortium of 12 partners from 6 countries.\n To undertake a review of existing information and conduct additional research into environmental conditions on and around the Souter Point disposal ground off the NE coast of England.\n\n\nThe results of the project have been reported in a number of contract reports, peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and other outputs. One of the main findings was that about 70% of the seabed in the southern North Sea is physically impacted by human activities (aggregate extraction, dredge disposal, trawling). Natural disturbance and fishing impacts are of most importance on a regional scale whilst aggregate extraction and disposal are spatially restricted (\u0026lt;0.1%) but intense. The spatial distribution of the trawling fleets is patchier than originally thought with significant inter- and intra- year variations in impact intensity which can be linked to management actions (i.e. closure of the Cod Box in 2001). Natural disturbance appears to mediate the sediment type and mobility, redox state and hence associated rate processes, to a significanr extent, based on a combination of field measurements and modelling techniques. The continuum from low natural disturbance (diffusional) to high natural disturbance introduces an increasing degree of natural variability against which human impacts are difficult to detect. In terms of field observations, the use of a SPI camera (Sediment Profile Imaging) proved to be a relatively cost-effective and rapid method for assessing the impact of dredge spoil disposal on the benthic fauna and general sediment characteristics. Some of the sediment process measurements are costly and time-consuming, which may impose limits on their use. The EU COBO programme will provide a range of novel in-situ technologies which will complement the more conventional methods, for future applications. The work on algal cysts illustrated the patchy distribution of particular species. The assumption that the Thames embayment would contain significant quantities was ill-founded. The experimental work allowed the conditions for excystment to be explored, generating a modelling module for inclusion in the GIS framework and providing a predictive capability of the conditions under which a toxic bloom might occur.\n\nA novel approach to impact assessment has been developed which combines GIS-based disturbance information and pressure-impact models within a DPSIR framework. It can be applied on varying spatial scales and to a range of human activities, and has potential for helping to select reference areas for establishing EcoQOs (Ecosystem Quality Objectives). The impact assessment approach is quick to apply, given the availability of appropriate data and impact models (empirical or conceptual). Consequently, it can be used as a screening tool to identify limitations in scientific knowledge or help decide if a full modelling exercise is required. In this way, existing impact models can be applied within a GIS environment to give a preliminary assessment of potential effects, in terms of: sensitivity to changing disturbance distributions (management scenarios); investigations of critical model criteria (environmental conditions); or by combining information layers to provide risk assessments. In the present study the approach was applied to three case studies: the impact of trawling on sediment biogeochemistry; the potential impact of disturbance of toxic dinoflagellate cyst viability; and, the behaviour of TBT (tributyl tin, used in anti-fouling paint) at the Tyne disposal site.\n\nThe results will be fed into a number of on-going Defra projects, including the development of indicators of ecosystem health and promoting the ecosystem approach to environmental management. It will inform our input to a number of international collaborations and advice fora, including OSPAR, ICES and the EU Marbef Network of Excellence (marine biodiversiy, https:\/\/www.marbef.org\/). The work on the Tyne disposal site will be used to develop improved assessment techniques and monitoring strategies at this and other sites.\n\nA number of areas would benefit from future research. This should include geochemical processes in coarser sediments, which were not targeted in this project but which represent the bulk of sediments on the UK shelf and may be key in addressing carbon cycling. The mediation\/response links between the faunal community and biogeochemical changes proved difficult to establish but undoubtedly are of significance, as is the rate of post-impact recovery. The current models of contaminant behaviour following disturbance are insufficiently robust and rely on assumptions due to lack of site specific information. This needs to be recognised with the implied need for appropriate field and experimental data, to cover the range of sites, contaminants and biota likely to be encountered. The work on algal cysts would benefit from additional experiments on a wider range of organisms, to provide basic information on the conditions for excystment and encystment, cyst viability and probability of toxic events, from oceanographic observations combined with improved modelling descriptions. Such research would greatly strengthen the evidence base upon which management decisions depend.\n\nAcknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2005-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 01:15:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cefas_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4901","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-acoustic-harassment-devices-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S000632070200099X","title":"The Effect of Acoustic Harassment Devices on Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Bay of Fundy, Canada","description":"Many salmon aquaculture sites in the Bay of Fundy employ acoustic harassment devices (AHDs) to deter seals from approaching fish pens. These devices may also exclude harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from important habitat. To determine the effects of AHDs on harbour porpoises an AHD was deployed experimentally in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Relative porpoise abundance (visual scans) and porpoise movements (tracked by theodolite) were recorded for separate, daily, 2-h periods in the vicinity of either an active (n=9) or inactive (n=7) AHD. Fewer porpoises were sighted during active periods (0.22\u00b10.44, mean\u00b1SD ) than inactive periods (2.91\u00b11.29; P\u0026lt;0.05). The mean closest observed approach of porpoises to the AHD during active periods (991\u00b1302 m) was significantly greater than during inactive periods (364\u00b1261 m; P\u0026lt;0.01). Porpoise density was therefore reduced in the vicinity of active an AHD. These results should be considered before AHDs are deployed in porpoise habitat.","author":["Johnston, D."],"organization":["Duke University"],"originationDate":"2002-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.827000000000","-66.711600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4903","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-tidal-power-generation-sediment-transport-muskeget-channel","sourceURL":"","title":"The Effect of Tidal Power Generation on Sediment Transport in Muskeget Channel","description":"A high resolution bathymetric survey of Muskeget channel and surroundings was completed in fall of 2010 (Denny et al., 2012). The chief survey scientist was Jane Denny from the USGS Woods Hole Science Center (WHSC). Rich Signell (USGS, WHSC) helped coordinate the survey design. The survey was conducted using an interferometric sonar unit which can measure bathymetry along a swath on either side of the ship track with a width of roughly seven times the water depth. The goals of the survey were to obtain a baseline high resolution bathymetry dataset for Muskeget Channel, characterize the large scale bedforms in the Channel surroundings, and characterize the bedforms in the vicinity of the two potential routes by which the installation would be connected with Martha\u0027s Vineyard.","author":["University of Massachusetts"],"organization":["University of Massachusetts","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.306900000000","-70.315800000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UMass_Muskeget_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4904","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-turbulence-cost-swimming-juvenile-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/f03-101","title":"The Effect of Turbulence on the Cost of Swimming for Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)","description":"Fish activity costs are often estimated by transforming their swimming speed in energy expenditures with respirometry models developed while forcing fish to swim against a flow of constant velocity. Forced swimming models obtained using a procedure that minimizes flow heterogeneity may not represent the costs of swimming in rivers characterized by turbulence and by a wide range of instantaneous flow velocities. We assessed the swimming cost of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in turbulent flows using two means (18 and 23 cm\u00b7s\u20131) and two standard deviations of flow velocity (5 and 8 cm\u00b7s\u20131). Twenty respirometry experiments were conducted at 15 \u00b0C with fish averaging 10 g. Our results confirmed that swimming costs are affected by the level of turbulence. For a given mean flow velocity, swimming costs increased 1.3- to 1.6-fold as turbulence increased. Forced swimming models under estimated actual swimming costs in turbulent flow by 1.9- to 4.2-fold. Spontaneous swimming models overestimated the real cost of swimming in turbulent flow by 2.8- to 6.6-fold. Our analyses suggest that models in which both the mean and the standard deviation of flow velocity are explicitly represented are needed to adequately estimate the costs of swimming against turbulent flows.","author":["Enders, E.","Boisclair, D.","Roy, A."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"],"originationDate":"2003-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-anthropogenic-sources-sound-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2009.02319.x\/abstract","title":"The Effects Of Anthropogenic Sources Of Sound On Fishes","description":"There is increasing concern about the effects of pile driving and other anthropogenic (human-generated) sound on fishes. Although there is a growing body of reports examining this issue, little of the work is found in the peer-reviewed literature. This review critically examines both the peer-reviewed and \u2018grey\u2019 literature, with the goal of determining what is known and not known about effects on fish. A companion piece provides an analysis of the available data and applies it to estimate noise exposure criteria for pile driving and other impulsive sounds. The critical literature review concludes that very little is known about effects of pile driving and other anthropogenic sounds on fishes, and that it is not yet possible to extrapolate from one experiment to other signal parameters of the same sound, to other types of sounds, to other effects, or to other species.","author":["Popper, A.","Hastings, M."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4907","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-copper-based-antifouling-paint-mortality-enzymatic-activity-non-target","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X03002534","title":"The Effects of Copper-Based Antifouling Paint on Mortality and Enzymatic Activity of a Non-Target Organism","description":"Antifouling paints are used on a wide range of underwater structures in order to protect them from the development of fouling organisms. The leaching of the toxic substances from the matrix of the paint causes toxic effects not only to the fouling organisms but also on other \u201cnon-target\u201d biota. The present study addresses the impact of the antifouling paint Flexgard VI-II on brine shrimp nauplii selected as convenient test organisms. The surface to volume (S\/V) concept developed by Persoone and Castritsi-Catharios (1989) was used to determine S\/V-LC50s for the test biota exposed to PVC test panels of 400\u20131000 mm2 surface coated with the antifouling paint in test vessels containing 20 ml seawater. Total ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase were also analyzed for coated surface areas inducing less than 50% mortality in the brine shrimp nauplii. The calculated S\/V-LC50(24 h) was 24.6 mm2\/ml, which shows the high toxic character of the antifouling paint. Decreased enzymatic activities were noted in the brine shrimp nauplii exposed to test panels of 50 and 100 mm2 in 20 ml seawater. The present study indicates that the \u201csurface to volume\u201d concept is an interesting methodology that can be applied with both lethal and sublethal effect criteria for the determination of toxic stress from leaches of painted surfaces.","author":["Katranitsas, A.","Castritsi-Cathariosa, J.","Persoone, G."],"organization":["Ghent University","University of Athens"],"originationDate":"2003-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4908","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-noise-aquatic-environment","sourceURL":"","title":"The Effects of Noise on the Aquatic Environment","description":"The Nyborg Conference represented a meeting that was devoted to the objective of examining the current understanding of the effects of noise on aquatic organisms (marine mammals to invertebrates). The conference program, almost entirely in plenary, comprised:    Invited presentations, which dealt with topics on specific themes, notably:     How animals use sound;   The detection of sound by aquatic organisms;   Sources of underwater sound; Anthropogenic sources;   Effects of anthropogenic sound on aquatic animals;   and Regulatory issues.      Poster paper sessions, during which about 100 poster papers were on view, with opportunity to meet and discuss each poster with the author(s). There were also plenary sessions at which select posters were presented and discussed.  A final wrap-up session with rapporteurs giving feedback on select focus areas, notably:     Regulation;   Detection and use of sound;   Effects of sound; and   Sources.       Delegates were provided with a CD containing abstracts of all the invited presentations and poster papers. It is envisaged that two major publications will emerge from the meeting. The first will be an edited monograph based on the major invited talks. The second will be a series of extended abstracts, to be published in the journal Bioacoustics.  More than 200 people were registered, representing many countries throughout the world. There was a predominance of representatives from Europe and North America with a low presence from regions such as the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Although most of the delegates were from the academic and research sector, there was a good representation from industry (oil and gas), government, non-government and consultant sectors. Canada was well-represented with 26 persons attending, 14 of whom are situated in the Atlantic Provinces.  In general, the Nyborg conference achieved most of its objectives, and can be regarded as being extremely successful. On the basis of what was observed at the conference, some thoughts and impressions, relevant to the emerging OEER invertebrate program, are given. These relate to    The importance of noise as a regulatory issue  The relative global priority and activity in invertebrate research  The value of gaining experience from traditional research activity on other organisms  A research framework for the OEER invertebrate research program  The complexity of conducting meaningful and transferable field experiments  The relative high level of invertebrate research experience in Atlantic Canada  The value of networking Issues raised by some of the Canadian conference participants.","author":["Walmsley, D."],"organization":["Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER)"],"originationDate":"2007-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nyborg_Conference_final_report-1-.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4909","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/efficacy-midwater-artificial-structures-attracting-pelagic-sport-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1577\/1548-8659%281973%29102%3C563%3ATEOMAS%3E2.0.CO%3B2","title":"The Efficacy of Midwater Artificial Structures for Attracting Pelagic Sport Fish","description":"Field experiments were conducted in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico off Panama City, Florida to evaluate the feasibility of using man-made midwater structures for attracting pelagic game fish to improve sportfishing catch rates. Significantly greater catches of little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla), and dolphin (Coryphaena hippurus) were made around experimental structure sites than in adjacent control areas when equal experimental fishing effort was used.  Multiple structures attracted larger numbers of coastal pelagic bait fish and produced larger catches of pelagic game fish than single-structure units. The distance offshore or water depth of structure locations affected both the species of fish attracted and the number of fish caught.  Charter fleet vessels fished around one of the experimental structures for several hours and reported total numbers of pelagic game fish caught and catch rates at least double those in \u201cother areas\u201d for that day.","author":["Wickham, D.","Watson, J. Jr.","Ogren, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1973-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.165921000000","-85.923246000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4910","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/efficiency-turbine-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.cambridge.org\/action\/displayAbstract?aid=1346056","title":"The Efficiency Of A Turbine In A Tidal Channel","description":"There is an upper bound to the amount of power that can be generated by turbines in tidal channels as too many turbines merely block the flow. One condition for achievement of the upper bound is that the turbines are deployed uniformly across the channel, with all the flow through them, but this may interfere with other uses of the channel. An isolated turbine is more effective in a channel than in an unbounded flow, but the current downstream is non-uniform between the wake of the turbines and the free stream. Hence some energy is lost when these streams merge, as may occur in a long channel. We show here, for ideal turbine models that the fractional power loss increases from 1\/3 to 2\/3 as the fraction of the channel cross-section spanned by the turbines increases from 0 to close to 1. In another scenario, possibly appropriate for a short channel, the speed of the free stream outside the turbine wake is controlled by separation at the channel exit. In this case, the maximum power obtainable is slightly less than proportional to the fraction of the channel cross-section occupied by turbines.","author":["Garrett, C.","Cummins, P."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2007-09-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4911","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-installation-functioning-submarine-swepol-link-hvdc-transmission","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1385110103000200","title":"The Environmental Effects of the Installation and Functioning of the Submarine SwePol Link HVDC Transmission Line: A Case Study of the Polish Marine Area of the Baltic Sea","description":"This paper describes the two-phase study of the environmental impact of the SwePol Link submarine electrical energy transfer system between Sweden and Poland. During the first phase (1997\u20131998), the potential effects of proposed technical solutions for the transmission line and different routes across the Baltic Sea were analysed. During the second phase (1999\u20132000), studies on environmental and background conditions before cable installation (1999) and studies on the environmental effects after cable system installation (2000) were undertaken. During this phase, underwater TV and video inspection of the bottom, observations of the bottom habitats by scuba-divers, sampling and laboratory analysis of macrozoobenthos and measurements of the earth\u0027s magnetic field were conducted.\n\nUnderwater observations along the cable route indicated that one year after the cable had been laid no mechanical disturbances on the dynamic sandy bottom were visible. Studies of the bottom macrofauna indicated that there had been no significant changes in zoobenthos species composition, abundance or biomass which could have been clearly related to cable installation. Changes in the components of the magnetic field, although significant in the vicinity of the cable itself, did not exceed natural variability at a distance of 20 m.","author":["Andrulewicz, E.","Napierska, D.","Otremba, Z."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Research Institute","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)"],"originationDate":"2003-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.270269000000","17.781677000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4912","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-wave-dragon-array-operating-black-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2013\/498013\/","title":"The Environmental Impact of a Wave Dragon Array Operating in the Black Sea","description":"The present work describes a study related to the influence on the shoreline dynamics of a wave farm consisting of Wave Dragon devices operating in the western side of the Black Sea. Based on historical data analysis of the wave climate, the most relevant environmental conditions that could occur were defined, and for these cases, simulations with SWAN spectral phase averaged wave model were performed. Two situations were considered for the most representative patterns: model simulations without any wave energy converter and simulations considering a wave farm consisting of six Wave Dragon devices. Comparisons of the wave model outputs have been carried out in both geographical and spectral spaces. The results show that although a significant influence appears near the wave farm, this gradually decreases to the coast line level. In order to evaluate the influence of the wave farm on the longshore currents, a nearshore circulation modeling system was used. In relative terms, the longshore current velocities appear to be more sensitive to the presence of the wave farm than the significant wave height. Finally, the possible impact on the marine flora and fauna specific to the target area was also considered and discussed.","author":["Diaconu, S.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2013-04-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.960747400000","29.619483100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Diaconu-Rusu-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4913","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-interactions-tidal-wave-energy-generation-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S019592551100076X","title":"The Environmental Interactions of Tidal and Wave Energy Generation Devices","description":"Global energy demand continues to grow and tidal and wave energy generation devices can provide a significant source of renewable energy. Technological developments in offshore engineering and the rising cost of traditional energy means that offshore energy resources will be economic in the next few years. While there is now a growing body of data on the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms, the scientific basis on which to make informed decisions about the environmental effects of other offshore energy developments is lacking. Tidal barrages have the potential to cause significant ecological impacts particularly on bird feeding areas when they are constructed at coastal estuaries or bays. Offshore tidal stream energy and wave energy collectors offer the scope for developments at varying scales. They also have the potential to alter habitats. A diversity of designs exist, including floating, mid-water column and seabed mounted devices, with a variety of moving-part configurations resulting in a unique complex of potential environmental effects for each device type, which are discussed to the extent possible.","author":["Frid, C.","Andonegi, E.","Depestele, J.","Judd, A.","Rihan, D.","Rogers, S.","Kenchington, E."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia","Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","Irish Sea Fisheries Board (BIM)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4915","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/extractable-power-channel-linking-bay-open-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pia.sagepub.com\/content\/222\/3\/289","title":"The Extractable Power From A Channel Linking A Bay To The Open Ocean","description":"Interest in the power potential of tidal streams is growing worldwide. While the latest assessment for Canadian coastlines estimates a resource of approximately 42 GW, these results are based on the average kinetic energy flux through the channel. It has been shown, however, that this method cannot be used to obtain the maximum extractable power for electricity generation. This work presents an updated theory for the extractable power from a tidal stream in a channel linking a bay to the open ocean. The maximum average extractable power from a channel linking a bay to the open ocean may be estimated, within approximately 15 per cent, as 0.22\u03c1 gaQ0, where a is the amplitude of the dominant tidal constituent in the open ocean and Q0 is the maximum volumetric flowrate in the undisturbed state.","author":["Blanchfield, J.","Garrett, C.","Wild, P.","Rowe, A."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2008-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.500233000000","-127.536708000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4917","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/florida-current-clean-challenging-energy-resource","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2011EO040001\/abstract","title":"The Florida Current: A Clean but Challenging Energy Resource","description":"The patterns and overall magnitude of energy usage worldwide seem to preclude a single renewable alternative to traditional fossil fuel sources. Still, putting renewable resources to work where they exist, and thereby implementing a widely diversified portfolio of renewable energy recovery, offers the possibility of significantly reducing fossil fuel use on a regional basis. One such resource is the Florida Current, an oceanographic feature that has been the focus of intense study for many decades. Understanding its behavior on the time and space scales required to realize its energy potential, however, is still a work in progress, one that is challenged by a paucity of relevant data and by a range of sensitive environmental considerations.","author":["Hanson, H.","Bozek, A.","Duerr, A."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Florida State University","Southeast National Marine Renewable Energy Center (SNMREC)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["27.073288000000","-78.980946000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4918","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-islay-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/So_Islay_Tidal\/2014_Application\/Environmental%20Report\/Volume%201_%202010%20Sound%20of%20Islay%20Environmental%20Statement.pdf","title":"Sound of Islay Environmental Statement","description":"Background    ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Limited (hereafter referred to as ScottishPower Renewables or SPR), is wholly owned by Iberdrola Renovables S.A., the global leader in wind energy. At the end of 2009 Iberdrola Renovables S.A. had 10,752 MW of global installed capacity, nearly 97% of which is wind. Of this capacity, 802MW was owned and operated by SPR, making it the leader in onshore wind in the UK.  SPR aims to continue to expand its renewables capacity in the UK order to help the Scottish and UK Governments to meet their 2020 electricity generation targets from renewable sources. This includes the development of some of the newer renewable technologies including wave and tidal renewables.  SPR wishes to construct, install and operate a demonstration tidal array within the Sound of Islay (Figure 1.1) (hereafter referred to as \u201cthe Development\u201d). The Development will utilise the tidal flow running through the Sound to power tidal turbines during the flood and ebb tidal flows and gene rate electricity throughout these flow periods. The Development will comprise of up to 10, 1MW tidal turbines, which will be owned and operated by SPR.  The proposed Development could be the first tidal array in UK waters and it will deliver power directly into the National Grid. This will assist both the Scottish and UK Governments in meeting their future energy targets and their reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The Development capacity of 10MW equates to an average production of 26.3GWh p.a., which is enough to supply over 5500 average domestic households.  An outline project description including the process involved is provided in Chapter 5: Project Description.  This Environmental Statement (ES) is a description of the process and findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure. It is submitted to the Scottish Ministers, along with an application for the proposed Development for consent under Section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 (\u0027the Act\u0027). Additionally, Coastal Protection Act (CPA) and Food and Environment Protection Act (FEPA) consents will also be sought. The submission of an ES with a planning application is required for certain classes of project under the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (Scotland) Regulations 1999. An application for Section 36 consent under the Act comes with deemed planning permission, thereby removing the requirement for a separate planning application.  The preparation of this ES report is also an integral component in ensuring that the investigation of any environmental impacts of the proposed project is robust and comprehensive. It highlights the key environmental issues that were considered to be associated with the development, and allows an unbiased prediction of their effects and relative significance. This has ensured that these issues were fully addressed and integrated into the final design of the Development. This report will also assist Scottish Ministers and Argyll and Bute Council in reaching a decision as to whether permission should be granted for the proposals.   Brief Description of the Development Site and its Setting    The Development is to be located within the Sound of Islay, a narrow channel that separates the Isles of Islay and Jura on the west coast of Scotland (see Figure 1.1). The tidal resource of this channel is recognised as one of the best on the west coast of Scotland and is a preferred location 1 Note: This has been calculated using windfarm figures as none are currently available that are specific to tidal technology for the first array of its kind as the local topography of the area provides an optimised working environment due to its shelter from westerly storms that are prevalent elsewhere along the coast.  The array will take advantage of the Hammerfest HS1000 tidal turbine technology (Figure 1.2), a fully submerged tripod mounted 1MW rated device, which will be deployed within the Sound of Islay at depths greater than 48m. The device is designed to generate electricity when the tidal flow rotates the turbine. It is capable of generating during the flood and ebb phases of the tidal cycle.   Proposed Development    The Development is described in detail in Chapter 5: Project Description and summarised here.  The Development comprises an array of 10 tidal turbines (Hammerfest HS1000) arranged below the 48m bathymetric contour (with the shallowest turbine being located in 50m of water) in the Sound of Islay, a channel of water between the islands of Islay and Jura. The turbines will comprise of a tripod substructure supporting a nacelle and three-bladed rotor turning about the horizontal axis \u2013 bearing much similarity with a modern wind turbine. However, the rotor diameter will be considerably smaller than a wind turbine, at only 23m. The maximum height to blade tip from the seabed is 33.5m. This will allow a minimum clearance from the surface of the water to the top of the blade of 16.5m.  The turbine to be employed for the purposes of the Development is the Hammerfest Str\u00f8m HS1000.  In addition to the turbines there will be some ancillary structures involved in the proposed Development. These include cabling to the island of Jura and a subsequent connection to a substation located there.  The operational life of the Development will be for a minimum of 7 years, with a potential extension of a further 7 years (totalling 14 years). After this there will be a decommissioning plan in place to remove the turbines and associated infrastructure; however, there may be the option at that time to gain further consent to extend the project beyond its 14 year life.  The Development will require a grid connection, which will be subject of a separate Section 37 consent under the Electricity Act 1989. This will be conducted separately to this EIA process and will not be considered further here.  A description of the design and is provided in Chapter 4: Site Selection and a full description of the Development is provided in Chapter 5: Project Description.   Renewable Energy    Global Climate Change is seen as being one of the greatest environmental challenges facing the world today. One of the primary reasons for the current rate of temperature increase is the higher concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. One of the principal gasses is Carbon Dioxide (CO2) primarily produced through our dependence on the burning of fossil fuels to generate our electricity.  Renewable energy sources (such as tidal, wave and wind) are infinite resource s and create no CO2 or other air pollutants during operation. Therefore, developments designed to capture such energy resources do not contribute to climate change during operation.  Renewable energy is an integral part of the UK Government\u0027s longer-term aim of reducing CO2 emissions by 60% by 2050. In 2000 the UK Government set a target to produce 10% of electricity supply from renewable energy by 2010, and in 2006 announced its aspiration to double that level to 20% by 2020 (BERR, 2009). In November 2007 the Scottish Government set a new target to generate 50% of Scotland\u0027s electricity from renewable sources by 2020, with an interim target of 31% by 2011 (Scottish Government, 2007).  The energy produced from the Development would contribute to meeting the Scottish Governments target of providing 50% of Scotland\u0027s energy generation from renewable sources by 2020.  The Future Generation Group Report 2005: \u201cScotland\u0027s Renewable Energy Potential: Realising the 2020 Target\u201d, published by the Scottish Executive on behalf of the Forum for Renewable Development in Scotland (FREDS \u2013 a Government\/Industry forum) in June 2005. This identifies for the first time that an installed capacity of 6,000MW is required to meet this 2020 target.  The Development has been proposed, in part, to respond to these requirements for renewable energy production.   Scotland\u2019s Tidal Resource    According to Scottish Government figures (Scottish Government, 2009) Scotland possesses 25% of the total European tidal resource.  The UK and Scottish Governments are committed to increasing the proportion of electricity produced through marine renewable sources. Costs remain high at the moment for both wave and tidal projects; however, this is a new industry sector and costs are likely to fall as they have done within the wind sector over the last decade. The experience of early projects will play a key role in promoting cost reduction.   Benefits in Reduced Emissions of Carbon Dioxide    The Development will provide significant benefits through the avoidance of fossil fuels for electricity generation. The potential reduction in emissions of CO2 as a result of the 10 turbine tidal development is estimated to be approximately 11,300 tonnes of CO2. This assumes that the 10MW tidal development operates at a capacity factor of 0.30 and is based on the calculations on the Renewable UK website    Planning Policy Context    The proposed footprint (Figure 1.1) of the Development (marine and terrestrial components) lies entirely within the local authority area of Argyll and Bute.  The planning policy context of the Development is summarised in Chapter 6: Planning Policy Context.   Environmental Statement Structure  Environmental Statement and Technical Appendices         This written volume is the main body of the ES (there is also a Non-Technical Summary volume and the various Technical Appendices). It is divided into a number of background and technical chapters detailing the various studies that have been carried out to support the production of the ES. A set of Appendices is also provided giving appropriate additional information to support the chapters. A list of the appendices is provided in Table 2.4 (Chapter 2: Scoping and Assessment Methodology):   SPR have secured a lease option for a substantial new tidal project at Ness of Duncans by in the Pentland Firth. At 95MW this is a major project which, in itself, could be a precursor to even larger developments in that area, although this is out with the scope of this ES. The Islay Demonstration Tidal Array will provide technical, environmental and commercial learning which will be essential to facilitate the deployment of projects in the Pentland Firth.       Non - Technical Summary     A separate summary is presented, providing an overview of the Development, site selection and design alternatives, environmental effects and mitigation measures.    Project Team    The ES has been compiled by Royal Haskoning (UK) Ltd. and presents the results of the assessment of environmental effects undertaken by a number of specialist consultants. These consultants are presented in Table 1.2, along with their respective disciplines and contribution to the ES.","author":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.850000000000","-6.100000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sound-of-Islay-ES-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4919","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/south-puget-sound-tidal-currents","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"South Puget Sound Tidal Currents","description":"Tidal currents with velocity vectors of South Puget Sound. Tacoma Narrows is at 2 o\u2019clock. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.425294000000","-122.396633000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4920","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/south-west-marine-energy-park-prospectus","sourceURL":"","title":"South West Marine Energy Park Prospectus","description":"The South West Marine Energy Park (MEP) is a collaborative partnership between local and national government, Local Enterprise Partnerships, technology developers, academia and industry. The core objective of the collaborative is to create a positive business environment that will foster business collaboration, attract investment and accelerate the commercial development of the marine energy sector. Section 1 of the prospectus outlines the structure of the South West MEP and identifies key areas of the programme, including measures to provide access to marine energy resources, prioritize investment in infrastructure, reduce project risk, secure international finance, support enterprise and promote industry collaboration. It also highlights the South West MEP\u2019s intention to work closely with industry, UK government, other regions and national bodies. Section 2 of the prospectus provides more detail on some of the key assets, resources and capabilities that make the South West a natural base for this exciting industry.","author":["Southwest Marine Energy Park Coalition"],"organization":["Cornwall Council","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SW_Marine_Energy_Park.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4923","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-trends-coastal-socio-economics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/dataregistry\/search\/collection\/info\/stics","title":"Spatial Trends in Coastal Socio-economics","description":"The STICS website offers, geo-referenced, time series, demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. STICS compiles data to estimate attributes in a variety of coastal management jurisdictions; analyses of these data can provide insight into the socioeconomic trends of the nation\u2019s coastal regions.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4924","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-temporal-changes-assemblage-structure-fish-associated-fish-aggregation-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.alr-journal.org\/articles\/alr\/abs\/2006\/02\/alr012-06\/alr012-06.html","title":"Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Assemblage Structure of Fish Associated to Fish Aggregation Devices in the Western Mediterranean","description":"We investigated the patterns of occurrence of FAD-associated fish off the coast of Sardinia, Sicily and Majorca (Western Mediterranean). Two working hypotheses are presented to test whether or not \u201cdifferences exist in fish assemblages at i) the spatial and ii) the temporal level\u201d. Quantitative and qualitative experimental data were obtained from a total of 521 censuses at 17 fish aggregation devices (FAD) using underwater visual observations carried out in Sardinia and Sicily in May-October 2001 and 2002 and a purse seine data set on 3 FADs obtained from a previous investigation carried out in Majorca. The results from the multivariate analysis rejected both hypotheses. In all locations, patterns of fish assemblages were dominated by Coryphaena hippurus, Naucrates ductor, Seriola dumerili, Balistes carolinensis and Trachurus spp., a pattern evident from examining data at bi-monthly intervals.When the most dominant species highlighted with similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis were analysed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA), a time effect was clearly apparent and subsequently confirmed for four of these five species (B. carolinensis being the exception); the location factor was also found to be relevant (except for the genus Trachurus). We concluded that differences noted were principally due to the \u201ctime shift\u201d in the occurrence of these species in the three locations, leading to the assumption that a relationship did exist between the gradual but significant shift in seasonal temperature and colonization at the study locations. Defining selected community structure indices was also important because no reference points are actually available for the pelagic environment in the Mediterranean Sea.","author":["Addis, P.","Cau, A.","Massut\u00ed, E.","Merella, P.","Sinopoli, M.","Andaloro, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-05-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.050000000000","12.560000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4929","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/statistical-modeling-north-atlantic-right-whale-migration-along-mid-atlantic-region","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320707003746","title":"Statistical Modeling of North Atlantic Right Whale Migration along the Mid-Atlantic Region of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States","description":"North Atlantic right whale feeding and calving behaviors provide predictable spatial and temporal windows in which to conduct surveys and facilitate collection of opportunistic sightings data. Migration behavior makes it more difficult to locate and sample marine animals systematically or to observe them opportunistically. The lack of data creates a critical gap in understanding social behavior; it also hampers the development of mitigation strategies to anthropogenic disturbances such as vessel strikes, acoustic pollution and entanglements. We employ regression analysis to fill this gap to model northerly movements of North Atlantic right whales in the coastal mid-Atlantic migratory corridor of the United States. The modeling suggests an early to mid-March departure from Jacksonville, Florida, with a 30 day departure range; an average travel time of 21\u201324 days to the tip of Long Island, corresponding to a mean migration\/displacement rate of 1.5\u20131.7 knots (2.8\u20133.1 km\/h). Right whales migrating with calves begin their northern migration several days after right whales migrating without calves. These statistical models can supplement the absence of migratory survey data and help direct and stratify survey efforts in migratory corridors. The combination of rigorous statistical prediction with direct observation also should facilitate the creation of more effective mitigation measures. The methods employed here can be applied to other megafauna elsewhere around the world in many situations where migratory data are sparse.","author":["Firestone, J.","Lyons, S.","Wang, C.","Corbett, J."],"organization":["University of Delaware"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.392264000000","-73.353610000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4930","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-applications-acoustic-mitigation-monitoring-systems-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.data.boem.gov\/PI\/PDFImages\/ESPIS\/4\/5113.pdf","title":"Status and Applications of Acoustic Mitigation and Monitoring Systems for Marine Mammals","description":"A workshop on the \u201cStatus and Applications of Acoustic Mitigation and Monitoring Systems for Marine Mammals\u201d was held November 17-19, 2009, sponsored by the Bureau of Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE) and attended by over 200 participants. The objectives of the workshop were stated as follows:  \u201cLearn about, discuss, and better understand the current status of acoustic hardware and software tools for marine mammal monitoring and mitigation as applied to offshore industries. This will include the capability, applicability, feasibility, availability, cost and other benefits and limitations of acoustic systems as they pertain to different marine mammal and operational contexts. The discussion will focus on currently available acoustic systems, along with some potentially beneficial applications under development.\u201d  Following a workshop with such ambitious objectives, consolidation of key conclusions is obviously valuable, but taking a step towards closure is a challenge, due to the inherent complexity of the subject matter. These brief notes represent an attempt by the workshop\u2019s technical advisors to capture key conclusions.  Conclusion 1: Many of the basic software and hardware technologies to meet marine mammal monitoring and mitigation requirements exist, but most of these technologies have not been specifically designed for offshore industrial development. The appropriate combination of technologies for a project will likely require a site\/case-specific, integrated approach because no one technical approach will satisfy all or even most marine mammal monitoring and mitigation requirements for the offshore industry. Simply put, \u201cone size does not fit all.\u201d Furthermore, it should be clearly noted that all PAM systems (e.g., fixed, towed, or drifting) only work if an animal produces a sound that can be detected with the system. An active acoustic monitoring system circumvents this limitation, but raises some concern because it also introduces sound into the environment.  Conclusion 2: Choosing and evaluating the best acoustic monitoring system for a specific project requires a thoughtful and thorough assessment of a project\u2019s objectives, coupled with a thorough evaluation of the regulatory monitoring and mitigation requirements, and the capabilities of the available acoustic technologies. This coupling of objectives with regulations and technical capabilities is an ongoing iterative process, where objectives may have to be modified as a result of specific monitoring and mitigation regulatory requirements and\/or the inherent limitations of available systems.  Conclusion 3: Three general types of acoustic systems are available: fixed passive acoustic monitoring (fixed PAM), towed passive acoustic monitoring (towed PAM), and active acoustic monitoring (AAM) systems. Each of these system types has somewhat unique data processing (including signal processing) requirements. Data processing needs and capabilities are an integral requirement in the design, operation, and evaluation of acoustic systems. As an example, most data processing software that is well suited to a fixed PAM system is not usually designed to work with a towed PAM system, and data processing software that is designed to work with one particular towed PAM system may not work at all with a different towed PAM system.  Conclusion 4: Fixed PAM technologies appear to be more mature than towed PAM or AAM technologies, although this does not necessarily indicate that a fixed PAM approach is the most effective in all situations. Fixed PAM has been used with great success in many settings, including predevelopment baseline studies, assessment of marine mammal responses to offshore facilities, and management of ship traffic to reduce the risk of collisions with whales. Despite these successes, a number of limitations and challenges were highlighted (see Conclusions section at end of report).  Conclusion 5: Towed PAM technology seems to be somewhat less mature than fixed PAM technologies, but more mature than AAM technologies. Towed PAM systems have been used with some success to supplement visual monitoring of exclusion zones in the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and elsewhere. Despite these successes, a number of limitations and challenges were highlighted (see Conclusions section at end of report).  Conclusion 6: The AAM technology is less mature than either fixed PAM or towed PAM technologies. However, active acoustics is the only acoustic method capable of detecting animals that are not producing sounds. Despite the relative immaturity of active acoustics, recent tests indicate that it can be useful in some circumstances. Limitations or challenges associated with active acoustic systems are provided in the Conclusions section at end of report.  Conclusion 7: In some circumstances, the effectiveness of marine mammal monitoring and mitigation could be increased by using a combination of approaches. For example, a combination of marine mammal observers, towed PAM, and active acoustics would improve the likelihood of detecting and identifying marine mammals in the vicinity of potentially harmful activities. Similarly, a combination of fixed PAM and active acoustics may provide an improved understanding of apparent changes in the distribution of calling whales responding to industry sounds, a problem that has plagued at least some studies that relied only on a fixed PAM system.  Conclusion 8: The effectiveness of the marine mammal monitoring and mitigation process would significantly benefit from the development, establishment, and maintenance of a national(at least) or international (preferable) standardized, web-accessible ecosystem database (consisting of species seasonal presence\/abundance and as many other important behavioral features as possible), coupled with a marine acoustics database (including marine mammal sounds, natural abiotic sounds, and anthropogenic sounds). This conclusion is consistent with many previous recommendations (e.g., NRC, 1994; 2000; 2003; Southall et al., 2007), including those expressed as a high priority by a task force of U.S. federal agencies considering this subject (Southall et al., 2009).","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2009-11-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Status_and_Applications_of_Acoustic_and_Monitoring_Systems.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4932","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stereo-video-methodology-quantitative-analysis-fish-turbine-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/259559085_Stereo-Video_Methodology_for_Quantitative_Analysis_of_Fish-Turbine_Interactions","title":"Stereo-Video Methodology for Quantitative Analysis of Fish-Turbine Interactions","description":"Tidal power turbines are developed to reach the ambition of supplying coastal communities with renewable energy. However, little is still known about the potential environmental effects on the local ecosystems and what rotor design can do to minimize such effects. The knowledge gap includes fish behavior around tidal power rotors and adequate sampling techniques for such studies. In this contribution stereo-video methodology has been used for monitoring fish movements at an operating model of a vertical-axis tidal turbine rotor. The results show that stereo-video methodology offers excellent opportunities for detailed analysis of fish behavior and several recommendations of how to optimize such sampling are provided. Preliminary results of fish-turbine interactions are presented.","author":["Hammar, L.","Ehnberg, J.","Eggertsen, L.","Andersson, S.","Molander, S."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology","Marine Monitoring AB","Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2012-11-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4933","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stingray-tidal-stream-energy-device-phase-3","sourceURL":"","title":"Stingray Tidal Stream Energy Device - Phase 3","description":"Since 1997, The Engineering Business Ltd (EB) has been developing tidal stream generation technology. In 2002 EB designed, built and installed the worlds first full-scale tidal stream generator, the 150kW Stingray demonstrator. The Stingray concept is that the energy within tidal currents can be harnessed through oscillating hydroplanes. A full description of the concept and technology is presented in the Phase 1 and Phase 2 reports. Stingray was reinstalled in Yell Sound in the Shetland Islands between July and September 2003 for Phase 3 of the project. This report presents an overview of this phase of the project, the results obtained and outlines the implications of those results on the potential for commercial electricity generation.The fundamental objective of the project was to demonstrate that electricity could be generated at a potentially commercially viable unit energy cost utilizing Stingray technology. In addition to this, a number of measurable targets for the Phase 3 operations were agreed with the DTI.The aim of the marine operations was to undertake a series of tests, at slack water and on the flood tide, to reconfirm basic machine characteristics, develop the control strategy and demonstrate performance and power collection through periods of continuous operation.A summary of the main test work findings is as follows:Basic machine characteristics were found to be in good agreement with previous test work.Power cycle development enabled significant gains to be make on the levels achieved in 2002, with further gains clearly available. Control through the cycle still remains the key issue particularly as regards the introduction of the high hydroplane actuation flows required for faster cycle times.Actuation power consumption was higher than expected at the cycle times achieved although much of the reason for this lies in poor control and significant efficiency gains should be realizable once this area is improved.Overall power generation was demonstrated on several occasions as cumulative energy collection through the course of a tide. A continuous operation period over 14 tides was also attempted - the levels of power collected would have been in excess of target values but machine downtime due to minor failures prevented operation on some of the tides.Useful data on the interaction of Stingray with the tidal regime was acquired and analyzed.A decommissioning survey and environmental review have identified that Stingray has had no identifiable impact on the seabed environment during its two operating seasons.The cost modeling indicates a future unit energy cost of 6.7p\/kWh at the stage when 100MW of Stingray capacity has been installed.Although compliance with the targets set by the DTI was at a lower level than would have been hoped, the broader aims were met in the majority of cases. There is evidence to suggest that the technology is capable of full compliance with all targets that remain relevant.","author":["The Engineering Business"],"organization":["UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.573479100000","-1.333347400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 10:38:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stingray_Tidal_Stream_Energy_Device.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4934","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-environmental-assessment-area-8-contamination-water-sediments","sourceURL":"","title":"Strategic Environmental Assessment Area 8 - Contamination of Water and Sediments","description":"This report describes work commissioned by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) to prepare an inventory of contamination of water and sediments metadata for the Strategic Environmental Assessment area 8 (SEA8) in terms of data type, location, quality and availability.\n\nThe SEA8 region lies between 48\u00b0 and 52\u00b0N, 2\u00b0E and10\u00b0W, and is presented in Figure 1. The area includes the DTI UK Continental Shelf Designated Area from Dover through the English Channel to the edge of the continental shelf in the Celtic Sea; the southern Irish Sea south of Milford Haven; and the Bristol Channel.\n\nIn accordance with the scope of work the report includes:\n\nA description of the study area with a synopsis of the contamination of water and sediments;\nA listing of international, national and local organisations and contacts who are active in the subject area or hold information and associated initiatives and data sets.\nThe meta-data inventory, comprising a comprehensive list of references and other sources of information including:\n\ni. whether published (white and grey), unpublished, public domain, private etc.\nii. notes and graphics showing spatial and temporal extent;\niii. format (book chapter, paper, dataset etc);\niv. location;\nv. accessibility.\n\n\nThe main body of the inventory was compiled in June 2003. The database has been produced in an Endnote\u00ae database which contains 1558 entries and is provided on compact disk in Appendix 3.","author":["Voisey, C.","Tyrrell, D.","Rowlatt, S."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)"],"originationDate":"2004-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.718776000000","-7.000482000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DTI_SEA8.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4935","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-priorities-assessing-ecological-impacts-marine-renewable-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X08001991","title":"Strategic Priorities for Assessing Ecological Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy Devices in the Pentland Firth (Scotland, UK)","description":"The Pentland Firth, located between the north coast of mainland Scotland (UK) and the Orkney Islands, is recognised as an excellent location for the utilisation of tidal stream technology. Potential ecological impacts associated with tidal stream technology may ultimately depend on device design, array size and deployment location. Available ecological data for the Pentland Firth is summarised and strategic priorities for assessing ecological impacts are provided. Baseline data on marine species and habitats in the Pentland Firth is severely lacking and consequently the integrity of any environmental impact assessment could be compromised by this lack of data.","author":["Shields, M.","Dillon, L.","Woolf, D.","Ford, A."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2009-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.950791000000","-3.285858000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4937","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-tidal-stream-assessment-alderney","sourceURL":"","title":"Strategic Tidal Stream Assessment for Alderney","description":"The Alderney Commission for Renewable Energy (ACRE) is a body set up by the States of Alderney to license, control and regulate all forms of renewable energy within the island of Alderney and its Territorial Waters. ACRE commissioned AEA to prepare a strategic assessment of the impact on the island and its community of tidal and\/or wave energy development within the Territorial Waters. This report examines the technical implications of using these technologies and the environmental and socio-economic impacts of such a development.\n\nThis strategic assessment is based on an open centred, bottom mounted tidal stream generator developed by OpenHydro. Although the focus of this assessment is based on OpenHydro\u0027s technology other possible tidal stream and wave power technologies have been reviewed. It was not possible to cover all of these technologies in the same level of detail as OpenHydro\u0027s technology, but the main differences and similarities have been highlighted.\n\nThe report is intended to inform ACRE of the key issues and implications of tidal energy development, particularly at a large scale. It considers the impact of the technology based on two very large hypothetical developments within the Territorial Waters, one of 1GW and a larger one of 3GW, both located in the Alderney Race. The report will enable ACRE to evaluate the overall cost\/benefit of the full scale development and to ensure that necessary controls and conditions are in place before any long term licence is granted.\n\nStrategic Techno-economic impacts\n\nMost tidal stream device concepts are based on horizontal axis turbines although some vertical axis devices and even oscillating hydrofoil concepts have been proposed. Devices would be secured to the sea floor by piles, bolted or rely on gravity. Some devices are bottom mounted and operate close to the sea floor. Deployment and retrieval would require cable connection from a surface vessel to either lower or raise the device to the surface before transfer to or from a shore base. OpenHydro\u201fs device and at least one other rival concept use this principal. Other devices rely on a surface piercing pile foundation to raise or lower them from or into the sea before detachment. A further permutation is a floating device anchored to the sea floor via cables.\n\nThe projected capital and operating costs and energy capture are highly uncertain as these technologies are still in an early stage of development. Estimates should therefore be treated with some caution. Few devices have advanced to a prototype stage and only limited trials have been achieved in the open sea. OpenHydro has been testing a small test device for 12 months, but performance data have not been released.\n\nThe most logical export market for large scale tidal energy development is France. Exporting power to the UK would require a 100 km DC link, four times the distance to France.\n\nWave Energy\n\nThe economics of wave energy devices depend strongly on the annual average power density at the chosen deployment site. The capital and operating costs of a facility are fixed but the revenue depends on the energy input from the waves, i.e. on the power density.\n\nWave power density is around 10-15 kW\/m which is too low for the technology to operate profitably. A 10 km array might be able to generate between 438 and 657 GWh\/year.\n\nIn conclusion, Alderney\u0027s wave energy resource is much smaller than its tidal resource, although it would be large enough to supply around half of the Channel Islands needs, provided that the devices could be operated profitably. However, the annual average power levels are too low to enable the current generation of wave energy converters, and possibly the next too, to operate profitably.\n\nStrategic Environmental impacts\n\nA 1GW array could potentially reduce CO2\u00a0emissions by between 360,000 te(CO2) and 700,000 te(CO2) per year), through displaced fossil fuel generation.\n\nReviews of environmental issues have identified a number of potential impacts that could arise during the installation and operation of tidal stream devices and cable laying. These impacts include disturbance to sediment, noise and vibration linked to drilling, adverse effects to fish caused by Electro Magnetic Forces (EMF) and collision risk with marine mammals. Potential changes in tidal currents in the vicinity of devices may change sediment dynamics and the local benthic ecology. There may also be indirect effects on sea birds, if for example, their prey was disturbed. However, there is a lack of evidence on the scale of these possible impacts. Preliminary research has been commissioned to evaluate some of these issues. Environmental monitoring of prototype devices is also planned to establish a better picture of potential impacts.\n\nIt is possible that some environmental impacts may be limited in the case of Alderney. The impact of sediment disturbance during cable laying could be minimised by the natural rapid dispersal of the sediment. The use of gravity based foundations, such as structures that would be used by OpenHydro\u201fs open centred turbine, would not require drilling to secure them to the sea floor. This would avoid one source of noise and vibration. In contrast, other tidal energy technologies rely on drilling to secure foundations to the sea floor. The resultant noise could cause temporary disturbance to fish and marine mammals.\n\nThere is evidence from the offshore wind industry that structures implanted into a marine environment act as artificial reefs, attracting some species of fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates. However, the extent of the colonisation associated with tidal stream devices is not known.\n\nIt is recommended that tidal energy development around Alderney would benefit from generic environmental research in the following four areas:\n\nAssessment of the potential impacts related to energy depletion from a large tidal stream device scale array.\nAssessment of the potential impact of tidal stream energy on sea birds and their prey.\nReview and assessment of the impact of EMF from submerged cables and tidal stream generators.\nReview and assessment of the potential for tidal stream devices to induce colonisation and increase biological productivity.\n\nStrategic Socio-Economic impacts\u00a0Financial Benefits\n\nRevenue to the States of Alderney from seabed rental could be between \u00a30.93M and \u00a31.87M per annum from a 1GW array depending on the amount of electricity generated. A 3GW array could yield between an annual income of between \u00a32.8M and \u00a35.6M.\n\nAn estimated 6,149 tonnes of CO2\u00a0emissions from the use of fuel oil generated electricity could be saved if tidal energy replaced the island\u0027s existing power plant.\n\nComplete electrification of the island would displace the equivalent of an estimated 3,176 tonnes of fuel oil at a cost of \u00a31.9M. The cost-benefit to the island would depend on the cost of tidal energy as well as the cost of fuel oil. Assuming a cost of \u20ac150\/MWh or \u00a30.144\/kWh for tidal energy the cost of supplying the bulk of the island\u201fs energy demand (excluding transport) would be \u00a36.4m\/year or more than three times the cost of saved fuel (at 2006 prices). Therefore, with a tariff of \u00a31.07\/MWh and tidal cost of \u00a30.114\/KWh complete electrification would only be economic if the oil price were to reach three times the 2006 level, and would become increasingly so with further rises in the price of oil beyond that.\n\nFishing\n\nFishing is an important tourist industry for Alderney contributing up to 5% of the island\u0027s tourist income. There is also a small but important commercial fishing industry that includes lobsters and crabs as well as fin fish.\n\nFishing grounds near Alderney and the Casquets are often located on large sand banks. Although these areas are unsuitable for tidal energy developments, the management of fishing vessels and those involved in tidal energy development would need to be carefully controlled to avoid collision. There is also the possible potential for temporary disturbance to fishing grounds.\n\nNavigation\n\nLarge bottom mounted devices possibly up to 2MW in size could be deployed in the Race in less than 40m depth. Devices of this size occupy up to 20m of water leaving less than 20m clearance above the device. This is potentially too shallow for large commercial vessels therefore a permanent exclusion zone would need to be applied. The use of pile mounted, surface piercing structures, or floating devices, would present obvious navigation hazards and would require a permanent exclusion area. They would also create some visual impact. Smaller bottom mounted devices (","author":["Craig, J."],"organization":["Alderney Commission for Renewable Energy"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.714440000000","-2.205280000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Strategic_Tidal_Stream_Assessment_for_Alderney.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4939","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/structure-turbulent-flow-emecs-tidal-energy-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0735193309000530","title":"Structure of Turbulent Flow in EMEC\u0027s Tidal Energy Test Site","description":"Measurements of bulk turbulent parameters (Kinetic energy, dissipation rates, Reynolds stress, etc.) were performed in the bottom boundary layer of the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) tidal test site using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs). Flood and ebb currents exceed 1.4 ms-1 near the seabed (at 2.63 mab) and generate \u003E 7 Pa stresses. The production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) P, was found to be negative below 2 \u00d7 10-9 Wm-3 and, of up to 5 \u00d7 10-4 Wm-3 was estimated during flood flows and decreasing to 10-5 Wm-3 during slack water. The TKE dissipation rate \u03b5 was estimated using the structure function method with greatest value of up to 5 \u00d7 10\u22121 Wm-3 near the seabed around maximum flood, falling to 4 \u00d7 10-3 Wm-3 around slack water. The comparison between P and \u03b5 was performed by calculating individual ratios of P corresponding to \u03b5 using a bootstrap resampling technique. The study shows that the ratio \u03b5\/P averaged over whole flood and ebb were found to be ~0.3553 and ~0.3266, respectively, indicating that production exceeds dissipation. The uncertainties in Reynolds stress estimates due to instrument noise was found to be 4 \u00d7 10-4 Pa.","author":["Osalusi, E.","Side, J.","Harris, R."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.178824000000","-2.768868000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4940","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-acoustic-effects-hydrokinetic-tidal-turbine-admiralty-inlet-puget-sound","sourceURL":"","title":"Study of the Acoustic Effects of Hydrokinetic Tidal Turbine in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines will be a source of noise in the marine environment \u2013 both during operation and during installation\/removal. High intensity sound can cause injury or behavioral changes in marine mammals and may also affect fish and invertebrates. These noise effects are, however, highly dependent on the individual marine animals; the intensity, frequency, and duration of the sound; and context in which the sound is received. In other words, production of sound is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for an environmental impact. At a workshop on the environmental effects of tidal energy development, experts identified sound produced by turbines as an area of potentially significant impact, but also high uncertainty.  The overall objectives of this project are to improve our understanding of the potential acoustic effects of tidal turbines by:  Characterizing sources of existing underwater noise; Assessing the effectiveness of monitoring technologies to characterize underwater noise and marine mammal responsiveness to noise; Evaluating the sound profile of an operating tidal turbine; and Studying the effect of turbine sound on surrogate species in a laboratory environment.  This study focuses on a specific case study for tidal energy development in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington (USA), but the methodologies and results are applicable to other turbine technologies and geographic locations. The project succeeded in achieving the above objectives and, in doing so, substantially contributed to the body of knowledge around the acoustic effects of tidal energy development in several ways:  Through collection of data from Admiralty Inlet, established the sources of sound generated by strong currents (mobilizations of sediment and gravel) and determined that low\u2010frequency sound recorded during periods of strong currents is non\u2010propagating pseudo\u2010sound. This helped to advance the debate within the marine and hydrokinetics acoustic community as to whether strong currents produce propagating sound. Analyzed data collected from a tidal turbine operating at the European Marine Energy Center to develop a profile of turbine sound and developed a framework to evaluate the acoustic effects of deploying similar devices in other locations. This framework has been applied to Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish Country\u2019s demonstration project in Admiralty Inlet to inform postinstallation acoustic and marine mammal monitoring plans. Demonstrated passive acoustic techniques to characterize the ambient noise environment at tidal energy sites (fixed, long\u2010term observations recommended) and characterize the sound from anthropogenic sources (drifting, short\u2010term observations recommended). Demonstrated the utility and limitations of instrumentation, including bottom mounted instrumentation packages, infrared cameras, and vessel monitoring systems. In doing so, also demonstrated how this type of comprehensive information is needed to interpret observations from each instrument (e.g., hydrophone data can be combined with vessel tracking data to evaluate the contribution of vessel sound to ambient noise). Conducted a study that suggests harbor porpoise in Admiralty Inlet may be habituated to high levels of ambient noise due to omnipresent vessel traffic. The inability to detect behavioral changes associated with a high intensity source of opportunity (passenger ferry) has informed the approach for post\u2010installation marine mammal monitoring. Conducted laboratory exposure experiments of juvenile Chinook salmon and showed that exposure to a worse than worst case acoustic dose of turbine sound does not result in changes to hearing thresholds or biologically significant tissue damage. Collectively, this means that Chinook salmon may be at a relatively low risk of injury from sound produced by tidal turbines located in or near their migration path.  In achieving these accomplishments, the project has significantly advanced the District\u2019s goals of developing a demonstration\u2010scale tidal energy project in Admiralty Inlet. Pilot demonstrations of this type are an essential step in the development of commercial\u2010scale tidal energy in the United States. This is a renewable resource capable of producing electricity in a highly predictable manner.","author":["Collar, C.","Spahr, J.","Polagye, B.","Thomson, J.","Bassett, C.","Graber, J.","Cavagnaro, R.","Talbert, J.","deKlerk, A.","Reay-Ellers, A.","Tollit, D.","Wood, J.","Copping, A.","Carlson, T.","Halvorsen, M."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","SMRU Consulting","Snohomish County PUD","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 09:52:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SnoPUD_Acoustic_Effects_final_report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4942","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/studying-marine-mammal-cognition-wild-review-four-decades-playback-experiments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinemammal.org\/wp-content\/pdfs\/Deecke%202006.pdf","title":"Studying Marine Mammal Cognition in the Wild: A Review of Four Decades of Playback Experiments","description":"The playback of sounds to animals to assess their behavioural responses presents a powerful tool to study animal cognition in the wild. While playbacks are commonly used to study acoustic responses in birds and other terrestrial animals, their application to the study of marine mammal cognition so far has been limited. A survey of the published literature on field playback experiments with marine mammals identified 46 studies, with a trend towards increased use of playback approaches in recent years. Field playbacks to marine mammals have been used to address questions of wildlife management, the impact of anthropogenic noise, acoustic interactions between predators and prey, individual and kin recognition, as well as the function of communicative sounds. This paper summarizes the major findings of marine mammal playbacks to date and reviews recent advances in the design and execution of playback experiments, with special reference to marine mammals. Issues concerning appropriate presentation of acoustic stimuli, appropriate quantification of behavioural responses, as well as appropriate control and replication of treatments are discussed. An analysis of replication in marine mammal playbacks showed that the use of a small number of playback stimuli to conduct multiple playback trials (pseudoreplication) was common. This overview of playback experiments in the study of marine mammal cognition in the wild showed that such approaches contribute significantly to the field; however, in many cases, there appears to be substantial room for improvement of playback procedure and experimental design.","author":["Deecke, V."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","Vancouver Aquarium"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Deecke-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4943","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/studying-behaviour-sensory-ecology-marine-mammals-using-acoustic-recording-tags-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v395\/p55-73\/","title":"Studying The Behaviour And Sensory Ecology Of Marine Mammals Using Acoustic Recording Tags: A Review","description":"Many marine animals use sound passively or actively for communication, foraging, predator avoidance, navigation, and to sense their environment. The advent of acoustic recording tags has allowed biologists to get the on-animal perspective of the sonic environment and, in combination with movement sensors, to relate sounds to the activities of the tagged animal. These powerful tools have led to a wide range of insights into the behaviour of marine animals and have opened new opportunities for studying the ways they interact with their environment. Acoustic tags demand new analysis methods and careful experimental design to optimize the consistency between research objectives and the realistic performance of the tags. Technical details to consider are the suitability of the tag attachment to a given species, the accuracy of the tag sensors, and the recording and attachment duration of the tag. Here we consider the achievements, potential, and limitations of acoustic recording tags in studying the behaviour, habitat use and sensory ecology of marine mammals, the taxon to which this technology has been most often applied. We examine the application of acoustic tags to studies of vocal behaviour, foraging ecology, acoustic tracking, and the effects of noise to assess both the breadth of applications and the specific issues that arise in each.","author":["Johnson, M.","Soto, N.","Madsen, P."],"organization":["Aarhus University","University of La Laguna","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2009-12-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Studying_the_Behavior_and_Sensory_Ecology_of_Marine_Mammals.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4944","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sub-sea-power-cables-migration-behaviour-european-eel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2400.2008.00630.x\/abstract","title":"Sub-Sea Power Cables And The Migration Behaviour Of The European Eel","description":"Coded acoustic tags and an array with moored receivers were used to study the effect of a sub-sea AC power cable on migrating European eel, Anguilla anguilla (L.) in the Baltic Sea. Sixty eels were tagged and the migration speed was measured in a strait with a 130 kV AC power cable. Observed swimming speed over the ground was corrected for advection by the water current. Eel swimming speed was significantly lower around the cable than both north and south of the cable. No details on the behaviour during passage over the cable were possible and possible physiological mechanisms explaining the phenomenon are unknown. Further work is needed to understand the nature of the effect.","author":["Langenfelt, I.","Westerberg, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-10-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.782930000000","18.638611000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4945","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/subtidal-benthic-video-benthic-infauna-survey-intertidal-cable-crossing-survey","sourceURL":"","title":"Subtidal Benthic Video and Benthic Infauna Survey and Intertidal Cable Crossing Survey","description":"Ocean Renewable Power Company LLC (ORPC) is proposing to deploy its TidGen\u2122 Power System in a section of Cobscook Bay (CB) in the vicinity of Grove (Gove) Point, North Lubec, Maine in an area shown in Figures 1 and 2. MER Assessment Corporation (MER) was requested to assist with habitat characterizations of the deployment areas and the subsea cable routes.  The full project deployment and subsea cable route area baseline survey and habitat characterization effort includes both subtidal and intertidal habitats. MER conducted the subtidal habitats portion of the survey in collaboration with Pepperell Cove Marine (PCM), Portsmouth, New Hampshire (photo below), on July 14 and 15, 2011, during a period of three daylight hours slack-tides (two low tides and one high tide) and moderate to large amplitude tides of 4.5m to 5.5m (18.6 ft. to 20.2 ft.). The intertidal habitat characterization was completed on July 15, 2011. This report summarizes the results of the subtidal video and benthic infauna survey and the intertidal sampling along the intertidal cable crossing area.  Cobscook Bay is characterized by large amplitude tides and very strong tidal currents. The selected deployment area is subject to some of the strongest tidal currents in the region. These strong currents present constraints on both the timing and duration of survey events (extremely short slack water period). Video recording of the bottom and grab sampling using remote equipment was considered difficult, if not impossible, throughout most of the area, particularly along the cross-current transect leading from the deployment area to the intertidal crossing area. Furthermore, use of SCUBA was considered impractical and unsafe due to the extremely strong currents. Consequently, tethered, surface-supply air divers were used to record video and collect benthic samples.  Video recording was accomplished using diver helmet-mounted cameras and lights with the divers following stainless steel cables attached to 4,000 lb mooring stones pre-set by CPM Contractors (CPM), Freeport, Maine. Benthic sampling was conducted in situ by the divers. The transects layout and benthic sampling stations for the CB deployment area and subsea cable route are shown in Figures 1-3.","author":["MER Assessment Corporation"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:56:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MER_Assessment_Corporation_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4946","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/summary-report-environmental-monitoring-related-pearson-college-encana-clean-current","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.racerocks.ca\/environmental-monitoring-tidal-energy-project-race-rocks\/","title":"Summary Report on Environmental Monitoring Related to the Pearson College - ENCANA - Clean Current Tidal Power Demonstration Project at Race Rocks Ecological Reserve","description":"Race Rocks is a complex comprised of one island (Great Race Rocks) and a number of smaller islets and rocky reefs along the northeastern shore of Juan de Fuca Strait, separated from Vancouver Island by Race Passage and Bentinck Island (Figure 1). Race Rocks is the southern most point on Vancouver Island and is located approximately 22km southeast of Victoria, BC. The area was established as a BC Ecological Reserve in 1980 and proposed as a federal marine protected area (MPA) in 1998. The Reserve is bounded by the 20-fathom (36.6m) depth contour and encompasses 227 hectares, of which 225 hectares are seabed. Race Rocks Ecological Reserve (and subsequent MPA) was created to protect the diverse, high current influenced intertidal and subtidal invertebrate, marine algae and fish community and marine birds and pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) that use Race Rocks for breeding and non-breeding purposes.  Lester B. Pearson College of the Pacific (Pearson College) operates several provincially owned buildings and associated equipment located on Great Race Rocks including a guardian residence, a guest house, a concrete boat dock (jetty) and launch, a boat house, a tank room, a generator room with two diesel generators, two diesel tanks, fuel pumping equipment and a fixed crane and crane shed (see Figure 2, Section 2.1). The Canadian Coast Guard leases a light tower and support infrastructure also located on Great Race Rocks.  In 1997, the Coast Guard installed solar panels and batteries to provide power to the energy demanding foghorn and light tower operations. Since 1997, Pearson College has been responsible for raising funds to operate the diesel generators that supply electricity to the rest of the island. Due to the increasing economic and environmental costs of operating the diesel generator and the recognized potential for developing a sustainable energy system that would create a self sufficient power supply to the island, Pearson College investigated the feasibility of designing and operating an alternate energy system for Great Race Rocks.  Following the results of a feasibility study from research conducted through the Institute of Integrated Energy Systems at the University of Victoria (IESVic), it was concluded that:  sufficient renewable resources (tidal, wind and solar) were available to develop an integrated energy system that was capable of providing a reliable power supply to Race Rocks, and, tidal energy would have the least environmental impact due to the size of system required and would provide the most reliable power source with the least amount of required storage (Niet and McLean 2001).  In 2005, a partnership between Pearson College, EnCana Corporation and Clean Current Power Systems Incorporated to build, install, operate and monitor a 65kW free-stream tidal generator in Race Rocks Ecological Reserve was announced. Installation of the proposed tidal turbine generator (at a water depth of 20m) and the supporting submarine cable was planned for fall and winter 2005 followed by operation and maintenance testing commencing in 2006 and continuing for a five year period. Due to the Ecological Reserve and MPA status of Race Rocks, environmental monitoring was required at various stages of construction (prior to, during and post construction). This report summarizes the environmental monitoring tasks completed between April 2005 and October 2006.","author":["Thuringer, P.","Reidy, R."],"organization":["Archipelago Marine Research Ltd"],"originationDate":"2006-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.298020000000","-123.531410000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:23:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_Monitoring_at_Race_Rocks_Ecological_Reserve.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4947","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/science-review-summary-technical-conference-presentations-priority-themes-future","sourceURL":"","title":"Science Review - Summary of Technical Conference Presentations, Priority Themes for the Future \u0026 Projects Commissioned under Round 3 of the ALSF","description":"The Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) Technical Conference was held in February 2008 at the Centre for Engineering Manufacturing \u0026amp; Excellence (CEME), Rainham, Essex. The conference was the third of a series of technical conferences that have formed part of the dissemination and outreach programme for the Marine ALSF since its initiation in 2002.  The work reported in the technical conference mainly relates to projects completed under a 12-month (Round 2 extension) interim agreement in the financial year 2007-8 during which time the future of the ALSF was under review. The following Marine ALSF Science Review summarises the contributions to the Technical Conference and includes the presentations in full on CD-Rom inside the end cover of the document.  The priority themes that the Marine Steering Group identified for possible support in the future were highlighted in the conference, with a view to calling for proposals as soon as the future status of the ALSF had been clarified. We are pleased to be able to confirm that the Marine ALSF has received support for the period July 2008- March 2011 (Round 3) and that projects have been commissioned under the priority themes outlined at the Technical Conference. The Steering Group has also identified other areas where further research may be required to meet the aims and objectives of the ALSF, and where commissioned research or potential proposals may be required during the course of the current Round 3 of the Marine ALSF.  This Summary Report therefore includes not only a review of the work that has been reported at the Technical Conference for the period 2007-8 under Round 2 of the Marine ALSF, but also summarises the projects that are to be supported under Round 3 for the period 2008-2011. It is anticipated that this will enhance awareness of projects that have been recently completed, or are in progress, and may assist future proposals for projects that are relevant to the objectives of the Marine ALSF.","author":["Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund"],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","English Heritage","Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund","The Crown Estate","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2008-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MALSF_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4950","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-research-helps-answer-long-standing-problem-shoreline-exposure","sourceURL":"","title":"SuperGen Research Helps to Answer Long Standing Problem of Shoreline \u0027Exposure\u0027","description":"A relevant quantitative measurement of shoreline wave action, required to determine shoreline ecological impacts from localised wave energy reduction by WEC arrays, has been the main aim of this research.","author":["Beharie, R.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","Lancaster University","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.958108000000","-3.355285000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SuperGen_Research_Helps_to_Answer_Long_Standing_Problem_of_Shoreline_Exposure.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4951","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-uk-centre-marine-energy-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.supergen-marine.org.uk\/","title":"SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research","description":"SuperGen Marine Phase One\n\nThe first phase of the SuperGen Marine Energy Research Consortium commenced in October 2003 following the award of \u00a32.6 million under the EPSRC\u0027s SUPERGEN Programme. The award funded research into marine renewable energy conversion and delivery. The consortium undertook collaborative research with the intention of achieving a step change in the development of generic marine energy technologies. The academic partners within the phase one consortium were: The University of Edinburgh, The Robert Gordon University, Heriot Watt University, Lancaster University and the University of Strathclyde. The industrial collaborators included more than 20 national and international marine energy and electricity supply companies. More detail about phase one can be found in the SuperGen Phase 1 pages.\n\nSuperGen Marine Phase Two\n\nThe success of phase one of the SuperGen Marine Energy Research Consortium is evident in the 133 publications listed in the Monograph published at the end of the programme (available to download from the Reports page). This success led to the creation of the second phase SuperGen Marine Research Consortium, a 4 year, \u00a35.5 million project which commenced in October 2007. Five core academic institutions are involved in the second consortium - The University of Edinburgh, Heriot Watt University, Lancaster University, Queens University Belfast and the University of Strathclyde - along with a number of affiliate institutions being awarded PhD studentship funds. The overall aim, while still generic, has evolved and is now directed towards increasing understanding of the device-sea interactions of energy converters from model-scale in the laboratory to full size in the open sea. Phase two formally completed in October 2011, releasing a second monograph which lists over two hundred journal and conference papers published by the consortium throughout the four years. Also highlighted were the achievements of more than thirty PhD students that were trained within the core and associate universities. More detail about phase two can be found in the SuperGen Phase 2 pages.\n\nSuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)\n\nThe successes of SuperGen Marine phase two once again led to the award of a new research phase, commencing in October 2011, with SuperGen Marine being renamed the SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER). SuperGen UKCMER will broaden the level of collaboration within SuperGen to recognise the growing interest in marine renewable energy research by operating with a structure of four core institutions in addition to a further seven associate universities. The research remit of UKCMER is more flexible than the first two phases of SuperGen and seeks to engage developers, industry, academia and other stakeholders to conduct fundamental and applied research that accelerates deployment of marine renewable energy. Greater emphasis will be placed on the networking and roadmapping capabilities within the consortium whilst maintaining the excellent record of SuperGen Marine for doctoral student training. More detail about UKCMER can be found on the SuperGen UKCMER page.","author":["Research Councils UK"],"organization":["SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4952","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survival-estimates-juvenile-fish-subjected-laboratory-generated-shear-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1577\/02-021","title":"Survival Estimates for Juvenile Fish Subjected to a Laboratory-Generated Shear Environment","description":"Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout), fall (age-0 and age-1) and spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, and American shad Alosa sapidissima were exposed to shear environments in the laboratory to establish injury\u2013mortality thresholds based on estimates of strain rate. Fish were exposed to a submerged jet having exit velocities of 0 to 21.3 m\/s, providing estimated exposure strain rates up to 1,185\/s. Turbulence intensity in the area of the jet where fish were subjected to shear was minimal, varying from 3% to 6% of the estimated exposure strain rate. Injuries and mortalities increased for all species of fish at strain rates greater than 495\/s. American shad were the most susceptible to injury after being subjected headfirst to a shear environment, while steelhead and rainbow trout were the most resistant. There was no apparent size-related trend in susceptibility to high shear except that age-0 fall Chinook salmon were more resistant to shear environments than age-1 fall Chinook salmon. All groups of test fish exposed headfirst to high-shear environments had higher injury\u2013mortality rates than fish introduced tailfirst at similar strain rates. These results document the relationship between fish injury and a fluid force present at hydroelectric facilities and provide biological specifications for improving fish passage and survival.","author":["Neitzel, D.","Dauble, D.","Cada, G.","Richmond, M.","Guensch, G.","Mueller, R.","Abernethy, C.","Amidan, B."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2004-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Changes in Flow","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4953","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/swimming-speed-respiration-rate-estimated-cost-transport-adult-killer-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2008.00255.x\/abstract","title":"Swimming Speed, Respiration Rate, and Estimated Cost of Transport in Adult Killer Whales","description":"The physiology of free-ranging cetaceans is difficult to study and as a consequence, data on the energetics of these animals are limited. To better understand the energetic cost of swimming in killer whales, total cost of transport (COT) was estimated from swimming speeds and respiration rates from wild adult northern resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) and reported values of oxygen consumption in captive whales. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) was positively correlated with swimming speed (meters per second), while mass-specific COT (Joules per kilogram per meter) decreased with speed. Lack of data on very fast-swimming animals hindered assessment of the exact speed at which COT was minimal.However,minimum mass-specific COT for killer whales in the present study approached those predicted by a previously published allometric equation for marine mammals, and corresponded to \u201coptimal\u201d swimming speeds of 2.6\u20133 m\/s. Interestingly, the observed average swimming speed (1.6 m\/s) was lower than predicted optimal swimming speed. Finally, females with dependent calves had higher respiration rates than females without calves. These findings could be due to synchronous breathing with calves or could result from increased costs of lactation and swimming with a calf in echelon formation. Consequently, females with calves may have much greater COT at optimal swimming speeds than females without calves.","author":["Williams, R.","Noren, D."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4956","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seagen-environmental-monitoring-programme-final-report","sourceURL":"","title":"SeaGen Environmental Monitoring Programme: Final Report","description":"The SeaGen tidal turbine is a free stream tidal energy device that converts energy from tidal flow into electricity. The device comprises twin 16m diameter rotors connected to a generator through a gearbox, with a rotor system supported on the end of a cross beam. The cross beam is, in turn, supported by a 3m diameter pile. The cross beam can slide vertically up and down the pile to allow access to the rotors, generator and gearbox for servicing and inspection.   In 2004, Marine Current Turbines Ltd (MCT) identified the Narrows of Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland as their preferred location for the deployment of the SeaGen device. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was undertaken by Royal Haskoning, and completed in June 2005 with the production of an Environmental Statement (ES).  Based on the consultation responses and requirements of EU Directives and Northern Ireland environmental legislation, a conditional FEPA marine construction license was issued to MCT on 15 December 2005. Subsequent variations of the license have taken into account the increased scientific knowledge built up through the ongoing monitoring program and the adaptive management approach adopted by MCT.  The issue of the license required MCT to establish an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) and a number of mitigation measures. Data collection began, pre-installation, in April 2005 and formed the basis of an Environmental Baseline Report, against which all future monitoring during installation, commissioning and decommissioning could be compared.  The results from each of monitoring strands of the EMP were evaluated regularly to ensure that any impact of SeaGen on the marine environment in Strangford Lough could be detected at an early stage. Using an adaptive management approach, the data collected has provided evidence to support reduction in mitigation requirements.  A small dedicated \u2018Science\u2019 Group was set up to advise on the detailed management of the EMP and mitigation measures, while a wider \u2018Liaison\u2019 Group was established, to whom progress on the project and decisions of the Science Group would be reported.  Both Science and Liaison groups have operated well since 2006, meeting the requirements of both their memberships, and of the project. The SeaGen EMP was designed to:    Detect, prevent or minimize environmental impact attributable to the turbine installation and operation; and  Provide an ongoing monitoring strategy to determine any immediate or emerging adverse impacts on the habitats, species and physical environment of Strangford Lough.","author":["Keenan, G.","Sparling, C.","Williams, H.","Fortune, F."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","Marine Current Turbines (MCT)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:01:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Final_EMP_report_SeaGen.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4958","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seascapes-fear-evaluating-sublethal-predator-effects-experienced-generated-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2007.00167.x\/abstract","title":"Seascapes of Fear: Evaluating Sublethal Predator Effects Experienced and Generated by Marine Mammals","description":"The notion that predators can affect their prey without killing them is widely supported in the ecological literature yet rarely applied by marine mammal studies. We present three case studies in which patterns of time allocation by individual marine mammal foragers were used to index the sublethal effects of predators on bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), and dugongs (Dugong dugon). In each case, foraging individuals optimized energy gain and safety from predators by spending less time in more profitable but dangerous patches or decreasing their use of risky feeding tactics that would increase net energy gain. By implication, marine mammals are subject to the non consumptive effects of their predators (i.e., to intimidation), and fear can mediate their impacts on their resources. We suggest, therefore, that future studies quantify patterns of time allocation to measure sublethal effects of predators on marine mammals, as well as the capacity of marine mammals to have sublethal effects on their own prey. We argue that such an approach is important because non consumptive effects may be of greater magnitude than lethal effects of predators, and information on sublethal effects of predators can inform conservation plans and studies of community structure.","author":["Wirsing, A.","Heithaus, M.","Frid, A.","Dill, L."],"organization":["Florida International University","Simon Fraser University"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4960","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scoping-study-research-changes-sediment-dynamics-linked-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/50601196\/A_Scoping_Study_on_Research_into_Changes_in_Sediment_Dynamics_Linked_to_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Installations","title":"A Scoping Study on: Research into Changes in Sediment Dynamics Linked to Marine Renewable Energy Installations","description":"This study scopes research into the impacts and benefits of large-scale coastal and offshore marine renewable energy projects in order to allow NERC to develop detailed plans for research activities in the 2009 Theme Action Plans. Specifically this study focuses on understanding changes in sediment dynamics due to renewable energy structures. Three overarching science ideas have emerged where NERC could provide a significant contribution to the knowledge base. Research into these key areas has the potential to help the UK with planning, regulation and monitoring of marine renewable installations in a sustainable way for both stakeholders and the environment. These three key areas are:    1. Determine the far field effect of renewable energy installations that could alter the regional tides and wave climate in the UK and neighbouring countries and consequently impact on sediment transport and coastal morphodynamics.  Validate efficient methods of monitoring renewable energy installation impacts that can be accepted and adopted by stakeholders.  Increase predictive ability of models in the context of marine renewables by developing methodologies for connecting the different scales from small scale physical processes to device scale Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and to regional numerical modelling.","author":["Amoudry, L.","Bell, P.","Black, K.","Gatliff, R.","Helsby, R.","Souza, A.","Thorne, P.","Wolf, J."],"organization":["British Geological Survey","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Partrac Ltd"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Amoudry_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4961","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-transport-study-baseline-observations-modeling-reedsport-wave-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/1957\/15694\/Sediment-Transport-Study-Phase-1-Version%201.pdf","title":"Sediment Transport Study: Baseline Observations and Modeling for the Reedsport Wave Energy Site","description":"Baseline observations and modeling at the proposed wave energy conversion (WEC) array site near Reedsport, OR are recorded. A baseline bathymetry survey of the nearshore area shoreward of the site was collected along with regular observations of the topography and shoreline, and video observations of the submerged sand bar features. The observations help characterize the baseline variability at the site and the adjacent beach. Further, the wave observations and predictions inform the wave energy developers about the expected local conditions. Report includes beach and shoreline morphodynamics, direct survey as well as video observations of the submerged bathymetry, wave modeling, and in-situ and radar observations of the waves.","author":["Ozkan-Haller, H.","Allan, J.","Barth, J.","Haller, M.","Holman, R.","Ruggiero, P."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.701156000000","-124.083142000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sediment_Transport_Study.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4962","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seismic-survey-mitigation-measures-marine-mammal-observer-reports","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5177.pdf","title":"Seismic Survey Mitigation Measures and Marine Mammal Observer Reports","description":"Mitigation observation data were collected during seismic survey operations in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), United States of America (USA) between December 2002 and December 2008 under Notice to Lessees (NTL) 2007-G02 and earlier versions. The required submissions included observer effort, record of operations and sighting report data forms within each biweekly report.  A total of 1,440 bi-weekly reports were received by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), formerly the Minerals Management Service (MMS), for seismic surveys; a total of 194,273 visual survey hours were recorded.  Visual observations yielded 3,963 complete sighting records; approximately 28,000 individual animals were represented in the records.  Cetaceans comprised 3,335 (85%) of these records with 20 species identified. Sea turtles comprised the remaining 579 (15%) records with five species identified. The most common cetacean encountered was the sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus (N=1,136 records); the most common small cetacean identified was the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), (N=740 records).  There were 32,939 ramp-ups recorded within all bimonthly reports. Of these records 65% were fully complete or nearly complete so that ramp-up activity and compliance were clearly discernible. Of the ramp-ups recorded, 90% were between 20 and 40 minutes in duration, as required by the NTL.  Of the daytime ramp-up records 86% had data complete enough to discern compliance with the pre-firing survey requirement. Only 3% of the pre-firing surveys were less than the required 30 minute duration.  There were 32 delays in ramp-ups due to the presence of protected species in the exclusion zone during the 30 minutes immediately prior to ramp-up. Of these delays, 24 (75%) were due to dolphins, four (12.5%) due to sea turtles, and four (12.5%) due to sperm whales.  There was a total of 18.5 hours of down time attributed to ramp-up delays.  There were 144 occurrences of whales visually detected in the exclusion zone that resulted in a shutdown of airguns. Of the required 144 shutdown events, 139 (97%) were due to sperm whales.  The average downtime resulting from shutdowns was 58 minutes and there was a total of 125.74 hours of down time attributed to shutdowns.  Shut down frequency for sperm whales was 0.71 shutdowns per 1,000 hours of observation, resulting in an estimated 1 shutdown for every 1,500 hours (or roughly 125 days) of daylight survey operations, assuming observations are conducted during all daylight hours regardless of gun operations.  The mean dolphin sighting frequency decreased 9% during airgun ramp-up procedures when compared to airgun silence. However, dolphin sighting frequency during minimum source firing sightings was equal to that during gun silence. Dolphin sighting frequency when airguns were at full power increased 14% when compared to silent mode.  The minimum distance of dolphins to airguns increases from silent, to ramp-up, to mitigation, and full power. At full power, the mean closest approach of dolphins to airgun arrays was 90% further away than during silent status.","author":["Barkaszi, M.","Bulter, M.","Compton, R.","Unietis, A.","Bennet, B."],"organization":["GeoCet Group LLC","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barkaszi_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4963","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cowrie-20-electromagnetic-fields-emf-phase-2-emf-sensitive-fish-response-em-emissions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation\u0026hl=en\u0026user=kfLGw-IAAAAJ\u0026citation_for_view=kfLGw-IAAAAJ:W7OEmFMy1HYC","title":"COWRIE 2.0 Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Phase 2: EMF Sensitive Fish Response to EM Emissions from Sub-sea Electricity Cables of the Type used by the Offshore Renewable Energy Industry","description":"The Environmental Technical Working Group (ETWG) of COWRIE commissioned the priority research project COWRIE 2.0 EMF with the objective to determine if electromagnetic sensitive fish respond to controlled electromagnetic fields (EMF) with the characteristics and magnitude of EMF associated with offshore wind farm power cables.  The project was undertaken by a consortium with representatives from Cranfield University (Project Coordinators), Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS), Centre for Fisheries, Environment and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) and Centre for Intelligent Monitoring Systems (CIMS), University of Liverpool.  The project took an experimental research approach by enclosing a section of sub-sea cable within a suitable area of seabed using an approach known as \u2018mesocosm studies\u2019 to allow the response of elasmobranch test species to controlled electromagnetic fields to be assessed within a semi-natural setting. Prior to the study and following peer-review of the project design it had been agreed with members of COWRIE that the mesocosm approach would be the best option for obtaining scientifically rigorous information required to answer the primary research question:    Do electromagnetically (EM) sensitive organisms respond to anthropogenic EMFs of the type and magnitude generated by offshore wind farms?   Answering this question is an important first stage before needing to consider whether any effects of EMF may be positive or negative? The focus of our study and this report was therefore on addressing the primary objective, which will then be of value for further consideration of potential effects.  The study was conducted under controlled research conditions but to improve its applicability to the actual situation found at a wind farm the mesocosm experiment took place in a shallow, sheltered coastal water location. The study used acoustic telemetry technology, to detect the real-time movements of individually identifiable fish within a mesocosm in relation to an energized section of sub-sea electricity cable. A second mesocosm without the cable energized was used as a reference.  Here, the consortium presents the final report to the Programme Management at Nature Bureau and the COWRIE Board, detailing the findings of the research project COWRIE 2.0 EMF. The report is in two sections with a management overview in Section 1 and the majority of the material relating to the study within Section 2 which covers the technical aspects.  Note, some parts of this final report refer to documents produced during the course of the research project, namely: COWRIE 2.0 EMF Phase 2 Project Plan Update, First, Second and Third Quarterly Interim Reports and First and Second Progress Reports. These reports are held by COWRIE.","author":["Gill, A.","Huang, Y.","Gloyne-Philips, I.","Metcalfe, J.","Quayle, V.","Spencer, J.","Wearmouth, V."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Centre for Intelligent Monitoring Systems (CIMS)","Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS)","Cranfield University","University of Liverpool","Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment (COWRIE)"],"originationDate":"2009-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.368280000000","-0.529363000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sensitive_Fish_Response_to_EM_Emissions_from_Offshore_Renewable.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4964","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sensory-processing-water-currents-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/355\/1401\/1325","title":"Sensory Processing of Water Currents by Fishes","description":"Water currents are extremely important in the aquatic environment and play a very significant role in the lives of fishes. Sensory processing of water currents involves a number of sensory modalities including the inner ear, vision, tactile sense and the mechanosensory lateral line. The inner ear will detect whole-body accelerations generated by changes in flow, or by turbulence, whereas visual and tactile inputs will signal translational movement with respect to an external visual or tactile reference frame. The superficial neuromasts of the mechanosensory lateral line detect flow over the surface of the body and have the appropriate anatomical distribution and physiological properties to signal the strength and the direction of flow and, hence, contribute to the detection of regional differences in flow over different parts of the body.","author":["Montgomery, J.","Carton, G.","Voigt, R.","Baker, C.","Diebel, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2000-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4965","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shallow-moving-structures-promote-marine-invader-dominance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08927010802710618","title":"Shallow Moving Structures Promote Marine Invader Dominance","description":"Global increases in urban development have resulted in severe habitat modification in many estuaries. Most are now dominated by artificial structures, which might have a myriad of effects on native species. The provision of extra hard substrata presents additional free space, and recent research suggests non-indigenous epifauna may be able to exploit these artificial structures (particularly pontoons) more effectively than native species. The early development of fouling assemblages was compared on settlement plates attached to fixed or moving experimental structures at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. Invertebrate invaders as a group were disproportionately more numerous on shallow, moving plates (essentially floating surfaces) than on deeper plates, whereas native epifauna were less numerous than invaders in all treatments. Importantly, however, individual invasive species showed differing effects of movement and depth. Future management strategies should take into account the potential for shallow, moving structures to enhance invader dominance and strongly consider using fixed structures to reduce opportunities for invaders.","author":["Dafforn, K.","Johnston, E.","Glasby, T."],"organization":["University of New South Wales"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4966","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-term-effects-construction-wind-turbines-harbour-porpoises-horns-reef","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/etdeweb\/biblio\/20780422","title":"Short-Term Effects of the Construction of Wind Turbines on Harbour Porpoises at Horns Reef","description":"In 2002 the Worlds largest offshore wind farm, consisting of 80 2MW wind turbines, was constructed on Horns Reef in the Danish North Sea. Ship based visual surveys and long-term deployment of acoustic dataloggers (PODs) were used to assess short term effects of construction on behaviour and abundance of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Most focus was put on mounting of steel mono-pile foundations for the turbines, as they were rammed into the seabed. This type of operation is known to generate very loud underwater sound levels.  Combined evidence from animal densities obtained from visual surveys, behavioural observations during surveys and acoustic activity data in and outside the construction area demonstrated effects on the behaviour and abundance of animals on both short-term (hours) and long term (entire construction period) scales. Acoustic activity by the porpoises decreased dramatically on the entire Horns Reef at the onset of ramming operations and returned to higher levels a few hours after each ramming operation was completed. A reduction in abundance close to ramming operations was anticipated, as deterring devices (pingers and seal scarers) were deployed prior to each ramming operation to deter marine mammals from the area and thus protect them from exposure to the loud sound levels generated by the ramming procedure. The changes in abundance and behaviour over large distances are unlikely to be explained by the deterring sounds, which have comparably lower intensities than the ramming sounds and these effects must be attributed to the ramming.  A general effect on the behaviour of animals was seen during the construction period and at distances of up to 10-15 kilometers from the construction site. Compared to observations before and after construction there was a decrease in non-directional swimming, a behaviour assumed to correlate with feeding activity. Animal density estimates indicates that there were fewer animals present on the entire Horns Reef during the construction period compared to observations before and after the construction phase. Whether these changes are attributable to the construction activities or are related to overall temporal variation cannot be determined without further observations in the post-construction period.","author":["Tougaard, J.","Carstensen, J.","Hendriksen, O.","Skov, H.","Teilmann, J."],"organization":["National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)","TechWise A\/S","Hedeselskabet"],"originationDate":"2003-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.533331600000","7.965823700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tougaardetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4967","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-term-sediment-burial-effects-seagrass-phyllospadix-scouleri","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/235088034_Short-Term_Sediment_Burial_Effects_on_the_Seagrass_Phyllospadix_scouleri","title":"Short-Term Sediment Burial Effects on the Seagrass Phyllospadix scouleri","description":"Seagrass meadows are highly productive and ecologically important ecosystems. Their leaves attenuate water flow, trap sediment from the water column; their roots stabilize and aerate the surrounding sediments. Seagrasses serve as nurseries and, in some cases, food for marine mammals, sea turtles, waterfowl and invertebrates (Hemminga and Duarte 2000; Kenworthy et al. 2006). Worldwide they are declining, in large part due to increasing pressure from anthropogenic impacts, such as nutrient enrichment, dredging, and shoreline modification (Short and Wyllie-Echeverria 1996; Orth et al. 2006.  Seagrasses in the genus Phyllospadix, also known as \u201csurfgrasses,\u201d differ from others in that they inhabit exposed, rocky shore intertidal and subtidal environments (den Hartog 1970, Phillips and Me\u00f1ez 1988). Like other seagrasses, Phyllospadix spp. play an important role in coastal ecosystems. P. scouleri and P. torreyiprovide nursery habitat and food for the California spiny lobster, Panulirus interruptus, (Castaneda-Fernandez de Lara et al. 2005a, 2005b) and P. scouleri is critical foraging habitat for the endangered East Pacific green turtle, Chelonia mydas on the Pacific side of the Baja Peninsula (Lopez-Mendilaharsu et al. 2005). Recent work suggests that the surfgrass P. iwatensis provides structure to trap and retain allochthonous subsidies such as algal drifts and subtidal sea urchins (Hori 2006).  While human impacts to Phyllospadix spp. from sewage outfalls (Littler and Murray 1975) and oil spills (Foster et al. 1988) have been shown, the burial responses of Phyllospadix spp. have not been evaluated. Surfgrasses are likely to be impacted by beach nourishment and shoreline protection projects that place sand either directly or indirectly onto surf grass beds. Since the roots and rhizomes of Phyllospadix spp. attached to rocks are normally exposed, their responses to sediment burial may differ from other seagrasses whose roots and rhizomes are normally covered with sediments.","author":["Craig, C.","Wyllie-Echeverria, S.","Carrington, E.","Shafer, D."],"organization":["US Army Engineer Research and Development Center"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Craig_et_al_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4968","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-term-temporal-behavioural-responses-pollack-pollachius-pollachius-marine-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Short Term Temporal Behavioural Responses in Pollack, Pollachius pollachius to Marine Tidal Turbine Devices; a Combined Video and ADCP Doppler Approach","description":"Combining biological and environmental survey techniques can further knowledge relating to species behavioural responses with marine energy technologies. Underwater video footage was integrated with ADCP surveys to assess behavioural responses of Pollack, Pollachius pollachius to a deployed tidal turbine in the Orkney Isles.  Surveys were conducted within 16 day trials during the summer months of 2009 and 2010. Five random photographic stills were taken at hourly intervals throughout each day to estimate mean fish abundance. Abundance was compared to hour and day temporal scales and ADCP tidal velocity rates between years. Fish were observed to aggregate in shoals round the turbine, with larger counts observed in 2009 than 2010. Abundance was significantly associated to tidal velocity and not temporal scales. Increased abundance was related to a reduction in tidal velocity for both years (from GAM2009: F= 38.31, p \u0026lt; 0.05; GAM2010: F= 4.45, p \u0026lt; 0.05), with shoals potentially using the turbine for temporary protection or feeding strategies. Responses to tidal velocity differed between years, with 2009 abundances ranging from 0 \u2013 1.2 m\/s and 2010 abundances between 0.5 \u2013 1.7 m\/s. Overall the study outlined a different approach to investigate behavioural responses with new anthropogenic activities.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["Broadhurst, M.","Barr, S."],"organization":["Imperial College London","OpenHydro"],"originationDate":"2011-09-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:54:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Broadhurst_and_Barr2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4971","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulated-electrical-power-potential-harnessed-marine-current-turbine-arrays-alderney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014810500039X","title":"Simulated Electrical Power Potential Harnessed By Marine Current Turbine Arrays In The Alderney Race","description":"Utilizing marine currents for electricity generation could offer a distinct advantage over other renewable energy sources due to the regular and predictable nature of the resource. This paper details the design of a horizontal axis Marine Current Turbine using 2D aerofoil data and a blade element momentum software package. Tidal current data from the Race of Alderney situated in the Channel Islands is used to run simulations of the turbine over various flow regimes and yield the energy capture with time. The results of the simulations are combined with an analytical method that details the layout and energy capture potential throughout a large-scale array. Several array configurations, sizes, and the impact of spacings (between rows and turbines) on the velocity distribution were considered in the analysis. The optimum configuration predicted an annual energy output of 1340 GW h at a rated array capacity of approximately 1.5 GW.","author":["Myers, L.","Bahaj, A."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2005-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.700000000000","-2.083333300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4972","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulating-environmental-changes-due-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-installations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5663854","title":"Simulating Environmental Changes Due to Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Installations","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) projects will extract energy from ocean currents and tides, thereby altering water velocities and currents in the site\u0027s waterway. These hydrodynamics changes can potentially affect the ecosystem, both near the MHK installation and in surrounding (i.e., far field) regions. In both marine and freshwater environments, devices will remove energy (momentum) from the system, potentially altering water quality and sediment dynamics. In estuaries, tidal ranges and residence times could change (either increasing or decreasing depending on system flow properties and where the effects are being measured). Effects will be proportional to the number and size of structures installed, with large MHK projects having the greatest potential effects and requiring the most in-depth analyses. This work implements modification to an existing flow, sediment dynamics, and water-quality code (SNL-EFDC) to qualify, quantify, and visualize the influence of MHK-device momentum\/energy extraction at a representative site. New algorithms simulate changes to system fluid dynamics due to removal of momentum and reflect commensurate changes in turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. A generic model is developed to demonstrate corresponding changes to erosion, sediment dynamics, and water quality. Also, bed-slope effects on sediment erosion and bedload velocity are incorporated to better understand scour potential.","author":["James, S.","Seetho, E.","Jones, C.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4973","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulation-based-investigations-fishery-changes-affected-scale-design-artificial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2005.00928.x\/abstract","title":"Simulation-Based Investigations of Fishery Changes as Affected by the Scale and Design of Artificial Habitats","description":"Preliminary field observations on a large-scale multi-reef artificial reef system in Scotland indicated that the provision of artificial habitat of varying design alters the numbers and types of fishes present in areas where they were previously largely absent. These modifications could, in time, be highly beneficial to any programme of fishery enhancement, protection or restoration but only where the scale of habitat manipulation was relevant to the target fisheries. Ecosystem simulations provide a theoretical basis on which to conduct examinations of habitat manipulation at scales that could not be tested empirically. In the present study, a series of ecosystem models was constructed based on broad-scale simulations for the west coast of Scotland in order to examine the potential consequences to selected fisheries of different scales and types of intervention using artificial reefs. Initialized with a large-scale mass-balance model, a number of smaller-scale dynamic ecosystem simulations covered management situations that encompassed habitat type and reef design for open, restricted and closed fisheries. Spatial simulations examined the presence and absence of artificial habitat with natural reefs and marine protected areas (MPAs) under realistic environmental situations. The simulated trends supported preliminary field observations that artificial habitats would support similar biotic aggregations to natural reefs. Designs that maximized the reef edge as a function of the total reef volume were more productive for some of the functional groups examined compared with larger single deployments of identical area. Increasing the area of artificial habitat did result in improvements to some of the fisheries. The behaviour of some functional groups, however, highlighted the limitations of the broad-scale primary model to smaller-scale investigation. Future simulations used to inform management decision at the sub-regional level would require evidence-based revision to improve their relevance.","author":["Sayer, M.","Magill, S.","Pitcher, T.","Morissette, L.","Ainsworth, C."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2005-11-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.258351000000","-7.785606000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4975","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/simulation-cumulative-effects-nearshore-restoration-projects-estuarine-hydrodynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S030438000800584X","title":"Simulation of Cumulative Effects of Nearshore Restoration Projects on Estuarine Hydrodynamics","description":"Many nearshore restoration projects are currently underway at coastal locations where human influence and development have disrupted natural habitat and coastal ecological systems. The objectives of these projects in general are to restore the lost estuarine functions to the tidal marshland. Often these projects are conducted with little understanding of the potential effects of other nearby projects within the ecosystem, and similarly, it is easy to neglect the effect of the local project on the larger estuarine scale. In this paper, a modeling study is presented to evaluate the hydrodynamic responses of multiple restoration projects and their cumulative effect in the Snohomish River estuary in Washington, USA. The concept of absolute mean tidal transport is introduced and used to measure the cumulative effect of the proposed restoration projects on the estuarine hydrodynamics. The results show that the hydrodynamic responses due to multiple restoration projects are additive in the estuary, and the effect is nonlinear. The hydrodynamic response under restoration conditions depends on the size of the restoration area and the geometric configuration of the existing river channels. Within a complex braided estuary such as the Snohomish, the influence of a specific restoration project is not only experienced locally, but also found to significantly affect tidal transport in all distributary branches within the system.","author":["Yang, Z.","Khangaonkar, T.","Calvi, M.","Nelson, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-04-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.097123000000","-122.368213000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4976","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/handbook-marine-hydrokinetic-regulatory-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/downloads\/handbook-marine-hydrokinetic-regulatory-processes","title":"Handbook of Marine Hydrokinetic Regulatory Processes","description":"While traditional hydropower is a well-established industry, advanced water power technologies that produce electricity from moving water without the use of a dam are now emerging in the renewable energy sector. These technologies, known as hydrokinetics, generate electricity from the motion of waves, the free flow of tides, ocean currents, or inland waterways. As part of its broad effort to advance water power technologies, the US Department of Energy (DOE) is funding various projects designed to address key issues associated with hydrokinetic technologies that harness renewable energy from the nation\u2019s oceans and rivers.  Central to this effort is the evaluation of permitting and licensing processes used in siting hydrokinetic projects. This handbook is an informational tool intended to help stakeholders easily find and understand federal and state authorization processes. It outlines current federal and state regulatory requirements, provides clear, concise descriptions of the authorization processes, and identifies the agencies involved in these processes. This handbook was originally prepared by Pacific Energy Ventures, LLC (PEV) and published in 2009 as Siting Methodologies for Hydrokinetics: Navigating the Regulatory Framework. In the three years following its official publication, PEV updated versions of this handbook in an online wiki format. In 2020, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory updated the publication to the copy presented here, to reflect significant changes in the regulatory environment and refresh the publication style.  Various state and federal agency officials involved in the regulatory processes reviewed draft versions of the 2009 handbook and provided feedback on its accuracy, completeness and clarity. Reviewers were also asked to comment on how the regulations apply specifically to hydrokinetics and how the various authorizations connect to and integrate with each other. Staff at the relevant agencies were also offered the opportunity to review this updated version. The feedback and recommendations provided by those who reviewed this document are greatly appreciated,and the content has been revised to reflect the reviewers\u2019 input as accurately as possible.  While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this document, readers should be aware that changes in statutes, rules, or regulations may have taken effect after publication of this handbook. Readers should also keep in mind that this handbook provides a high-level summary of federal and state authorizations likely to be applicable to hydrokinetic projects, and individuals will need to determine the specific regulatory requirements relevant to a particular project. Because each situation will vary, not all requirements in this handbook will apply to every project, and other requirements not addressed in this handbook may also be applicable.","author":["Pacific Energy Ventures LLC","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Energy Ventures LLC","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/mhk-regulatory-processes-handbook-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4977","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/siting-offshore-hydrokinetic-energy-projects-comparative-look-wave-energy-regulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu\/gguelj\/vol5\/iss1\/6\/","title":"Siting Offshore Hydrokinetic Energy Projects: A Comparative Look at Wave Energy Regulation in the Pacific Northwest","description":"This Article considers the approaches that Oregon, California, and Washington have taken to address the need for additional renewable energy while also undertaking a shift to comprehensive ocean management. Discussion of offshore federalism, a component of the opportunities and challenges of this nascent industry, is highlighted at various points. The Memoranda of Understanding that these coastal states have entered into with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission have been central to facilitating hydrokinetic energy development. While each state has taken a slightly different approach to folding wave energy into its alternative energy and marine management agendas, the progress made is encouraging for the development of a robust ocean energy industry.  Part II presents a background on the efforts to regulate hydrokinetic wave energy projects in the Pacific Northwest. Part III discusses the legal background of the shared offshore jurisdiction between state governments and the federal government. Part IV explores the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission procedures relating to offshore hydrokinetic wave projects. Part V reviews licensing regimes in Washington, Oregon, and California. Part VI discusses preliminary conclusions that can be drawn from the analysis of state regimes. Part VII discusses regional efforts and comparative insights. Part VIII discusses the long-term sustainability of offshore hydrokinetic energy.","author":["Salcido, R."],"organization":["Golden Gate University","University of the Pacific"],"originationDate":"2011-10-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/A_Comparative_Look_at_Wave_Energy_Regulation_in_the_Pacific_NW.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4978","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/siting-study-hydrokinetic-energy-project-located-offshore-southeastern-florida","sourceURL":"","title":"Siting Study for a Hydrokinetic Energy Project Located Offshore Southeastern Florida: Protocols for Survey Methodology for Offshore Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Projects","description":"Dehlsen Associates, LLC was awarded a grant by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Golden Field Office for a project titled \u201cSiting Study Framework and Survey Methodology for Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Project in Offshore Southeast Florida,\u201d corresponding to DOE Grant Award Number DE-EE0002655 resulting from DOE funding Opportunity Announcement Number DE-FOA-0000069 for Topic Area 2, and it is referred to herein as \u201cthe project.\u201d\n\nThe purpose of the project was to enhance the certainty of the survey requirements and regulatory review processes for the purpose of reducing the time, efforts, and costs associated with initial siting efforts of marine and hydrokinetic energy conversion facilities that may be proposed in the Atlantic Ocean offshore Southeast Florida. To secure early input from agencies, protocols were developed for collecting baseline geophysical information and benthic habitat data that can be used by project developers and regulators to make decisions early in the process of determining project location (i.e., the siting process) that avoid or minimize adverse impacts to sensitive marine benthic habitat. It is presumed that such an approach will help facilitate the licensing process for hydrokinetic and other ocean renewable energy projects within the study area and will assist in clarifying the baseline environmental data requirements described in the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (formerly Minerals Management Service) final regulations on offshore renewable energy (30 Code of Federal Regulations 285, published April 29, 2009).\n\nBecause projects generally seek to avoid or minimize impacts to sensitive marine habitats, it was not the intent of this project to investigate areas that did not appear suitable for the siting of ocean renewable energy projects. Rather, a two-tiered approach was designed with the first step consisting of gaining overall insight about seabed conditions offshore southeastern Florida by conducting a geophysical survey of pre-selected areas with subsequent post-processing and expert data interpretation by geophysicists and experienced marine biologists knowledgeable about the general project area. The second step sought to validate the benthic habitat types interpreted from the geophysical data by conducting benthic video and photographic field surveys of selected habitat types. The goal of this step was to determine the degree of correlation between the habitat types interpreted from the geophysical data and what actually exists on the seafloor based on the benthic video survey logs. This step included spot-checking selected habitat types rather than comprehensive evaluation of the entire area covered by the geophysical survey. It is important to note that non-invasive survey methods were used as part of this study and no devices of any kind were either temporarily or permanently attached to the seabed as part of the work conducted under this project.","author":["Dehlsen Associates"],"organization":["Dehlsen Associates LLC","Florida Atlantic University","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.350972000000","-79.991403000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dehlsen_Siting_Study_Final_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4979","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/intersectoral-assessment-impacts-seabirds-baseline-report-integrated-management-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nina.no\/archive\/nina\/PppBasePdf\/rapport\/2011\/733.pdf","title":"Intersectoral Assessment of Impacts on Seabirds - Baseline Report for an Integrated Management Plan for the North Sea and Skagerrak","description":"(The majority of the report is in Norwegian. However, there is an abstract in English.)\n\nThis impact assessment is prepared as a basic background document about seabirds for the on-going process of developing an integrated environmental management plan for the Norwegian part of the North Sea and Skagerrak. It aims at giving a scientifically sound and up-to-date assessment of to what extent the various impact factors defined in this process affect seabirds. In most cases, both the current situation and future scenarios are considered, and the most important gaps in knowledge that should be filled in order to identify more adequate management objectives are discussed.\n\nIn each chapter, the assessments are presented and discussed in a detail that fits the purpose and existing level of knowledge, and in most cases summarized for the impact factor and sector in question. The report spans a wide variety of interactions, many of which are very complex, and the premises for the different judgements that have been made cannot easily be communicated in short. Nor is a direct comparison of impacts brought about by different factors fully justifiable, as the methodological approach and level of knowledge might differ considerably. We have therefore deliberately omitted the final conclusions in this overall summary.\n\nIt is also important to remember that the selected indicator species in some cases do not reflect the full range of potential consequences. The problem of plastic particle accumulation in seabird stomachs, which in this area seems to be a special problem for northern fulmars, is a good example of this. Such exceptions are, however, commented whenever needed to clarify the underlying conditions for our conclusions. We also remark that the impact assessments are made for each factor independently, even if seabirds most often will be subjected to several factors at the same time. Under certain conditions, this may lead to an amplification of effects that is more severe than the sum of those caused by each factor alone. Such synergistic effects are not dealt with in this report, but a general discussion of the most likely responses is given in the corresponding document for the Norwegian Sea (NINA Report 338).\n\nNorwegian Title: Tverrsektoriell vurdering av konsekvenser for sj\u00f8fugl: Grunnlagsrapport til en helhetlig forvaltningsplan for Nordsj\u00f8en og Skagerrak","author":["Gasbjerg, G.","Christensen-Dalsgaard, S.","Lorentsen, S.","Systad, G.","Anker-Nilssen, T."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)"],"originationDate":"2011-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.348101000000","9.866045000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gasbjerg_et_al_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4980","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/skerries-tidal-stream-array-environmental-impact-assessment-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Skerries Tidal Stream Array: Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report","description":"Following an extensive project selection exercise in the waters off Wales, Marine Current Turbines Limited (MCT) are seeking to install a marine current turbine generator array of up to 7 units known as the Skerries Tidal Stream Array off West Anglesey.  The total capacity of the proposed Skerries Tidal Stream Array project is 10MW.  The location for a pre-commercial demonstrator farm is proposed to be located in the Sound between the group of rocks and islands known as the Skerries and Carmel Head on mainland Anglesey, less than 1km from the Anglesey coast, in approximately 20 to 40m water depth. The project comprises up to seven twin rotor machines consisting of a central monopile with two 18-20m (approx) diameter rotors mounted on either side of an axial cross-arm, as illustrated in Figure 1, which indicates the proposed structure above and below the surface, and dimensions of the turbine.  In addition to the offshore device infrastructure including inter-array and export cables; ancillary onshore works and works in the inter-tidal zone, are required to connect the array to the electricity distribution network.  A new subsea cable will bring the generated electricity to shore. The landfall location has yet to be decided but is likely to be close to Wylfa, subject to feasibility work undertaken by SP Power Systems (Manweb).  This project forms a significant part of MCT Ltd\u0027s development programme intended to test the practical viability of deploying the Seagen turbine in a small array. It is proposed that the turbine array will be installed and operated for up to 25 years, where it will serve as a test case for the development of the technology as part of a programme of further multiple unit arrays.  The principle used by this technology is analogous to an \u0027underwater windmill\u0027, with the passing current turning large propeller-like rotors which drive generators from which electricity can be sent ashore through marine cables. As water is much denser than air, the currents needed to generate useful power are quite slow, around 2 to 3 m\/s (4 to 6 knots). Consequently, the rotors of the tidal turbines are relatively slow turning compared with wind turbines, typically at speeds of around 10 RPM, with tip velocities of no more than about 12 m\/s (10.4 m\/s based on 20m blade diameter).  Advantages of tidal current turbine power generation are:    it produces no pollution;  energy is delivered predictably (the tides can be predicted many years in advance);  the potential exists for this source to make a significant and cost-effective contribution to future energy needs   Support for the development of energy resources such as tidal power is a key part of the UK government\u0027s strategy to develop renewable energy as a means to combat atmospheric pollution and mitigate climate change as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. The rationale for developing this technology stems from the need to address escalating global energy consumption combined with the need to develop clean renewable energy (in line with the Protocol). However, key considerations are the socio-economic and environmental constraints associated with the construction and operation of large renewable energy production schemes from marine resources, due to the increasing difficulties associated with implementing large-scale renewable projects on land.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Project Management Support Services"],"organization":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD"],"originationDate":"2006-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.423583000000","-4.593243000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-03 11:39:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Skerries_Scoping_Report_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4981","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/skin-density-its-influence-buoyancy-manatee-trichechus-manatus-latirostris-harbor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01072.x\/abstract","title":"Skin Density and Its Influence on Buoyancy in the Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), Harbor Porpoise (Phocoenca phocoena), and Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops trucnatus)","description":"This study investigated how skin contributes to buoyancy control in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Manatees are shallow divers and control their position in the water column hydrostatically. The two cetaceans are relatively deep divers that control their buoyancy hydrodynamically. Although the cetacean skin had been hypothesized to lower total body density (e. g., Dearolf et al. 2000, Nowacek et al. 2001), its buoyant force had not been calculated. The density of manatee skin, and its contribution to buoyancy, was unknown. Skin densities of 27 manatees, five harbor porpoises, and five bottlenose dolphins were measured volumetrically. Skin mass and density were used to calculate buoyant force. Harbor porpoise (952 kg\/m3) and bottlenose dolphin (969 kg\/m3) skins were less dense than seawater, and added 9 and 25 N of positive buoyant force, respectively, to total body buoyancy. By contrast, manatee skin (1,121 kg\/m3) contributed 56 N of negative buoyant force, which equaled 70% of the negative buoyant force of their dense, pachyosteosclerotic ribs. Calculation of buoyant forces of the skeleton, skin and lungs demonstrates that the manatee is positively buoyant at the surface and negatively buoyant at depths of less than 10 m.","author":["Kipps, E.","McLellan, W.","Rommel, S.","Pabst, D."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2002-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4984","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-planning-environmental-impact","sourceURL":"","title":"Social, Planning and Environmental Impact","description":"The objectives of this work package have been to identify potential barriers and benefits regarding social acceptance in relation to the expected development of wave energy, and to present recommendations concerning this subject based on experience from the wave energy devices that are currently being deployed, and from other renewable energy technologies.\n\nFor this purpose, developers of wave energy and tidal schemes have been approached and information gathered. However, as the experience regarding social acceptance and wave energy is sparse (see Section E 1.4), experiences from wind energy have been included in this report, and recommendations and conclusions are primarily based on these. Given the low level of practical experience with wave power, methods developed for wind energy, described below, may be utilised as guidelines for securing fruitful involvement of the public in the project planning phase and thereby avoiding adverse public reactions.","author":["S\u00f8rensen, H.","Hansen, L.","Hansen, R.","Hammarlund, K."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sorensen-et-al-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4985","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-literature-studies-electro-magnetic-fields-emf-generated-undersea-power-cables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpl\/articleDetails.jsp?arnumber=5664611","title":"Review of Literature and Studies on Electro Magnetic Fields (EMF) Generated by Undersea Power Cables and Associated Influence on Marine Organisms","description":"The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on EMF transmitted by submarine cables and the effects, if any, on marine organisms to assess the possible implications for environmental permitting of submarine power cables, such as those required for offshore wind, wave, tidal and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) projects. The potential for EMF effects on marine organisms frequently has been a controversial aspect of the environmental assessments for marine renewable energy projects. The intent of this paper is to summarize all of the available data on EMF effects on marine organisms and to provide a resource for future environmental assessments.","author":["Switzer, T.","Meggitt, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-09-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4986","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-migratory-routes-behaviour-atlantic-salmon-sea-trout-european-eel-scotlands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotland.gov.uk\/Resource\/Doc\/295194\/0111162.pdf","title":"Review of Migratory Routes and Behaviour of Atlantic Salmon, Sea Trout and European Eel in Scotland\u0027s Coastal Environment: Implications for the Development of Marine Renewables","description":"The Scottish Government has ambitious targets for renewable energy production, to which offshore renewables could make a substantial contribution. However, the new marine energy industries must develop on a sustainable basis, ensuring that environmental impacts are addressed, and if necessary, minimised through appropriate mitigation. The likelihood of an impacts on Atlantic salmon, sea trout or European eels will depend on interactions between (1) migratory routes and behaviour (2) the distribution of offshore developments (3) the technologies deployed and (4) the dynamics of the migratory routes and behaviour of salmon, sea trout and eels in a Scottish context.  Broad scale patterns of mitigation are identified for adult Atlantic salmon, although the resolution of available data is unlikely to be sufficient to inform site specific risk assessment. Less extensive information is available on juvenile migratory routes and no information is available on juvenile migration from important east coast rivers. The limited information available on sea trout migration suggests predominantly inshore and local use of the marine environment, although wider ranging migrations have been observed from some rivers. No specific migratory routes can be discerned for either juvenile or adult sea trout. European eels in Scotland are part of a single European population for which there is considerable uncertainty regarding migratory routes. The limited evidence which is available suggests that eels from a number of European countries may migrate through Scottish waters. For all the species considered, there is only very limited information on behaviour and swimming depths. Most of this information has been generated outwith Scotland and it is uncertain whether it can be reliably transferred to the Scottish context given differences in the life stages observed and local geography.  Significant knowledge gaps remain for all three species considered in this review. These knowledge gaps should be considered as part of an overall assessment of research needs in relation to offshore renewable developments and diadromous fish.","author":["Malcolm, I.","Godfrey, J.","Youngson, A."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.344684000000","-1.629990000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Malcolm_et_al_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4987","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-recent-literature-relevant-environmental-effects-marine-hydrokinetic-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-20783.pdf","title":"Review of Recent Literature Relevant to the Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Devices 2011","description":"A literature search was conducted by using the Web of Science\u00ae databases component of the ISI Web of KnowledgeSM to identify recent articles that would be useful to help assess the potential environmental effects of renewable energy development in the ocean, with emphasis on marine mammals and seabirds. Several relatively recent general review articles that included possible effects on marine mammals, seabirds, and fish (particularly Puget Sound forage fish and salmonids) were examined to begin the search process. From these articles, several general topics of potential environmental effects on marine mammals, seabirds, and fish were derived. These topics were used as the primary search factors. Additional sources were identified by cross-checking the Web of Science databases for articles that cited the review articles. It also became clear that the potential effects frequently were offered as hypotheses that were not supported by the presentation of appropriate documentation. Therefore, the literature search was refined and focused on trying to obtain the necessary information to support or challenge a proposed potential effect.","author":["Kropp, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Literature_Review_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4991","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rhode-islands-ocean-special-area-management-plan-leading-way-nation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/docs.rwu.edu\/rwu_LR\/vol17\/iss1\/14\/","title":"Rhode Island\u0027s Ocean Special Area Management Plan: Leading the Way for the Nation","description":"The Rhode Island Ocean Special Area Management Plan (OSAMP) had its genesis in early efforts of the coastal management programs from New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts during 2005 and 2006, regarding a possible interstate special area management plan. This plan was to be for the sounds along the shoreline of the northeastern United States. A Special Area Management Plan (SAMP) is a tool that is available through the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) that balances both economic development with environmental protection. SAMPs are intended to provide for a greater level of specificity in policy development, and thus coordination between levels of government, thereby adding certainty to the decision-making process. The issues of energy and coastal hazards, precipitated by climate change, were in the forefront of this effort. Although this endeavor never materialized, it did bring home one glaring lesson\u2014we knew little about the uses and the system itself. Given this, it was impossible for us to understand the pressures the system was under and the changes it was going through.","author":["Fugate, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.420633000000","-71.403446000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fugate-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4992","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/riding-wave-confronting-jurisdictional-regulatory-barriers-ocean-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu\/gguelj\/vol5\/iss1\/7\/","title":"Riding the Wave: Confronting Jurisdictional and Regulatory Barriers to Ocean Energy Development","description":"This Article provides a brief history of wave energy development, examines the status of hydrokinetic projects undertaken at a state and local level, and navigates the overlapping, and often competing, jurisdictional mandates confronting U.S. project developers. It also explores lessons learned from the European Union\u2019s (EU) recent regulatory experience and provides recommendations for short- and long-term steps forward in the United States. Part II discusses early wave energy projects, research and policy developments, and highlights recent advances in technical testing and economic feasibility of wave energy projects. Part III analyzes the status of hydrokinetic energy development at the state and local level, using California and San Francisco as significant case studies. Part IV clarifies the challenges that the emerging hydrokinetic industry faces with regard to competing policy and jurisdictional considerations, particularly between the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the MMS. Part V examines the European wave energy regulatory regime and extracts relevant lessons learned that can be applied to federal jurisdiction over wave energy projects in the United States. Finally, Part VI suggests immediate regulatory actions to streamline procedures for the continued and future development of wave power, as well as long-term strategies to reform the federal permitting process and ensure proper consideration of the marine environment in all project operations.","author":["Murray, D.","Carr, C.","Jeffers, J.","N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Luna, A."],"organization":["Golden Gate University"],"originationDate":"2011-10-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Confronting_Jurisdictional_and_Regulatory_Barriers.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4994","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/applying-risk-science-stakeholder-engagement-overcome-environmental-barriers-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/5664492\/","title":"Applying Risk Science and Stakeholder Engagement to Overcome Environmental Barriers to Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Projects","description":"The production of electricity from the moving waters of the ocean has the potential to be a viable addition to the portfolio of renewable energy sources worldwide. The marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) industry faces many hurdles, including technology development, challenges of offshore deployments, and financing; however, the barrier most commonly identified by industry, regulators, and stakeholders is the uncertainty surrounding potential environmental effects of devices placed in the water and the permitting processes associated with real or potential impacts.  In order to accelerate the deployment of tidal and wave devices, there is a need to evaluate the extensive list of potential interactions that may cause harm to marine organisms and ecosystems, to set priorities for regulatory triggers, and to direct future research. Identifying the risk of MHK technology components on specific marine organisms and ecosystem components can separate perceived from real risk-relevant interactions. Scientists from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are developing an Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES) to assess environmental effects associated with MHK technologies and projects through a systematic analytical process, with specific input from key stakeholder groups.  The array of stakeholders interested in the development of MHK is broad, segmenting into those whose involvement is essential for the success of the MHK project, those who are influential, and those who are interested. PNNL and their partners have engaged these groups, gaining valuable information, gathering pertinent feedback on the efficacy of the process, and providing a level of ownership for the risk evaluation process that will encourage adoption of the outcome to inform future MHK siting and permitting decisions.  The ERES development process provides the scientific structure to support risk characterization, comparison of tradeoffs, and risk informed decision-making by project and technology developers, regulatory agencies, and other interested stakeholders. The PNNL team will determine the range and severity of environmental effects of MHK development, leading to the development of mitigation strategies where residual risk remains.","author":["Copping, A.","Anderson, R.","Van Cleve, F."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/coppingetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4996","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/river-current-energy-conversion-systems-progress-prospects-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S136403210700069X","title":"River Current Energy Conversion Systems: Progress, Prospects and Challenges","description":"River current energy conversion systems (RCECS) are electromechanical energy converters that convert kinetic energy of river water into other usable forms of energy. Over the last few decades, a number of reports on technical and economic feasibility of this technology have emerged. However, the potentials of this technology as an effective source of alternative energy have not yet been explored to a great extent. The underlying challenges of system design, operation and economics also lack proper understanding. In this article, starting with a definition of the RCECS, an overview of the technological advancements in the relevant field is provided. From a system engineering perspective, various merits and prospects of this technology along with pertinent challenges are discussed. The cross-disciplinary nature of approaching these challenges with an emphasis on the need for contributions from various technical and non-technical domains are also outlined in brief. This article may serve as a coherent literature survey or technology review that would provide better understanding of the subjacent issues and possibly rejuvenate research interest in this immensely potential field of energy engineering.","author":["Khan, M.","Iqbal, M.","Quaicoe, J."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"originationDate":"2008-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4998","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-rite-environmental-assessment-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Environmental Assessment Project","description":"The purpose of this project was to provide ongoing environmental consultation and monitoring efforts required under the permits for the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Phase II six-turbine demonstration (RITE Demonstration), advancing the understanding of fish presence, abundance, species characterization and fish interaction with operating kinetic hydropower turbines. This Final Report summarizes the significant accomplishments and achievements of NYSERDA and Verdant Power by providing a history and perspective of the environmental assessment of marine hydrokinetics as well as a detailed discussion of NYSERDA-funded tasks that significantly supported the filing of a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Final Hydrokinetic Pilot License Application (FLA) for the RITE Project (FERC No. P- 12611) in December 2010. As a result of this work, Verdant Power\u2019s Kinetic Hydropower System (KHPS) (Generation 5 (Gen5)) is planned to be installed, pending permits, in the East Channel of the East River in New York to continue the demonstration of the technology for reliability, longevity, cost-effective O\u0026M and environmental compatibility. The work discussed here includes consultations and the executing of fishery studies and monitoring that observed two operating Gen4 KHPS turbines in the September-November 2008 timeframe, resulting in important data and observations related to the fish interaction with kinetic hydropower turbines at full commercial scale. Also included are the results of consultations with environmental stakeholder agencies during 2009 and through 2010, on the new Gen5 KHPS design and background fishery information and analysis that supports essential fish habitat assessments as well as biological assessments of resident, migrating, and endangered species. As such, it represents a significant body of \u2018first time\u2019 analysis and information on the environmental effects of marine hydrokinetic machines in a tidal application.","author":["Adonizio, M.","Smith, R."],"organization":["New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:50:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RITE_Environmental_Impact_Statement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/4999","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/run-river-hydrokinetic-renewable-energy-presentation-clean-domestic-scalable","sourceURL":"","title":"Run of River Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy Presentation: Clean, Domestic, Scalable, Continuous, Competative Power","description":"Free Flow Power (FFP) is acquiring and developing hydropower and hydrokinetic facilities to generate clean renewable energy from water.  Value Proposition: For Investors: a pure play in hydropower, a valuable yet overlooked renewable energy sector with growth opportunity. For Electricity Consumers: carbon-free electricity with greater reliability and a lower cost of power than other renewables. For Project Owners: an integrated approach to licensing, engineering, and finance to capture value and address challenges quickly and cost-effectively.","author":["Free Flow Power"],"organization":["Free Flow Power"],"originationDate":"2010-04-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.916694000000","-89.021433000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 06:16:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FFP_Presentation_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5000","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/snl-efdc-simulations-mhk-related-changes-tidal-range-flushing","sourceURL":"","title":"SNL-EFDC Simulations of MHK-Related Changes to Tidal Range and Flushing","description":"The Q4 report \u201cSNL-EFDC Simulations of MHK-Related Changes to Tidal Range and Flushing\u201d reflects significant revisions from the previous version submitted in Q2. It has been revised according to comments received by DOE and an independent reviewer, Dr. Brian Polagye of the University of Washington. The report was augmented with a more thorough description of how the MHK devices numerically withdraw energy (momentum) from the system. Also, a more complete list of assumption that go into the model is now provided along with some discussion of potential environmental consequences. In total, all of the models were updated, rerun, and re-analyzed.\n\nFor the tidal reference model, all model runs were redone with the updated version of the MHK module recently improved to yield more accurate power production estimates. All reference model runs are 2D (single layers). Decreases in tidal range due to MHK power generation were estimated. Scoping runs were conducted with a six-layer model to note the effects on power production estimates. As expected, reduced power estimates result because multiple layers afford more opportunity for flow around (above and below) the MHK turbines (no longer is there plug flow through the tidal channel). All water age and e-folding calculations were updated and re-analyzed. E-folding times increase with additional MHK devices because system flushing is decreased. Additional runs were performed where various flow rates of the river into the bay were examined.\n\nFor the San Francisco Bay simulation, the entire model was rebuilt starting with a new grid and runs used the new MHK module. The cells are 250\u00d7250 m2\u00a0(up from 200\u00d7200 m2). An updated bathymetry was also applied. The new grid has the ocean tidal forcing boundary much further from the throat of the San Francisco Bay to ensure that boundary effects do not negatively impact the MHK power estimates. In addition, NOAA water-level data were used to drive the model and the modeled water levels inside the Bay were compared to six available data sets to ensure that consistent results were obtained. Deviations are noted and discussed. Decreases in tidal range are noted in the Bay as the number of MHK devices increased. Also, water age and e-folding times were calculated. As MHK devices increase power generation, increased water age and e-folding times are observed.","author":["Roberts, J.","James, S."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sea Engineering Inc"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNL_FY12_Q4_Tidal_Range_and_Flushing.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5001","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/snl-efdc-model-application-cobscook-bay-me","sourceURL":"","title":"SNL-EFDC Model Application to Cobscook Bay, ME","description":"Water-current MHK turbines are receiving a growing interest in many parts of the world with available hydrokinetic resources. Because of potentially reasonable investment and maintenance costs, reliability, and environmental friendliness, this technology is considered worthy of research investment. Furthermore, small-scale MHK energy from river or tidal currents can be a solution for power supply in remote areas. However, little is known about the potential effects of MHK device operation in coastal embayments, estuaries, or rivers, or of the cumulative impacts of these devices on aquatic ecosystems over years or decades of operation. This lack of knowledge affects the actions of regulatory agencies, the opinions of stakeholder groups, and the commitment of energy project developers and investors. For example, the power generating capacity of water-current MHK turbines will depend on the turbine type, number, and current flow velocities, among other factors. In other words, each MHK-device array\u2019s footprint and performance will depend on the type of turbines and the characteristics of the local system. There is an urgent need for practical, accessible tools and peer-reviewed publications to help industry and regulators evaluate environmental impacts and mitigation measures and to establish best siting and design practices.\n\nThis study focuses on the initial development of a hydrodynamic model of Cobscook Bay, ME. This is the first deployment location of the Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC) TidGenTM units. One unit is currently deployed with 4 more to follow in the coming years. Potential changes to the physical environment imposed by operation of a five-MHK turbine array are evaluated using the modeling platform SNL-EFDC (James et al., 2011; James et al., 2012; James et al., 2006a; James et al., 2010a; James et al., 2010b; James et al., 2006b). Model results with and without an MHK array were compared to facilitate an understanding of how this small 5-MHK turbine array might alter the Cobscook Bay environment. These simulations can assist cost-effective planning before proceeding to detailed siting, engineering designs, and deployment of devices.","author":["Roberts, J.","James, S."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNL_FY12_Q4_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5002","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/snl-efdc-model-application-scotlandville-bend-mississippi-river","sourceURL":"","title":"SNL-EFDC Model Application to Scotlandville Bend, Mississippi River","description":"This work presents the modeling results for an MHK field site on the Mississippi River at Scotlandville Bend, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Potential changes to the physical environment imposed by operation of MHK turbine arrays were evaluated using the modeling platform SNL-EFDC. Three MHK-turbine array scenarios (ranging from pilot- to commercial-scale) were defined by Free Flow Power (FFP) to support their plans for future deployments. Model results with and without an MHK array for the three scenarios were compared to understand how the size of an MHK array might alter the Scotlandville Bend hydrodynamic environment. The contribution of power generation from individual turbines on a given pile and for the entire array was analyzed. A preliminary sediment shear stress and bed erosion model are also presented. However, the impacts of sediment transport will be the focus of future studies. These simulations and scenario analyses can assist cost-effective planning before proceeding to detailed siting, engineering designs, and device deployment.","author":["Barco, J.","Roberts, J.","Johnson, E.","James, S."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sea Engineering Inc"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.520280000000","-91.203560000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 06:17:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNL_FY12_Q4_Mississippi_River.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5003","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/san-juan-islands-tidal-currents","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"San Juan Islands Tidal Currents","description":"Tidal currents around the San Juan Islands, including velocity vectors. Admiralty Inlet is a 5 o\u2019clock. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.490035000000","-122.972717000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5005","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/us-department-energy-doe-national-lab-activities-marine-hydrokinetics-scaled-model","sourceURL":"","title":"US Department of Energy (DOE) National Lab Activities in Marine Hydrokinetics: Scaled Model Testing of DOE Reference Turbines","description":"Our aim in this paper is to present a brief overview of the scaled hydrokinetic turbine model testing activities in the United States using test turbines specifically designed by the US Department of Energy for its Marine and Hydrokinetic Research and Development program. These test turbines include: (1) a three-bladed horizontal axis turbine (the Sandia turbine) that was designed to demonstrate small scale verification and validation turbine design assessment; and (2) reference tidal and river turbines that were designed to develop baseline levelized cost of energy estimates. These scaled model turbine tests are generating performance and flow field data sets that will be fully documented and disseminated to the public. These data sets will enable MHK developers and researchers to validate their hydrokinetic turbine design and analysis models. In this paper, we present experimental results for two test turbines, including the scaled-model tests of the Sandia horizontal-axis turbine and the DOE\u2019s reference river turbine. For the Sandia turbine tests, we compare experimental measurements with mid- and high-fidelity hydrodynamic models and demonstrate their validity as design and analysis tools. The scaled model testing of DOE\u2019s reference tidal and river turbines should be completed by the end of this year, with performance and flow field measurements available to the public in 2014.","author":["Neary, V.","Fontaine, A.","Bachant, P.","Gunawan, B.","Wosnik, M.","Michelen, C.","Meyer, R.","Straka, W."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","University of New Hampshire","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neary_et_al_2013_EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5008","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scientific-advice-matters-related-management-seal-populations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/research-policy\/scos\/","title":"Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations","description":"Under the Conservation of Seals Act 1970 and the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) has a duty to provide scientific advice to government on matters related to the management of seal populations. NERC has appointed the Special Committee on Seals (SCOS) to formulate this advice.\n\nFormal advice is given annually based on the latest scientific information provided to SCOS by the Sea Mammal Research Unit. SMRU also provides to government scientific review of applications for licences to shoot seals, and information and advice in response to parliamentary questions and correspondence.\n\nThe report provides scientific advice on matters related to the management of seal populations. It begins with some general information on British seals, gives information on their current status, and addresses specific questions raised by regulators and stakeholders.","author":["Special Committee on Seals"],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5010","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scoping-study-socio-economic-impacts-tidal-energy-development-nova-scotia-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oera.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Socioeconomics-Final-Report1.pdf","title":"Scoping Study on Socio-Economic Impacts of Tidal Energy Development in Nova Scotia: A Research Synthesis \u0026 Priorities for Future Action","description":"The Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN) Socio-Economic Scoping Study provides a state-of-knowledge comprehensive review of the socio-economic issues associated with tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC). Highlighted in this report are international, national and provincial level research, regulatory frameworks and projects. The report provides an overview of research, and best practices developed in Canada and abroad in relation to TISEC developments and other renewable energy technologies. Four specific components of TISEC development are addressed: 2.0 - Technology, Supply Chain and Workforce Development; ) 3.0- Policy, Assessment and Stakeholder Processes; ) 4.0- Financing and Funding; ) and 5.0-Community Benefits and Economic Development, which highlights socio-economic concerns in the development of TISEC but also other renewable energy technologies.","author":["Howell, A.","Drake, C."],"organization":["Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN)","Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER)","Nova Scotia Department of Energy"],"originationDate":"2012-01-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.134939000000","-65.562894000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Howell-and-Drake-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5011","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotlands-renewables-routemap-short-life-task-force-streamlining-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/0038\/00387242.pdf","title":"Scotland\u0027s Renewables Routemap Short Life Task Force On Streamlining Energy Development Licensing and Consents","description":"The short life Energy Planning and Consenting Task Force was established to bring together offshore renewable developers, statutory advisers and environmental regulators to produce a report promoting greater streamlining and efficiency of Scotland\u2019s planning and consenting regimes in order to meet the offshore renewable ambitions set out in the 2020 Routemap for Renewable Energy in Scotland. The Task Force considered the existing challenges within the planning and consenting frameworks, as well as access and sharing of environmental data, cumulative impacts and resourcing within regulators, and recommended a number of actions to further improve Scotland\u2019s planning and consenting landscape. The recommendations involve requiring wide ranging early pre-application engagement, coordinating the collection of and access to relevant data, and ensuring regulators have sufficient resources to deal with the peak of project applications expected in the near future. In addition, the group agreed the recommendations should be adopted by both Scotland\u2019s regulatory bodies and project developers.","author":["The Scottish Government"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scotland_Renewables_Routemap.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5012","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotlands-marine-atlas-information-national-marine-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Publications\/2011\/03\/16182005\/0","title":"Scotland\u0027s Marine Atlas: Information for the National Marine Plan","description":"Scotland\u2019s seas shape our nation. We are committed to protecting and managing this precious resource, to meet the needs of nature and people, now and into the future.\n\nThrough the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 we have ensured a more integrated approach to planning for our seas. Marine plans will set out policies for sustainable development of the seas \u2013 protecting the environment and promoting economic growth, while also taking social and cultural considerations into account.\n\nThe publication of this Atlas is a key step in developing our first national marine plan, for all Scottish waters out to 200 nautical miles. For the first time, the Atlas maps and brings together a wide range of data on the marine environment and the activities that take place in our seas. This represents a unique evidence base to help develop future objectives and inform marine planning and management. This evidence base is an invaluable resource in its own right \u2013 and one which we must continue to develop and make as accessible as possible.\n\nThe Atlas highlights the breathtaking richness of our seas \u2013 from rare species of plants and animals to the income generated by marine industries as diverse as aquaculture and tourism. It draws on well-established marine science and monitoring programmes, economic data and a wide range of other sources, demonstrating how they can be interpreted spatially.\n\nThe Atlas provides an up-to-date assessment of the current state of Scotland\u2019s seas, which will inform the implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. I hope the Atlas also serves to educate and inform a broad audience, both within Scotland and further afield, as to the beauty and value of our seas.","author":["Baxter, J.","Boyd, I.","Cox, M.","Donald, A.","Malcolm, S.","Miles, H.","Miller, B.","Moddat, C."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.748708000000","-5.606125000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Baxter_et_al._2011_Scotland_Marine_Atlas.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5013","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-marine-renewables-strategic-environmental-assessment-environmental-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/20201110045904\/http:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Publications\/2007\/03\/seawave","title":"Scottish Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment Environmental Report","description":"Note: The attachment PDF is only a non-technical summary. Please follow the provided link to access the full document.  Commissioned by the Scottish Executive, this Environmental Report has been produced as part of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for the development of wave and tidal stream devices (marine renewables) off the west and north coast of Scotland. This Environmental Report presents the findings of the SEA and provides recommendations for future monitoring.  In 2004 a report \u201cHarnessing Scotland\u2019s Marine Energy Potential\u201d prepared by the Marine Energy Group (MEG) identified that up to 10% of Scotland\u2019s electricity generation (about 1,300 megawatts, MW) could come from wave and tidal stream power by 2020. As such, this would contribute significantly to the Scottish Executive\u2019s target of generating 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020.  The Scottish Executive commissioned this Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) to examine the environmental effects of developing wave and tidal power and to use the results to inform the preparation and delivery of the Scottish Executive\u2019s strategy for the development of marine energy.  In addition to informing the development of the Scottish Executive\u2019s strategy for marine energy, the results of the SEA will also be used to inform the development of planning guidance for wave and tidal energy developers. The information collated during the SEA will be a reference source for use by regulatory authorities and key stakeholders to support decision-making at project-level on future marine renewable energy developments.    Section A - Introduction and Background  Section B - Marine Renewable: Technology and Resource  Section C - Results of Level One Assessment     Chapter 1 - Bathymetry   Chapter 2 - Geology   Chapter 3 - Marine and Coastal Processes   Chapter 4 - Contamination and Water Quality   Chapter 5 - Protected Sites and Species   Chapter 6 - Benthic Ecology   Chapter 7 - Fish and Shellfish   Chapter 8 - Marine Birds   Chapter 9 - Marine Mammals   Chapter 10 - Commercial Fisheries and Mariculture   Chapter 11 - Marine and Coastal Historic Environment   Chapter 12 - Cables and Pipelines   Chapter 13 - Military Exercise Areas   Chapter 14 - Disposal Sites   Chapter 15 - Shipping and Navigation   Chapter 16 - Recreation and Tourism   Chapter 17 - Noise   Chapter 18 - EMF   Chapter 19 - Landscape, Seascape and Appendices   Chapter 20 - Onshore Grid Connection   Chapter 21 - Decommissioning      Section D - Results of Level Two Assessment: Assessment of Development Scenarios  Section E - Conclusions and Recommendations","author":["Faber Maunsell","Metoc PLC"],"organization":["AECOM","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2007-03-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.861760000000","-6.584080000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-17 07:23:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scottish_Marine_Renewables_SEA_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5014","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/screening-analysis-environmental-risk-evaluation-system-environmental-effects-mhk","sourceURL":"","title":"Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System - Environmental Effects of MHK Energy","description":"Potential environmental effects of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy development are not well understood, and yet regulatory agencies are required to make decisions in spite of substantial uncertainty about environmental impacts and their long-term consequences. An understanding of risks associated with interactions between MHK installations and aquatic receptors, including animals, habitats, and ecosystems, can help define key uncertainties and focus regulatory actions and scientific studies on interactions of most concern. As a first step in developing the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Environmental Risk Evaluation System (ERES), PNNL scientists conducted a preliminary risk screening analysis on three initial MHK cases. During FY 2011, two additional cases were added: a tidal project in the Gulf of Maine using Ocean Renewable Power Company TidGenTM turbines and a wave project planned for the coast of Oregon using Aquamarine Oyster surge devices.\n\nThrough an iterative process, the screening analysis revealed that top-tier stressors in the two FY 2011 cases were the dynamic effects of the device (e.g., strike), accidents\/disasters, and effects of the static physical presence of the device (e.g., habitat alteration). Receptor interactions with these stressors at the highest tiers of risk were dominated by threatened and endangered animals. Risk to the physical environment from changes in flow regime also ranked high. Peer review of this process and results will be conducted in early FY 2012.\n\nThe ERES screening analysis provides an analysis of vulnerability of environmental receptors to stressors associated with MHK installations. \u201cRisk\u201d has two components: (1) The likelihood, or \u201cprobability\u201d, of the occurrence of a given interaction or event, and (2) the potential \u201cconsequence\u201d if that interaction or event were to occur. During FY 2011, the ERES screening analysis focused primarily on the second component of risk, \u201cconsequence\u201d, with focused probability analysis for interactions where data was sufficient for probability modeling. Consequence analysis provides an assessment of vulnerability of environmental receptors to stressors associated with MHK installations. Probability analysis is needed to determine specific risk levels to receptors and requires significant data inputs to drive risk models. During FY 2011, two stressor-receptor interactions were examined for the probability of occurrence. The two interactions (spill probability due to an encounter between a surface vessel and an MHK device; and toxicity from anti-biofouling paints on MHK devices) were seen to present relatively low risks to marine and freshwater receptors of greatest concern in siting and permitting MHK devices. A third probability analysis was scoped and initial steps taken to understand the risk of encounter between marine animals and rotating turbine blades. This analysis will be completed in FY 2012.\n\nThe Offshore Wind ERES report is available here.","author":["Copping, A.","Blake, K.","Anderson, R.","Zdanski, L.","Gill, G.","Ward, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ERES_MHK_FY11_Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5016","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/screening-biofouling-corrosion-tidal-energy-device-materials-situ-results-admiralty","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/16203","title":"Screening for Biofouling and Corrosion of Tidal Energy Device Materials: In-Situ Results for Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington","description":"From April 2009 to February 2010, coupons of materials which could be used in the rotor, drive train, or foundation of tidal energy devices were deployed in-situ on the seabed at a prospective tidal energy site to screen for biofouling and corrosion. Materials include glass and carbon fiber composites, stainless steel, aluminum, structural steel, and common steel. Several potential rotary bearing materials were also screened. Coatings, including high copper anti-fouling, low copper anti-fouling, and inert foul-release are also evaluated for their ability to control biological fouling. For smooth surfaces, there is limited biological fouling at this particular site, which is below the photic zone. Stainless steel shows excellent corrosion resistance, while common and structural steels experience major surface oxidation after three months of exposure to the marine environment \u2013 even with sacrificial anodes. More quantitative work is required to evaluate corrosion rates and the potential strength degradation of glass and carbon fiber composites over long-term exposure to the marine environment.","author":["Polagye, B.","Thomson, J."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-04-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye-Thomson-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5019","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seagen-tidal-turbine-exercise-adaptive-management","sourceURL":"","title":"SeaGen Tidal Turbine - An Exercise in Adaptive Management","description":"SeaGen was installed in April 2008 and achieved 1.2 MW capacities in December 2008. It has been quite successful, reaching almost 4000 hours in operation. Its location has been in Strangford and has had to follow an important environmental monitoring plan. For monitoring marine mammals and sharks, there are 66 months of sightings data and 54 months of porpoise activity data. Ariel surveys suggested an abundance of seals during moult and breeding season. GPS tracking outputs found changes in the routes taken by seals through the narrows.  Bird species that could theoretically interact with the turbine include the gannets, merganser, black guillemot, common guillemots and razorbills, eider ducks, and terns (common, sandwich, and arctic). Other surveys include benthic monitoring and ecological assessments (footprint). Marine Mammal observations were used to make recordings of marine mammals in relation to the device. The result of the studies found no adverse impacts on SAC features, but did find changes in porpoise behavior during installation.","author":["Ainsworth, D."],"organization":["Marine Current Turbines (MCT)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Royal Haskoning","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/7_David_Ainsworth_Marine_Current_Turbines_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5022","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-conservation-tidal-stream-wave-power-generation-information-needs-predicting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11000261","title":"Seabird Conservation and Tidal Stream and Wave Power Generation: Information Needs for Predicting and Managing Potential Impacts","description":"Current development plans indicate that during the next decade there will be an increase in tidal stream and wave(TSW) power generation activity in Scottish Waters, together with the designation of additional offshore areas for seabird conservation. This paper summarises how TSW developments could affect seabirds, based on experience from other forms of disturbance, and explores the possible changes in behaviour and habitat that have the potential to increase a seabird\u2019s rate of energy acquisition (e.g. through enhancing prey abundance), or energy expenditure (e.g. through causing birds to commute further to find food, if they avoid foraging around developments placed in regular feeding areas). Changes to energy budgets could impact rates of reproduction and survival. Simulation modelling of seabird energetics and behaviour is one possible tool for predicting the direction and magnitude of population impacts caused by alterations to energy budgets, but is dependent on the availability and accuracy of necessary parameters. The later sections of the paper review the information needed for such models and shows that although some data are available regarding rates of energy expenditure during specific activities, more information is needed on seabird foraging rates. The paper also highlights how the susceptibility of a species to be impacted by future TSW development is likely to be related to their method of foraging, flight behaviour and ability to buffer against environmental fluctuations.","author":["Langton, R.","Davies, I.","Scott, B."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5024","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proposed-torr-head-tidal-scheme-environmental-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Proposed Torr Head Tidal Scheme Environmental Scoping Report","description":"The purpose of this Scoping Report is to establish the scope of studies for assessing the nature, magnitude and significant of environmental changes caused directly, indirectly and cumulatively by the proposed tidal energy scheme located off Torr Head on the coast of County Antrim, Northern Ireland.  This report has been prepared for consideration by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI) under the offshore Electricity Development (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008, the Northern Ireland Environmental Protection Agency (NIEA) for the Department of Environment Northern Ireland (DoENI) under the Food and Environmental Protection Act 1985, the Planning Service Northern Ireland under Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 1999 and all other interested parties. It is a tool to ensure that all relevant issues are assessed during the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.  The principal issues that have been identified to be included within the EIA in regard to the physical environment are coastal processes, geology, water quality and suspended sediments and noise. In regard to the biological environment the topics are conservation designations, ornithology, large marine species, benthic and intertidal ecology, terrestrial ecology and fish and shellfish ecology. And in regard to the human environment the issues considered are shipping and navigation, commercial fisheries, landscape, and seascape, archaeology and cultural heritage and socio-economic considerations including tourism and recreation. For each topic, the potential effects during the life of the project are identified, outline study methodologies to establish robust baselines and impact assessments are outline, and potential mitigation measures identified.  The report outlines a number of project specific details including the rationale behind the site selection and a description of the physical characteristics of the proposed area. The key infrastructure components of the project are described including turbines, cables, onshore works, array configuration and the phases of development. This preliminary project description has been outlined as a basis on which to assess the potential effects of the proposed development. It also highlights the positive environmental benefits likely to arise from the proposed tidal array development.  The EIA process, its approach and the general methodology to be adopted are outlined. A key element of the approach that should be noted, is that the exact details of the project design have not yet been finalized and as such, it is proposed that the EIA should satisfy case law and legislation by aiming to assess the \u0027realistic worse case scenario\u0027 arising from any chosen design.  This report proposes a structure for the Environmental Statement (ES), which will be prepared to collate and report the findings of the EIA. The ES will support the consent application to DETI under Article 39 of the Electricity Order and a license application to the DoENI under Section 5 of the Food and Environmental Protection Act, and, if applicable, the Planning Service Northern Ireland in respect of onshore works.  This report has been produced following initial consultation with a number of interested parties and will be used as a basis for further consultation with statutory and non statutory consultees.","author":["THETIS Energy"],"organization":["T\u00dcV S\u00dcD","RPS group"],"originationDate":"2009-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.199353000000","-6.060508000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:49:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Torr_Head_EIS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5025","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protocol-develop-environmental-impact-study-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"","title":"Protocol to Develop an Environmental Impact Study of Wave Energy Converters","description":"The Plan of Renewable Energies 2005-2010, in Spain raised an ambitious objective: at least, 12% of the total energy consumption must come from renewable sources in 2010. Nevertheless, no form of marine energy is among the research and development areas identified by the above mentioned Plan. One of them, wave energy technology, is still in an embryonic phase of development, but it has the potential of helping to reach the objectives of renewable energy production proposed by the Plan. For this purpose, as well as solving the technical difficulties of the development of the wave energy devices, we must clear the uncertainties and address the likely environmental effects that this kind of technologies could produce on the marine environment during installation, operation and decommissioning. In this context, the Ministry of Science and Innovation of the Spanish Government launched in 2005, the Strategic Outstanding Project on Marine Energy, led by Tecnalia (www.tecnalia.es). The main objective of this project is the technological development of marine energy converters; the project joins together the main Spanish developers of these devices and the supporting industry and technology agents, the latter being led by Tecnalia. Within this project, the 5th work package (WP), devoted to the study of the environmental impact of wave energy converters on the marine environment, is led by AZTITecnalia (www.azti.es). The main objective of this WP is to provide the basic information, specific data, and the analysis, study and evaluation methodologies needed for the adequate environmental impact assessment of the marine wave energy technologies. Most environmental effects of these technologies may be limited to the operational life of any device deployment. Effects on physical environment can be restricted to the placement of hard structures and cables, visual impacts, noise and modification of the local hydrodynamic environment. Effects on the biota cannot be defined with certainty. Monitoring and mitigation by adaptive management will address specific issues as they arise. This work provides an early-stage review of likely environmental effects of wave energy to inform project developers, territorial authorities and interested parties. It aims to introduce a first step to developing a risk management framework, which future project developers and territorial authorities can use to predict, prevent and deal with the environmental impacts of the deployment of wave energy converters in Spain.","author":["Bald, J.","Del Campo, A.","Franco, J.","Galparsoro, I.","Gonzalez, M.","Liria, P.","Muxika, I.","Rubio, A.","Solaun, O.","Uriarte, A.","Comesana, M.","Cacabelos, A.","Fernandez, R.","Mendez, G.","Prada, D.","Zubiate, L."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2010-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 05:16:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Azti_tecnalia_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5026","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protocols-equitable-assessment-marine-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pure.ed.ac.uk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/1726320\/book1.pdf","title":"Protocols for the Equitable Assessment of Marine Energy Converters","description":"The EquiMar project was funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme in response to the topic 2.6.3 of the ENERGY-2007-1-RTD call. The call was established to conduct pre-normative research aiming at harmonised testing methods and comparative assessment of ocean energy converters in terms of monitoring the performance, cost, and environmental impact. The expected outcome of this work was that the harmonised testing and assessment of ocean energy converters would facilitate the matching of different system designs to various marine environments, and accelerate their rate of deployment. The call fiche also noted that the commission expected small or medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to play a major role in the project.  In response to this call a consortium of 23 partners from 11 countries (Table 1.1) was brought together. The consortium reflected the fact that the equitable evaluation required a broad, multidisciplinary skill set. In addition if the protocols developed were to be accepted by the wider community then the consortium needed to engage with both the developers and end-users of this technology. In constructing the consortium for the project we sought to bring together leading European experts (from both academic groups and research organisations), developers of proven devices, test sites, certification agencies and end users of the technology. The core members of the consortium comprised academic groups, research laboratories and device developers and it was these members who have had the most direct input to the equitable evaluation protocols. However, since EquiMar aimed to produce a set of protocols for research funders, consenting authorities, investors and device owners the consortium also contained partners representing certifying authorities, industrial associations, end users and test sites. The need to include such diverse interests led to an unusually large consortium.  Acknowledgement:\u00a0This article was identified by the\u00a0Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Ingram, D.","Smith, G.","Bittencourt-Ferreira, C.","Smith, H."],"organization":["EquiMar","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-10 05:20:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ingram-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5027","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-engagement-large-scale-renewable-energy-technologies-breaking-cycle-nimbyism","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/wcc.89\/abstract","title":"Public Engagement with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies: Breaking the Cycle of NIMBYism","description":"In response to the threat of climate change, many governments have set policy goals to rapidly and extensively increase the use of renewable energy in order to lessen reliance upon fossil fuels and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Such policy goals are ambitious, given past controversies over large\u2010scale renewable energy projects, particularly onshore wind farms, that have occurred in many countries and involved bitter disputes between private developers and local \u2018NIMBYs\u2019 (not in my backyard) protestors. This article critically reviews recent research into how public engagement is conceived and practiced by policy makers and developers, with a specific focus upon the UK. The review reveals a distinction between different scales of technology deployment, with active public engagement only promoted at smaller scales, and a more passive role promoted at larger scales. This passive role stems from the influence of widely held NIMBY conceptions that presume the public to be an \u2018ever present danger\u2019 to development, arising from a deficit in factual knowledge and a surfeit of emotion, to be marginalized through streamlined planning processes and one\u2010way engagement mechanisms. It is concluded that NIMBYism is a destructive, self\u2010fulfilling way of thinking that risks undermining the fragile, qualified social consent that exists to increase renewable energy use. Breaking the cycle of NIMBYism requires new ways of thinking and practicing public engagement that better connect national policy making with local places directly affected by specific projects. Such a step would match the radical ambitions of rapid increases in renewable energy use with a process of change more likely to facilitate its achievement.","author":["Devine-Wright, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2010-11-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5029","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-exposure-cost-effective-wave-resource-measurements","sourceURL":"","title":"Quantifying \u0022Exposure\u0022 with Cost Effective Wave Resource Measurements","description":"This aim of this research is to develop new concepts and methodologies to reduce costs of environmental information gathering. This is to be achieved by identifying new measurement parameters through the development of shore based and near shore low cost devices and instrumentation, which will provide metrics for the evaluation of environmental disturbance resulting from the installation of wave energy converter arrays. A series of field studies to investigate the data acquired from the deployment of these devices against the biological communities corresponding to the habitat and biotope classification system underpinning Special Areas of Conservation (EEA, 2008) will also be undertaken.","author":["Beharie, R.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","Lancaster University","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)","University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Beharie-and-Side-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5030","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-turbulence-tidal-power-applications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/20100921_ThomsonJ_pres_Turbulence.pdf","title":"Quantifying Turbulence for Tidal Power Applications","description":"Using newly collected data from a tidal power site in Puget Sound, WA, metrics for turbulence quantification are assessed and discussed. Of particular interest is the robustness of the \u201cturbulent intensity,\u201d defined as the ratio of velocity standard deviation to velocity mean. Simultaneously, the quality of raw ping Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) data for turbulence studies is evaluated against Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) data at a point. Removal of Doppler noise from the raw ping data is shown to be a crucial step in turbulence quantification. Excluding periods of slack tide, the corrected turbulent intensity estimates at a height of 4.6 m above the seabed are 10% and 11% from the ADCP and ADV, respectively. Estimates of the turbulent dissipation rate are more variable, from 10-3 to 10-1 W\/m3. An example analysis of coherent Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) is presented.","author":["Thompson, J.","Richmond, M.","Polagye, B.","Durgesh, V."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon State University (OSU)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-09-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thomsenetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5034","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ramsey-sound-tidal-energy-limited-non-technical-summary-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Ramsey Sound Tidal Energy Limited Non-Technical Summary of the Environmental Statement","description":"This document is the Non-Technical Summary (NTS) of the Environmental Statement (ES) which has been prepared in support of applications made by Tidal Energy Limited (TEL) under the Food and Environment Protection Act (1985), Coastal Protection Act (1949) and Section 36 of the Electricity Act (1989), for a demonstration tidal stream energy device, DeltaStream, to be installed in Ramsey Sound off the Pembrokeshire coast, West Wales. Taken together these applications, the \u201coffshore consent\u201d, represent TEL\u2019s bid for consent to install and operate DeltaStream in Ramsey Sound.  The application and supporting information has been prepared following consultation with the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), Marine Fisheries Agency (MFA), Welsh Assembly Government (WAG), Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (PCNP), appropriate statutory and non-statutory bodies, as well as local interest groups and the public. The ES considers the potential impacts on the environment of the construction, operation, maintenance and decommissioning phases of the project and provides details of any mitigation required to address any impacts.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Tidal Energy Ltd"],"organization":["Tidal Energy Ltd","Welsh Government","UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2009-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-5.326110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:35:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TEL_Non_Technical_Summary_ES_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5035","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ramsey-sound-tidal-energy-limited-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Ramsey Sound Tidal Energy Limited Scoping Report","description":"Tidal Energy Limited (TEL) is proposing to develop a prototype demonstrator tidal steam project in Ramsey Sound, off the Pembrokeshire coastline, West Wales. The project will comprise of a single DeltaStream device with a nominal installed capacity of 1MW, deployed for 12 month, at the following site; 51\u00b052\u002740\u0022N, 5\u00b019\u002734\u0022W. At this stage a limit of deviation of 200m from this location is proposed to allow for micrositing once detailed survey work has been carried out.  The project will also include the provision of a sub-sea cable, a small onshore package control room\/substation and associated electrical infrastructure works to allow connection to the local distribution network. The ancillary onshore components of the project will, however, be limited in extent as TEL intends to utilise the existing infrastructure associated with the St Justinian\u0027s lifeboat situation, to minimise potential impacts.  Click here for more information on Ramsey Sound.","author":["Tidal Energy Ltd"],"organization":["Tidal Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2008-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-5.326110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:35:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TEL_Scoping_Report_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5037","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/draft-recovery-plan-north-pacific-right-whale-eubalaena-japonica","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/15978","title":"Draft Recovery Plan for the North Pacific Right Whale (Eubalaena japonica)","description":"Current Species Status: The North Pacific right whale, Eubalaena japonica, is among the rarest of all large whale species. The Northern right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, was listed under the precursor to the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969, and remained on the list of threatened and endangered species after the passage of the ESA in 1973 (35 FR 18319, December 2, 1970). In 2008, NMFS reclassified the Northern right whale as two separate endangered species, North Pacific right whale (E. japonica) and North Atlantic right whale (E. glacialis) (73 FR 12024, March 6, 2008).  Past commercial whaling decimated North Pacific right whale populations, with the species likely numbering fewer than 1,000 individuals. This Recovery Plan identifies two populations of North Pacific right whales. The eastern population is located primarily in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, with an estimated historical seasonal migration range extending from the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska in the north down the west coast of the United States to Baja California in the south. The eastern population is estimated to consist of approximately 30 individuals. The western population is located primarily in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Russia, Japan, and China. Its estimated historical seasonal migration range extends from the Okhotsk Sea and northwards to the coasts of China and Vietnam to the south. The western population is estimated to consist of approximately 900 individuals.  Right whale sightings have been very rare (notably in the east) and geographically scattered, leading to persistent uncertainty and data gaps. Small populations and rarity of sightings make it very difficult to estimate current range, habitat use, and population parameters. Therefore, a primary goal of this Recovery Plan is to gain more data needed for effective management.  Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: The North Pacific right whale populations have been legally protected from commercial whaling for the past several decades, and this protection continues. Although the main direct threat to North Pacific right whales was addressed by the International Whaling Commission\u2019s (IWC) 1982 moratorium on commercial whaling, several potential threats remain. Among the current potential threats are environmental contaminants, the potential for reduced prey abundance or location due to climate change, the potential for increased risk of ship collisions, and exposure to anthropogenic noise corresponding with use of the Arctic for energy development and commercial maritime traffic, which may increase as climate change makes the Arctic more accessible for longer periods of the year. The most significant threat to the eastern population is its extremely small population size, posing a heightened risk for biological extinction if individuals are lost to ship strikes or other threats.  Recovery Strategy: This plan identifies measures to protect, promote, and monitor the recovery of North Pacific right whale populations. Because the most significant historical threat to North Pacific right whales (whaling) is being addressed, and there is a paucity of population data for the species, the primary component of this recovery program is data collection. The collection of additional data will facilitate estimating population size, monitoring trends in abundance, and determining population structure. These data will also provide greater understanding of natural and anthropogenic threats to the species. Key elements of the recovery program for this species are 1) coordinate state, federal, and international actions to maintain whaling prohibitions; 2) estimate population size and monitor trends in abundance; 3) determine North Pacific right whale occurrence, distribution, and range; 4) identify, characterize, protect, and monitor habitat essential to North Pacific right whale recovery; 5) investigate the impact of human-caused threats on North Pacific right whales.  Recovery Goals and Criteria: The goal of this recovery plan is to promote the recovery of North Pacific right whales to the point at which they can be removed from the list of endangered and threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the ESA. The intermediate goal is to reach a sufficient recovery status to reclassify the species from endangered to threatened.  The recovery criteria presented in this Recovery Plan were based on the Report of the Workshop on Developing Recovery Criteria for Large Whales Species (Angliss et al. 2002). Workshop objectives were to develop (a) a general framework for the development of recovery criteria that would be applicable to most marine mammal species, large whale species in particular, and (b) specific criteria that can be used to apply the framework to specific populations. A major goal was to use North Pacific and North Atlantic right whales as case studies, and to develop a specific set of recovery criteria which could be used for these populations.  Downlisting Criteria: North Pacific right whales will be considered for reclassifying from endangered to threatened when both of the following are met:    Given current and projected threats and environmental conditions, each North Pacific right whale population (eastern and western) satisfies the risk analysis standard for threatened status (has no more than a 1% chance of extinction in 100 years) and the global population has at least 1,500 mature, reproductive individuals (consisting of at least 250 mature females and at least 250 mature males in each ocean basin). Mature is defined as the number of individuals known, estimated, or inferred to be capable of reproduction. Any factors or circumstances that substantially contribute to a real risk of extinction but cannot be incorporated into a Population Viability Analysis will be carefully considered before downlisting takes place.  None of the known threats to North Pacific right whales limit the continued growth of populations. Specifically, the factors in section 4(a)(l) of the ESA are being or have been addressed: (A) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of a species\u2019 habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, or educational purposes; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and E) other natural or manmade factors (there are no criteria for Factor C, disease or predation).   It is important to emphasize that North Pacific right whales will be considered for downlisting only when all criteria are met globally\u2014minimum abundance level is met, risk analysis standard for threatened status (has no more than a 1% chance of extinction in 100 years) has been satisfied, and all known threats have been addressed.  Delisting Criteria: North Pacific right whales will be considered for removal from the list of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants under the provisions of the ESA when both of the following are met:    Given current and projected threats and environmental conditions, each North Pacific right whale population (eastern and western) satisfies the risk analysis standard for unlisted status (has less than a 10% probability of becoming endangered (as defined above) in 20 years). Any factors or circumstances that are thought to substantially contribute to a real risk of extinction that cannot be incorporated into a Population Viability Analysis will be carefully considered before delisting takes place.  None of the known threats to North Pacific right whales are known to limit the continued growth of populations. Specifically, all the factors in section 4(a)(l) of the ESA have been addressed: (A) the present or threatened destruction, modification or curtailment of a species\u2019 habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade factors.   Anticipated Date of Recovery: The time and cost to recovery is not predictable with the current information on North Pacific right whales. The difficulty in gathering data and the extremely small abundance of eastern North Pacific right whales make it impossible to give a timeframe to recovery for this species. While we estimate costs for some recovery actions, any projections of total costs to accomplish recovery would be imprecise and unrealistic. Therefore, for ongoing actions we have estimated only costs for the next 50 years, as it is expected that recovery would take at least that long. Currently it is impossible to predict when the protections provided by the ESA will no longer be warranted. In the future, as more information is obtained, it should be possible to make better informed projections about the time for recovery and its expense.  Estimated Cost of Recovery Actions (First 50 Fiscal Years): $17.183 Million","author":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/North_Pacific_Right_Whale_Recovery_Plan_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5040","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/redefining-territorial-sea-clean-water-act-replacing-outdated-terminology-extending","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nsglc.olemiss.edu\/sglpj\/Vol4No1\/Matthews.pdf","title":"Redefining the Territorial Sea in the Clean Water Act: Replacing Outdated Terminology and Extending Regulatory Jurisdiction","description":"In 1988, President Ronald Reagan extended the breadth of the territorial sea of the United States from three nautical miles to twelve. By Presidential Proclamation the United States asserted sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea extending from the baseline seaward a distance of twelve nautical miles. The presidential proclamation specifically stated that it did not extend or alter \u201cexisting Federal or State law or any jurisdiction, rights, legal interests, or obligations derived there from.\u201d Some federal laws have not been updated to reflect this boundary change and the extension of the territorial sea has resulted in inconsistent definitions of the territorial sea in U.S. domestic law. 3 The Clean Water Act (CWA) is one law that has not been updated to reflect the change; in the CWA, the territorial sea is defined as extending seaward a distance of three miles. This Article explores the effects that the outdated definition of the territorial seas has on the two main permitting programs established by the CWA, and the potential environmental benefit that could result from updating the definition to make it consistent with the territorial sea claimed by the United States under international law.","author":["Matthews, J."],"organization":["University of Florida"],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Redefining_the_Territorial_Sea_in_the_Clean_Water_Act.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5041","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reedsport-opt-environmental-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Reedsport OPT Environmental Assessment","description":"On February 1, 2010, Reedsport OPT Wave Park, LLC (OPT) filed an application for an original license to construct and operate the Reedsport OPT Wave Park Project (Reedsport Project or project). The 1.5-megawatt (MW) project would include 10 wave energy conversion devices moored in Oregon State territorial waters about 2.5 nautical miles off the coast near Reedsport, in Douglas County, Oregon. The onshore portion of the project, also located in Douglas County, would occupy about 5 acres of federal lands administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (Forest Service). The project would generate an average of about 4,140 megawatt-hours (MWh) of energy annually. This environmental assessment (EA) evaluates the environmental and economic effects of licensing the proposed project.","author":["Ocean Power Technologies (OPT)"],"organization":["Ocean Power Technologies (OPT)","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2010-12-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.782500000000","-124.238060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OPT_EA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5043","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-locational-guidance-wave-tidal-energy-shetland-islands","sourceURL":"","title":"Regional Locational Guidance for Wave and Tidal Energy in the Shetland Islands","description":"Over the last decade, the marine renewables industry has been subject to significant research and development investment, driven by increasing concerns over climate change and energy security. The Scottish Government has set a target of 30% of total energy demand being met by renewable sources by 2020, to be achieved by renewables satisfying 100% of electricity demand (31% by 2011), and 11% of heat demand (Scottish Government, 2011). It is anticipated that marine renewable energy sources (tidal and wave power) will play an important role in reaching these objectives. Whilst the development of a marine renewables industry is generally looked upon favourably, consideration must be given to potential environmental and social impacts, as well as conflicts with other users.\n\nThe Shetland Islands have been identified as having potential for both tidal and wave powered developments (Scottish Government, 2007; Natural Power, 2011). Figure 1 illustrates the tidal resource around Shetland, and Figure 2 illustrates the wave resource. The development of a large scale renewable industry in Shetland is currently limited by the absence of an interconnector to the UK national grid. However, it is anticipated that an interconnector will be in place by 2016\/2017, and there is increasing interest in the development of the renewables industry in Shetland. Within Shetland, developers must gain both a Works Licence, issued by the Shetland Islands Council, and a Marine Licence, issued by Marine Scotland. One exploratory Works Licence has been granted by the Shetland Islands Council for a wave energy device, and a Works Licence and Marine Licence have been granted for a small scale, community owned tidal energy device.\n\nIt is anticipated that the number of licence applications for renewable devices around Shetland will increase in the future. To help guide the placement of renewable energy developments and associated cable landings, ArcGIS\u00ae has been used to map and integrate spatial data on resource opportunities and development constraints. This assessment incorporates environmental, social and economic considerations into the site selection process for marine renewable energy.\n\nThis guidance will form part of the \u2018The Marine Spatial Plan for the Shetland Islands\u2019 which has guided the siting of marine developments in Shetland since 2008 (NAFC, 2012). The Shetland Marine Spatial Plan (SMSP) contains spatial data on the marine and coastal environment and its uses, in addition to establishing an overarching policy framework. The spatial extent of the plan includes all territorial waters seaward of mean high water springs, out to 12 nautical miles, but also includes onshore habitats \/ ecological processes that are clearly affected by marine developments, such as cable landing sites.","author":["Tweddle, J.","Gray, L.","Kelly, C.","Marengo, I.","Shucksmith, R."],"organization":["NAFC Marine Centre","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.507966400000","-1.333897200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NAFC_Marine_Center_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5044","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/relevant-ocean-energy-activities-china","sourceURL":"","title":"Relevant Ocean Energy Activities in China","description":"The presentation will cover the following topics:    Brief introduction to the Renewable Energy Law of China  Resources of ocean RE  Activities on tidal-current energy exploitation  Activities on wave energy exploitation","author":["Liang, Z."],"organization":["Harbin Engineering University"],"originationDate":"2006-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Relevant_Ocean_Energy_Activities_in_China.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5047","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-vs-biodiversity-policy-conflicts-future-nature-conservation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959378011001063","title":"Renewable Energy Vs. Biodiversity: Policy Conflicts And The Future Of Nature Conservation","description":"The European Union\u0027s (EU) network of nature conservation areas \u2013 Natura 2000 \u2013 covers almost 18% of EU territory, and is subject to strict legal protection, which is enforced by the European Commission, a supranational authority. Given the Natura 2000 network\u0027s size, conflicts between Natura 2000 and renewable energy projects are inevitable, particularly as countries push to meet their 2020 energy and emissions reduction targets by pursuing more \u2013 and larger \u2013 renewable energy projects. Focusing on two cases in the renewable energy sector \u2013 a hydroelectric dam in Portugal\u0027s Sabor valley, and a large tidal barrage in the UK\u0027s Severn estuary \u2013 this article shows that the EU\u0027s strict biodiversity protection regime could necessitate the rejection of many large renewable energy projects. That is, it may not be possible as a matter of EU law for national authorities to grant permission for such projects. The potential for such difficulties will be shown to be highly visible to policymakers, and could, this article argues, trigger negative impacts in terms of the rule of law, and negative feedbacks on nature conservation policies in the EU and, by way of precedent, globally. The legal issues presented here should not, this article argues, be regarded as insurmountable problems, nor as a trigger for reforms aimed at weakening biodiversity protections. Rather, these issues are better regarded as an opportunity for an open, informed, global debate regarding the relationship between biodiversity and climate change policies, and the hierarchy, if any, between them.","author":["Jackson, A."],"organization":["Trinity College Dublin"],"originationDate":"2011-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.509725000000","-2.918398000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5048","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X02000453","title":"Renewable Energy from the Ocean","description":"Growing concern over the threat of global climate change has led to an increased interest in research and development of renewable energy technologies. The ocean provides a vast source of potential energy resources, and as renewable energy technology develops, investment in ocean energy is likely to grow. Research in ocean thermal energy conversion, wave energy, tidal energy, and offshore wind energy has led to promising technologies and in some cases, commercial deployment. These sources have the potential to help alleviate the global climate change threat, but the ocean environment should be protected while these technologies are developed. Renewable energy sources from the ocean may be exploited without harming the marine environment if projects are sited and scaled appropriately and environmental guidelines are followed.","author":["Pelc, R.","Fujita, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2002-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5050","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-costs-potentials-barriers-conceptual-issues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421509007836","title":"Renewable Energy Costs, Potentials, Barriers: Conceptual Issues","description":"Renewable energy can become the major energy supply option in low-carbon energy economies. Disruptive transformations in all energy systems are necessary for tapping widely available renewable energy resources. Organizing the energy transition from non-sustainable to renewable energy is often described as the major challenge of the \ufb01rst half of the 21st century. Technological innovation, the economy (costs and prices) and policies have to be aligned to achieve full renewable energy potentials, and barriers impeding that growth need to be removed. These issues are also covered by IPCC\u2019s special report on renewable energy and climate change to be completed in 2010. This article focuses on the interrelations among the drivers. It clarifies definitions of costs and prices, and of barriers. After reviewing how the third and fourth assessment reports of IPCC cover mitigation potentials and commenting on definitions of renewable energy potentials in the literature, we propose a consistent set of potentials of renewable energy supplies.","author":["Verbruggen, A.","Fischedick, M.","Moomaw, W.","Weir, T.","Nada\u00ef, A.","Nilsson, L.","Nyboer, J.","Sathaye, J."],"organization":["Centre International de Recherche sur Environnement et le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRED)","Lund University","Simon Fraser University","Tufts University","University of Antwerp","University of the South Pacific","Wuppertal Institute for Climate Environment and Energy"],"originationDate":"2010-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5051","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ices-sgwte-report-2011-report-study-group-environmental-impacts-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"ICES SGWTE Report 2011: Report of the Study Group on Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy","description":"The Study Group on the Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy (Chair: Michael Bell, UK) met for the first time in Edinburgh, UK, 29\u201331 March 2011. The meeting was attended by eight participants from Ireland, Portugal, Sweden and the UK (Scotland and England). The wave and tidal energy industry is developing rap-idly and there are great aspirations for it to contribute to meeting global energy demands. The industry is a relative newcomer to the marine environment must co-exist with many other sea-users and stakeholders such as fisheries, nature conservation and shipping. SGWTE is convened as a new group to focus on the potential for wave and tidal energy developments to have consequences for the environment and other sea-users.  Given the nascent state of the industry, there are few direct observations from which to judge the nature and scale of any impacts. However, a number of recent reviews have identified the issues of greatest potential importance, and in 2010 ICES issued advice to OSPAR on the environmental interactions of wave and tidal energy devices. Much research is currently underway aiming to improve our understanding of po-tential impacts and to improve the information base for decision-making about future developments. SGWTE focused its attention on current research and has provided a preliminary collation of ongoing and planned research activities as well as of the state of development of the wave and tidal industry in ICES nations. The intention, as this exercise continues and is extended, is to provide improved access to new research findings, integrating these into an overall framework of information to support planning and management of wave and tidal energy activities and identifying research gaps currently hindering such planning and management. SGWTE members agreed unanimously that identifying and highlighting research gaps is the most important activity for the group. Future activities of SGWTE will include refining and updating this list of research gaps, and hopefully moving topic from the list of gaps to the lists of ongoing research activities and their outputs.","author":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report_of_the_SGWTE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5052","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/report-congress-potential-environmental-effects-marine-hydrokinetic-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/sites\/prod\/files\/2013\/12\/f5\/doe_eisa_633b.pdf","title":"Report to Congress on the Potential Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies","description":"There are well over 100 conceptual designs for converting the energy of waves, river and tidal currents, and ocean temperature differences into electricity. Most of these ocean energy and hydrokinetic renewable energy technologies remain at the conceptual stage and have not yet been developed as full-scale prototypes or tested in the field. Consequently, there have been few studies of their environmental effects. Most considerations of the environmental effects have been in the form of predictive studies and environmental assessments that have not yet been verified. While these assessments cannot predict what if any impact a given technology may have at a given site, they have been instructive in identifying several common elements among the technologies that may pose a risk of adverse environmental effects:    Alteration of current and wave strengths and directions  Alteration of substrates and sediment transport and deposition  Alteration of habitats for benthic organisms  Noise during construction and operation  Generation of electromagnetic fields (EMF)  Toxicity of paints, lubricants, and antifouling coatings  Interference with animal movements and migrations, including entanglement  Strike by rotor blades or other moving parts   In the case of ocean thermal energy conversion technologies, additional potential effects stem from the intake and discharge of large volumes of sea water; changes in temperatures, nutrients, dissolved gases, and other water quality parameters; and entrainment of aquatic organisms into the intake and the discharge plume.  Although there have been few environmental studies of these new energy conversion concepts, a preliminary indication of the importance of each of the environmental issues was gained from published literature related to other technologies (e.g., noises generated by similar marine construction activities, EMF emissions from existing submarine cables, environmental monitoring of active offshore wind farms, and turbine passage injury mechanisms examined for conventional hydropower turbines). Experience with other similar activities in freshwater and marine systems has also provided information about impact minimization and mitigation options applicable to these new renewable energy technologies.","author":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Energy (DOE)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report_to_Congress_on_the_Potential_Effects_of_MHK.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5054","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-sustainable-development-tidal-power-maine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/mpr\/vol21\/iss1\/10\/","title":"Research for the Sustainable Development of Tidal Power in Maine","description":"Generating electricity from Maine\u2019s substantial tides has been a dream for generations. Today, the state is poised for a new era in sustainable tidal-power development. A pilot project is already underway in the Cobscook Bay\/Western Passage area near Eastport and Lubec. Tidal-power development presents technical, environmental, and social challenges, however, and the authors discuss how the Maine Tidal Power Initiative is working to develop a cooperative framework that integrates stakeholders, developers, and policymakers to tackle some of these challenges.","author":["Johnson, T.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.935130000000","-68.214365000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Johnson-Zydlewski-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5056","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/residence-fish-vicinity-decommissioned-oil-platform-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/59\/supplement\/S288","title":"Residence of Fish in the Vicinity of a Decommissioned Oil Platform in the North Sea","description":"The suggested use of decommissioned oil platforms as artificial reefs initiated a study of the abundance and residence of fish in the vicinity of the Albuskjell 2\/4 Fox platform in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. A study of fish residence was carried out by means of cylindrical coded ultrasonic VEMCO transmitters surgically implanted into the abdominal cavity of fish caught by handline and pots near the platform. After the operation, the fish were kept in a tank of running seawater to ensure that only fully recovered fish were released. Twenty-nine cod and two haddock were tagged. Eight ultrasonic receivers anchored around the platform recorded the presence of tagged fish. An additional receiver was placed at a neighbouring platform 8 km away. Data were collected from 25 May to 13 August 1998 and showed that approximately 50% of the tagged fish remained at or near the platform throughout this period. Four tagged cod were registered by the receiver at the neighbouring platform. Five tagged cod have been reported caught, one at the study platform, two at a nearby platform, and two at 9 and 150 km distance, respectively. When the platform was revisited in May 1999 four cod were detected.","author":["J\u00f8rgensen, T.","L\u00f8kkeborg, S.","Soldal, A."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2002-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.221850000000","4.993409000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jorgensen_et_al_2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5059","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maren-test-facility-bolgekraftverk-round-review-consequences","sourceURL":"","title":"Maren, A Test Facility for the Bolgekraftverk Round - Review and Consequences","description":"I 2007 vart det etablert eit samarbeid mellom Vattenfall (Vattenfall Research and Development og Generation Nordic Countries), Runde milj\u00f8sebter (RMS) og Tussa Kraft AS i Noreg. Form\u00e5let med samarbeidet er \u00e5 fremje utvikling og seinare bruk av fornybar energi fr\u00e5 havet, gjennom utpr\u00f8ving, arbeid og formidling i Runde milj\u00f8senter.\n\nVattenfall har gjennom fleire \u00e5r samarbeidd med Universitetet i Uppsala om utvikling av ein spesiell teknologi for utnytting av b\u00f8lgeenergi gjennom Seabased selskapet med anlegget med same namn. Vattenfall deltar bland anna i finansieringa av eit forskningsanlegg med Seabased sin teknikk p\u00e5 den svenske vestkysten. Det har likevel vore \u00f8nskjer hos Vattenfall for \u00e5 teste teknikken i eit hardare b\u00f8lgjeklima med st\u00f8rre b\u00f8lgjeh\u00f8gder, for \u00e5 unders\u00f8ke korleis slike harde belastningar p\u00e5verkar teknologiens funksjonalitet, haldbarheit og livslengde.\n\nNyare studiar av b\u00f8lgjeklimaet langs norskekysten (ENOVA 2007, Runde milj\u00f8senter 2007) synte at omr\u00e5det utanfor Sunnm\u00f8re er det mest energirike p\u00e5 heile norskekysten. Energien i b\u00f8lgjene er 10 gongar h\u00f8gare enn p\u00e5 svenskekysten. Detta omr\u00e5det er difor vurdert av Vattenfall \u00e5 vere veleigna for \u00e5 gjennomf\u00f8re testar som omtalt i dette dokumentet.\n\nI lys av dette \u00f8nskjer Vattenfall \u00e5 f\u00e5 pr\u00f8vd ut Seabased anlegget under forsvarlege og kontrollerte tilh\u00f8ver p\u00e5 Sunnm\u00f8re. Gjennom kontaktane med Runde milj\u00f8senter og Tussa har ein blitt samde om at Runde med milj\u00f8senteret er eit eigna utgangspunkt for slik utpr\u00f8ving.\n\nRunde milj\u00f8senter vil st\u00e5 ferdig hausten 2008. Senteret vil fremje milj\u00f8messig berekraft p\u00e5 ei rad omr\u00e5de, herunder bruk at fornybar energi. Med lokaliseringa ligg det godt til rette for \u00e5 arbeide med fornybar energi fr\u00e5 havet, herunder b\u00f8lgjeenergi. M\u00f8re og Romsdal fylke har i sine planer teikna inn Runde milj\u00f8senter som regionalt (midt-norsk) kompetansesenter for havenergi.\n\nEnglish Translation:\n\nIn 2007 there was established a collaboration between Vattenfall (Vattenfall research and Development and Generation Nordic Countries), Round milj\u00f8sebter (RMS) and Tussa Kraft AS in Norway. The purpose of the cooperation is to promote the development and subsequent use of renewable energy from the sea, through testing, work and communication in the Runde.\n\nVattenfall has several years cooperated with the University of Uppsala on the development of a special technology for the exploitation of wave energy through Seabased company with the facility with the same name. Vattenfall participates mix including the financing of a research facility with Seabased their technique on the Swedish west coast. It has nevertheless been at Vattenfall wants to test the technique in a harder wave climate with greater wave heights, examining how such heavy loading influence technology functionality, haldbarheit and longevity.\n\nRecent studies of wave climate along the Norwegian coast (Enova 2007, Runde 2007) showed that the area outside Sunnm\u00f8re is the most energetic of the whole Norwegian coast. The energy in waves is 10 times higher than on the Swedish coast. This area is therefore considered by Vattenfall to be feasible to conduct tests as described in this document.\n\nIn light of this, Vattenfall wants to try out Seabased facility under military doctor and controlled conditions in Sunnm\u00f8re. Through contact with about the environmental center and has a Tussa been agreed that the Round with the environmental center is an appropriate starting point for such testing.\n\nRunde Environmental Centre will be completed in autumn 2008. The center will promote environmental sustainability on a series of areas, including the use of the renewable energy. With local communication and visibility lies a good opportunity to work with renewable energy from the ocean, including wave energy. More og Romsdal county has plans drawn into Runde Environmental Centre as a regional (mid-Norwegian) center for ocean energy.","author":["Vattenfall"],"organization":["Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"2008-05-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.333330000000","5.416670000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Omtale_og_Konsekvensar.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5060","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-analysis-ocean-energy-systems-development-supporting-policies","sourceURL":"","title":"Review and Analysis of Ocean Energy Systems Development and Supporting Policies","description":"Ocean energy technologies, including ocean wave, tidal current, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and salinity gradient, are at the early stages of development compared with other, more well-established renewable and conventional generation technologies.  The International Energy Agency\u2019s Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems commenced in October 2001. The Agreement\u2019s mission is to enhance international collaboration to make ocean energy technologies a significant energy option in the medium term future.  In 2003, under Annex 1 of the Agreement, a report was published which presented the status and priorities for wave and tidal current energy research, development and demonstration (RD\u0026amp;D). This report reassesses the status of ocean energy RD\u0026amp;D in 2006 and examines policies that impact on development, as well as services and facilities which support RD\u0026amp;D, and the barriers to progress.  This study has identified 81 individual ocean energy concepts which are currently being developed. These include 53 ocean wave technologies, 25 tidal current devices, one OTEC system and two salinity gradient concepts.  There has been a significant growth in the number of devices being pursued since 2003. Many more countries are now active in ocean energy RD\u0026amp;D. Activity is concentrated in Europe and North America. Some research projects have been discontinued as initial results showed that certain technologies would not be commercially viable in future market conditions.  The current development status of ocean energy technologies is varied. There are a relatively high number of emerging designs at the conceptual stage, several of which have advanced to detailed designs. Many device developers have constructed more advanced part-scale models and are undertaking simulated ocean testing. Several prototypes are now undergoing sea trials at full-scale or near full-scale. Only one device developer is involved in the demonstration of several devices in a pre-commercial farm, although other such projects have been proposed.  There is a wide range of ocean wave and tidal stream devices being researched, showing that RD\u0026amp;D is far from producing optimum design solutions. As yet, the level of understanding gained through demonstration is not sufficiently developed to identify which schemes will perform in the harsh marine environment as predicted and prove the most cost-effective.  Growth is further restricted by uncertainties surrounding the grid connection of demonstration projects, insufficient understanding of the environmental impacts, and a lack of collaboration and sharing of intellectual property between developers. Progress is also limited by the absence of guidelines and standards that enhance project development, evaluation, testing and comparability. This will better enable stakeholders, such as policy-makers, electricity network companies and investors, to select the technologies which meet their needs.  Generally, government funding for ocean energy RD\u0026amp;D is growing. Several RD\u0026amp;D programmes supported by governments and organisations are currently funding the development of ocean energy technologies. The increasing trend in the number of projects and the recent launch of dedicated RD\u0026amp;D schemes indicate that government expenditure will continue to increase provided RD\u0026amp;D objectives are met.  Importantly, as several technologies are nearing the market deployment and pre-commercial stage, some governments are reacting by proposing market support mechanisms to cover the current cost gap, and consenting arrangements to accelerate the rate of deployment while advancing industry learning and improving cost competitiveness.  To date there has not been sufficient demonstration of full-scale prototypes to prove that the technologies work. This is fundamental and the key barrier preventing deployment of ocean energy technologies. Developers must demonstrate their devices by establishing actual technical performance and the cost of generation, as well as proving availability, reliability and the survivability of concepts, and demonstrate these by publishing results. This obstacle must be tackled to ensure that RD\u0026amp;D progresses to the pre-commercial stage of demonstrating multiple devices in farms.","author":["AEA Energy \u0026 Environment"],"organization":["Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2006-06-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.281913000000","-6.366553000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Review_and_Analysis_of_Ocean_Energy_Systems_Development.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5061","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pge-waveconnect-program-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/1032845","title":"PG\u0026E WaveConnect Program Final Report","description":"The PG\u0026E WaveConnect project was intended to demonstrate the technical and economic viability of wave power in the open ocean adjacent to PG\u0026E\u2019s service territory. WaveConnect was conceived as a multi-stage development process leading to long-term megawatt-scale wave power production. The first-stage tasks consisted of site selection, permitting, pilot plant design, and assessment of technology and commercial readiness. The second stage would have included development of infrastructure, undersea cabling, and deployment of wave energy conversion devices (WECs). In the third stage, the most promising WEC devices would have been deployed in larger quantities and connected to the grid. The program was halted near the end of the first stage for reasons described below. This report documents the findings of Stage One, which was funded by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) for $4.8 million and by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for $1.2 million, for a total of $6 million.\n\nSite Selection\n\nAfter studying the wave energy potential, grid interconnection and other project infrastructure along the California coast, PG\u0026E selected two sites: one near Eureka, called the Humboldt WaveConnect (HWC) project, and another near Vandenberg Air Force Base, called the Central Coast WaveConnect (CCWC) project.\n\nPermitting\n\nFERC issued PG\u0026E preliminary permits for HWC in 2008 and for CCWC in 2010. PG\u0026E chose to use FERC\u2019s recently promulgated Pilot Project Licensing Process (PPLP), which was intended to streamline licensing to allow relatively quick and easy installation, operation, and environmental testing for pilot projects. Permitting, however, proved to be complicated, time consuming and expensive, mainly because of the uncertain impacts of WEC devices. As WaveConnect efforts proceeded, PG\u0026E learned that even under the PPLP the project would still require a full analysis under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), including an Environmental Impact Report, as well as Monitoring and Adaptive Management Plans (MAMPs) and other requirements that had significant cost and scheduling implications. A majority of Stage One efforts were expended on permitting activities.\n\nPilot Plant Design\n\nPG\u0026E prepared a conceptual design for a 5-MW pilot test facility at the Humboldt site, which consisted of an off-shore deployment area where WECs of different designs and from different device manufacturers could be tested. PG\u0026E was to provide permitting, subsea cables, and onshore facilities necessary to connect WaveConnect to an existing PG\u0026E substation, while the WEC manufacturers would provide, operate and maintain their devices during the test period.\n\nTechnology and Commercial Readiness\n\nPG\u0026E issued a Request for Information to the wave power industry to assess the technical and commercial capabilities of WEC manufacturers. Sixteen manufacturers responded, representing the four best-known and most mature WEC designs: the attenuator, point absorber, floating oscillating water column (OWC), and oscillating wave surge converter (OWSC). PG\u0026E found that WECs are early-stage devices with evolving designs and little real-world operating experience. These characteristics made environmental impacts difficult to assess, which complicated permitting efforts. It also made a megawatt-scale demonstration project difficult to support because early stage WECs are costly and have limited track records for performance and reliability.\n\nResults\n\nPG\u0026E withdrew its Draft Pilot License Application (DPLA) for HWC in November 2010 and surrendered its preliminary permit for CCWC in May 2011, effectively discontinuing the WaveConnect project for the following combination of reasons:\n\nPermitting issues were much more challenging than originally anticipated. Stage One project funding of $6 million proved insufficient to complete the necessary development and permitting work. During Stage One development, PG\u0026E determined that permitting costs would be $2 million to $5 million greater than originally budgeted.\nThe cost of developing a five-year, 5-MW WaveConnect pilot project at Humboldt Bay is much greater than the $15 million to $20 million originally estimated. Even assuming that vendors provide WEC devices at no cost to the utility, which was the proposed strategy with WaveConnect, PG\u0026E concluded that a pilot project comparable to HWC would cost approximately $47 million. If WEC devices were purchased for such a project, its total cost would be on the order of $90 million.\nIt is unclear when or if wave power will become competitive with renewable energy alternatives. Significant additional investment in design, testing and demonstration will be needed to improve designs and reduce costs. Using a vendor-provided installed cost goal of $2500\/kW for mature WECs in five to 10 years, PG\u0026E concluded that their LCOE would be in the range of $175\u2013$250\/MWh, which is not competitive with current or near-term renewable alternatives such as wind or solar photovoltaics.\n\nAlthough PG\u0026E discontinued the WaveConnect project and no WEC devices were deployed, WaveConnect advanced PG\u0026E\u2019s understanding of the technological, engineering, permitting, environmental, economic, stakeholder, and related issues involved in undertaking any wave power project now or in the future. As WEC technologies mature, and regulatory and permitting agencies grow more familiar with their environmental impacts, PG\u0026E believes that wave power will merit further evaluation, demonstration and deployment.","author":["Dooher, B.","Cheslak, E.","Booth, R.","Davy, D.","Faraglia, A.","Caliendo, I.","Morimoto, G.","Herman, D."],"organization":["Pacific Gas and Electric Company","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.723545000000","-120.633166000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PGE_WaveConnect_FInal_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5063","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pathways-effects-offshore-renewable-energy-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fern.acadiau.ca\/custom\/fern\/document_archive\/repository\/documents\/178.pdf","title":"Pathways of Effects for Offshore Renewable Energy in Canada","description":"As a new and emerging industry, marine renewable energy raises a number of challenges for the Government of Canada, including the ability to understand and assess the variety of technologies that are being developed, and the potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts resulting from these technologies. Regulatory authorities, including those within Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), will turn to science experts seeking advice regarding decisions on whether or not to grant approvals for various activities in the offshore renewable energy sector.  In anticipation of future development in this sector, DFO obtained funding support under Natural Resource Canada\u2019s Clean Energy Fund (CEF) for \u201cSupporting an Efficient Regulatory Framework for Ocean Renewable and Clean Energy Initiatives\u201d. The ultimate aim of this CEF project is to develop a strategic research plan to ensure that marine renewable energy developments are effectively reviewed and located in such a manner as to minimize adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts. The results of the work will help identify priority areas for environmental as well as socio-economic research.  The project includes 5 key stages: development of Pathways of Effects (PoE) logic models for each major form of marine renewable energy (offshore wind, wave, in-stream tidal, and in-river hydrokinetic); identification of major regulatory decision points; development of a regulatory guidance document; completion of a gap analysis between regulatory decision points and existing science; and ranking of research priorities in the form of a strategic research plan for the consideration of DFO senior management.  This report presents work related to the first stage: development of PoE models, that are conceptual representations of predicted relationships between human activities and their associated sub-activities - the pressures - and the environmental effects or impacts that they may have on specific ecological endpoints. Information presented in the PoEs can help regulators, scientists, and developers to identify and understand linkages, information gaps, and research needs.  The attached PoE models and accompanying narrative (assumptions and strength of evidence) were prepared by a team of professional consultants and overseen by a DFO working group, with representation from Habitat, Science, Oceans, as well as a representative from Natural Resources Canada. The draft documents outline potential linkages between activities associated with marine renewable energy and the environmental stressors. The design of the PoE models follows the international Driving Forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Responses (DPSIR) framework adopted by the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, and originally developed by the United Nations Environment Program.  The PoE linkages were based on a review of strategic environmental assessments, expert panel reports, environmental assessments, monitoring reports, scientific literature and the expert judgment of the consultants and the working group members. The PoE models will be shared with industry, other federal departments, provincial authorities, academia, First Nations, and others for their input.  The Working Group also requested a scientific peer review of the final PoE models and supporting narrative (assumptions and strength of evidence), to ensure all of the identified stressors, interactions, receptors and outcomes are supported by science, and the risks associated with marine renewable energy development (offshore wind, wave, in-stream tidal, and in-river hydrokinetic) that are relevant to government regulators are identified. This review was conducted on 3rd and 4th December 2011.","author":["Isaacman, L.","Daborn, G."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Acadia University","Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN)","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.472368000000","-66.623075000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Isaacmanetal2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5067","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/permitting-risk-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1040619013002601","title":"Permitting, Risk and Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Development","description":"The existing permitting process places significant burdens on MHK testing and prototyping that are significant impediments to technological progress. These permitting processes do not adequately consider the reduced risk from the very small physical scale of current projects, and are also influenced by the sheer uncertainty associated with novel technologies. A more nuanced application of the precautionary principle in applying biodiversity protection statutes to permitting MHK devices is warranted.","author":["Dubbs, L.","Keeler, A.","O\u0027Meara, T."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5068","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/permitting-leasing-maine-marine-hydrokinetic-mhk-power-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.e2tech.org\/Resources\/Documents\/MOWII_MHK_Roadmap_JAN2013.pdf","title":"Permitting and Leasing for Maine Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) Power Projects","description":"Maine possesses considerable natural wind and ocean energy resources and has assets in its current business base \u2013 precision and composites manufacturing, engineering, construction, marine services and trades, applied research and development, and transportation and logistics \u2013 to play a significant role in the onshore, offshore and ocean energy supply chains necessary to develop these resources.\n\nThe Maine Composites Alliance (MCA), Maine Wind Industry Initiative (MWII) and Environmental and Energy Technology Council of Maine (E2Tech) are collaborating to help organize, promote and expand Maine\u2019s ocean and wind energy cluster through a) strengthening the industry\u2019s supply chain in Maine, b), fostering collaboration between Maine businesses and global partners, and c) recruiting major suppliers and\/or manufacturers to Maine.\n\nJeff Thaler, an energy and environmental attorney presently serving as Visiting Professor of Energy Law and Policy at the University of Maine Schools of Law and Economics, used his years of experience working with the DeepCWind Consortium and on other energy projects to create roadmaps for potential developers and interested parties on federal, state and local laws and regulations applicable for Maine Marine Hydrokinetic Projects (MHK) and for offshore wind energy projects. Each roadmap serves as an instructional outline for permitting and licensing in the Gulf of Maine for developers and is intended to help interest and guide potential wind and ocean energy developers to the Gulf of Maine. Mr. Thaler served as the primary author and Maine Law student Andrew Wells assisted with the research and editing.\n\nMCA is an alliance of composite businesses in Maine who work together to recognize and promote Maine\u2019s leadership in the international composite industry. They enhance the competitiveness of Maine\u2019s existing composite industry and their members by providing opportunities for new commercial ventures, and by providing education and training for members and their employees. MCA serves marine, automotive, aerospace, architecture and industrial industries throughout Maine, the United States and the world.\n\nMWII is a collaborative created to organize Maine wind industry interests, act as a knowledge transfer network linking opportunities to Maine companies, relate industry needs to the state and federal government and act as a communication hub, representing Maine-based industrial partners in the wind energy industry. [www.mainewindindustry.com].\n\nE2Tech seeks to build and expand the State\u2019s environmental, energy and clean technology sectors. In addition to providing networking and educational events, E2Tech promotes business development and sustainable job growth, research and development, new product commercialization, cluster initiatives and supply chain development. [www.e2tech.org].","author":["Thaler, J."],"organization":["E2Tech","Maine Composites Alliance","Maine Ocean \u0026 Wind Industry Initiative (MOWII)","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 12:14:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thaler_2013_MHK.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5070","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/persistence-antifouling-agents-marine-biosphere","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1021\/es011155p","title":"Persistence of Antifouling Agents in the Marine Biosphere","description":"Risk indicators provide an interesting way to compare chemical substances with respect to the risks of their largescaled release. The present study implies that, for antifouling agents used in commercial shipping, residence times in the marine biosphere are especially suitable to represent their inherent potential to cause exposure of organisms. A simple box model is described providing the possibility to estimate residence times in the marine biosphere from water-particle equilibrium partitioning constants and half-lives in water and sediment. Resulting residence times in the marine biosphere range from about 5 d (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) up to about 40 000 yr (copper). For an evaluation of the validity of the model, calculated values are compared with measured environmental concentrations. Remaining uncertainties are also discussed. The main purpose of the presented residence times is to serve as a basis for decisions in antifouling paint development or environmentally conscious purchasing of antifouling paints.","author":["Ranke, J."],"organization":["University of Bremen"],"originationDate":"2002-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5071","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/physical-biological-modeling-100-megawatt-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-discharge","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6107077","title":"Physical and Biological Modeling of a 100 Megawatt Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Discharge Plume","description":"A numerical model has been developed to rigorously simulate the physical oceanographic effects of one or several 100 megawatt Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant(s). The model suggests that OTEC plants can be configured such that the plant can conduct continuous operations, with resulting temperature and nutrient perturbations that are within naturally occurring levels. This presentation will describe the development and results of the numerical model, focusing on the physical and biological effects of operating single and multiple 100 megawatt OTEC plants in Hawaiian waters, and will discuss the implications of these results towards future design and regulatory work. Detailed statistics and visualization of the thermal variation, plume dilution, and estimates of the biological growth around an OTEC plant will be presented. Studies to date suggest that by discharging the OTEC flows downwards at a depth below 70 meters, the dilution is adequate and nutrient enrichment is small enough so that 100 megawatt OTEC plants could be operated in a sustainable manner on a continuous basis.","author":["Rocheleau, G.","Grandelli, P."],"organization":["Makai Ocean Engineering Inc"],"originationDate":"2011-09-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.319870000000","-157.668590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5073","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pilot-installation-tidal-current-turbine-kvalsundet-tromso-county-norway-status","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nina.no\/archive\/nina\/PppBasePdf\/rapport\/2006\/112.pdf","title":"Pilot Installation of Tidal Current Turbine in Kvalsundet, Troms\u00f8 County, Norway - Status and Possible Consequences for the Environment","description":"(The majority of the report is in Norwegian. However, there is an abstract in English.)  Norwegian Institute, dept. of Arctic ecology, and Fiskeriforskning have done an exploratory survey on possible environmental consequences in Kvalsundet, Troms\u00f8 County, Norway for Statkraft Energi AS prior to a planned pilot of a new type of tidal current turbine. The work is also a description on the environmental status for the areas before the installation is placed out, of importance to eventual after-studies of effects to the system.  The following themes are treated in the report: The birdlife\u0027s use of the area: Kvalsundet is an important area for wintering seabirds. Possible effects for the seabirds involve seizure of habitat (marine sea ducks) and risk of collision with the turbine blades (several species and groups of seabirds). In addition, the installation also can attract roosting cormorants. Fish resources in relation to commercial fisheries: The installation will presumably not have any effects on commercial fisheries. Effects on fish resources may include collision risk, attraction or scaring effects because of noise. The attraction effect includes both attraction because of sound waves, and the effect of the installation as a hide and living environment. For the theme noise, it has been conducted a literature study. Information on the benthic fauna: Effects on this theme is considered to be minimal, but can include changed current and turbulence conditions. The installation may prevent predation of benthic organisms. Possible occurrences and movements of sea mammals: Harbour porpoise and harbour seal are considered to be the species in question. Possible effects includes noise disturbance and collision risk. Terrestrial mammals which may use the area around the installation (especially otters): Effects on European otters is parallel to the sea mammals. Effects on other species are considered to be trivial. Effects on outdoor life: The area is used actively for leisure fisheries and scuba diving. The installation is going to restrict the activity of the scuba divers. Fishing from land will not be affected by the installation, but fishing from boat might become restricted to some degree.  Norwegian Title: Pilotanlegg tidevannskraft Kvalsundet - Statusbeskrivelse og mulige konsekvenser for naturmilj\u00f8et","author":["Systad, G.","Aas-Hansen, \u00d8.","Bustnes, J.","Bj\u00f8rn, P."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)"],"originationDate":"2005-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["70.510817000000","23.944177000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:38:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Systad_et_al_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5075","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/population-sizes-seabirds-breeding-scottish-spas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Publications\/2012\/10\/1349","title":"Population Sizes of Seabirds Breeding in Scottish SPAs","description":"For proposed renewable developments in the marine environment, accurate SPA population estimates are required to inform the EIA process. Citation data for SPAs are often out of date as much of it is from the early 1990s, with some of it dating back to as early as 1970. As such, Natural Power Consultants (NPC) was commissioned by Marine Scotland to collate existing data on SPA populations breeding around the Scottish coast (from JNCC, SNH, RSPB \u0026 other sources), with a view to:\n\nProvide a single source of information on the current SPA breeding population levels specifically for renewables;\nProvide any information on trends obtainable from these data;\nFill in the \u0027data gap\u0027 between Seabird 2000 and the next national seabird census (likely to be between 2013 and 2015).\n\nIt is of key importance to note that the purpose of this collation of data for Marine Scotland is to help inform renewable developers, rather than acting as a specific review of SPAs.\n\nThe task was originally to include all features of \u0027SPAs with marine components\u0027. However, a \u0027marine component\u0027 of a SPA refers to a species that is dependent on a marine habitat, such as a sea inlet, estuary or mud flats, or salt marsh. A total of 119 species of birds that are listed by JNCC as being dependent on marine environments, including wildfowl, divers, grebes, waders, true seabirds, and certain species that can occupy littoral habitats such as sort-eared owl, kingfisher, and twite. Therefore, Marine Scotland focused on the scope of the work towards species which are more frequently recorded in locations proposed for offshore renewable developments (offshore wind, wave \u0026 tidal schemes), the list of species to be considered was restricted to SPA populations of true seabirds (petrels, shearwaters, northern gannet, great cormorants, skuas gulls, terns, and auks) that relied on marine habitats during the breeding season. The list drawn up comprises the following species:\n\nNorthern fulmar\nNorthern gannet\nLeach\u0027s storm petrel\nEuropean storm petrel\nManx shearwater\nGreat cormorant\nEuropean shag\nGreat skua\nArctic skua\nLesser black-beaked gull\nHerring gull\nGreat black-beaked gull\nBlack-legged kittiwake\nLitter tern\nCommon tern\nArctic tern\nRoseate tern\nSandwich tern\nGuillemot\nRazorbill\nArctic puffin\n\nOutputs from the collated data include:\n\nA 5 year mean (or a mean from N number of years, when fewer than 5 years data are available);\nA mean over all of the data since the last national census and;\nA presentation of trends within the data since the last national census.","author":["Lewis, M.","Lye, G.","Pendlebury, C.","Walls, R."],"organization":["Natural Power","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2012-07-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.251920000000","-5.117870000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lewis-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5077","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-post-installation-environmental-monitoring-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1126516","title":"Admiralty Inlet Post-Installation Environmental Monitoring Summary","description":"This document provides a summary of all post-installation environmental monitoring planned for Snohomish County Public Utility District\u0027s tidal energy pilot demonstration project in northern Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington. Since several technical aspects of post-installation environmental monitoring remain under development, the monitoring approach described here may change prior to turbine development. The objective is to provide a concise summary of proposed monitoring activities in order to provide context for individual monitoring plans. Section 2 describes the tidal turbines and their deployment locations. Section 3 provides a summary of plan objectives and the rationale for pursuing these objectives. Section 4 describes the monitoring infrastructure and instrumentation. Section 5 describes how these resources are proposed to address the specific hypotheses.","author":["Collar, C.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["OpenHydro","Snohomish County PUD"],"originationDate":"2013-04-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:21:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye_Monitoring_Plan_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5081","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-effects-interaction-between-marine-mammals-tidal-turbines-engineering","sourceURL":"","title":"Potential Effects of the Interaction Between Marine Mammals and Tidal Turbines - An Engineering and Biomechanical Analysis","description":"The deployment of tidal turbines in coastal waters raises questions about the potential risk to marine animals from strike by rotating blades. Of particular concern are marine mammals that are already facing threats from other human activities as well as climate change. Regulators in the US who are charged with permitting the installation of tidal turbines have sought additional information to guide biological assessments of blade strike to marine mammals.  This study determined a \u201cworst case\u201d scenario for interaction between a marine mammal and a tidal turbine, focusing on the highly endangered Southern Resident Killer Whale in the U.S. and an open-centred tidal turbine (OpenHydro) proposed for deployment. The analysis combined a finite element modelling of the forces from the turbine blade with information on the biomechanical analysis of the marine mammal tissues, in order to estimate the potential results of a blade strike. Supported by ancillary data, this analysis is being used to inform permitting of a tidal energy project in Puget Sound, Washington, U.S. Analyses are underway to further develop this and related analyses to include three tidal turbine designs and three marine mammal species.","author":["Carlson, T.","Jepsen, R.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.871350000000","-122.454677000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carlson_et_al_2013_EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5082","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impact-large-scale-tidal-power-developments-upper-bay-fundy-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1577\/1548-8446%281986%29011%3C0026%3APIOLTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2","title":"Potential Impact of Large-Scale Tidal Power Developments in the Upper Bay of Fundy on Fisheries Resources of the Northwest Atlantic","description":"Construction of large-scale, hydroelectric tidal power developments in the upper Bay of Fundy is receiving serious consideration. Potential designs involve ebb-generation with 1400- 5300-MW plants using 7.6 m diameter, straight-flow, low-head turbines installed in dams up to 8 km in length. Discharge through individual turbines will be 400 m3\/second at 50 rev\/minute with draft tube velocities of 11.4 m\/second. Calculated parameters for these turbines are a water length of 2.26 m, impact velocity of 23.99 m\/second, blade tip velocity up to 28.7 m\/second and a total pressure flux of 1.7 atm. The existing environment is macrotidal (tide range 11-16 m). Embayments are homogeneous estuaries with extremely turbid water. The intertidal biological community is a salt marsh-mudflat biome. The pelagic zone supports large populations of migratory fishes, particularly the alosids, Alosa sapidissima, A. aestivalis, A. seudoharengus, and Clupea harengus. Striped bass, spiny dogfish, Atlantic salmon, and Atlantic sturgeon also constitute a significant portion of the fish community. Tagging experiments indicate this region is a northern migration terminus for American shad populations from all Atlantic coast rivers and abundance in an individual tidal basin is about 1.5 million adults during a single tidal cycle. Striped bass and alewife tagged in this region have been taken as far south as North Carolina. Upstream tidal headponds will have reduced tide ranges of 5-6 m and the lower energy will result in stratification of the water column and less turbidity. Increased sedimentation above and below the dams is expected to affect local soft-shell clam fisheries. Tidal barrages may alter fish migration routes and repeated passage through turbines during tide-related movements will cause significant mortality to both fish and marine mammals. Existing knowledge for fish passage design in this environment is inadequate for development of sound mitigation measures.","author":["Dadswell, M.","Rulifson, R.","Daborn, G."],"organization":["Acadia University","East Carolina University"],"originationDate":"1986-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.870824000000","-66.057279000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5083","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-hydrokinetic-wave-energy-conversion-technologies-aquatic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/amfishsoc-april2007.pdf","title":"Potential Impacts Of Hydrokinetic And Wave Energy Conversion Technologies On Aquatic Environments","description":"A new generation of hydropower technologies, the kinetic hydro and wave energy conversion devices, offers the possibility of generating electricity from the movements of water, without the need for dams and diversions. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 encouraged the development of these sources of renewable energy in the United States, and there is growing interest in deploying them globally. The technologies that would extract electricity from free-flowing streams, estuaries, and oceans have not been widely tested. Consequently, the U.S. Department of Energy convened a workshop to (1) identify the varieties of hydrokinetic energy and wave energy conversion devices and their stages of development, (2) identify where these technologies can best operate, (3) identify the potential environmental issues associated with these technologies and possible mitigation measures, and (4) develop a list of research needs and\/or practical solutions to address unresolved environmental issues. We review the results of that workshop, focusing on potential effects on freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems, and we describe recent national and international developments.","author":["Cada, G.","Ahlgrimm, J.","Bahleda, M.","Bigford, T.","Stavrakas, S.","Hall, D.","Moursund, R.","Sale, M."],"organization":["Idaho National Laboratory (INL)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"originationDate":"2007-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5084","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-ocean-energy-development-marine-mammals-oregon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/19586","title":"Potential Impacts of Ocean Energy Development on Marine Mammals in Oregon","description":"The demand for clean renewable energy sources is increasing worldwide and the state of Oregon hopes to establish itself as a leader in ocean wave energy research and development. Seven coastal counties have been selected as potential offshore sites for wave energy parks, and Tillamook County has been identified for a potential wind-float park. The state of Oregon works in partnership with several federal, state, and non-profit agencies to oversee the responsible development of ocean energy. The technology used for wave energy development is relatively new and little is known about the environmental impacts it will have on our coastal ecosystems. In an effort to identify potential environmental impacts of wave energy development, a workshop was held at the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon, to assess uncertainties and identify research projects that could aid in minimizing the impact. Of concern regarding marine mammals was potential collision and entanglement in mooring cables and behavioral reactions to the acoustic output of wave energy buoys during installation and operation. There is available research on the impacts of marine wind energy on marine mammals, however, it is limited and more baseline studies are needed. This review is focused on the development of ocean energy in Oregon, potential impacts to marine mammals, and reviewing current and future research that could aid in mitigating those impacts. Specific interest is placed on the Eastern Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and local pinniped populations. While clean renewable energy development in Oregon is beneficial for the economy, it may come with ecological costs, including impacts on Oregon\u2019s marine mammals.","author":["Davis, A."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.566105000000","-125.345563000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Davis_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5085","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-mitigation-strategies-small-scale-tidal-generation-projects-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/csas-sccs\/publications\/scr-rs\/2008\/2008_013-eng.htm","title":"Potential Impacts of, and Mitigation Strategies for, Small-Scale Tidal Generation Projects on Coastal Marine Ecosystems in the Bay of Fundy","description":"In support of the development of alternate sources of renewable energy, the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are exploring the feasibility of offshore tidal power. To guide the development of this new energy sector, the province of Nova Scotia, with the participation of New Brunswick, recently conducted a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for offshore renewable energy. The SEA process included consultation with the fishing and aquaculture sectors, marine transportation interests, academia, municipalities, and First Nations. The document included a number of recommendations, some of which are within the mandate of DFO. A parallel document is in preparation to summarize the consultation sessions conducted in New Brunswick.  As next steps, Nova Scotia is proposing the implementation of demonstration scale projects, whereas New Brunswick is considering a different approach based on monitoring conditions at candidate sites to understand energy conversion potential and environmental interactions.  In preparation for DFO\u2019s possible involvement with the regulatory aspects of tidal power, DFO Maritimes Oceans, Habitat, and Species at Risk Branch requested Science Branch in May, 2007 to provide advice on four areas relating to expected environmental impacts of small-scale tidal power generation projects in the Bay of Fundy. In March 2008, a workshop was held by DFO to review a preliminary document entitled, \u2018Background Report for the Fundy Tidal Energy SEA\u2019, prepared by Jacques Whitford. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), prepared by the Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association, followed and the Nova Scotia Department of Energy has since responded to its 29 recommendations. In the interim, in response to a request from Oceans, Habitat, and Species at Risk Branch, DFO Maritimes Science has undertaken a Special Science Response Process to provide scientific advice on four issues associated with the potential for environmental impacts from the proposed small-scale tidal power generation projects in the Bay of Fundy.  The specific questions requiring science advice were:    What are the potential \/ expected environmental impacts of a small-scale tidal power generation projects in the Bay of Fundy on fish and fish habitat, species-at-risk, and other issues of concern to DFO?  What mitigation measures could be implemented to help minimize any negative environmental impacts of concern to DFO?  What type of monitoring approach and design would help to verify any conclusions made above (i.e., to delineate any residual environment effects of the project)?  What data could be collected prior to and during small-scale tidal power generation projects that would improve science\u0027s ability to predict the potential environment impacts of largescale tidal power generation projects?   A National DFO Workshop to investigate the broader issue of tidal\/wave energy is expected later in 2008 or 2009, and that it is possible that the outcomes of this workshop may further inform the conclusions of this science response.","author":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"organization":["Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2008-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DFO_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5086","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-interactions-between-diadromous-fishes-uk-conservation-importance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2012.03374.x\/abstract","title":"Potential Interactions between Diadromous Fishes of U.K. Conservation Importance and the Electromagnetic Fields and Subsea Noise from Marine Renewable Energy Developments","description":"The considerable extent of construction and operation of marine renewable energy developments (MRED) within U.K. and adjacent waters will lead, among other things, to the emission of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and subsea sounds into the marine environment. Migratory fishes that respond to natural environmental cues, such as the Earth\u0027s geomagnetic field or underwater sounds, move through the same waters that the MRED occupy, thereby raising the question of whether there are any effects of MRED on migratory fishes. Diadromous species, such as the Salmonidae and Anguillidae, which undertake large-scale migrations through coastal and offshore waters, are already significantly affected by other human activities leading to national and international conservation efforts to manage any existing threats and to minimize future concerns, including the potential effect of MRED. Here, the current state of knowledge with regard to the potential for diadromous fishes of U.K. conservation importance to be affected by MRED is reviewed. The information on which to base the review was found to be limited with respect to all aspects of these fishes\u0027 migratory behaviour and activity, especially with regards to MRED deployment, making it difficult to establish cause and effect relationships. The main findings, however, were that diadromous species can use the Earth\u0027s magnetic field for orientation and direction finding during migrations. Juveniles of anadromous brown trout (sea trout) Salmo trutta and close relatives of S. trutta respond to both the Earth\u0027s magnetic field and artificial magnetic fields. Current knowledge suggests that EMFs from subsea cables may interact with migrating Anguilla sp. (and possibly other diadromous fishes) if their movement routes take them over the cables, particularly in shallow water (\u0026lt;20 m). The only known effect is a temporary change in swimming direction. Whether this will represent a biologically significant effect, for example delayed migration, cannot yet be determined. Diadromous fishes are likely to encounter EMFs from subsea cables either during the adult movement phases of life or their early life stages during migration within shallow, coastal waters adjacent to natal rivers. The underwater sound from MRED devices has not been fully characterized to determine its acoustic properties and propagation through the coastal waters. MRED that require pile driving during construction appear to be the most relevant to consider. In the absence of a clear understanding of their response to underwater sound, the specific effects on migratory species of conservation concern remain very difficult to determine in relation to MRED. Based on the studies reviewed, it is suggested that fishes that receive high intensity sound in close proximity to construction may be physiologically affected to some degree, whereas those at farther distances, potentially up to several km, may exhibit behaviour responses; the effect of which is unknown and will be dependent on the properties of the received sound and receptor characteristics and condition. Whether there are behavioural effects on the fishes during operation is unknown but any change to the environment and subsequent response by the fishes would need to be considered over the lifetime of the MRED. It is not yet possible to determine if effects relating to sound exposure are biologically significant. The current assumptions of limited effects are built on an incomplete understanding of how the species move around their environment and interact with natural and anthropogenic EMFs and subsea sound. A number of important knowledge gaps exist, principally whether migratory fish species on the whole respond to the EMF and the sound associated with MRED. Future research should address the principal gaps before assuming that any effect on diadromous species results in a biological effect.","author":["Gill, A.","Bartlett, M.","Thomsen, F."],"organization":["Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2012-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5087","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-wave-powered-marine-renewable-energy-installations-marine-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2010.01048.x\/abstract","title":"Potential Impacts of Wave-Powered Marine Renewable Energy Installations on Marine Birds","description":"One potential approach to combat the impacts of climate change is the expansion of renewable energy installations, leading to an increase in the number of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations (MREIs). The consequences of increased use of these devices for birds are unknown. Here we describe the wave-powered energy generating devices currently either operational or in development and review the potential threats and benefits of these to marine birds, their habitats and prey. Direct negative effects include risk of collision, disturbance, displacement and redirection during construction, operation and decommissioning. Above-water collision is a particular concern with wind-powered devices, but, because of their low profiles, the collision risk associated with wave-powered devices is likely to be much lower. Conversely, wave devices also pose the novel threat of underwater collision. Wave-energy-generating devices may indirectly impact marine birds by altering oceanographic processes and food availability, with implications for trophic cascades. Through appropriate mitigation, wave-powered MREIs offer the potential to enhance habitats. Direct positive effects may include provision of roosting sites, and indirect positive effects may include prey aggregation due to suitable substrates for sessile organisms or because they act as de facto protected areas. The cumulative effect of these could be the improvement and protection of foraging opportunities for marine birds. Recent studies have been critical of the methods used in the assessment of wind-powered MREI impacts, which lack sufficient sample sizes, controls or pre-development comparisons. Here we suggest solutions for the design of future studies into the effects of MREIs. Wave-powered MREIs are certain to become part of the marine environment, but with appropriate planning, mitigation and monitoring they have the potential to offer benefits to marine birds in the future.","author":["Grecian, W.","Inger, R.","Attrill, M.","Bearhop, S.","Godley, B.","Witt, M.","Votier, S."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2010-08-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5088","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-scour-marine-current-turbines-based-experience-offshore-wind-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/1755-1315\/16\/1\/012057","title":"Potential Scour for Marine Current Turbines Based on Experience of Offshore Wind Turbine","description":"The oceans have tremendous untapped natural resources. These sources are capable to make significant contribution to our future energy demands. Marine current energy offers sustainable and renewable alternative to conventional sources. Survival problems of Marine Current Turbines (MCTs) need to be addressed due to the harsh marine environment. The analogous researches in wind turbine have been conducted. Some of the results and knowledge are transferable to marine current energy industry. There still exist some gaps in the state of knowledge. Scour around marine structures have been well recognised as an engineering issue as scour is likely to cause structural instability. This paper aims to review different types of foundation of MCTs and potential scour and scour protection around these foundations based on the experience of offshore wind turbine farm.","author":["Chen, L.","Lam, W.","Shamsuddin, A."],"organization":["Universiti Tenaga Nasional","University of Malaya"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chen-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5089","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-availability-florida-current-impact-its-extraction-gulf-stream","sourceURL":"","title":"Power Availability in the Florida Current and Impact of its Extraction on the Gulf Stream","description":"The goals of the project are:    to assess (and eventually predict) the power availability in the Florida Current  to assess the impact of turbines on the Florida Current\/Gulf Stream system (First Results)","author":["Bozec, A.","Hanson, H.","Duerr, A."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Florida State University"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.024643000000","-79.390170000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bozec-2010-presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5091","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/preliminary-assessment-conservation-importance-benthic-epifaunal-species-habitats","sourceURL":"","title":"Preliminary Assessment of the Conservation Importance of Benthic Epifaunal Species and Habitats","description":"In October 2008, Fisheries Research Services (Aberdeen) collected video and photographic stills imagery from 61 stations in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Islands. This formed part of a wider marine survey programme requested by Scottish Government, to inform potential marine renewables development in this region. This report provides a description of the seabed habitats, species assemblages and biotopes evident from the video and stills footage along with a preliminary assessment of their conservation importance and potential sensitivity to renewable energy schemes in the area.Main FindingsMost sites examined in the Pentland Firth displayed low diversity circalittoral tideswept rocky communities, dominated by a sessile fauna of Balanus crenatus and Urticina felina, with an area of coarse, and apparently impoverished, sediment in the southwest of the Firth. Elsewhere, the habitats were predominantly sandy, sand-scoured rock or mixed substrates of sand and stones, which the visual evidence suggested supported low diversity communities. A total of 14 biotopes were recorded.The Pentland Firth probably represents the most extensive example of the UK BAP Priority Habitat \u201ctidal rapids\u201d in the United Kingdom. However, the communities observed during this survey were of low diversity, and composed of very common, widely distributed, scour-tolerant species, likely to be tolerant to modest reductions in current speed or sediment disturbance caused by the introduction of energy schemes. Similarly, the likely impact of schemes on other habitats recorded during the survey is considered to be unlikely to significantly affect the conservation of biotopes, considered to be of conservation importance, at Scottish or UK levels.Three species of recognised conservation importance were recorded but it is considered that conservation of these species is unlikely to be adversely impacted by renewable energy developments in the surveyed area.Regarding commercially important species, the sites surveyed in the Pentland Firth were found to support a large population of small Cancer pagurus, and so the implications of developments for a possibly important nursery ground for this species may need to be considered.The fact sheet Habitats and Species Surveys in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters has further information on this research.","author":["Moore, C."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.950791000000","-3.285858000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-03 03:55:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moore_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5095","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-effects-oil-wildlife-research-rehabilitation-general-concerns","sourceURL":"","title":"Proceedings of the Effects of Oil on Wildlife: Research, Rehabilitation, and General Concerns","description":"In Canada, the catastrophic release of oil into the marine environment from vessel accidents, especially major tanker accidents, is rare. In recent years, the majority of cases, which have had the most devastating environmental consequences, do not involve a vessel mishap but rather an accidental or illegal deliberate discharge at sea. These incidents are much more frequent despite the efforts of the Government of Canada to curtail the polluting of waters under Canadian jurisdiction. Although individual releases may be small in comparison to catastrophic releases, they are chronic and the damage is devastating. This continues to be an issue in Canada each year as oiled birds continue to be found along Canada\u2019s vast coastline. Transport Canada (TC) is the lead federal department responsible for preventing pollution from ships and the National Aerial Surveillance Program (NASP) is one method by which this is achieved. To combat the issue of illegal discharges in Canada, TC has committed to improving the effectiveness of its surveillance program. To this end, TC is modernizing its surveillance aircraft with state of the art pollution surveillance equipment, which can be used during conditions of reduced visibility such as night or low cloud cover. These surveillance systems will assist TC in the detection, classification and tracking of all targets of potential interest and marine oil spills. To compliment the surveillance, surveillance flights are being timed to coincide with Radarsat passes so that wider area surveillance can be conducted. TC is confident that this new equipment will enhance our ongoing ability to secure appropriate evidence that will aid with successful prosecutions.","author":["Massey, J."],"organization":["UC Davis Wildlife Health Center"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ground-Nesting Birds","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Effects_of_Oil_on_Wildlife.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5096","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-hydrokinetic-wave-energy-technologies-technical-environmental-issues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/eere\/water\/downloads\/proceedings-hydrokinetic-and-wave-energy-technologies-technical-and","title":"Proceedings of the Hydrokinetic and Wave Energy Technologies Technical and Environmental Issues Workshop","description":"Renewable energy technologies offer the promise of non-polluting alternatives to fossil and nuclear-fueled power plants to meet growing demand for electrical energy. Two emerging categories of renewable energy technologies, hydrokinetic and wave energy conversion devices, offer ways to tap the energy of moving water without impoundment (dams) or diversion required by many conventional hydroelectric facilities. These technologies include devices designed for deployment in natural streams, tidal estuaries, ocean currents, and constructed waterways, as well as devices designed to capture the energy of ocean waves.  On 26-28 October 2005, 54 representatives from government, non-governmental organizations, and private business met to:    Identify the varieties of hydrokinetic energy and wave technology devices, their stages of development, and the projected cost to bring each to market;  Identify where these technologies can best operate;  Identify the potential environmental issues associated with these technologies and possible mitigation measures;  Develop a list of research needs and\/or practical solutions to address unresolved environmental issues.   These Workshop Proceedings include detailed summaries of the presentations made and the discussions that followed.","author":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"organization":["Idaho National Laboratory (INL)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2006-03-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hydrokinetic_and_Wave_Energy_Technologies_Workshop_Preceedings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5097","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-oregon-marine-renewable-energy-environmental-sciences-conference","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/38214","title":"Proceedings of the Oregon Marine Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Conference","description":"Development of wave and offshore wind-based marine renewable energy is anticipated on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) off Oregon and much of the Pacific Northwest in the coming decade. Multiple issues related to environmental considerations and information needs remain for these emerging industries. The Oregon Marine Renewable Energy Environmental Science Conference was held 28-29 November 2012, at Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, Oregon. The conference brought together experts to outline research and monitoring needs to assess environmental impacts of these technologies. The conference was organized via a partnership between the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and several entities within the state of Oregon. The primary goal of the conference was to evaluate environmental research needs associated with wave and offshore wind energy development in the Pacific Northwest. The conference had three major objectives: i) showcase research recently completed or currently underway that addresses environmental questions associated with marine renewable energy; ii) synthesize new research and existing information with the aim of distilling it into products that agencies and resource managers could use to carry out their planning and management duties; and iii) identify gaps in our understanding of the technologies and potentially affected systems useful to scientists, managers and funders to determine where to focus future research efforts.","author":["Boehlert, G.","Braby, C.","Bull, A.","Helix, M.","Henkel, S.","Klarin, P.","Schroeder, D."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Oregon State University (OSU)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Boehlert-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5098","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/process-driven-characterization-mapping-seabed-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/279890326_Process-driven_characterization_and_mapping_of_seabed_habitats","title":"Process-Driven Characterization and Mapping of Seabed Habitats","description":"The creation of habitat maps commonly is based on defining regions having similar chemical, physical and biological characteristics. Traditionally, the boundaries between habitat types are established on arbitrarily-chosen levels of physical variables and on approximation of spatial location. Here, we demonstrate a practical method for creating seabed habitat maps using the habitat template approach to integrate multiple environmental fields into a single map. The resulting map shows the distribution of habitats where organisms with particular life history traits are likely to flourish, and provides a spatial framework for integrated management of ocean uses. A case study for the Scotian Shelf and Bay of Fundy in the northwest Atlantic Ocean illustrates that the parsimonious nature of the modelling approach allows prediction of spatial patterns in benthic habitat types based on readily available oceanographic data.","author":["Kostylev, V.","Hannah, C."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Natural Resources Canada"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5099","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/processing-antifouling-paint-particles-mytilus-edulis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749108003655","title":"Processing of Antifouling Paint Particles by Mytilus edulis","description":"Particles of spent antifouling paint collected from a marine boatyard were ground and subsequently administered to the filter-feeding bivalve, Mytilus edulis, maintained in static aquaria. Concentrations of Cu and Zn were measured in seawater throughout a 16 h feeding phase and a 24 h depuration phase, in rejected and egested particles collected during the respective phases, and in the organisms themselves at the end of the experiments. Concentrations and distributions of Cu and Zn in processed particles indicated that M. edulis was able to ingest paint particles, regardless of whether nutritionally viable silt was present, and no mechanism of particle discrimination was evident. Enrichment of Cu and Zn in the visceral mass of individuals and in the aqueous phase during depuration supported these assertions, although elevated concentrations in other compartments of the organism (e.g. shell, gill) suggested that biotic and abiotic uptake of aqueous metal was also important.","author":["Turner, A.","Barrett, M.","Brown, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5100","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/project-adair-mapping-marine-heritage-sites-orkney-pentland-firth","sourceURL":"","title":"Project Adair: Mapping Marine Heritage Sites in Orkney and the Pentland Firth","description":"Historic Scotland (HS) commissioned Orkney Research Centre for Archaeology (ORCA) to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment of key marine datasets for Orkney and the Pentland Firth. This work took place between October 2011 and March 2012 as part of Project Adair, a partnership between Historic Scotland, the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS) and Orkney and Highland Councils. Marine datasets were collated, evaluated for their potential for archaeological analysis, and interrogated to enhance and amend the existing inventories. A variety of recent and traditional datasets were used including marine geophysics, historic charts, aerial photographs and local knowledge. Large spatial gaps in data coverage were identified including west of the Pentland Firth, and in shallower waters around the coast and islands. Areas of the seabed have been surveyed at resolutions that are sufficient to detect large upstanding remains such as iron shipwrecks but insufficient to identify smaller archaeological features. Other datasets have been created at a resolution detailed enough to allow the recognition of smaller anomalies but in some cases possible processing of the data removed small anomalies.\n\nA methodology was developed that enables information gathered from similar studies to be effectively assimilated within national and regional inventories and to support cultural heritage within new marine planning, protection systems and the management of offshore resources. In addition to this report, the project results include a database that will readily map to Canmore and Local Authority databases, as well as a shapefile with site-area polygons. As a result, the project has enhanced the historic environment record for the Orkney Waters and the Pentland Firth. A total of 569 \u2018sites\u2019 have been investigated as part of this project. Of these, 462 \u2018sites\u2019 had not previously been recorded in the HER records. Of the 107 sites, that had been previously recorded, only 12 of these did not have to have their position corrected by the project. Polygonisation of records resulted in GIS-based shapefiles identifying areas of archaeological potential in relation to wrecks; submerged prehistoric landscapes and sites; and anchorages and fishing areas.\n\nThe presence of bedforms on the geophysical data provides evidence of the local seabed conditions. This will assist management of maritime cultural heritage as it has highlighted areas of preservation potential for submerged terrestrial as well as marine sites. Where features are located in areas of high-sedimentary cover archaeological potential may be expected, particularly where sediments remain largely undisturbed. The evidence from this project suggests that it is seldom possible to discount presence of archaeological material altogether even in a high-energy area.","author":["Pollard, E.","Littlewood, M.","Saunders, M.","Forbes, R.","Heath, K."],"organization":["Orca Marine","Orkney College"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.950791000000","-3.285858000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Project_Adair.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5101","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewables-resource-assessment-development-orrad-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore Renewables Resource Assessment and Development (ORRAD) Project","description":"The South West Regional Development Agency (South West RDA) has commissioned the Offshore Renewables Resource Assessment and Development (ORRAD) project to deliver a broad scale, strategic assessment of the South West of England\u2019s potential to support the development of offshore renewable energy projects up to and beyond 2030 and to consider the economic benefits to the region which such projects could deliver. The project consists of two elements, a technical report presented here and an economic assessment reported separately.  The ORRAD study, which has been carried out by Project Management Support Services Ltd (PMSS), in consultation with industry stakeholders, concludes that the marine renewable resource suitable for commercial utilisation in the South-West is capable of delivering 7110 Mega Watts (MW) by 2030, with a further 2110 MW consented, delivering a total of 9.22 Giga Watts (GW) in the study period.  The main baseline development scenario applied in this assessment would deliver 1.2 GW of wave capacity, 4.4 GW of intermediate wind (much of this within the existing Round 3 zones), 2.5 GW of deep water (floating) wind capacity and 1.1 GW of tidal stream capacity within 50km of the coast. Alternative development scenarios under which additional capacity may be capable of development are discussed. In particular there is excellent resource at distances greater than 50km from the coast, providing a good opportunity for significantly increasing capacity while grid and operations and maintenance challenges are resolved. The role of local institutions such as PRIMaRE and regional initiatives, such as Wave Hub, in providing solutions to these challenges is central to increasing available capacity in the South West.  Substantial capacity in addition to the base case 9.22 GW level could also be provided by tidal range technologies within the South West RDA area subject to the findings of the separate Severn Tidal Power Feasibility Study.  The development study makes recommendations for an initial timely licensing round in the South West to facilitate the delivery of wave and tidal generation capacity. It also recommends a strategic approach to the provision of onshore and offshore grid infrastructure in the South West and places emphasis on the need for greater efforts to resolve potential conflicts between shipping and marine renewable energy projects.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)"],"organization":["South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA)","T\u00dcV S\u00dcD"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PMSS_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5119","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/olympic-coast-national-marine-sanctuary-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/olympiccoast.noaa.gov\/living\/marinelife\/fish\/fish.html","title":"Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Fish","description":"Cold, temperate waters of the Olympic Coast are some of the most productive fish-growing habitats in the world. Long known for salmon, and halibut, the Olympic Coast is also rich in rockfish and other ecologically-important fish species. Historically, many commercial fisheries were developed on the Olympic Coast, including harvests of halibut, hake and salmon. Before that, Native Americans fished the plentiful waters using a wide variety of net and line techniques. Most important, however, is the sheer abundance and diversity of fish species that are not used by people, but which form the web of living things holding the complex ecosystem together. Predator and prey alike, from vast shoals of herring to solitary ocean sunfish, fish are indicators of ocean health.","author":["National Marine Sanctuaries"],"organization":["National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.744184000000","-124.934706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5120","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/olympic-coast-national-marine-sanctuary-invertebrates-list","sourceURL":"https:\/\/olympiccoast.noaa.gov\/living\/marinelife\/inverts\/inverts.html","title":"Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Invertebrates List","description":"Life-forms in the ocean take on a multitude of shapes and sizes, ranging from the familiar to the bizarre. Invertebrates (animals without backbones) are the largest group of animals on the planet. In the ocean, they reveal every conceivable function and design that Evolution could muster. Some are simple digestive systems encased in a gelatinous film. Others, like the octopus with its complex eyes, show powerful evolutionary development, not unlike that of mammals. Intertidal invertebrates like sea stars must live in two worlds, submerged by high tide and exposed at low. Bottom dwellers, like basket stars, live in strangely stable environment of darkness, pressure and cold.   Aggregate Anemone  (Anthopleura elegantissima)  Habitat: Rocky intertidal mid tide zone Eats: fishes. algae, plankton, snails, crabs Eaten by: Sea stars, nudibrachs Moves: Usually attached. Drying: Aggregate anemones can be hard to see in intertidal ecosystems because they are so covered by bits of shells and rocks. This protects them from the sun\u0027s heat and drying out. Reproduction: Often, they reproduce by asexual dividing. They can also sexually reproduce.  Notes: Because aggregate anemones often reproduce asexually, whole colonies can be made up of individuals with the same genes. These colonies conduct wars on other colonies that try to crowd into their territories. They release chemicals that repel invading colonies.   Fish-eating Anemone  (Urticina piscivora)  Habitat: On rocks on open coasts where there is a fair amount of current, in water 20 to 100\u0027 deep Eats: Captures and eats shrimp and small fish Eaten by: Leather star Dermasterias imbricata Feeds: Stinging cells are used to immobilize their prey Moves: Adults usually anchor to the seafloor or other structure, but are capable of moving in response to predators Defense: Stinging cells on tentacles Reproduction: Sexes are generally separate; the typical reproductive pattern is to spawn into the water where fertilization occurs. Anemones also divide to form new individuals.  Notes: Small fish called painted greenlings sometimes lie in fish-eating anemones, much like clownfish do in tropical anemones.   Giant Green Anemone  (Anthopleura xanthogrammica)  Habitat: Mid to low tide zone, attached to rocks. Eats: Fishes, algae, plankton, snails, crabs Eaten by: Nudibranchs, seastars, snails, fishes Feeds: Paralyzes prey with stinging cells on tentacles. Swallows prey whole, spits out shell and indigestible parts. Moves: Attaches in clusters Defense: Stinging cells called nematocysts Drying: Covers with shell bits and closes up Reproduction: Reproduces both sexually and asexually (through budding). Separate sexes fertilize externally.  Notes: A green algae lives inside these anemones and give them a plant-like color. Studies show that anemones that live in caves and lack algae loose weight faster when food is not available.   Metridium Anemone  (Metridium giganteum)  Habitat: Attached to hard surfaces, low intertidal zone to 1000\u0027 Eats: Copepods and various invertebrate larvae Eaten by: Shaggy mouse nudibranch and leather star Feeds: Catches prey with stinging cells on 200 tentacles around the oral disk Moves: Larvae drift and eventually settle. Adults are usually fixed to hard surfaces. Defense: Long threads with stinging capsules from the mouth and special tentacles defend territory against other colonies (clones) or anemone species. Can extend or flatten its body by changing its internal water pressure. Reproduction: Anemones often divide to form new individuals. At other times males and females release sperm and eggs into the water.  Notes: To 3\u0027 tall. White, brown or tan to salmon-orange. Usually more than 200 slender, translucent tentacles crowning a smooth column. Common in dense aggregations.   Acorn Barnacle  (Balanus sp.)  Habitat: High to low tide zone; attached to rocks, shells Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Drill snails, seastars, worms, fishes, birds Feeds: Sweeps plankton into mouth with feathery feet. Moves: When they are young, they swim as plankton. Adults glue their head to something stable. Defense: Withdraws into shell Drying: Closes shell Reproduction: Hermaphroditic (both male and female); internal fertilization.  Notes: The glue they use to attach themselves is one of the strongest natural adhesives known. It is used in human dentistry!   Gooseneck Barnacle  (Pollicipes polymerus)  Habitat: Often in thick clusters on exposed coast in areas subjected to strong wave action, mid-intertidal zone and lower. Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Gulls, humans (exported from North America to Europe) Feeds: Modified legs (cirri) sweep through the water like a net to collect tiny planktonic food. Moves: Larvae drift and settle; mature barnacles are fixed. Defense: Resilient stalks are tough enough to withstand the forces tossing them in the surf. An exoskeleton with 5 large plates and many small plates protects the animal inside. Drying: Plates close at low tide to protect the animal from drying out. Reproduction: Reach sexual maturity at 80 days. Males may become females (or vice versa) at any time. To reproduce, the male must locate a female close enough for his penis to reach, as barnacles are unable to move from their substrate. The penis, however, can reach up to 20 times the length of the barnacle\u0027s body.  Notes: Often found in close association with the California mussel.   Chiton  (Lined Chiton: Tonicella lineata)  Habitat: Mid to low tide zone; attached to rocks Eats: Bacteria, algae Eaten by: Gulls, seastars, crabs, fishes, anemones Feeds: Grazes with raspy tongue-like \u0022radula\u0022 Moves: Glides slowly on foot; most active at night. Defense: Clamps to rocks, or rolls in a ball if dislodged. Drying: 8 interlocking plates enable it to conform to uneven rock surfaces and seal tightly. Reproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization  Notes: Carries \u0022hitchhikers\u0022; hydroids, byozoans, algae, barnacles, limpets, sponges, others. Largest species in the world is found in the Pacific Northwest Region: the gumboot chiton.   Razor Clams  (Siliqua patula)  Habitat: Sand beaches; low tide zone to sub-tidal zone Eats: Filters the water for plankton Defense: Buries itself quickly into the sand.  Notes: Razor Clams have been known to live 18 years, though their average life-span is five years. Razor Clams have been found up to one-half mile offshore. Domoic acid collects in the tissue of Razor Clams. This naturally occurring by-product of phytoplanktons is poisonous to humans. It appears that domoic acid rates are increasing and human impacts may be the cause. Scientists are studying this relationship.   Dungeness Crab  (Cancer magiste)  Habitat: Prefers sandy offshore waters to 750\u0027, but younger crabs can be found in the intertidal zone, often in eelgrass or in the bottom of sandy tidepools Eats: Shrimp, small clams, oysters, worms, fish, barnacles Eaten by: Humans, giant Pacific octopus Feeds: Uses claws to capture and tear prey. Mouth parts are used for biting and grinding. Moves: 4 pair of walking legs Defense: Hard shell; buries itself in the sand after molting Drying: Buries itself in the sand during low tide Reproduction: Separate sexes. Mating takes place just after molting. Female carries up to 2.5 million eggs under her broad abdomen until the larval crabs hatch.  Notes: Important commercial, recreational and Native food fishery. Molts up to 15 times in its life. Molted crab shells that wash up on ocean beaches often lead to erroneous reports of crab mortality.   Green Crab  (Carcinus maenas)  Habitat: Rocky intertidal, low to subtidal zone Eats: Detritus, other crabs Defenses: Pinchers  Notes: Green crabs are an invasive species from Europe. They prey on other crabs. Ecologists are closely monitoring their population growth because they are both an ecological and economic threat to Dungeness and other crab species. So far, they have been found in Gray\u0027s harbor to the south of the Sanctuary and Vancouver Island to the north. They were accidentally introduced to the Pacific Northwest.  To identify Green Crabs, remember, 5-3-5. They have five lobes on the outside of their left eye, three lobes between their eyes and five lobes on the outside of their right eye. Although it is called the green crab, it can be orange or red as well. Color is not a good way to identify the green crab in general because many crabs can have a greenish color.  If you find a green crab matching this description, call the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife at 360-796-4601.   Hermit Crab  (Pangurus armatus)  Habitat: Mid tide zone; tidepools Eats: Scavenges Eaten by: Birds Feeds: Uses claws to bring food to mouth Moves: Crawls with legs. Defense: Withdraws into shell; large claws act like a shield to block entrance. Drying: Finds refuge in tidepools and under rocks Reproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization. Eggs attach to female\u0027s abdomen.  Notes: There are many different types of Hermit Crabs. They all inhabit discarded shells. May have sponges, barnacles and others \u0022hitching\u0022 a ride on their shells.   Kelp Crab  (Pugettia producta)  Habitat: Low tide to deep waters Eats: Brown kelp and sometimes other animals Reproduction: Mating takes place in deeper waters in the late fall  Notes: The color of this crab closely matches the color of the kelp it eats. In the fall, adults migrate to deeper water. They return to the intertidal in December. As the kelp crab ages, it becomes increasingly carnivorous.   Purple Shore Crab  (Hemigrapsus nudus; green: H orgonerisis)  Habitat: Mid to low tide zone; under rocks Eats: Green algae Eaten by: Fishes, birds Feeds: With large pincers Moves: Scurries sideways with legs Defense: Hides under rocks; burrows into mud Drying: Can withstand long periods out of water Reproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization. The female broods eggs between her tail and abdomen  Notes: What looks like a dead crab, may just be the discarded outgrown shell- the molt.   Puget Sound King Crab  (Lopholithodes mandtii)  Habitat: On rocky reefs in currents, shallow subtidal to 450\u0027 Eats: Feeds on sea urchins, starfish and other echinoderms and has also been observed eating sea anemones Eaten by: Giant Pacific octopus Feeds: Uses claws to capture and tear prey. Mouth parts are used for biting and grinding. Fingers of the smaller left claw are spoonlike and close tightly, making it useful for scraping and cropping sessile organisms from the surface rocks, while the much larger right claw is armed with molars for crushing hard-shelled prey. Moves: 3 pair of walking legs Defense: Coloration blends in with other organisms encrusting the rocks in their habitat, unusual carapace shapes also make them hard to distinguish from their surroundings. Drying: Not found in the intertidal zone Reproduction: Adults concentrate in relatively shallow water during the late winter and spring to breed. Mating takes place just after molting.  Notes: One of the largest crabs on our coast; carapace width to 12 inches (300 mm) or more.   Crinoid  (Florometra serratissima)  Habitat: On rock walls in currents, 30 to 3,300\u0027 deep Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Basket stars Feeds: Feathery arms capture food, and the cilia and tube feet transport it along grooves to the mouth on the upper side of the cupped plate. Moves: Can move using the cirri or swim by using the rays Defense: Crinoids\u0027 arms fragment quickly when disturbed by predators, and are regenerated. Drying: Not found in the intertidal zone Reproduction: Crinoids reproduce sexually by the males releasing their sperm and the females releasing their eggs into the current where they will develop into a bottom-dwelling non-feeding larval stage, and within 10 to 16 months will be able to reproduce. In some cases the female of the species has been known to temporarily brood the larva.  Notes: Living crinoids are small relative to some fossil species that had stalks 80\u0027 long!   Sea Cucumber  (Cucumaria miniata)  Habitat: Low tide zone Eats: Detritus (dead material) and plankton Eaten by: Fishes and crabs Feeds: Mucus-coated tentacles \u0022mop up\u0022 plankton and other materials. Tentacles are then licked clean. Moves: Crawls with tube feet Defense: Retracts tentacles. Tightly lodges itself between rocks. Can spit out its own guts and regenerate its internal organs. Drying: Nestles between rocks, in moist places has thick skin. Reproduction: Separate sexes, external fertilization.   Cup Coral  (Balanophyllia elegans)  Habitat: On shady sides and under rocks or boulders, low intertidal zone to 70 feet deep. Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Crabs, sea stars Feeds: Feeding is accomplished with small, nearly transparent tentacles with stinging cells and a mouth which opens to trap food. Moves: Larvae are free swimming; adults are attached Defense: Stinging cells in tentacles Drying: Tentacles can retract into the stony cup Reproduction: Sexes are separate, with eggs fertilized and developing in the female\u0027s gastrovascular cavity, releasing worm-like orange larvae in spring and summer  Notes: No other orange stony coral is found intertidally in the Pacific Northwest.   Keyhole Limpet  (Diodora aspera)  Habitat: Low to sub-tidal zone; attached to rocks Eats: Algae Eaten by: Seastars, birds Feeds: Scrapes algae off the rocks with radula Moves: Moves with one foot; most return to a particular \u0022home\u0022 during the day. Defense: Clamps to rocks using 70 pounds of force. Drying: Active at night, when covered with water Reproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization  Notes: Bryozoans, small barnacles and algae may grow on shells. This limpet can cover its shell with its mantle (a piece of its body). This can prevents their predator, the sea stars, from being able to attach their tube feet.   Squat Lobster  (Munida quadraspina)  Habitat: On or swimming above mud bottom; subtidal to 4800\u0027. Usually seen on rock faces or cobble in low current, slightly silty areas. Eats: Diet consists primarily of detritus and small planktonic organisms. Eaten by: Octopus, seals, sea otters and other marine mammals Feeds: Claws are used for catching and tearing food. Moves: Three pair of walking legs; also able to swim over the sea floor. Defense: Exoskeleton provides some protection from predation. Legs may be dropped off if seized by a predator or badly damaged, and regrown during molting. Reproduction: Eggs are fertilized externally shortly after mating. Females brood eggs on their pleopods, caring for them and periodically shaking the egg mass to aerate them.  Notes: A fifth pair of legs are greatly reduced in size and kept folded in the gill chamber; the tiny claws and brushes on the tip are used to clean the gills and other parts of the body.   California Mussel  (Mytilus californianus)  Habitat: Mid tide zone; attached to rocks, or shells Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Seastars, ribbon worms, drill snails, crabs, birds, fishes, sea otters, and humans. Human should be cautious when eating mussels because they can cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. Feeds: Filter-feeds; traps plankton with mucus Moves: Attaches with thin, black \u0022byssal\u0022 threads\u0022.  Notes: Mussel beds create homes for other animals. In one study, a plot the size of one square foot yielded 4,711 individuals from 22 different species.   Giant Red Dendronotid Nudibranch  (Dendronotus rufus)  Habitat: On rocks and algae in shallows Eats: May at times feed on the scyphistoma (larval) stage of some jellyfish. Eaten by: Sea stars prey on egg masses Moves: Crawls on a muscular foot Defense: Protective coloration helps it blend in with the rocky shoreline Reproduction: Nudibranchs are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female sex organs. Mating involves the simultaneous exchange of sperm with the subsequent fertilization of each animal\u0027s eggs. Eggs are deposited in coils on rocky structure in shallow water   Orangepeel Nudibranch  (Tochuina tetraquetra)  Habitat: On rocks, shallow subtidal from Alaska to southern California where there is little light and little water movement Eats: hydroids, soft coral and orange sea pens Eaten by: Rarely attacked or eaten by other animals; Kuril Indians eat it raw or cooked. Feeds: Nudibranchs have a ribbon of teeth called a radula, adapted to match the favorite food source of the individual nudibranch. Moves: Crawls along the seafloor on a muscular foot Defense: Secrete toxic chemicals to defend themselves. One defensive strategy that nudibranchs use is called \u0027cryptic coloration\u0027, otherwise known as camouflage. Many types of nudibranchs are colored to match their surroundings (which is usually also their food source) so they blend into their surroundings and are difficult for predators to spot. Drying: Not found in the intertidal zone Reproduction: Nudibranchs are hermaphrodites, with individuals capable of both making and fertilizing eggs. The mating pair cross-fertilize each other, and then each lays its eggs encased in a soft, distinctively looped gelatinous matrix. Eventually these disintegrate, and the larvae hatch and swim away.  Notes: Largest nudibranch in the world, with adults reaching 12 inches (300 mm). Also found in Russia where it is called tocni and eaten raw or cooked.   Sea Lemon Nudibranch  (Anisodoris nobilis)  Habitat: Found on pilings, around docks, and on rocks below the low tide line, intertidal to 750\u0027. Look for them tucked away under fronds of seaweed on rocky shores. Eats: Feeds on tennis ball, yellow encrusting, peach ball, and other sponges Eaten by: Fish have been observed nibbling on rhinophores and gill plumes. Feeds: Rhinophores sense chemicals in the water to help find food. Moves: On a muscular foot Defense: Protective coloration; also emits a strong odor if provoked, thought to dissuade predators from eating them Reproduction: Hermaphrodite; both male and female. Lays ribbons of yellow eggs.  Notes: One of the largest sea slugs of the Pacific Coast, growing to 4\u0022 intertidally and up to 8\u0022 subtidally   Octopus  (Octopus dofleini)  Habitat: Subtidal in rock caves; tidepools Eats: Mollusks, crabs, fishes Eaten by: Large fishes, wolf eels, crabs Feeds: Attacks prey with arms; parrot-like beak covered with poison kills and digests prey. Moves: Propels by expelling water through siphons. Crawls with tentacles. Defense: Fast swimmer, and can squirt an ink \u0022fog screen\u0022. Can change color to camouflage to the surroundings. Uses tentacles for fighting. Reproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization. Mother protects eggs for 4 months.  Notes: Octopus have a highly developed brains and eyes. The world\u0027s largest species live in the Pacific Northwest Region and can grow to 30 feet long and weigh 600 pounds.   Sea Pen  (Ptilosarcus gurneyi)  Habitat: Anchored in sand-mud, in substrate at least 3\u0022 deep; intertidal to 330\u0027 Eats: Detritus, zooplankton and possibly phytoplankton Eaten by: Eaten by striped nudibranchs, diamond back tritons, and other nudibranchs; and by several sea stars including leather, spiny red, rose, vermillion, and other sea stars. Feeds: Each plume is comprised of paired branches, each with numerous feeding polyps. The fleshy \u0022quill\u0022 pumps water throughout the colony. Moves: Larvae are free swimming; adults remain anchored to the substrate Defense: They can retract fully into the sea bottom. Reproduction: Reproduction either by sexual or asexual means. The animals free-spawn and produce planktonic larvae that develop in the water column.  Notes: Sea pens are octocorals; each polyp has 8 tentacles. This species of sea pen is bio-luminescent in the dark when disturbed.   Smooth Bay Shrimp  (Crangon stylirostris)  Habitat: Low tide zone; sandy beaches Eats: Small crustaceans and small clams Eaten by: Large fishes, octopuses, anemones, crabs, humans Feeds: With specialized feeding appendages Moves: Swims very quickly Defense: Spines on upper body Reproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization. Eggs attach beneath tail of females.  Notes: Antennae are chemical and tactile sensors. Commercially important.   Spot shrimp  (Pandalus platyceros)  Habitat: Rocky bottom, intertidal to 1600\u0027 Eats: Zooplankton, worms, and small fish, also polychaetes, small crustaceans such as amphipods and euphausiids, limpets, and other shrimp. Eaten by: Humans; caught in traps or pots from California to Alaska Feeds: Moves its antennae in the water current to detect movement; grabs prey with its tiny pinchers. Moves: Free-swimming or scrounge along the rocky or muddy bottom Reproduction: Spot shrimp are protandric hermaphroditic meaning that each individual initially matures as a male and then passes through a transition stage to become a female. Spot shrimp usually live for about 4 years, starting their lives as males and maturing at one year of age. They function as mature males for 2 years and then transform into females in their final year of life.   Lewis\u0027s Moonsnail  (Euspira lewisii)  Habitat: Common on sand, intertidal to 165\u0027 Eats: Littleneck, butter, truncated softshell and Pacific gaper clams Eaten by: Sunflower star Feeds: The moonsnail burrows and feeds on clams, drilling into shells and cutting the flesh of the clam with its tooth-like radula. An adult moonsnail consumes about one clam every four days. Moves: Crawls across the seafloor on a muscular foot Defense: Withdraws into its shell if threatened. Reproduction: Lays its eggs in a distinctive sand collar, molded by the shell curvature as it is released from the snail\u0027s body. Many small eggs are distributed in a central jelly layer, coated with sand of both sides. Eggs hatch out of the collar in about six weeks.   Sponge  (Cliona species)  Habitat: Low tide zone. Lives attached to rocks, shells, wood and kelp Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Nudibranchs and some sea stars Feeds: Filter feeds Moves: Lives attached Reproduces: Hermaphroditic (both male and female); internal fertilization; or asexual budding.  Notes: Can be a home for other animals such as small crustaceans and worms. Secretes an acid to dissolve shells. This helps to turn shells into sand. Some sponges have symbiotic algae living in them.   Basket Star  (Astroboa nuda or Gorgonocephalus eucnemis)  Habitat: On rocks in current; subtidal to 6,600 feet Eats: Plankton, detritus Feeds: Captures food by extending a forest of arms into the currents Moves: Most active at night Defense: Arms break off readily and can be regenerated Drying: Not found in intertidal areas Reproduction: Shed eggs and sperm into the water; can reproduce asexually by division  Notes: The basket stars are a specialized type of brittle stars. They have a series of complexly branched arms which are used to catch plankton. 5 arms branching into thousands of branchlets. White to tan, beige, orange-red, pink mottling.   Bat Star  (Asterina miniata)  Habitat: On rocks, sand and mud, on exposed coasts, not in surf; intertidal to 960\u0027 Eats: Feeds on plants and animals, both dead and alive. Algae and kelp are favorite foods. Feeds: Bat stars have sensors at the end of each arm that sense light and detect prey. When a bat star finds a food item it extends its stomach out of its mouth and wraps it around the food of its choice, digesting externally before swallowing. Moves: on tube feet Defense: Exoskeleton made of plates joined by connective tissue protect the bat star\u0027s vital organs. Reproduction: Bat stars reproduce by spawning. The male broadcasts sperm and the female broadcasts eggs from pores near the bases of their arms. Fertilization takes place in the sea, and currents carry the young to new homes.  Notes: typically 5-6 rays, but possibly 4-9. Rough granular surface and web-footed appearance. Red, blue, yellow, green and\/or brown, solid or in patterns. Abundant and common. Hosts a number of polychaete worms on the underside. Bat stars have been kept in captivity for more than 16 years and are thought to live up to 30 years.   Brittle Star  (Ophiopholis aculeate)  Habitat: Under stones, in algal holdfasts and rocky shores, low intertidal zone to 5400\u0027 Eats: Plankton Eaten by: China rockfish, gulls, crabs Feeds: Scrapes minute organisms from rock with its specialized tube feet. Food then enters the stomach, which takes up most of the body cavity. Cannot extrude its stomach to feed as other sea stars do. Moves: Brittle stars use their arms for locomotion. They do not, like sea stars, depend on tube feet. Brittle stars move fairly rapidly by wriggling their arms which are highly flexible and enable the animals to make either snake-like or rowing movements Defense: When stressed they often shed arms, then regenerate new ones Drying: Hides under rocks in the intertidal zone. Reproduction: Separate sexes. Gametes are released into the water.  Notes: There are more than 2,000 species of brittle stars, sometimes called \u0022serpent stars\u0022 because of the snakeline shape and movement of the rays.   Cushion Star  (Pteraster tesselatus)  Habitat: On rocks, subtidal 20 to 1400\u0027 deep; often in areas with strong currents Eats: Has been observed feeding on encrusting sponges, bryozoans, hydroids, and colonial sea squirts; and less frequently on sea anemones, rock oysters, scallops, and solitary sea squirts Eaten by: Predators include Solaster dawsoni (Morning Sunstars) and Pycnopodia helianthoides (Sunflower Star) Feeds: A large oral opening at the center of the disc is surrounded by a sphincter-like membrane; feeds by inverting its stomach to digest food Moves: The cushion star is mobile, but it is not an agile starfish because of the relative thickness of the disc in proportion to the length of its rays. Defense: Releases copious amounts of thick, gelatinous mucus that serves as protection against fish and other predators Reproduction: Breeds from early July to late August. Releases yellow or orange eggs in a long string. Fertilized eggs develop into nonfeeding larvae that pass directly into the adult without metamorphosis. This is the only sea star known to have truly direct development.  The process of reproduction is a continuous one and begins when the female pumps eggs out through the osculum. The males then spawn. The fertilized eggs float to the surface of the water. They are bright orange or yellow and measure 1.5mm in diameter. Each egg is covered with a coat of jelly, and the fertilization membrane can be seen beneath it. The egg then goes through several transformations in the plankton, and the five primordial arms appear simultaneously. Immediately, the larva sinks to the bottom and ends its planktonic life. The star can then crawl. Metamorphosis takes a total of aproximately thirty days.   Ochre Sea Star  (Purple Star: Pisaster ochraceus)  Habitat: Low tide zone; rocks Eats: Clams, mussels, barnacles, oysters, snails, limpets, chitons Eaten by: Gulls, sea otters Feeds: Arms clamp to prey and force shell open. They can then place their stomach into the prey with an opening of only .1 mm. It can take 2-3 days to digest their prey. Moves: Moves swiftly with thousands of suction-cup tube feet. Defense: Can regenerate lost arms if part of their central disc is intact. Tweezer-like \u0022pedicellariae\u0022 on their upper surface keep anything from settling on them and clogging the breathing ability of their skin Drying: Thick skin prevents drying Reproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization  Notes: Same species may be orange, purple, burgundy, or brown. Light sensitive eyespots are on the tip of each arm.   Pacific Blood Star  (Henricia leviuscula)  Habitat: Low tide zone Eats: Sponges and bacteria and other small particles it traps with mucus. This food is then transported up to its mouth with cilliary tracks. Eaten by: Birds Reproduction: Smaller females brood their young, while larger females release their eggs directly into the deeper waters. Sea Stars greatest enemies are human collectors.   Rainbow Star  (Orthasterias koehleri)  Habitat: On sand, shell to rock, very low intertidal to 800\u0027 Eats: Feeds on the ribbed clam, rock oysters, and other bivalves; also on small snails, limpets, scallops, barnacles, tunicates and other invertebrates. Feeds: Pushes its stomach between the shells of a clam to begin digesting its meal. Moves: on tube feet on the underside of each ray Defense: Calcareous plates covered with a soft layer of skin; prominent sharp spines on the dorsal surface; also able to regenerate missing rays Reproduction: Breeds from June to August. It elevates itself on arm tips to spawn from paired gonopores. Females produce translucent orange eggs. After fertilization these develop into planktonic larvae.  Notes: Also called Painted Star or Long-armed Sea Star   Striped Sun Star  (Solaster stimpsoni)  Habitat: On rocks and other surfaces to 2000\u0027, often in the low intertidal zone Eats: Sea cucumbers, sea squirts, tunicates and other invertebrates Eaten by: Morning sun star Feeds: by extruding the stomach to digest food outside the body Moves: by tube feet Reproduction: Gametes are discharged into the water for external fertilization  Notes: The most common sunstar, it usually has 10 arms. Up to 16\u0022 in diameter   Sunflower Star  (Pycnopodia Helianthoides)  Habitat: Soft bottoms and rocky shores, subtidal to 1450\u0027. Enters intertidal waters to forage. Eats: Crab, sea cucumbers, snails, chitons, bivalve mollusks, purple sea urchins, other sea stars. Has been observed to feed on dead squid and dead fish. Eaten by: Alaska king crab Feeds: A voracious feeder, preying on many large clams and crustaceans. Often digs out butterclams and leaves pits in sandy areas. A sunflower star can swallow an entire sea urchin, digest it internally and then expel the urchin\u0027s test - its external shell. Moves: Moves rapidly on tube feet, up to 6\u0027 a minute when hunting for food. Defense: Arms break off readily if caught. Reproduction: Gametes are discharged into the water for external fertilization  Notes: Largest and fastest sea star found in the Pacific Northwest, up to 40\u0022 in diameter. When young they have six arms, but as they age new arms are added until there are more than 20.   Calcareous Tube Worm  (Serpula vermicularis)  Habitat: Mid to low tide zone: attached to rocks and shells Eats: Plankton Eaten by: Fish nip off tentacles Feeds: Filter-feeds with tentacles Moves: Lives in hard white tube Defense: Withdraws tentacles Drying: Closes tube entrance Reproduction: Separate sexes; internal fertilization  Notes: Tube may extend 2-3 feet. Microscopic hair-like cillia pulse in unison to draw plankton to the mouth like an automated assembly line. Mucus is secreted to grow and repair the tubes this worm lives in.   Sea Urchins  (Strongylocentrotus sp.)  Habitat: Low tide zone; on rocks Eats: Seaweed Eaten by: Sea otters, Seastars, crabs, gulls Feeds: Tube feet pass seaweed to mouth; chews with a 5 pointed jaw called \u0022Aristotle\u0027s Lantern\u0022 Moves: Moves on tube feet and spines Defense: Spines protect from predation. Tweezer-like \u0022pedicellariae\u0022 keep anything from attaching to them. Drying: Covers body with bits of shell to reflect the sun Reproduction: Separate sexes; external fertilization  Notes: Three species; green, red and purple. The shell is called a \u0022test\u0022. The green urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) has the longest scientific name in the animal kingdom! Urchin populations have damaged kelp populations in areas where Sea Otters have not kept urchin populations in check.   Not yet pictured...    Hydrocoral  Hydroid  Aurelia Jelly  Fried Egg Sea Jelly  Lophelia  Dirona Nudibranch  Leopard Nudibranch  Plumerella  Paragorgia  Primnoa  Rock Scallop  Rose Star  Vermillion Star","author":["National Marine Sanctuaries"],"organization":["National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2004-07-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.744184000000","-124.934706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5121","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/olympic-coast-national-marine-sanctuary-marine-mammals-list","sourceURL":"https:\/\/olympiccoast.noaa.gov\/living\/marinelife\/mammals\/mammals.html","title":"Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Marine Mammals List","description":"Twenty nine species of marine mammals reside in or migrate through Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Toothed and baleen whales, seals and sea lions and sea otters all represent the adaptation of land-based animal forms for survival in the marine environment. Gray whales, sea otters, harbor seals and Steller and California sea lions can be spotted from land at many locations along the coast at some time during the year. Other whales including humpback whales can only be seen from boats as they feed miles offshore.\n\n\n \n  \n   Group\n   Common Name\n   Species\n   Occurrence\n  \n \n \n  \n   Carnivore\n   1 Species\n   Sea Otter\n   Enhydra lutris\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Pinnipeds\n   5 species\n   California sea lion\n   Zalophus californianus\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Northern Sea lion\n   Eumpetopias jubatus\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Northern fur seal\n   Callorhinus ursinus\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Pacific harbor seal\n   Phoca vitulina\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Northern elephant seal\n   Mirounga angustirostris\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Cetaceans\n   23 species\n   California gray whale\n   Eschrichtius robustus\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Northern right whale\n   Eubalaena glacialis\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Minke whale\n   Balaenoptera acutorostrata\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Fin whale\n   Balaenoptera physalus\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Sei Whale\n   Balaenoptera borealis\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Blue whale\n   Balaenoptera musculus\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Humpback whale\n   Megaptera novaeangliae\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Sperm whale\n   Physeter macrocephalus\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Pygmy sperm whale\n   Kogia breviceps\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Stejneger\u0027s beaked whale\n   Mesoplodon stejnegeri\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Hubb\u0027s beaked whale\n   Mesoplodon carlhubbsi\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Cuvier\u0027s beaked whale\n   Ziphius cavirostris\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Baird\u0027s beaked whale\n   Beradius bairdii\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Short-finned pilot whale\n   Globicephala macrorhynchus\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Risso\u0027s dolphin\n   Grampus griseus\n   Regluar\n  \n  \n   Killer Whale\n   Orcinus orca\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   False Killer whale\n   Pseudorca crassidens\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Common dolphin\n   Delpinus delphis \n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Northern right whale dolphin\n   Lissodelphis borealis\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Striped dolphin\n   Stenella coeruleoalba\n   Rare\n  \n  \n   Pacific white-sided dolphin\n   Lagenorhynchus obliquidens\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Dall\u0027s porpoise\n   Phocoenoides dalli\n   Regular\n  \n  \n   Harbor porpoise\n   Phocoenoides phocoena\n   Regular","author":["National Marine Sanctuaries"],"organization":["National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2004-07-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.744184000000","-124.934706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-22 05:11:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5123","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electric-fields-power-lines-their-perception-freshwater-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134%2FS0032945207080127","title":"On Electric Fields of Power Lines and on Their Perception by Freshwater Fish","description":"It is ascertained by the results of measurements of intensity of electric fields under above-water passages of power lines in the water environment that the values of intensity of electric fields 50 Hz under power lines of 100 and 220 kV belong to the microvoltage range. By comparative analysis of the intensity levels of fields under power lines with thresholds of electric sensitivity of freshwater fish, it is shown that the electric fields of such levels may influence orientation and behavior of fish characterized by a high electrosensitivity.","author":["Basov, B."],"organization":["Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2007-04-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.633790000000","44.489627000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5127","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oregon-dungeness-crab-tagging-study","sourceURL":"","title":"Oregon Dungeness Crab Tagging Study","description":"Oregon\u2019s fishing community is concerned about the potential effects that wave energy conversion devices could have on Dungeness crab movement, behavior and harvests. Though crabbing has been a mainstay of West Coast economies for decades, little information has been collected or analyzed on adult Dungeness crab movement, in general, and for the Oregon Coast, specifically. To help begin addressing this critical information gap, The Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET), the Oregon Dungeness Crab Commission (ODCC) and Oregon Sea Grant added value to a planned baseline study conducted by H.T. Harvey and Associates. Crabs collected for the baseline study were tagged after they were measured and before they were returned to the ocean. Commercial crabbers later returned the tags, and were rewarded for collaborating in the project.","author":["Hildenbrand, K.","Gladics, A.","Eder, B."],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2011-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.782500000000","-124.238060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Crab_Tagging_OWET.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5128","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oregon-historic-sites-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/heritagedata.prd.state.or.us\/historic\/index.cfm?do=v.dsp_main","title":"Oregon Historic Sites Database","description":"The Oregon Historic Sites Database includes historic places that have been inventoried by Oregon\u2019s State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) or listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Data is live and reflects any changes that are being made throughout each day. The SHPO is in the process of adding enhancements that expand search capabilities and options, as well as additional features like photographs, expanded report capabilities including statistical summaries for groups of buildings, options for downloading data onto your own computer, PDFs of actual National Register and survey forms, and a GIS or electronic map component that allows for searching in that format.","author":["Oregon State Parks"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.355548000000","-125.417590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5129","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oregon-marine-map","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.coastalatlas.net\/index.php\/tools\/planners\/64-oregon-marine-map","title":"Oregon Marine Map","description":"Oregon MarineMap is being developed in support of Goal 19 of Oregon\u0027s Statewide Planning which requires the state \u0022to conserve marine resources and ecological functions for the purpose of providing long-term ecological, economic, and social value and benefits to future generations.\u0022 Oregon MarineMap will facilitate the positioning of nearshore marine habitats and renewable ocean energy sites through visualization, analysis, and collaboration. The uses of these nearshore marine habitats and energy sites will be guided by a comprehensive Territorial Sea Plan developed by the state of Oregon.","author":["MarineMap Consortium"],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.355548000000","-125.417590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5130","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oregon-state-university-northwest-national-marine-renewable-energy-center-wave-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Oregon State University and Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Wave Energy Test Project","description":"The Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC), a partnership between Oregon State University (OSU) and the University of Washington (UW), was established through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Wind and Water Power Program and local funding to support wave and tidal energy development for the United States. OSU\u0027s focus is on wave energy development and UW\u0027s focus is on tidal energy development. The collective NNMREC activities facilitate commercialization of wave and tidal energy devices, inform regulatory policy decisions, and close key gaps in marine renewable energy understanding.  The OSU and NNMREC Wave Energy Test Project (Proposed Project) is an effort to deliver a mobile capability for testing the output of wave energy conversion (WEC) devices. As the lead for NNMREC\u0027s wave energy work, OSU would be the technical agent for the Proposed Project which would be located approximately 2.0 miles (3.2 kilometers) off the coast of Oregon near the city of Newport, Oregon. The Wave Energy Technology - New Zealand (WET-NZ) device would be the first WEC device deployed at the site and tested using the testing equipment included in the Proposed Project in 2012 and 2013.    Appendix A - Scoping Report  Appendix B - Agency Correspondence  Appendix C - Example WEC Device Technologies  Appendix D - Adaptive Management Framework  Appendix E - Monitoring Plans","author":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon State University (OSU)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.690000000000","-124.134000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:49:22","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DOE2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5131","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/out-sight-not-out-mind-public-perceptions-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1523908X.2011.573632","title":"Out of Sight but Not out of Mind? Public Perceptions of Wave Energy","description":"Public concern about the visual and environmental impacts of renewable energy projects has been a major factor behind the stalling or rejection of many planning applications for on-shore renewables developments. Siting renewables facilities in off-shore locations would appear to reduce this tension but, as yet, limited research has been conducted on public attitudes to marine renewables\u2014particularly tidal and wave power\u2014 to establish how genuinely \u2018out of sight and out of mind\u2019 such developments are in the public mind. This paper presents a quantitative study of public opinions on a test site for wave energy currently under construction near the coast of the Southwest UK. The findings suggest general public support for wave energy as an economically beneficial method of power generation with few adverse side-effects. The merits of quantitative and qualitative research on public attitudes towards renewable-energy technologies are then discussed and concepts of risk and reward perception are used to explore the possible future dynamics of public attitudes towards \u2018future\u2019 renewables technologies like wave energy. We conclude with reflections on risk and reward perceptions as a heuristic device for defining future directions for research on public attitudes towards different renewable-energy technologies.","author":["Bailey, I.","West, J.","Whitehead, I."],"organization":["University of Exeter","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5132","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/outer-continental-shelf-lease-blocks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=c0fd1495d1c248cba293f79c4a092097","title":"Outer Continental Shelf Lease Blocks","description":"This dataset represents the Outer Continental Shelf Blocks and Official Protraction Diagram Areas. The NOAA Coastal Services Center\u0027s Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Block data set was created to assist in marine spatial planning and offshore alternative energy sitting. This is a composite data set derived from a collection of authoritative OCS Block and Official Protraction Diagram data provided by the DIO Minerals Management Service.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2016-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5133","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-impacts-anthropogenic-underwater-sound-marine-environment","sourceURL":"","title":"Overview Of The Impacts Of Anthropogenic Underwater Sound In The Marine Environment","description":"Many marine organisms, including most marine mammals (whales, dolphins, porpoises and pinnipeds), many marine fish species, and even some invertebrates, use sound for a variety of purposes, for example in communication, to locate mates, to search for prey, to avoid predators and hazards, and for short- and long-range navigation (for reviews see for example Tyack \u0026amp; Clark 2000; Popper et al. 2001; W\u00fcrsig \u0026amp; Richardson 2002; Popper et al. 2004). Depending on the intensity (sound pressure level) at the source, the pitch (frequency) and the distance between source and receiver, sound can potentially affect marine organisms in various ways. In this regard, it is also important to consider the cumulative effect when a sound source is long-lasting or repeated in time (Richardson et al. 1995).  Concerns on the potential adverse effects of anthropogenic noise on marine life have been raised from within the scientific community since the 1970s, and research on the topic expanded in the 1980s (e.g. Payne \u0026amp; Webb 1971; Richardson et al. 1985). During the last decade the topic has been investigated extensively by a number of scientific institutions, governmental agencies and intergovernmental bodies, with major reviews dealing with the effects of sound on fish and marine mammals (e.g. Richardson et al. 1995; W\u00fcrsig \u0026amp; Richardson 2002; Popper et al. 2004; Hastings \u0026amp; Popper 2005; Hildebrand 2005; ICES 2005; NRC 2003, 2005; Wahlberg \u0026amp; Westerberg 2005; Thomsen et al. 2006; Madsen et al. 2006; Southall et al. 2007; Nowacek et al. 2007). These studies have documented both the presence and absence of physiological effects and behavioural responses of marine mammals, fish, and even invertebrates to various sound signals and have set the scene for discussions among scientists, stakeholders and policy makers on how to address potential impacts of underwater noise and how to develop meaningful mitigation measures within regulatory frameworks.","author":["G\u00f6tz, T.","Hastie, G.","Hatch, L.","Raustein, O.","Southall, B.","Tasker, M.","Thomsen, F.","Campbell, J.","Fredheim, B."],"organization":["OSPAR Commission"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Anthropogenic_Underwater_Sound_in_the_Marine_Environment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5134","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-ocean-renewable-energy-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032110003278","title":"Overview of Ocean Renewable Energy in China","description":"Facing great pressure of economic growth and energy crisis, China pays much attention to the renewable energy. An overview of policy and legislation of renewable energy as well as status of development of renewable energy in China was given in this article. By analysis, the authors believe that ocean energy is a necessary addition to existent renewable energy to meet the energy demand of the areas and islands where traditional forms of energy are not applicable and it is of great importance in adjusting energy structure of China. In the article, resources distribution and technology status of tidal energy, wave energy, marine current energy, ocean thermal energy and salinity gradient energy in China was reviewed, and assessment and advices were given for each category. Some suggestions for future development of ocean energy were also given.","author":["Wang, S.","Yuan, P.","Li, D.","Jiao, Y."],"organization":["Ocean University of China"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["27.418166000000","124.748781000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:35:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5135","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oyster-2-phase-1-decommissioning-programme","sourceURL":"","title":"Oyster 2 (Phase 1) Decommissioning Programme","description":"Aquamarine Power has developed the Oyster, a Wave Energy Converter (WEC), the device captures wave energy and converts it into electrical energy (see Figure 1 below). The offshore element of the Oyster 2a device is made up of two hydraulic pump modules, a base frame and a flap. The device will be fixed on to two pre-installed foundation piles which have previously been set into the seabed into pre-drilled rock sockets and grouted into place. The cyclical oscillating action of waves on the flap cause the it to pivot on its hinges and pump hydraulic fluid through a pipeline to a shore based electricity generating turbine. This turbine in turn feeds electrical energy to the grid.  The installation of Oyster 2a (the second generation of the Oyster devices) and foundation piles (two for Oyster 2a, a monopile for Oyster 2b and a monopile for Oyster 2c) is scheduled for the summer of 2011 (works commenced in June 2011) at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) wave device test area in Billia Croo, Orkney.  The design life of Oyster 2a and the foundation piles is 20 years, however it is expected that decommissioning would take place when the current seabed lease expires in 2015 or subject to a seabed lease extension being granted by EMEC, in summer 2026.  The decommissioning of Oyster 2a is described in the following sections of this document. In summary, the process will:    Commence with mobilisation of the decommissioning vessels to the site.  Divers will be used to perform and guide the decommissioning operations, however diver safety will be a prime consideration in planning the individual tasks and where possible automated, diverless methods will be employed.  The Oyster 2a WEC will be in the locked down or closed state.  The low and high pressure pipelines connecting the device to the shore based elements of the system will be cut, and left on the seabed for later recovery as part of decommissioning activities.  The Oyster 2a WEC will be removed in one piece by cutting it clear of the seabed at the base of the two foundation piles. This will be done as close to the seabed as possible.  Towing bridles will be pre-installed onto the device prior to the cutting operation. The remotely operated cutting system will allow the Oyster 2a WEC rise on its own buoyancy when the pile cuts are complete.  The Oyster 2a WEC will be wet towed back to shore by the decommissioning vessels for disassembly.  The two Oyster 2a foundation piles will be cut flush with the seabed by divers.  The two monopiles associated with Oyster 2b and 2c will be cut flush with the seabed by divers.  All seabed pipe work and cabling will be recovered using vessel based carnage and buoyancy modules and transported back to shore for scrapping.  Any waste produced during decommissioning operations will be removed from site onboard the construction vessel.  A post decommissioning seabed survey would be carried out following decommissioning and a report provided to the relevant parties (Department of Energy and the Climate Change (DECC) and Marine Scotland).","author":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"originationDate":"2011-07-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:47:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oyster_2_Phase_1_Decommissioning_Programme_-_Draft_for_Consultation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5136","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oyster-2-wave-energy-project-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Oyster 2 Wave Energy Project Environmental Statement","description":"This is the Non-Technical Summary (NTS) for the Environmental Statement (ES) (and accompanying Navigational Safety Risk Assessment \u2013 NSRA) which has been prepared in support of applications made by Aquamarine Power Limited (Aquamarine Power) under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 and Section 36 of the Electricity Act (1989) for the 2.4MW Oyster 2 Array wave energy project.  The complete Oyster 2 Array is a project at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Billia Croo, Orkney, which comprises 3 Oyster wave energy converters (Oyster 2a, Oyster 2b and Oyster 2c) each rated at 800 kW with a combined project rating of 2.4MW.  The ES and NSRA report the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and NSRA of the second phase of the Oyster 2 Array wave energy project. Phase 2 comprises:    Seabed preparation;  Oyster 2b and Oyster 2c wave energy converter flaps;  Rock anchors used to position the wave energy converters during installation;  Wave energy converter latching anchors; and  Interconnecting pipelines and associated stabilisation anchors.","author":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:47:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oyster_2_Array_Project_ES.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5137","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/real-time-monitoring-beluga-whales-delphinapterus-leucas-eagle-river-alaska-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sa-instrumentation.com\/technology\/case-studies\/pambuoymonitoring-beluga-whales-in-alaska\/","title":"Real-Time Monitoring for Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in the Eagle River, Alaska using a PAMBuoy Detection System","description":"The Army and Air Force teamed with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF\u0026G) and the National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML) to investigate the use of real-time passive acoustic monitoring for belugas. SMRU Ltd, SMRU, LLC and Marine Instruments Ltd were contracted to conduct a trial of their PAMBuoy\u00ae system in Eagle River as part of a multi-year effort led by ADF\u0026G and NMML to conduct applied passive acoustics research on Cook Inlet belugas (CIBA project).\n\nA PAMBuoy\u00ae detection system was deployed in the mouth of the Eagle River, Alaska between 12 and 31 August 2012, close to the point at which the river flows out into Eagle Bay. The system was configured to detect both the echolocation clicks and the whistles of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) known to be regular visitors to both the Bay and the River at that time of year.\n\nThe PAMBuoy\u00ae system utilizes a low power digital signal processing system to automatically detect certain types of sound and then sends that information in near real time over a wireless communications system to a remote base station.\n\nThe primary purpose of the deployment was to assess how effectively the system can detect beluga whales with the eventual aim of setting up a system which can automatically alert staff at the nearby Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER) military base when animals approach or are in the river.\n\nThe system was effective at detecting both clicks and whistles during the trial period, successfully detecting all (100%) sightings from within the river and 430 out of all 432 (99.5%) recorded sightings at ranges varying from 10 to 1035m from both within and from outside the river. A negligible false alarm rate and high efficiency could be achieved by requiring multiple click detections within a short time window (e.g. 20 clicks in 10s). These results indicate that the system efficiency is more than adequate for the primary purpose of detecting whale presence within or close to the river.\n\nWhen comparing individual detection events detected by the fully automatic system with those picked out by an experienced human operator, the automatic system was unable to perform as well as the human, successfully detecting only 75% of human detected events. However, these missed events were generally short, relatively quiet click trains which were often close in time to louder events, presumably from the same beluga encounter, which were successfully detected, thus not missing encounters. A recall of 98% with 98% precision was achieved using a 15 minute encounter interval.\n\nA future long term monitoring program may require two PAMBuoy\u00ae systems, one deployed at the mouth of the river and one further upstream if there is a need to distinguish between whales in the bay, close to the river and whales in the river system itself. A second system was deployed outside the river mouth for a single day and the two systems operated simultaneously. Animals can clearly be detected on the system outside the river mouth, a short time before being detected in the river.\n\nWhile the main PAMBuoy\u00ae system can be considered to be at a high level of \u201cTechnology Readiness\u201d a long term monitoring installation would require some work to be put into the wireless communications system in order to transmit the signal all the way to the joint base and considerable investment may also be needed to develop an ice and debris proof mounting system for the hydrophone if monitoring is to take place for extended periods and during winter months.\n\nOnce information on costs and practicalities of long term hydrophone mounting and data transmission become available, the final decision as to hydrophone configuration and placement and operational alarm thresholds will require detailed discussions with the relevant representatives from the joint army and air force base and regulators before a final system can be specified.","author":["Gillespie, D.","Castellote, M.","Maginnis, A.","Garner, C.","Small, R."],"organization":["Marine Instruments Ltd","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2013-05-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["61.327740000000","-149.736140000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SMRU_Ltd_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5138","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noaa-electronic-navigational-charts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.charts.noaa.gov\/","title":"NOAA Electronic Navigational Charts","description":"The NOAA Electronic Navigational Charts (NOAA ENCs) contain navigational features in a vector format produced by digitizing each feature\u2019s geometry into a specific object. NOAA cartographers collect the vector features using a data standard (S-57) recognized by international treaties and the International Hydrographic Organization. The navigational objects are maintained in a database along with additional information about their real-world characteristics, such as geographic position, shape, color, and age of the data.","author":["NOAA Office of Coast Survey"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5139","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-ocean-economics-program","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceaneconomics.org\/","title":"National Ocean Economics Program","description":"Established in 1999, the National Ocean Economics Program (NOEP) provides a full range of the most current policy-relevant economic and demographic information available on changes and trends along the U.S. coast, Great Lakes, and coastal waters. The NOEP delivers its information through searchable databases available on this site, as well as through published articles and reports. The NOEP is now part of the new Center for the Blue Economy at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, which is funded by a generous grant from the Loker Foundation. Plans are underway to expand NOEP to provide an even broader range of socioeconomic and scientific information and extend its scope internationally. NOEP supports the broader mission of the CBE to \u0022educate the next generation of leaders to sustainably manage the world\u0027s oceans and coasts.\u0022","author":["Center for the Blue Economy"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5140","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-register-historic-places-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/nr\/research\/","title":"National Register of Historic Places Database","description":"With more than 80,000 properties listed in the National Register, these records hold information on more than 1.4 million individual resources- buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects. Documentation includes a National Register registration form, which provides a physical description of the place, information about its history and significance, and a bibliography. Photographs and maps are also available, and the National Register is in the process of plotting its properties into Google Earth layers.","author":["National Park Service"],"organization":["US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5141","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-status-trends-data-portal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/products.coastalscience.noaa.gov\/collections\/ltmonitoring\/nsandt\/","title":"National Status and Trends Data Portal","description":"This interactive, online application was designed to provide access to data collected by NS\u0026T in programs such as Benthic Surveillance, Bioeffects, Mussel Watch and Special Studies. This tool serves biological, chemical, physical and toxicological data collected from water bodies throughout the United States from 1984 to the present. It allows the user to select data via parameter group, region, matrix and NS\u0026T program. There is also a visual aspect to this application which allows the user to select a customized region and to view where NS\u0026T has data for any given parameter group.","author":["Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5143","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nature-conservation-implications-severn-tidal-barrage-preliminary-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1617138109000260","title":"Nature Conservation Implications of a Severn Tidal Barrage - A Preliminary Assessment of Geomorphological Change","description":"A tidal barrage across the Severn Estuary (UK) was first proposed in the 1970s and similar ideas have re-emerged in recent years as the pressure for sources of renewable energy increase. Claims that the barrage would deliver ecological and flood defence benefits based on the tidal power project at La Rance in France are examined. This analysis suggests that the range and scale of ecological and geomorphological impacts will be considerably more deleterious than has hitherto been documented. Monitoring of the Eastern Schelde tidal barrage, constructed to reduce flood events in Holland, provides important pointers about the possible effects of a barrage across the Severn Estuary. The published outcomes of detailed monitoring on the Eastern Schelde provide a robust analogue that suggests significant detrimental effects on nature conservation are likely and that some of the functional changes also have important implications for flood defence structures around the estuary and its tributaries.","author":["Pethick, J.","Morris, R.","Evans, D."],"organization":["Natural England"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.333250000000","-3.574450000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5144","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/naval-base-kitsap-bangor-trident-support-facilities-explosive-handling-wharf-ehw-2","sourceURL":"","title":"Naval Base Kitsap at Bangor Trident Support Facilities Explosive Handling Wharf (EHW-2) Project: Acoustic Monitoring Report","description":"Underwater and airborne acoustic measurements were recorded as part of the Explosive Handling Wharf-2 (EHW-2) project located at Naval Base Kitsap at Bangor, Washington. Acoustic data was collected during vibratory and impact pile driving activities between September 28, 2012 and January 19, 2013. The September 28th date coincides with the beginning of the in-water work for the EHW-2 project. Regulatory permits and consultations completed for this project identified several terms, conditions, and metrics which the Navy was required to comply with. The acoustic monitoring was conducted to support the respective Biological Assessment (BA) and Incidental Harassment. Authorization (IHA) compliance documents for this project, NAVFAC 2011a and 2011b, both provide a more in-depth discussion on the modeling assumptions and calculations for the project and are incorporated here by reference.\n\nThe objective of the monitoring for the EHW-2 project was to supplement the findings from the Test Pile Program (TPP) project, verify the propagation rates of underwater and airborne sounds and compare the performance of the bubble curtain to other projects. Predictions of the distances to applicable criteria were estimated for the EHW-2 project for fish, birds and marine mammals.\n\nStatistically significant comparisons between the EHW-2 project and the TPP project could only be made for the 36-inch pile data. With the TPP project there was only one 24-inch pile driven and during the EHW-2 project there was only one 48-inch pile driven. As a result, The comparisons were made for the 36-inch piles for both projects and between the 24-inch and 36- inch piles for the EHW-2 only are summarized in Table ES1. For the impact pile driving in Table ES1, all data are with a bubble curtain.\n\nTypically a bubble curtain will provide approximately 10 dB of attenuation in the peak sound pressure levels when properly designed and deployed. At times it appeared the bubble curtain achieved close to 10 dB of attenuation and other times it clearly did not. There was no provision available to determine for the purposes of this report if there was the proper air flow or if the bubble curtain fully encapsulated the pile. EHW 2 contractors are in the process of redesigning the bubble rings to improve their performance.\n\nThe calculated maximum distance for the 206 dB peak zone is calculated using the 208 dB and the 15.8 dB propagation rate shown in table ES-1. The average calculated RMS levels for the 36 inch TTP pile are from page 106 in the TTP report. The Average 187 and 183 dB cumulative SEL is calculated using 100 pile strikes and the propagation rate and average single strike SEL from Table ES-1.","author":["Navy Strategic Systems Programs"],"organization":["Illingworth and Rodkin Inc","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2013-05-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.720560000000","-122.713060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reyff_Bangor_Pile_Driving_Sound_Monitoring_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5145","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/navigational-safety-risk-assessment-wave-test-site-european-marine-energy-centre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=37","title":"Navigational Safety Risk Assessment for the Wave Test Site at the European Marine Energy Centre","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) was established in the Orkney Islands in 2002 to provide a facility for the testing of marine renewable energy devices. This comprised a Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) device test facility (the \u201cWave Test Site\u201d) at Billia Croo and, in 2006, a tidal energy device test site in the Fall of Warness, (the \u201ctidal test site\u201d).\n\nThe Wave Test Site area is situated on the west coast of Mainland (the principal island of the Orkney Islands) and was chosen after an option study which compared a number of factors including its impact on navigation. Consultation with stakeholders was undertaken at the time in order to gauge the potential impact and the comments made were taken into account in the controls that were subsequently put in place. A Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA) process was undertaken in order to identify the potential risks from the devices and buoys that could be sited at the Wave Test Site and appropriate monitoring and procedural controls introduced as part of a Safety Management System for the Centre as a whole. These controls included Standard Operational and Emergency Response Procedures for control of work and responses to identified accident scenarios e.g. partial loss of device mooring or vessel collision.\n\nIn 2006, a requirement was raised for a shallow water test berth. As such devices generally required to be sited in depths less than 20m it was not possible to use the established test site where the charted depths are around 50m. Hence, a site closer inshore was required.\n\nAs the shallow water test area was to be outwith the current test site, an assessment of the navigational safety issues arising from the establishment of an Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREI) was conducted in 2008 in accordance with the Maritime and Coastguard Agency\u2019s (MCA) guidance at the time - Marine General Notice MGN 275(M) - Proposed Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREI) \u2013 Guidance on Navigational Safety Issues. Since then, that guidance has been superseded by MGN 371 (M+F) Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREIs) \u2013 Guidance on UK Navigational Practice, Safety and Emergency Response Issues. The issues that require to be addressed remain unchanged.\n\nThe methodology for this assessment followed that for assessing the Marine Navigational Safety Risks of Offshore Wind Farms contained in the Dti\/BERR publication - Guidance on the Assessment of the Impact of Offshore Wind Farms. The assessment also reviewed the navigational safety impact of the Wave Test Site as a whole.","author":["Cantello, D."],"organization":["Abbott Risk Consulting Ltd (ARC)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.066508000000","-3.154980000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Abbott_Risk_Consulting_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5148","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-york-department-state-offshore-atlantic-ocean-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/docs.dos.ny.gov\/communitieswaterfronts\/ocean_docs\/NYSDOS_Offshore_Atlantic_Ocean_Study.pdf","title":"New York Department of State Offshore Atlantic Ocean Study","description":"New York State\u2019s Department of State (DOS) has completed a two-year study to generate and assemble the most comprehensive dataset of physical, biological, geographic, and socioeconomic information available for the Atlantic Ocean waters offshore New York State.  New Yorkers rely on the ocean for a wide range of economic activities. Over two-thirds of all New Yorkers live in counties that are located within the State\u2019s ocean and estuarine regions, accounting for over 275,000 ocean and coastal-related jobs and nearly $7.5 billion in wages in 2009.1\u00a0The Port of New York and New Jersey is North America\u2019s largest container port and the third biggest port in the United States, handling over $175 billion in cargo.2\u00a0The overall economic contributions of the sport fishing, commercial fishing, and seafood industries to New York State total $11.5 billion annually.3\u00a0Long Island\u2019s tourism industry accounts for over $4 billion annually and includes a robust community of recreational divers, boaters, fishers, and others who enjoy using the water. In fact, New York has the largest concentration of registered recreational boats in the Northeast, with Suffolk and Nassau Counties accounting for almost two-thirds of the 15,502 total vessels in New York.  In addition to these important economic activities, New York\u2019s coastal communities are deeply connected to the ocean by physical and ecological ties. In the past, severe coastal storms have caused significant damage to New York\u2019s coastal communities because of this connectivity. Most recently, in October of 2012, Hurricane Sandy\u2019s high winds and related storm surge devastated portions of New York City and Long Island, causing fatalities, injuries, property damage and extended power outages, and disrupting life for millions of New Yorkers. Taking a longer view, the ocean-related impacts of climate change will pose additional strains on coastal communities. Warming ocean temperatures and rising sea levels will affect coastal infrastructure,4\u00a0and the distributions of fish stocks and other wildlife may shift farther north.5,6\u00a0While the focus of this study is on offshore areas, understanding the relationship between New Yorkers and the ocean will provide insight into opportunities to strengthen and improve connections to the ocean, leading to more economically-vibrant communities that are also more resilient.  In acknowledgement of the breadth of connections between New York\u2019s coastal area and the offshore environment, DOS studied an expansive area. In its entirety, the offshore planning area constitutes approximately 12,650 square nautical miles (16,740 square miles7) off the south shore of New York City and Long Island. These waters are under the jurisdiction of either the state (0-3 nautical miles from shore) or federal (3-200 nautical miles) governments, and are managed by numerous government agencies. Through the New York State Coastal Management Program, authorized by the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) and administered by DOS, New York has an important role in federal decisions made in waters beyond the State\u2019s territorial boundary through its Federal Consistency authority.8  This study provides information for state and federal decision-making, supplementing available use and resource data. When future decisions are to be made regarding offshore activities, state and federal agencies will rely upon all data and information available at the time of the decision-making. This study illustrates the abundance and diversity of the uses and resources that can be found off New York\u2019s offshore Atlantic environment. The information that follows supplements existing datasets and highlights a broader body of ongoing work. It is not intended to be an exhaustive accounting of New York\u2019s ocean interests.  This study contains physical, biological, geographic, and socioeconomic information including:  the locations and characteristics of existing uses, such as commercial vessel traffic, recreational boating, commercial fishing, recreational fishing, diving, surfing, nature viewing, and research and exploration; predicted locations of existing natural resources, such as fish, whales, seabirds, and sea turtles, and observed locations of corals and sponges; a range of modeled physiographic information, such as ocean floor features, sediment characterization, depth, current, temperature, wind speeds, and bathymetry (bottom contours); and the locations of infrastructure and regulated areas, such as dump sites, unexploded ordnance, navigation lanes, turning basins, fiber-optic cables, electric transmission cables, pipelines, and aviation-restricted areas.","author":["New York Department of State"],"organization":["New York State Department of State"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:27:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NY_Offshore_Wind_Study_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5150","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-measurements-prototype-tidal-energy-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/129\/4\/10.1121\/1.3588251","title":"Noise Measurements Of A Prototype Tidal Energy Turbine","description":"Characterizing the acoustic footprint of power generating tidal turbines is necessary to assess possible effects of the radiated noise on local marine life. However, as is the case for a wide range of offshore installations, cohesive and accurate measurement of both the radiated noise of the turbine and the ambient noise conditions is a difficult task. In this case, the usual difficulties with propagation and contaminating noise sources are exacerbated by flow induced noise in the measurement system. Here we present results from noise measurements made of the Ocean Renewable Power Company prototype TidGenTM power generation turbine unit deployed in Cobscook Bay near Lubec and Eastport, Maine. These measurements were made using a drifting measurement system in currents upwards of 6 kn.","author":["Deveau, D.","Stein, P.","Rotker, N.","Scribner, H.","Edson, P."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)","Scientific Solutions Inc"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.901510000000","-67.069910000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5152","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-modelling-wave-energy-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater Noise Modelling of Wave Energy Devices","description":"Future large-scale implementation of wave energy converts (WECs) will introduce an anthropogenic activity in the ocean which may contribute to underwater noise. The Ocean houses several marine species with acoustic sensibility; consequently the potential impact of the underwater noise needs to be addressed. At present, there are no acoustic impact studies based on acquired data. The WEAM project (Wave Energy Acoustic Monitoring) aims at developing an underwater noise monitoring plan for WECs. The development of an acoustic monitoring plan must consider the sound propagation in the ocean, identify noise sources, understand the operational characteristics and select adequate instrumentation. Any monitoring strategy must involve in-situ measurements. However, the vast distances which sound travels within the ocean, can make in-situ measurements covering the entire area of interest, impracticable. This difficulty can be partially overcome through acoustic numerical modelling. This paper presents a synthetic study, on the application of acoustic forward modelling and the evaluation of the impact of noise produced by wave energy devices on marine mammals using criteria based on audiograms of dolphins, or other species. The idea is to illustrate the application of that methodology, and to show to what extent it allows for estimating distances of impacts due to acoustic noise.  The presentation is available here.","author":["Patricio, S.","Soares, S.","Sarmento, A."],"organization":["Technical University of Lisbon","University of Algarve","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2009-09-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Patricio-et-al-2009-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5153","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-negatively-affects-foraging-antipredator-behaviour-shore-crabs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347213001991","title":"Noise Negatively Affects Foraging and Antipredator Behaviour in Shore Crabs","description":"Acoustic noise has the potential to cause stress, to distract and to mask important sounds, and thus to affect behaviour. Human activities have added considerable noise to both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, and there is growing evidence that anthropogenic noise affects communication and movement patterns in a variety of species. However, there has been relatively little work considering the effect on behaviours that are fundamental to survival, and thus have direct fitness consequences. We conducted a series of controlled tank-based experiments to consider how playback of ship noise, the most common source of underwater noise, affects foraging and antipredator behaviour in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas. Ship noise playback was more likely than ambient-noise playback to disrupt feeding, although crabs experiencing the two sound treatments did not differ in their likelihood of, or speed at, finding a food source in the first place. While crabs exposed to ship noise playback were just as likely as ambient-noise controls to detect and respond to a simulated predatory attack, they were slower to retreat to shelter. Ship noise playback also resulted in crabs that had been turned on their backs righting themselves faster than those experiencing ambient-noise playback; remaining immobile may reduce the likelihood of further predatory attention. Our findings therefore suggest that anthropogenic noise has the potential to increase the risks of starvation and predation, and showcases that the behaviour of invertebrates, and not just vertebrates, is susceptible to the impact of this pervasive global pollutant.","author":["Wale, M.","Simpson, S.","Radford, A."],"organization":["University of Bristol","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.507930000000","-5.182974000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5154","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/north-atlantic-right-whale-distribution-seasonal-occurrence-nearshore-waters-new","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v20\/n1\/p59-69\/","title":"North Atlantic Right Whale Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence in Nearshore Waters off New Jersey, USA, and Implications for Management","description":"The presence of endangered North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA is not well understood. Adequate protection of right whales in the face of plans to develop offshore renewable energy requires more information about this species\u2019 distribution and occurrence in this region. We present findings from the first year-round study dedicated to marine mammals in New Jersey\u2019s nearshore waters using line transect surveys and passive acoustic monitoring. Four groups of right whales, including a cow-calf pair, were sighted. Right whales were detected acoustically during all seasons. Sightings of females and subsequent confirmations of these same individuals in the calving grounds a month or less later illustrate that these waters are part of this species\u2019 migratory corridor. Observations of skim-feeding behavior suggest that feeding may also occur in areas farther south than the main feeding grounds. Based on the year-round occurrence of right whales off New Jersey, we recommend that presumed seasonal migratory patterns not be used alone to determine the timing of construction activities or monitoring\/mitigation efforts for offshore development. Our results also provide support for the expansion of existing critical habitat to include nearshore waters of the mid-Atlantic.","author":["Whitt, A.","Dudzinski, K.","Lalibert\u00e9, J."],"organization":["Geo-Marine Inc"],"originationDate":"2013-03-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.665637000000","-73.599986000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5155","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/north-atlantic-right-whales-eubalaena-glacialis-ignore-ships-respond-alerting-stimuli","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/271\/1536\/227","title":"North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) Ignore Ships but Respond to Alerting Stimuli","description":"North Atlantic right whales were extensively hunted during the whaling era and have not recovered. One of the primary factors inhibiting their recovery is anthropogenic mortality caused by ship strikes. To assess risk factors involved in ship strikes, we used a multi-sensor acoustic recording tag to measure the responses of whales to passing ships and experimentally tested their responses to controlled sound exposures, which included recordings of ship noise, the social sounds of conspecifics and a signal designed to alert the whales. The whales reacted strongly to the alert signal, they reacted mildly to the social sounds of conspecifics, but they showed no such responses to the sounds of approaching vessels as well as actual vessels. Whales responded to the alert by swimming strongly to the surface, a response likely to increase rather than decrease the risk of collision.","author":["Nowacek, D.","Johnson, M.","Tyack, P."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2004-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Attraction","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:55:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5157","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-simulation-3d-flow-past-real-life-marine-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0309170811002533","title":"Numerical Simulation of 3D Flow Past a Real-Life Marine Hydrokinetic Turbine","description":"We simulate three-dimensional, turbulent flow past an axial-flow marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine mounted on the bed of a rectangular open channel by adapting a computational framework developed for carrying out high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) in arbitrarily complex domains involving moving or stationary boundaries. The complex turbine geometry, including the rotor and all stationary components, is handled by employing the curvilinear immersed boundary (CURVIB) method [1] and [2]. Velocity boundary conditions near all solid surfaces are reconstructed using a wall model based on solving the simplified boundary layer equations [2]. To demonstrate the capabilities of the model we apply it to simulate the flow past a Gen4 axial flow MHK turbine developed by Verdant Power for the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) project in the East River in New York City, USA. We carry out systematic grid refinement studies, using grids with up to 185 million nodes, for only the turbine rotor placed in an infinite free stream to show that the computed torque converges to a grid insensitive value, which is in good agreement with field measurements. We also carry out LES for the complete turbine configuration, including the pylon, nacelle and rotor, mounted on the bed of a straight rectangular open channel. The computed results illustrate the complexity of the flow and show that the power output of the complete turbine is primarily dependent on the rotor geometry and tip speed ratio, and is not affected by the stationary components of the turbine and the presence of the channel bed. The complete turbine simulation also reveals that the downstream wake of the turbine consists of three main regions: the outer layer with the spiral blade tip vortices rotating in the same direction as the blades; the counter-rotating inner layer surrounded by the spiral tip vortices; and the core layer co-rotating with respect to the tip vortices. This study is the first to report the three-dimensional wake structure of MHK turbines.","author":["Kang, S.","Borazjani, I.","Colby, J.","Sotiropoulos, F."],"organization":["University of Minnesota","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2012-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.762797000000","-73.949318000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 07:06:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5158","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modeling-tidal-currents-effects-power-extraction-estuarine-hydrodynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148111002552","title":"Numerical Modeling of Tidal Currents and the Effects of Power Extraction on Estuarine Hydrodynamics Along the Georgia Coast, USA","description":"The tidal stream power potential along the coast of the state of Georgia is evaluated based on numerical modeling and validated with the available data. The Georgia coast consists of a complex network of tidal rivers and inlets between barrier islands that funnel and locally amplify the strength of the ambient tidal currents in the region. The number of existing tidal current prediction locations is not sufficient to resolve the temporal and spatial changes in the current speeds and patterns. Therefore, the currents are modeled with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) to determine the locations with high tidal stream power potential and the results are validated against measurements. The wetlands and the topographical features are integrated in the computational model with wetting and drying of computational cells. The locations with the largest mean tidal stream power density are identified and their characteristics are provided. The effect of power extraction on estuarine hydrodynamics is simulated by implementing an additional retarding force in the governing momentum equations in ROMS. Two different power extraction schemes are simulated at the Canoochee River. The first scheme involves extracting 20% of the original kinetic power across the entire cross-section of the river, and is found to have substantially lower impact on the original flow than the second scheme with 45% extraction. The summation of removed and residual kinetic powers is found to be larger than the original kinetic power in the cross-section, which is attributed to the recovery in the flow momentum through reorganization of stream flow energy. In both of the cases the major impact on the currents is limited to a partial reach of the river. The change in the maximum and minimum water levels is observed to be on the order of centimeters.","author":["Defne, Z.","Haas, K.","Fritz, H."],"organization":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.480470000000","-81.137979000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5159","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oceantec-sea-trials-quarter-scale-prototype","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"OCEANTEC: Sea Trials of a Quarter Scale Prototype","description":"Although the first attempts to exploit wave energy go back to similar periods of other renewable energy sources, no particular technology has yet proved to be successful. Survivability in the ocean harsh environment will be one of the key features for commercial success of Offshore Wave Energy Converters.  This paper describes the sea trials results of a new offshore Wave Energy Converter, namely the OCEANTEC WEC. The OCEANTEC WEC is an offshore floating structure, whose capture principle is based on a relative inertial movement produced by a gyroscopic system. Said movement is used to feed a conventional electric generator through several transformation stages of the primary mechanical absorbed energy.  It will also present and discuss the results of the wave tank tests performed in the CEHIPAR facilities with a fifteenth scale model. The model contained a simplified Power Take Off system with the aim of studying the performance of the WEC in regular and irregular waves.  The sea trials were carried out with a quarter scale prototype in the Northern Coast of Spain. The prototype was in commission during a short period of time in summer and autumn so that the sea environmental conditions could be scaled. The goal of these trials was to analyse the structural behaviour of the hull, the data acquisition system and the loads in the lines of the mooring system.","author":["Salcedo, F.","Ruiz-Minguela, P.","Rodriguez, R.","Ricci, P.","Santos, M."],"organization":["Oceantec","Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.330827200000","-1.959716600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:27:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OCEANTEC_Sea_Trials_of_a_Quarter_Scale_Prototype_.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5160","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-programmatic-environmental-impact-statement-alternative-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/renewable-energy\/guide-ocs-alternative-energy-final-programmatic-environmental-impact-statement-eis","title":"Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Alternative Energy Development and Production and Alternate Use of Facilities on the Outer Continental Shelf","description":"Volume I    Front Matter  Executive Summary  Chapter 1: Introduction  Chapter 2: Proposed Action and Alternatives  Chapter 3: Overview of Potential Alternative Energy Technologies on the OCS  Chapter 4: Affected Environment   Volume II    Front Matter  Chapter 5: Potential Impacts of Alternative Energy Development on the OCS and Analysis of Potential Mitigation Measures   Volume III    Front Matter  Chapter 6: Alternate Uses of Existing Oil and Natural Gas Platforms on The OCS  Chapter 7: Analysis of The Proposed Action and Its Alternatives  Chapter 8: Consultation and Coordination  Chapter 9: References  Chapter 10: List of Preparers  Chapter 11: Glossary  Chapter 12: Index   Executive Summary  The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) amended Section 8 of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) (43 USC 1337) to give the Secretary of the Interior authority to issue a lease, easement, or right-of-way on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) for activities that are not otherwise authorized by the OCSLA, or other applicable law, if those activities:    Produce or support production, transportation, or transmission of energy from sources other than oil and gas; or  Use, for energy-related purposes or other authorized marine-related purposes, facilities currently or previously used for activities authorized under the OCS Lands Act, except that any oil and gas energy-related uses shall not be authorized in areas in which oil and gas preleasing, leasing, and related activities are prohibited by a moratorium.   In addition, this subsection does not apply to any area on the OCS within the exterior boundaries of any unit of the National Park System, National Wildlife Refuge System, or National Marine Sanctuary System, or any National Monument.  In response to this new authority, the Minerals Management Service (MMS) of the U.S. Department of the Interior (USDOI) is establishing an Alternative Energy and Alternate Use Program on the OCS to approve and manage these potential activities. This programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) examines the potential environmental consequences of implementing the program and will be used to establish initial measures to mitigate environmental consequences. As the program evolves and more is learned, the mitigation measures may be modified or new measures developed. Each project developed under this new program will be subject to environmental reviews under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and each project may have additional project-specific mitigation measures.  Given the rapidly evolving nature of this nascent industry, the MMS cannot reasonably anticipate and assess the potential environmental impacts of all of the various technologies and potential OCS locations where these alternative energy projects could someday be proposed. Accordingly, this EIS is focused on alternative energy technologies and areas on the OCS that industry has expressed a potential interest in and ability to develop or evaluate from 2007 to 2014. In general, the OCS begins 3 nautical miles (mi) off coastal shorelines and extends to about 200 nautical mi offshore, with depths ranging from a few meters to thousands of meters. Exceptions are offshore of Texas and Florida, where the OCS begins 9 nautical mi offshore. However, for the technologies being assessed within the time horizon for this EIS, development is expected to occur near the shore, where maximum water depth would be 100 meters (m) or less for wind and wave technologies and 500 m for ocean current technology (the only OCS area where ocean current technology is feasible for development is in the Florida Current, located off the eastern coast of North America). The analysis is, therefore, limited to the area defined by this water depth in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Pacific regions.  For the purposes of this EIS, development of alternative energy sources around Hawaii is not analyzed for two reasons: (1) there is a steep drop-off of the OCS in waters beyond the 3 nautical mi State boundary, where depths easily exceed 100 m in most areas; and (2) almost all areas on the OCS with depths of less than 100 m are part of a national marine sanctuary and, therefore, are not under MMS jurisdiction. Development of alternative energy sources on the OCS in the Alaska region is also not evaluated at this time because of the relatively harsh environment and probability that no potential projects will be pursued in Federal waters.  The types of alternative energy projects that are analyzed in detail in this EIS are offshore wind, wave, and ocean current energy capture technologies. The MMS anticipates receiving applications for development of these technologies on the OCS over the next 5 to 7 years (i.e., 2007\u22122014). Solar energy capture technologies are not analyzed because the technology is not yet considered technologically and economically viable in the marine environment. Hydrogen energy storage technologies are considered unlikely to be demonstrated or developed in the offshore marine environment in the 5- to 7-year time frame based on the current available market for the product and technological considerations for development on the OCS. Tidal energy projects are also not analyzed, because these types of projects will be developed in areas very close to shore and outside the jurisdiction of the MMS.  The MMS also was given jurisdiction over other projects that make alternate use of existing oil and natural gas platforms in Federal waters. Alternate uses of existing facilities may include, but would not be limited to, alternative energy production, aquaculture, and research and monitoring. At this time, oil and gas structures are present only in OCS waters of the Gulf of Mexico and southern California (none are in the Atlantic). Therefore, alternate use of existing structures will be limited to facilities in the Gulf of Mexico and southern California over the next 5 to 7 years. The MMS will work closely with other agencies with relevant jurisdiction and\/or expertise in addressing these alternate uses.","author":["US Minerals Management Service (MMS)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Minerals Management Service (MMS)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2007-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_ExecutiveSummary_1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter1_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter2_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter3_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter4_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_VolIFrontMatter_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter5.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter6.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter7.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter8.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter9.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter10.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter11.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_Chapter12.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_VolIIFrontMatter.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alt_Energy_FPEIS_VolIIIFrontMatter.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5161","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-ia-annex-iv-environmental-effects-marine-hydrokinetic-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-20034.pdf","title":"OES-IA Annex IV: Environmental Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Devices","description":"More details of this workshop are available here.  The purpose of Annex IV is to provide a collaborative project under the International Energy Agency\u2019s (IEA) Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OES-IA) that will identify ongoing research and bring together data on the environmental effects of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy development, analyze those data to understand effects, identify potential monitoring and mitigation strategies to address those effects, and share those results and data broadly. The U.S. has the lead for Annex IV; and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is the overall Operating Agent, also partnering with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). The DOE Water Power Program has also tasked one of the U.S. national research laboratories, Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL), to carry out a significant amount of the Annex IV work. The database created to support Annex IV data will be built as an adjunct to the Knowledge Management System (Tethys) created for a similar PNNL project on environmental effects of MHK development. One of the first steps in implementing the Annex was to convene an experts\u2019 workshop in Dublin Ireland September 27th \u2013 28th 2010. PNNL was responsible for organizing the content of the workshop, overseeing the contractors (Irish Marine Institute) hosting the event, presenting material on Annex IV and materials applicable to the workshop intent. PNNL is also overseeing a contractor (Wave Energy Center\/University of Plymouth \u2013 WEC\/UP) in the collection and analysis of the Annex IV data.  Fifty-eight experts from 8 countries attended the workshop by invitation, spending two days discussing the needs of Annex IV. Ahead of the workshop, each participant received an extensive matrix created by the Wave Energy Center\/University of Plymouth (WEC\/UP), identifying known or likely MHK environmental effects for wave and tidal energy, monitoring and mitigation methodologies, and references. Additional pertinent reports and literature were made available to participants on the workshop website ahead of the workshop as well. Presentations by DOE (background on Annex IV), PNNL (process for developing Annex IV; presentation of the draft database for PNNL project, plans for incorporating Annex IV data), WEC\/UP on the environmental effect matrix, and four MHK developers (two from the UK, one from Ireland and one from Sweden; each discussing their own projects and lessons learned for measuring and mitigating environmental effects, as well as interactions with consenting [permitting] processes) helped provide background. The purposes of the workshop were to:    Refine and prioritize the list of environmental issues of concern  Identify MHK projects or other research where specific environmental impacts of concern are being monitored and data are being collected  Identify gaps where information on environmental impacts of concern is lacking or will be difficult to collect in the near future  Identify analogous sources of data from other industries that operate in the ocean environment  Identify case studies for further analysis where extensive monitoring or mitigation of impacts was successful  Review the database which will house all information collected on environmental monitoring and impacts and gather suggestions for improvements  Propose methods for data collection and submission to the database and identify responsible parties for data collection   An additional underlying purpose of the workshop was to engage the interest of a diverse group of experts to begin to create an international body of scientists to interact and promote scientific inquiry into environmental effects of MHK development. The workshop participants worked part of the time in the large group and most of the time in four smaller breakout groups. Participants engaged in the process and provided a wealth of examples of MHK environmental work, particularly in the European nations. They provided practical and actionable advice on the following:    Developing the Annex IV database, with specific uses and audiences  Strong consensus that we should collect detailed metadata on available data sets, rather than attempting to draw in copious datasets. The participants felt there would then be an opportunity to ask for specific sets of data as needed, with specific uses and ownership of the data specified at that time. This is especially important as many data collected, particularly in Europe but also in Canada, are proprietary; developers were not comfortable with the idea of handing over all their environmental effects data, but all said they would entertain the request if they specifics were clear.  Collecting metadata via an online interactive form, taking no more than one hour to complete.  Although the idea of cases representing the \u201cbest practices\u201d was recognized as useful, the participants pointed out that there are currently so few MHK projects in the water that any and all projects were appropriate to highlight as \u201ccases\u201d. There was also discomfort at the implication that \u201cbest practices\u201d implied \u201clesser practices\u201d; this being unhelpful to a new and emerging industry.  Workshop participants were asked if they were willing to continue to engage in the Annex IV process; all expressed willingness.   The workshop was successful in adequately addressing its objectives through participation and interaction in the breakout sessions around the various topics. The workshop clarified the Annex IV goal to ensure that existing information and data on environmental monitoring (and, to the extent possible, practices for environmental mitigation) are more widely accessible to those in industry, national, state, and regional governments, and the public. The workshop discussions also clarified the relationship of Annex IV to the U.S.-based Tethys database, in which the Annex IV data will be housed.  As a result of the workshop, many delegates are now better informed and have a greater understanding of the potential environmental effects of MHK devices on the marine environment. There is now a greater sense of understanding of the issues involved and consensus by those regulators, developers and scientists who attended the workshop. A strong network has also been built over the two days between European and US\/Canadian technical experts in wave and tidal energy.  The progress made during the workshop has provided the U.S. operating agents and member nations, with the information needed to refine the database design and format for data collection. The database design and format for data collection will be finalized. Then the member nations will be asked to collect and submit information on environmental monitoring in the standard format. Through this process the Annex IV database will be populated and made available through an interface to the Tethys database system. Additional analyses of high priority information gaps and lessons learned from the monitoring experiences will be carried out in future steps, leading to development of a final report.","author":["Copping, A.","O\u0027Toole, M."],"organization":["Irish Marine Institute","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.343100000000","-6.269056000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Annex_IV_Workshop_Report_2010_Final_Rev_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5162","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observations-turbulent-flow-fields-chesapeake-bay-estuary-tidal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5664375","title":"Observations Of Turbulent Flow Fields In The Chesapeake Bay Estuary For Tidal Energy Conversion","description":"This paper presents preliminary results from a two-week long set of field experiments performed to characterize flow structure and turbulence in the mid-water column during tidal flows in the Chesapeake Bay estuary. At the deployment location, in the vicinity of Kent Island peak flood\/ebb tidal flows range from +\/-40 cm\/s in the along-channel direction and secondary flow in the cross-channel direction reaches peak of +\/-10 cm\/s during the slack parts of a tidal cycle. Conditionally sampled mean velocity profiles indicate asymmetry in the flood\/ebb tidal flows, which is attributed to the tidal straining. Temporal velocity spectra are presented and show modifications of the turbulence spectra due to presence of surface gravity wave field. Time history of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate shows variations on a tidal time scale with magnitudes ranging from 10-6 to 10-3 m2\/s3. Results are discussed in the context of tidal turbine design and performance.","author":["Luznik, L.","Flack, K."],"organization":["US Naval Academy"],"originationDate":"2010-09-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.945078000000","-76.381621000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5163","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-gis-map-offshore-installations-worldwide","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/ocean-energy\/gis-map-tool\/","title":"OES GIS Map: Offshore Installations Worldwide","description":"The goal of this OES Task is the development of an interactive web-based GIS mapping application to give interested website visitors access to detailed global information related to ocean energy. The available information comprises ocean energy facilities, resources, relevant infrastructure and relevant general geopolitical and geographical information, altogether in conjunction with the respective location and distribution on a global map.  The user of this application is able to display any combination of the provided information with the help of a point-and-click interface which runs in any common web browser without the need of installing separate software. Through the interface, you can zoom and move through the map, select items and display related information and download or print images of the displayed information as desired.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5164","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-management-planning-united-states-competition-cooperation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1679922","title":"Ocean Management \u0026 Planning in the United States: From Competition to Cooperation","description":"The history of US marine and ocean law involves numerous federal statutes and government agencies. It also involves acrimony with state governments over offshore oil and gas drilling and its associated pollution. Faced with the opportunity for offshore renewable energy development -- such as wind, wave and tidal facilities -- states have been leaders in creating marine spatial plans to streamline regulatory and permitting practices and accommodate multiple, varied and increasing uses of coastal and marine areas. The federal government has plans, now, to follow suit with regional coastal and marine spatial plans. To be successful, state and federal governments must cooperate.","author":["Heimes, R."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2010-09-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5165","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-planning-gulf-maine-exploring-bi-national-policy-options","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1695156","title":"Ocean Planning and the Gulf of Maine: Exploring Bi-National Policy Options","description":"This Article (1) highlights the underlying economic rationale behind why the two neighboring countries of Canada and the United States sought to clarify a single maritime boundary in the Gulf of Maine; (2) identifies the challenges confronting the parties in managing their ocean resources, after ownership had been established, particularly in light of growing energy-related exploitation demands; (3) discusses mechanisms for ocean planning and management adopted by each party to utilize its living and non-living resources; (4) presents two examples of existing bilateral cooperation from which lessons can be gleaned for future collaborative efforts; and (5) identifies policy options and an implementation mechanism for transboundary cooperation in the Gulf of Maine that could potentially meet the objectives of both countries as they seek to implement marine spatial planning in their respective maritime zones.","author":["Fanning, L.","Heimes, R."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2010-05-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.021375000000","-68.031217000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5166","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-renewable-energys-potential-role-supplying-future-electrical-energy-needs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/ocean-renewable-energys-potential-role-in-supplying-future-electrical-energ","title":"Ocean Renewable Energy\u0027s Potential Role In Supplying Future Electrical Energy Needs","description":"The world is facing enormous environmental issues as human consumption has begun to stress Earth\u2019s resources, and thus, our ability to sustain our existence in the way we are accustomed. In parallel with finding ways to mitigate the impact of climate change, we must address the important issue of depletion of conventional energy supplies. A diverse portfolio of energy sources must be developed that also achieves the needed atmospheric carbon reductions. Earth\u2019s ocean contains large amounts of untapped clean renewable energy resources that can play a significant role in our future energy portfolio. These resources are found in the waves, currents, tides, and ocean thermal gradients. Indeed, ocean energy sources could become the primary energy source for some resource-rich coastal communities.","author":["Thresher, R.","Musial, W."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5167","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-space-ocean-place-human-dimensions-wave-energy-oregon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/ocean-space-ocean-place-the-human-dimensions-of-wave-energy-in-oregon","title":"Ocean Space, Ocean Place The Human Dimensions Of Wave Energy In Oregon","description":"The Pacific Ocean is becoming valuable real estate. Fights over this space resemble those of the gold rush. Decision makers require data to integrate new uses (wave energy) with existing uses (commercial\/recreational). It is vital to have the best data available and implement the best management practices concerning the environmental dimension. Yet, permitting processes rarely fail on technical or natural science grounds; rather, they fail because of lack of attention to the human dimension. Legislators and resource managers need to understand socioeconomic and sociopolitical perceptions. This knowledge is crucial for allowing citizens to determine their interests and civic opportunities. An informed and engaged public is essential to progress on environmental protection and sustainable development. It is important to assess the scope and depth of policy-relevant knowledge among stakeholders and the public, to learn where they acquire their information, and to flesh out the link between policy-relevant knowledge and understanding\/acceptance of wave energy generation. By specifying the connection between knowledge holding and support for wave energy, purposeful public education and information dissemination efforts could be targeted effectively, and policy processes could be designed to maximize policy input and meet citizen and community concerns. This research program looked at wave energy in terms of political\/regulatory processes and environmental, social, and economic sustainability and acceptability.","author":["Conway, F.","Stevenson, J.","Hunter, D.","Stefanovich, M.","Campbell, H.","Covell, Z.","Yin, Y."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Conwayetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5168","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-final-environmental-impact-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Final Environmental Impact Statement","description":"This environmental impact statement is prepared in response to the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Act of 1980 (PL 96-320) and the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended, to identify and assess the effects of licensing commercial OTEC development on human activities and the atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial environments. Alternate regulatory approaches for mitigating adverse environmental impacts associated with siting, design, and operation of commercial OTEC plants are evaluated, and the preferred regulatory alternative identified.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"1981-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Chemicals","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTEC_EIS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5169","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-ocean-wave-energy-summer-2009-technology-market-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore Ocean Wave Energy: A Summer 2009 Technology and Market Assessment","description":"Installed Offshore Wave Capacity (as of June 30, 2009) Less than 1 MW worldwide (The 2.25 MW Agucadoura project is not deployed in Portugal at this time); 40 kW in the United States.  Estimated annual incremental U.S. capacity additions:    2010 - 0.15 MW  2011 - 1.50 MW  2012 - 13.30 MW   ERPI estimates a U.S. cumulative capacity by 2015 of about 200 MW and 10,000 MW by 2025 (see table 8-1) Douglas Westwood estimates a US capacity of 5MW and a worldwide capacity of 25 MW by 213. Greentech Media estimates a worldwide capacity by 2015 of 1,000 MW  Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technology Readiness WEC is an emerging technology. About a half dozen full-scale prototype WEC devices have been demonstrated at sea over the past five years; about another dozen sub-scale prototypes have also been demonstrated and are now ready for full-scale demonstration.    The first phase (three Pelamis units at 0.75 MW each totals 2.25 MW) of the world\u0027s first commercial 30 MW wave plant was deployed in Portugal; it first transmitted electricity to the grid in mid-2008. The three machines are not dockside due to financial difficulties of project majority owner.  Numerous project and device developers have initiated wave power plant projects off the shores of many countries.","author":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)","Pacific Energy Ventures LLC"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.430816000000","-8.779404000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Utility_Market_Initiative.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5170","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-regulatory-primer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nsglc.olemiss.edu\/offshore.pdf","title":"Offshore Renewable Energy Regulatory Primer","description":"The existing regulatory regime for offshore renewable energy is complex and varies significantly depending upon the source of energy harnessed. Several federal agencies bear responsibility in the offshore renewable energy permitting process. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 gave the Department of Interior\u0027s Minerals Management Service authority to issue easements, leases, and rights-of-way on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf for renewable energy projects. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u0027s National Marine Fisheries Service, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers are engaged in the permitting system, in light of their respective authorities under the Federal Power Act, the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, and the Coastal Zone Management Act.\n\nBecause coastal states have authority over submerged waters up to three nautical miles (nm) from shore, the success of any offshore renewable energy project may hinge on state approvals of transmission lines and Coastal Zone Management Act consistency determinations. This regulatory primer is designed to serve as an introduction to the major federal laws and regulations governing renewable energy development offshore and coastal state authority under those laws. The primer also discusses local concerns about offshore renewable energy projects and marine spatial planning, a possible emerging solution, to provide a backdrop to controversy surrounding these types of projects. As this is a developing area of the law, readers are encouraged to visit the agency websites listed in the resources sections of each chapter for the most up-to-date information about the regulatory process.","author":["Showalter, S.","Bowling, T."],"organization":["National Sea Grant Law Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.219115000000","-73.374864000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Offshore_Renewable_Energy_Regulatory_Primer.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5171","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ireland-offshore-renewable-energy-strategic-action-plan-2012-2020","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energyireland.ie\/detis-offshore-renewable-energy-strategic-action-plan\/","title":"Ireland Offshore Renewable Energy Strategic Action Plan 2012 - 2020","description":"This Offshore Renewable Energy Strategic Action Plan presents a vision for the delivery of offshore renewable energy in Northern Ireland waters. It contains actions to facilitate the opportunities and also address the challenges of offshore development. It also aims to strike a balance between economic, social and environmental needs through an approach that realizes the ambition for renewable energy and associated economic development but minimizes impacts on the environment, other marine users and consumers. This Plan, which has been endorsed by the Executive, sets the framework for development.","author":["UK Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment"],"organization":["UK Department of Enterprise Trade and Investment (DETI)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.355588000000","-6.632196000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ireland_Offshore_Renewable_Energy_Strategic_Action_Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5172","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewables-guidance-assessing-impact-coastal-landscape-seascape-guidance","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore Renewables - Guidance on Assessing the Impact on Coastal Landscape and Seascape: Guidance for Scoping an Environmental Statement","description":"1.1 Scotland\u2019s coast is highly regarded on account of its diverse character and the recreational opportunities it offers. Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) highlights its international and national importance, and the need to ensure sustainable development through coastal and marine planning.  1.2 There is huge potential for harvesting wind, wave and tidal energy from our surrounding seas, and a growing interest in securing these renewable resources. This guidance supplements SNH\u2019s Marine Renewables Statement which recognises \u0027if sensitively designed and sited, marine renewables have the potential to have a lesser adverse effect than land-based renewable developments of a comparable capacity. Offshore wave and tidal stream generators appear to have the potential to make least impact.\u0027 Our interests lie in securing offshore renewables that are well designed and sited, so that they contribute positively to our social, economic, cultural and environmental needs.  1.3 Marine renewable energy developments raise a range of natural heritage issues that require assessment. These include landscape character, visual amenity and recreation in respect to both land (the coast) and sea (seascapes). This note provides guidance on the issues to be considered in a Seascape, a Landscape and Visual Impact assessment (SLVIA) within an Environmental Statement (ES), in the interests of developing and achieving good practice.  1.4 The Guidance seeks to:    draw attention to existing relevant guidance,  suggest where existing guidance (for terrestrial development) can be critically applied and may assist in assessment of developments in the marine environment,  explain the scope of necessary work and suggest some outputs to support an adequate SLVIA for offshore renewables.   This guidance solely relates to the offshore elements of an offshore renewable project. Other guidance is available for consideration of onshore ancillary works.  1.5 The Guidance is aimed at developers and consultants undertaking the assessment of offshore renewables as part of an Environmental Impact Assessment, as well as SNH and local authority staff who have to advise and comment on the process. It should also be of use to Marine Scotland (as consenting authority) and may be useful for other consultees.  1.6 It may also be of use in assessing the impacts of smaller renewable energy schemes (that do not require formal EIA) on, or adjacent to, our shores.  1.7 Offshore renewables are as yet a relatively recent development, with many technologies in their infancy and existing only at test sites. Good practice in the assessment of offshore renewables will evolve over time as we gain knowledge and experience of them. As our understanding of the issues relevant to the assessment of marine renewable energy developments improves, this note will be reviewed and updated.  Seascapes and coastal landscapes  1.8 \u2018Seascapes\u2019 refers to \u2018an area, as perceived by people, from land, sea or air, where the sea is a key element of the physical environment\u2019. The term is commonly used and is included within the definition of landscape contained within the European Landscape Convention.  1.9 Innovative work in defining seascapes, undertaken by the Countryside Commission for Wales was developed further in a SNH research project. Both studies recognise that the coast is a significant part of the seascape, its characteristics affect seascape character and dominate how most people experience a marine development. The immediate hinterland (the landscape immediately adjacent to the coast) may also affect how we experience a marine development. Defining the character of the coast and its relationship with both its hinterland and the sea is an important aspect of the assessment process for offshore renewables.  1.10 A succinct definition of seascape is the visual and physical conjunction of land and sea which combines maritime, coast and hinterland character (Alison Grant, SNH 2007, SNH 2008). Without exception \u2018seascape\u2019 will exist in a coastal landscape context and influence its character. This approach has been adopted in Department of Trade and Industry Guidance which notes that every seascape comprises three components:    the seaward = an area of sea  the coastline = a length of coastline  the landward = an area of land   This is the meaning applied within this guidance, where seascape refers to an offshore area of sea and its relationship to the land.  1.12 In this guidance, inshore waters \u2013 Scottish Territorial Waters \u2013 comprise the \u2018seascape\u2019 belonging to the coastal zone. These extend to 12 miles offshore. As an example, Robin Rigg, the first offshore windfarm to be built, lies within this limit and within the \u2018Inner\u2019 Solway Firth. For the purposes of assessing offshore renewables, any development in\/at sea within inshore waters will influence the character of the coastline, the sea and may, depending on the hinterland influence its landscape and visual character.  1.13 Offshore renewable schemes are also planned for waters further off our coasts. Where this is the case it is still relevant to assess their likely impacts on the coastal zone and hinterland. Even within offshore waters there are likely coastal and landscape impacts, due to their potential visibility. For some explanation of this see SNH Commissioned Report 103, (2005), para 2.4 and Appendix B.  1.14 The term SLVIA is commonly used to refer to Seascape, Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. It is used in this guidance but it must be emphasised that the process of LVIA \u2013 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment remains the accepted methodology underpinning the assessment.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.816015000000","-4.138145000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH_2012_Guidance.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5175","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/minimal-sampling-requirements-precise-assessment-soft-bottom-macrobenthic-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098107002717","title":"Minimal Sampling Requirements for a Precise Assessment of Soft-Bottom Macrobenthic Communities, using AMBI","description":"Since AMBI was published originally in 2000, it has been used in an increasing number of investigations with monitoring purposes, or to analyse impacts on soft-bottom macrobenthic communities. Some guidelines for its correct use were published in 2005; however, a main issue remained without an answer \u2014 which are the minimal area and number of replicates necessary, to obtain a precise estimate for AMBI? In this study, new methodologies such as bootstrap techniques have been applied to this particular problem.\n\nData were obtained from sampling carried out in 1995, within the framework of the Littoral Water Quality Monitoring and Control Network of the Basque Country (northern Spain). The sampling strategy consisted of 11 intertidal estuarine sampling stations (0.25m2, sampled for each of six replicates) and 17 subtidal estuarine and coastal sampling stations (0.125m2, sampled for each of six replicates).\n\nTwo replicates have been established as being sufficient, both for intertidal and subtidal sampling stations, to classify 80% of the pseudosamples into the same disturbance level, in terms of AMBI, for 64% of the stations.\n\nFor the minimal area, it has been determined also (for both intertidal and subtidal sampling stations) that 0.25m2 is sufficient to classify 80% of the iterations into the same disturbance level, for 64% of the stations.","author":["Muxika, I.","Ibaibarriaga, L.","S\u00e1iz, J.","Borja, A."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2007-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.272857000000","-2.938320000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5177","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mitigating-monitoring-assessing-effects-anthropogenic-sound-beaked-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285808181_Mitigating_monitoring_and_assessing_the_effects_of_anthropogenic_sound_on_beaked_whales","title":"Mitigating, Monitoring and Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Beaked Whales","description":"Certain anthropogenic sounds are widely believed to cause strandings of beaked whales, but their impacts on beaked whale populations are not known and methods for mitigating their effects are largely untested. The sound sources that have been coincident with beaked whale strandings are military, mid-frequency sonar (2-10kHz) and airgun arrays, both of which are used widely throughout the world for defence and geophysical exploration, respectively and for which alternative technologies are not readily available. Avoidance of beaked whale habitats is superficially a straightforward means of reducing the potential effects, but beaked whales are widely distributed and can be found in virtually all deep-water marine habitats that are free of ice. Some areas of high beaked whale abundance have been identified, but the geographic distribution is poorly known for most species. Beaked whales are both visually and acoustically difficult to detect. Commonly used mitigation measures (e.g. \u0027ramp-up\u0027 and \u0027detection-modification-avoidance\u0027) have not been assessed for their effectiveness. Surveys to detect population-level impacts would likely require many years of regular monitoring and for most areas where beaked whale strandings have occurred, there are no pre-exposure estimates of population sizes. Risk assessment models can be used to estimate the sound levels to which beaked whales might be exposed under a variety of scenarios, however, the lack of information on the causal mechanism for sound-related beaked whale strandings makes it difficult to identify exposure levels that would warrant mitigative actions. Controlled exposure experiments, which measure the behavioural responses of animals to fully characterised sound sources, may hold the greatest potential for understanding the behavioural responses of beaked whales to sound and for designing mitigation methods to avoid future impacts.","author":["Barlow, J.","Gisiner, R."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barlow_and_Gisiner_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5181","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-tidal-circulation-stratification-skagit-river-estuary-using-unstructured-grid","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1463500308001029","title":"Modeling Tidal Circulation and Stratification in Skagit River Estuary Using an Unstructured Grid Ocean Model","description":"Tidal circulation and river plume dynamics in shallow-water estuarine systems with large intertidal zones are complex. Strong asymmetries in tidal currents and stratification often occur in the intertidal zones and subtidal channels over a tidal cycle. The Skagit River is the largest estuary with respect to the discharge of a significant amount of freshwater and sediment into Puget Sound, Washington. It consists of a large intertidal zone with multiple tidal channels near the mouth of the estuary. To simulate the tidal circulation and salinity stratification accurately in the intertidal region, an unstructured grid numerical model with wetting\u2013drying capability and the capability to accurately represent the bathymetry of tidal flats and the geometry of shallow distributary channels is necessary. In this paper, a modeling study for the Skagit River estuary using a three-dimensional unstructured grid, finite-volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) supported by high-resolution LIDAR data is presented. The hydrodynamic model was validated with observed water surface elevation, velocity, and salinity data over spring and neap tidal cycles under low-river-flow and high-river-flow conditions. Wetting and drying processes in the intertidal zone and strong stratification in the estuary were simulated successfully by the model. Model results indicate that the Skagit River estuary is a highly stratified estuary, but destratification can occur during flood tide. Tides and baroclinic motion are the dominant forcing in the Skagit River estuary, but strong wind events can affect the currents in the intertidal zone significantly. Preliminary analysis also indicated that the salinity intrusion length scale is proportional to the river flow to the \u2212\u00bc power.","author":["Yang, Z.","Khangaonkar, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.300107000000","-122.390147000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5182","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-tidal-stream-energy-extraction-its-effects-transport-processes-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112004508","title":"Modeling Tidal Stream Energy Extraction and its Effects on Transport Processes in a Tidal Channel and Bay System Using a Three-Dimensional Coastal Ocean Model","description":"This paper presents a numerical modeling study for simulating in-stream tidal energy extraction and assessing its effects on the hydrodynamics and transport processes in a tidal channel and bay system connecting to coastal ocean. A marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) module was implemented in a three-dimensional (3-D) coastal ocean model using the momentum sink approach. The MHK model was validated with the analytical solutions for tidal channels under one-dimensional (1-D) conditions. Model simulations were further carried out to compare the momentum sink approach with the quadratic bottom friction approach. The effects of 3-D simulations on the vertical velocity profile, maximum extractable energy, and volume flux reduction across the channel were investigated through a series of numerical experiments. 3-D model results indicate that the volume flux reduction at the maximum extractable power predicted by the 1-D analytical model or two-dimensional (2-D) depth-averaged numerical model may be overestimated. Maximum extractable energy strongly depends on the turbine hub height in the water column, which reaches a maximum when turbine hub height is located at mid-water depth. Far-field effects of tidal turbines on the flushing time of the tidal bay were also investigated. Model results demonstrate that tidal energy extraction has a greater effect on the flushing time than volume flux reduction, which could negatively affect the biogeochemical processes in estuarine and coastal waters that support primary productivity and higher forms of marine life.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5184","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-validation-cross-flow-turbine-using-free-vortex-models-improved-2d-lift-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/5664420","title":"Modeling and Validation of a Cross Flow Turbine using Free Vortex Models and an improved 2D Lift Model","description":"A number of numerical methods have been developed to predict the performance and aerodynamic loads of the Darrieus turbine. Prior work by Reference [1] using blade element methods (BEM) and free vortex methods (FVM) [2] has produced reasonable models that predict the hydrodynamic performance of the Darrieus turbine. The validated models reasonably estimate the performance at low solidities (Nc\/R\u0026lt;0), but lose accuracy at higher solidity ratios. Dynamic stall and flow curvature has been recognized by [2] [3] and [4] to be significant modeling parameters which have limited the accuracy of prior models. The current numerical model extends the predictions of the FVM model to a higher solidity ratio range. An improved model is presented for the condition of high angles of attack and for dynamic stall,. Experimental data on a series of two (Nc\/R\u2248.9) and four (Nc\/R\u22481.8) blade configurations are presented as validation of the modified analytical vortex model.","author":["Urbina, R.","Peterson, M.","Bates, P.","Kimball, R."],"organization":["Maine Maritime Academy","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2010-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Urbinaetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5185","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-effect-vessel-speed-right-whale-ship-strike-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.whoi.edu\/cms\/files\/ship_strike_risk_and_vessel_speed_final_report_Apr_07_24304.pdf","title":"Modeling the Effect of Vessel Speed on Right Whale Ship Strike Risk","description":"Vessel speed restrictions have three potentially beneficial effects on the risk of right whale ship strikes: a better chance for the whale to avoid the ship, a better chance for the crew to spot and avoid the whale, and less energy imparted to the whale in the event of a collision. We have developed a model of the first of these effects, using data from observed encounters of right whales with vessels and from whale diving activity.  Using a probabilistic description of right whale response based on these observed behaviors, we estimate the likelihood of a strike given that the ship is initially on a collision course with the whale. Model results suggest that more than half of right whales located in or swimming into the path of an oncoming ship traveling at 15 knots or more are likely to be struck even when they do take evasive action. The model also suggests that the strike risk posed by a conventional ship moving at 20 to 25 knots can be reduced by 30 percent by slowing to 12 or 13 knots, and by 40 percent at 10 knots. Whales are likely to be largely safe from ship strike if they detect and react to an oncoming vessel at a distance of 250 m or more. Strike risk is considerable if the detection distance drops below 100 m.","author":["Kite-Powell, H.","Knowlton, A.","Brown, M."],"organization":["New England Aquarium","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2007-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:12:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kite-Powell-et-al-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5186","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-physical-biochemical-influence-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/1055480","title":"Modeling the Physical and Biochemical Influence of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Plant","description":"This paper describes the modeling work by Makai Ocean Engineering, Inc. to simulate the biochemical effects of the nutrient-enhanced seawater plumes that are discharged by one or several 100 megawatt OTEC plants. The modeling is needed to properly design OTEC plants that can operate sustainably with acceptably low biological impact. In order to quantify the effect of discharge configuration and phytoplankton response, Makai Ocean Engineering implemented a biological and physical model for the waters surrounding O`ahu, Hawai`i, using the EPA-approved Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). Each EFDC grid cell was approximately 1 square kilometer by 20 meters deep, and used a time step of three hours. The biological model was set up to simulate the biochemical response for three classes of organisms: Picoplankton (\u0026lt; 2 um) such as prochlorococccus, nanoplankton (2-20 um), and microplankton (\u0026gt; 20 um) e.g., diatoms. The dynamic biological phytoplankton model was calibrated using chemical and biological data collected for the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) project. Peer review of the biological modeling was performed. The physical oceanography model uses boundary conditions from a surrounding Hawai\u0027i Regional Ocean Model, (ROM) operated by the University of Hawai`i and the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration. The ROM provided tides, basin scale circulation, mesoscale variability, and atmospheric forcing into the edges of the EFDC computational domain. This model is the most accurate and sophisticated Hawai\u0027ian Regional Ocean Model presently available, assimilating real-time oceanographic observations, as well as model calibration based upon temperature, current and salinity data collected during 2010 near the simulated OTEC site. The ROM program manager peer-reviewed Makai\u0027s implementation of the ROM output into our EFDC model. The supporting oceanographic data was collected for a Naval Facilities Engineering Command \/ Makai project. Results: The model was run for a 100 MW OTEC Plant consisting of four separate ducts, discharging a total combined flow rate of 420 m3\/s of warm water and 320 m3\/s of cold water in a mixed discharge at 70 meters deep. Each duct was assumed to have a discharge port diameter of 10.5m producing a downward discharge velocity of about 2.18 m\/s. The natural system, as measured in the HOTS program, has an average concentration of 10-15 mgC\/m3. To calibrate the biological model, we first ran the model with no OTEC plant and varied biological parameters until the simulated data was a good match to the HOTS observations. This modeling showed that phytoplankton concentration were patchy and highly dynamic. The patchiness was a good match with the data variability observed within the HOTS data sets. We then ran the model with simulated OTEC intake and discharge flows and associated nutrients. Directly under the OTEC plant, the near-field plume has an average terminal depth of 172 meters, with a volumetric dilution of 13:1. The average terminal plume temperature was 19.8oC. Nitrate concentrations are 1 to 2 umol\/kg above ambient. The advecting plume then further dilutes to less than 1 umol\/kg above ambient within a few kilometers downstream, while remaining at depth. Because this terminal near-field plume is well below the 1% light limited depths (~120m), no immediate biological utilization of the nutrients occurs. As the nitrate is advected and dispersed downstream, a fraction of the deep ocean nutrients (\u0026lt; 0.5 umol\/kg perturbation) mix upward where they are utilized by the ambient phytoplankton population. This occurs approximately twenty-five kilometers downstream from the plant at 110 - 70 meters depth. For pico-phytoplankton, modeling results indicate that this nutrient perturbation causes a phytoplankton perturbation of approximately 1 mgC\/m3 (~10% of average ambient concentrations) that covers an area 10x5 km in size at the 70 to 90m depth. Thus, the perturbations are well within the natural variability of the system, generally corresponding to a 10 to 15% increase above the average pico-phytoplankton biomass. This perturbation exhibits a meandering horizontal plume trajectory and spatial extent, but remains similar in magnitude (generally 1-2 mgC\/m3). The diatom perturbations become more noticeable after three weeks of the simulation period, when the nearshore diatom population trends towards a greater concentration of 1 to 3 mgC\/m3 . Relative to the background concentrations, this increased response is a fraction of the ambient, with perturbations remaining within fluctuations of the existing system. The perturbations were quantified by post-processing each time-step of model simulations without OTEC plants, with identical simulations that included OTEC plumes. Without this post processing, the 10-25% perturbations were obscured by the larger dynamic variations naturally caused by ocean circulation.","author":["Grandelli, P.","Rocheleau, G.","Hamrick, J.","Church, M.","Powell, B."],"organization":["Makai Ocean Engineering Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.319870000000","-157.668590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 12:58:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grandelli_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5187","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-analysis-sensitivity-shoreline-change-wave-farm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801806001272","title":"Modelling Analysis of the Sensitivity of Shoreline Change to a Wave Farm","description":"Change of shoreline wave climate caused by the installation of a wave farm is assessed using the SWAN wave model. The 30 MW-rated wave farm is called the \u2018Wave Hub\u2019 and will be located 20 km off the north coast of Cornwall, UK. Changes in significant wave height and mean wave period due to the presence of the Wave Hub are presented. The results suggest that the shoreline wave climate will be affected, although the magnitude of effects decreases linearly as wave energy transmitted increases. At probable wave energy transmission levels, the predicted change in shoreline wave climate is small.","author":["Millar, D.","Smith, H.","Reeve, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2007-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.710605000000","-5.787695000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5190","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-south-african-agulhas-marine-current-profile-data-electricity-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6401419","title":"Modelling South African Agulhas Marine Current Profile Data for Electricity Generation","description":"In recent years there has been renewed interest in the renewable power generation from ocean energy worldwide as well as in South Africa. South Africa\u0027s energy market is overwhelmingly fossil fuel based. Currently, the country has been experiencing shortages. This paper deals specifically with the assessment of the deep sea marine current energy contained in the Agulhas current located off South Africa\u0027s east coast. Three models are presented using current profiling data collected over five years at specific locations between 31.15\u201333.15\u00b0S to a depth of 90m. Electricity generation in the marine currents share similarities with wind and tidal energy and has many remarkable benefits but also unique challenges. Investigations conservatively suggest that economically viable power generation may be feasible in the foreseeable future given the optimal selection of location and technology.","author":["Williams, A.","Nthontho, M.","Chowdhury, S."],"organization":["University of Cape Town"],"originationDate":"2012-11-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.505910000000","28.830240000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5194","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-biological-significance-behavioural-change-coastal-bottlenose-dolphins","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2435.12052\/abstract","title":"Modelling the Biological Significance of Behavioural Change in Coastal Bottlenose Dolphins in Response to Disturbance","description":"Behavioural change in response to anthropogenic activities is often assumed to indicate a biologically significant effect on a population of concern. Disturbances can affect individual health through lost foraging time or other behaviours, which will impact vital rates and thus the population dynamics. However, individuals may be able to compensate for the observed shifts in behaviour, leaving their health and thus their vital rates and population dynamics, unchanged.\nWe developed a mathematical model simulating the complex social, spatial, behavioural and motivational interactions of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Moray Firth, Scotland, to assess the biological significance of increased rate of behavioural disruptions caused by vessel traffic.\nWe explored a scenario in which vessel traffic increased from 70 to 470 vessels a year in response to the construction of a proposed offshore renewables\u0027 facility. Despite the more than sixfold increase in vessel traffic, the dolphins\u0027 behavioural time budget, spatial distribution, motivations and social structure remain unchanged.\nWe found that the dolphins are able to compensate for their immediate behavioural response to disturbances by commercial vessels. If the increased commercial vessel traffic is the only escalation in anthropogenic activity, then the dolphins\u0027 response to disturbance is not biologically significant, because the dolphins\u0027 health is unaffected, leaving the vital rates and population dynamics unchanged.\nOur results highlight that behavioural change should not automatically be correlated with biological significance when assessing the conservation and management needs of species of interest. This strengthens the argument to use population dynamics targets to manage human activities likely to disturb wildlife.","author":["New, L.","Harwood, J.","Thomas, L.","Donovan, C.","Clark, J.","Hastie, G.","Thompson, P.","Cheney, B.","Scott-Hayward, L.","Lusseau, D."],"organization":["Duke University","Marine Mammal Commission","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of Aberdeen","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.760391000000","-3.533647000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5195","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-vertical-directivity-noise-underwater-drilling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4773597","title":"Modelling the Vertical Directivity of Noise from Underwater Drilling","description":"To the novice, quantifying acoustic propagation from an underwater source is often limited to spherical spreading. This approach is justified when considering a high-frequency, omni-directional source located far from a boundary however there are other scenarios where this is insufficiently rigorous. Attention is drawn to the emerging marine renewables sector where acoustic propagation from sources of sound, in particular underwater drilling, cannot be modelled accurately using such a simple representation. For these, the variation in sound level radiating directionally from the source is a key parameter. It is noted that the sound directivity arising from the drilling site has, hitherto, received scant attention in the published literature with little data available. A pragmatic approach to modelling radiated noise from underwater drilling is therefore required. A simple frequency-dependent radiation pattern of sound from the source is proposed. The radiation pattern is used as an input parameter to calculate acoustic propagation losses determined using otherwise standard computer programs. The applicability of the directivity model is demonstrated by comparisons with real data acquired during the summer of 2011 when underwater noise was recorded during the drilling of a foundation socket for a wave energy device at the EMEC range, Billia Croo, Orkney.","author":["Ward, P.","Needham, K."],"organization":["Kongsberg Maritime Ltd"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.054233000000","-3.417702000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:46:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5198","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-scale-modeling-puget-sound-using-unstructured-grid-coastal-ocean-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10236-010-0348-5","title":"Multi-Scale Modeling of Puget Sound Using an Unstructured-Grid Coastal Ocean Model: From Tide Flats to Estuaries and Coastal Waters","description":"Water circulation in Puget Sound, a large complex estuary system in the Pacific Northwest coastal ocean of the United States, is governed by multiple spatially and temporally varying forcings from tides, atmosphere (wind, heating\/cooling, precipitation\/evaporation, pressure), and river inflows. In addition, the hydrodynamic response is affected strongly by geomorphic features, such as fjord-like bathymetry and complex shoreline features, resulting in many distinguishing characteristics in its main and sub-basins. To better understand the details of circulation features in Puget Sound and to assist with proposed nearshore restoration actions for improving water quality and the ecological health of Puget Sound, a high-resolution (around 50 m in estuaries and tide flats) hydrodynamic model for the entire Puget Sound was needed. Here, a three-dimensional circulation model of Puget Sound using an unstructured-grid finite volume coastal ocean model is presented. The model was constructed with sufficient resolution in the nearshore region to address the complex coastline, multi-tidal channels, and tide flats. Model open boundaries were extended to the entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the northern end of the Strait of Georgia to account for the influences of ocean water intrusion from the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Fraser River plume from the Strait of Georgia, respectively. Comparisons of model results, observed data, and associated error statistics for tidal elevation, velocity, temperature, and salinity indicate that the model is capable of simulating the general circulation patterns on the scale of a large estuarine system as well as detailed hydrodynamics in the nearshore tide flats. Tidal characteristics, temperature\/salinity stratification, mean circulation, and river plumes in estuaries with tide flats are discussed.","author":["Yang, Z.","Khangaonkar, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.834492000000","-122.416225000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5200","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mutriku-wave-power-plant-thinking-out-reality","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Mutriku Wave Power Plant: From the Thinking out to the Reality","description":"From the very first conception of the wave power plant at Mutriku through to its completion, this article shares the process of maturing and crystallising an entirely new project. Not only was this the first multi-turbine facility to be installed in a breakwater, it was also the world\u2019s first commercial project: in other words, a project in which a technology firm sold a power-generating facility to an investor for commercial operation. As well as addressing other issues, the article focuses on the unusual nature of the building process involved in the civil engineering.","author":["Torre-Enciso, Y.","Ortubia, I.","de Aguileta, L.","Marqu\u00e9s, J."],"organization":["Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2009-09-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.310965800000","-2.381347600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:54:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Torre-Enciso_et_al_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5202","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-benthic-habitat-regions-gradual-substrata-automated-approach-utilised","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771407005288","title":"Mapping Benthic Habitat in Regions of Gradual Substrata: An Automated Approach Utilised Geophysical, Geological, and Biological Relationships","description":"The relationship between acoustic backscatter, sediment characteristics and benthic habitat is examined using high-resolution sidescan sonar data collected at the Loch Linnhe artificial reef site on the west coast of Scotland. The site is typical for the continental shelf of NW Europe, with a mix of seabed environments from muddy to coarse, stony substrata on a 10\u2013100 m length scale. A sidescan sonar mosaic was produced and classified according to derived backscatter parameters (mean, median and standard deviation of the backscatter values) using an unsupervised classification procedure. The accuracy of the final classified map was assessed by comparison with a ground-truthing survey in which the biological habitat was derived from underwater video footage. The sidescan correctly predicted seabed surface characteristics of observed biological habitat with 78% accuracy. A second, and more challenging test of the acoustic data to correctly predict biological habitat was made by comparing it with data from 21 grab sampling stations. These stations were divided into three groups using multivariate statistical techniques based on their backscatter properties. Benthic assemblage structure was found to be significantly distinct between the high and low, and the medium and low backscatter stations. There was a low to moderate but significant correlation between the multivariate patterns of acoustic backscatter, benthic assemblage structure, and particle size distribution. The work shows that even in areas with subtle and gradational changes in substratum, the sidescan was able to predict biological community with an acceptable accuracy.","author":["Brown, C.","Collier, J."],"organization":["University of London"],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.604354000000","-5.410968000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5203","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-assessment-united-states-ocean-wave-energy-resource","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/mappingandassessment.pdf","title":"Mapping and Assessment of the United States Ocean Wave Energy Resource","description":"This project estimates the naturally available and technically recoverable U.S. wave energy resources, using a 51-month Wavewatch III hindcast database developed especially for this study by National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration\u0027s (NOAA\u0027s) National Centers for Environmental Prediction. For total resource estimation, wave power density in terms of kilowatts per meter is aggregated across a unit diameter circle. This approach is fully consistent with accepted global practice and includes the resource made available by the lateral transfer of wave energy along wave crests, which enables wave diffraction to substantially reestablish wave power densities within a few kilometers of a linear array, even for fixed terminator devices.  The total available wave energy resource along the U.S. continental shelf edge, based on accumulating unit circle wave power densities, is estimated to be 2,640 TWh\/yr, broken down as follows: 590 TWh\/yr for the West Coast, 240 TWh\/yr for the East Coast, 80 TWh\/yr for the Gulf of Mexico, 1570 TWh\/yr for Alaska, 130 TWh\/yr for Hawaii, and 30 TWh\/yr for Puerto Rico. The total recoverable wave energy resource, as constrained by an array capacity packing density of 15 megawatts per kilometer of coastline, with a 100-fold operating range between threshold and maximum operating conditions in terms of input wave power density available to such arrays, yields a total recoverable resource along the U.S. continental shelf edge of 1,170 TWh\/yr, broken down as follows: 250 TWh\/yr for the West Coast, 160 TWh\/yr for the East Coast, 60 TWh\/yr for the Gulf of Mexico, 620 TWh\/yr for Alaska, 80 TWh\/yr for Hawaii, and 20 TWh\/yr for Puerto Rico.","author":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mapping_and_Assessment_of_the_US_Ocean_Wave_Energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5204","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-alsf-science-review-aggregate-research-uk-waters","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine ALSF Science Review: Aggregate Research in UK Waters","description":"This Science Review comprises an overview of the objectives of the marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF), together with a synopsis of projects funded on marine aggregate research in recent years. This is followed by a summary of the current status of marine aggregate research in UK waters and an assessment of the extent to which the current work has met key Policy objectives of the ALSF. The Report contains details of all projects funded through the ALSF, together with Progress Reports (Appendix 1) as well as a summary of relevant research from non-ALSF sources (Appendix 2), projects supported by the industry - BMAPA (Appendix 3), the US Government Minerals Management Service (Appendix 4) and relevant projects funded by the European Union (Appendix 5)\n\nOur Science Review of projects related to marine aggregate dredging up to 31st March 2005 suggests the following:\nWe have a relatively good understanding of the nature and scale of impacts of marine aggregate dredging on coastal processes, benthic biological resources and seabed habitats as a result of the significant investment in R\u0026D in recent years.\nLocalized impacts on a relatively small area of seabed are regarded as an inevitable consequence of marine aggregate dredging. The key questions that have been addressed by current R\u0026D programmes define the likely nature and scale of the \u0022footprint\u0022 of impact on sediment composition and associated benthic biological communities. Further studies are required to validate predictions derived from current models of impacts and subsequent recovery processes.\nThis work can assist in the rational management of marine aggregate resources and in the protection of environmental resources including biological communities of conservation significance and resources of archaeological importance.\nThe provision of a sound science base for both regulatory purposes and for the prudent management of marine aggregate dredging in UK waters is considered to be an important achievement of marine aggregate research in recent years.\nWhether there is a \u0022need\u0022 for additional studies to further inform the regulatory process in relation to the question of impacts on environmental resources and recovery processes needs to be addressed by Defra and the ODPM. In our view the nature and scale of impacts and recovery processes are sufficiently well understood to adequately inform the regulatory process.\nWe have much less understanding of how impacts of marine aggregate dredging and subsequent recovery processes interact through the marine food web with significant economic resources such as fish. This is partly because the tropho-dynamics of marine ecosystems is poorly understood. We see an important need for further investment in well-targeted marine research to establish potential impacts at high levels in the marine food-web. This should include trophic interactions and potential impacts on habitat preferences of commercially significant species. It implies that significant further funds will be required for research on the impacts of marine aggregate dredging on ecosystem function - particularly in relation to food-webs supporting economically significant resources such as shellfish and fish.\nMost of the R\u0026D on marine aggregate dredging has focussed on improving our understanding of the nature and scale of \u0022impacts\u0022 of marine aggregate dredging on environmental resources of conservation and economic significance. This is expected to form the basis of future work directed towards minimising these impacts. Appropriate management of dredging activities and mitigation measures will need to be developed to assist the process of recovery of biological resources and the food-webs that depend on them. We foresee a need for a close interaction with the industry to develop, where possible, appropriate dredging methodology to reduce the impacts of marine aggregate dredging.\nThere remain however, serious gaps in our understanding of the nature and distribution of resources of conservation significance in UK coastal waters. This makes it difficult to assess the \u0022significance\u0022 of impacts of marine aggregate dredging within the relatively small area of seabed that is dredged. We foresee a need for significant further funding in marine biotope and habitat mapping so that the impacts of marine aggregate dredging established from recent research can be placed in context with the wider distribution of resources of conservation and economic significance in UK coastal waters.\nMajor advances in understanding of issues related to marine aggregate dredging have been achieved in recent years as a result of investment in R\u0026D from many sources. However the results of the R\u0026D have not in general been make available in a readily accessible form to other stakeholders including scientists working on marine aggregate research programmes. Insufficient attention has been given to presenting this information in an objective and impartial fashion to the wide range of stakeholders who are involved in the consultation process for marine aggregate licence applications.\nIn other words, it is not so much the \u0027knowledge-base\u0027 but Public perception that is limited decision making in relation to marine aggregate dredging and this needs to be addressed as a higher priority than can be achieved through dissemination from individual projects.","author":["Newell, R.","Reeds, K."],"organization":["Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund","Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2005-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Newell_and_Reeds_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5205","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-aggregate-extraction-helping-determine-good-practice","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Aggregate Extraction Helping to Determine Good Practice","description":"Marine aggregates play an important part in the provision of high quality raw materials for both the UK construction industry and for coastal protection. Sand and gravel are generally taken from the seabed by trailer suction hopper dredgers that are capable of transporting cargoes of up to 9,000 tonnes from offshore dredge sites direct to the wharves located close to the point of end use. The dredge areas are licensed from The Crown Estate following an extensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and stakeholder consultation process formerly regulated through Communities \u0026 Local Government (CLG) and Defra and now through the Marine and Fisheries Agency (MFA), an executive agency of Defra.\n\nDelivery of sands and gravels into coastal towns and cities direct from the dredge site by ship reduces the need for road transport and thus confers some environmental advantages as far as transport is concerned, compared with aggregates derived from land quarries. Nevertheless there has been an increasing awareness that removal of dredged material from the relatively small areas of the seabed around the coasts of England that are under licence for aggregate extraction may have potential impacts on the biodiversity of marine communities of conservation significance, and on fisheries resources of economic importance. With the development of increasingly sophisticated methods of mapping and evaluating the seabed, it is also becoming clear that the shallow waters surrounding our coastline contain archaeological and historic resources of considerable importance that warrant protection.\n\nOur understanding of the nature and distribution of these resources, and on improved methods of minimising impacts from aggregate dredging has in the past been limited mainly by both the level of funding available to support appropriate research, and by technical difficulties of research in the marine environment. Studies on the impacts of aggregate dredging has in the past mainly been supported through Defra Research \u0026 Development funds and on a voluntary basis by the aggregates industry both through the British Marine Aggregate Producers Association (BMAPA), by The Crown Estate and by individual operating companies. In 2002 the Government provided an additional source of funding by the imposition of a levy on primary aggregates from both land-won and marine sources. This Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) has four main objectives:\n\nMinimising demand for primary aggregates\nPromoting environmentally friendly extraction \u0026 transport\nAddressing the environmental impacts of past aggregates extraction\nCompensating local communities for the impacts of aggregates extraction\n\nIn all, approximately \u00a330m per year is potentially available through the ALSF in England, of which about 10% of the net amount released from the Treasury to Defra has been allocated to projects relating to the marine environment \u2013 reflecting the proportion of the English aggregate requirements derived from marine sources. The remaining 90% of the fund is allocated to terrestrial-based projects.","author":["Garner, D."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","English Heritage","Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund","Natural England","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2006-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedwell_and_Garner_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5206","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-biodiversity-climate-change-governance-oceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-2818\/4\/2\/224","title":"Marine Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Governance of the Oceans","description":"Governance of marine biodiversity has long suffered from lack of adequate information about the ocean\u2019s many species and ecosystems. Nevertheless, even as we are learning much more about the ocean\u2019s biodiversity and the impacts to it from stressors such as overfishing, habitat destruction, and marine pollution, climate change is imposing new threats and exacerbating existing threats to marine species and ecosystems. Coastal nations could vastly improve their fragmented approaches to ocean governance in order to increase the protections for marine biodiversity in the climate change era. Specifically, three key governance improvements would include:\nincorporation of marine spatial planning as a key organizing principle of marine governance;\nworking to increase the resilience of marine ecosystems be reducing or eliminating existing stressors on those ecosystems; and\nanticipation of climate change\u2019s future impacts on marine biodiversity through the use of anticipatory zoning and more precautionary regulation.","author":["Craig, R."],"organization":["University of Utah"],"originationDate":"2012-03-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Craig_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5207","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-more-just-drop-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.imeche.org\/docs\/default-source\/key-themes\/MarineEnergyReport.pdf","title":"Marine Energy: More than Just a Drop in the Ocean?","description":"This report focuses on barriers for commercializing the marine energy market in Scotland along with the current and future funding of marine energy projects, as well as recommendations on how this important renewable energy resource can best be developed and supported to provide for Scotland\u2019s energy future. Extensive research and consultation with marine energy device developers, investors and governmental organizations highlighted four key challenges to successful commercialization: Technology, Funding, Skills, and Grid Capacity. In response to these challenges, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers developed recommendations for the Scottish Government and other stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to combine research on the current state of the marine energy enterprise in Scotland with consultation with key players, to provide impartial policy recommendations to the Scottish Government. Specifically, the objectives are to: provide a brief overview of the energy challenge and the political response to this; provide an overview of the renewable industry in Scotland, with particular focus on the opportunity that marine energy presents; outline the public funding available for marine energy enterprise; and undertake cross-enterprise stakeholder consultation on barriers to commercialization, the effectiveness of policy and public funding, and the enterprise requirements for skills and education.","author":["Armstrong, J.","Consultancy, F."],"organization":["Institution of Mechanical Engineers"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.847772000000","-3.369102000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/More_than_Just_a_Drop_in_the_Ocean.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5208","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-monitoring-plan-san-francisco-oakland-bay-bridge-east-span-seismic","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Mammal Monitoring Plan: San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project","description":"The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (SFOBB) is a component of Interstate-80 that is one of the principal corridors linking the San Francisco Peninsula and the East Bay (Figure 1-1). The East Span Seismic Safety Project (East Span Project) will provide a seismically upgraded replacement bridge to the north of the existing bridge alignment between Yerba Buena Island (YBI), in the City and County of San Francisco, and the City of Oakland, in Alameda County. The construction of the new East Span will entail driving 259 large-diameter piles in San Francisco Bay to support the Skyway and Self-Anchored Suspension (SAS) components of the new side-by-side eastbound and westbound bridge structures. Pursuant to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) requested and received an Incidental Harassment Authorization (IHA) from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to incidentally take, by harassment, small numbers of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina richardsi), and possibly gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in San Francisco Bay. This marine mammal monitoring plan has been prepared and submitted in compliance with NMFS\u2019s requirements for an IHA. This plan discusses construction activities for the East Span Project, potential impacts to marine mammals, and methods for monitoring and reporting the activity of marine mammals near the construction areas.","author":["Caltrans"],"organization":["California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)"],"originationDate":"2004-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.818060000000","-122.346670000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oakland_Bay_Bridge_East_Span_Seismic_Safety_Project.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5209","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-noise-exposure-criteria-initial-scientific-recommendations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09524622.2008.9753846","title":"Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations","description":"A group of experts in acoustic research from behavioral, physiological, and physical disciplines was convened over a several year period. The purpose of this panel was to review the expanding literature on marine mammal hearing and on physiological and behavioral responses to anthropogenic sound, and to propose exposure criteria for certain effects. The group employed all available relevant data to predict noise exposure levels above which adverse effects on various groups of marine mammals are expected. Recent advances in these fields and the pressing need for a science-based paradigm to assess the effects of sound exposure were the primary motivations for this effort. Two categories of effects were considered: (1) injury and (2) behavioral disturbance. The proposed criteria for the onset of these effects were further segregated according to the functional hearing capabilities of different marine mammal groups, and according to the different categories and metrics of typical anthropogenic sounds in the ocean. The group achieved many of its objectives but acknowledges certain limitations in the proposed criteria because of scarcity or complete absence of information about some key topics. A major component of these recommendations is a call for specific research on critical topics to reduce uncertainty and improve future exposure criteria for marine mammals. This publication marks the culmination of a long and challenging initial effort, but it also initiates a necessary, iterative process to apply and refine noise exposure criteria for different species of marine mammals.Table 1Sound types, acoustic characteristics, and selected examples of anthropogenic sound sources; note sound types are based on characteristics measured at the source. In certain conditions, sounds classified as pulses at the source may lack these characteristics for distant receivers.Sound TypeAcoustic Characteristics (at source)ExamplesSingle pulseSingle acoustic event; \u0026gt; 3-dB difference between received level using impulse vs equivalent continuous time constantSingle explosion; sonic boom; single airgun, watergun, pile strike, or sparker pulse; single ping of certain sonars, depth sounders, and pingersMultiple pulsesMultiple discrete acoustic events within 24 h; \u0026gt; 3-dB difference between received level using impulse vs equivalent continuous time constantSerial explosions; sequential airgun, watergun, pile strikes, or sparker pulses; certain active sonar (IMAPS); some depth sounder signalsNonpulsesSingle or multiple discrete acoustic events within 24 h; \u0026lt; 3-dB difference between received level using impulse vs equivalent continuous time constantVessel\/aircraft passes; drilling; many construction or other industrial operations; certain sonar systems (LFA, tactical mid-frequency); acoustic harassment\/deterrent devices; acoustic tomography sources (ATOC); some depth sounder signalsTable 2Functional marine mammal hearing groups, auditory bandwidth (estimated lower to upper frequency hearing cut-off), genera represented in each group, and group-specific (M) frequency-weightings.Functional Hearing GroupEstimated Auditory BandwidthGenera Represented (Number species\/subspecies)Frequency-Weighting NetworkLow-frequency cetaceans7 Hz to 22 kHzBalaena, Caperea, Eschrichtius, Megaptera, Balaenoptera (13 species\/subspecies)Mlf (lf: low-frequency cetacean)Mid-frequency cetaceans150 Hz to 160 kHzSteno, Sousa, Sotalia, Tursiops, Stenella, Delphinus, Lagenodelphis, Lagenorhynchus, Lissodelphis, Grampus, Peponocephala, Feresa, Pseudorca, Orcinus, Globicephala, Orcaella, Physeter, Delphinapterus, Monodon, Ziphius, Berardius, Tasmacetus, Hyperoodon, Mesoplodon (57 species\/subspecies)Mmf (mf: mid-frequency cetaceans)High-frequency cetaceans200 Hz to 180 kHzPhocoena, Neophocaena, Phocoenoides, Platanista, Inia, Kogia, Lipotes, Pontoporia, Cephalorhynchus (20 species\/subspecies)Mhf (hf: high-frequency cetaceans)Pinnipeds in water75 Hz to 75 kHzArctocephalus, Callorhinus, Zalophus, Eumetopias, Neophoca, Phocarctos, Otaria, Erignathus, Phoca, Pusa, Halichoerus, Histriophoca, Pagophilus, Cystophora, Monachus, Mirounga, Leptonychotes, Ommatophoca, Lobodon, Hydrurga, and Odobenus (41 species\/subspecies)Mpw (pw: pinnipeds in water)Pinnipeds in air75 Hz to 30 kHzSame species as pinnipeds in water (41 species\/subspecies)Mpa (pa: pinnipeds in air)Table 3Proposed injury criteria for individual marine mammals exposed to \u201cdiscrete\u201d noise events (either single or multiple exposures within a 24-h period; see Chapter 2). Sound TypeMarine Mammal GroupSingle PulsesMultiple PulsesNonpulsesLow-frequency cetaceansCell 1Cell 2Cell 3Sound pressure level230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Sound exposure level198 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mlf)198 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mlf)215 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mlf)Mid-frequency cetaceansCell 4Cell 5Cell 6Sound pressure level230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Sound exposure level198 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mmf)198 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mmf)215 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mmf)High-frequency cetaceansCell 7Cell 8Cell 9Sound pressure level230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)230 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Sound exposure level198 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mhf)198 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mhf)215 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mhf)Pinnipeds (in water)Cell 10Cell 11Cell 12Sound pressure level218 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)218 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)218 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Sound exposure level186 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpw)186 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpw)203 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpw)Pinnipeds (in air)Cell 13Cell 14Cell 15Sound pressure level149 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)149 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)149 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Sound exposure level144 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpa)144 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpa)144.5 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpa)Table 4Severity scale for ranking observed behavioral responses of free-ranging marine mammals and laboratory subjects to various types of anthropogenic sound.Response score1Corresponding behaviors (Free-ranging subjects)2Corresponding behaviors (Laboratory subjects)20No observable responseNo observable response1Brief orientation response (investigation\/visual orientation)No observable response2Moderate or multiple orientation behaviorsBrief or minor cessation\/modification of vocal behaviorBrief or minor change in respiration ratesNo observable negative response; may approach sounds as a novel object3Prolonged orientation behaviorIndividual alert behaviorMinor changes in locomotion speed, direction, and\/or dive profile but no avoidance of sound sourceModerate change in respiration rateMinor cessation or modification of vocal behavior (duration \u0026lt; duration of source operation), including the Lombard EffectMinor changes in response to trained behaviors (e.g., delay in stationing, extended inter-trial intervals)4Moderate changes in locomotion speed, direction, and\/or dive profile but no avoidance of sound sourceBrief, minor shift in group distributionModerate cessation or modification of vocal behavior (duration ~duration of source operation)Moderate changes in response to trained behaviors (e.g., reluctance to return to station, long inter-trial intervals)5Extensive or prolonged changes in locomotion speed, direction, and\/or dive profile but no avoidance of sound sourceModerate shift in group distributionChange in inter-animal distance and\/or group size (aggregation or separation)Prolonged cessation or modification of vocal behavior (duration \u0026gt; duration of source operation)Severe and sustained changes in trained behaviors (e.g., breaking away from station during experimental sessions)6Minor or moderate individual and\/or group avoidance of sound sourceBrief or minor separation of females and dependent offspringAggressive behavior related to noise exposure (e.g., tail\/flipper slapping, fluke display, jaw clapping\/gnashing teeth, abrupt directed movement, bubble clouds)Extended cessation or modification of vocal behaviorVisible startle responseBrief cessation of reproductive behaviorRefusal to initiate trained tasks7Extensive or prolonged aggressive behaviorModerate separation of females and dependent offspringClear anti-predator responseSevere and\/or sustained avoidance of sound sourceModerate cessation of reproductive behaviorAvoidance of experimental situation or retreat to refuge area (\u00a3 duration of experiment)Threatening or attacking the sound source8Obvious aversion and\/or progressive sensitizationProlonged or significant separation of females and dependent offspring with disruption of acoustic reunion mechanismsLong-term avoidance of area (\u0026gt; source operation)Prolonged cessation of reproductive behaviorAvoidance of or sensitization to experimental situation or retreat to refuge area (\u0026gt; duration of experiment)9Outright panic, flight, stampede, attack of conspecifics, or stranding eventsAvoidance behavior related to predator detectionTotal avoidance of sound exposure area and refusal to perform trained behaviors for greater than a day1Ordinal scores of behavioral response severity are not necessarily equivalent for free-ranging vs laboratory conditions.2Any single response results in the corresponding score (i.e., all group members and behavioral responses need not be observed). If multiple responses are observed, the one with the highest score is used for analysis.Table 5Proposed behavioral response criteria for individual marine mammals exposed to various sound types; specific threshold levels are proposed for single pulses. See the referenced text sections and tables for severity scale analyses of behavioral responses to multiple pulses and nonpulses. Sound TypeMarine Mammal GroupSingle PulsesMultiple PulsesNonpulsesLow-frequency cetaceansCell 1Cell 2Cell 3Sound pressure level224 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Table 6 \u0026amp; 7Table 14 \u0026amp; 15Sound exposure level183 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mlf)Not applicableNot applicableMid-frequency cetaceansCell 4Cell 5Cell 6Sound pressure level224 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Table 8 \u0026amp; 9Table 16 \u0026amp; 17Sound exposure level183 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mmf)Not applicableNot applicableHigh-frequency cetaceansCell 7Cell 8Cell 9Sound pressure level224 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Table 18 \u0026amp; 19Table 18 \u0026amp; 19Sound exposure level183 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mhf)Not applicableNot applicablePinnipeds (in water)Cell 10Cell 11Cell 12Sound pressure level212 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Table 10 \u0026amp; 11Table 20 \u0026amp; 21Sound exposure level171 dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpw)Not applicableNot applicablePinnipeds (in air)Cell 13Cell 14Cell 15Sound pressure level109 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa (peak) (flat)Table 12 \u0026amp; 13Table 22 \u0026amp; 23Sound exposure level100 dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa2s (Mpa)Not applicableNot applicableTable 6Summary of behavioral responses by different species of low-frequency cetaceans exposed to multiple pulses (Cell 2) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); where airgun array volume is stated, this is the total volume for all operating airguns in the array; 1 L = 61 in3. Specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 7, and more details are given in Appendix B. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa) over the duration of a pulse.StudyReference number (for Table 7)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 7)Malme et al. (1983)1Gray whalesSingle airgun (1.64 L) \u0026amp; 20-gun 65.5-L airgun arrayCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureLand-based observations of individuals\/groups; movement and respiration patterns during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 140-180 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0, 1, 3, 5 \u0026amp; 6Malme et al. (1984)2Gray whalesSingle airgun and airgun arrayCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureLand-based observations of individuals\/ groups; movement and respiration patterns during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 140-180 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0, 1, 3, 5 \u0026amp; 6Richardson et al. (1986)3Bowhead whales (feeding)Single airgun (0.66 L) and 30-gun 47-L arrayCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureAerial observations of individuals\/groups; movement and respiration patterns during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 140-180 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0, 1 \u0026amp; 6Ljungblad et al. (1988)4Bowhead whales (feeding)Single airgun (1.3 L) or 18- to 20-gun arrayCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureAerial observations of individuals\/groups; movement patterns and behavioral responses during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 140-180 dB SPL; response severity score: 6Todd et al. (1996)5Humpback whalesExplosionsLimited to nominal measurements of explosives used (not measured on or near subjects)Visual observations of whale behavior before and during use of explosivesNoExposure RLs 150-160 dB SPL; response severity score: 3McCauley et al. (1998)6Humpback whales (migrating)Single airgun (0.33 L) and several arraysCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureAerial and boat-based observations of individuals\/ groups; movement and behavioral patterns during and without airgunsNoExposure RLs 150-170 dB SPL; response severity scores: 6 \u0026amp; 7Richardson et al. (1999)7Bowhead whales (migrating)Airgun array (6 to 16 guns; 9 to 25 L)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureAerial surveys of distribution of individuals\/ groupsYesExposure RLs 110-140 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0, 1, 5 \u0026amp; 6McCauley et al. (2000)8Humpback whales (socializing)Single airgun (0.33 L)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureBoat-based observations of individuals\/ groups; movement and behavioral patterns during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 140-180 dB SPL; response severity score: 6Miller et al. (2005)9Bowhead whales (feeding)Airgun array (24 guns; 36.9 L)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVessel-based observations of individuals; aerial surveys of distribution; movement\/ diving patterns and behavioral responses during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 140-180 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Reeves et al. (1984)Not IncludedBowhead whales (migrating)Seismic airgun arrayInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisYesN\/AMalme et al. (1985)Not IncludedHumpback whalesSeismic airgun arrayInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AMalme et al. (1986, 1988)Not IncludedGray whalesSingle airgun and airgun arrayInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AKoski \u0026amp; Johnson (1987)Not IncludedBowhead whales (migrating)Seismic airgunInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/ATable 7Number (in bold) of low-frequency cetaceans (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to multiple pulse noise; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cLow-Frequency Cetaceans\/Multiple Pulses (Cell 2)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 6.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;2009            8            7       1.0(6)    6   9.5(7)47.4(7)2.2(7)3.4(4,6,8)5.8(1,2,3,6)4.5(1,2,3,4,6)8.3(1,2,4,8,9)  5    1.0(7) 1.0(4)1.0(1,2)    4            3        1.0(1,2)1.0(1,2)  2            1   5.0(7)6.0(7)1.0(7)2.5(1,2,3)3.0(5)    0   59.8(7)17.7(7)1.1(7,9)0.1(9)0.6(3,9)6.8(1,2,3,9)6.3(1,2,9)  Table 8Summary of behavioral responses by different species of mid-frequency cetaceans exposed to multiple pulses (Cell 5) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 9 and more details are given in Appendix B. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa) over the duration of a pulse.StudyReference number (for Table 9)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 9)Madsen \u0026amp; M\u00f8hl (2000)1Sperm whalesSmall explosives (several per day)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVessel-based observations of individuals, including visual detection and passive acoustic monitoring of vocalizationsYesExposure RLs 170- 180 dB SPL; response severity score: 0Madsen et al. (2002)2Sperm whalesAirgun array (distant)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVessel-based observations of individuals, including visual detection and passive acoustic monitoring of vocalizationsYesExposure RLs 120- 140 dB SPL; response severity score: 0Miller et al. (2005)3BelugaAirgun array (24 guns; 36.9 L)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVessel-based observations of individuals; aerial surveys of distribution; movement\/diving patterns and behavioral responses during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 100- 150 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Akamatsu et al. (1993)4False killer whales (captive)Numerous sounds, including pulse sequencesCalibrated RL measurements made in situ within experimental enclosureVisual observations of behavioral responses within experimental context in laboratory conditionsYesExposure RLs 170- 180 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Andr\u00e9 et al. (1997)Not IncludedSperm whalesNatural and artificial pulses (repeated)Insufficient data for this analysisVessel-based observations of individuals; diving patterns and vocal behaviorNoN\/AStone (2003)Not IncludedSeveral mid-frequency cetacean speciesSeismic airgun arrays (various)Insufficient data for this analysisVessel-based observations of individuals; sightings data and avoidance behaviorNoN\/ATable 9Number (in bold) of mid-frequency cetaceans (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to multiple pulse noise; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cMid-Frequency Cetaceans\/Multiple Pulses (Cell 5)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 8.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;200+9            8            7            6    0.17(3)0.17(3)0.17(3)  1.3(4)  5            4            3            2            1     0.3(2)      0  0.25(3)0.25(3)3.0(2)4.0(2)   6.7(1,4)  Table 10Summary of behavioral responses by different species of pinnipeds in water exposed to multiple pulses (Cell 11) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 11 and more details are given in Appendix B. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa) over the duration of a pulse.StudyReference number (for Table 11)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 11)Harris et al. (2001)1Ringed (mainly), bearded, and spotted sealsSingle airgun and 11-gun, 21.6-L arrayRLs measured in situ near individuals observed in defined spatial zonesVessel-based observations of individuals within specified zones over a limited rangeYesExposure RLs 160- 200 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Blackwell et al. (2004b)2Ringed sealsPipe-driving sounds (construction)RLs measured in situ near individuals observed (detailed measurements, including peak pressure, RMS, SEL, and duration)Land-based observations of individuals; movement and response patterns during pipedriving (note that construction activities had been underway for a considerable period before observations)YesExposure RLs 150-160 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 1Miller et al. (2005)3Ringed and bearded sealsAirgun array (24 airguns; 36.9 L)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVessel-based observations of individuals; movement patterns and behavioral responses during and without airgunsYesExposure RLs 170-200 dB SPL; response severity score: 0Shaughnessy et al. (1981)Not IncludedCalifornia sea lionsSeal bombs (small explosives)Insufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of individual responses over multiple exposuresNoN\/AMate \u0026amp; Harvey (1987)Not IncludedCalifornia sea lionsSeal bombs (small explosives)Insufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of individual responses over multiple exposuresNoN\/AMoulton et al. (2003, 2005)Not IncludedRinged seals Calibrated measurements made in the area of exposureComplicated by simultaneous exposure to pulse and nonpulse sourcesNoN\/ATable 11Number (in bold) of pinnipeds in water (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to multiple pulse noise. Responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score; a summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cPinnipeds in Water\/Multiple Pulses (Cell 11)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 10.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;2009            8            7            6        1.7(1)2.1(1) 45.4(1)5            4            3            2            1     0.3(2)      0       0.7(2)5.3(1)30.3(1,3)0.3(3)9.9(1,3)Table 12Summary of behavioral responses by different species of pinnipeds in air exposed to multiple pulses (Cell 14) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 13 and more details are given in Appendix B. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa) over the duration of a pulse.StudyReference number (for Table 13)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 13)Blackwell et al. (2004b)1Ringed sealsPipe-driving sounds (construction)RLs measured in situ near individuals observed (detailed measurements, including peak pressure, RMS, SEL, and duration)Land-based observations of individuals; movement and response patterns during pipe-driving (note that construction activities had been underway for a considerable period before observations)YesExposure RLs 60-80 dB SPLre: 20 \u00b5Pa; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 1Perry et al. (2002)Not IncludedHarbor and gray sealsRepeated sonic boomsMeasured sound overpressure levels on breeding beaches, but not RLs at positions of exposed animalsLand-based observations of animal presence, behavior, and heart rate (note long history of sonic booms in the area)NoN\/ATable 13Number (in bold) of pinnipeds in air (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to multiple pulse noise; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cPinnipeds in Air\/Multiple Pulses (Cell 14)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 12.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa)     Response score50 to \u0026lt;6060 to \u0026lt;7070 to \u0026lt;8080 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120     9       8       7       6       5       4       3       2       1 0.125(1)     0 0.625(1)0.25(1)    Table 14Summary of behavioral responses by different species of low-frequency cetaceans exposed to nonpulses (Cell 3) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 15 and more details are given in Appendix C. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa).StudyReference number (for Table 15)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 15)Baker et al. (1982)1Humpback whalesVessel noise and presenceIndividual RLs not reported but vessels identical to previous measurementsVessel-based observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns around vesselsYesExposure RLs 100-140 dB SPL; severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Malme et al. (1983, 1984)2Gray whales (migrating)Playbacks of drilling and machinery noiseRLs measured in situ near individuals observedShore-based observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns around simulated drilling operations\/platformsYesExposure RLs 90-150 dB SPL; severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Malme et al. (1986)3Gray whales (feeding)Playbacks of drilling noiseRLs measured in situ near individuals observedVessel-based observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns before and during playbacksYesExposure RLs 100-120 dB SPL; severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Richardson et al. (1990b)4Bowhead whales (migrating)Drilling noise playbacksDetailed and calibrated source and transmission loss measurements allowed good RL estimatesVisual observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns before, during, and after exposure to drilling soundsYesExposure RLs 100-140 dB SPL; severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6McCauley et al. (1996)5Humpback whalesVessel noise and presenceRLs measured in situ near individuals observedVisual observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns during vessel approachesYesExposure RLs 110-130 dB SPL; severity score: 6Frankel \u0026amp; Clark (1998)6Humpback whalesLow-frequency M-sequence playbackCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVisual observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns before, during, and after playbacksYesExposure RLs 120-130 dB SPL; severity score: 6Biassoni et al. (2000); Miller et al. (2000)7Humpback whalesLow-frequency sonar playbackCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVisual observations of individual movement and behavioral patterns before, during, and after playbacksYesExposure RLs 110-160 dB SPL; severity scores: 2 \u0026amp; 4Croll et al. (2001)8Blue and fin whales (feeding)Low-frequency sonar playbackCalibrated RL measurements and modeling for area of exposureIndividual responses not reported but a general observation of feeding behavior with\/without sonarYesExposure RLs 140-150 dB SPL; severity score: 0Palka \u0026amp; Hammond (2001)9Minke whalesVessel noise and presenceRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns during vessel approachesYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; severity score: 3Nowacek et al. (2004)10Right whalesPlaybacks of several nonpulsesSubjects wore calibrated tags that measured RL and behavior\/movementDetailed measurements of vocal and physical reactions of animals before, during, and after playbacksYesExposure RLs 120-150 dB SPL; severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 7Dahlheim (1987)Not includedGray whalesPlaybacks of nonpulsesInsufficient data for this analysisVisual and acoustic observations of individualsNoN\/ABorggaard et al. (1999)Not includedVarious cetaceansIndustrial noiseSome RL measurements and modeling in areaInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/AFrankel \u0026amp; Clark (2000)Not includedHumpback whalesATOC sourceSome RL measurements and modeling in areaInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/ASchick \u0026amp; Urban (2000)Not includedBowhead whalesDrillshipsInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of individuals around rigsNoN\/AFrankel \u0026amp; Clark (2002)Not includedHumpback whalesATOC sourceSome RL measurements and modeling in areaInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/AJahoda et al. (2003)Not includedFin whalesVessel noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of individuals during approachesNoN\/AMobley (2005)Not includedHumpback whalesATOC sourceSome RL measurements and modeling in areaInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/ATable 15Number (in bold) of low-frequency cetaceans (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to nonpulses; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cLow-Frequency Cetaceans\/Nonpulses (Cell 3)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 14.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;2009            8            7     2.5(10)1.5(10)     6 4.9(2)7.4(1,2,4)16.2(1,2,3,5)13.6(2,5)4.2(1,2)0.8(2)     5            4   3.0(5,7)1.0(7) 1.0(7)     3  1,117(9)0.27(6)        2  0.5(7)4.0(7)5.0(7)2.0(7)1.0(7)     1            01.1(2)82.6(2,3,4)33.9(1,2,3,4)7.08(2,4,6,10)1.45(2,8,10)       Table 16Summary of behavioral responses by different species of mid-frequency cetaceans exposed to nonpulses (Cell 6) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 17 and more details are given in Appendix C. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa).StudyReference number (for Table 17)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 17)Watkins \u0026amp; Schevill (1975)1Sperm whalesPingersRLs measured in situ near individuals observedPassive acoustic monitoring of vocal output of individuals during exposureYesExposure RLs 80-90 dB SPL; severity score: 3Awbrey \u0026amp; Stewart (1983)2BelugasPlaybacks of drilling soundsRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns during exposure and control trialsYesExposure RLs 110-150 dB SPL; severity scores: 0, 1, 2 \u0026amp; 6LGL \u0026amp; Greeneridge (1986)3Belugas and narwhalsShip and ice-breaking noiseCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureIce-based and aerial observations of groups of animals; movement and behavioral patterns before, during, and after ice-breakingYesExposure RLs 90-120 dB SPL; severity scores: 0, 1, 2, 3 \u0026amp; 8Richardson et al. (1990b)4BelugasPlaybacks of drilling soundsRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristics plus sonobuoy dataIce-based and aerial observations of individual and group movements and behavior during exposure and control trialsYesExposure RLs 100-130 dB SPL; severity scores: 0, 1, 3 \u0026amp; 4Gordon et al. (1992)5Sperm whalesVessel noise and presenceCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureVessel-based observations and passive acoustic monitoring of individuals; movement patterns and behavioral responsesYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; severity score: 3Palka \u0026amp; Hammond (2001)6White-sided and white-beaked dolphinsVessel noise and presenceRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns during vessel approachesYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; severity score: 3Morton \u0026amp; Symonds (2002)7Killer whalesVarious AHDsRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsCensus data for individual and group sightings used to estimate \u201cexclusion\u201d zonesYesExposure RLs 140-150 dB SPL; severity score: 8Buckstaff (2004)8Bottlenose dolphinsVessel noise and presence (approaches)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposurePassive acoustic monitoring of individual vocal output during vessel approachesYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; severity score: 2NRL (2004a, 2004b); NMFS (2005)9Killer whalesMid-frequency active military sonarSome calibrated RL measurements and RL estimates from modeling source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns before, during, and after incidental exposureYesExposure RLs 160-170 dB SPL; severity score: 6Monteiro-Neto et al. (2004)10Tucuxi (river dolphins)Dukane\u00ae Netmark ADDsRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns during exposure and control trialsYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; severity score: 6Morisaka et al. (2005)11Indo-Pacific dolphinsVessel noise and presenceCalibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposurePassive acoustic monitoring of individual vocal output during vessel approachesYesExposure RLs 120-130 dB SPL; severity score: 5Nachtigall et al. (2003)12Bottlenose dolphins (captive)Nonpulse noise (bands)Calibrated RL measurements in situ within test enclosureVisual observations of behavioral responses within experimental lab contextYesExposure RLs 170-180 dB SPL; severity score: 6Finneran \u0026amp; Schlundt (2004)13Bottlenose dolphins (captive)Nonpulse noise (tones)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ within test enclosureVisual observations of behavioral responses within experimental context in laboratory conditionsYesExposure RLs 180-200 dB SPL; severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 8Rendell \u0026amp; Gordon (1999)Not includedLong-finned pilot whalesActive military sonarInsufficient data for this analysisPassive acoustic measurements of whistle ratesNoN\/AChilvers \u0026amp; Corkeron (2001)Not includedBottlenose dolphinsVessel noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of individual foraging behaviorNoN\/ABordino et al. (2002)Not includedFranciscana dolphinsADDsInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AWilliams et al. (2002)Not includedKiller whalesVessel noise and presenceAcoustic measurements of source levels but no estimates of RLVisual observations of movement and diving behaviorNoN\/ACox et al. (2003)Not includedBottlenose dolphinsADDsInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of movement and diving behaviorNoN\/AHastie et al. (2003)Not includedBottlenose dolphinsVessel noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of movement and diving behaviorNoN\/ALusseau (2003)Not includedBottlenose dolphinsVessel noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of movement behaviorNoN\/AFoote et al. (2004)Not includedKiller whalesGeneral increase in vesselsInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data on individual exposures\/responses for this analysisNoN\/ATable 17Number (in bold) of mid-frequency cetaceans (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to nonpulses; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cMid-Frequency Cetaceans\/Nonpulses (Cell 6)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 16.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;2009            8 1.0(3)7.0(3) 5.0(2) 1.0(7)   5.0(13)1.5(13)7            6   3.0(2,10)1.0(2)   1.0(9)6.0(12)  5    1.0(11)       4   1.0(4)2.0(4)       35.0(1) 4.0(3,5)134(4,6)1.0(4)       2   15.0(2,3,8)        1  1.0(4)1.0(2,3)1.0(2,4)       0  8.0(3,4)2.0(2,4)1.0(2,4) 1.0(2)   3.0(13)1.5(13)Table 18Summary of behavioral responses of high-frequency cetaceans exposed to nonpulses (Cell 9) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 19 and more details are given in Appendix C. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa).StudyReference number (for Table 19)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 19)Culik et al. (2001)1Harbor porpoises (wild)PICE pingerRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns before and following deploymentYesExposure RLs 80-120 dB SPL; response severity score: 0 \u0026amp; 6Olesiuk et al. (2002)2Harbor porpoises (wild)Airmar\u00ae AHDsRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns before and following deploymentYesExposure RLs 140-160 dB SPL; response severity score: 6Johnston (2002)3Harbor porpoises (wild)Airmar\u00ae AHDsRL estimates based on source and environmental characteristicsVisual observations of individual and group movements and behavioral patterns before and following deploymentYesExposure RLs 120-130 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Kastelein et al. (1997)4Harbor porpoises (captive)Various nonpulse sounds (laboratory)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ within test enclosureVisual observations of movement, respiration, and behavior in laboratory conditionsYesExposure RLs 80-120 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0, 4 \u0026amp; 6Kastelein et al. (2000)5Harbor porpoises (captive)Various nonpulse sounds (laboratory)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ within test enclosureVisual observations of movement, respiration, and behavior in laboratory conditionsYesExposure RLs 90-120 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Kasteleinet al. (2005)6Harbor porpoises (captive)Various nonpulse sounds (laboratory)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ within test enclosureVisual observations of movement, respiration, and behavior in laboratory conditionsYesExposure RLs 90-120 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Kastelein et al. (2006a)7Harbor porpoises (captive)Various nonpulse sounds (laboratory)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ within test enclosureVisual observations of movement, respiration, and behavior in laboratory conditionsYesExposure RLs 100-120 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Kraus et al. (1997)Not includedHarbor porpoises (wild)Dukane\u00ae pingersInsufficient data for this analysisMeasurements of by-catch rates in commercial fisheriesNoN\/ATaylor et al. (1997)Not includedHarbor porpoises (wild)General nonpulse soundsReview analysisReview analysisNoN\/AJohnston \u0026amp; Woodley (1998)Not includedHarbor porpoises (wild)Various AHDsInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of \u201cexclusion\u201d zonesNoN\/ACox et al.(2001)Not includedHarbor porpoises (wild)Various ADDsInsufficient data for this analysisVisual observations of \u201cexclusion\u201d zonesNoN\/AKastelein et al. (2001)Not includedHarbor porpoises (captive)Various nonpulse sounds (laboratory)Calibrated RL measurements made in situ near areas of exposureAerial observations of individuals; movement and respiration patterns during and without airgunsNoN\/ABarlow \u0026amp; Cameron (2003)Not includedHarbor porpoises (wild)Various ADDsInsufficient data for this analysisMeasurements of by-catch rates in commercial fisheriesNoN\/AKoschinski et al. (2003)Not includedHarbor porpoises (wild)Simulated wind turbine noiseCalibrated source-level measurements made but insufficient data on RLVisual monitoring of general distribution patternsNoN\/ATable 19Number (in bold) of high-frequency cetaceans (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to nonpulses; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cHigh-Frequency Cetaceans\/Nonpulses (Cell 9)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 18.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;2009            8            7            60.3(4)0.3(4)0.9(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7)3.3(1,2,4,5,6,7)1.0(3,7) 52.1(2)9.3(2)4.6(2)   5            4  0.1 (4)0.1 (4)        3            2            1            0 12.8 (1,5)23.1 (1,2,5,6)0.4 (4,7)0.1 (7)0.3 (3)      Table 20Summary of behavioral responses by different species of pinnipeds in water exposed to nonpulses (Cell 12) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in Table 21 and more details are given in Appendix C. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa).StudyReference number (for Table 21)Subject SpeciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 21)Jacobs \u0026amp; Terhune (2002)1Harbor SealsAirmar dB plus II AHDRLs measured in situ in areas where individuals observedVisual observations of individuals and groups of seals; movement and behavioral patterns during and without AHDsYesExposure RLs 120-130 dB SPL; response severity score: 0Costa et atl. (2003)2Elephant sealsATOC (see Appendix B)RLs measured using calibrated archival tags in situ on individuals during exposureArchival tags placed on animals resulted in detailed quantitative measures of individual diving behavior, reponses, and exposure RLs in well-characterized contextsYesExposure RLs 110-140 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0, 3 \u0026amp; 4Kastelein et al. (2006b)3Harbor sealsVarious non-pulse sounds used in underwater data communicationsCalibrated RL measurements made in situ within experimental enclosureIndividual subject positions and the mean number of surfacing behaviors during control and exposure intervalsYesExposure RLs 80-110 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Frost \u0026amp; Lowry (1988)Not includedRinged sealsUnderwater drilling soundsInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/ARichardson et al. (1990b, 1991)Not includedRinged and bearded sealsUnderwater drilling soundsInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/ANorberg \u0026amp; Bain (1994)Not includedCalifornia sea lionsCascade Applied Sciences AHDsCalibrated acoustic measurements taken around arrays of the devicesInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/ANorberg (2000)Not includedharbor sealsHADInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AYurk (2000)Not includedHarbor sealsAHDInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AKoschinski et al. (2003)Not includedHarbor sealsSimulated wind turbine noiseRLs measured in situ in areas where individuals observedInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/AMoulton et al. (2003)Not includedRinged sealsConstruction noiseInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data on individual responses for this analysisNoN\/ATable 21Number (in bold) of pinnipeds in water (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to nonpulses; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cPinnipeds in Water\/Nonpulses (Cell 12)\u201d section of this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 20.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 1 \u00b5Pa)Response score80 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120120 to \u0026lt;130130 to \u0026lt;140140 to \u0026lt;150150 to \u0026lt;160160 to \u0026lt;170170 to \u0026lt;180180 to \u0026lt;190190 to \u0026lt;2009            8            7            6  1.0 (3)         5            4    1.0 (2)5.0 (2)      3    1.0 (2)2.0 (2)      2            1            01.0 (3)1.0 (3)1.0 (2)5.0 (1,2)        Table 22Summary of behavioral responses by different species of pinnipeds in air exposed to nonpulses (Cell 15) by type of sound source, available acoustic metrics, description of behavioral response (by individual and\/or group), and a summary of corresponding severity score(s); specific severity scores for each study are given in table 23 and more details are given in Appendix C. Exposure RLs are given in dB SPL, which are RMS sound pressure levels (dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa).StudyReference number (for Table 23)Subject speciesSound sourceType of acoustic measurementsType of individual and\/or group behavioral responsesStudy included in severity scaleSummary of severity scale analysis (see Table 23)Thorson et al. (1999)1harbor Seals, northern elephant seals, California sea lions, and northern fur sealsAthena 2 IKONOS-1 missile launchRLs measured in situ in and around breeding rookeriesVisual observations of movement and behavior of individuals in breeding rookeries before, during, and after rocket launchesYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; response severity score: 6Thorson et al. (2000b)2Harbor seals, northern elephant seals, and California sea lionsTitan IV B-28 missile launchRLs measured in situ in and around breeding rookeriesVisual observations of movement and behavior of individuals in breeding rookeries before, during, and after rocket launchesYesExposure RLs 60-70 and 110-120 dB SPL; response severity scores: 0 \u0026amp; 6Berg et al. (2002)3Harbor sealsTitan IV B-28 missile launchRLs measured in situ in and around breeding rookeriesVisual observations of movement and behavior of individuals in breeding rookeries before, during, and after rocket launchesYesExposure RLs 110-120 dB SPL; response severity socre: 6Allen et al. (1984)Not includeHarbor sealsAerial vessel noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AGentry et al. (1990)Not includedNorthern fur sealsUnderground explosions and quarrying operationsInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/ASuryan \u0026amp; Harvey (1998)Not includedHarbor sealsAerial vessel noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficientdata for this analysisNoN\/AThorson et al. (1998)Not includedHarbor sealsTitan IV A-18 missile launchRLs measured in situ in and around breeding rookeriesInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/ABorn et al. (1999)Not includedRinged sealsAircraft noise and presenceInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AThorson et al. (2000a)Not includedHarbor SealsTitan II G-13 missile launchRLs measured in situ in and around breeding rookeriesInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/ABerg et al. (2001)Not includedCalifornia sea lions and northern elephant sealsDelta II EO-1 missile launchRLs measured in situ in and around breeding rookeriesInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AMoulton et al. (2002)Not includedRinged sealsIndustrial equipment noise \u0026amp; presenceInsufficient data for this analysisInsufficient data for this analysisNoN\/AHolst et al. (2005a, 2005b)Not includedHarbor seals, California sea lions, and northern elephant sealsSmall- and mid-sized missile launchesRLs measured near observed pinnipeds, including peak, RMS, SEL, and durationVisual observations of animal presence and distribution before launches and behavior during and following launchesNoN\/ATable 23Number (in bold) of pinnipeds in air (individuals and\/or groups) reported as having behavioral responses to nonpulses; responses were categorized into 10-dB RL bins, ranked by severity of the behavioral response (see Table 4 for severity scaling), and combined with other observations having the same RL\/severity score. A summary of the individual studies included in this table is given in the \u201cPinnipeds in Air\/Nonpulses (Cell 15)\u201d section in this chapter. Parenthetical subscripts indicate the reference reporting the observations as listed in Table 22.Received RMS sound pressure level (dB re: 20 \u00b5Pa)Response score50 to \u0026lt;6060 to \u0026lt;7070 to \u0026lt;8080 to \u0026lt;9090 to \u0026lt;100100 to \u0026lt;110110 to \u0026lt;120     9            8            7            6      1.0 (1,2,3)     5            4            3            2            1            0 1.0 (2)          Table 24Research recommendations in various subject areas needed to enhance future marine mammal noise exposure criteria (as discussed in Chapter 5)Research topicGeneral descriptionCritical information needsAcoustic measurements of relevant sound sourcesDetailed measurements needed of source levels, frequency content, and radiated sound fields around intense and\/or chronic noise sources.Comprehensive, calibrated measurements of the properties of human-generated sound sources, including frequency-dependent propagation and received characteristics in different environments.Ambient noise measurementsSystematic measurements of underwater ambient noise are needed to quantify how human activities are affecting the acoustic environment.Comprehensive, calibrated measurements of ambient noise, including spectral, temporal, and directional aspects, in different oceanic environments; ambient noise \u201cbudgets\u201d indicating relative contribution of natural and anthropogenic sources and trends over time.\u201cAbsolute\u201d hearing measurementsAudiometric data are needed to determine functional bandwidth, species and individual differences, dynamic hearing ranges, and detection thresholds for realistic biological stimuli.Carefully controlled behavioral and electrophysiological measurements of hearing sensitivity vs frequency for more individuals and species, particularly for high-priority species, such as beaked whales and mysticetes. Also, detection thresholds for complex biological signals.Auditory scene analysisMeasurements to determine the sophisticated perceptual and processing capabilities of marine mammals that enable them to detect and localize sources in complex, 3-D environments.Measurements of stream segregation, spatial perception, multidimensional source localization, frequency discrimination, temporal resolution, and feedback mechanisms between sound production and hearing systems.Marine mammal behavioral responses to sound exposureMeasurements of behavioral reactions to various sound types are needed, including all relevant acoustic, contextual, and response variables.Carefully constructed observational and exposure experiments that consider not only RL but also source range, motion, signal-to-noise ratio, and detailed information on receivers, including baseline behavior, prior experience with the sound, and responses during exposure.Effects of sound exposure on marine mammal hearing: masking, TTS, and PTSContinued effort is needed on the simultaneous and residual physiological effects of noise exposure on marine mammal hearing.Masked hearing thresholds for simple stimuli in more species and individuals, as well as complex biological signals and realistic maskers; allowance for directional effects; comparative data on TTS-onset and growth in a greater number of species and individuals for nonpulse and pulsed anthropogenic sources; recovery functions after exposures and between repeated exposures.Effects of sound exposure on marine mammal non-auditory systemsPhysiological measurements are needed for both acute and chronic sound exposure conditions to investigate effects on non-auditory systems.Various baseline and exposure-condition measurements, including nitrogen saturation levels; bubble nuclei; the formation of hemorrhages, emboli, and\/or lesions; stress hormones; and cardiovascular responses to acute and chronic noise exposure.Particularly sensitive species: beaked whalesBaseline and exposure data on these poorly understood taxa to assess their apparent sensitivity to certain anthropogenic sound sources.Various studies, including measurements and modeling related to (1) hearing sensitivity, (2) diving and vocalization parameters, (3) tissue properties, (4) gas\/fat emboli formation and significance, (5) advanced detection capabilities for localizing and tracking them, and (6) behavioral reactions to various anthropogenic and natural sound sources.","author":["Southall, B.","Bowles, A.","Ellison, W.","Finneran, J.","Gentry, R.","Greene, C. Jr.","Kastak, D.","Ketten, D.","Miller, J.","Nachtigall, P.","Richardson, W.","Thomas, J.","Tyack, P."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","University of California Santa Cruz","Marine Acoustics Inc","US Navy Marine Mammal Program","Greeneridge Science Inc.","Harvard University","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-04 08:07:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5210","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-populations-ocean-noise-determining-when-noise-causes-biologically","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/openbook.php?isbn=0309094496","title":"Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise: Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects","description":"The transition from wind-driven to mechanized shipping became the first step in what was to be a continued increase in the introduction of sound into the oceans. The oceans are much less transparent to light than to sound; as a result, many marine species use sound rather than light to navigate and communicate. Over the last 40 million years, marine mammals have evolved specializations for using underwater sound. The initial introduction of the propulsion sound of ships was unintentional, but engineers and scientists have also learned, with the development of sonar, how to use sound intentionally for underwater communication, navigation, and research. At some point as humans introduce more sound into the oceans, the conflict with evolutionarily-adapted marine mammal sound-sensing systems seems inevitable. Attention has been drawn to this issue through a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, legislative hearings, and National Research Council (NRC) reports (1993, 2000, and 2003b) and, most recently, the draft report of the US Commission on Ocean Policy (2004).  Two earlier National Research Council reports (1994, 2000), while addressing biological issues of marine mammals and noise, also made recommendations that affected federal legislation and its implementation. The first was issued in 1994 in response to the feasibility test of a proposal to track global warming by monitoring the speed of an acoustic signal across an ocean basin (Munk et al., 1994). The feasibility test was to have set the stage for the full Acoustic Thermometry of the Ocean Climate (ATOC) experiment, but because of concerns over possible effects on marine mammals only a limited deployment of ATOC was attempted. The 1994 report recommended that there be legislative distinction between different types of \u201ctaking\u201d and that the regulatory agencies streamline the permitting process for activities that did not kill or capture marine mammals. Additional streamlining was recommended for nonlethal activities that have negligible effects. The 2000 National Research Council report reviewed the marine mammal research program that was a component of the limited ATOC deployment. In Marine Mammals and Low-frequency Sound: Progress Since 1994, the committee noted that the 1994 amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) addressed some of the issues raised in the 1994 NRC report. The 1994 amendments introduced two levels of takes by harassment under the MMPA\u2014level A and level B harassment. Level A harassment was defined in the 1994 amendments as \u201cany act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which has the potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild.\u201d Level B harassment was defined as \u201cany act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering.\u201d However, the 2000 National Research Council report emphasized the importance of a criterion for significance of disruption of behavior (pg. 68):    It does not make sense to regulate minor changes in behavior having no adverse impact; rather, regulations must focus on significant disruption of behaviors critical to survival and reproduction.      The report (pg. 69) recommended redefining level B harassment as any act that    has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing meaningful disruption of biologically significant activities, including but not limited to, migration, breeding, care of young, predator avoidance or defense, and feeding.      Since the report was issued, the term biologically significant has been used in discussions of the 2003-2004 reauthorization of the MMPA (House Report 108-464). The US National Marine Fisheries Service (now National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] Fisheries) has also used the term in decisions to grant incidental harassment authorizations. Scientific investigation and description of what would constitute \u201cbiologically significant\u201d have not been pursued in a comprehensive manner.","author":["National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC)"],"organization":["National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC)"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5211","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-noise-sound-approach-research-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mmc.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/fullsoundreport.pdf","title":"Marine Mammals and Noise: A Sound Approach to Research and Management","description":"Human activities are increasing the level of sound in the oceans, causing widespread concern about potential effects on marine mammals and marine ecosystems. Major human sources of sound include seismic surveys for oil and gas exploration and scientific research; commercial shipping for transportation of goods; and sonar systems for military purposes, fishing, and research. Sound also is important to marine mammals for communication, individual recognition, predator avoidance, prey capture, orientation, navigation, mate selection, and mother-offspring bonding. Potential effects of anthropogenic sounds on marine mammals include physical injury, physiological dysfunction (for example, temporary or permanent loss of hearing sensitivity), behavioral modification (for example, changes in foraging or habitat-use patterns, separation of mother-calf pairs), and masking (that is, inability to detect important sounds due to increased background noise). For individual animals, such effects and their secondary consequences may vary in significance from negligible to fatal\u2014the worst outcome being documented in a small number of cases. The implications for conservation of marine mammal populations are undetermined.\n\nIn the late 1960s and early 1970s Congress provided a framework for protecting marine mammals and marine ecosystems when it passed a suite of environmental laws including the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), Endangered Species Act (ESA), and National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The MMPA provides a general prohibition on activities that take marine mammals, with limited exceptions for scientific research, commercial fisheries, subsistence harvest by Alaska Natives, activities that take marine mammals incidentally but that have a negligible impact on their populations, and military activities deemed essential for national defense. The ESA prohibits the taking of marine mammals listed as endangered or threatened, also with some exceptions. The NEPA requires that major federal actions that would have a significant impact on the environment\u2014including those involving anthropogenic sound\u2014be assessed to inform decision-makers about the consequences of such actions and alternatives to minimize impacts. With respect to sound effects, the management framework has been of limited effectiveness largely because of the considerable uncertainty regarding those effects, inadequate attention to management of certain sound producers, inadequate monitoring and mitigation methods to characterize and avoid or minimize effects, and implementation strategies that have proven to be less than optimal.\n\nTo address these matters, in 2004 Congress directed the Marine Mammal Commission to \u201cfund an international conference or series of conferences to share findings, survey acoustic \u2018threats\u2019 to marine mammals, and develop means of reducing those threats while maintaining the oceans as a global highway of international commerce\u201d (Public Law 108-7). The Commission convened an Advisory Committee on Acoustic Impacts on Marine Mammals and sponsored a series of meetings and workshops to gather information necessary to carry out the directive and prepare this report.\n\nImportant progress has been made toward understanding sound and its potential effects on marine mammals. The research effort has been led by the U.S. Navy with significant contributions by the Minerals Management Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation, several industry groups, and scientists from the academic community and private sector. In addition, the National Research Council has conducted four reviews of the sound issue, providing important recommendations for future research to address remaining uncertainties.\n\nDespite these commendable efforts, the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals remain uncertain and, as yet, the significance of sound as a risk factor cannot be assessed reliably. Other human-related risk factors appear to be at least as great a threat to marine mammals as is human-generated sound. For example, all known marine mammal mortalities caused to date by anthropogenic sound involve a limited number of species and are at least an order of magnitude less than the number of cetaceans killed annually in direct fisheries bycatch. However, because our ability to observe potential sound effects is limited, the documented level of mortality may be a poor indicator of actual effects. The 2005 National Research Council report indicated that \u201c...sound may represent only a second-order effect on the conservation of marine mammal populations; on the other hand, what we have observed so far may be only the first early warnings or \u2018tip of the iceberg\u2019....\u201d We can be certain that the need to address this issue will increase over time as the Nation\u2019s human population continues to grow and concentrate in coastal areas and as commercial vessel traffic, oil and gas exploration and production, military exercises, and other ocean-related human activities\u2014both anticipated and unforeseen\u2014expand with that growth.\n\nThe challenge facing the concerned community of decision-makers, managers, scientists, sound producers, and conservationists is to gain an understanding of the effects of sound in the oceans and to manage those effects in a judicious manner. Doing so will require recognition of remaining uncertainties and provision of a suitable buffer to ensure marine mammal conservation, while also endeavoring to avoid or minimize unnecessary constraints on human activities that introduce sound into the oceans. The major unresolved elements of this issue are as follows:\n\nUncertainty regarding the risks to marine mammals and marine ecosystems.\u00a0Risk assessment requires research to identify and characterize sounds that may be hazardous to marine mammals, determine their level of exposure, assess their responses to such exposure, characterize the significance of those responses for both individual animals and their populations, and manage the resulting risks of adverse effects. Such assessment must address individual sound effects, cumulative effects of multiple sound exposures over space and time, and the combined influence of sound and other risk factors for marine mammals and marine ecosystems.\nInadequate monitoring and mitigation measures.\u00a0Existing monitoring and mitigation methods are not adequate for detecting the presence of marine mammals and discerning the impacts of sound exposure. More effective monitoring and mitigation measures are needed to determine whether (1) harmful effects occur, (2) such effects are biologically significant, and (3) measures taken to mitigate impacts are necessary and effective.\nRegulatory inconsistencies.\u00a0The requirements and procedures for obtaining authorizations to take marine mammals differ among and within various groups of sound producers\u2014for example, commercial shippers, fishermen and aquaculture operators, the military, the oil and gas industry, and the academic community. Even when the same provisions apply, implementation and enforcement are inconsistent. The current framework is not well suited for managing some activities, such as commercial shipping, which is a major source of ocean noise and which may result in the taking of marine mammals. Some modification of existing regulations and statutes is necessary to ensure that, where feasible, all sound producers are subject to consistent standards.\n\nDelays in issuing research permits and take authorizations also have been identified as a significant element of the sound issue. The Commission believes that such delays result from inadequate implementation of the relevant statutes and regulations and could best be resolved with increased management resources and improved procedures rather than statutory and regulatory changes.\n\nThe two cornerstones of a national approach to the sound issue should be an expanded research program to improve our understanding and a more effective, comprehensive management approach to ensure marine mammal conservation while minimizing unnecessary constraints on sound-producing activities. With that in mind, the Marine Mammal Commission makes the following recommendations.\n\nRecommendation 1: Establish a coordinated national research program on the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals and the marine environment\n\nCongress should establish a research program to improve understanding of anthropogenic sound, its biologically significant effects on marine mammals and marine ecosystems, and effective means for mitigating and monitoring those effects.\n\nAdministration\u2014The research program should be guided by an interagency coordinating committee with representatives from the Navy, Minerals Management Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, National Science Foundation, Marine Mammal Commission, and any other agencies with related responsibilities or interest in this issue. As the agency responsible for oversight of marine mammal research and management in the United States, the Marine Mammal Commission is the most appropriate agency to chair the committee and would be pleased to do so. The initial charge to the committee should be preparation of a research plan to study anthropogenic sound and its effects on marine mammals. To address other significant threats to marine mammals and marine ecosystems the committee should be granted the flexibility to expand or modify its membership, scope, and activities once the initial sound research plan is completed and critical uncertainties are being addressed through well-designed research projects. This administrative recommendation satisfies Congress\u2019s mandate to the Commission to provide guidance on research and management related to the sound issue, but also maintains consistency with the Commission\u2019s larger statutory mandate to be attentive to all factors that threaten marine mammals and the ecosystems upon which they depend.\n\nProgram Direction\u2014Direction for the research program should be described in a comprehensive five- to ten-year plan focusing on (1) improving understanding of sound in the marine environment; (2) characterizing sound effects on marine life, including marine mammals, at the individual, population, and ecosystem levels; (3) evaluating existing prevention, mitigation, and monitoring measures and (4) developing more effective management measures. The plan should\u2014\n\nidentify the critical uncertainties and establish research priorities,\ndescribe the scope, time, equipment\/infrastructure, logistics, and funding needed for the research,\nspecify lead and cooperating agencies for each task and their funding and other responsibilities,\nbe updated regularly to incorporate new findings and information,\nensure peer-review and prompt publication of research and monitoring results,\nbe open to public review and comment, and\npromote public education and training of scientists and students.\n\nFunding and Resources\u2014In view of the variety of research topics to be addressed, the difficulty of working in the marine environment, and the extensive infrastructure required, a substantial investment is needed. The research caucus that participated in the Commission\u2019s Advisory Committee process recommended that new funding be provided to participating agencies with the amount increasing over three or four years to an annual level of $25 million. This amount presumably represents the required minimum investment in basic research but does not include the substantial logistical and regulatory compliance costs associated with that research (for example, applying for authorizations, completing environmental assessments, processing such materials by permitting agencies). Although intermediate levels of new funding (that is, less than $25 million) may be appropriate initially, the best basis for establishing long-term funding levels will be a comprehensive, integrated, and focused research plan.\n\nFunding for the sound research program should not be taken from other areas of marine mammal research. Rather, the national sound research program should be funded with additional appropriations as necessary to undertake the cooperative long-term research program recommended by the interagency coordinating committee. Affected industries and others with related interests, expertise, and specialized equipment and logistic capabilities should be invited to participate in or contribute to implementation of the long-term program plan.\n\nRecommendation 2: Establish consistent standards for the regulation of sound in the marine environment\n\nWith two exceptions, the Commission finds no basis for different regulatory treatment of the various sources of anthropogenic sound that are likely to take marine mammals incidentally. Those exceptions are commercial shipping, which is addressed under recommendation 7, and Department of Defense activities that are necessary for national defense and may be exempted in accordance with section 101(f) of the MMPA.\n\nCongress should provide the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service authority to regulate all anthropogenic sound sources in the marine environment. In particular, Congress should require assessment of the effects of fishery and aquaculture activities as an objective of the national sound research program described under recommendation 1 and grant the National Marine Fisheries Service the authority and responsibility to regulate those effects.\n\nRecommendation 3: Ensure that all sound producers comply with statutory and regulatory requirements\n\nRequirements for authorization to take marine mammals incidentally should be applied consistently to all sound producers. For example, the Navy should obtain authorizations for taking marine mammals incidental to its various exercises and operations, and the oil and gas industry should obtain authorizations for all of its operations unless they meet the standards for exception. Similarly, the potential for disturbance by whale-watching vessels as well as small watercraft should be evaluated to determine if regulation is needed to avoid harmful sound-related effects. Congress should advise the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service that sound producers in U.S. waters and U.S. sound producers (including those receiving funding from U.S. sources) on the high seas are required to obtain necessary taking authorizations if their activities have the potential to kill, injure, or harass marine mammals. Congress also should advise the Services to take action necessary to ensure that authorizations are obtained when any taking is likely.\n\nCongress should amend the MMPA to make incidental take authorizations under section 101(a)(5) available to all sound producers operating in U.S. waters, regardless of nationality, provided that the substantive requirements (for example, the negligible impact standard) remain in place. As reflected in recommendation 7, such an amendment, by itself, is unlikely to solve the problem of how best to authorize the taking of marine mammals incidental to commercial shipping.\n\nRecommendation 4: Retain mitigation and monitoring as requirements of the authorization and compliance process and designate the evaluation of existing measures and development of more effective measures as high priorities for the national research program\n\nAlthough the effectiveness of existing mitigation, monitoring, and reporting measures is a matter of debate, those measures are vital to validating assumptions regarding the nature and significance of sound effects and improving our ability to manage sound-producing activities. Measures should\u2014\n\nminimize unnecessary sound production\u2014for example, preclude repetitious seismic surveys of the same area when a single, comprehensive survey will suffice to provide the information needed by the oil and gas industry;\npromote sound-reducing technologies\u2014for example, encourage the seismic industry to develop airgun arrays that direct virtually all of their energy straight down and inform ship-builders of the need for ship-quieting technologies that will reduce marine noise as well as improve sound conditions on those ships. Note that this latter example should be accompanied by a research program to ensure that quieter ships do not result in an increase in ship\/whale collisions;\nimplement temporal and spatial measures to avoid sound-producing activities in seasons and areas that are especially important in the life history of marine mammals; and\nuse the assets of sound producers to enhance mitigation, monitoring, and reporting of sound effects\u2014for example, use the variety of Navy range assets to study marine mammal responses to different types and levels of sound.\n\nIn view of the limited value of current mitigation and monitoring measures, Congress should require that the evaluation of existing methods and development of more effective methods be identified as high priorities of the national research program.\n\nRecommendation 5: Require the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service to develop a management system that accounts for the cumulative effects of sublethal exposure to anthropogenic sound and other human impacts on marine mammals\n\nSuccessful conservation strategies for marine mammals must take into account the full impact of human activities on them. The full impact is a function not only of direct mortality but also of sublethal effects (for example, changes in stress level, condition, health) that, when combined, may significantly influence individual reproduction or survival, the factors that ultimately determine a population\u2019s status. Such sublethal effects are a major concern regarding human-generated sound in the marine environment, and a management system is needed to account for them.\n\nThe potential biological removal (PBR) system has been used effectively to account for incidental mortality of marine mammals in commercial fisheries. Whether this system can be extended to account for the sublethal effects of other risk factors, including sound (National Research Council 2005), or would serve better as a model for a separate management system is not clear. Nonetheless, any comprehensive and effective management strategy must account for sublethal as well as lethal effects. With that in mind, Congress should require the Services to develop a management system that accounts for the cumulative effects on marine mammals of sublethal exposure to anthropogenic sound as well as all other human impacts.\n\nRecommendation 6: Direct the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service to streamline their implementation of permitting and authorization processes for research on sound effects and for activities that may take marine mammals incidentally\n\nPermitting and authorization processes could be streamlined without statutory or regulatory changes by combining analyses required under different statutes, conducting programmatic analyses to provide large-scale consideration of proposed actions, and invoking use of categorical exclusions where analyses are not required. Congress should advise the National Marine Fisheries Service and the Fish and Wildlife Service to implement options for streamlining environmental analyses to avoid delays in processing applications for take authorizations and research permits.\n\nRecommendation 7: Promote U.S. leadership in international matters related to anthropogenic sound in the marine environment\n\nThe United States has an important opportunity to lead international efforts to address the effects of anthropogenic sound in the oceans. Such leadership is needed to promote research and sharing of information and to coordinate management strategies for regional and global sound-related issues. All the major sources of anthropogenic sound in the oceans are active on a global basis (that is, commercial shipping, seismic surveys and research, military and other sonar). Any comprehensive research and management approach must recognize that sound effects extend beyond national waters. Coordination of military exercises using sonar, development of ship-quieting technologies for commercial ships, and incorporation of ambient noise assessment into developing ocean observing systems are examples of activities requiring international leadership.\n\nShipping appears to pose a particularly difficult challenge. The vast majority of the commercial shipping fleet is registered outside the United States, and most shipping noise originates in international waters. Thus, it would be best to work within the international treaty structure to develop an appropriate framework for addressing this issue. Congress should direct the Department of State to consult with the interagency national research program on sound recommended earlier, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Justice, the Marine Mammal Commission, and any other affected agencies to determine what shipping-related proposals should be made to the International Maritime Organization.","author":["Marine Mammal Commission"],"organization":["Marine Mammal Commission"],"originationDate":"2007-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Mammals_and_Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5213","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energies-perspectives-implications-marine-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2013\/547563\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energies: Perspectives and Implications for Marine Ecosystems","description":"Countries with coastlines may have valuable renewable energy resources in the form of tides, currents, waves, and offshore wind. The potential to gather energy from the sea has recently gained interest in several nations, so Marine Renewable Energy Installations (hereinafter MREIs) will likely become very diffuse in the near future and determine a further transformation of our coastal seas.  Coastal zones are, in fact, already subjected to significant pressure from human activities, as a result of their high biological productivity and accessibility. It might be expected that the MRE sector development will add its impacts to those of the existing pressures.  Up to now the public concern about the environmental impacts of renewable energy projects has been a major factor behind the stalling or rejection of many planning applications for on-shore renewables developments. Siting renewables facilities in off-shore locations would appear to reduce this tension [4], but it cannot be forgotten that coastal ecosystems have already experienced major changes due to human activities, while the spatial conflicts of sea uses and demands are increasingly growing. In such a complex framework of existing uses, pressures, and foreseen developments, the MRE sector development makes urgent the use of Marine Spatial Planning approaches. Spatial decision support systems, through the efficient exchange of information between experts, stakeholders, and decision makers, offer the opportunity to guide the transition from the single sector management toward the integrated management of sea uses.","author":["Azzellino, A.","Conley, D.","Vicinanza, D.","Kofoed, J."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2013-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Azzelinoetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5214","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-global-review-extent-marine-renewable-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Vicki_James\/publication\/303718627_Marine_Renewable_Energy_A_Global_Review_of_the_Extent_of_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Developments_the_Developing_Technologies_and_Possible_Conservation_Implications_for_Cetaceans\/links\/574","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: A Global Review of the Extent of Marine Renewable Energy Developments, the Developing Technologies and Possible Conservation Implications for Cetaceans","description":"The global extent of marine renewable energy developments (MREDs) has been researched and considered in relation to their potential impacts on cetaceans. There is currently an unprecedented expansion of MREDs, focused on European waters, with large-scale developments covering thousands of square kilometres being planned. However, data on the likely impacts of these developments on cetaceans is lacking or, at best, significantly limited.\n\nThis research highlights the rapid expansion of MREDs, particularly in Europe, and more recently in China and off the east coast of the USA. Offshore wind farms continue to be the technology developing most swiftly; wave and tidal energy devices are mostly still in the testing phases, with the majority of operational sites being used to test the technology.\n\nInformation about the location of offshore wind farms is readily available; however information on wave and tidal sites is much more difficult to obtain, probably due to the fact that these are relatively new technologies and still being developed. It is likely that this report under-represents the actual extent of wave and tidal energy sites globally.\n\nAround the UK many of the sites where MREDs are being built are within or adjacent to areas that are critical habitats for cetaceans; the impacts of these developments on cetaceans are not fully understood. The limited research conducted so far has shown the potential for MREDs to cause behavioural changes in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), which leave the area during construction and in some instances did not later return to their usual numbers. Even where areas have been recolonised, it is not clear if these are the same animals returning or new animals moving into the area. The significance of such disturbance is not understood.\n\nData on protected and critical areas for cetaceans outside the UK have been difficult to obtain, however, there will be other important areas for cetaceans that overlap, or are adjacent to, MREDs.\n\nThe limited available information on the impacts of MREDs on cetaceans indicates a significant risk of negative consequences, with the noise from pile driving highlighted as a major concern with the potential to cause physical harm. Marine renewables devices may impact on cetaceans in ways ranging from collisions to habitat displacement due to the effects of noise and disturbance.\n\nSome have suggested that MREDs may have ecological benefits but these have yet to be fully assessed.\n\nMore strategically, and as an essential first step, research is required on a wider scale to identify critical habitats for cetaceans. This would enable governments and developers to avoid such areas or apply stricter protection and help ensure that the deployment of marine renewables will not threaten cetaceans.\n\nThe need for urgent and joined-up research into the impacts of MREDs on cetaceans, and the wider marine environment, is clear. Research is required to understand the short and long term impacts and should be conducted well ahead of developments to establish baselines as well as during construction, operation and decommissioning as well as years after decommissioning. To enable the impacts to be fully understood, adequate baseline data of cetacean populations is required, against which any changes can be measured. This will enable the impacts to be fully assessed, managed and mitigated.\n\nThis report highlights the fact that the impact assessment process is currently based on only very limited knowledge on both cetacean populations and the impacts of MREDS on the marine environment.\n\nAs the data are limited it is highly unlikely that conclusions on the impacts of a particular development on cetaceans, and the wider marine environment, are reliably based. As a result, developments are being consented in areas that are critical for cetaceans without giving adequate consideration to the potential wider and longer term consequences, and without appropriately focused research. With appropriate research on critical habitats for cetaceans, and the impacts of MREDs on cetaceans, these decisions will be more reliably based and allow relevant mitigation measures to be identified.\n\nThere is an urgent need for governments, developers and other stakeholders to engage in wide-ranging ecological research to help fully understand, and mitigate, the impacts of MREDs and aid good decision making. The expansion of the industry must be in step with understanding of the known and potential impacts on the marine environment.\n\nWDC makes the following critical recommendations in order to ensure the development of this new industry, which assists with climate targets, is undertaken without impacting cetaceans and other mobile species:\n\nUntil the impacts of MREDs can be fully assessed and mitigated, further developments within, or that may affect, areas that have already been identified as important for cetaceans must be avoided.\nAreas of critical habitat for cetaceans need to be identified in advance of leasing rounds to avoid developing potentially sensitive areas. For example, many shallow waters in northern Europe are important calving and nursing areas for harbour porpoises, which are also favourable sites for wave and tidal developments. This will also avoid costly changes in plans, unwieldy environmental constraints or delays.\nTo enable any impacts of MREDs on cetaceans to be fully understood, adequate baseline data of cetacean populations, over a minimum of 2 years, and preferably more, ahead of development is required, against which any changes can be measured.\nThere is clearly a requirement for further research on the impacts of MREDs on harbour porpoises and also on other cetacean species, their prey and their habitats in order to help understand and mitigate the impacts of MREDS on cetaceans. The research needs to be sufficient to detect impacts and cover all stages of the lifetime of the MREDs, pre-construction, during construction, operation and decommissioning as well as several years after to be able to evaluate their impacts on cetaceans and also consider the cumulative effects. For new devices, this needs to be conducted at the testing phase before wide scale deployment. For devices that are already operational, or have been approved for use, the impacts on cetaceans and other marine wildlife need to be studied at various sites to fully assess any impacts.\nBaseline data is also required on strandings to develop a reference point from which any increases in strandings rates due to MREDs can be understood.\nSharing of the results of the research into both critical habitat areas for, and the impacts of MREDs on cetaceans is essential. Data needs to be made available to developers and governments to enable mitigation measures to be identified. To enable this there needs to be improved information and datasharing facilities.\nUntil mitigation measures to reduce the noise of pile driving are tested for effectiveness, the best method is to avoid pile driving altogether and use alternative foundations. Strategic investment in alternative techniques is urgently required.\nInternational standards for and auditing of impact assessments need to be developed, this is particularly important for an industry that is dramatically expanding in some sea areas.\nMRED designers, developers and the consenting authorities need to consider the potential impacts on cetaceans for the entire life of the development from exploration, through construction and operation to maintenance and decommissioning, during all seasons of the year.\nCumulative impacts from all developments in a region need to be considered when a site is being considered for development, taking into account the trans-boundary nature of cetaceans.","author":["James, V."],"organization":["Whale and Dolphin Conservation"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WDC_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5215","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-legislation-nova-scotia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.novascotia.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/NS-MRE%20Legislation.pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Legislation for Nova Scotia","description":"As an emerging industry, marine renewable energy development may impact many stakeholder groups and the marine environment, and it will involve several levels of government. Therefore, the Province of Nova Scotia has committed to creating marine renewable energy before allowing commercial scale projects. In this context, the province is seeking stakeholder input as it develops a marine renewable energy policy and its enabling legislation. The purpose of this discussion paper is to generate an informed and helpful public conversation aimed at finding the best way forward, with a focus on Regulation, Development, Balance of Interests, Support, and Public Benefit.","author":["Nova Scotia Department of Energy"],"organization":["Nova Scotia Department of Energy"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Renewable_Energy_Legistlation_for_Nova_Scotia.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5216","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-technical-addendum","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/docs\/desh\/policy\/110317energymarineaddendumen.pdf","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework: Technical Addendum","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework project has investigated the potential marine renewable energy resource of Welsh Territorial Waters (TWs) and considered potential scenarios for the sustainable development of that resource primarily as an aid to policy development and also an indicator of resource for potential developers.  The project has been undertaken by RPS Group in three stages, starting in 2007 with Stage 1, which was focused on the initial literature reviews, data gathering, stakeholder engagement and GIS mapping. Stage 2 was conducted primarily in 2009-2010 and involved a number of discrete reports, each aimed at increasing the knowledge base for a number of key data gaps in Welsh TWs identified as part of Stage 1. Stage 3 has drawn on the findings of Stages 1 and 2 to develop the Framework.  The analysis and GIS mapping has been undertaken in five steps, designed to consider and apply a range of siting criteria for marine renewable energy devices within Welsh TWs. As a component of this, the GIS also provides spatial mapping of existing socio-economic uses and environmental interests and the potential constraint on consent associated with such. These steps have been termed the \u2018Approach to Sustainable Development\u2019 with an overall aim of enabling the potential energy resource available in areas of different levels of constraint to be assessed to provide an evidence base for determining the sustainability of different levels of wave and tidal stream power generation from Welsh TWs.  The Approach to Sustainable Development Report presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["RPS group"],"organization":["RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.617349000000","-4.242250000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRESF_Technical_Addendum.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5217","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-turtles-use-geomagnetic-cues-during-open-sea-homing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982206025826","title":"Marine Turtles use Geomagnetic Cues during Open-Sea Homing","description":"Marine turtles are renowned long-distance navigators, able to reach remote targets in the oceanic environment; yet the sensory cues and navigational mechanisms they employ remain unclear [1], [2] and [3]. Recent arena experiments indicated an involvement of magnetic cues in juvenile turtles\u0027 homing ability after simulated displacements [4] and [5], but the actual role of geomagnetic information in guiding turtles navigating in their natural environment has remained beyond the reach of experimental investigations. In the present experiment, twenty satellite-tracked green turtles (Chelonia mydas) were transported to four open-sea release sites 100-120 km from their nesting beach on Mayotte island in the Mozambique Channel; 13 of them had magnets attached to their head [6] either during the outward journey or during the homing trip. All but one turtle safely returned to Mayotte to complete their egg-laying cycle, albeit with indirect routes, and showed a general inability to take into account the deflecting action of ocean currents as estimated through remote-sensing oceanographic measurements [7]. Magnetically treated turtles displayed a significant lengthening of their homing paths with respect to controls, either when treated during transportation or when treated during homing. These findings represent the first field evidence for the involvement of geomagnetic cues in sea-turtle navigation.","author":["Luschi, P.","Benhamou, S.","Girard, C.","Ciccione, S.","Roos, D.","Sudre, J.","Benvenuti, S."],"organization":["University of Pisa"],"originationDate":"2007-01-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["-12.252467000000","44.969444000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:41:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5219","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-bird-distribution-along-oregon-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/30569","title":"Marine Bird Distribution Along the Oregon Coast","description":"Increasingly diverse interests in commercial and recreational use of marine resources are creating new challenges for coastal ocean management. One concern of increased offshore use and development off the Oregon coast is the potential impact on marine bird populations. We summarized the primary surveys of seabird breeding colonies and at-sea distribution along the Oregon coast to describe spatial patterns in species distribution and identify gaps where additional data are needed. The abundance of breeding birds during the summer (over 1 million in total, primarily Common Murre Uria aalge and Leach\u2019s Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa) is greatest in northern and southern Oregon due to the availability of breeding habitat on large offshore rocks and islands. While there are fewer breeding colonies along sandy shorelines, the adjacent coastal waters are still frequented by breeding birds and nonbreeding migrants, but generally in lower densities during summer. Seabird density, and likely potential interaction with offshore structures, is greatest nearshore and steadily declines to lowest levels beyond the outer continental shelf. Dynamic soaring species, however, which have a greater potential to interact with taller structures such as wind turbines, tend to be more common on the middle to outer shelf. Species composition also changes dramatically among seasons. Low flying (\u003C 30 m above sea level) diving species dominate in most seasons, however, which has potential conservation implications for interactions with structures above and below the water\u2019s surface. Given the abundance of storm-petrels, increased light pollution is also a concern for these and other nocturnal, phototactic species. Dramatic declines or redistributions have occurred at some breeding colonies, indicating long-term planning should consider changing habitat requirements. The greatest data needs currently include fall\/winter\/spring at-sea distribution, summer distribution off southern Oregon, and more accurate estimates and monitoring of burrow-nesting seabirds. Oregon\u2019s coastal waters provide habitat for a large portion of breeding and nonbreeding marine birds along the U.S. west coast and a thorough knowledge of their spatial distribution, seasonal abundance, and migration corridors is critical for well-informed marine spatial planning.","author":["Suryan, R.","Phillips, E.","So, K.","Zamon, J.","Lowe, R.","Stephensen, S."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Washington","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.207497000000","-124.213258000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Suryan_et_al_2012_NNMREC_OR_seabirds.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5220","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-fish-assemblages-associated-fish-aggregating-devices-fads-effects-fish-removal","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Fish Assemblages Associated with Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs):  Effects of Fish Removal, FAD Size, Fouling Communities, and Prior Recruits","description":"Fishes are widely known to aggregate around floating objects, including flotsam and fish aggregating devices (FADs). The numbers and diversity of juvenile fishes that associated with floating objects in the nearshore waters of the eastern tropical Pacific were recording by using FADs as an experimental tool. The effects of fish removal, FAD size, and the presence or absence of a fouling community at the FAD over a period of days, and the presence of prior recruits over a period of hours were evaluated by using a series of experiments. The removal of FAD-associated fish assemblages had a significant effect on the number of the dominant species (Abudefduf troschelii) in the following day\u0027s assemblage compared to FADs where the previous day\u0027s assemblage was undisturbed; there was no experimental effect on combined species totals. Fishes do, however, discriminate among floating objects, forming larger, more species-rich assemblages around large FADs compared to small ones. Fishes also formed larger assemblages around FADs possessing a fouling biota versus FADs without a fouling biota, although this effect was also closely tied to temporal factors. FADs enriched with fish accumulated additional recruits more quickly than FADs that were not enriched with fish and therefore the presence of prior recruits had a strong, positive effect on subsequent recruitment. These results suggest that fish recruitment to floating objects is deliberate rather than haphazard or accidental and they support the hypothesis that flotsam plays a role in the interrelationship between environment and some juvenile fishes. These results are relevant to the use of FADs for fisheries, but emphasize that further research is necessary for applied interests.","author":["Nelson, P."],"organization":["Northern Arizona University"],"originationDate":"2003-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["7.490791000000","-80.191170000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Fish_Assemblages_Associated_with_FADs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5221","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-ecological-implications-altering-hydrodynamics-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569110001924","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: The Ecological Implications of Altering the Hydrodynamics of the Marine Environment","description":"Many countries now recognise the need for mitigation of climate change induced by human activities and have incorporated renewable energy resources within their energy policy. There are extensive resources of renewable energy within the marine environment and increasing interest in extracting energy from locations with either large tidal range, rapid flow with and without wave interaction, or large wave resources. However, the ecological implications of altering the hydrodynamics of the marine environment are poorly understood. Ecological data for areas targeted for marine renewable developments are often limited, not least because of the considerable challenges to sampling in high energy environments. In order to predict the scale and nature of ecological implications there is a need for greater understanding of the distribution and extent of the renewable energy resource and in turn, of how marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) may alter energy in the environment. Regional ecological implications of a MREI need to be considered against the greater and global ecological threat of climate change. Finally, it is recommended that the identification of species and biotopes susceptible to the removal of hydrokinetic energy could be a suitable strategy for understanding how a MREI may alter flow conditions.","author":["Shields, M.","Woolf, D.","Grist, E.","Kerr, S.","Jackson, A.","Harris, R.","Bell, M.","Beharie, R.","Want, A.","Osalusi, E.","Gibb, S.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5222","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-potential-benefits-biodiversity-urgent-call-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01697.x\/abstract","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: Potential Benefits to Biodiversity? An Urgent Call for Research","description":"1. The evidence for anthropogenically induced climate change is overwhelming with the production of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels being a key driver. In response, many governments have initiated programmes of energy production from renewable sources.\n\n2. The marine environment presents a relatively untapped energy source and offshore installations are likely to produce a significant proportion of future energy production. Wind power is the most advanced, with development of wave and tidal energy conversion devices expected to increase worldwide in the near future.\n\n3. Concerns over the potential impacts on biodiversity of marine renewable energy installations (MREI) include: habitat loss, collision risks, noise and electromagnetic fields. These factors have been posited as having potentially important negative environmental impacts.\n\n4. Conversely, we suggest that if appropriately managed and designed, MREI may increase local biodiversity and potentially benefit the wider marine environment. Installations have the capacity to act as both artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices, which have been used previously to facilitate restoration of damaged ecosystems, and de facto marine-protected areas, which have proven successful in enhancing both biodiversity and fisheries.\n\n5. The deployment of MREI has the potential to cause conflict among interest groups including energy companies, the fishing sector and environmental groups. Conflicts should be minimized by integrating key stakeholders into the design, siting, construction and operational phases of the installations, and by providing clear evidence of their potential environmental benefits.\n\n6. Synthesis and applications. MREI have the potential to be both detrimental and beneficial to the environment but the evidence base remains limited. To allow for full biodiversity impacts to be assessed, there exists an urgent need for additional multi and inter-disciplinary research in this area ranging from engineering to policy. Whilst there are a number of factors to be considered, one of the key decisions facing current policy makers is where installations should be sited, and, dependent upon site, whether they should be designed to either minimize negative environmental impacts or as facilitators of ecosystem restoration.\n\nKey-words: artificial reefs, environmental impact, fish aggregation devices, marine-protected areas, wave power, wind farm, wind power","author":["Inger, R.","Attrill, M.","Bearhop, S.","Broderick, A.","Grecian, W.","Hodgson, D.","Mills, C.","Sheehan, E.","Votier, S.","Godley, B.","Witt, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Inger_et_al-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5223","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/masking-three-pinnipeds-underwater-low-frequency-critical-ratios","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/108\/3\/10.1121\/1.1288409","title":"Masking in Three Pinnipeds: Underwater, Low-Frequency Critical Ratios","description":"Behavioral techniques were used to determine underwater masked hearing thresholds for a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Octave-band white noise maskers were centered at five test frequencies ranging from 200 to 2500 Hz; a slightly wider noise band was used for testing at 100 Hz. Critical ratios were calculated at one masking noise level for each test frequency. Above 200 Hz, critical ratios increased with frequency. This pattern is similar to that observed in most animals tested, and indicates that these pinnipeds lack specializations for detecting low-frequency tonal sounds in noise. However, the individual pinnipeds in this study, particularly the northern elephant seal, detected signals at relatively low signal-to-noise ratios. These results provide a means of estimating zones of auditory masking for pinnipeds exposed to anthropogenic noise sources.","author":["Southall, B.","Schusterman, R.","Kastak, D."],"organization":["University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2000-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5224","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/massachusetts-office-coastal-zone-management-policy-guide","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/service-details\/massachusetts-office-of-coastal-zone-management-czm-policy-guide","title":"Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management Policy Guide","description":"This document presents the official policies of the Commonwealth\u2019s coastal program and explains the federal consistency review process in Massachusetts. It also provides helpful context about the coastal program and contains important jurisdictional components. Specifically, it:\n\nSummarizes the Coastal Zone Management Act, the federal legislation authorizing the coastal program.\nProvides an overview of the Massachusetts coastal program, including its history, organizational structure, networked approach, jurisdiction, and program plan documents.\nExplains the federal consistency review process, including the activities subject to review; general permits; pre-application consultation; application requirements, review procedures, and timetables; necessary data and information; project modifications; and emergency certifications.\nSummarizes other state regulatory programs affected by the coastal program policies.\nPresents the Massachusetts coastal program policies.\nProvides appendices that include the network agencies, legal boundary of the Massachusetts coastal zone, coastal program legal authorities, and listed federal actions subject to federal consistency review.\n\nThis\u00a0Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management Policy Guide\u00a0(Policy Guide) is a component of the federally approved Massachusetts coastal program, replacing the 2002\u00a0Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Plan. It is important to note that this guidance works with the other component documents of the approved Massachusetts coastal program (listed in the Program Plan Documents section on page 3) and specific statutory or regulatory provisions that form the legal basis for the Massachusetts coastal program.","author":["Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.370747000000","-70.301553000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MA_Coastal_Zone_Management_Policy_Guide.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5225","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-assessment-background-underwater-noise-its-comparison-noise-pin-pile","sourceURL":"","title":"Measurement and Assessment of Background Underwater Noise and its Comparison with Noise from Pin Pile Drilling Operations During Installation of the SeaGen Tidal Turbine Device, Strangford Lough","description":"This report has been prepared by Subacoustech Ltd for Collaborative Offshore Wind Research Into the Environment (COWRIE).\n\nA series of measurements were made of the underwater noise during underwater pin pile drilling operations as part of the installation of the SeaGen tidal turbine device in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. The data are presented in unweighted noise metrics such as RMS, Sound Pressure Level and Sound Exposure Level. The data are also presented as weighted levels above hearing threshold (dBht) for specific fish and marine mammal species.\n\nMeasurements of background underwater noise during periods when no drilling was being carried out have indicated high levels of high frequency background noise are present in the Strangford Narrows region of Strangford Lough. It is thought that this is due to the high speed of tidal flow in the region generating noise by interaction of turbulent water with the sea bed and at the water surface.\n\nMeasurements at ranges of 28 m to 2130 m from the drilling operation indicated that the unweighted, one second RMS Sound Pressure Levels varied from 105 to 139 dB re. 1 \u00b5Pa. A fit to the measured data has indicated a Source Level for the drilling noise of 162 dB re. 1 \u00b5Pa @ 1 m. The levels of underwater noise from the drilling operation are comparable with small vessel noise, and considerably lower than the levels of noise generated by other piling techniques such as impact piling or vibro-piling.\n\nHigh levels of underwater noise can have an effect on underwater species, in that they are known to cause a behavioural avoidance response in fish and other marine animals, and in some cases where the level is very high can cause physical injury. The measured levels of underwater noise from the pin pile drilling indicate that the noise levels are very much lower than those that may cause fatality, physical injury or audiological injury to the species of fish and marine mammal considered.\n\nComparison of the measured background noise data with the hearing sensitivity of the harbour porpoise has indicated that this region is a noisy environment for marine animals that are sensitive to high frequency noise. The data for the drilling noise indicates that these species are unlikely to be able to hear noise from the drilling operation over the high levels of perceived background noise. This conclusion highlights the importance of considering the spectral perception of underwater noise by marine animals when estimating its impact.\n\nThe likelihood of avoidance of the drilling noise by species of fish and marine mammal has been assessed by using the dBht approach (Nedwell et al, 2007b) which estimates the perception or \u201cloudness\u201d of noise by weighting the measured noise levels by the published hearing threshold data for the species considered. The data indicates that the noise does not exceed the 90 dBht level, at which strong and sustained avoidance is expected, at any measured range. The 50 dBht level, at which a mild and brief reaction is expected in a minority of individuals, extends to a maximum range of 115 m.\n\nThe data therefore indicates that the species of fish and marine mammals considered are unlikely to be disturbed by the drilling noise unless they are in the close vicinity of the drilling operation.","author":["Nedwell, J.","Brooker, A."],"organization":["Subacoustech Ltd","Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment (COWRIE)"],"originationDate":"2008-09-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedwell-Brooker-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5229","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurements-shoreline-wave-action-establish-possible-environmental-ecological-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/910134\/Measurements_of_shoreline_wave_action_to_establish_possible_environmental_and_ecological_effects_from_wave_energy_converter_arrays_-_EWTEC11_Paper","title":"Measurements of Shoreline Wave Action to Establish Possible Environmental and Ecological Effects from Wave Energy Converter Arrays","description":"This research has been to establish possible shoreline effects due to the future exploitation of marine renewable wave energy. The distance from shore, operational regime and the variability in the annual downstream shadow effect are key requirements to enable predictions of possible ecological effects on the shoreline. The accepted method of estimating the amount of shoreline wave action or \u2018exposure\u2019 to which the rocky shore is subject has been to use quantitative ecological surveys and indicator species vertical range. Difficulties can occur when natural and anthropogenic disturbances have a significant influence on these particular species, fundamentally altering the community structure and spatial distribution, which can result indifferent assemblages evident even though subject to comparatively similar levels of wave action.  To overcome these limitations a new efficient and cost effective device is presented that is able to measure an average quantitative level of wave action over weeks and\/or months at the relevant spatial scale of rocky shore biota. This new device will not only enable specific biotopes to be studied in relation to an objective proxy measurement of wave action over biologically meaningful timescales but could also be used, with bathymetry data, for economical evaluations of near-shore wave energy resources in developing nations.  Long term monitoring data from Orkney are presented which shows good correlations of significant wave height and direction from concurrent wave buoy data at the European Marine Energy Centre wave test site. Initial measurements have found that habitat and biotope classifications currently used to underpin European protected areas have an over simplistic classification of wave energy levels needed for both accurate comparisons and impact determination between certain rocky shore biotopes. Equivalent rocky shore biotopes classed within the same level of energy are observed to have similar levels during the summer but are subjected to a difference in the ratio of wave action of up 1:2 in winter.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["Beharie, R."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.984885000000","-3.365139000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Beharie_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5231","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-environmental-costs-tidal-power-plant-construction-choice-experiment-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S030142150900528X","title":"Measuring The Environmental Costs Of Tidal Power Plant Construction: A Choice Experiment Study","description":"Korea is considering the construction of a tidal power plant (TPP) at Garolim Bay. However, as the construction of the Garolim TPP (GTPP) is expected to entail some environmental damage, it has become an increasingly important topic for public debate. Using a choice experiment (CE) approach, this study attempts to measure the economic cost that results from the environmental damage caused by the construction of GTPP. The CE is used to measure the environmental costs of individual attributes, including the reduction in the area of the tidal flat, the degradation of seawater quality, and the destruction of marine life. The results indicate that the annual willingness to pay (WTP) per household for mitigating the environmental damage that results from the worst-possible situation in relation to the present situation is about 96,042 Korean won (USD 101.1) in the seven biggest cities (off-site regions) and 18,584 Korean won (USD 19.6) in Seosan and Taean (on-site regions). This study is expected to provide policy-makers with quantitative information that will be useful to decide whether or not GTPP should be constructed.","author":["Lee, J.","Yoo, S."],"organization":["Hoseo University"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.879125000000","126.347133000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5232","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mechanics-right-whale-mandible-full-scale-testing-finite-element-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098109001014","title":"Mechanics of the Right Whale Mandible: Full Scale Testing and Finite Element Analysis","description":"In an effort to better understand the mechanics of ship-whale collision and to reduce the associated mortality of the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale, a comprehensive biomechanical study has been conducted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the University of New Hampshire. The goal of the study is to develop a numerical modeling tool to predict the forces and stresses during impact and thereby the resulting mortality risk to whales from ship strikes.  Based on post-mortem examinations, jaw fracture was chosen as a fatal endpoint for the whales hit by a vessel. In this paper we investigate the overall mechanical behavior of a right whale mandible under transverse loading and develop a finite element analysis model of the bone. The equivalent elastic modulus of the cortical component of right whale mandible is found by comparing full-scale bending tests with the results of numerical modeling. The finite element model of the mandible can be used in conjunction with a vessel-whale collision event model to predict bone fracture for various ship strike scenarios.","author":["Tsukrov, I.","DeCew, J.","Baldwin, K.","Campbell-Malone, R.","Moore, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2009-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:54:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5234","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methodology-tidal-turbine-representation-ocean-circulation-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112006106","title":"Methodology for Tidal Turbine Representation in Ocean Circulation Model","description":"The present method proposes the use and adaptation of ocean circulation models as an assessment tool framework for tidal current turbine (TCT) array layout optimization. By adapting both momentum and turbulence transport equations of an existing model, the present TCT representation method is proposed to extend the actuator disc concept to 3-D large-scale ocean circulation models. Through the reproduction of experimental flume tests and grid dependency tests, this method has shown its numerical coherence as well as its ability to simulate accurately both momentum and turbulent turbine-induced perturbations in both near and far wakes in a relatively short period of computation time. Consequently the present TCT representation method is a very promising basis for the development of a TCT array layout optimization tool.","author":["Roc, T.","Conley, D.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5235","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/methods-used-during-gross-necropsy-determine-watercraft-related-mortality-florida","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/10.1638\/04-095.1","title":"Methods Used During Gross Necropsy to Determine Watercraft-Related Mortality in the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","description":"Between 1993 and 2003, 713 (24%) of 2,940 dead Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) recovered from Florida waters and examined were killed by watercraft-induced trauma. It was determined that this mortality was the result of watercraft trauma because the external wound patterns and the internal lesions seen during gross necropsy are recognizable and diagnostic. This study documents the methods used in determining watercraft-related mortality during gross necropsy and explains why these findings are diagnostic. Watercraft can inflict sharp and blunt-force trauma to manatees, and both types of trauma can lead to mortality. This mortality may be a direct result of the sharp and blunt forces or from the chronic effects resulting from either force. In cases in which death is caused by a chronic wound-related complication, the original incident is usually considered to be the cause of death. Once a cause of death is determined, it is recorded in an extensive database and is used by Federal and state managers in developing strategies for the conservation of the manatee. Common sequelae to watercraft-induced trauma include skin lesions, torn muscles, fractured and luxated bones, lacerated internal organs, hemothorax, pneumothorax, pyothorax, hydrothorax, abdominal hemorrhage and ascites, and pyoperitoneum.","author":["Lightsey, J.","Rommel, S.","Costidis, A.","Pitchford, T."],"organization":["Fish and Wildlife Research Institute (FWRI)","Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","University of Florida"],"originationDate":"2006-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.008443000000","-81.727527000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5240","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/large-whale-ship-strike-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.greateratlantic.fisheries.noaa.gov\/shipstrike\/news\/shipstrike03.pdf","title":"Large Whale Ship Strike Database","description":"Some human-related threats to endangered large whale species are diminishing, and a number of large whale populations are increasing in abundance. However, injuries and deaths resulting from ship collisions with whales remain a significant threat. In North Atlantic right whales, for example, ship strikes are a primary culprit in the slowed recovery of a highly depleted population.  Several papers provide accounts of mortality in large whales due to ship strikes (Laist et al., 2001; Best et al., 2001; Knowlton and Kraus, 2001). These papers review ship strike records through 2000, 1997 and 1999, respectively. We have built on these accounts by assembling a data base of all known ship strikes worldwide through 2002; a number of our records do not appear in previous accounts. Likely, many ship strikes go undetected or unreported as they may occur in remote areas or struck whales may drift out to sea. Thus, the actual number of strikes is undoubtedly much greater than reported here. Nonetheless, the information we provide is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive set of data to date on this subject. In the geographic scope and in the range of species effected, the data base illustrates the extent of the threat to large whale species.  The intention of this report is to make accessible the known information on ship strikes to large whales world-wide. We have not attempted to provide an extensive analysis of such records herein, as a thorough discussion of a number of these records can be found in Laist et al. (2001). Rather, we have synthesized ship strike reports to large whales into a comprehensive database to centralize the knowledge base of such incidents. These records indicate that collisions between whales and ships are a world-wide phenomenon which warrants attention.","author":["Jensen, A.","Silber, G."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2004-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 01:34:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jensen_Silber_2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5241","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-authorities-relating-implementation-coastal-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"","title":"Legal Authorities Relating to the Implementation of Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning","description":"This compendium identifies various legal authorities which relate to the implementation of Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP) in the United States. Various statutes are summarized and discussed, with a focus on how the statute will inform the CMSP process and how coastal and marine spatial plans (CMS Plans) will provide information for consideration in agency decision-making under the statute is provided. The compendium identifies statutory provisions based upon their applicability and focus as they relate to CMSP; given that a statute may have more than one focus, some statutes are discussed more than once. Recognizing that CMSP must be implemented in a manner that is consistent with international law, a brief discussion of international law, including the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention, is also presented. Finally, key Executive Orders relating to actions or programs relevant to CMSP are similarly summarized and discussed.","author":["National Ocean Council"],"organization":["National Ocean Council"],"originationDate":"2011-01-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Legal_Authorities_Relating_to_CMSP.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5242","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lethal-physical-injury-marine-mammals-requirements-passive-acoustic-monitoring","sourceURL":"","title":"Lethal and Physical Injury of Marine Mammals and Requirements for Passive Acoustic Monitoring","description":"This report has been prepared by Subacoustech Ltd., for the UK Department of Trade and Industry under programme RDCZ\/011\/00018 entitled \u2018A feasibility and demonstration study; active and passive detection of marine mammals\u2019. This is the first report delivered as part of this programme aimed at \u2018estimating typical lethal range for marine mammals from anthropometric sources\u2019. The overall aim of the project is to identify the limits of performance of methods of acoustically detecting marine mammals during offshore activity such as construction and seismic survey.\n\nThe value of the seas and seabed as a natural resource has increased greatly over recent years, and the number and scale of offshore activities has increased in proportion. Many of man\u2019s offshore activities cause underwater noise, from the noise created by ship movements through to the extreme levels of sound generated during the use of explosives underwater, for instance for decommissioning of unwanted oil and gas installations.\n\nThe noise from offshore activity has the capacity to directly cause disturbance to marine mammals such as seals, whales, dolphins and porpoises. The effects of noise can include death or lethal injury, physical injuries that can have longer term consequences for the animal such as deafness, and sub-lethal behavioural effects such as the avoidance of an area. All of these may have significant consequences for individuals or stocks of a species. In addition, secondary effects can occur, for instance by disturbance of the fish that are their food. Hence, it is generally a condition of consents issued for offshore activity that\n\nthe likely level of noise created by various activities is estimated prior to an operation being undertaken,\nwhere the noise component of an activity may be significant, the noise levels are kept at the lowest reasonable level,\nand that where the noise of an activity is sufficient to create an adverse effect, mitigation measures are introduced.\n\nOf the mitigation measures that might be used, a primary measure where sensitive species inhabit or may enter a proposed area of activity is the monitoring of the area for the presence of the species. This enables the activity to be terminated if there are marine animals present. Generally, use is made of Marine Mammal Observers (MMOs) in an attempt to visually detect marine mammals. However, this approach is ineffective, and in darkness or poor visibility detection is impossible. Under these circumstances acoustic detection offers significant advantages. There are three approaches for an Acoustic Detection System (ADS) that might be used, comprising\n\nPassive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM).\u00a0In this approach, a sonar-type system monitors for vocalisations or echolocation signals from the animals. The systems that have been fielded to date are of generally poor quality, have left-right ambiguity (i.e. cannot determine which side the signal is from) and have no range-finding ability.\n\nActive Acoustic Monitoring (AAM).\u00a0In this, a sonar \u201cping\u201d is broadcast in the water and the system looks for a returning signal when it encounters a target. There are systems that have been well developed for military and other purposes, but they all suffer from the fact that they use a \u201cbeam\u201d of sound and hence the area of water that is covered at any one time is small. In addition, the sonar may itself cause environmental effects, albeit at a low level.\n\nAcoustic Daylight Monitoring (ADM).\u00a0This class of sonar is new, and relies on detecting existing background noise being scattered from a target. It has significant potential advantages, including broad area coverage, lack of need for insonification and the ability to also act in PAM mode, but is \u201ccutting edge\u201d technology at the limits of achievability.\n\nIn order to specify the required performance of an acoustic detection system, it is necessary to know the range at which an animal may be affected by the noise. Most commonly, it is necessary to find the range at which injury will be caused. In order to calculate this, it is necessary to know the level of sound as a function of range that might be created, and the level of sound at which injury occurs. This report provides a technical review of current information related to the parameters that determine the lethal and physical injury range for marine mammals from acoustic energy in the underwater environment.","author":["Parvin, S.","Nedwell, J.","Harland, E."],"organization":["Subacoustech Ltd","UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)"],"originationDate":"2007-02-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Subacoustech_2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5245","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-ghg-emission-analysis-power-generation-systems-japanese-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544204003652","title":"Life Cycle GHG Emission Analysis of Power Generation Systems: Japanese Case","description":"This study presents the results of a life cycle analysis (LCA) of greenhouse gas emissions from power generation systems in order to understand the characteristics of these systems from the perspective of global warming. Nine different types of power generation systems were examined: coal-fired, oil-fired, LNG-fired, LNG-combined cycle, nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, wind power and solar-photovoltaic (PV). Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission per kW h of electricity generated was estimated for the systems using a combined method of process analysis and input\u2013output analysis. First, average power generation systems reflecting the current status in Japan were examined as base cases. Second, the impacts of emerging and future nuclear, wind power and PV technologies were analyzed. Finally, uncertainties associated with some assumptions were examined to help clarify interpretation of the results.","author":["Hondo, H."],"organization":["Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry"],"originationDate":"2005-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.511460000000","139.527323000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-02 09:02:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5251","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/light-induced-bird-strikes-vessels-southwest-greenland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X11004644","title":"Light-Induced Bird Strikes on Vessels in Southwest Greenland","description":"Light-induced bird strikes are known to occur when vessels navigate during darkness in icy waters using powerful searchlight. In Southwest Greenland, which is important internationally for wintering seabirds, we collected reports of incidents of bird strikes over 2\u20133 winters (2006\u20132009) from navy vessels, cargo vessels and trawlers (total n= 19). Forty-one incidents were reported: mainly close to land (\u0026lt;4 km, 78%), but one as far offshore as 205 km. Up to 88 birds were reported killed in a single incident. All occurred between 5 p.m. and 6 a.m. and significantly more birds were involved when visibility was poor (snow) rather than moderate or good. Among five seabird species reported, the common eider (Somateria mollissima) accounted for 95% of the bird casualties. Based on spatial analyses of data on vessel traffic intensity and common eider density we are able to predict areas with high risk of bird strikes in Southwest Greenland.","author":["Merkel, F.","Johansen, K."],"organization":["Aarhus University","Greenland Institute of Natural Resources"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["65.026566000000","-54.036622000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Lighting","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 07:03:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5253","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/limits-tidal-current-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148108000396","title":"Limits To Tidal Current Power","description":"Estimating the extractable power of tidal currents in channels is a practical question that has received attention recently. Analysis has clearly shown that the power potential is not given by the flux of kinetic energy, as has been commonly assumed. A general formula for the maximum available power is reviewed, along with assessments of the reduction if only partial fences are used, as would be required for navigational and ecological reasons. In typical situations, the maximum power obtainable may be achieved with a surprisingly small number of turbines, especially if allowance is made for the flow reduction caused by drag on the supporting structures of turbines which reduces the maximum power available. Finally, the flow through tidal turbines is compared with the cooling water demands of nuclear reactors generating the same power.","author":["Garrett, C.","Cummins, P."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2008-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.484459000000","-126.183718000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5254","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/limits-predictability-tidal-current-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5664588","title":"Limits to the Predictability of Tidal Current Energy","description":"The predictability of tidal currents in the context of hydrokinetic power generation are assessed using current data from a series of surveys in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, USA. Both current speed and kinetic power density are shown to be well-described by harmonic analysis. Three challenges to predictability are identified. First, non-sinusoidal fluctuations over time scales on the order of hours are observed but cannot be replicated by conventional harmonic analysis. Second, turbulent fluctuations over time scales on the order of seconds are relatively large and inherently unpredictable. Third, for this site, predictions may not be extrapolated more than 100 m from the location of measurement. While none of these issues are insurmountable, they contribute to a degree of unpredictability for tidal hydrokinetic power.","author":["Polagye, B.","Epler, J.","Thomson, J."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-09-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.947616000000","-122.603152000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Limits_to_the_predicatability_of_tidal_current_energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5255","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/list-environmental-effects-mhk-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"List of Environmental Effects of MHK Devices","description":"This presentation explains the environmental risks of MHK devices through \u201cstressors\u201d and \u201creceptors\u201d. Stressors are those that could cause harm to environmental subjects (receptors). The stressor\/receptor concept is the basic framework for analyzing potential environmental hazards.  This process goes further by assigning different attributes to certain stressors. For example, some stressors may have physical characteristics that make them more dangerous than a different stressor. Some may produce more electromagnetic fields, while others could have larger blades. In addition, each MHK device could affect each animal species differently. Acoustics could cause displacement changes in fish but perceptual (prey\/predator detection confusion) changes in mammals. Mitigation attempts have not yet been realized to their full potential, but most methods rely on common sense.","author":["Simas, T.","Moura, A.","Conley, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2010-09-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/3_Simas_Moura_Conley_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5256","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/listening","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5229515","title":"Listening In","description":"Active sonar is being \u2018trained\u2019 to identify sea mammals in a bid to cut the costs of monitoring tidal turbines and speed up the development of marine energy in Britain. the sonar is just one part of the technological response to a very human \u2013 and animal \u2013 problem. Will underwater turbines harm seals, dolphins and sea birds? And how would we know if they did?\n\nThe world\u2019s largest environmental marine-energy monitoring project in northern ireland has not found that tidal turbines are having a measurable impact on seals, dolphins and sea-birds after three years of a five-year study. But, while marine biologists say it could take a decade to be sure, developers say more expensive monitoring could cripple the fledgling tidal energy industry. Academics are hoping technology might offer a compromise.\n\nBristol-based tidal energy developer Marine current turbines (Mct) has already spent \u00a33m on detailed monitoring work around its twin-turbine seaGen device, installed last year in strangford Lough near Belfast.\n\nThe monitoring work was agreed with the northern ireland environment Agency to ameliorate the impact of locating turbines in a national nature reserve with nine EU habitat and wildlife designations and an established seal colony, and it is largely visual in its method. A marine mammal observer stands on seaGen\u2019s bridge, ready to hit an \u2018off\u2019 button if a seal appears within 50m. A colleague sits in the stem using sonar to spot seals underwater, although it\u2019s hard to distinguish the sonar signals created by a seal pup from those created by a clump of seaweed.\n\nMeanwhile, experts from the st Andrews-based sea Mammal research Unit (sMrU) have attached transmitters to the hair on seals\u2019 heads to help track their movements. the devices \u2013 which use mobile phone technology \u2013 come off when the animals moult.\n\nFinally, biologist Daryl Birkett has conducted eight surveys a month for the past three years from a grassy knoll opposite seaGen, using range-finding binoculars to note every sea mammal, sea bird, or human movement in the narrows.\n\nQueens University marine biologist Graham savidge says the half million movements recorded so far suggest turbines and seals avoid one another:\n\n\u201cFew seals are found in the fast currents that turbines need \u2013 on the surface at least. the majority prefer the lower water speeds of the lough\u2019s margins.\u201d\n\nEU Rules on Endangered Species\nMartin Wright, managing director of Mct is \u201cprofoundly pleased and relieved\u201d the turbines have not had any measurable impact on strangford wildlife, but says the cost of proving that has been onerous.\n\n\u201cThere will be no further tidal projects with this level of monitoring. tidal energy will not happen if an embryonic industry is made to carry such burdens \u2013 it\u2019s like guinea pigs having to jump Beecher\u2019s Brook.\u201d\n\nProfessor Ian Boyd of sMrU disagrees: \u201cthe effect of turbines on sea mammals will only become apparent over a period of ten years. We know that porpoises, for example, are already spending less time in the strangford narrows and there may be other effects that are not measurable using current methods. so monitoring must continue \u2013 at test sites and at sea. the marine [energy] industry is not viable unless it can carry these costs.\u201d\n\nNo seal appears to have been injured by the turbines, fishing boats, yachts or the Portaferry-strangford ferry, which makes 64 crossings per day.\n\nBut common seal numbers around Britain are 30-40 per cent down in a decade, so just one turbine-related death would be serious for tidal developers, because eU rules ban developments that pose new threats to endangered species.\n\nActive Sonar Tracks\nSt Andrews-based sMrU believes the solution could be the development of active sonar, as is already used to find undersea objects such as pipelines, in naval tracking and in ultrasound for expectant mothers. But none of the sonar kits currently in use offer all the features needed to monitor a tidal turbine. so sMrU and the orkney-based european Marine energy centre (eMec) are \u2018training\u2019 Dt-X sonar technology from seattle-based Biosonics, using \u2018spotter\u2019 sightings to corroborate and improve recognition.\n\nThis summer marine biologists will collect data on the swimming and diving behaviour of marine mammals. this will provide the basis for Biosonics\u2019 engineering staff to program their classification software to differentiate between swimming animals and other targets such as seaweed or submerged logs. they will use \u2018detection matrices\u2019 \u2013 software processes that try to classify moving blob on a sonar screen into categories such as \u2018marine mammal\u2019, \u2018debris\u2019, or \u2018seabird\u2019, based on factors such as its acoustic target strength, size, swimming speed and diving behaviour. it\u2019s hoped that this will allow the sonar to automatically detect and track animals in 3D around tidal turbines.\n\nBut Wright at turbine company Mct questions the utility of \u2018seal sonar\u2019.\n\n\u201cSeals are high-order predators adapted to their environment, a bit like taxis in central London, which come within inches of passers-by but there are no body bags at the end of the day. seals appear to understand the tidal turbines and if there is no measurable impact then no further mitigation \u2013 human monitoring or sonar \u2013 should be needed.\u201d\n\nJenny Norris from eMec believes seal sonar will be helpful to those who believe seals aren\u2019t at risk from turbines at all.\n\n\u201cThe sonar\u2019s primary use is to see what animals actually do near turbines. it\u2019s quite possible seals may be attracted, get close and then swim safely away, without any physical interaction,\u201d she says. \u201cif devices are always shut down when animals are sighted, we will never know what seals do next. the sonar will help us find out and that\u2019s why it will probably trigger an alarm \u2013 not go for automatic shutdown.\u201d\n\nAn EU marine research project could help settle the issue. Equimar involves 61 scientists, developers, engineers and conservationists from 11 European countries finding ways to measure and compare tidal and wave-energy devices so governments can back the best models.\n\nAccording to its Edinburgh-based coordinator, Dr David ingram: \u201cearly devices need extensive tests and test sites should be as highly instrumented as possible. But if tests demonstrate turbines have no measurable impact on sea mammals, then the monitoring and observation burden for future projects has to be much lower. if \u2018seal sonar\u2019 works, our protocols could require its use in test sites \u2013 sonar wouldn\u2019t then be needed for successfully tested devices at sea.\u201d\n\nWright may take some convincing: \u201ccomputers are not good at pattern recognition \u2013 i fear that if sonar is made compulsory for tidal turbines at sea it will cause shutdowns all the time. no human surveillance will be possible there. so monitoring will cause chaos when we deploy arrays of turbines to generate substantial tidal energy.\u201d\n\nProfessor Boyd concedes active sonar is sensitive to air bubbles in the water column and doesn\u2019t currently work as well near the surface. But since tidal devices are underwater, sonar is most accurate where seals might be in most danger of collision.\n\n\u201cI hope by next year, accurate sonar at \u00a315,000 per turbine will be on the market ... for marine developers that isn\u2019t going to break the bank.\u201d","author":["Riddoch, L."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2009-08-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.088064000000","-5.784277000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5257","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/literature-review-potential-effects-electromagnetic-fields-subsea-noise-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk\/handle\/1826\/7787","title":"Literature Review on the Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields and Subsea Noise from Marine Renewable Energy Developments on Atlantic Salmon, Sea Trout and European Eel","description":"Background  This report reviews the current state of knowledge with regard to the potential for three fish species of conservation importance, namely Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), sea trout (Salmo trutta) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla), to be affected by marine renewable energy developments (MRED). The focus is on marine wave and tidal power developments that will generate electricity offshore, which will then be transferred to land by subsea cable. During construction and operation, the marine renewable energy (MRE) devices are expected to cause a number of disturbances to the marine environment including electromagnetic fields (EMF) emissions and subsea sounds (generally referred to as \u0027noise\u0027).  Such disturbances were assessed to meet the following aims:    To determine the current understanding of the effects of EMFs and noise associated with the installation and operation of MREDs, on the behaviour of three species: S. salar, S. trutta and A. anguilla.  To determine the gaps in current knowledge and identify research requirements.   Main findings  The availability and quality of the information on which to base the review was found to be limited with respect to all aspects of the fishes migratory behaviour and activity, both before and after MRE development; this makes it difficult to establish cause and effect.  The main findings were:    S. salar and A. anguilla can use the earth\u2019s magnetic field for orientation and direction finding during migrations. S. trutta juveniles, and close relatives of S. trutta, respond to both the earth\u2019s magnetic field and artificial magnetic fields.  Current knowledge suggests that EMFs from subsea cables and cabling orientation may interact with migrating eels (and possibly salmonids) if their migration or movement routes take them over the cables, particularly in shallow waters (\u0026lt;20m). The effect, if any, could be a relatively trivial temporary change in swimming direction, or potentially a more serious avoidance response or delay to migration. Whether this will represent a biologically significant effect cannot yet be determined.  S. salar, S. trutta and A. anguilla are likely to encounter EMF from subsea cables either during the adult movement phases of life or their early life stages during migration within shallow, coastal waters adjacent to the natal rivers.  The subsea noise from MRE devices has not been suitably characterised to determine its acoustic properties and propagation through the coastal waters.  MREDs that require pile driving during construction appear to be the most relevant to consider, in addition to the time scale over which pile driving is carried out, for the species under investigation.  In the absence of a clear understanding of their response to subsea noise, the specific effects on S. salar, S. trutta and A. anguilla remain very difficult to determine for Scottish waters in relation to tidal and wave power.  Based on the studies reviewed, it is suggested that fish that receive high intensity sound pressures (i.e. close proximity to the MRED construction) may be negatively impacted to some degree, whereas those at distances of 100s to 1000s of metres may exhibit behaviour responses, the impact of which is unknown and will be dependent on the received sound. During operation there may be more subtle behavioural effects that should be considered over the life time of the MRED. Whether these effects will represent biologically significant impacts cannot yet be determined.  The current assumptions of limited effects are built on an incomplete understanding of how the three species move around their environment and interact with natural and anthropogenic EMF and subsea noise.  A number of gaps in understanding exist, principally whether S. salar, S. trutta and A. anguilla respond to the EMF and\/or the noise associated with MREDs in Scottish waters. A number of suggestions for specific studies are highlighted in the final section of the report.","author":["Gill, A.","Bartlett, M."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gill_and_Bartlett_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5259","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/localization-southern-resident-killer-whales-using-two-star-arrays-support-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6405010","title":"Localization of Southern Resident Killer Whales Using Two Star Arrays to Support Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Tidal power has been identified as one of the most promising commercial-scale renewable energy sources. Puget Sound, Washington, is a potential site to deploy tidal power generating devices. The risk of injury for killer whales needs to be managed before the deployment of these types of devices will be approved by regulating authorities. A passive acoustic system consisting of two star arrays, each with four hydrophones, was designed and implemented for the detection and localization of Southern Resident killer whales. Performance evaluation of the passive acoustic system was conducted at Sequim Bay, Washington. A total of nine sound source locations were chosen, within a radius of 250 m around the star arrays, to evaluate the accuracy of our localization approach. A localization algorithm, a least square solver, was applied to obtain a bearing location to a sound source from each star array. The sound source location was estimated by the intersection of the bearings from the two star arrays. Bearing and distance errors were computed to compare calculated and true (from Global Positioning System) sound source locations. Observed bearing errors were within 1.04\u00b0 for eight of the nine test locations; location 3 had bearing errors slightly larger than expected due to a high level of background noise. The distance errors for six of the test locations were between 1.91 and 32.36 m. The other two test locations, 8 and 9, were near the line passing through the centers of the two star arrays, where large errors were expected based on theoretical sensitivity analysis results.","author":["Ren, H.","Deng, Z.","Carlson, T.","Sun, Y.","Fu, T.","Martinez, J.","Matzner, S.","Myers, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.780552000000","-122.439643000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ren_et_al_Oceans_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5260","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-exposure-several-marine-benthic-animals-static-magnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/bem.20019\/abstract","title":"Long-Term Exposure of Several Marine Benthic Animals to Static Magnetic Fields","description":"Electrical currents in underwater sea cables could induce magnetic fields. The sea cables lie on or within the sea bottom and this is the living area for many invertebrate and vertebrate species. North Sea prawn Crangon crangon (Crustacea, Decapoda), round crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Crustacea, Brachyura), glacial relict isopod Saduria entomon (Crustacea, Isopoda), blue mussel Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia), and young flounder Plathichthys flesus (Pisces) were exposed to a static magnetic field (MF) of 3.7 mT for several weeks. The results showed no differences in survival between experimental and control animals. Mussels M. edulis were kept under static magnetic field conditions for 3 months during their reproductive period in spring. The determination of gonad index and condition index revealed no significant differences to the control group.","author":["Zettler, M.","Bochert, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2004-09-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.339319000000","14.051476000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5261","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/low-frequency-sound-marine-mammals-current-knowledge-research-needs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog.php?record_id=4557","title":"Low-Frequency Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs","description":"The committee further suggests that consideration be given to a revision in the incidental take provisions of the MMPA to delete references to small numbers of marine mammals. Such a change would allow NMFS or FWS to approve an incidental take authorization for any situation in which predicted effects on individuals and populations were negligible, regardless of the numbers of marine mammals that might be involved. This procedure could, for example, make an incidental take authorization possible in the case of an acoustical oceanography project that would ensonify an area large enough that more than a \u0022small\u0022 number of marine mammals might be exposed to significant noise, provided that it could be demonstrated that the effect of the sound on these animals would be negligible. The committee recognizes that changes in the incidental take authorization process might also broaden its application to other types of human activity. However, it seems unreasonable that an exemption from the \u0022take\u0022 prohibitions of the MMPA should be available for some human activities, including some that kill many marine mammals, without being available for other human activities whose goal may include the acquisition of information of potential value for the conservation of marine mammals.","author":["Green, D.","DeFerrari, H.","McFadden, D.","Pearse, J.","Popper, A.","Richardson, W.","Ridgway, S.","Tyack, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1994-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5262","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/low-frequency-amphibious-hearing-pinnipeds-methods-measurements-noise-ecology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/103\/4\/10.1121\/1.421367","title":"Low-Frequency Amphibious Hearing in Pinnipeds: Methods, Measurements, Noise, and Ecology","description":"Aerial low-frequency (100\u20136400 Hz) hearing thresholds were obtained for one California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), one harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), and one northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Underwater thresholds over a similar frequency range (75\u20136300 or 6400 Hz) were obtained for these three animals in addition to another California sea lion. Such data are critical, not only for understanding mechanisms about amphibious hearing and relating them to pinniped ecology and evolution, but also for identifying species at risk to man-made noise in the marine environment. Under water, the elephant seal was most sensitive, followed by the harbor seal and the sea lions. In air, the harbor seal was most sensitive, followed by the older of the two sea lions and the elephant seal. The following trends emerged from comparisons of each subject\u2019s aerial and underwater thresholds: (a) the sea lion (although possessing some aquatic modifications) is adapted to hear best in air; (b) the harbor seal hears almost equally well in air and under water; and (c) the elephant seal\u2019s auditory system is adapted for underwater functioning at the expense of aerial hearing sensitivity. These differences became evident only when aerial and underwater thresholds were compared with respect to sound pressure rather than intensity. When such biologically relevant comparisons are made, differences in auditory sensitivity can be shown to relate directly to ecology and life history. \u00a9 1998 Acoustical Society of America.","author":["Schusterman, R.","Kastak, D."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"1998-01-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5263","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/low-frequency-sounds-induce-acoustic-trauma-cephalopods","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1890\/100124","title":"Low-Frequency Sounds Induce Acoustic Trauma in Cephalopods","description":"There is currently relatively little information on how marine organisms process and analyze sound, making assessments about the impacts of artificial sound sources in the marine environment difficult. However, such assessments have become a priority because noise is now considered as a source of pollution that increasingly affects the natural balance of marine ecosystems. We present the first morphological and ultrastructural evidence of massive acoustic trauma, not compatible with life, in four cephalopod species subjected to low-frequency controlled-exposure experiments. Exposure to low-frequency sounds resulted in permanent and substantial alterations of the sensory hair cells of the statocysts, the structures responsible for the animals\u0027 sense of balance and position. These results indicate a need for further environmental regulation of human activities that introduce high-intensity, low-frequency sounds in the world\u0027s oceans.","author":["Andr\u00e9, M.","Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Durfort, M.","Quero, C.","Mas, A.","Lombarte, A.","Van der Schaar, M.","L\u00f3pez-Bejar, M.","Morell, M.","Zaugg, S.","Hou\u00e9gnigan, L."],"organization":["University of Barcelona"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5264","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lysekil-research-site-sweden-status-update","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Lysekil Research Site, Sweden: A Status Update","description":"At Uppsala University, a wave energy concept is developed on how to harvest wave energy and convert it into usable electric energy. The wave energy converter developed is based on a direct driven linear generator connected via a connection line to a point absorbing buoy. In connection to the wave energy converters, an electrical system is developed which enables a submerged interconnection and conversion of the power from the generators.  The project has a test site on the Swedish west coast outside the town Lysekil. The test site has been running since 2002, and the first wave energy converter was installed at the site in March 2006. Since then, the site has been continuously updated.  The object of this paper is to present a status update of what has been done at the Lysekil research site from 2006 up until now. The authors will also present experimental results showing power absorption and power production from the generators connected to different buoys. To further improve the site, the possibility to connect the system to the grid is prepared and also a second underwater substation is being built for underwater connection of at least seven wave energy converters.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["Lejerskog, E.","Gravr\u00e5kmo, H.","Savin, A.","Str\u00f6mstedt, E.","Tyrberg, S.","Haikonen, K.","Krishna, R.","Bostr\u00f6m, C.","Rahm, M.","Ekstr\u00f6m, R.","Svensson, O.","Engstro\u0308m, J.","Ekerg\u00e5rd, B.","Baudoin, A.","Kurupath, V.","Hai, L.","Li, W.","Sundberg, J.","Waters, R.","Leijon, M."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2011-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:58:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lysekil_Update2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5265","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-intensity-study-long-island-replacement-cables","sourceURL":"","title":"Magnetic Intensity Study: Long Island Replacement Cables","description":"During the period 7 to 9 September 2010, a magnetic field intensity study was conducted by Ocean Surveys, Inc. (OSI) in and around Sheffield Harbor, Norwalk, CT, and in a portion of Long Island Sound. This task was part of a monitoring program designed to assess the potential environmental effects of the Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)\/Connecticut Light and Power Company (CL\u0026amp;P) Long Island Replacement Cable Project (\u201cLIRC\u201d or \u201cProject\u201d) which extends from Norwalk, CT to Northport, NY in Long Island Sound. The Project involved the replacement of seven fluid-filled submarine transmission cables installed in 1969, with three new solid-core dielectric copper conductor cables.  The results included in this report are a component of the Monitoring and Mitigation Plan required by regulatory agencies overseeing the Project. The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP) and the Connecticut Siting Council (CSC) have required CL\u0026amp;P to monitor the effect of the Project on the seafloor and shellfish resources by conducting an investigation after the completion of construction. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) also has a parallel requirement.  The study was performed in three previously established monitoring areas and designated reference area, as shown in Figure 1. This project was performed under contract with ESS Group, Inc. (ESS), on behalf of the LIRC owners and operators, as part of the monitoring program. Please refer to OSI Report #07ES077.5A (December, 2009) \u201cTwelve-Month Post- Construction Seafloor Mapping Survey - A Component of the Benthic Monitoring Study for the Long Island Replacement Cable Project Summer 2009\u201d for further information regarding project background and other aspects of the monitoring program.  The objective of this study was to measure the earth\u2019s total magnetic field in the vicinity of the LIRC. This survey followed the same methodologies established for a previous study conducted in the same areas in November 2009 (OSI Report #09ES074). The results of these studies may be used in future modeling efforts, along with other information to estimate the local effect, if any, of the power cables as well as monitor changes in the detected magnetic fields over time.","author":["Ocean Surveys"],"organization":["Ocean Surveys, Inc."],"originationDate":"2010-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.035701000000","-73.379157000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean_Surveys_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5266","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-orientation-magnetoreception-birds-other-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00359-005-0627-7","title":"Magnetic Orientation and Magnetoreception in Birds and Other Animals","description":"Animals use the geomagnetic field in many ways: the magnetic vector provides a compass; magnetic intensity and\/or inclination play a role as a component of the navigational \u2018map\u2019, and magnetic conditions of certain regions act as \u2018sign posts\u2019 or triggers, eliciting specific responses. A magnetic compass is widespread among animals, magnetic navigation is indicated e.g. in birds, marine turtles and spiny lobsters and the use of magnetic \u2018sign posts\u2019 has been described for birds and marine turtles. For magnetoreception, two hypotheses are currently discussed, one proposing a chemical compass based on a radical pair mechanism, the other postulating processes involving magnetite particles. The available evidence suggests that birds use both mechanisms, with the radical pair mechanism in the right eye providing directional information and a magnetite-based mechanism in the upper beak providing information on position as component of the \u2018map\u2019. Behavioral data from other animals indicate a light-dependent compass probably based on a radical pair mechanism in amphibians and a possibly magnetite-based mechanism in mammals. Histological and electrophysiological data suggest a magnetite-based mechanism in the nasal cavities of salmonid fish. Little is known about the parts of the brain where the respective information is processed.","author":["Wiltschko, R.","Wiltschko, W."],"organization":["Goethe University Frankfurt"],"originationDate":"2005-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.902748000000","-80.714439000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Reptiles","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5267","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-orientation-navigation-marine-turtles-lobsters-molluscs-concepts-conundrums","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icb.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/45\/3\/539","title":"Magnetic Orientation and Navigation in Marine Turtles, Lobsters, and Molluscs: Concepts and Conundrums","description":"The Earth\u0027s magnetic field provides a pervasive source of directional information used by phylogenetically diverse marine animals. Behavioral experiments with sea turtles, spiny lobsters, and sea slugs have revealed that all have a magnetic compass sense, despite vast differences in the environment each inhabits and the spatial scale over which each moves. For two of these animals, the Earth\u0027s field also serves as a source of positional information. Hatchling loggerhead sea turtles from Florida responded to the magnetic fields found in three widely separated regions of the Atlantic Ocean by swimming in directions that would, in each case, facilitate movement along the migratory route. Thus, for young loggerheads, regional magnetic fields function as navigational markers and elicit changes in swimming direction at crucial geographic boundaries. Older turtles, as well as spiny lobsters, apparently acquire a \u201cmagnetic map\u201d that enables them to use magnetic topography to determine their position relative to specific goals. Relatively little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie magnetic orientation and navigation. A promising model system is the marine mollusc Tritonia diomedea, which possesses both a magnetic compass and a relatively simple nervous system. Six neurons in the brain of T. diomedea have been identified that respond to changes in magnetic fields. At least some of these appear to be ciliary motor neurons that generate or modulate the final behavioral output of the orientation circuitry. These findings represent an encouraging step toward a holistic understanding of the cells and circuitry that underlie magnetic orientation behavior in one model organism.","author":["Cain, S.","Boles, L.","Wang, J.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:50:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cainetal2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5268","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maine-coastal-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dmr\/mcp\/index.htm","title":"Maine Coastal Plan","description":"Maine has had an approved coastal management program since 1978. Through a partnership with federal, state and regional agencies, local governments and others, the Maine Coastal Program works to balance the conservation and development of Maine\u2019s coastal resources. While the core of Maine\u2019s Coastal Program is the effective administration of environmental laws along the coast, the Program has conducted a wide range of projects over the last thirty two years. Some of these projects include modeling the effects of sea level rise, helping municipalities to plan for growth and climate change, planning for ocean energy development and addressing user conflicts in Maine\u2019s coastal waters, using geographic information systems (GIS) to identify valuable habitats and track coastal hazards, planning for public access and the preservation of working waterfront, and continuing to encourage volunteer stewardship. By engaging in these projects, the Maine Coastal Program has remained active in a wide variety of coastal issues.\n\nSection 309 of the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) offers states the opportunity to enhance their current coastal management programs by developing improvements to core law authorities, creating new programs, and designing new funding sources. This enhancement program requires states to periodically conduct a needs assessment of nine coastal policy areas that are considered priorities at the national level. This Plan includes Maine\u2019s 2010 assessment of these issues. State priorities have been developed and the strategies outlined in this document will guide our program enhancement efforts over the next five years, from 2011-2015.\n\nThe Maine Coastal Program posted a draft version of this Assessment and Strategy on our website for a 30 day period in October and November and provided a notice of its availability to a lengthy list of program partners, collaborators and others. The comments received were extremely helpful to staff and were used in making changes to certain sections of this document. The comments are included in their entirety in Appendix B of this document, along with Maine Coastal Program staff responses (Appendix C). The final version of this document will be posted on our website following NOAA approval.\n\nThe content that follows the introductory material is divided into nine sections corresponding to the nine priority enhancement areas: Public Access, Coastal Hazards, Ocean Resources, Wetlands, Cumulative and Secondary Impacts, Marine Debris, Special Area Management Planning, Energy and Government Facilities Siting, and Aquaculture. An assessment of the status of the issue in Maine is included for each issue area. A subsequent chapter contains draft strategies for potential funding by NOAA. At present, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Section 309 funds available to the Maine Coastal Program to pursue the program enhancement strategies detailed in this document amount to roughly $400,000 per year. Thus there are many more strategies related to these topics (and others) that the Maine Coastal Program will undertake with other sources of funding. This document represents a menu of high priority strategies that are eligible for Section 309 funds and will be undertaken by the Maine Coastal Program (with partnering organizations). Projects will be chosen from this menu annually as part of federal grant applications. We pledge to fully draw upon all state and federal resources available to us to complete these projects, and to explore additional funding sources through grants, and other arrangements.","author":["Maine State Planning Office"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.179882000000","-68.939462000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ME_Coastal_Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5270","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/making-marine-renewable-energy-mainstream","sourceURL":"","title":"Making Marine Renewable Energy Mainstream","description":"Aquamarine Power has developed an interesting device called oyster that will convert wave power into electricity. The case for marine energy is the high-energy output waves offer and their relative predictability. Potentially, wave power can produce 5 times the global electricity consumption.  The Oyster technology offers many favorable qualities. It as accessible (onshore converter), reliable, high capture factor (uniform wave direction), and maintains economies of scale (one generator, multiple flaps and low cost fabrication). Environmental considerations are relatively low risk. Minimal impact is expected on marine mammals and birds will have no impact (much regulation based on offshore wind farms). Socio-economic impacts are minor but of concern. The device could interfere with creel fisheries, although it would benefit local communities from development.","author":["Murray, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.966418000000","-3.172769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marc_Murray_Presentation_Aquamarine_Power.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5271","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-governance-21st-century-making-marine-zoning-climate-change-adaptable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1887326","title":"Ocean Governance for the 21st Century: Making Marine Zoning Climate Change Adaptable","description":"The variety of anthropogenic stressors to the marine environment - including, increasingly, climate change - and their complex and synergistic impacts on ocean ecosystems testifies to the failure of existing governance regimes to protect these ecosystems and the services that they provide. Marine spatial planning has been widely hailed as a means of improving ocean governance through holistic ecosystem-based planning. However, that concept arose without reference to climate change, and hence it does not automatically account for the dynamic alterations in marine ecosystems that climate change is bringing.  This Article attempts to adapt marine spatial planning to climate change adaptation. In so doing, it explores three main topics. First, it examines how established marine protected areas can aid climate change adaptation. Second, the Article looks at how nations have incorporated climate change considerations into marine spatial planning to increase marine ecosystem resilience, focusing on the international leader in marine spatial planning: Australia. Finally, the Article explores how marine spatial planning could become flexible enough to adapt to the changes that climate change will bring to the world\u2019s oceans, focusing on anticipatory zoning. Governments, of course, can establish marine zoning governance regimes in anticipation of climate change impacts, as has already occurred in the Arctic. However, drawing on work by Josh Eagle, Barton H. Thompson, and James Sanchirico, this Article argues that governments could also combine anticipatory zoning and closely regulated marine use rights bidding regimes to encourage potential future private users to make informed bets about the future productivity value of different parts of the ocean, potentially improving both our knowledge regarding climate change impacts on particular marine environments and ocean governance regimes for climate-sensitive areas.","author":["Craig, R."],"organization":["University of Utah"],"originationDate":"2012-01-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Making_Marine_Zoning_Climate_Change_Adaptable.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5272","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/making-case-sound-management-marine-protected-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotlink.org\/files\/publication\/LINKReports\/SAMSReportManagingMPAs_full.pdf","title":"Making the Case for the Sound Management of Marine Protected Areas","description":"With the passage of the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, Scotland has shown its desire to protect and enhance one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet \u2013 our marine environment. Now we must seize the opportunity provided by this new legislation and achieve our shared vision for a clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse marine and coastal environment. With cross-sector support, this vision can become a reality, but only if we use the full range of measures now available to us. Of vital importance is the designation of a well-managed, ecologically coherent network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs).\n\nScottish Environment LINK commissioned this scientific report to inform and shape our position on the management of nature conservation MPAs. \u0027Making the case for sound management of Marine Protected Areas\u0027 has been independently produced by the Scottish Association of Marine Science.\n\nThe report highlights that MPAs are not only important to protect our marine wildlife, but also vital for our economy and the fight against climate change. Crucially, it recognises that management decisions are just as important as the designation of sites in the creation of an ecologically coherent network that will help us achieve our shared vision for Scotland\u2019s marine environment. Development of conservation objectives and management plans will be vital steps in this process and provide an opportunity to radically change the face of marine nature conservation.\n\nThe report endorses some long-standing views, held by LINK and many others, on how MPA management practices can be carried out in Scotland to support a biologically diverse and productive marine environment. For example, whilst damaging activities must be managed, harmonious activities should be encouraged. If damaging activity continues to occur within a protected site, regulatory measures such as Marine Conservation Orders, will be required. Guidelines and codes of conduct for recreational and tourism activities should be promoted, while fisheries legislation and fisheries management plans such as those prepared by Inshore Fisheries Groups, must ensure conservation objectives for MPAs are met.\n\nOther measures recommended in the report include Environmental Impact Assessments for commercial fisheries; buffer zones around fish farms; and the use of no-take zones. Crucially, as with the designation of sites, all management decisions must be based on the best available scientific knowledge.\n\nGetting the right sites designated is central to the success of Scotland\u2019s new approach to marine conservation. However, for a real success story, we are dependent on how economic and social activities are managed in and around these areas in order to achieve conservation objectives. If we succeed at this, we will have made a huge step towards safeguarding marine biodiversity and recovering the health of our seas.\n\nWe hope the recommendations made in this report will provide a useful tool for decision makers and delivery bodies. We wish to encourage transparency and inclusivity in the development of MPAs with clear objectives and the use of an adaptive co-management approach. Ultimately, the success of an MPA is wholly reliant on political will to develop management plans, implement the necessary regulatory measures and invest in long-term monitoring and research programmes. The integration of competing industries will be challenging, but it must not be forgotten that healthy marine ecosystems underpin all goods and services provided by the sea. Making the correct management decisions now is vital to meet the long-term needs of people and nature.\n\nAcknowledgement:\u00a0This article was identified by the\u00a0Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Bell, E.","Brennan, R.","Nickell, T.","Potts, T.","Valcic, B.","Wilson, H."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Environment LINK"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.451034000000","-5.440923000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SAMS_2011_Sound_Management_MPA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5273","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/man-made-structures-marine-sediments-effects-adjacent-benthic-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2FBF00396848","title":"Man-Made Structures on Marine Sediments: Effects on Adjacent Benthic Communities","description":"This study (1975-1977) examines the effect of man-made structures on natural sand bottom communities in shallow water in San Diego County, southern California, USA. While there were shallow scour effects to 15 m around some artificial reefs, the reefs had no measurable effect on sand ripple patterns, grain size, organic carbon or infauna beyond the scoured areas. Foraging by reef-associated fishes produced profound alterations in the epifauna populations of the sea pen Stylatula elongata. The sea pen densities were 4 to 10 m-2 before the reefs were established, but within 5 mo were eliminated from distances greater than 200 m around the reefs. On the other hand, densities of the tube-building polychaetes Diopatra spp. seemed to be enhanced in the immediate vicinity of the artificial reef. Oil platforms and bridge pilings seem to have much more profound effects on the nearby sand communities than do the relatively small artificial reefs. In addition to the elimination of sea pens, Diopatra spp. densities increased from \u003C 1.0 m-2 in control areas to as many as 73 m-2 in the vicinity of oil platforms. Grain size and infauna were strongly affected by the oil platform.","author":["Davis, N.","VanBlaricom, G.","Dayton, P."],"organization":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"1982-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.865359000000","-117.314720000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5275","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-underwater-noise-european-waters-implementing-marine-strategy-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7311-5_132","title":"Managing Underwater Noise in European Waters - Implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive","description":"The European Union\u2019s (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008\/56\/EC) aims to improve the condition of all Europe\u2019s seas and ensure that human usage of these seas is sustainable. The directive will work by requiring EU member states to set a series of objectives for 11 Descriptors of Environmental Status. One of these descriptors, Introduction of Energy, Including Underwater Noise, Is at Levels That Do Not Adversely Affect the Marine Environment, concerns underwater noise. A task group consisting of the authors was established to recommend to the European Commission indicators that might be used by member states to define good environmental status (GES) under this descriptor. The task group focused on sounds that affect relatively broad areas of the marine environment and developed three possible indicators of underwater sound.  This is a chapter in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life.","author":["Tasker, M.","Amundin, M.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Hawkins, A.","Lang, W.","Merck, T.","Scholik-Schlomer, A.","Teilmann, J.","Thomsen, F.","Werner, S.","Zakharia, M."],"organization":["Aarhus University","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)","German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB)","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5276","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mandibular-fractures-short-finned-pilot-whales-globicephala-macrorhynchus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/usdeptcommercepub\/158\/","title":"Mandibular Fractures in Short-Finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus","description":"This study\u2019s objective was to investigate mandibular fractures in 50 short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhynchus, from two mass strandings. Based on current theories that this species is sexually dimorphic and polygynous, hypotheses were: (1) males should suffer more frequent or more substantial mandibular fractures than should females, and (2) fracture occurrence should increase with male reproductive maturity and potential correlates of maturity, such as age and length. Fractures were described and correlated with physical characteristics to infer possible explanations for injuries. Mandibular fractures were surprisingly common in males and females, being found in more than half of the animals examined (27\/50, or 54% overall; 17\/36 or 47% of females and 10\/14 or 71% of males). Length was the only correlate of fracture presence; the proportion of animals showing evidence of fracture increased with length. These results offer some support to initial hypotheses, but there must be another set of consequences that contribute to mandibular fractures in females. A combination of intra- and interspecific interactions and life history characteristics may be responsible for fractures. Further research from a larger sample of this and other cetacean species are suggested to help elucidate both the causes and implications of mandibular fractures.","author":["Oremland, M.","Allen, B.","Clapham, P.","Potter, C."],"organization":["Boston University","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Smithsonian Institution","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.580209000000","-80.060308000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oremland_and_Allen_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5277","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-energy-converter-tec-array-operation-sediment-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Impact of Tidal Energy Converter (TEC) Array Operation on Sediment Dynamics","description":"Large-scale exploitation of the tidal stream resource is likely to alter the regional hydrodynamics, but for practical extraction scenarios this effect is generally considered to be very small. However, since sediment transport is proportional to the cube of velocity, relatively small changes in the tidal currents could translate into large changes in the sediment dynamics. Here, we investigate this effect in relation to two oceanographic processes: tidal asymmetry and headland sand bank maintenance. Both of these processes have major practical significance. Tidal symmetry\/asymmetry is responsible for the large-scale long-term distribution of shelf sea sediment. Any tidal energy scheme which has the potential to alter this large-scale distribution could affect the supply of sediment feeding into natural coastal defense systems which remove energy from storm waves, such as beaches and offshore sand banks. Headlands are some of the most attractive regions for exploitation of the tidal stream resource. Any tidal energy scheme which could lead to changes in the morphodynamics of the associated headland sand banks could have implications for coastal flooding, due to changes in the wave distribution, including wave refraction and depth-induced wave breaking.","author":["Neill, S.","Couch, S."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2011-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.371626000000","-3.762241000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:55:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neill_and_Couch2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5278","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-energy-converter-tec-arrays-dynamics-headland-sand-banks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148111003855","title":"Impact of Tidal Energy Converter (TEC) Arrays on the Dynamics of Headland Sand Banks","description":"Previous results from one-dimensional model studies have demonstrated that large-scale exploitation of the tidal stream resource could have a significant impact on large-scale sediment dynamics. In this research, we model the impact that such exploitation would have on the dynamics of headland sand banks. Such sand banks, formed by the large eddies generated by strong tidal flow past headlands, have an important role in natural coastal protection, since they cause waves to refract and dissipate energy. Therefore, a tidal energy converter (TEC) array developed in the vicinity of a headland could alter this natural form of coastal protection. Here, we investigate the impact of TEC array operation on idealized headland sand bank formation, followed by a case study, the Alderney Race: a strait of water between the island of Alderney (Channel Islands) and Cap de la Hague (France). This is achieved through the application of a morphological model that incorporates TEC device operation as an additional bed friction source term in the three-dimensional hydrodynamic module. Through a series of model experiments, we demonstrate the impact that a full-scale (300 MW) TEC array would have on sediment dynamics when sited near a headland. This modelling study demonstrates that a 300 MW TEC array located in the vicinity of a headland could lead to a considerable change in the maintenance of headland sand banks over a spring-neap cycle. If the scale of this change is demonstrated to be significant compared to the natural range of inter-annual and inter-seasonal sand bank variability, then developers of TEC arrays would be advised to examine ways in which they could reduce the environmental impacts of TEC arrays sited near headlands. The most obvious of these is to limit the scale of the array, but if we assume that developers wish to exploit the tidal energy resource to its maximum, the alternative is to site the array strategically (within the bounds of economic feasibility) such that it will not interfere with the natural morphodynamics of the headland system.","author":["Neill, S.","Jordan, J.","Couch, S."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.719999200000","-2.078754800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5279","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-stream-turbines-sand-bank-dynamics","sourceURL":"","title":"Impact of Tidal Stream Turbines on Sand Bank Dynamics","description":"Previous results from one-dimensional model studies have demonstrated that large-scale exploitation of the tidal stream resource could have a significant impact on large-scale sediment dynamics. In this research, we model the impact which such exploitation would have on the dynamics of offshore sand banks. Such banks have an important role in natural coastal protection, since they cause waves to refract and induce wave breaking. As a case study, we examine the Alderney Race, a strait of water between the island of Alderney (Channel Islands) and Cap de la Hague (France). A morphological model is developed, incorporating tidal energy converter (TEC) device operation as a momentum sink in the three-dimensional hydrodynamic module. Through a series of model experiments, we demonstrate the impact which a full-scale (300 MW) TEC array would have on sediment dynamics when sited in the vicinity of headlands and islands. It is important to understand this aspect of the environmental impact of full-scale TEC operation, since headland and island sand banks comprise of readily mobile sediment grain sizes. Therefore, small changes to the tidal regime can have a large effect on the residual sediment transport pathways, and hence sand bank evolution, over the life cycle of a TEC device.","author":["Neill, S.","Jordan, J.","Couch, S."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2011-05-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.081966000000","-119.816848000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neill-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5280","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-wave-energy-converter-wec-array-operation-nearshore-processes","sourceURL":"","title":"Impact of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Array Operation on Nearshore Processes","description":"Before wave energy converter (WEC) arrays can be used to generate electricity at large scale, their environmental impacts need to be understood. Here, we examine the impact of large-scale WEC array operation on sand bars. Sand bars have an important role in natural coastal processes, since they protect out coastlines from the impact of storm waves. Since the wave climate between a WEC array and the coast will likely be modified by large-scale energy extraction, this could disrupt the natural process which maintains sand bars, affecting the location of wave breaking. We examine this hypothesised impact through application of a 1D cross-shore wave and sediment transport model. The model is applied initially to simulate natural sand bar formation. Wave energy is subsequently extracted at the model boundary, representing WEC array operation, and the morphodynamic impact assessed. Our results demonstrate that, under certain conditions, WEC array operation can lead to enhanced sand bar formation. Since reduced wave breaking, WEC array operation could provide enhanced coastal protection from storm waves.","author":["Neill, S.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2012-10-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.288338000000","-5.798401000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neill-and-Iglesias-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5283","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-anthropogenic-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8997q8wj","title":"Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound","description":"Marine mammal conservation presents a number of challenges for scientists and other stakeholders, especially using natural resources in ways that avoid crisis management. Scientists play the special role of providing vital information to decision makers to help them understand long-term consequences of their actions and avoid crises before they develop. The contributors to this visionary work look beyond the current crises to present a compelling argument about how science, if conducted properly, can provide insights that minimize crisis management and implement more anticipatory action.\n\nDespite the significant reduction of marine mammal harvesting, stocks of some species remain greatly reduced or are in decline. This volume provides an overview of the current state of marine mammal populations and identifies the major obstacles facing marine mammal conservation, including fisheries, sonar and other noise pollution, disease, contaminants, algal booms, and habitat loss. The contributors chart a scientifically-supported plan to direct marine management toward a well-defined recovery protocol.\n\nThis comprehensive resource will be indispensable for marine mammal biologists, oceanographers, conservation program managers, government regulators, policy makers, and anyone who is concerned about the future of these captivating species.","author":["Hildebrand, J."],"organization":["Johns Hopkins University"],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5284","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-wave-farm-waves-currents-coastal-morphology-south-west-england","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs12237-013-9634-z","title":"Impacts of a Wave Farm on Waves, Currents and Coastal Morphology in South West England","description":"This study investigates impacts of a wave farm on waves, currents and coastal morphology adjacent to the wave farm, which is located in the Southwest of England (the Wave Hub). In this study, we focus on the interaction between waves and tides due to the presence of the wave farm and its effects on wave radiation stresses, bottom shear stresses and consequently on the sediment transport and the coast adjacent to the wave farm, using an integrated numerical modelling system. The modelling system consists of the near-shore wave model SWAN, the ocean circulation model ROMS and a sediment transport model for morphological evolution. The results show that tidal elevation and tidal currents can have a significant effect on waves and that tidal forcing and waves have a significant effect on bottom shear stresses. Waves can impact on the processes related to the bottom boundary layer and mixing intensity in the water column. The wave farm has an impact on the gradients of radiation shear stresses and bottom shear stresses that modify current speeds and wave heights, which in turn impact on the near-shore sediment transport and the resulting morphological changes. Bed load transport rates show a decrease when the wave farm is present, even during storm conditions. The results highlight the importance of the interactions between waves and tides when modelling coastal morphology with presence of wave energy devices.","author":["Gonzalez-Santamaria, R.","Zou, Q.","Pan, S."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Plymouth University","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2013-06-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5286","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implications-marine-mammals-large-scale-changes-marine-acoustic-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1644\/07-MAMM-S-307R.1","title":"Implications for Marine Mammals of Large-Scale Changes in the Marine Acoustic Environment","description":"The amount of underwater sound from ship traffic, commercial, research, and military sound sources has increased significantly over the past century. Marine mammals and many other marine animals rely on sound for short- and long-range communication, for orientation, and for locating prey. This reliance has raised concern that elevated sound levels from human sources may interfere with the behavior and physiology of marine animals. The dominant source of human sound in the sea stems from propulsion of ships. Shipping noise centers in the 20- to 200-Hz band. Frequencies this low propagate efficiently in the sea, and shipping has elevated the global deepwater ambient noise 10- to 100-fold in this frequency band. Baleen whales use the same frequency band for some of their communication signals, and concern has been raised that elevated ambient noise may reduce the range over which they can communicate. Marine mammals have a variety of mechanisms to compensate for increased noise, but little is known about the maximum range at which they may need to communicate. Some of the most intense human sources of sound include air guns used for seismic exploration and sonar for military and commercial use. Human sources of sound in the ocean can disturb marine mammals, evoking behavioral responses that can productively be viewed as similar to predation risk, and they can trigger allostatic physiological responses to adapt to the stressor. Marine mammals have been shown to avoid some human sound sources at ranges of kilometers, raising concern about displacement from important habitats. There are few studies to guide predictions of when such changes start to lower the fitness of individuals or have negative consequences for the population. Although acute responses to intense sounds have generated considerable interest, the more significant risk to populations of marine mammals is likely to stem from less visible effects of chronic exposure.","author":["Tyack, P."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tyack-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5287","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/importance-artificial-light-field-around-offshore-petroleum-platforms-associated-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v331\/p219-231\/","title":"Importance Of The Artificial Light Field Around Offshore Petroleum Platforms For The Associated Fish Community","description":"Offshore petroleum platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico provide a unique environment for many reef-associated and pelagic fish species; however, the factors that contribute to increased localized fish abundance remain poorly quantified. All manned platforms possess large floodlights for nighttime operations and these also illuminate the surrounding waters. Two platforms (MC582 and ST151), located off the Louisiana coast, were examined to quantify this artificial light field. A multi-spectral radiometer instrument package was used to record subsurface irradiance along a regularly spaced grid around each platform. Spectral patterns indicated that the predominant source of underwater light near MC582 was the natural gas flare, while floodlights predominated in the water beneath ST151. Irradiance profiles (log10 photosynthetically active radiation) indicated that 10 to 1000 times more light was present near the platforms compared to open water control sites and that light levels decreased with increasing depth. Irradiance values were interpolated to estimate the 3-dimensional underwater light field and volumes were constructed based on published visual thresholds for 3 larval\/juvenile fish taxa. Results suggest that platforms provide an enhanced foraging environment for larval, juvenile and adult fishes by providing sufficient light to locate and capture prey, as well as by attracting and concentrating positively phototaxic prey taxa.","author":["Keenan, S.","Benfield, M.","Blackburn, J."],"organization":["Louisiana State University"],"originationDate":"2007-02-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.354396000000","-91.565651000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5288","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stream-tidal-energy-potential-puget-sound-washington","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pia.sagepub.com\/content\/223\/5\/571","title":"In-Stream Tidal Energy Potential of Puget Sound, Washington","description":"The far-field, barotropic effects of in-stream tidal energy extraction from Puget Sound are quantified using a one-dimensional channel model. In-stream turbines are modelled in regions of energetic flow in northern Admiralty Inlet and Tacoma Narrows. The far-field extraction effects include changes to the tide (amplitude and phase), transport, power dissipation, and kinetic power density. These effects are observed throughout Puget Sound and are dependent on the magnitude and location of extraction. The model indicates that a 5 per cent reduction in transport in the South Sound would correspond to either 260 MW of dissipation by in-stream turbines in Admiralty Inlet, 120 MW in Tacoma Narrows, or an intermediate level of dissipation in both locations. The environmental and economic limits on future developments are discussed. For pilot-scale development, this modelling indicates that the barotropic, far-field extraction effects on Puget Sound will be immeasurably small.","author":["Polagye, B.","Kawase, M.","Malte, P."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2009-01-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.034150000000","-122.663830000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5291","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-blade-solidity-marine-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1737113","title":"Influence of Blade Solidity on Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices are currently being considered for the generation of electrical power in marine tidal regions. Turbulence generated in the boundary layers of these channels interacts with a turbine to excite the blades into lowto mid-frequency vibration. Additionally, the self-generated turbulent boundary layer on the turbine blade excites its trailing edge into vibration. Both of these hydrodynamic sources generate radiated noise. Being installed in a marine ecosystem, the noise generated by these MHK devices may affect the fish and marine mammal well-being. Since this MHK technology is relatively new, much of the design practice follows that from conventional horizontal axis wind turbines. In contrast to other underwater turbomachines like conventional merchant ships that have solid blades, wind turbine blades are made of hollow fiberglass composites. This paper systematically investigates the contrast of this design detail on the blade vibration and radiated noise for a particular MHK turbine design.","author":["Jonson, M.","Fahnline, J.","Johnson, E.","Barone, M.","Fontaine, A."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University"],"originationDate":"2012-08-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5293","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influences-artificial-light-marine-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/islandpress.org\/book\/ecological-consequences-of-artificial-night-lighting","title":"Influences of Artificial Light on Marine Birds","description":"While certain ecological problems associated with artificial night lighting are widely known-for instance, the disorientation of sea turtle hatchlings by beachfront lighting-the vast range of influences on all types of animals and plants is only beginning to be recognized. From nest choice and breeding success of birds to behavioral and physiological changes in salamanders, many organisms are seriously affected by human alterations in natural patterns of light and dark. Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting is the first book to consider the environmental effects of the intentional illumination of the night. It brings together leading scientists from around the world to review the state of knowledge on the subject and to describe specific effects that have been observed across a full range of taxonomic groups, including mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, fishes, invertebrates, and plants. Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting provides a scientific basis to begin addressing the challenge of conserving the nighttime environment. It cogently demonstrates the vital importance of this until-now neglected topic and is an essential new work for conservation planners, researchers, and anyone concerned with human impacts on the natural world.","author":["Montevecchi, W."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5295","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/initial-consultation-document-roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Initial Consultation Document for the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Project","description":"The Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project is the first \u0022free-flow\u0022 tidal energy project to be deployed in the United States and the world for commercialization as a distributed renewable energy solution. Free-flow hydropower uses the kinetic energy from natural water flow of tides, rivers, and other man-made structures such as aqueducts and tailraces. Significant kinetic energy is available in rapidly flowing water, faster than two to three knots, which can be used as a renewable energy source without civil works and\/or impoundments. The RITE Project is the initial demonstration and commercialization of free-flow hydropower in the United States.  The RITE Project has a preliminary permit from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) as FERC Project No. 11278. The proposed project will be up to a 10 MW hydropower generating station to be owned and operated by Verdant Power, LLC (Verdant, or \u0022the Company\u0022). The proposed project will be located on the East River along the east shore of Roosevelt Island, Manhattan Borough of New York City, New York County, New York. The preliminary permit for the project was issued September 9, 2002 and is effective until September 1, 2005.  Although the requirements of free-flow hydropower are significantly different and the impacts much less than traditional, conventional hydropower installations, Verdant intends to license the project using the framework of FERC\u0027s traditional licensing process. Verdant will integrate cooperative consultation throughout this process consisting of regularly scheduled meetings with interested groups and organizations to address study needs, review study reports and results, and develop a set of mutually agreeable resource enhancement measures for inclusion in the license application. Verdant will file an initial license application with FERC no later than September 1, 2005, the expiration date for the preliminary permit.  This Initial Consultation Document (ICD) describes the overall setting of the proposed project including the location, physical description, operation, tidal flow, and environmental resources. Additionally, the ICD describes licensing resource evaluations and general methodologies, which might be employed to gather additional information to aid development of mutually agreeable resource enhancement measures to integrate into the license application for the RITE Project.","author":["Verdant Power"],"organization":["Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2003-10-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:46:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Initial_Consultation_Document_for_the_RITE_Project.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5296","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/instrumentation-monitoring-around-marine-renewable-energy-converters-workshop-final","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-23100.pdf","title":"Instrumentation for Monitoring around Marine Renewable Energy Converters: Workshop Final Report","description":"As the marine energy industry explores the potential for generating significant power from waves and tidal currents, there is a need to ensure that energy converters do not cause harm to the marine environment, including marine animals that may interact with these new technologies in their native habitats. The challenge of deploying, operating, and maintaining marine energy converters in the ocean is coupled with the difficulty of monitoring for potentially deleterious outcomes between the converters, anchors, mooring lines, power cables and other gear, and marine mammals, sea turtles, fish, and seabirds. To better understand the state of instrumentation and capabilities for monitoring around marine energy converters, the U.S. Department of Energy directed Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center at the University of Washington to convene an invitation-only workshop of experts from around the world to address instrumentation needs for three key interactions of interest to the emerging industry:    interactions between marine animals and marine renewable energy converters (MECs) near the converters (\u201cnearfield\u201d)  determining the distribution and habitat use of marine animals in the vicinity of MECs (\u201cdistribution and habitat use\u201d)  characterizing the sounds produced by MECs (\u201csound\u201d).   The workshop participants were also asked to determine the capabilities of the following three instrumentation categories as they apply to monitoring around MECs:    active acoustic instruments, including echosounders, imaging sonars, active tags, and radar  passive acoustic instruments, including hydrophones and vector sensors  optical technologies, focused on various camera deployment platforms.   Thirty-six scientists, engineers, and regulators from the United States, Canada, Europe, and Chile participated in the 2-day workshop, through a series of plenary presentations about the following:    status of monitoring around MECs: purpose of monitoring, examples of success and limitations  understanding the challenges of determining the distribution and habitat use of animals in the vicinity of MECs  observing the effects of underwater sound on marine animals, and the regulatory context that drives these observations.   The bulk of the workshop was spent in breakout sessions that addressed the capabilities of the instrument systems of interest and the three situations around marine energy devices, where significant instrument needs, gaps, and solutions were identified (nearfield, distribution and habitat use, and sound).  For active acoustic instruments the discussion focused on the spatial and temporal limitations; data bandwidth and power requirements; data processing; seasonal, biological, atmospheric, environmental limitations; safety and permitting challenges; and mooring and platform challenges.  Passive acoustic instrument discussions included the capabilities of hydrophones and vector sensors; the challenges of data collection in extreme energy environments; and data processing resulting from monitoring. Optical technology discussions explored a range of deployment and data-gathering options including: underwater, surface, and airborne platforms.  The nearfield discussions stressed the importance of tailoring the monitoring around marine energy converters to the specific animals present at marine renewable energy sites, the animal life stages, and the protected status of the animals. The spatial scales over which each animal group ought to be monitored differs depending on the size and speed of the animal. While continuous temporal observations of converters is desirable, significant concern was expressed about the large data streams likely to be generated and the need for signal processing and software improvements in detection, tracking, localization, and classification of animals to enable automated data processing.  The distribution and habitat use group focused on the need to develop monitoring strategies for specific animal groups of interest that are peculiar to the high-energy areas in which marine energy converters are placed. The group focused on packages of instruments that could observe marine animals on temporal scales of months to years in order to understand how the presence of marine energy converters may alter animal use and behavior in their vicinity.  The sound group focused on how to measure sound from marine energy converters, how to determine if the measurements can adequately characterize the output of the converters, and how sound measurement techniques could be standardized.  Common themes that emerged from the aggregation of the breakout groups, informed by the plenary presentations and discussions, included the following:    the importance of measuring risk as a key part of the initial plans for monitoring in order to focus programs appropriately, and to inform discussions that allow certain risks to be \u201cretired\u201d on a project-specific basis  the potential for huge data \u201cmortgages\u201d resulting from large streams of data that will flow from many of the instruments best suited for monitoring, and the need for automated data processing to optimize the data streams  the need to integrate instruments into packages that can be deployed and operated as a single unit, and the need to integrate monitoring data streams with those generated from converter operation  the lack of existing platforms and supporting technologies to allow otherwise capable monitoring instruments to realize their potential  the importance of broad collaboration among the research community internationally, between researchers and developers, as well as between researchers and regulators to cost-effectively and efficiently use limited monitoring funds to understand interactions of marine energy converters with marine animals.   More details on the workshop are available here.  A webinar was also held to summarize findings.","author":["Polagye, B.","Copping, A.","Suryan, R.","Kramer, S.","Brown-Saracino, J.","Smith, C."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5297","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-modeling-flood-flows-tidal-hydrodynamics-over-coastal-floodplain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10652-011-9214-3","title":"Integrated Modeling of Flood Flows and Tidal Hydrodynamics over a Coastal Floodplain","description":"The interactions of physical processes between estuaries and upstream river floodplains are of great importance to the fish habitats and ecosystems in coastal regions. Traditionally, a hydraulic analysis of floodplains has used one- or two-dimensional models. While this approach maybe sufficient for planning the engineering design for flood protection, it is inadequate when floodwaters inundate the floodplain in a complex manner. Similarly, typical estuarine and coastal modeling studies do not consider the effect of upstream river floodplains because of the technical challenge of modeling wetting and drying processes in floodplains and higher bottom elevations in the upstream river domain. While various multiscale model frameworks have been proposed for modeling the coastal oceans, estuaries, and rivers with a combination of different models, this paper presents a modeling approach for simulating the hydrodynamics in the estuary and river floodplains, which provides a smooth transition between the two regimes using an unstructured-grid, coastal ocean model. This approach was applied to the Skagit River estuary and its upstream river floodplain of Puget Sound along the northwest coast of North America. The model was calibrated with observed data for water levels and velocities under low-flow and high-flood conditions. This study successfully demonstrated that a three-dimensional estuarine and coastal ocean model with an unstructured-grid framework and wetting-drying capability can be extended much further upstream to simulate the inundation processes and the dynamic interactions between the estuarine and river floodplain regimes.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Khangaonkar, T.","Breithaupt, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.320324000000","-122.463222000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5299","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interactive-marine-spatial-planning-siting-tidal-energy-arrays-around-mull-kintyre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030031","title":"Interactive Marine Spatial Planning: Siting Tidal Energy Arrays around the Mull of Kintyre","description":"The rapid development of the offshore renewable energy sector has led to an increased requirement for Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and, increasingly, this is carried out in the context of the \u2018ecosystem approach\u2019 (EA) to management. We demonstrate a novel method to facilitate implementation of the EA. Using a real-time interactive mapping device (touchtable) and stakeholder workshops we gathered data and facilitated negotiation of spatial trade-offs at a potential site for tidal renewable energy off the Mull of Kintyre (Scotland). Conflicts between the interests of tidal energy developers and commercial and recreational users of the area were identified, and use preferences and concerns of stakeholders were highlighted. Social, cultural and spatial issues associated with conversion of common pool to private resource were also revealed. The method identified important gaps in existing spatial data and helped to fill these through interactive user inputs. The workshops developed a degree of consensus between conflicting users on the best areas for potential development suggesting that this approach should be adopted during MSP.","author":["Alexander, K.","Janssen, R.","Arciniegas, G.","O\u0027Higgins, T.","Eikelboom, T.","Wilding, T."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Vrije Universiteit"],"originationDate":"2012-01-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.861760000000","-6.584080000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Siting_Tidal_Energy_Arrays_Around_the_Mull_of_Kintyre.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5301","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/intertidal-ecology-potential-power-impacts-bay-fundy-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1994.tb00940.x\/abstract","title":"Intertidal Ecology and Potential Power Impacts, Bay of Fundy, Canada","description":"A large-scale tidal power project in the upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy would cause major changes in the tidal elevations of the headpond which would have a pronounced effect on intertidal ecology. The new mean low water level would be, on average, slightly above the present mean sea level whilst the new mean high water level would drop about 0.7 m. This would result in a much compressed intertidal zone. Mud and sand flats, below the present mean sea level, would be converted to sub-tidal habitat, whilst the high salt marsh, flooded at present only on the highest spring tides, would become colonized by terrestrial vegetation. There would be major shifts in the relative importance of primary production by salt marshes, intertidal micro-algae and phytoplankton, but overall, it is likely that production would increase. Changes in both primary food sources and habitat area would affect the abundance of intertidal invertebrate organisms and the fish and migratory shorebirds that feed upon them.","author":["Gordon, D. Jr."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"1994-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.234672000000","-64.808354000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5302","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigation-wave-energy-converter-effects-near-shore-wave-fields-model-generation","sourceURL":"","title":"Investigation of Wave Energy Converter Effects on Near-Shore Wave Fields: Model Generation, Validation and Evaluation - Kaneohe Bay, HI","description":"Kaneohe Bay, located on the windward (northeastern) side of the island of Oahu, Hawaii, presently has a shallow water (30 m) wave energy test berth and is under consideration to develop up to two additional berths in deeper waters (60 m \u2010 70 m) potentially making it the location of the first full scale wave energy test site (WETS) in the United States (Figure 1). One objective of the WETS is to provide a location that contains all necessary in\u2010water and land\u2010side infrastructure to support simple connection of up to three wave energy conversion (WEC) devices for testing purposes. To support the site\u2010selection process, it is necessary to determine the anticipated incident wave climate on the study site, as well as the effects of the WEC on the propagation of waves into shore. As such, a numerical model was developed in order to better comprehend both the existing condition (i.e. no WEC device) wave conditions and those that may be present when a WEC device (or WEC array) is installed. Specific concerns include, but are not limited to, impacts of the WEC device(s) on the near\u2010shore recreational surf climate as well as resultant shoreline erosion.  As deepwater waves approach the coast, they are transformed by certain processes including refraction (as they pass over changing bottom contours), diffraction (as they propagate around objects such as headlands), shoaling (as the depth decreases), and ultimately, energy dissipation (due to bottom friction and by breaking). The propagation of deepwater waves into the study site was modeled using the open\u2010source program, SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore), developed by Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. SWAN has the capability of modeling all of the aforementioned processes in shallow coastal waters.  The SWAN model is a non\u2010stationary (non\u2010steady state) third generation wave model based on the discrete spectral action balance equation. SWAN is fully spectral over the total range of wave frequencies. Wave propagation is based on linear wave theory, including the effect of wave generated currents. The processes of wind generation, dissipation, and nonlinear wave\u2010wave interactions are represented explicitly with state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010science, third\u2010generation formulations. SWAN provides many output quantities including, but not limited to, two dimensional spectra, significant wave height (Hs), wave period (mean and peak, Tp), wave direction (peak and mean, MWD), and directional spreading. The SWAN model has been successfully validated and verified in laboratory and complex field cases. Sandia National Labs and Sea Engineering, Inc. (SEI) have validated the model at nearby Waimanalo Bay as well as several locations on the mainland United States (e.g. Santa Cruz Bight, Monterey Bay, and Humboldt Bay, California).","author":["Roberts, J.","Chang, G.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sea Engineering Inc"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:48:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNL_2012_Nearshore_Wave_Fields.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5305","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/there-conflict-between-cetacean-conservation-marine-renewable-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.publish.csiro.au\/wr\/WR10020","title":"Is There a Conflict Between Cetacean Conservation and Marine Renewable-Energy Developments?","description":"There is currently an unprecedented expansion of marine renewable-energy developments, particularly in UK waters. Marine renewable-energy plants are also being developed in many other countries across Europe and in the wider world, including in the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Large-scale developments, in UK waters, covering thousands of square kilometres are now planned; however, data on the likely impact of this expansion on the 28 cetacean species found in UK waters are lacking, or at best limited. However, the available information, including inferences drawn from the impact of other human activities in the marine environment, indicates a significant risk of negative consequences, with the noise from pile driving highlighted as a major concern. The marine renewable-energy industry will also deploy some novel technologies, such as large submerged turbines, with unknown consequences for marine wildlife. Further research is urgently required, including distributional and behavioural studies, to establish baselines against which any changes may be measured. Precautionary actions, particularly with respect to pile driving, are advocated to minimise impacts on cetaceans.","author":["Brown, V.","Simmonds, M."],"organization":["Whale and Dolphin Conservation"],"originationDate":"2010-12-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5307","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/islay-limpet-wave-power-plant-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/JOR3980312","title":"Islay Limpet Wave Power Plant Report","description":"In 1998 Queen\u0027s University Belfast in partnership with Wavegen Ireland Ltd., Charles Brand Ltd, Kirk McClure Morton and I.S.T. Portugal were commissioned to construct and test a 500kW shoreline wave power plant. The system known as LIMPET (Land Installed Marine Power Energy Transmitter) was installed on the Isle of Islay off the west coast of Scotland and was commissioned in November 2000. The plant has been operating remotely since that time and is supplying energy to the electrical grid in the United Kingdom. The successful unattended operation of the plant since commissioning has demonstrated the potential of shoreline wave energy for contributing towards national energy supplies.  The device comprises three water columns contained within concrete tubes each measuring internally 6m by 6m and inclined at 40\u00b0 to the horizontal giving a total water surface area of 169m2. The upper part of the tubes are inter-connected and power conversion is via a single turbine generator unit connected to the central column. The water columns with an external width of 21m are located 17m inland from the natural shoreline in a man-made recess with a water depth of 6m at mean water level. The sides of the recess are virtually parallel and vertical.  The power take off system comprises a single 2.6m diameter counter-rotating Wells turbine in which each plane of blades is directly mounted on the shaft of a modified wound rotor induction generator rated at 250kW, giving an installed capacity of 500kW. The output from the generators is rectified and inverted prior to the grid connection and this enables variable speed operation with the range of 700 and 1500 r.p.m. The operational characteristic of the plant is software driven and can be altered. Noise produced by the airflow past the turbine rotors is attenuated in an acoustic chamber prior to discharge to the atmosphere. The turbine generator module also comprises a butterfly and a vane valve between the rotors and the plenum chamber.  The data acquisition system monitors all the main operational parameters throughout the power conversion process. In addition the incident wave energy has been monitored for a limited period using seabed pressure transducers, the wave loads on the front and back walls have been monitored and the water column movements have been measured using both pressure and ultra-sonic transducers.  The project has meet all the objectives originally specified and has been a significant achievement. A considerable amount has been learned about design, construction, power train matching, plant rating and costing. The operational experience gained will be vital to the future development of wave power systems both in the nearshore and offshore locations.  The most significant conclusions and observations are as follows:    The project has demonstrated the physical practicability of building a shoreline wave energy device in the lee of a natural rock wall cofferdam formed by excavation.  Subject to normal commissioning maintenance and minor problems, the collector and turbo-generation equipment have proven to be both robust and reliable.  The \u201cHarbour wall effect\u201d which has been shown in model tests to be beneficial to the performance of near-shore OWC systems is not effective in the LIMPET shallow water gully where the effect of the gully is, contrary to expectation, reducing pneumatic power capture. The reasons for this are not well understood and merit further study.  The control systems have operated well to allow safe automatic operation of the plant in all weather conditions.  With the reduced pneumatic power collection the plant operates at around 20% of its installed capacity for a significant part of the year. A most important consideration for future designs is that power train efficiency is maximised at part load. In addition it is probably not cost effective to install M\u0026amp;E plant rated to accommodate the peaks in the pneumatic power delivery. This results in high capital expenditure which is under utilised, and poor efficiency at average power production due to energy overheads related to installed capacity. However, reduced installed capacity necessitates either a bypass or in-line valve to limit the pneumatic power reaching the turbine.  The contra-rotating Wells turbine does not appear to offer a sufficient improvement in either peak efficiency or bandwidth performance relative to a bi-plane configuration to justify the additional cost of duplication of the mechanical \/ electrical components.  The natural rock cofferdam gave less protection against the weather than had been originally anticipated. Whilst this did not prevent completion of the device the construction time and hence the cost of the device was more than planned and to permit commercialisation of the technology we need to drive costs down further. Measurements of structural load on the plant have shown that in future designs this can be accomplished by significantly reducing the concrete and steel in the structure and by making more use of mass-produced elements and novel construction techniques. This will permit a significant reduction of in-situ construction with the subsequent reduction in construction time and cost.  The commercial exploitation of OWC\u2019s will benefit from the development of a standard range of turbine generator sizes which can be installed either in parallel or even in series and the water columns would be sized to suite the M\u0026amp;E plant as well as the prevailing wave climate. These machines along with their air valves and their electrical control and monitoring systems should be tested in a purpose built facility in order to assure reliability of all components. Wavegen has initiated a design programme for such modular units.   Following on from this work new designs are being developed in combination with different construction methods and new materials. In future a simpler turbine generator module and control system is envisaged which in combination with the reduced structural content of the chambers will result in energy prices competitive with offshore wind systems.  The work completed has formed a vital step in the development of wave power technology and will result in the development of the next generation of oscillating water column systems as well as other types of device. LIMPET continues its grid connected operation on the island of Islay where it has become a major tourist attraction both enhancing the local economy and serving to demonstrate to the public at large the potential of wave energy generation and the role of the EU in supporting the development of renewable energy technologies.","author":["The Queen\u0027s University of Belfast"],"organization":["Queens University","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2002-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.688020200000","-6.509398300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Islay_LIMPET_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5308","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/joint-programme-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Joint Programme on Ocean Energy","description":"The Ocean Energy Joint Programme (JP) of the European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) was launched in May 2011. The JP aims to develop coordinated European research that will underpin the development of the emerging marine renewable energy (MRE) sector (which includes wave and tidal current energy). The JP has five principal objectives:    Contribute to strategic leadership of the underpinning research;  Joint prioritization of research tasks and infrastructure;  Alignment of European and national research efforts;  Coordination with industry;  and Sharing of knowledge and research infrastructure.   The Ocean Energy JP is based around six key research themes:    Resource;  Devices and Technology;  Deployment and Operations;  Environmental Impact;  Socio-economic Impact;  and Research Infrastructure, Education and Training.   As initial activities for the JP, each of these six key research themes will hold a workshop before the end of 2011 to bring together the experts working in the field from across the JP partners across Europe. This will act as a catalyst, providing a forum and a mechanism for the valuable collaboration and coordination which is at the heart of the EERA and which underpins all of the objectives of the Ocean Energy JP. This Environmental Impact workshop is the fourth of these six research theme workshops, and has been hosted by France (who has been designated as the coordinator of the Environmental Impact research theme).  At the outset of the Ocean Energy JP, a number of sub-topics have been identified as key long term research objectives within each of the six key research themes. For the Environmental Impact, these are:    Physical impacts;  Biological impacts;  Benchmarking;  and Monitoring and Measurement to support consenting.","author":["Carlier, A.","De Roeck, Y."],"organization":["European Energy Research Alliance (EERA)","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joint_Programme_on_Ocean_Energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5309","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-technologies-key-issues-across-planning-development-environmental-regulators","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal Technologies: Key Issues Across Planning and Development for Environmental Regulators","description":"Renewable energy technologies are commonly seen as a panacea for the environmental problems associated with power generation, not just in terms of greenhouse gas emissions but also by virtue of other impacts such as pollution and habitat destruction (e.g. Dincer 1999). This may well be true of wave and tidal energy developments, but the fact is that there are few direct observations from which to judge the nature and scale of impacts. This is partly because of the emergent state of the industry, but also because research into this field has tended to focus on the nature of the resource and on the engineering aspects of exploiting it rather than on the environmental consequences of such exploitation.\n\nThis is not to say that there is\u00a0no\u00a0evidence base from which to draw inferences on the\u00a0potential\u00a0for wave and tidal energy developments to impact upon the marine environment. Information from impact studies of other human activities provide valuable insights into how some aspects of power generation may interact with the environment. Coupled with knowledge about the vulnerabilities of particular species and habitats and about the interrelatedness of physical and ecological processes, this information provides at least a starting point for understanding the likely consequences of marine energy extraction for the physical and biological milieus in which it is placed. A number of recent reviews (e.g. Gill 2005, Inger\u00a0et al.\u00a02009, ICES 2010a, 2010b, Shields\u00a0et al.\u00a02011) have drawn together much relevant information for a qualitative appreciation of the perceived potential for environmental interactions involving marine renewable energy developments. Several types of interaction may be distinguished:\n\nenergy extraction impinging upon natural processes\noperational effects on marine biota, acting through device operation, maintenance and decommissioning\nprovision of new ecological space through the physical presence of devices and other development structures\ndisplacement of other human activities, modifying the locus and nature of their impacts\n\nThe least attention has so far been paid to the first of these aspects, particularly in terms of intervention in physical processes. For this reason, this document places particular emphasis on the previously under-reviewed topic of potential impacts on physical processes, the more so because many other potential impacts stem from the physical impacts as first causes. We pull together the first comprehensive review of the potential for wave and tidal energy extraction to impinge upon physical processes in the near- and far-fields of developments, before going on briefly to examine the implications for ecological processes. Operational effects are considered mainly in terms of noise and collision risk; pollution risk involving release of oil and chemicals is probably fairly low, and is a general risk for human activities at sea rather than being particular to wave and tidal energy extraction. Changes to ecological space are considered in terms of reef effects and structures functioning as fish aggregation devices. Finally, we focus on marine fishing as the principal interaction with other sea users that is likely to have environmental implications.","author":["Bell, M.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Key_Issues_Across_Planning_and_Development_for_Environmental_Regulators.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5310","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/la-rance-tidal-power-plant-40-year-operation-feedback-lessons-learnt","sourceURL":"","title":"La Rance Tidal Power Plant: 40-Year Operation Feedback - Lessons Learnt","description":"A - Presentation  B - The main technical problems to solve  C - Maintenance  D - Environmental impacts  E - Integration","author":["de Laleu, V."],"organization":["British Hydropower Association (BHA)","\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France (EDF)"],"originationDate":"2009-10-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:22:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/La_Rance_Tidal_Power_Plant_40_year_operation_feedback.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5311","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/laboratory-studies-effects-shear-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/doewater-10822.pdf","title":"Laboratory Studies on the Effects of Shear on Fish","description":"The overall objective of our studies was to specify an index describing the hydraulic force that fish experience when subjected to a shear environment. Fluid shear is a phenomenon that is important to fish. However, elevated levels of shear may result in strain rates that injure or kill fish. At hydroelectric generating facilities, concerns have been expressed that strain rates associated with passage through turbines, spillways, and fish bypass systems may adversely affect migrating fish. Development of fish friendly hydroelectric turbines requires knowledge of the physical forces (injury mechanisms) that impact entrained fish and the fish\u2019s tolerance to these forces. It requires up-front, pre-design specifications for the environmental conditions that occur within the turbine system; in other words, determining or assuming conditions known to injure fish will assist engineers in the design of a fish friendly turbine system. These biological specifications must be carefully and thoroughly documented throughout the design of an advanced turbine. To address the development of biological specifications, we designed and built a test facility where juvenile fish could be subjected to a range of shear environments and quantified their biological response.  Test fish included juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, spring and fall chinook salmon, O. tshawytscha, and American shad, Alosa sapidissima. Fish were exposed to a shear environment produced by a submerged jet over a range of exit velocities from 0 to 21.3 m\/s (0 to 70 ft\/s). They were introduced in either a headfirst or tailfirst orientation and to the edge of the jet stream (slow-fish-to-fastwater scenario) or within and upstream of the jet stream (fast-fish-to-slow-water scenario). Test fish were captured after leaving the shear environment and specific biological responses noted (i.e., injury and mortality). The behavior or reaction of fish in the shear environment was recorded on high-speed video cameras. Fluid velocities were measured in the jet with a Pitot tube and a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). Statistical tests were applied to the fish data to estimate the lowest observed effect level and no observed effect level, or the strain rate at which fish were not injured after being subjected to the shear environment.  The Pitot tube provided mean velocity information in the axial direction. The mean-flow velocity measurements obtained using the Pitot tube were used to describe the jet centerline velocity and fluid strain rate. This report refers to the mean change in water velocity (u) over distance (y) as strain rate (e).","author":["Nietzel, D.","Richmond, M.","Dauble, D.","Mueller, R.","Moursund, R.","Abernethy, C.","Guensch, G.","Cada, G."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2000-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nietzel_et_al_2000.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5312","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/land-based-infrared-imagery-marine-mammal-detection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/pmec\/docs\/20110322_GraberJ_thesis_IRWhales.pdf","title":"Land-Based Infrared Imagery for Marine Mammal Detection","description":"A land-based infrared (IR) camera is used to detect endangered Southern Resident killer whales in Puget Sound, Washington, USA. The observations are motivated by a proposed tidal energy pilot project, which will be required to monitor for environmental effects. Potential monitoring methods also include visual observation, passive acoustics, and active acoustics. The effectiveness of observations in the infrared spectrum is compared to observations in the visible spectrum to assess the viability of infrared imagery for cetacean detection and classification. Imagery was obtained at Lime Kiln Park, Washington from 7\/6\/10-7\/9\/10 using a FLIR Thermovision A40M infrared camera (7.5-14\u03bcm, 37\u00b0HFOV, 320x240 pixels) under ideal atmospheric conditions (clear skies, calm seas, and wind speed 0-4 m\/s). Whales were detected during both day (9 detections) and night (75 detections) at distances ranging from 42 to 162 m. The temperature contrast between dorsal fins and the sea surface ranged from 0.5 to 4.6 \u00b0C. Differences in emissivity from sea surface to dorsal fin are shown to aid detection at high incidence angles (near grazing). A comparison to theory is presented, and observed deviations from theory are investigated. A guide for infrared camera selection based on site geometry and desired target size is presented, with specific considerations regarding marine mammal detection. Atmospheric conditions required to use visible and infrared cameras for marine mammal detection are established and compared with 2008 meteorological data for the proposed tidal energy site. Using conservative assumptions, infrared observations are predicted to provide a 74% increase in hours of possible detection, compared with visual observations.","author":["Graber, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2011-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.515228000000","-123.154082000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5313","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-survey-monitoring-relation-marine-renewable-deployments-scotland-draft","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cieem.net\/resource\/guidance-on-survey-and-monitoring-in-relation-to-marine-renewables-deployments-in-scotland-cetaceans-and-basking-sharks\/","title":"Guidance on Survey and Monitoring in Relation to Marine Renewable Deployments in Scotland - Draft Reports","description":"These draft reports have been produced by Royal Haskoning with input from SMRU Ltd, Natural Research Ltd and Graham Sounders Marine Ecology on behalf of Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and Marine Scotland (MS). They provide guidance, options and detailed protocols for the conduct of site characterisation surveys and impact monitoring programmes for marine (wave and tidal) renewables developments in Scotland. The guidance is split into five volumes covering:    Vol 1. Context and General Principals  Vol 2. Cetaceans and Basking Sharks  Vol 3. Seals  Vol 4. Birds  Vol 5. Benthic Habitats   At present, the contents of all five reports should be regarded as recommendations to SNH and MS but not as form SNH or MS guidance. It is the intention of both organisations to prepare a separate, short overview of the documents offering additional guidance on SNH and Marine Scotland\u0027s preferred approach to key issues such as survey effort, site characterisation and links to Scottish Government\u0027s Survey, Deploy and Monitor policy.  It is hoped that developers and their advisers will find these documents to be a useful resource for planning and delivery of site characterisation surveys to impact monitoring programmes. They may be cited, but any such reference must refer to the draft status of the report concerned and to its specific authors. Appropriate claims are provided in the respective volumes.","author":["Royal Haskoning"],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","SMRU Consulting","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Raptors","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH-2011-Volume-5.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5314","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-installations-oreis-guidance-uk-navigational-practice-safety","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/mgn-371-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-oreis","title":"Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREIs) - Guidance on UK Navigational Practice, Safety and Emergency Response Issues","description":"Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREI) include offshore wind farms, marine current turbines, wave generators and any other installation, with the potential to affect marine navigation and safety, proposed for United Kingdom (UK) internal waters, territorial sea or in a Renewable Energy Zone (REZ) beyond the territorial sea.\n\nRecommendations in this guidance note should be taken into account by OREI developers seeking formal consent for marine works. Failure by developers to give due regard to these recommendations may result in objections to their proposals on the grounds of navigational safety or emergency response preparedness. Additional information on the process for consenting OREI and the regulatory framework is available from the Business, Enterprise \u0026 Regulatory Reform (BERR) web site.. After the publication of this MGN, updated guidance on consent and similar issues can be obtained from the BERR website under \u201cEnergy\u201d. It should be noted that BERR is not responsible for consenting projects in the internal and territorial waters of either Scotland or Northern Ireland.\n\nThe considerations and criteria contained in the attached annexes are intended to address the navigational impact and emergency response of OREI proposed for UK sites. Their development necessitates the establishment of a clear consents process to deal with potential detrimental effects. The consent regime must take account of local factors, national standards and international aspects which could influence the establishment of an OREI.\n\nThe Energy Act 2004 establishes a regulatory regime for OREI beyond territorial waters, in the UK\u0027s REZ, and supplements the regime which already applies in Great Britain\u2019s internal and territorial waters. Section 99 of the Act deals specifically with navigation and introduces a new section, 36B with the title \u0022duties in relation to navigation\u0022 into section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989. Under 36B(1) a consent cannot be granted for an OREI which is likely to interfere with the use of \u201crecognised sea lanes essential to international navigation\u201d. This term is married at 36B (7) to Article 60(7) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 36B(2) of the Electricity Act consolidates into section 36 the provisions of section 34 of the Coast Protection Act 1949.\n\nThe recommendations have been developed in consultation with BERR, the devolved government authorities for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, mariners in the commercial, military, fisheries and recreational sectors, relevant associations and port authority representatives, the General Lighthouse Authorities (GLA) and emergency support services such as the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI).","author":["Maritime Maritime and Coastguard Agency"],"organization":["UK Maritime \u0026 Coastguard Agency"],"originationDate":"2004-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UK-Maritime-2004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5315","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-coast-guards-roles-responsibilities-offshore-renewable-energy-installations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hsdl.org\/?view\u0026did=22025","title":"Guidance on the Coast Guard\u0027s Roles and Responsibilities for Offshore Renewable Energy Installations (OREI)","description":"The purpose of this Circular is to provide guidance on information and factors the Coast Guard will consider when reviewing an application for a permit to build and operate an Offshore Renewable Energy installation (OREI) in the navigable waters of the United States. This Circular identifies information that the Coast Guard will consider when evaluating the potential impacts of an OREI in the areas of navigational safety and the traditional uses of waterways and on Coast Guard missions. This will assist the Coast Guard in providing input to Minerals Management Service (MMS) or another lead permitting agency for environmental review and decision making purposes. Additionally, this Circular provides guidance to members of industry, port safety and responsibilities in the OREI application process.","author":["US Coast Guard"],"organization":["US Coast Guard"],"originationDate":"2007-03-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/USCG-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5316","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-data-acquisition-support-marine-environmental-assessments-offshore","sourceURL":"","title":"Guidelines for Data Acquisition to Support Marine Environmental Assessments of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects","description":"These guidelines for data acquisition to support marine environmental assessments for offshore renewable energy projects have been produced in response to the rapid development of offshore renewable energy and the growing knowledge and experience of undertaking such surveys and assessments.\n\nThese guidelines will assist developers, environmental consultants, regulators, decision\u2010makers and consultees in the design, review and implementation of environmental data collection and analytical activities associated with all stages of offshore renewable energy developments. They provide a synthesis of the body of guidance that exists for such data acquisition activities and have been designed to point the reader to where more detailed guidance can be found.\n\nDevelopments in data acquisition methods in support of offshore renewable energy developments, are proceeding rapidly. There is also increasing emphasis in national and international fora on the development of more holistic (ecosystem\u2010level) approaches to marine environmental management, including evaluations of the scope for cumulative or in\u2010combination effects. Given this, a question may reasonably be asked as to the correct timing for the production of data acquisition guidelines. In terms of the operational need for greater consistency in sampling and analytical approaches the answer is, unquestionably, now. However, a document of this nature cannot anticipate with certainty the consequences of all ongoing R\u0026D effort, or of future developments in environmental policy, in specifying present requirements for data acquisition. It is therefore recommended that the guidance is updated at appropriate intervals to incorporate significant improvements to current practices arising from such developments.\n\nWhilst these guidelines provide useful generic advice for the acquisition of data to support environmental assessments for offshore renewable energy developments, differences will exist between technologies, locations, construction methods etc. This guidance is not statutory nor is it meant to replace careful consideration of robust survey design that may need to be developed for individual areas.\u00a0We emphasise that this document is only intended for guidance, is not a regulatory instrument and is not a substitute for appropriate consultation with regulators, their advisors or other interested stakeholders.\u00a0The MMO is, however, an enabled regulator keen to engage with the marine sector and should be consulted in the first instance for site or case specific advice.\n\nThese guidelines have been produced by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) on behalf of the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) with funds from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). They have also been reviewed by the Offshore Renewable Energy Licensing Group (ORELG) which is comprised of representatives from the MMO, Cefas, Countryside Council for Wales, Defra, Department for Transport, Department of Energy and Climate Change, Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Northern Ireland, English Heritage, Environment Agency, Infrastructure Planning Commission, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Marine Scotland, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Ministry of Defence, National Grid, Natural England, Renewable Energy Association, RenewableUK, The Crown Estate, Trinity House and Welsh Government.\n\nAcknowledgement:\u00a0This article was identified by the\u00a0Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["Judd, A."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CEFAS_2012_Eenvironmental_Assessment_Guidance.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5323","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harnessing-oceans-power-opportunities-renewable-ocean-energy-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu\/oclj\/vol16\/iss2\/8\/","title":"Harnessing the Ocean\u0027s Power: Opportunities in Renewable Ocean Energy Resources","description":"The opportunities posed by ocean renewable power are significant. A variety of technologies are available to extract usable power from the ocean environment. The legal regimes applicable to the development and operation of such projects in United States waters are fragmented. A variety of incentives are available to attract the development of ocean renewable projects. Nevertheless, renewable ocean energy projects face challenges, including whether they can be cost-competitive against other resources. Further regulatory streamlining will help renewable ocean energy projects compete in the electric industry.","author":["Griset, T."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Griset_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5324","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hawaii-ocean-resources-management-plan-2006","sourceURL":"https:\/\/planning.hawaii.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/ormp_2006.pdf","title":"Hawaii Ocean Resources Management Plan 2006","description":"For many generations, the people of Hawaii depended on the ocean\u2019s resources for daily subsistence, and some of us continue to do so today. Many of Hawaii\u2019s residents are culturally and spiritually connected to the sea. Hawaii\u2019s coastal zone provides jobs and fuels a tourism-based economy marketed for its clean beaches and water, coral reefs, and fresh island seafood. After work, we are drawn to the ocean to fish, surf, paddle, and barbeque on the beach with family and friends. Even if we don\u2019t swim, we are rejuvenated by a walk on the beach, the feel of the trade winds, and the aesthetic beauty of our shores. The opportunity to enjoy the ocean\u2019s bounty, if not every day, at least once in a while, is essential to our health and well-being.  While a vibrant and healthy ocean environment is essential to the quality of life we value in Hawai\u2018i, we face significant challenges in preserving the health of our ocean resources and the benefits they provide in our daily lives. Our use of the land is degrading coastal water quality and coral reef ecosystems. Intensified ocean recreational and commercial uses are creating resource use conflicts on public beaches and overexploitation of ocean resources. In addition, regional and global conditions beyond our direct control create new challenges, such as sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of storms, and marine debris.  The Hawai\u2018i Ocean Resources Management Plan (ORMP) charts a new course of action that calls for a change in our approach to natural and cultural resources management. Our current sector-based approach is not adequate to address the complex challenges we face now and will face in the future, despite the ongoing and substantive efforts of government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, private sector, communities, and individuals. Existing plans and programs are developed and implemented primarily by state and local government to manage individual resources. Community goals for area development and resource use are difficult to incorporate. As a result, management efforts are fragmented, with gaps and overlaps in implementation.  We need new perspectives on our relationship with the land, sea, and each other that will guide ocean resource management in Hawaii. Building on traditional Hawaiian management principles and lessons from past efforts, we need to move toward integrated and area-based approaches to natural and cultural resources management that require greater collaboration among jurisdictional authorities and catalyze community involvement and stewardship. The need for these changes was echoed in meetings and consultations held across the state to develop this ORMP. However, these changes are substantive and will take significant time, effort, and considerable thought to realize. This ORMP establishes management priorities for the next 5 years to embark on this new course of action to achieve the primary goal: to improve and sustain the ecological, cultural, economic, and social benefits we derive from ocean resources today and for future generations.","author":["Hawaii Office of Planning and Sustainable Development"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2006-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.754369000000","-155.486138000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HI_Coastal_Zone_Management_Program.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5326","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hearing-giant-sea-turtle-chelonia-mydas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/64\/3\/884","title":"Hearing in the Giant Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas","description":"Measurements were made of the cochlear potentials in three specimens of the giant sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, in response to both aerial and mechanical stimulation of the ear. The results show maximum sensitivity in the region of 300 to 400 Hz, with a rather rapid decline in sensitivity for lower and especially for higher tones. The upper limit for the observation of cochlear potentials without injury is 2000 Hz, and a practical limit of usefulness of this ear is probably about 1000 Hz.","author":["Ridgway, S.","Wever, E.","McCormick, J.","Palin, J.","Anderson, J."],"organization":["Princeton University"],"originationDate":"1969-08-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:40:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5327","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-definition-imagery-surveying-seabirds-marine-mammals-review-recent-trials","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228378050_High_Definition_Imagery_for_Surveying_Seabirds_and_Marine_Mammals_A_Review_of_Recent_Trials_and_Development_of_Protocols","title":"High Definition Imagery for Surveying Seabirds and Marine Mammals: A Review of Recent Trials and Development of Protocols","description":"The aim of this report was to review trials of high definition imagery technology in the monitoring and assessment of bird numbers at offshore sites, and produce recommendations and protocols on its use alongside existing survey methodology, notably in light of its possible use in surveying round 3 wind farm development zones. The specific objectives are therefore as follows:\n\nTo summarise the existing high definition imagery studies that have taken place, assessing what parameters were used in each.\nTo undertake a workshop bringing together key users, developers and regulators of the industry, with a view to setting protocols and standards on the use of high definition imagery technology for seabird and mammal surveys.\n\nInformation on the trials of high definition imagery technology for survey were obtained from the following institutions and organisations: HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd (hereafter also HiDef), the Danish National Environment Research Institute (NERI), APEM Ltd, the University of St. Andrews, and the RSK Group plc. Information was collated in the form of reports and summaries on particular surveys, and was split into technical categories of digital video and digital still photography for further summarising.\n\nAt the workshop, consensus was agreed that protocols depended on the aim of the particular survey. In particular, species may vary in their detectability and thus parameters required. Furthermore, the level at which the survey is conducted will influence subsequent parameters. Levels of survey that are likely to be required are\n\nCharacterisation\u00a0to investigate what species assemblages are present, allowing population estimation and distribution, e.g. of a Round 3 development zone prior to collection of project-specific environmental baselines:\nBaseline Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)\u00a0to assess, understand, and take account of a wind farm\u2019s likely environmental impacts, before a development is given consent to proceed.\nBefore and After \/ Control and Impact Analysis (BACI)\u00a0for a more detailed assessment and monitoring before and after a development requiring specific technical and survey design parameters.\nPurposes of meeting Appropriate Assessment (AA)\u00a0as part of the EIA process, to obtain detailed distribution data and accurate species identification to determine loss of habitat in marine Special Protection Areas (SPAs), or likely effect on onshore SPAs.\nCommon Standards Monitoring, a more detailed monitoring and a simple assessment for protected sites requiring accurate identification of species.\n\nParameters for which protocols could be developed include technical parameters, parameters on survey design and parameters on data analysis.","author":["Thaxter, C.","Burton, N."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Collaborative Offshore Wind Research into the Environment (COWRIE)"],"originationDate":"2009-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thaxter-Burton-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5329","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/homing-pelagic-fish-fish-aggregation-devices-fads-role-sensory-cues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v258\/p213-222\/","title":"Homing of Pelagic Fish to Fish Aggregation Devices (FADs): The Role of Sensory Cues","description":"We conducted a displacement experiment to determine the influence of sensory cues on homing of pelagic fish to fish aggregation devices (FADs). If pelagic fish use chemical cues to home to a FAD, and cues such as odours from fouling organisms and fish associated with the FAD only occur down-current, we hypothesised that fish released down-current from a FAD would return in higher proportions than fish released across-current. Coryphaena hippurus (n= 161) and Seriola lalandi (n= 31) were caught from January to May in 2000, 2001 and 2002 within 50 m of a FAD and displaced to release sites 20, 75, 275 or 500 m across- or down-current. Overall proportions of return of C. hippurus to FADs varied among the 3 yr, with returns highest in 2000 (48.3%), lowest in 2001 (7.6%) and intermediate in 2002 (33%). There was a strong relationship between abundance of C. hippurus around FADs and current speeds, possibly due to a behavioural shift towards closer association with FADs during strong currents. This may have affected the proportions of return in different years, as currents were strongest in 2000 (0.46 m s\u20131 \u00b1 0.06), weakest in 2001 (0.13 m s\u20131 \u00b1 0.02) and intermediate in 2002 (0.30 m s\u20131 \u00b1 0.09). Both C. hippurus and S. lalandi returned in proportions significantly higher than could be expected if fish swam in a random direction from the point of release, indicating a directed homing behaviour. Returns from down- and across-current release sites were similar at all distances for C. hippurus and S. lalandi, providing no evidence to suggest that these species used only chemical cues to home to FADs. As fish returned from up to 275 m away, sensory processes other than vision and olfaction must operate. Sound or vibrations from associated fish and the FAD are possible cues for homing.","author":["Dempster, T.","Kingsford, M."],"organization":["University of Sydney","James Cook University"],"originationDate":"2003-08-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.941005000000","151.856733000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5339","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydroacoustic-remote-sensing-artificial-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/umrsmas\/bullmar\/1994\/00000055\/f0020002\/art00050","title":"Hydroacoustic Remote Sensing for Artificial Habitats","description":"Hydroacoustic assessment techniques are widely used in studies of fish abundance, distribution and behavior. Applications of these techniques for evaluation of artificial habitats is complicated by the near-bottom distribution of these fish. However, this problem can be overcome by fixed-location techniques. Fixed-location techniques are now widely used in situations such as hydroelectric facilities or nearshore water intakes, where the electronic equipment can be kept in a dry, secure location. In these situations, data on fish abundance, distribution and behavior have been collected 24 h\u00b7day\u22121 for up to 17 months. In many of these studies, data collection is totally automated, with transfer of results to a central station via telephone lines. These remote techniques are readily applicable to artificial habitats that are close enough to shore for cable runs. Sites further offshore will require application of instrumented buoys.","author":["Thorne, R."],"organization":["University of Miami"],"originationDate":"1994-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5340","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-effects-kinetic-power-extraction-stream-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/252851139_Hydrodynamic_effects_of_kinetic_power_extraction_by_in-stream_tidal_turbines","title":"Hydrodynamic Effects of Kinetic Power Extraction by In-Stream Tidal Turbines","description":"The hydrodynamic effects of extracting kinetic power from tidal streams presents unique challenges to the development of in-stream tidal power. In-stream tidal turbines superficially resemble wind turbines and extract kinetic power from the ebb and flood of strong tidal currents. Extraction increases the resistance to flow, leading to changes in tidal range, transport, mixing, and the kinetic resource itself. These far-field changes have environmental, social, and economic implications that must be understood to develop the in-stream resource. This dissertation describes the development of a one-dimensional numerical channel model and its application to the study of these effects. The model is applied to determine the roles played by site geometry, network topology, tidal regime, and device dynamics. A comparison is also made between theoretical and modeled predictions for the maximum amount of power which could be extracted from a tidal energy site. The model is extended to a simulation of kinetic power extraction from Puget Sound, Washington. In general, extracting tidal energy will have a number of far-field effects, in proportion to the level of power extraction. At the theoretical limit, these effects can be very significant (e.g., 50% reduction in transport), but are predicted to be immeasurably small for pilot-scale projects. Depending on the specifics of the site, far-field effects may either augment or reduce the existing tidal regime. Changes to the tide, in particular, have significant spatial variability. Since tidal streams are generally subcritical, effects are felt throughout the estuary, not just at the site of extraction.  The one dimensional numerical modeling is supported by a robust theory for predicting the performance characteristics of in-stream devices. The far-field effects of tidal power depend on the total power dissipated by turbines, rather than the power extracted. When the low-speed wake downstream of a turbine mixes with the free-stream, power is lost, such that the total power dissipated by the turbine is significantly greater than the power extracted.  This dissertation concludes with a framework for three-dimensional numerical modeling of nearfield extraction effects.","author":["Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.826336000000","-122.446438000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5341","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-ecological-assessment-nearshore-restoration-modeling-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304380009004906","title":"Hydrodynamic and Ecological Assessment of Nearshore Restoration: A Modeling Study","description":"Along the Pacific Northwest coast, much of the estuarine habitat has been lost over the last century to agricultural land use, residential and commercial development, and transportation corridors. As a result, many of the ecological processes and functions have been disrupted. To protect and improve these coastal habitats that are vital to aquatic species, many projects are currently underway to restore estuarine and coastal ecosystems through dike breaches, setbacks, and removals. Understanding site-specific information on physical processes is critical for improving the success of such restoration actions. In this study, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate estuarine processes in the Stillaguamish River estuary, where restoration of a 160-acre parcel through dike setback has been proposed. The model was calibrated to observed tide, current, and salinity data for existing conditions and applied to simulate the hydrodynamic responses to two restoration alternatives. Model results were then combined with biophysical data to predict habitat responses within the restoration footprint. Results showed that the proposed dike removal would result in desired tidal flushing and conditions that would support four habitat types on the restoration footprint. At the estuary scale, restoration would substantially increase the proportion of area flushed with freshwater (\u0026lt;5 ppt) at flood tide. Potential implications of predicted changes in salinity and flow dynamics are discussed relative to the distribution of tidal marsh habitat.","author":["Yang, Z.","Sobocinski, K.","Heatwole, D.","Khangaonkar, T.","Thom, R.","Fuller, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","The Nature Conservancy"],"originationDate":"2010-04-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.851712000000","-125.289179000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5342","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamics-shipwhale-collision","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098110002054","title":"Hydrodynamics of a Ship\/Whale Collision","description":"All endangered large whale species are vulnerable to collisions with large ships; and \u201cship strikes\u201d are the greatest known threat to one of the world\u0027s rarest whales, the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). The magnitude of this threat is likely to increase as maritime commerce expands. Factors influencing the incidence and severity of ship strikes are not well understood, although vessel speed appears to be a strong contributor. The purpose of this study was to characterize the hydrodynamic effects near a moving hull that may cause a whale to be drawn to or repelled from the hull, and to assess the accelerations exerted on a whale at the time of impact. Using scale models of a container ship and a right whale in experimental flow tanks, we assessed hydrodynamic effects and measured accelerations experienced by the whale model in the presence of a moving vessel. Accelerations at impact were measured while the whale was at the surface, for various vessel speeds, orientations of the whale relative to the vessel path, and distances off the direct path of the vessel. Accelerations experienced by the whale model in a collision: increased in magnitude with increasing ship speed; were not dependent on whale orientation to the vessel path; and decreased exponentially with increasing separation distances from the ship track. Subsequent experiments with the whale model submerged at one to two times the ship\u0027s draft indicated a pronounced propeller suction effect, a drawing of the whale toward the hull, and increased probability of propeller strikes resulting from this class of encounter. Measured accelerations are a proxy for impact severity, but do not constitute a detailed study of injury mechanism in a living animal, though they may help inform future work. We present a heuristic map of the hydrodynamic field around a transiting hull likely involved in close whale\/ vessel encounters. These results may have bearing on policy decisions, particularly those involving vessel speed, aimed at protecting large whales from ship strikes worldwide.","author":["Silber, G.","Slutsky, J.","Bettridge, S."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.521819000000","-71.306611000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:54:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5343","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-energy-united-states-resources-challenges-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Hydrokinetic Energy in the United States - Resources, Challenges, and Opportunities","description":"Renewable energy sources in the U.S. account for about 8.5% of the electricity produced nationwide, 6.5% of which comes from conventional hydropower plants. The total U.S. generation potential of emerging marine renewable energy sources, including wave, tidal, ocean currents and river hydrokinetic power, could provide a significant contribution to the U.S. renewable energy mix. This paper discusses the resource potential for power generation within different geographic regions and addresses current initiatives and barriers to development in the U.S.  Research by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) suggests that the total recoverable resource is equal to about 10% of the present U.S. electricity consumption. While these initial assessments provide a good first order indication of the resource potential, it is important to understand that many factors, such as electrical transmission capabilities, economic viability, environmental concerns and socio-economic considerations, impose additional limits onto these resources that may substantially alter the recoverable resources. Given the present technical, environmental and economic uncertainties, it is important to pursue all of these marine hydrokinetic resources in a sensible and strategic manner.  While the U.S. lags behind Europe in research, development and demonstration (RD\u0026amp;D) activities in the sectors of hydrokinetic energy conversion, interest in the U.S. is emerging: project developers, the states and the federal government are turning their attention to marine renewable technology. For example, the Department of Energy has begun active research in this area with an initial funding level for FY2008 of $10 million, in addition to many state initiatives that are strategically pursuing these emerging generation resources.  Significant technical, economic, environmental and regulatory barriers remain to be addressed in order for this emerging industry to move forward with largescale commercial development. Experience with hydrokinetic energy conversion is thus far limited to a few prototype installations and provides a limited understanding of these issues. As such, it will be critical for the success of this industry to gain a full understanding of potential issues over a project lifecycle. Such understanding can only be gained in a sensible way from developer demonstration projects and early commercial adopters. Both market push (R\u0026amp;D) and market pull mechanisms (financial deployment incentives) will be required to successfully move this technology sector forward and develop the capabilities to sustainably tap into the enormous potential of ocean energy.","author":["Previsic, M.","Moreno, A.","Bedard, R.","Polagye, B.","Collar, C.","Lockard, D.","Toman, W.","Skemp, S.","Thornton, S.","Paasch, R.","Rocheleau, R.","Musial, W.","Hagerman, G."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Florida Atlantic University","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)","Pacific Gas and Electric Company","Re Vision Consulting LLC","Snohomish County PUD","University of Hawaii","University of Washington","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2009-09-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:55:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hydrokinetic-energy-in-the-US.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5344","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-power-energy-access-rural-ghana","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148110003848","title":"Hydrokinetic Power for Energy Access in Rural Ghana","description":"Approximately half of Ghana\u2019s overall population has access to electricity and, of this, much of it is in urban areas. Often in regions where modern energy is not available, kerosene lamps, for example, are used for indoor lighting. This produces harmful emissions, leading to poor respiratory effects. Implementation of hydrokinetic power (HKP) within nearby streams can provide low impact, robust energy to rural communities. Such a system lends itself to a simple design with ease of maintenance, which can be used as a stand-alone power system (SAPS). With Ghana\u2019s renewable energy policies coming to fruition, it is sought to establish the economic viability and sustainability of this technology. This paper discusses site selection and the HKP technology in rural areas of Ghana.","author":["Miller, V.","Ramde, E.","Gradoville, R.","Schaefer, L."],"organization":["University of Pittsburgh","Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)"],"originationDate":"2011-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["6.803010000000","-0.636939000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5345","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annex-iv","sourceURL":"","title":"IEA-OES Annex IV","description":"This presentation, presented by Andrea Copping, discusses the Annex IV process in depth. Firstly, the Annex IV is a searchable database under development by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory with an emphasis on expert analysis at the start up. The Wave Energy Center and the University of Plymouth are key contributors. They also work with PNNL on modifications. The funding for Annex IV comes from member nations.  There are three initial tasks that fall under the Wave Energy Center and the University of Plymouth\u2019s responsibility. The first task is data gathering. The WC\/UP will review literature for information on environmental effects, assemble list of potential environmental effects and evaluate environmental problems. Secondly, the WC\/UP will obtain and organize data from the member nations, making modification with PNNL as necessary. Lastly, the WC\/UP should conduct analysis and report development. The final phase of Annex IV conclude with expert workshops. Professionals in the field will assess environmental concerns, identify case studies and review the database.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2_Andrea_Copping_PNNL_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5347","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-power-extraction-florida-currentgulf-stream-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oceanmodeling.rsmas.miami.edu\/abstracts\/lom2011_010.html","title":"Impact of Power Extraction on the Florida Current\/Gulf Stream System","description":"The main objective of the research is to investigate the local energetic of the Florida Current and the potential impacts of turbines on the Florida Current\/Gulf Stream system. A first series of simulations using HYCOM in a periodic channel configuration forced by a baroclinic flow are performed. An enhanced drag coefficient is applied at defined locations to account for the moored turbine. The impact of the intensity and the location of this drag on the circulation of the channel are assessed for this idealized case. A second series of simulations using a 1\/12\u00ba Atlantic configuration of HYCOM analyze the impact of such turbines on the Florida Current-Gulf Stream System. Running each simulation for 1 year starting from year 10 of a climatological run, several values of drag coefficient (CT=\u0026gt; 0.1; 1; 5) are tested. Diagnostics of kinetic energy, transports (upstream and downstream of the turbine location) and power are analyzed.","author":["Bozec, A.","Chassignet, E.","Hanson, H."],"organization":["Florida State University"],"originationDate":"2011-02-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.169109000000","-83.381352000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bozec-et-al-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5348","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/factors-influencing-diving-behaviour-fish-eating-killer-whales-sex-differences-diel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/z05-007","title":"Factors Influencing the Diving Behaviour of Fish Eating Killer Whales: Sex Differences and Diel and Interannual Variation in Diving Rates","description":"Diving behaviour of air-breathing vertebrates may be influenced by a variety of factors including age, body size, and changes in prey behaviour and (or) abundance over both short and long timescales. We studied the diving behaviour of a highly sexually dimorphic odontocete cetacean, the killer whale, Orcinus orca (L., 1758), using suction cup- attached time-depth recorders (TDRs). We tested the hypotheses that dive rates (no. of dives\/h greater than or equal to specific depths) of fish-eating killer whales varied between males and females, with age, between day and night, and among pods and years. Data were used from 34 TDR deployments between 1993 and 2002 in the inshore waters of southern British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, USA. Dive rates did not change with age or differ among pods or between males and females, although analyses restricted to adults showed that adult males dove deep significantly more frequently than adult females during the day. For all whales, dive rates and swim speeds were greater during the day than at night, suggesting decreased activity levels at night. Dive rates to deeper depths during the day decreased over the study, suggesting a long-term change in prey behaviour or abundance, though uncertainty regarding the diet of this population precludes determination of the cause of such changes.","author":["Baird, R.","Hanson, M.","Dill, L."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Simon Fraser University"],"originationDate":"2005-04-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.256724000000","-123.386891000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/far-field-effects-tidal-energy-extraction-minas-passage-tidal-circulation-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10236-011-0481-9","title":"Far-Field Effects of Tidal Energy Extraction in the Minas Passage on Tidal Circulation in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine Using a Nested-Grid Coastal Circulation Model","description":"The Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada has the highest tides in the world. Harnessing the tidal energy in the region has long been considered. In this study, the effects of tidal in-stream energy extraction in the Minas Passage on the three-dimensional (3D) tidal circulation in the Bay of Fundy (BoF) and the Gulf of Maine (GoM) are examined using a nested-grid coastal ocean circulation model based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The nested-grid model consists of a coarse-resolution (~4.5 km) parent sub-model for the GoM and a high-resolution (~1.5 km) child sub-model for the BoF. The tidal in-stream energy extraction in the model is parameterized in terms of nonlinear Rayleigh friction in the momentum equation. A suite of numerical experiments are conducted to determine the ranges of extractable tidal in-stream energy and resulting effects on the 3D tidal circulation over the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Maine (BoF-GoM) in terms of the Rayleigh friction coefficients. The 3D model results suggest that the maximum energy extraction in the Minas Passage increases tidal elevations and tidal currents throughout the GoM and reduces tidal elevations and circulation in the upper BoF, especially in the Minas Basin. The far-field effect of tidal energy extraction in the Passage on the 3D tidal circulation in the BoF-GoM is examined in two cases of harnessing tidal in-stream energy from (a) the entire water column and (b) the lower water column within 20 m above the bottom in the Passage. The 3D model results demonstrate that tidal in-stream energy extraction from the lower water column has less impact on the tidal elevations and circulation in the BoF-GoM than the energy extraction from the whole water column in the Minas Passage.","author":["Hasegawa, D.","Sheng, J.","Greenberg, D.","Thompson, K."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Dalhousie University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5350","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/far-field-dynamics-tidal-energy-extraction-channel-networks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148110002818","title":"Far-field Dynamics Of Tidal Energy Extraction In Channel Networks","description":"Tidal hydrokinetic power generation involves the conversion of the kinetic power in swiftly moving tidal currents to renewable electricity. Resource assessment is critical to understand the tidal hydrokinetic potential, but is complicated by a number of factors, including far-field effects. These are changes to the tidal regime caused by the increased resistance to flow as power is extracted from a channel network. This study addresses far-field effects in four prototypical channel networks: multiply-connected flow around an island, a branching network in which the flow bifurcates but does not converge downstream, and a network with multiple constrictions in series. These networks are modeled as one-dimensional channels with hydrokinetic power extraction in high current constrictions. Changes to tides, transport, frictional power dissipation, and kinetic power density are quantified for a range of extraction options. Depending on the type of network, the tidal regime may be either locally augmented or reduced by kinetic power extraction. The changes to kinetic power density throughout the network have important implications for resource assessment, particularly for networks with multiple extraction sites. Results suggest that existing analytical methods tend to over- or under-estimate the hydrokinetic resource because they do not allow for changes to the tidal forcing as a consequence of extraction. In general, site-specific numerical modeling is required to quantitatively predict far-field extraction effects and assess the hydrokinetic resource.","author":["Malte, P.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.779683000000","-122.437317000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5351","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/far-field-modelling-hydro-environmental-impact-tidal-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148111003879","title":"Far-Field Modelling of the Hydro-Environmental Impact of Tidal Stream Turbines","description":"Interest in the marine renewable energy devices, and particularly tidal stream turbines, has increased significantly over the past decade and several devices such as vertical and horizontal axis turbines and reciprocating hydrofoils are now being designed around the world to harness tidal stream energy. While tidal stream turbines are being developed at a high rate and getting closer to commercialization, it is important to acquire the right tools to assist planners and environmentalists, not only in finding a right location for the turbines, but also in identifying their potential impacts on the surrounding marine and coastal environment.  In this study, a widely used open source depth integrated 2D hydro-environmental model, namely DIVAST, was modified to simulate the hydro-environmental impacts of the turbines in the coastal environment. The model predictions showed very good agreement with previously published 1D model results. Then, for demonstration purposes, the model was applied to an arbitrary array of tidal stream turbines in the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel which has the third highest tidal range in the world. The model has shown promising potential in investigating the impacts of the array on water levels, tidal currents and sediment and faecal bacteria levels as well as the generated tidal power, which facilitates investigating the relative far-field impacts of the arrays under various climate change scenarios or different formations of the array.","author":["Ahmadian, R.","Falconer, R.","Bockelmann-Evans, B."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.350283000000","-4.277256000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5353","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-experiments-attraction-pelagic-fish-floating-objects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article-abstract\/31\/3\/427\/712499","title":"Field Experiments on the Attraction of Pelagic Fish to Floating Objects","description":"Floating objects were evaluated as fish attractants in the offshore waters of Costa Rica. Flat plastic sheets were suspended vertically in the water and floated horizontally at the water surface. Sheets that floated on the water surface attracted more fish than those suspended vertically if they had equal surface area submerged. If the outside dimensions of the objects were equal no differences existed. The most fish were attracted to a plastic sheet bent at a 60\u00b0 angle at its midline so that it resembled a small tent which floated with both sides submerged.  Aggregations were dominated initially by small juvenile fishes but after about 20 days by larger juveniles and adults. Tagged fish remained near moored objects from 8 days for Lobotes pacificus to over 32 days for Sectator ocyurus. Estimates of residency were 11\u201313 days for untagged yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, and 9 days for black skipjack tuna, Euthynnus Hneatus.","author":["Hunter, J.","Mitchell, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1968-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["8.804206000000","-84.930492000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5354","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-marine-energy-development-around-world-annex-iv-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/annex_iv_report.pdf","title":"Environmental Effects of Marine Energy Development around the World: Annex IV Final Report","description":"Annex IV is an international collaborative project to examine the environmental effects of marine energy devices among countries through the International Energy Agency\u2019s Ocean Energy Systems Initiative (OES). The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) serves as the Operating Agent for the Annex, in partnership with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM; formerly the Minerals Management Service), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).  Numerous ocean energy technologies and devices are being developed around the world, and the few data that exist about the environmental effects of these technologies are dispersed among countries and developers. The purpose of Annex IV is to facilitate efficient government oversight of the development of ocean energy systems by compiling and disseminating information about the potential environmental effects of marine energy technologies and to identify methods of monitoring for these effects. Beginning in 2010, this three-year effort produced a publicly available searchable online database of environmental effects information (Tethys). It houses scientific literature pertaining to the environmental effects of marine energy systems, as well as metadata on international ocean energy projects and research studies. Two experts\u2019 workshops were held in Dublin, Ireland (September 2010 and October 2012) to engage with international researchers, developers, and regulators on the scope and outcomes of the Annex IV project. Metadata and information stored in the Tethys database and feedback obtained from the two experts\u2019 workshops were used as resources in the development of this report.  This Annex IV final report contains three case studies of specific interactions of marine energy devices with the marine environment that survey, compile, and analyze the best available information in one coherent location. These case studies address 1) the physical interactions between animals and tidal turbines; 2) the acoustic impact of marine energy devices on marine animals; and 3) the effects of energy removal on physical systems. Each case study contains a description of environmental monitoring efforts and research studies, lessons learned, and analysis of remaining information gaps. The information collected through the Annex IV effort and referenced in this report, can be accessed on the Tethys database at https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/.","author":["Copping, A.","Hanna, L.","Whiting, J.","Geerlofs, S.","Grear, M.","Blake, K.","Coffey, A.","Massaua, M.","Brown-Saracino, J.","Battey, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Final-Annex-IV-Report-2013-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5355","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-acoustic-marine-mammal-bird-monitoring-studies-during-phase-1-pile","sourceURL":"","title":"Final Report on the Acoustic, Marine Mammal and Bird Monitoring Studies During Phase 1 Pile Driving Activities","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC submits this Final Report on the Acoustic, Marine Mammal and Bird Monitoring Studies during Phase I Pile Driving Activities for the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (Project) in compliance with the Incidental Harassment Authorization (IHA) issued by NOAA NMFS, Office of Protected Resources.  Pile driving activities for the installation of ORPC\u2019s TidGen\u2122 bottom support frame were completed between March 24 and April 4, 2012. This work was accomplished in accordance with regulatory restrictions relating to the presence of endangered Atlantic salmon smolt after April 9th (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Pilot Project License, P-12711-005, Article 402). Marine mammal monitoring and mitigation requirements for pile driving were conducted in accordance with the IHA issued by NOAA NMFS, Office of Protected Resources, on March 8, 2012.  The contractor utilized several pile driving hammer techniques during the installation. The primary means was a vibratory hammer which produced continuous noise levels. The secondary means was a diesel impact hammer which produced a more acute, instantaneous noise source.  Environmental monitoring was conducted by leading scientists and experts during pile driving activities and included the following:  In-air acoustic monitoring on Goose Island and at the Lubec On-shore Station \u2022 Hydroacoustic monitoring in the near field (from the deployment barge) and at various far field ranges (100 m, 1,000 m, and 2,000 m) Marine mammal observations located on vessels anchored around the installation site for all pile driving activity and additionally from land stations for three events Marine mammal mitigation measures Bird survey from the Lubec shore  Results of monitoring during pile driving activities demonstrated minimal impact to the environment. Source levels measured during impact and vibratory pile driving were below the thresholds of concern for Atlantic salmon smolt. Measured Level A and B isopleths ranges were significantly shorter than the conservative calculated ranges included in the IHA. Although there were sightings of birds and harbor seals in the vicinity of the project area both before and after pile driving, their responses to pile driving noise were minimal. This included harbor seals, or possibly a single individual harbor seal, which returned to the project site (outside the Level A exclusion zone) on multiple days of pile driving.  Mitigation measures used during pile driving were successful in maintaining acoustic source levels within acceptable ranges and minimizing impacts to the environment. These measures included wood sound absorption devices installed in the head of the impact hammer and a \u201csoft start\u201d that initiated pile driving at less than 100% energy for both hammer types. In addition, modifications made by the contractor to the physical connection between the pile and the follower alleviated initial acoustic spikes.  Protected Species Observers (PSOs) were successful in recording marine mammal sightings, determining location and the animal\u2019s behavior. However, marine mammals were not observed within or approaching the Level A exclusion zone (initially estimated to be 500 feet). Shut down or delay procedures, therefore, were not initiated during pile driving activities.  ORPC presented the initial pile driving acoustic results, including the effectiveness of mitigation measures, to NOAA NFMS on April 2, 2012, as part of the agency consultation required for requesting modification of the restrictive window for pile driving. Meanwhile, ORPC submitted a license modification request of Article 402 Restriction Period for Pile Driving to FERC on March 29, 2012, and supplemented this request with additional information on April 2, 2012. FERC approved the modification on April 4, 2012.  ORPC will utilize this same pile driving process in the future if the installation requires it, thereby making the restrictive window unnecessary. This conclusion is supported by Phase I testing results. Moreover, this conclusion supports the virtues of adaptive management which allows scientifically gathered data to guide the evolution of best management practices for environmental monitoring and mitigation measures.  The following best management practices should be incorporated into future pile driving activities in Cobscook Bay to minimize the level of effort while addressing the areas of greatest risk:  Pile Driving  The vibratory hammer in combination with wood sound absorption devices used during Phase I pile driving had source levels below regulatory thresholds. Modifications to the physical connection between the pile and the follower alleviated initial acoustic spikes. The effectiveness of soft start procedures used during Phase I was difficult to quantify. However, no marine mammals were observed within the Level A exclusion zone or at any time during active pile driving. ORPC demonstrated that sound exposure levels (SELs) for vibratory hammer activity are limited by provided best practices are used for hammer and pile assembly. Information gathered by experts and submitted by ORPC as a modification request related to the restrictive window for pile driving was used to remove the window for the remainder of Phase I operations. This information remains pertinent to Phase II construction and should be evaluated for this purpose.  Hydroacoustic Monitoring  Hydroacoustic monitoring results confirmed that pile driving source levels were within acceptable ranges provided that sound absorption devices were used and best practices were implemented for pile and follower assembly. ORPC will implement these best practices if pile driving is used during Phase II installation, which will occur at the same location\/environment and geology as Phase 1. Additional hydroacoustic monitoring, therefore, should not be required.  Marine Mammal Observations  Measured isopleths ranges for both the impact and vibratory hammer indicate that conducting observations from the installation barge rather than moored vessels is practical. It is recommended that PSOs monitor to a distance of 500 m, i.e., the greatest extent of Level B isopleths, during any Phase II pile driving. No marine mammal sightings occurred at low tide. It is generally accepted that harbor seals haul out on local ledges during low tide \u2013 a behavior that is well documented. For Phase II pile driving events, ORPC recommends two PSOs stationed on the installation barge with 180 degree visibility fore and aft. Further consideration should be given to reduced observations during low tide operations and seasons with minimal marine mammal activity.  Sea and Shorebird Observations  Bird observations were not required by regulatory agencies; however, ORPC conducted surveys to determine any disturbance to a rookery (not active during pile driving) and potential bald eagle nesting areas. Results of bird surveys indicate minimal to no disturbance to birds in the project vicinity during pile driving. The value of future bird surveys during pile driving should be considered prior to Phase II.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:56:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5356","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-results-representative-mhk-turbine-acoustic-predictions-under-operating","sourceURL":"","title":"Final Results for Representative MHK Turbine Acoustic Predictions under Operating Conditions","description":"This report represents the final acoustic predictions for a representative MHk turbine. The goal of this work was two-fold and aimed to, 1) provide an acoustic signature for a representative MHK turbine and 2) present a framework under which MHK developers and researchers could predict turbine acoustics, prior to building and testing, to enable cost-effective quieter designs mandated by regulators. Before this year there had been no publically available data on the acoustic signature of an MHK turbine and while devices are currently being deployed, the lack in number of measurements is still a limiting factor in understanding the impact of direct noise from these devices will have on the environment. By designing a representative turbine and predicting its acoustic signature, a baseline noise level can inform both design and environmental considerations. Additionally, this work presents the steps required to perform an acoustic analysis, demonstrates where the analysis falls within the whole design framework, identifies the necessary tools, and the minimum required information.","author":["Johnson, E.","Barone, M."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.676029000000","-121.706491000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sandia_Acoustic_Predictions_Under_Operating_Conditions.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5358","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-aggregation-device-fad-research-gaps-current-knowledge-future-directions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/2004\/publication-721.pdf","title":"Fish Aggregation Device (FAD) Research: Gaps in Current Knowledge and Future Directions for Ecological Studies","description":"We reviewed the literature concerning fish aggregation devices (FADs) to determine areas of relative research deficiency. Using specific searches of the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) database from 1978 to December 2003 and a classical search of the pre-1978 literature, we collected 407 references on FADs. Publications before 1980 were predominantly peer-reviewed, although non-peer reviewed literature has dominated since 1980, due to the numerous technical reports produced as FADs became more widely used in artisinal and large-scale industrial fisheries in the 1980s. Most studies of the ecology of FAD-associated fish were descriptive, with few mensurative experimental studies and even fewer manipulative experimental studies that tested specific hypotheses, due to inherent difficulties in working in the open ocean on objects that are temporary in space and time. Research on the ecology of FAD-associated fish has focused on moored FADs, despite the major FAD-based fisheries being around drifting FADs. Publications presenting information on moored FADs outnumbered papers on drifting FADs by a ratio of 3.5:1. We recommend that greater emphasis be placed by fisheries scientists and funding agencies on researching drifting FADs to provide better information for management of large-scale FAD-based industrial fisheries. Future research should focus on determining the patterns of use of drifting FADs by pelagic species, the underlying sensory processes of attraction and the ecological consequences for individual fish stocks and the wider pelagic ecosystem of the use of FADs as fisheries enhancement tools.","author":["Dempster, T.","Taquet, M."],"organization":["The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2004-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5360","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-passage-through-turbines-application-conventional-hydropower-data-hydrokinetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.epri.com\/abstracts\/Pages\/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001024638","title":"Fish Passage Through Turbines: Application of Conventional Hydropower Data to Hydrokinetic Technologies","description":"This report reviews information on impacts of conventional hydropower turbines that can be used to evaluate potential impacts of hydrokinetic turbines on fish. The report discusses design and operational differences between conventional and hydrokinetic turbines as well as differences in the magnitude or potential for fish injury and mortality. This report will be valuable to industry, resource agencies, non-governmental environmental organizations, and universities involved in research, management, and protection of aquatic ecosystems.  Background  Hydrokinetic generation is an emerging technology for producing electricity from flowing water. This form of generation differs from conventional and pumped storage hydropower generation in that it does not employ dams or other structures to impound water and create hydraulic head. Rather, hydrokinetic turbines are placed in natural, free-flowing water courses and man-made channels. Because hydrokinetic generation is a new form of power generation, relatively little information is available regarding potential impacts on fish individuals and populations. A substantial body of information exists, however, pertaining to the effects of turbine passage at conventional hydropower projects. Useful information can be obtained from the literature on turbine passage at conventional hydropower projects, despite important differences between conventional and hydrokinetic power generation.  Objectives and Approach  This report reviews existing information on injury mechanisms associated with fish passage through conventional hydro turbines and the relevance and applicability of this information to fish passage through hydrokinetic turbines. Available information includes probability of blade strike, blade strike survival rates, and criteria for shear levels and pressure regimes that can damage fish.  Results  Fish passing through the blade sweep of a hydrokinetic turbine experience a much less harsh physical environment than do fish entrained through conventional hydro turbines. The design and operation of conventional turbines results in high flow velocities, abrupt changes in flow direction, relatively high runner rotational and blade speeds, rapid and significant changes in pressure, and the need for various structures throughout the turbine passageway that can be impacted by fish (e.g., walls, stay vanes, wicket gates, flow straighteners). Most, if not all, of these conditions do not occur or are not significant factors for hydrokinetic turbines. Furthermore, compared to conventional hydro turbines, hydrokinetic turbines typically produce relatively minor changes in shear, turbulence, and pressure levels from ambient conditions in the surrounding environment. Injuries and mortality from mechanical injuries will be less as well, mainly due to low rotational speeds and strike velocities, and an absence of structures that can lead to grinding or abrasion injuries. While information pertaining to conventional hydro turbines is useful for assessing the potential for adverse effects of passage through the swept area of hydrokinetic turbines, additional information is needed to rigorously assess the nature and magnitude of effects on individuals and populations, and to refine criteria for design of more fish-friendly hydrokinetic turbines.  EPRI Perspective  This report will provide hydrokinetic device and project developers, fisheries resource managers, and regulators with improved understanding of the potential for hydrokinetic turbines to adversely affect individual fish and fish populations. The information contained in this report can also be used by researchers and potential research funders to identify areas for future, productive research.","author":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2011-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fish_Passage_Through_Turbines.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5362","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-are-attracted-vessels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/63\/8\/1431\/712848","title":"Fish are Attracted to Vessels","description":"Fish rapidly accumulated below research vessels (RVs) at anchor, kept stationary by dynamic satellite positioning, or freely drifting. This happened by day and night, beneath vessels with different noise levels, in fjords and the open ocean, comprised different species assemblages of fish, and spanned depths of several hundred metres. Acoustic backscatter (fish abundance) increased by more than an order of magnitude in less than an hour. One of the study sites was characterized by much ship traffic, and intermittent, strong decreases in the local fish aggregation beneath the RV were caused by fish swimming towards passing commercial vessels, before returning to the stationary RV. The study suggests more complex relationships between fish, vessels, and noise than previously anticipated. If fish are commonly attracted to vessels, this has implications for fish abundance estimates and basic ecological research.","author":["R\u00f8stad, A.","Kaartvedt, S.","Klevjer, T.","Melle, W."],"organization":["University of Oslo","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2006-03-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.282546000000","10.613645000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rostadetal2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5363","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-tidally-dynamic-region-maine-hydroacoustic-assessments-relation-tidal-power","sourceURL":"","title":"Fish in a Tidally Dynamic Region in Maine: Hydroacoustic Assessments in Relation to Tidal Power Development","description":"Fish ecology in regions of extreme tidal flows is poorly understood, but as these areas link on- and off-shore habitats, they are important to many marine and diadromous fish species. Strong tidal currents are also being targeted for energy extraction, but the effects of tidal energy devices on fish are unknown. The probability of fish encountering a tidal energy turbine is highly dependent on the vertical distribution of fish at the project site. In extremely tidal coastal areas, fish presence and distribution is heavily influenced by tidal, diel, and seasonal cycles. Understanding the vertical distribution of fish therefore requires sampling on a fine temporal and spatial scale. Stationary hydroacoustic surveys may be used to gather these data, as part of a BACI (Before, After, Control, Impact) type study design, to predict then monitor the effects of tidal energy devices on fishes.  Starting in May 2010, a down-looking, single-beam SIMRAD echosounder and a DIDSON (Dual-frequency IDentification SONar) unit were used to document the relative density of fish throughout the water column at a targeted pilot project site and a control site in Cobscook Bay, Maine. Stationary 24-hour surveys were carried out each season to examine variation in fish density and vertical distribution. Relative fish density was highest in spring and fall, and almost always increased near the bottom, regardless of tide or time of day. Tide and day\/night had some effect on the vertical distribution of fish, but the effect was not the same each month. Results from these analyses will be used to predict the likelihood of fish encountering the turbine and to create a basis for comparison of data collected after device installation.  Direct observation of fish reactions to a full-scale test device was carried out in September of 2010. A test turbine suspended below a floating research platform was monitored for 24 hours using two DIDSON units. A higher proportion of fish interacted with the device when it was still than when it was rotating. A greater portion interacted at night, and the type of interaction shifted from avoidance during the day to passing into the turbine at night. This behavioral shift was most obvious in small fish (20 cm) still avoided the turbine. Most fish were present at night during the slack tide.  Combining the baseline knowledge of where fish are in the water column with knowledge of how they behave in close proximity to an operating tidal device will provide a more complete picture of the potential effects these devices could have once installed.","author":["Viehman, H."],"organization":["Cornell University","University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:56:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viehman_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5365","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/florida-coastal-management-program-guide","sourceURL":"https:\/\/floridadep.gov\/fco\/fcmp","title":"Florida Coastal Management Program Guide","description":"This guide is intended to provide the reader with a description of the Florida Coastal Management Program (FCMP). The goal of the FCMP is to promote the effective protection and use of the land and water resources of the coastal zone.","author":["Florida Coastal Management Program"],"organization":["Florida Department of Environmental Protection"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Florida_Coastal_Management_Program_Guide.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5366","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/silt-proof-measures-following-analysis-data-measured-out-baishakou-tidal-power-station","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.waterpowermagazine.com\/features\/featuresilt-proof-measures\/","title":"Silt-Proof Measures: Following Analysis of Data Measured out of Baishakou Tidal Power Station, Measures were Proposed to Control Sediment in the Reservoir","description":"BAISHAKOU tidal power station in China was put into operation on 1 August 1978 when the first two generators were commissioned. In 1987 another two generators went into operation, followed by a further two in 1987.  Baishakou, which has an annual output of 2,320,000k Wh, is located 20km away from the southeast of Rushan County, Shandong Peninsula. The reservoir, named Baishakou lagoon, covers an area of 3.2k[m2] and connects with the Baishakou gulf. The northern coast is home to a 3.5km long and 1km wide sand dam, which connects with the eastern sand-proof embankment for 8km, extending to the Yandunxia corner. There is a reef coast in the west, with folded lines.  The lagoon is shallow, with a smooth and wide bottom. The reservoir capacity is 2,040,000[m3] during spring tide period, 1,550,000[m3] during middle tide period and 1,030,000[m3] during neap tide period. In the southwest of the lagoon, there is a mouth-gate which is 500m wide, and where there are three pivotal projects: the dam, the water inlet gate and the power station. The dam is at the mouth of the main flow; the water inlet gate and the power station are located at the western side of the dam. The power station buildings, which house six 160kW shaft tubular generators are located to the west of water inlet gate. The buildings are semi-enclosed, with inside walls of concrete impervious barrier 30cm thick, to prevent them from being inundated during neap tide period.","author":["Yunchen, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2004-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.745280000000","121.583270000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 05:03:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5368","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/forensic-methods-characterizing-watercraft-watercraft-induced-wounds-florida-manatee","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2006.00095.x\/abstract","title":"Forensic Methods for Characterizing Watercraft from Watercraft-Induced Wounds on the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","description":"Watercraft-related mortality represents 1,253 (24.9%) of 5,033 Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) deaths recorded between 1 January 1979 and 31 December 2004. Wound patterns generated by collisions with watercraft are diagnostic. Sets of cuts and scrapes that are roughly equidistant and perpendicular to the direction of vessel travel are consistent with lacerations made by propeller blades. From these lesions, estimates of propeller diameter, pitch, rotation, and direction of travel may be obtained. Considerable overlap of propeller sizes and pitches on different size vessels, common use of counter rotation propellers, and numerous other complicating factors may confound efforts to accurately predict vessel size and type from propeller wounds. Of the more than one million watercraft registered in Florida, 98% are \u226412.2 m (40 ft), yet watercraft 5.3\u201336.6 m (17.5\u2013120 ft) are known to have killed manatees. Analysis of a 5-yr subset of mortality data suggests that a disproportionate number of propeller-caused watercraft-related mortalities could be attributed to propeller diameters \u226543.2 cm (17 in.), inferring that these were caused by watercraft \u226512.2 m (40 ft).","author":["Rommel, S.","Costidis, A.","Pitchford, T.","Lightsey, J.","Snyder, R.","Haubold, E."],"organization":["Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","University of Florida"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.163525000000","-81.321033000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:48:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5371","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-effects-marine-renewable-energy-technologies-framework-identifying-key","sourceURL":"","title":"Deployment Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies - Framework for Identifying Key Environmental Concerns in Marine Renewable Energy Projects","description":"Marine wave and tidal energy technology could interact with marine resources in ways that are not well understood. As wave and tidal energy conversion projects are planned, tested, and deployed, a wide range of stakeholders will be engaged; these include developers, state and federal regulatory agencies, environmental groups, tribal governments, recreational and commercial fishermen, and local communities. Identifying stakeholders\u2019 environmental concerns in the early stages of the industry\u2019s development will help developers address and minimize potential environmental effects. Identifying important concerns will also assist with streamlining siting and associated permitting processes, which are considered key hurdles by the industry in the U.S. today.  In September 2008, RE Vision consulting, LLC was selected by the Department of Energy (DoE) to conduct a scenario-based evaluation of emerging hydrokinetic technologies. The purpose of this evaluation is to identify and characterize environmental impacts that are likely to occur, demonstrate a process for analyzing these impacts, identify the \u201ckey\u201d environmental concerns for each scenario, identify areas of uncertainty, and describe studies that could address that uncertainty. This process is intended to provide an objective and transparent tool to assist in decision-making for siting and selection of technology for wave and tidal energy development. RE Vision worked with H. T. Harvey \u0026amp; Associates, to develop a framework for identifying key environmental concerns with marine renewable technology. This report describes the results of this study.","author":["Kramer, S.","Previsic, M.","Nelson, P.","Woo, S."],"organization":["Re Vision Consulting LLC","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.921965000000","-124.274779000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Framework_for_Identifying_Key_Environmental_Concerns.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5373","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/echolocation-clicks-animal-density-acoustic-sampling-harbor-porpoises-static","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/131\/1\/10.1121\/1.3662070","title":"From Echolocation Clicks to Animal Density - Acoustic Sampling of Harbor Porpoises with Static Dataloggers","description":"Monitoring abundance and population trends of small odontocetes is notoriously difficult and labor intensive. There is a need to develop alternative methods to the traditional visual line transect surveys, especially for low density areas. Here, the prospect of obtaining robust density estimates for porpoises by passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is demonstrated by combining rigorous application of methods adapted from distance sampling to PAM. Acoustic dataloggers (T-PODs) were deployed in an area where harbor porpoises concurrently were tracked visually. Probability of detection was estimated in a mark\u2013recapture approach, where a visual sighting constituted a \u201cmark\u201d and a simultaneous acoustic detection a \u201crecapture.\u201d As a distance could be assigned to each visual observation, a detection function was estimated. Effective detection radius of T-PODs ranged from 22 to 104 m depending on T-POD type, T-POD sensitivity, train classification settings, and snapshot duration. The T-POD density estimates corresponded to the visual densities derived concurrently for the same period. With more dataloggers, located according to a systematic design, density estimates would be obtainable for a larger area. This provides a method suitable for monitoring in areas with densities too low for visual surveys to be practically feasible, e.g., the endangered harbor porpoise population in the Baltic.","author":["Kyhn, L.","Tougaard, J.","Thomas, L.","Duve, L.","Stenback, J.","Amundin, M.","Desportes, G.","Teilmann, J."],"organization":["Aarhus University","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.615434000000","10.591680000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5374","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/further-analysis-change-nearshore-wave-climate-due-offshore-wave-farm-enhanced-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148111005210","title":"Further Analysis Of Change In Nearshore Wave Climate Due To An Offshore Wave Farm: An Enhanced Case Study For The Wave Hub Site","description":"This paper addresses the use of numerical wave models for assessing the impact of offshore wave farms on the nearshore wave climate. Previous studies have investigated the effect of energy extraction by wave energy devices through the use of spectral models such as SWAN, representing a wave farm as one or more barriers within the model domain and applying a constant wave energy transmission percentage across the whole wave spectrum incident at the barrier. However, this is an unrealistic representation of the behaviour of real wave energy converters. These will exhibit frequency-dependent energy absorption characteristics that will correspond to the spectral response of the device, and may reflect its ability to be tuned to extract energy at particular frequencies. This study describes a modification of the SWAN source code to enable frequency-dependent wave energy transmission through a barrier. A detailed analysis of the wave climate at the Wave Hub wave farm site is also presented, with a particular focus on the occurrence of bimodal sea states. The modified SWAN code is used to assess how impact predictions for typically occurring sea states may differ when using frequency-dependent rather than constant wave energy transmission, with reference to a previous study using the unmodified code (Millar, Smith and Reeve, 2007 (1)). The results illustrate the dependence of the magnitude of the impact on both the response function of the devices and the spectral sea state in which they are operating.","author":["Smith, H.","Pearce, C.","Millar, D."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2012-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:58:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5375","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/further-investigation-wave-energy-converter-effects-wave-fields-subsequent-modeling","sourceURL":"","title":"Further Investigation of Wave Energy Converter Effects on Wave Fields: A Subsequent Modeling Sensitivity Study in Monterey Bay, CA","description":"To effectively generate commercial-scale power for an electric grid, Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) devices need to be installed in arrays comprising multiple devices to efficiently convert wave energy into electrical power onshore. The deployment of WEC arrays will begin small (pilot-scale or ~10 devices) but could feasibly number in the hundreds of individual devices at commercial-scale. As the industry progresses from pilot- to commercial-scale it is important to understand and quantify the relationship between the number of devices installed and the potential to effect the natural nearshore processes that support a local, healthy ecosystem. WEC arrays have the potential to alter near-shore wave propagation and circulation patterns, possibly modifying sediment transport patterns and ecosystem processes. As WEC arrays sizes grow, there is a potential for negative environmental impacts which could be detrimental to local coastal ecology, and social and economic services. To help accelerate the realization of commercial-scale wave power, predictive modeling tools are developed and utilized to investigate ranges of anticipated scenarios and evaluate the potential for negative (or positive) environmental impact.  The present study incorporates an industry standard wave modeling tool, SWAN (Simulating WAves Near-shore), to simulate wave propagation through a hypothetical WEC array deployment site on the California coast. Specifically, various sizes of WEC arrays are simulated to examine the changes to wave propagation properties (e.g. wave heights, periods and directions) in lee of the array in both the near- and far-field. Using and building upon results from a previous SWAN model sensitivity analysis (SNL, 2011), the study focuses on the change in wave properties resulting from variation in the ranges of SWAN model parameters, array geometries and array deployment locations (water depths).  At present, direct measurements of the effects of arrays on wave properties for a prototype scale WEC site are not available; therefore, the effects of varying model parameters on the model results must be evaluated before environmental assessments can be completed. The present study provides the groundwork for completing such assessments by investigating the sensitivity of the predictive model results to prescribed model parameters over a range of anticipated wave conditions. The understanding developed here will allow investigators to conduct predictive environmental assessments with increased confidence and reduced uncertainty in future phases.","author":["Magalen, J.","Chang, G.","Jones, C.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sea Engineering Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.794560000000","-121.956588000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WEC-Effects-on-Wave-Fields.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5377","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/generating-electricity-oceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032111001900","title":"Generating Electricity from the Oceans","description":"Ocean energy has many forms, encompassing tides, surface waves, ocean circulation, salinity and thermal gradients. This paper will considers two of these, namely those found in the kinetic energy resource in tidal streams or marine currents, driven by gravitational effects, and the resources in wind-driven waves, derived ultimately from solar energy. There is growing interest around the world in the utilisation of wave energy and marine currents (tidal stream) for the generation of electrical power. Marine currents are predictable and could be utilised without the need for barrages and the impounding of water, whilst wave energy is inherently less predictable, being a consequence of wind energy. The conversion of these resources into sustainable electrical power offers immense opportunities to nations endowed with such resources and this work is partially aimed at addressing such prospects. The research presented conveys the current status of wave and marine current energy conversion technologies addressing issues related to their infancy (only a handful being at the commercial prototype stage) as compared to others such offshore wind. The work establishes a step-by-step approach that could be used in technology and project development, depicting results based on experimental and field observations on device fundamentals, modelling approaches, project development issues. It includes analysis of the various pathways and approaches needed for technology and device or converter deployment issues. As most technology developments are currently UK based, the paper also discusses the UK\u0027s financial mechanisms available to support this area of renewable energy, highlighting the needed economic approaches in technology development phases. Examination of future prospects for wave and marine current ocean energy technologies are also discussed.","author":["Bahaj, A."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.011919000000","0.573250000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5378","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gray-whales-eschrichtius-robustus-avoid-underwater-sounds-killer-whales-orcinus-orca","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bycatch.org\/articles\/gray-whales-eschrichtius-robustus-avoid-underwater-sounds-killer-whales-orcinus-orca","title":"Gray Whales, Eschrichtius robustus, Avoid the Underwater Sounds of Killer Whales, Orcinus orca","description":"Under water sound playback experiments were undertaken to determine if gray whales would avoid the sounds of killer whales. When presented killer whale \u0022screams\u0022 from an underwater projector, the gray whales swam directly away from the sound source. Controls of no intended stimulus, pure tones, and random noise generally failed to induce an avoidance. It appeared that gray whales localized the killer whale sounds and avoided them as a sign of potential danger.","author":["Cummings, W.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"1971-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.682436000000","-117.315997000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cummings_and_Thompson_1971.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5380","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/greenhouse-gases-climate-change-transition-coal-low-carbon-electricity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/1748-9326\/7\/1\/014019","title":"Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change and the Transition from Coal to Low-Carbon Electricity","description":"A transition from the global system of coal-based electricity generation to low-greenhouse-gas-emission energy technologies is required to mitigate climate change in the long term. The use of current infrastructure to build this new low-emission system necessitates additional emissions of greenhouse gases, and the coal-based infrastructure will continue to emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases as it is phased out. Furthermore, ocean thermal inertia delays the climate benefits of emissions reductions. By constructing a quantitative model of energy system transitions that includes life-cycle emissions and the central physics of greenhouse warming, we estimate the global warming expected to occur as a result of build-outs of new energy technologies ranging from 100 GWe to 10 TWe in size and 1\u2013100 yr in duration. We show that rapid deployment of low-emission energy systems can do little to diminish the climate impacts in the first half of this century. Conservation, wind, solar, nuclear power, and possibly carbon capture and storage appear to be able to achieve substantial climate benefits in the second half of this century; however, natural gas cannot.","author":["Caldeira, K.","Myhrvold, N."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-02-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5381","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/greening-blue-energy-identifying-managing-biodiversity-risks-opportunities-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.iucn.org\/content\/greening-blue-energy-identifying-and-managing-biodiversity-risks-and-opportunities-offshore","title":"Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and Managing the Biodiversity Risks and Opportunities of Offshore Renewable Energy","description":"In the relatively rapid development of offshore renewable energy, the issue of marine biodiversity is often not fully considered. IUCN has undertaken a joint project with the multinational energy corporation E.ON and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) to improve the environmental performance of offshore renewable energy projects by developing guidance to support best practice and fully integrate biodiversity considerations.  The Greening Blue Energy project aims to facilitate well-balanced and science-based discussions on the impacts on the marine environment from offshore renewable energy developments.  The guidance provides a synthesis of current knowledge on the potential biodiversity impacts of offshore wind energy on the marine environment. It is based on scientific evidence and experiences from offshore renewable energy development and other relevant sectors. The foundation of the document is a review of more than 1000 reports and documents, at least 400 of which are peer-reviewed articles published in scientific journals, and results are presented in a jargon-free and balanced way. It aims to be user-friendly as well as structured in a way to provide more detail for those that need it and ultimately to encourage improvements in the sustainability of the offshore renewable energy industry. Overall, the guidance promotes the consideration of science-based impact research, suitable for conducting, scoping and evaluating Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) and Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), based on international and national standards.  Potential impacts of offshore wind power development on the marine environment include disturbance effects from noise, electromagnetic fields, changed hydrodynamic conditions and water quality, and altered habitat structure on benthic communities, fish, mammals and birds. To date, evidence for negative impacts on the subsurface marine environment are strongest for the construction phase. However, long-term disturbance of local marine ecosystems during the operational phase cannot be excluded, and some bird species may largely avoid the wind farm areas. Various mitigation measures can be applied to reduce the risk to local biodiversity, including difference in timing, location, design of system, and the use of measures to temporarily disperse affected species.  Nevertheless, if offshore wind power development is well planned and coordinated, the local subsurface marine environment could even benefit from wind farms in several ways. Trawling, for both fish and invertebrates, is one of the most severe threats to the marine environment, and is prohibited or limited inside wind farms. Furthermore, the foundations of wind turbines, including the boulders that are often placed around them for scour protection, will function as so-called artificial reefs, locally enhancing biomass for a number of species. It has, moreover, been suggested that surface-oriented offshore energy devices may function as Fish Aggregation Devices (FAD).  All this shows that environmental impacts from offshore renewable energy projects need to be assessed with a comprehensive approach. As the global offshore wind energy industry further expands and continues to mature, companies and governments will benefit from increased knowledge and experience.  Ongoing monitoring will be crucial in identifying how successful previous mitigation strategies have been in avoiding or reducing impacts on the marine environment. Future decisions can integrate new findings and mitigate new threats. By undertaking rigorous impact assessment and systematic environmental management, the industry will continue to learn through the plan, do, check, act approach, and apply continuous improvement to their practices and procedures. Through marine spatial planning, cumulative and synergistic impacts can be better managed, and impacts and opportunities for all sea users taken into consideration.  Planning and development decisions made at this stage of the development of offshore wind energy will be setting a precedent for future developments, both in Europe and beyond, so it is imperative that shortcomings in research and knowledge are addressed as a matter of urgency.","author":["Wilhelmsson, D.","Malm, T.","Thompson, R.","Tchou, J.","Sarantakos, G.","McCormick, N.","Luitjens, S.","Gullstr\u00f6m, M.","Edwards, J.","Amir, O.","Dubi, A."],"organization":["E.ON","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"],"originationDate":"2010-07-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Greening_Blue_Energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5382","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gross-domestic-product","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/dataregistry\/search\/collection\/info\/gdp","title":"Gross Domestic Product","description":"Gross domestic product (GDP) is one of the most comprehensive and closely watched economic statistics. It measures the size and composition of the U.S. economy based on the market value of all final goods and services produced during a year by resources that are located in the United States. This definition includes the output of foreign-owned factories located in the United States and excludes the output of factories located in other countries and owned by U.S. businesses. To avoid double-counting, GDP includes the value of final goods and services, like coats, but excludes the value of intermediate products, like the dyes, fabric, buttons, and zippers that are used to manufacture coats. Annual estimates of GDP for states and the nation are produced by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Since 1997, industrial sectors used in the GDP have been defined by the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). For older data, industrial sectors were defined by the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). Data are published in both real (adjusted for inflation) and current (not adjusted) dollars.","author":["US Bureau of Economic Analysis"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:22:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5383","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gross-histologic-evidence-sharp-blunt-trauma-north-atlantic-right-whales-eubalaena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioone.org\/doi\/10.1638\/2006-0057.1","title":"Gross and Histologic Evidence of Sharp and Blunt Trauma in North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) Killed by Vessels","description":"Vessel-whale collision events represented the ultimate cause of death for 21 (52.5%) of the 40 North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) necropsied between 1970 and December 2006. Injuries seen in vessel-struck whales fall into two distinct categories: 1) sharp trauma, often resulting from contact with the propeller, and 2) blunt trauma, presumably resulting from contact with a vessel\u2019s hull. This study analyzes four trauma cases that resulted from vessel-whale collisions, which together provide a framework for a more critical understanding of lethal blunt and sharp trauma resulting from vessel collisions with right whales. In case no. 1, contact with a propeller resulted in three deep lacerations. The animal survived acute trauma only to succumb nearly 14 years later when the lesions reopened and became infected. In case no. 2, anecdotal reports linked the laceration of large arteries of the peduncle and histologic evidence of perimortem trauma at a bone fracture site to vessel-whale collision trauma. Case no. 3 had a laceration of the oral rete and a fracture of the rostrum. Both of the areas displayed histologic evidence of perimortem blunt trauma. Finally, in case no. 4, an antemortem mandibular fracture, two additional skull fractures, and widespread hemorrhage were consistent with severe blunt trauma. Evidence from each case, including the timing of trauma relative to the time of death and identifying characteristics of both trauma types, are presented. Before this study, no detailed comparative analysis of trauma pathology that resulted from lethal interactions between vessels and right whales had been conducted. This study demonstrates the importance of detailed gross and histologic examination in determining the significance and timing of traumatic events. This work represents a new paradigm for the differential diagnosis of lethal sharp and blunt trauma in right whales hit by ships and will enhance the present understanding of the impact of anthropogenic mortality on this critically endangered species.","author":["Campbell-Malone, R.","Barco, S.","Daoust, P.","Knowlton, A.","McLellan, W.","Rotstein, D.","Moore, M."],"organization":["American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","University of North Carolina","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2008-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:48:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5384","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guernsey-regional-environmental-assessment-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.guernseyrenewableenergy.com\/downloads\/Regional-Environmental-Assessment-of-Marine-Energy.aspx","title":"Guernsey Regional Environmental Assessment of Marine Energy","description":"The full report is available at the bottom of this page.\n\nBackground to the REA The Bailiwick of Guernsey is situated in the English Channel, thirty miles west of France\u2019s Normandy coast, and is well positioned to harness the power of the sea. Potential exists to generate both tidal and wave energy; the area has some of the strongest tidal currents in the world and receives powerful waves from the Atlantic Ocean.\n\nThe States of Guernsey\u2019s Energy Policy Report, published in June 2008, recommended the formation of the Guernsey Renewable Energy Commission (GREC) to progress the creation of local renewable electricity generation on a large (macro) scale. The Energy Policy Report of June 2008 recommended that the States should investigate targets to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide by 30% on 1990 levels by 2020, and by 80% by 2050, and to generate 20% of electricity from local renewable sources by 2020.\n\nGREC has undertaken investigations into the feasibility and promotion of marine renewable energy developments within the Territorial Waters (within three Nautical Miles) of the islands of Guernsey, Herm and Sark. A key aspect of GREC\u2019s work has been producing a Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) which examines the likely environmental effects from the development of wave and tidal power production.\n\nThe REA is a strategic study that will underpin the development of marine environmental planning policy and will inform subsequent project specific Environmental Impact Assessments to be undertaken by individual energy developers. The results will be used to prepare and deliver the States of Guernsey\u2019s strategy for the development of marine energy generation facilities and associated infrastructure in Guernsey\u2019s waters.\n\nPurpose In the UK, it is a legal requirement to produce a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for all spatial plans and development programmes. However, there is not presently a legislative requirement to perform a SEA as Guernsey falls outside the scope of both UK and EU laws. Although the document will be referred to as a Regional Environmental Assessment (see below), GREC has decided to adopt the general principles of the SEA framework in order to demonstrate transparency and to facilitate ease of understanding for potential developers.\n\nThe purpose of the REA is not simply to inform policy makers and the public of the possible environmental impacts of pursuing such targets. The important value of the REA is in its use as a tool to manage environmental risk. As a result, not only can appropriate mitigation measures be applied, but also Guernsey and Sark can properly benefit from reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and the security of supply that would be afforded by marine renewable energy.\n\nThe REA has been undertaken to provide a strategic assessment of the potential effects that marine renewable energy devices (wave and tidal) will have on the environment of Guernsey, Herm and Sark.\n\nThe REA aims to identify, evaluate and describe the likely significant effects, both positive and negative, of developing marine renewable energy. In keeping with UK best practice, the Precautionary Principle has been used throughout the assessment. This means that where there is uncertainty relating to potential effects, or a lack of information on which to make accurate predictions, then the assessment has assumed a \u2018worst case\u2019 scenario.\n\nScope The REA has taken account of shoreline wave, near-shore, tidal stream and potential combinations of the devices. The REA has also considered the impacts of infrastructure that is necessary to connect devices to shore, including electrical cables and shore-based control equipment. It was decided to exclude both tidal range and offshore wind devices from this initial report.\n\nIn doing this the REA considered in detail the following areas:\n\nPhysical Marine Environment\nGeology\nMarine Processes\nWater Quality\n\nMarine Biological Environment\nBenthic Ecology\nPelagic Ecology\nBirds\nMarine Mammals\n\nMarine Human Environment\nCommercial Fisheries and Mariculture\nRecreational Fishing\nMarine Coastal Historic Environment\nExisting Submarine Cables, Electrical Grid and Connectivity\nShipping and Navigation\nTourism and Recreation\n\nOther Topics\nNoise\nAir Quality\nLandscape and Seascape Character\n\n\nObjectives As described in the Scoping Document of October 2009, the main objectives of the REA are:\n\nTo assess, at a strategic level, the potential effects of marine renewable energy devices on the environment\nTo advise and support the States of Guernsey in the development and implementation of its strategy for marine renewable energy\nTo inform the future development of planning guidance for marine developers\nTo provide information for use in the development of a separate Marine Spatial Plan for Guernsey\nTo form a vehicle for public and stakeholder engagement\n\nOutputs Based on the above objectives, the main outputs of the REA process are:\n\nA record of the baseline situation, based on available information\nIdentification of gaps and inconsistencies in the baseline data and the need for further survey work, studies and ongoing monitoring\nCommencement of ongoing consultation\nAssessment of the generic effects of marine renewable devices on the marine environment\nRecommendation of generic mitigation measures to avoid, reduce or offset any significant adverse effects on the environment\n\nProject Overview Initial studies into the waters surrounding the Channel Islands, such as the Tidal Stream Resource Assessment prepared by Robert Gordon University, demonstrate that there is a potentially valuable resource in the waters around Guernsey, Herm and Sark.\n\nIn collaboration with the government of Sark, and with technical specialists from Guernsey and the UK, who have formed the Guernsey Renewable Energy Forum (GREF), GREC has now completed the REA. This REA has been prepared for the purpose of consultation with the public, technical specialists and stakeholders.\n\nTo help meet Guernsey\u2019s renewable energy targets, the focus of the REA has been on the development of large commercial sites. GREC is not looking for companies to test or develop designs for wave or tidal devices in its waters. It plans to only accept proposals from developers with a pre-tested, working device, with arrays that would contribute electricity to the Guernsey grid or to overseas markets.\n\nThe area of study for this REA covers the territorial waters (within three nautical miles of the shore) around Guernsey, and Sark. The other boundaries to the study are the oceanographic parameters under which current tidal and wave technologies are intended (and able) to operate in.\n\nGREC has met with developers of marine renewable energy devices to learn about the operating characteristics of the devices and their potential environmental effects. Developers have also been invited to join GREF in order to continue to offer their advice.\n\nA small number of development scenarios have been devised. These scenarios reflect the potential size of the marine energy resources that exist within the waters around Guernsey, as well as Guernsey\u2019s targets for renewable energy. A feasibility study has been produced in support of the REA to act as a technical reference for environmental specialists in the delivery of their analyses.\n\nMaximum development scenario (230MW) - This would utilise the resources to a maximum potential, and could include several large (\u003E40MW) arrays. These could be located at sites that benefit from high velocity tidal flows such as the Big Russel, to the north of Guernsey and to the south-east of Sark, together with wave energy arrays to the north-west of Guernsey\nMinimum development scenario (100MW) - This allows for the minimum deployment that would meet Guernsey\u2019s renewable energy targets in the medium term future, and would require two 50MW tidal arrays.\n\nThe development scenarios did not specify actual development sites, as it was considered that to do this would have pre-judged the results of the REA, and prevented the authors from giving consideration to the sensitivities that exist throughout the whole of the study area. Site selection or \u2018Zoning\u2019 will be undertaken on completion of further strategic investigations and consideration of policy.\n\nDifferent device technologies require different footprint areas and space between devices for deployment and safe effective operation. However, to allow the visualisation of the likely footprint of the arrays that could be deployed, the following was used:\n\nExample tidal array:\n\nA 50MW array, comprising up to 50 individual devices, would be expected to occupy approximately 0.5km2 of the sea-bed. The array would probably be arranged as two to four rows of devices, aligned at 90 degrees to the primary flow direction.\n\nExample offshore wave array:\n\nA 20MW array deployment area, comprising up to 50 individual point absorber (buoy) devices, or a smaller number of larger devices, would be expected to occupy approximately 8.0km2 of the surface of the sea, including the space between the devices. This array would probably be arranged as a 2 x 4 km rectangle, aligned so that the longest edge of the deployment area would face the primary wave direction.\n\nSummary of Key Findings\n\nData Gaps\n\nThe assessment has found a number of areas of investigation that are hampered by a lack of knowledge. As the REA is a desk-study, it is acknowledged that some of these cannot be addressed within the scope of the study. Further investigative work has been recommended for future stages of the environmental planning process. The main reasons for data gaps are:\n\nLack of baseline information.\nLack of information with regard to likely deployment sites.\nLack of information regarding device characteristics.\nLack of information regarding the devices\u2019 response to potential impacts.\n\nThe data gaps that have been identified on an area by area basis are identified as future studies and surveys are incorporated into an Environmental Action Plan (EAP) and a Regional Monitoring Plan (RMP) in Appendix K and L respectively.\n\nImpacts\n\nThe following locations were highlighted as being of significance with regards to the specific areas noted.\n\nBird breeding \u2013 Cliff areas are identified on all of the islands as actual and potential breeding sites.\n\nGrid connections \u2013 Telecommunication cables are shown connecting Guernsey to the UK and France. There is also a power cable on the east coast of Guernsey, which connects to France via Jersey.\n\nTourism \/ Landscape \u2013 Areas of coast on all of the islands are identified as having important landscape value.\n\nCommercial fishing \u2013 The most important areas for commercial fishing are focused over sand banks. The Boue Blondel to the west of Guernsey is an important fish spawning ground. The Great Bank off the east coast of Guernsey is extensively fished, as are the sandbanks to the south and north of Sark.\n\nGeology \u2013 In the context of sediment dynamics, the critical areas of the Guernsey REA include the channels of the Big and Little Russels, where there is the highest potential for tidal generation. Although there is a general understanding of the sea bed geology and sediment distribution in these areas, the specific relationships between this and the deployment of energy devices on sedimentation is not yet established.\n\nMarine mammals \u2013 There is a dolphin feeding ground off the southern tip of the Great Bank, which mostly comprises mackerel. There is also a seal haul-out site at the Humps, north of Herm, which supports a resident population of seals. There are believed to be resident populations of common dolphins off the north of Sark and the north and east coasts of Guernsey.\n\nMarine and coastal historic environment \u2013 The areas identified as being of greatest importance are: the area surrounding Vazon Bay on the west of Guernsey; outside Guernsey Harbour; between Herm and Jethou; and to the north of Herm. These areas have been identified as having a high concentration of wrecks.\n\nNavigation \u2013 The area through the Little Russel is the key shipping channel into and out of Guernsey. Less sea traffic uses the Big Russel, although it is still an important route.\n\nRecreational fishing \u2013 Key sites are the Great Bank to the east of Guernsey and the north coasts of Herm and Sark.\n\nThere were no clear thresholds that emerged from the assessment. However, the analysis of several of the disciplines was hampered by a lack of baseline information, as well as a lack of prior industry experience of multi-device arrays. Therefore, the REA has concluded that the cumulative effects of multiple devices, or multiple arrays, are unknown at present.\n\nMitigation The primary mitigation measure would be the careful selection of deployment areas to reduce the visual impact as much as possible. This should be followed by careful design of devices to minimise visual impact. It is clear that some devices are more visible than others, and this may preclude the selection of certain types. On completion of site selections and initial enquiries from developers, detailed visual assessments of specific device proposals should be undertaken to inform project specific requirements. Developers should be encouraged to optimise their designs to minimise visual impact.\n\nMonitoring and Action Plans The production of the REA has included the preparation of two key documents: the Regional Monitoring Plan (RMP) and the Environmental Action Plan (EAP). These may be used to manage the delivery of future investigations and the delivery of project-level mitigation measures. The documents identify the environmental survey work, studies and practical measures that should be undertaken through the development of actual projects, from their inception to decommissioning.\n\nThe RMP and EAP identify the organisations most likely to be responsible for the implementation of each of the actions. However, it is acknowledged that effective delivery of environmental mitigation can only be achieved through close collaboration between all parties involved. With this in mind, it is likely that tasks will be shared, by agreement, among the States of Guernsey, Sark and prospective developers.\n\nThe Regional Monitoring Plan The RMP lists scientific investigative work to be undertaken throughout the development of marine renewable energy facilities. This includes strategic-level investigations from project conception, which cover the whole study area, to project specific post-construction monitoring work, which will confirm the performance of individual arrays of generators and the effectiveness of mitigation measures undertaken.\n\nThe Environmental Action Plan (EAP) The EAP lists physical measures that could be taken to protect the environment during the design, deployment, operation and eventual decommissioning of generator arrays, depending on the nature and location of development.\n\nConclusions The REA concludes that, if appropriate mitigation measures are taken, the establishment of a generating capacity of 100MW can be achieved with generally minor effects on the environment. However, there are notable gaps in the knowledge that has been available to the study. Informing strategic planning and project-level decision-making are the key objectives of the REA. The following key issues require consideration.\n\nThere is a need to obtain better information with regard to:\nExisting benthic-habitat mapping\nThe behaviour of large fish and mammals in response to the presence of devices\nThe feeding behaviour of seabirds\n\nThe severity of potential impacts has been found to be highly dependent on location. The progression of detailed development proposals requires the careful selection of preferred renewable energy deployment zones. The nature and severity of potential impacts is highly dependent on the mode of operation and the characteristics of the devices to be deployed.\n\nNext Steps The REA should be considered as a working document. It may be reviewed and updated as necessary to account for additional survey information or the completion of research. As new technologies are developed, they may be assessed and incorporated into future versions of the REA.\n\nThe timescale for the deployment of marine renewable energy devices in Guernsey\u2019s waters is difficult to determine. It is clear that an exploitable energy resource exists, particularly with respect to tidal energy. However, the time the industry requires to develop devices to the point that they can be manufactured and deployed at commercial scales is unknown. Furthermore, the cost of renewable energy is still high in relation to that produced from fossil fuels, and this may deter early adoption. Discussions with a number of developers indicate that they anticipate readiness for deployment (machines in the water generating electricity) on a commercial scale by 2015 at the earliest.","author":["Guernsey Renewable Energy Team"],"organization":["Guernsey Renewable Energy Commission"],"originationDate":"2011-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.465856700000","-2.585142200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guernsey_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5386","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-developers-emec-grid-connected-sites-supporting-environmental-documentation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=14","title":"Guidance for Developers at EMEC Grid-Connected Sites: Supporting Environmental Documentation","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), as the first centre of its kind in the world and as one of the leading organizations in the testing of commercial scale wave and tidal technologies, recognizes the importance of establishing high standards for environmental protection and an early understanding of the range and significance of potential environmental impacts. This will ensure that the marine energy industry considers environmental implications of its projects\/technologies in the early stages of design and development, leading to best practice being carried forward into commercial scale developments. In addition, EMEC operates an Integrated Management System (IMS), which demonstrates a clear commitment to the standard of quality, health, safety and environmental (QHSE) management. The system has been developed to meet the requirements of the internationally recognized environmental standard, ISO 14001, to ensure the highest standard of environmental protection from employees, developers and those visiting the centre. EMEC have in place Crown Estate leases covering the marine test sites, together with planning consents for substations and associated lay-down areas. Developers have full and sole responsibility for obtaining any marine licenses required for the installation and operation of their device(s), plus any additional planning consents that may be required.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2011-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963212000000","-3.013400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5387","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-environmental-impact-assessment-offshore-renewable-energy-development-surfing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sas.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/04\/eia-1.pdf","title":"Guidance on Environmental Impact Assessment of Offshore Renewable Energy Development on Surfing Resources and Recreation","description":"The UK government is committed to delivering 15 per cent of all energy consumed by transport, heat and power generation from renewable sources by 2020. As of mid-2009, the UK generates less than 2 per cent of its energy from renewable sources and its total energy consumption is rising. Large-scale renewable energy development is required to achieve the 2020 target, and offshore renewable energy is expected to be a major contributor.  Surfing is a growing recreational activity in the UK and is an important socio-economic contributor to the local and regional communities where waves are consistently surfable. The surfing community is concerned that offshore renewable energy development threatens surfing resources and recreation. To date, studies on surfing resources and recreation suggest that the impacts of offshore windfarm developments and tidal stream demonstrator projects are negligible and the impacts of wave demonstrator projects are small but of concern to surfers until proven otherwise by monitoring. However, the future developments proposed to deliver the 2020 target are substantially larger than those studied to date, which suggests the impacts on surfing are going to be larger too.  The surfing community is also concerned that it and its views are being ignored or overlooked. For example, the recently completed Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process is supposed to consider the environmental implications of the Round 3 seabed leasing plan for offshore wind energy development. However, the resulting SEA Report (DECC, 2009) contains no reference to surfing resources or recreation, and its annex covering the environmental baseline for tourism and recreation at best contains a few anecdotal references to surfing in some areas (e.g. \u201cCasual surfing, canoeing and wind-surfing take place from many of the Region\u2019s beaches\u2026\u201d) and contains no references at all to surfing in other areas, including the areas covering south-west of England where surfing contributes \u00a321M per annum to the local economy of Cornwall alone (Arup, 2001).  SAS believe that climate change poses a major threat to recreational water users, the marine environment and the global environment as a whole, and agrees that action needs to be taken to combat it. SAS also believe that offshore renewable energy has the potential to help tackle climate change, but is concerned that future development has the potential to cause negative impacts on surfing resources and recreation (SAS, 2007).  Impacts on surfing resources and recreation will happen if and when offshore renewable energy developments affect the coastal wave dynamics and coastal morphology. The presence and operation of energy generation infrastructure could cause waves to be weakened, cause them to approach the beach from a different direction, cause them to interfere with each other, or cause them to break differently at the beach, all of which could potentially damage surfing recreation.  SAS recognise that offshore renewable energy development is regulated through legally implemented consenting procedures, and that these procedures include Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of individual developments and thereby provide the most appropriate opportunities for ensuring that the surfing community is engaged and impacts of surfing resources and recreation are robustly assessed. For this reason, SAS will consider each development proposal on a case-by-case basis before deciding whether to support or object to consents.  Against this background, SAS decided to produce a guidance document to promote the surfing community\u2019s interests, to protect surfing resources and recreation, and to support the EIA process concerning offshore renewable energy development.  The guidance provided is divided into the following sections:    part 2: surfing resources and recreation  part 3: impacts on surfing resources and recreation  part 4: guidance on environmental impact assessment.   This guidance builds upon existing generic guidance already applied to EIAs for offshore renewable energy development and so its application should make future EIAs better informed and more robust, but should not make them substantially more onerous. Since the time taken for a development to gain consent is in part related to the quality of the EIA process, then the adoption of this guidance should facilitate the interests of those who want to protect surfing recreation and resources and those who want to develop offshore renewable energy.","author":["Surfers Against Sewage"],"organization":["Surfers Against Sewage"],"originationDate":"2009-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Environmental Impact Assessment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Surfers_Against_Sewage_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5388","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-wave-power-us-environmental-issues","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore Wave Power in the US: Environmental Issues","description":"E2I, the Electric Research Power Institute (EPRI) and Global Energy Partners LLC (Global) \u0022the Project Team\u0022 are collaborating with state energy agencies and utilities from Maine, Massachusetts, San Fransisco-California, Oregon, Washington, Hawaii, and the Department of Energy (DOE) National Renwable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to define system designs for wave energy conversion device power plants at one site in each of the states. The overall project objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of wave power and provide efficient, reliable, environmentally friendly and cost-effective electical energy and to create a push towards the development of a sustainable commercial market for this technology.\n\nThe Project Team considered the following six environmental issues:\n\nWithdrawal of wave energy\nInteractions with marine life and seabirds\nAtmospheric and oceanic emissions\nInteractions with coastal sedimentary processes\nVisual appearance and noise\nPotential conflicts with other uses of sea space\nInstallation and decommissioning\n\nA tabular summary and an in-depth discussion of each of these issues is contained in the following report sections. The last two sections discuss the environmental benefits of wave energy technology relative to other electricity generation technologies. The report concludes that with given proper care in site planning and early dialogue with local stakeholders, offshore wave power promises to be one of the most environmentally benign electrical generation technologies.","author":["Hagerman, G.","Bedard, R."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Global Energy Partners LLC"],"originationDate":"2004-12-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.740802000000","-105.168895000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Offshore_Wave_Power_in_the_US_Environmental_Issues.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5389","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-management-korea-insights-observations-2007-australia-korea-young","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Management in Korea: Insights and Observations from the 2007 Australia-Korea Young Leaders Exchange Program","description":"The first Australia-Korea Young Leaders Exchange Program was held in November 2007. The program is an Australian Government initiative funded by the Australia-Korea Foundation. The program develops the leadership skills in specific professional areas of potential and\/or current leaders from both Australia and Korea, aged between 25 and 45.\n\nThe 2007 exchange operated from 16\u201325 November 2007 and focused on environmental issues. The ten-person delegation participated in briefings and meetings with environmental leaders in Korea and visited various institutions and industries throughout the country. The environmental policies and practices of the Korean Government, local councils and industries were inspected and evaluated.\n\nThis report brings together the observations and resources collected from the exchange. It describes the political and environmental situation in Korea and the outcomes of site inspections, meetings and briefings over the period of the exchange. Major observations, themes and reflections are documented.","author":["Twyford, K."],"organization":["Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.898916000000","27.884306000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_Management_in_Korea.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5390","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-maren-wave-power-test-site-island-runde-western-norway","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Environmental Monitoring at the Maren Wave Power Test Site off the Island of Runde, Western Norway: Planning and Design","description":"This paper provides a general description of the environmental monitoring programme currently ongoing at Vattenfall\u2019s\/Tussa\u2019s wave power test site \u0022Maren\u0022, on the Norwegian west coast. The purpose of the environmental monitoring is twofold: (i) to monitor the potential impact of the Maren installation on the environment, thereby fulfilling the consent requirements of the Norwegian authorities, (ii) more generally, to gain experiences about the design and management of an environmental monitoring programme and test a variety of monitoring methodologies and equipment. The primary environmental parameters assessed in the monitoring programme include fish, benthos and seabird communities. Observations on marine mammals are included marginally and underwater noise measurements are scheduled to be included at a later stage. The rationale for choosing the specific components of the monitoring programme is elucidated in the context of site specific environmental features, as well as project-specific technical characteristics. Generally, the monitoring strategy follows a modified so-called BACI (Before-After, Control- Impact) design, i.e. takes place before and after deployment of the wave power devices and during operation over a period of approximately 3 years. A communication plan accompanies the programme and is considered an essential prerequisite for transparency and public acceptance of the programme.","author":["Andersen, K.","Chapman, A.","Hareide, N.","Folkestad, A.","Sparrevik, E.","Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Runde Environmental Centre","Uppsala University","Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"2009-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.333330000000","5.416670000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:07:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_Monitoring_at_the_Maren_Site.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5391","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-noise-decision-making-possible-implications-increases-anthropogenic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/2g3467g7","title":"Environmental Noise and Decision Making Possible Implications of Increases in Anthropogenic Noise for Information Processing in Marine Mammals","description":"Recent increases in anthropogenic noise in the marine environment are a source of concern for the current welfare and future fitness of many marine mammal species. In this article I explore the specific question of how environmental noise could affect information processing. I also discuss the possible changes in behavior that would result, and how these changes could negatively impact the welfare and fitness of marine mammals. I identify two ways in which environmental noise could affect decision-making. First, environmental noise could add statistical noise to the detection of auditory signals, either masking them completely or rendering them ambiguous. Animals can respond to this problem either by moving away from the source of the noise, or by altering the characteristics of their signal processing to increase the signal to noise ratio. Second, environmental noise could generate emotional states of fear or anxiety that cause biases in information processing. Anxiety is an emotion that functions as an early warning of potential threats, and is associated with a suite of changes in information processing including sensitization to stimuli potentially associated with threats, and pessimistic biases in decision making resulting in increased risk aversion. Although these changes are clearly beneficial in the short term, chronic anxiety is liked to result in behavioral changes that will be detrimental to an animal\u0027s fitness in the longer term. Thus, there are likely to be subtle effects of noise on decision-making that have not so far been considered in relation to the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammal behavior.","author":["Bateson, M."],"organization":["Newcastle University"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_Noise_and_Decision_Making_Implications.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5392","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-scoping-report-achill-co-mayo","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Scoping Report Achill Co Mayo","description":"The WestWave project proposal is to develop a 5 MW wave energy project off the west coast of Ireland by 2015. The project is led by ESB Energy International Limited (ESBI) who will work with a number of wave energy technology partners in order to develop the project.\n\nThis project is a collaborative approach from ESBI and other potential utility partners to accelerate the development of the ocean energy sector in Ireland through the development of a pre-commercial wave farm array off the west coast in line with Irish Government Ocean Energy Strategy and the EU Ocean Energy Association\u2019s Roadmap. It is a \u2018public good\u2019 project which seeks to attract support from the EU under NER300 funding mechanism as well as support from relevant state agencies and departments in Ireland along with leading Irish and international wave energy technology developers. ESBI believes this approach will deliver the best outcome for Ireland and the EU leading to the development of commercial wave farm projects by 2020 and beyond.\n\nThe west coast of Ireland offers the best European resource in terms of wave energy potential. The potential exists to develop a significant ocean energy industry with sustainable long term employment and expertise. As part of the Ocean Energy Strategy ESBI is proposing to develop a pilot scale wave energy farm at a location on the west coast of Co Mayo. The exact location for the wave farm has not yet been identified but there are a number of options in the general area of Achill Island County Mayo which have been identified as offering potential to site the pilot wave farm.\n\nThe WEC technology suited for this project in this nearshore location is the Oyster device developed by Aquamarine Power Limited. This device operates in shallow water up to 20 m in depth and will be located close to the shore. The Oyster device has been on test in Billia Croo in Orkney and its characteristics are well understood. Data as to its environmental performance will be available to enable assessment of potential impacts and development of any required mitigation measures to be made.\n\nThe proposed development will comprise a total of six Oyster wave energy converters. These will be fixed to the rocky seabed, each using a piled foundation. The devices will be partially submerged with about 3m protruding above the sea level. The Oyster device does not produce any electricity itself but pressurises water in a high pressure pipeline to shore where electricity will be produced in the form of a hydroelectric power plant. Onshore infrastructure will include the power plant, substation and access road.\n\nInstallation of the devices will require piling of a foundation using a jackup barge and support vessels, tugs and diver support vessels and a multicat vessel. Installation of the 6 devices is expected to take about 4 months. Construction of the hydroelectric power plant and access road is expected to take about 6 months.\n\nPreliminary ecological and archaeological assessments, in the general location, have been undertaken to assist in identifying the most appropriate final location for the project. There are no protected areas in the marine or terrestrial environment at any of the site options possible for the project but it is likely that near shore reef areas would be protected under the Habitats Directive. Within fifteen kilometres of the area, Special Protection Areas under the EU Birds Directive have also been designated as important for seal and bird breeding. Assessment under Article 6.3 of the Habitats Directive will be undertaken and a separate assessment report will be provided.\n\nThe development will require a foreshore lease from the Foreshore Licensing Unit of the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government and planning permission from Mayo County Council.\n\nIf required a full Environmental Impact Statement in accordance with the requirements of the European Communities (Foreshore) Regulations 2009, (S.I. No. 404 0f 2009) will be prepared.\n\nAll aspects of the project will be considered including, construction phase, operational phase, decommissioning phase and potential cumulative impacts of other plans or projects in the area.\n\nAn Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan will be developed in consultation with key stakeholders which will set out key management and monitoring to be undertaken to monitor impact on the environment during all project phases and provide a basis for corrective actions should these become necessary.\n\nThe project will serve to integrate policy and knowledge needs in the marine renewable energy area and will lead to the development of a robust approach and methodology for assessment of projects of this type.\n\nThis report provides the basis of the request for screening and scoping opinion.","author":["Kavanagh, P."],"organization":["ESB International (ESBI)"],"originationDate":"2013-01-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.908330000000","-10.012778000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Westwave_Achill_Environmental_Scoping_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5393","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-scoping-report-killard","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Scoping Report Killard","description":"The WestWave project proposal is to develop a 5 MW wave energy project off the west coast of Ireland by 2015. The project is led by ESB Energy International Limited (ESBI) who will work with a number of wave energy technology partners in order to develop the project.\n\nThis project is a collaborative approach from ESBI and other potential utility partners to accelerate the development of the ocean energy sector in Ireland through the development of a pre-commercial wave farm array off the west coast in line with Irish Government Ocean Energy Strategy and the EU Ocean Energy Association\u2019s Roadmap. It is a \u2018public good\u2019 project which seeks to attract support from the EU under NER300 funding mechanism as well as support from relevant state agencies and departments in Ireland along with leading Irish and international wave energy technology developers. ESBI believes this approach will deliver the best outcome for Ireland and the EU leading to the development of commercial wave farm projects by 2020 and beyond.\n\nThe west coast of Ireland offers the best European resource in terms of wave energy potential. The potential exists to develop a significant ocean energy industry with sustainable long term employment and expertise. As part of the Ocean Energy Strategy ESBI is proposing to develop a pilot scale wave energy farm at a location on the west coast of Co Clare. The exact location for the wave farm has not yet been identified but there are a number of options in the general area of Killard County Clare which have been identified as offering potential to site the pilot wave farm.\n\nThe WEC technology suited for this project in this nearshore location is the Oyster device developed by Aquamarine Power Limited. This device operates in shallow water up to 20 m in depth and will be located close to the shore. The Oyster device has been on test in Billia Croo in Orkney and its characteristics are well understood. Data as to its environmental performance will be available to enable assessment of potential impacts and development of any required mitigation measures to be made.\n\nThe proposed development will comprise a total of six Oyster wave energy converters. These will be fixed to the rocky seabed, each using a piled foundation. The devices will be partially submerged with about 3m protruding above the sea level. The Oyster device does not produce any electricity itself but pressurises water in a high pressure pipeline to shore where electricity will be produced in the form of a hydroelectric power plant. Onshore infrastructure will include the power plant, substation and access road.\n\nInstallation of the devices will require piling of a foundation using a jackup barge and support vessels, tugs and diver support vessels and a multicat vessel. Installation of the 6 devices is expected to take about 4 months. Construction of the hydroelectric power plant and access road is expected to take about 6 months.\n\nPreliminary ecological and archaeological assessments, in the general location, have been undertaken to assist in identifying the most appropriate final location for the project. There are no protected areas in the marine or terrestrial environment at any of the site options possible for the project but it is likely that near shore reef areas would be protected under the Habitats Directive. Within fifteen kilometres of the area, Special Protection Areas under the EU Birds Directive have also been designated as important for seal and bird breeding. Assessment under Article 6.3 of the Habitats Directive will be undertaken and a separate assessment report will be provided.\n\nThe development will require a foreshore lease from the Foreshore Licensing Unit of the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government and planning permission from Clare County Council.\n\nIf required a full Environmental Impact Statement in accordance with the requirements of the European Communities (Foreshore) Regulations 2009, (S.I. No. 404 0f 2009) will be prepared.\n\nAll aspects of the project will be considered including, construction phase, operational phase, decommissioning phase and potential cumulative impacts of other plans or projects in the area.\n\nAn Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan will be developed in consultation with key stakeholders which will set out key management and monitoring to be undertaken to monitor impact on the environment during all project phases and provide a basis for corrective actions should these become necessary.\n\nThe project will serve to integrate policy and knowledge needs in the marine renewable energy area and will lead to the development of a robust approach and methodology for assessment of projects of this type.\n\nThis report provides the basis of the request for screening and scoping opinion.","author":["Kavanagh, P."],"organization":["ESB International (ESBI)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.755000000000","-9.567780000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Westwave_Killard_Environmental_Scoping_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5394","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-scoping-report-westray-south-tidal-array","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Scoping Report Westray South Tidal Array","description":"SSER is seeking a Scoping Opinion for the proposed Westray South tidal array from the Scottish Ministers under Section 7 of the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment)(Scotland) Regulations 2000. Comment is also sought and welcomed from other stakeholders with an interest in the proposed development.  This Scoping Report has been produced by Royal Haskoning and Aquatera in line with relevant guidance and recent consultation with Marine Scotland, its advisory bodies and other key stakeholders. A description of the proposed development along with SSER\u2019s proposed approach to the EIA and NRA is provided.","author":["SSE Renewables"],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","SSE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2011-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.295789000000","-2.993218000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 10:41:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Westray_South_Tidal_Array_ESR.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5395","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-ecological-effects-ocean-renewable-energy-development-current-synthesis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/16152","title":"Environmental and Ecological Effects of Ocean Renewable Energy Development: A Current Synthesis","description":"Marine renewable energy promises to assist in the effort to reduce carbon emissions worldwide. As with any large-scale development in the marine environment, however, it comes with uncertainty about potential environmental impacts, most of which have not been adequately evaluated\u2014in part because many of the devices have yet to be deployed and tested. We review the nature of environmental and, more specifically, ecological effects of the development of diverse types of marine renewable energy\u2014covering marine wind, wave, tidal, ocean current, and thermal gradient\u2014and discuss the current state of knowledge or uncertainty on how these effects may be manifested. Many of the projected effects are common with other types of development in the marine environment; for example, additional structures lead to concerns for entanglement, habitat change, and community change. Other effects are relatively unique to marine energy conversion, and specific to the type of energy being harnessed, the individual device type, or the reduction in energy in marine systems. While many potential impacts are unavoidable but measurable, we would argue it is possible (and necessary) to minimize others through careful device development and site selection; the scale of development, however, will lead to cumulative effects that we must understand to avoid environmental impacts. Renewable energy developers, regulators, scientists, engineers, and ocean stakeholders must work together to achieve the common dual objectives of clean renewable energy and a healthy marine environment.","author":["Boehlert, G.","Gill, A."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-19 12:05:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/boehlert_gill_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5396","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-human-dimensions-ocean-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6461907","title":"Environmental and Human Dimensions of Ocean Renewable Energy Development","description":"A number of review articles have synthesized current expert opinion regarding interactions of ocean energy generation technologies with environmental parameters and their potential effects and impacts. Fewer articles have documented such interactions, as operational devices and or demonstration sites at which to make such observations are limited. In this paper, we discuss how the perceived risk or impact of ocean renewable energy development on coastal communities (both the human and marine biological communities) is a function not only of actual physical interactions but also depends on the regulatory environment and how potentially impacted coastal resources are valued by stakeholders. In this paper, we review potential environmental effects of ocean energy, identify applicable federal regulations that address potentially affected ecological components, and highlight observations about stakeholder concerns from experiences in Oregon. Understanding the societal lens through which potential environmental effects are viewed is important for developers to move forward as it will be the regulators and local communities who will determine if projects are permitted.","author":["Henkel, S.","Conway, F.","Boehlert, G."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2013-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.595754000000","-124.818960000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5397","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-appraisal-planning-consent-south-west-england-wave-hub","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/sut\/unwt\/2008\/00000027\/00000004\/art00003","title":"Environmental Impact and Appraisal - Planning Consent for the South West of England Wave Hub","description":"Wave Hub is an innovative demonstration site for generation of wave energy located in the South West of England. In simple terms, Wave Hub consists of an offshore electrical \u0027socket\u0027 to connect arrays of wave energy converters to the national grid via undersea cables, allowing technology developers to demonstrate and monitor the operation of their devices in real sea conditions. A key element in the development of the proposed Wave Hub was to gain consent from the relevant UK regulatory bodies. This paper describes the process for the consent application followed and highlights the main issues encountered during the preparation of the environmental studies to support the application, and subsequent discussions with regulators and stakeholders.","author":["Harrington, N.","Andina-Pendas, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 12:00:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harrington-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5399","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/epibenthic-assessment-renewable-tidal-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2013\/906180\/","title":"Epibenthic Assessment of a Renewable Tidal Energy Site","description":"Concern over global climate change as a result of fossil fuel use has resulted in energy production from renewable sources. Marine renewable energy devices provide clean electricity but can also cause physical disturbance to the local environment. There is a considerable paucity of ecological data at potential marine renewable energy sites that is needed to assess potential future impacts and allow optimal siting of devices. Here, we provide a baseline benthic survey for the Big Russel in Guernsey, UK, a potential site for tidal energy development. To assess the suitability of proposed sites for marine renewable energy in the Big Russel and to identify potential control sites, we compared species assemblages and habitat types. This baseline survey can be used to select control habitats to compare and monitor the benthic communities after installation of the device and contribute towards the optimal siting of any future installation.","author":["Sheehan, E.","Gall, S.","Cousens, S.","Attrill, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2013-01-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.437787800000","-2.361300700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sheehan_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5400","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/epibenthic-colonization-concrete-steel-pilings-cold-temperate-embayment-field","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Epibenthic-colonization-of-concrete-and-steel-in-a-Andersson-Berggren\/c7dea4aee0b03db702b13c341d78170303881d1f","title":"Epibenthic colonization of concrete and steel pilings in a cold-temperate embayment: a field experiment","description":"With large-scale development of offshore wind farms, vertical structures are becoming more common in open water areas. To examine how vertical structures of different materials may be colonized by epibenthic organisms, an experiment was carried out using steel and concrete pilings constructed to resemble those commonly used in wind farm constructions as well as in bridges, jetties and oil platforms. The early recruitment and succession of the epibenthic communities were sampled once a month for the first 5 months and then again after 1 year. Further, the fish assemblages associated with the pillars were sampled and compared to natural areas. The main epibenthic species groups, in terms of coverage, differed between the two materials at five out of six sampling occasions. Dominant organisms on steel pillars were the barnacle Balanus improvisus,the calcareous tubeworm Pomatoceros triqueter and the tunicate Ciona intestinalis. On the concrete pillars, the hydroid Laomedea sp. and the tunicates Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella spp. dominated. However, there was no different in coverage at different heights on the pillars or in biomass and species abundance at different directions (north-east or south-west) 5 months after submergence. Fish showed overall higher abundances and species numbers on the pillars (but no difference between steel and concrete) compared to the surrounding soft bottom habitats but not compared to natural vertical rock walls. Two species were attracted to the pillars, indicating a reef effect; Gobiusculus flavescens and Ctenolabrus rupestris. The bottom-dwelling gobies, Pomatoschistus spp., did not show such preferences.","author":["Andersson, M.","Berggren, M.","Wilhelmsson, D.","\u00d6hman, M."],"organization":["University of Gothenburg","Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2009-03-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.636494000000","11.612440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5402","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/equitable-testing-evaluation-marine-energy-extraction-devices-terms-performance-cost","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.wiki.ed.ac.uk\/display\/EquiMarwiki\/EquiMar","title":"Equitable Testing and Evaluation of Marine Energy Extraction Devices in terms of Performance, Cost and Environmental Impact","description":"The EquiMar project has now finished. All the publicly available outputs can be downloaded from these wiki pages, the EquiMar Protocols may be found here, and there are some marine energy videos available on our YouTube channel.\n\nThe EquiMar project was funded by the European Commission as part of its 7th Framework programme under the Energy topic (see https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/fp7\/home_en.html for more information). It is a collaborative research and development project involving a consortium of 23 partners and ran for three years from the 15th of April 2008 to the 14th of April 2011.\n\nThe aim of EquiMar was to deliver a suite of protocols for the equitable evaluation of marine energy converters (based on either tidal or wave energy). These protocols have harmonised testing and evaluation procedures across the wide variety of devices presently available with the aim of accelerating adoption though technology matching and improved understanding of the environmental and economic impacts associated with the deployment of arrays of devices. EquiMar has assessed devices through a suite of protocols covering site selection, device engineering design, the scaling up of designs, the deployment of arrays of devices, the environmental impact, in terms of both biological \u0026amp; coastal processes, and economic issues. The series of protocols has be developed through a robust, auditable process and disseminated to the wider community. Results from the EquiMar project will establish a sound base for future marine energy standards. The project had a formal liaison with IEC TC 114 and many of the protocol authors are technical experts on the teams developing individual standards.\n\nProject Deliverables\n\n\n D1.1 Global Analysis of Pre-normative Research Activities for Marine Energy\n D1.2 Recommendations from Other Sectors\n D2.2 Wave and Tidal Resource Characterisation\n D2.3 Application of Numerical Models\n D2.4 Wave Model Intercomparison\n D2.5 Tidal Model Intercomparison\n D2.6 Extremes and Long Term Extrapolation\n D2.7 Protocols for Wave and Tidal Site Assessment\n D3.1 Identification of Limitations of Current Practices Adopted for Early Stage Tidal Device Assessment\n D3.2 Concept Appraisal and Tank Testing Practices for 1st Stage Prototype Devices\n D3.3 Limitations of Current Practices Adopted for Tank Testing of Small Marine Energy Devices\n D3.4 Best Practice for Tank Testing of Small Prototype Wave and Tidal Devices\n D4.1 Sea Trial Manual\n D4.2 Data Analysis and Presentation\n D4.3 Test Sites Catalogue\n D5.1 Guidance Protocols on Choosing of Electrical Connection Configurations\n D5.2 Device Classification Templates\n D5.3 Protocols and Guidance for Device Specification and Quantification of Performance\n D5.4 Tested Version of Site\/Device Matching Database Including Initial Analysis of Interaction Effects Within Arrays\n D5.5 Pre-Deployment and Operational Actions Associated with Marine Energy Arrays\n D5.6 Assessment, Reporting and Remediation of Risk Associated with Marine Energy Arrays\n D5.7 Assessment of the Present Status and Future Scenarios of the Supply Chain for Marine Energy Arrays\n D5.8 Impacts Upon Marine Energy Stakeholders\n D6.1.1 Existing Legislation, Perspectives and Evolution of Other Similar Technologies\n D6.1.2 Technical Criteria for a Common Legislation\n D6.2.1 Draft Scientific Guidelines\n D6.2.2 Scientific Guidelines\n D6.3.1 Uncertainties Regarding Environmental Impacts\n D6.3.2 Uncertainties and Road Map\n D6.4.1 Draft Protocol on Life Cycle Analysis Approach\n D6.4.2 Life Cycle Analysis Protocol\n D6.5.2 Analysis of Case Studies and Useful Tools\n D7.1 Summary of Attributes of Cost Models used by Different Stakeholders\n D7.2.1 Procedures for Economic Evaluation\n D7.2.2 Dissemination of Economic Assessment Approach to Stakeholders\n D7.3.1 Support Structures for Arrays of Wave Energy Devices Report\n D7.3.2 Consideration of Cost Implications for Mooring MEC Devices\n D7.3.3 Guidelines Regarding the Variation of Infrastructure Requirements with Scale of Deployment\n D7.4.1 Procedures for Estimating Site Accessibility and Appraisal of the Implications of Site Accessibility\n D9.1 Report on the State of Ocean Energy in Europe: Technologies, Test Sites and Joint Projects\n D9.3 Magazine Article","author":["EquiMar"],"organization":["EquiMar"],"originationDate":"2012-03-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 06:16:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EquiMar_D7.4.1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5403","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimated-field-metabolic-rates-prey-requirements-resident-killer-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2010.00386.x\/abstract","title":"Estimated Field Metabolic Rates and Prey Requirements of Resident Killer Whales","description":"Killer whales are large animals that often feed in groups and thus have the potential to deplete prey populations. Determining predator energy requirements is essential to assessing whether prey availability is sufficient. This is important because one risk factor facing the endangered Southern Resident killer whale distinct population segment is limited prey availability. Body mass, field metabolic rate (FMR), and daily prey energy requirements (DPERs) were estimated for each individual in the population. FMRs were calculated from body mass, assuming they range from five to six times Kleiber-predicted basal metabolic rates. FMRs of adults were also calculated from resident killer whale activity budgets and the metabolic cost of swimming at speeds associated with daily activities. These two methods yielded similar results. Total FMRs varied by age and sex, which is partly due to the long developmental period and sexual dimorphism in killer whales. FMRs for males (465\u20134,434 kg) ranged from 35,048 to 228,216 kcal\/d while FMRs for females (465\u20133,338 kg) ranged from 35,048 to 184,444 kcal\/d. DPERs were calculated from FMRs assuming a standard digestive efficiency. Corresponding DPERs ranged from 41,376 to 269,458 kcal\/d and 41,376 to 217,775 kcal\/d, respectively.","author":["Noren, D."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5404","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimates-water-turbine-noise-levels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coet.fau.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/theses\/DT-11-124.pdf","title":"Estimates of Water Turbine Noise Levels","description":"This work seeks to understand water turbine noise generation and to make preliminary estimations of the noise levels. Any structure attached to a turbine upstream its blades will generate unsteady fluctuating loads on the blade\u0027s surface, which are proportional to the radiated acoustic pressure. The noise levels of a simplified turbine based on existing designs surpass the ambient noise levels if the ocean at low frequencies (30 Hz).","author":["Guerra, J."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.371911000000","-80.102894000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5405","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-effects-tidal-power-projects-climate-change-threatened-endangered-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/cobi.12164\/abstract","title":"Estimating Effects of Tidal Power Projects and Climate Change on Threatened and Endangered Marine Species and Their Food Web","description":"Marine hydrokinetic power projects will operate as marine environments change in response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. We considered how tidal power development and stressors resulting from climate change may affect Puget Sound species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) and their food web. We used risk tables to assess the singular and combined effects of tidal power development and climate change. Tidal power development and climate change posed risks to ESA-listed species, and risk increased with incorporation of the effects of these stressors on predators and prey of ESA-listed species. In contrast, results of a model of strikes on ESA-listed species from turbine blades suggested that few ESA-listed species are likely to be killed by a commercial-scale tidal turbine array. We applied scenarios to a food web model of Puget Sound to explore the effects of tidal power and climate change on ESA-listed species using more quantitative analytical techniques. To simulate development of tidal power, we applied results of the blade strike model. To simulate environmental changes over the next 50 years, we applied scenarios of change in primary production, plankton community structure, dissolved oxygen, ocean acidification, and freshwater flooding events. No effects of tidal power development on ESA-listed species were detected from the food web model output, but the effects of climate change on them and other members of the food web were large. Our analyses exemplify how natural resource managers might assess environmental effects of marine technologies in ways that explicitly incorporate climate change and consider multiple ESA-listed species in the context of their ecological community.","author":["Busch, S.","Greene, C.","Good, T."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.887849000000","-122.451090000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5406","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimation-tidal-power-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148112005988","title":"Estimation of Tidal Power Potential","description":"Several approaches can be used for estimating tidal power potential. From a theoretical point of view, others have shown that the problem can be reduced to a single or multiple boundary problem with simple geometry where each case has a well-defined maximum power potential. From a practical point of view, the potential can be approximated from the ambient flow. Questions naturally arise whether the theoretical approach can be applied to a typical field-scale problem, and whether the practical approach has any validity. In order to provide more insight into these questions, form drag representing tidal turbines has been introduced into a numerical flow model. This is an unstructured grid model with an implicit treatment of wetting and drying that has been shown to be robust, accurate, and efficient for highly irregular coastal ocean environments and is well suited for this problem. The field site that has been examined is Minas Passage in the Bay of Fundy which provides an interesting practical perspective for this problem. In the end, only a fraction of the theoretical maximum power potential can be realized in practice because of physical constraints on the maximum form drag for tidal turbines.","author":["Walters, R.","Hiles, C.","Tarbotton, M."],"organization":["Cascadia Coast Research","Triton Environmental Consultants Ltd"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5407","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimation-risks-collision-or-strike-freshwater-aquatic-organisms-resulting-operation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc846819\/m1\/1\/","title":"Estimation of the Risks of Collision or Strike to Freshwater Aquatic Organisms Resulting from Operation of Instream Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Waterpower Program to evaluate strike potential and consequences for Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies in rivers and estuaries of the United States. We will use both predictive models and laboratory\/field experiments to evaluate the likelihood and consequences of strike at HK projects in rivers. Efforts undertaken at ORNL address three objectives:\u00a0\n\nAssess strike risk for marine and freshwater organisms;\nDevelop experimental procedures to assess the risk and consequences of strike; and\nConduct strike studies in experimental flumes and field installations of hydrokinetic devices.\n\nDuring the first year of the study ORNL collected information from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) MHK database about geographical distribution of proposed hydrokinetic projects (what rivers or other types of systems), HK turbine design (horizontal axis, vertical axis, other), description of proposed axial turbine (number of blades, size of blades, rotation rate, mitigation measures), and number of units per project. Where site specific information was available, we compared the location of proposed projects\u2019 rotors within the channel (e.g., along cutting edge bank, middle of thalweg, near bottom or in midwater) to the general locations of fish in the river (shoreline, bottom\/midwater\/surface of channel) to ascertain potential interactions. In addition, we are collaborating and communicating with scientists at other national laboratories and industry who are also developing information useful to this task. For example, other studies being funded by DOE include evaluations of different in-current (hydrokinetic) turbine designs for their effects on rates and severity of blade strike and likelihood of cavitation.","author":["Schweizer, P.","Cada, G.","Bevelhimer, M."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.931265000000","-84.310563000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision","Avoidance","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORNL_TM-2011-113.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5408","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/us-national-ocean-services-estuarine-bathymetry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ngdc.noaa.gov\/mgg\/bathymetry\/estuarine\/index.html","title":"US National Ocean Service\u0027s Estuarine Bathymetry","description":"Estuarine bathymetry is an interpolated data set representing the most up-to-date depth sounding information available at the time of publication. Data can be used either as a background layer or as a 3-D surface for draping thematic maps such as benthic habitats, marine organism habitats, or geologic data. This information supplies the integral component of models that are necessary to understand or predict movement of oil and hazardous materials, distributions of temperature and salinity, migration of animals, and modeling of storm surge and tsunami effects. Seventy of the approximately 130 estuaries within the conterminous U.S. are available, representing some of the nation\u0027s most important estuaries. (The estuaries that are not included were those that had less than 80 percent coverage of the digital sounding data needed to support detailed bathymetric processing.)","author":["NOAA\u0027s National Ocean Service Special Projects"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"1998-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.168366000000","-75.630619000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5409","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/european-marine-energy-centre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/","title":"European Marine Energy Centre","description":"Established in 2003, The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Ltd is the first and only centre of its kind in the world to provide developers of both wave and tidal energy converters \u2013 technologies that generate electricity by harnessing the power of waves and tidal streams \u2013 with purpose-built, accredited testing facilities.  Orkney is an ideal base for us with its excellent oceanic wave regime, strong tidal currents, grid connection, sheltered harbour facilities and the renewable, maritime and environmental expertise that exists within the local community.  With 14 full-scale test berths, there have been more grid-connected marine energy converters deployed at EMEC than any other single site in the world, with developers attracted from around the globe. These developers use the facilities to prove what is achievable in some of the harshest marine environments, while in close proximity to sheltered waters and harbours.  We also operate two nursery test sites where smaller scale devices, or those at an earlier stage in their development, can gain real sea experience in less challenging conditions than those experienced at the full-scale wave and tidal test sites.  Beyond device testing, we provide independently-verified performance assessments, a wide range of consultancy and research services, and are working closely with Marine Scotland to streamline the consenting process.  We are at the forefront in the development of international standards having coordinated the development of a suite of 12 industry guidelines, six of which are being progressed for global adoption as the first international standards for marine energy.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963030000000","-3.301597000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5410","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/european-marine-energy-centre-emec-decommissioning-programme","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/consultation-mocean-energy-decommissioning-programme\/","title":"European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Decommissioning Programme","description":"Atlantis proposes to install one 1,000kW tidal energy conversion device, the AK-1000\u2122, at the Fall of Warness tidal energy test site at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) off the coastline at Eday, Orkney, Scotland. This document outlines a decommissioning plan for the AK-1000\u2122 tidal turbine at EMEC\u0027s tidal test site at the Fall of Warness, Orkney. This document is submitted for approval in accordance with the Energy Act 2004.  The AK-1000\u2122 compromises one major component with two support structures:    The turbine nacelle, housing all of the electro-mechanical systems including the blades, generator, gearbox, brake and the stab system designed to connect the turbine to the top of the support pylon;  The Gravity Base Structure (GBS) that secures the turbine to the seabed;  Support pylon that connects the turbine to the GBS.   Environmental impacts associated with the decommissioning of this device have been addressed by the supporting environmental documentation to be submitted as part of the license applications under the Food and Environment Projection Action 1985 (Part II) (As Amended) (FEPA), Coast Protection Act 1949 (CPA) and European protected Species (EPS; likely). Consultation responses arising from assessment of the Environmental Scoping have been reviewed and integrated into this decommissioning plan.  The proposed decommissioning procedure is described in detail in this document and is summarized as follows:    Mobilize installation vessel.  Disconnection of EMEC subsea cable from turbine at junction box.  Install cable guidance system for the raising of the nacelle.  Remove the nacelle from the GBS pylon.  Detach the cable guidance systems via ROV.  Remove the ballast blocks from the GBS frame.  Remove the GBS frame from the seabed.  Demobilize installation vessels.  Turbine removal complete.  ROV survey.  Decommissioning complete.   The decommissioning of the AK-1000\u2122 is expected to take place between May and August 2015. Because no piling work was done during installation, the removal of the GBS (including the pylon) completes the decommissioning of the turbine.","author":["Low, D."],"organization":["SAE Renewables","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2012-07-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-03 11:49:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Atlantis_Resources_Corporation_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5411","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-acoustic-technologies-monitor-aquatic-organisms-renewable-energy-sites-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nopp.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/project-reports-cdrom\/reports\/12Horne.pdf","title":"Evaluating Acoustic Technologies to Monitor Aquatic Organisms at Renewable Energy Sites","description":"The long-term goal of this program is to quantify and evaluate the ability of three active acoustic technologies (echosounder, multibeam sonar, and acoustic camera) to characterize and monitor animal densities and distributions at a proposed hydrokinetic site. Data from stationary, bottom-mounted acoustic packages will be compared to that from a mobile, surface survey. Results from this study will inform the choice, deployment, and data analyses of acoustic instrumentation use at marine hydrokinetic (MHK) sites.\n\nObjectives\nResearch objectives include evaluation of acoustic technologies through monitoring and characterization of animal densities and distributions at a proposed marine hydrokinetic site in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA. More specifically, to describe spatio-temporal distributions of macro-invertebrate, fish, seabird, and marine mammal populations at the study site through a combination of efforts including: collecting temporally-indexed data from an upward-looking echosounder, multibeam sonar, and an acoustic camera, mobile active acoustic surveys, seabird\/marine mammal counts, and midwater trawling surveys. Stationary instrument data will be compared to mobile acoustic survey data to evaluate technologies and to inform data acquisition at proposed or active marine hydrokinetic sites.","author":["Horne, J.","Parker-Stetter, S.","Fresh, K.","Hanson, M.","Polagye, B.","Thomson, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.947501000000","-122.596286000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Horne_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5412","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-statistical-power-detecting-changes-abundance-seabirds-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2012.01272.x\/abstract","title":"Evaluating the Statistical Power of Detecting Changes in the Abundance of Seabirds at Sea","description":"There has been considerable recent concern about the plight of seabirds globally, as many species have declined substantially. In the UK there are statutory needs to monitor seabirds at sea, particularly in light of new offshore areas being designated for conservation and plans for major offshore wind farm developments. However, the extent to which at-sea surveys are capable of detecting changes in abundance and options for improving survey protocols have received little attention. We investigate the power of detecting changes in numbers using at-sea surveys. Using data collected as part of a visual aerial seabird survey programme that covered areas of \u2018Round 2\u2019 offshore wind farm developments in UK waters, we quantify the variability and characterize the statistical properties of count data. By generating random datasets with the same properties as real data, we estimated the power of being able to detect various declines (50, 33, 25, 15 and 10%) and assessed the effects of survey duration and frequency and of spatial scale and variability in bird numbers. The results indicate that the survey design protocols used for the UK \u2018Round 2\u2019 offshore wind farm visual aerial seabird survey programme do not provide adequate means of detecting changes in numbers, even when declines are in excess of 50% and assumptions regarding certainty are relaxed to \u0026lt; 80%. Extending the duration, frequency and spatial extent of surveys would increase the probability of detecting changes, but not to a desirable level (e.g. \u0026gt; 0.8). The primary reason why there is a low probability of being able to detect consistent directional changes is that seabird numbers fluctuate greatly at any given location. Means of explaining this fine-scale variability are required, especially if small changes in populations are to be detected. Incorporating hydrodynamic variables into trend analysis might increase the power of detecting changes. Failure to detect changes in seabird numbers should not be taken to mean that no changes are occurring.","author":["Maclean, I.","Rehfisch, M.","Skov, H.","Thaxter, C."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.452902000000","-1.379173000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5413","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-blade-strike-models-estimating-biological-performance-large-kaplan-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-15370.pdf","title":"Evaluation of Blade-Strike Models for Estimating the Biological Performance of Large Kaplan Turbines","description":"Bio-indexing of hydro turbines has been identified as an important means to optimize passage conditions for fish by identifying operations for existing and new design turbines that minimize the probability of injury. Cost-effective implementation of bio-indexing requires the use of tools such as numerical and physical turbine models to generate hypotheses for turbine operations that can be tested at prototype scales using live fish. Blade strike has been proposed as an index variable for the biological performance of turbines. Here we report on an evaluation of the use of numerical blade-strike models as a means with which to predict the probability of blade strike and injury of juvenile salmon smolt passing through large Kaplan turbines on the mainstem Columbia River.  Numerical blade-strike models were developed for a 1:25-scale physical turbine model built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the original design turbine at McNary Dam and for prototype-scale original design and replacement minimum gap runner (MGR) design turbines at Bonneville Dam\u2019s first powerhouse. The numerical blade-strike models were run in both deterministic and stochastic modes. Predictions of blade strike and injury probability made with the models were then compared to data available for the McNary 1:25-scale physical turbine model and the Bonneville Dam prototype-scale original and MGR turbine runner units.  Based on the comparisons of numerical blade-strike model predictions with 1) observations from both physical turbine models using beads and 2) prototype-scale live fish tests of turbine biological performance, we recommend the stochastic blade-strike models as the preferred method for prediction of blade-strike probability. This recommendation follows from much better agreement between numerical model and physical model predictions of blade-strike probability and prototype-scale observations of live fish mortality and injury assigned to blade strike. Our analysis clearly shows that consideration of the aspect that smaller fish present to the leading edges of turbine runner blades is a significant factor in assessment of blade strike.  Blade-strike probability predicted by the numerical blade-strike stochastic model agreed with the overall trends in blade-strike probability observed in both physical model predictions and prototype-scale live fish observations. However, the numerical model did not show the variability between operating conditions present in physical model bead strike data or in the trend in differences in fish injury and mortality estimates between Bonneville Dam original and MGR design runners. We conclude that blade-strike models, as implemented for juvenile salmon smolts, provide a good overview of the general blade-strike probabilities for prototype-scale turbines but lack the capability to contribute significantly to development of testable bio-indexing hypotheses. The requirements for numerical models that will prove useful for turbine bio-indexing are more rigorous than those provided by the simple blade-strike modeling done to date. The reason is that small differences in turbine biological performance, on the order of 1% or so in strike probability, are significant improvements or degradations in turbine biological performance because they may represent improvements or degradations of 25% to 50% due to the relative small percentage in strike probability or other turbine-blade-related injury. Numerical modeling, if it is to contribute to development of testable bio-indexing hypotheses, will likely need to move toward computational fluid dynamics models of moving machinery that may have a better chance of detecting and quantifying the differences critical to improved biological performance of operating hydro turbines.","author":["Deng, Z.","Carlson, T.","Ploskey, G.","Richmond, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2005-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.934875000000","-119.297871000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Deng-et-al-2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5414","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-fish-injury-mechanisms-during-exposure-high-velocity-jet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/doewater-11072.pdf","title":"Evaluation of Fish-Injury Mechanisms During Exposure to a High-Velocity Jet","description":"As part of the research supported by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Hydropower Turbine System (AHTS) Program, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) conducted a study where age-0 and age-1 chinook salmon, as well as several other types of fish, were released into a submerged water jet to quantify injuries caused by shear stresses and turbulence (Neitzel et al. 2000). The fish releases were videotaped. These videotape records were digitized and analyzed using new methods to identify the injury mechanisms and the stresses involved. Visible external injuries sustained by fish in this study generally occurred during the initial contact with the jet and not during the tumbling that occurred after the fish fully entered the turbulent flow. The inertial stresses of tumbling, however, may cause temporary or even permanent vestibular and neurological injuries. Such injuries can result in disorientation and loss of equilibrium, which are life threatening in the \u201cnatural\u201d environment. Operculum injuries predominated at moderate water jet speeds (12 and 15 m\u00b7s-1). At the highest speed, eye, operculum, isthmus, and gill injuries were equally common, and disorientation was most common. Bruising and descaling were relatively rare, especially for age-0 fish. Age-0 fish were less susceptible than the larger age-1 fish to all visible injury types, especially at lower speeds. This is presumably because age-0 fish have less mass and inertia, and therefore sustain smaller forces on exposed organs during acceleration. Alternatively, age-0 fish were substantially more susceptible to behavioral impairments such as disorientation. This may also relate to the smaller mass of the age-0 fish. The less massive age-0 fish sustain larger accelerations and jerks, which may be important sources of the internal injuries to the vestibular and neurological systems. All the dynamic parameters computed from the bulk motion of the fish (velocity, jerk, and force) were positively correlated with injury level, based on the results of this study. Multinomial response model results further suggested that force is most predictive of injury.","author":["Guensch, G.","Mueller, R.","Dauble, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2002-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guensch_et_al_2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5415","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-fish-injury-mortality-associated-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"","title":"Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Considerable efforts have been underway to develop hydrokinetic energy resources in tidal and riverine environments throughout North America. Potential for fish to be injured or killed if they encounter hydrokinetic turbines is an issue of significant interest to resource and regulatory agencies. To address this issue, flume studies were conducted that exposed fish to two hydrokinetic turbine designs to determine injury and survival rates and to assess behavioral reactions and avoidance. Also, a theoretical model developed for predicting strike probability and mortality of fish passing through conventional hydro turbines was adapted for use with hydrokinetic turbines and applied to the two designs evaluated during flume studies. The flume tests were conducted with the Lucid spherical turbine (LST), a Darrieus-type (cross flow) turbine, and the Welka UPG, an axial flow propeller turbine. Survival and injury for selected species and size groups were estimated for each turbine operating at two approach velocities by releasing treatment fish directly upstream and control fish downstream of the operating units. Behavioral observations were recorded with underwater video cameras during survival tests and during separate trials where fish were released farther upstream to allow them greater opportunity to avoid passage through the blade sweep of each turbine. Survival rates for rainbow trout tested with the LST were greater than 98% for both size groups and approach velocities evaluated.\n\nTurbine passage survival rates for rainbow trout and largemouth bass tested with the Welka UPG were greater than 99% for both size groups and velocities evaluated. Injury rates of turbine-exposed fish were low for tests with both turbines and generally comparable to control fish. When adjusted for control data, descaling rates were also low (0.0 to 4.5%). Video observations of the LST demonstrated active avoidance of turbine passage by a large proportion fish despite being released about 25 cm upstream of the turbine blade sweep. Video observations from behavior trials indicated few if any fish pass through the turbines when released farther upstream. The theoretical predictions for the LST indicated that strike mortality would begin to occur at an ambient current velocity of about 1.7 m\/s for fish with lengths greater than the thickness of the leading edge of the blades. As current velocities increase above 1.7 m\/s, survival was predicted to decrease for fish passing through the LST, but generally remained high (greater than 90%) for fish less than 200 mm in length.\n\nStrike mortality was not predicted to occur during passage through a Welka UPG turbine at ambient current velocities less than about 2.5 m\/s. This research effort has resulted in a better understanding of the interactions between fish and hydrokinetic turbines for two general design types (vertical cross-flow and ducted axial flow). However, because the results generally are applicable to the presence of a single turbine, more analysis is needed to assess the potential for multiple units to lead to greater mortality rates or impacts on fish movements and migrations. Additionally, future research should focus on expanding the existing data by developing better estimates of encounter and avoidance probabilities.","author":["Amaral, S.","Perkins, N.","Giza, D.","McMahon, B."],"organization":["Alden Research Laboratory","Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Evaluation_of_Fish_Injury_and_Mortality_Associated_with_Hydrokinetic_Turbines.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5416","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-small-axial-flow-hydrokinetic-turbines-remote-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0973082610000128","title":"Evaluation of Small Axial Flow Hydrokinetic Turbines for Remote Communities","description":"This paper reviews works involving small axial flow hydrokinetic turbines specifically for generating electrical power for off-grid remote communities and suggests improvements to overcome a major problem. Turbines mounted on pontoons or suspended using pivot arms from river banks or from jetties are reported able to produce about 1 kW to 2 kW of electrical power suitable for remote homes. However several deployments have experienced major problems with debris attaching to the turbines, resulting in interrupted operation. Excessive work in removing debris and furling result in frequent power cuts, a disadvantage in systems supplying AC power on demand, and this problem impedes the acceptance of hydrokinetic turbines in remote community electrification. Some methods of dealing with the debris problem have been suggested but these all involve interrupted operation. A system using a rotor with swept-back blades is suggested, where debris is shed automatically without lifting the turbine out of water. A deflecting device could also be used to push floating logs away from the swept area. By making the system resistant to debris, efficient axial flow turbines could be used practically in tropical rivers. Accessibility to power enables the use of basic home appliances and to encourage small village industries which can help to improve their socio-economic standard.","author":["Anyi, M.","Kirke, B."],"organization":["University of South Australia"],"originationDate":"2010-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5417","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-effects-turbulence-behaviour-migratory-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc742765\/m2\/1\/high_res_d\/799292.pdf","title":"Evaluation of the Effects of Turbulence on the Behaviour of Migratory Fish","description":"The fundamental influence of fluid dynamics on aquatic organisms is receiving increasing attention among aquatic ecologists. For example, the importance of turbulence to ocean plankton has long been a subject of investigation (Peters and Redondo 1997). More recently, studies have begun to emerge that explicitly consider the effects of shear and turbulence on freshwater invertebrates (Statzner et al. 1988; Hart et al. 1996) and fishes (Pavlov et al. 1994, 1995).\n\nHydraulic shear stress and turbulence are interdependent natural hydraulic phenomena that are important to fish, and consequently it is important to develop an understanding of how fish sense, react to, and perhaps utilize these phenomena under normal river flows. The appropriate reaction to turbulence may promote movement of migratory fish (Coutant 1998) or prevent displacement of resident fish. It has been suggested that one of the adverse effects of flow regulation by hydroelectric projects is the reduction of normal turbulence, particularly in the headwaters of reservoirs, which can lead to disorientation and slowing of migration (Williams et al. 1996; Coutant et al. 1997; Coutant 1998). On the other hand, greatly elevated levels of shear and turbulence may be injurious to fish; injuries can range from removal of the mucous layer on the body surface to descaling to torn opercula, popped eyes, and decapitation (Neitzel et al. 2000a,b). Damaging levels of fluid stress, such turbulence, can occur in a variety of circumstances in both natural and man-made environments.\n\nThis report discusses the effects of shear stress and turbulence on fish, with an emphasis on potentially damaging levels in man-made environments. It defines these phenomena, describes studies that have been conducted to understand their effects, and identifies gaps in our knowledge. In particular, this report reviews the available information on the levels of turbulence that can occur within hydroelectric power plants, and the associated biological effects. Furthermore, this report describes an experimental apparatus designed to test the effect of turbulence on fish, and defines its hydraulics. It gives the results of experiments in which three different fish species were exposed to representative levels of turbulence in the laboratory.","author":["Odeh, M.","Noreika, J.","Haro, A.","Maynard, A.","Castro-Santos, T.","Cada, G."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Geological Survey (USGS)","Bonneville Power Administration","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2002-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Odeh-et-al-2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5418","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-infanticide-bottlenose-dolphins-explanation-violent-interactions-harbour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/265\/1402\/1167","title":"Evidence for Infanticide in Bottlenose Dolphins: An Explanation for Violent Interactions with Harbour Porpoises?","description":"Most harbour porpoises found dead on the north-east coast of Scotland show signs of attack by sympatric bottlenose dolphins, but the reason(s) for these violent interactions remain(s) unclear. Post-mortem examinations of stranded bottlenose dolphins indicate that five out of eight young calves from this same area were also killed by bottlenose dolphins. These data, together with direct observations of an aggressive interaction between an adult bottlenose dolphin and a dead bottlenose dolphin calf, provide strong evidence for infanticide in this population. The similarity in the size range of harbour porpoises and dolphin calves that showed signs of attack by bottlenose dolphins suggests that previously reported interspecific interactions could be related to this infanticidal behaviour. These findings appear to provide the first evidence of infanticide in cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). We suggest that infanticide must be considered as a factor shaping sociality in this and other species of cetaceans, and may have serious consequences for the viability of small populations.","author":["Patterson, I.","Reid, R.","Wilson, B.","Grellier, K.","Ross, H.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"1998-07-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.237377000000","-1.771723000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5421","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impacts-wave-energy-oregon-existing-environmental-character-trends","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/5t34sk17b","title":"Cumulative Impacts of Wave Energy In Oregon: Existing Environmental Character, Trends, and Pressures","description":"The fundamental aim of the Oregon Wave Energy Trust\u2019s (OWET\u2019s) cumulative effects framework is to provide an enduring set of information, presented in an effective way to inform substantial decisions about the future and ongoing management of wave energy developments in the context of the existing and future situation. At the core of the framework is an electronic tool which enables people to establish possible future scenarios on the basis of judgments about the type and intensity of impacts that may arise. Underpinning this core function are sets of data about the environmental sensitivities, technical factors, and activities that are and could take place in Oregon.  The data sets used in the current framework represent data sets that were freely available at the time this framework was developed. Ultimately, the data sets within the framework would represent all available information of interest to the user. This report collates supporting information on a comprehensive list of environmental sensitivities relevant to potential users of the framework.  This report discusses the status and trends in various physical, biological, social and economic factors that may be sensitive to the development of wave energy (sensitivities). It also addresses technical factors which would not be impacted directly or indirectly by wave energy projects, but which could impinge upon the prospects for their successful operation. In addition, the report describes the status and trends and associated pressures of those activities that are currently impacting that environment, such as fishing, shipping, recreation, and conservation. In the analysis of cumulative effects, these existing activities provide a baseline upon which the potential impacts and benefits of wave energy development are superimposed to provide a complete understanding of what development scenarios will mean for the natural and human communities along the Coast.  The data that are currently available for the framework are not yet complete; there are some areas where primary data still need to be gathered. There are other areas where the current status can be described but there is no knowledge about trends. There are still other areas where some understanding about status and trends may exist, based upon localized study, but as yet there are no available data sets relating to the particular parameter. Table 1.1 below lists the technical factors and environmental sensitivities potentially influencing \/ influenced by the development of wave energy and indicates the level of information obtained for this phase. Environmental factors for which no information has been gathered in this phase are not included in this current report.  This document should be seen a living document. As new and improved information becomes available and known then it can be added to this catalog. The importance of creating an overall structure for this document now is that the electronic framework tool draws upon the content of this report to provide background for the data sets it presents. Establishing a fixed architecture at this stage means that any updates can be incorporated into the RADMAPP framework tool with minimal work. However, if with experience it is found that additional or different information needs to be presented, this can still be achieved.  The structure of the report follows that covered elsewhere in this project. Environmental sensitivities are broken down into 5 distinct areas:    Physical  Ecological  Conservation  Social  Economic","author":["Aquatera","Parametrix"],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2010-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.747548000000","-124.681506000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cumulative-Impacts-of-WE-i-OR-Apr-10-Character-Trends-Pressures-FINAL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5423","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exposure-seismic-survey-alters-blue-whale-acoustic-communication","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/early\/2009\/09\/17\/rsbl.2009.0651","title":"Exposure to Seismic Survey Alters Blue Whale Acoustic Communication","description":"The ability to perceive biologically important sounds is critical to marine mammals, and acoustic disturbance through human-generated noise can interfere with their natural functions. Sounds from seismic surveys are intense and have peak frequency bands overlapping those used by baleen whales, but evidence of interference with baleen whale acoustic communication is sparse. Here we investigated whether blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) changed their vocal behaviour during a seismic survey that deployed a low-medium power technology (sparker). We found that blue whales called consistently more on seismic exploration days than on non-exploration days as well as during periods within a seismic survey day when the sparker was operating. This increase was observed for the discrete, audible calls that are emitted during social encounters and feeding. This response presumably represents a compensatory behaviour to the elevated ambient noise from seismic survey operations.","author":["Di Iorio, L.","Clark, C."],"organization":["Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology"],"originationDate":"2010-02-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.500000000000","-69.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/diiorioetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5425","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/force-environmental-effects-monitoring-report-september-2009-january-2011","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection?tag=%5B%22Monitoring%22%5D","title":"FORCE Environmental Effects Monitoring Report September 2009 to January 2011","description":"The Environmental Effects Monitoring Program (EEMP) was started in September 2009 prior to the deployment of the turbine and has been operating since then.  Our environmental monitoring program is reviewed by an independent Environmental Monitoring Advisory Committee (EMAC), which made recommendations to FORCE on the monitoring program. These recommendations were put in place by FORCE.  This report fulfills reporting requirements for environmental monitoring under the Fisheries Act Authorization (Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO)) and the provincial Environmental Assessment (EA).","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.405659000000","-64.325887000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_Effects_Monitoring_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5428","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-offshore-oil-platform-distribution-abundance-commercially-important-crab","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v185\/p47-57\/","title":"Effects of an Offshore Oil Platform on the Distribution and Abundance of Commercially Important Crab Species","description":"The distribution, abundance, and population characteristics of large, highly mobile crab species (Cancer antennarius, C. anthonyi, C. productus, Loxorhynchus grandis) differed in relation to an offshore oil platform in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, USA. Only C. antennarius individuals recruited onto the platform, primarily into the attached community of Mytilus galloprovincialis and M. californianus at depths of \u0026lt;02 to 15 m. The higher CPUE (catch per unit effort) of C. antennarius beneath the platform, compared with nearby soft bottom stations, suggested that this species remained primarily in the vicinity of the platform. Although C. anthonyi did not recruit at the platform, adult female C. anthonyi were attracted to the platform from surrounding habitat. The higher CPUE of female C. anthonyi beneath the platform, compared with soft bottom stations, suggested that habitat selection is related to reproduction in this species. C. productus and Loxorhynchus grandis were present in low numbers at all benthic stations. The distribution and abundance of these crab species fit into 3 of 4 hypothesized scenarios that described different combinations of recruitment, distribution and abundance of mobile species around oil platforms: (1) \u0027recruitment\/emigration\u0027, a platform provides recruitment habitat and individuals that recruit to the platform emigrate at some point to the surrounding environment, (2) \u0027recruitment\/resident\u0027, a platform provides recruitment habitat, but individuals remain in the vicinity of the structure (C. antennarius), (3) \u0027attraction\u0027, individuals that recruited elsewhere are attracted to and aggregate at a platform (C. anthonyi), and (4) \u0027visitor\u0027, individuals that recruited elsewhere occur temporarily at the platform without aggregation (C. productus, L. grandis). Our results, in the context of these scenarios, illustrate the need to consider the responses of individual species to artificial structures.","author":["Page, H.","Dugan, J.","Dugan, D.","Richards, J.","Hubbard, D."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)"],"originationDate":"1999-08-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.241167000000","-119.869409000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Page_et_al_1999.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5429","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-high-relief-structures-cold-temperate-fish-assemblages-field-experiment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17451000600684359","title":"Effects of High-Relief Structures on Cold Temperate Fish Assemblages: A field Experiment","description":"High-relief structures may influence the abundance and diversity of reef-associated fish. We conducted a field experiment to investigate whether the presence of vertical structures (PVC pipes) affects fish communities on artificial reefs. The effect of the height of the structures (1 and 3\u2009m) was also tested. Furthermore, the effects on fish of placing artificial reefs on otherwise featureless bottoms were quantified. Algal and macro-invertebrate colonization of the reefs was also recorded. The experiment was carried out on the west coast of Sweden over a period of 1 year. The vertical structures had a positive effect on fish abundance but not on diversity. The height of the structures did not, however, influence the fish communities. Natural as well as urban vertical structures on the seafloor could have a positive effect on local fish abundance. The positive effects of artificial reefs on total fish abundance and diversity were immediate. Of the 10 species recorded, two, the black goby Gobius niger and the goldsinny wrasse Ctenolabrus rupestris, dominated over the whole survey period. There were significant temporal differences in fish abundance, and diversity increased with time.","author":["Wilhelmsson, D.","Yahya, S.","\u00d6hman, M."],"organization":["Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2006-08-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.481259000000","11.265028000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5431","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-seismic-shooting-catch-catch-availability-cod-haddock","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/235553916_Effects_of_seismic_shooting_on_local_abundance_and_catch_rates_of_cod_Gadus_morhua_and_haddock_Melanogrammus_aeglefinus","title":"Effects of Seismic Shooting on Catch and Catch-Availability of Cod and Haddock","description":"In May 1992 an experiment was carried out on North Cape Bank in the Barents Sea in order to answer the following questions:    Does seismic shooting with air guns affect catch and catch-availability of cod and haddock?  How far away from the seismic shooting area can possible effects be demonstrated?  How long after the conclusion of seismic shooting can possible effects be demonstrated?   This was done by means of fishing trials with trawl and longline and acoustic rnapping of the fish distribution before, during and after the seismic shooting.  The fishing trials were conducted with a trawler and with an autoline vessel within an area of 40 x 40 nautical miles before (7 days), during (5 days) and after (5 days) seismic shooting. Both vessels used commercial fishing gear. In total, 62, 67 and 60 trawl hauls were made respectively before, during and after the seismic shooting. The trawl hauls were distributed over four distances from the seismic shooting area: 1) within the shooting area, 2) 1-3 nautical miles from the shooting area, 3) 7-9 nautical miles from the shooting area, and 4) 16-18 nautical miles from the shooting area. Longline fleets were placed at four comsponding positions in relation to the shooting area. In total 56, 40 and 35 longline fleets were hauled respectively before, during and after the seismic shooting.  Within the same area and time period, the fish distribution was mapped and abundance estimated by another trawler. The acoustic mapping was executed by crisscrossing. the shooting area along transects out to 20 nautical miles. In addition, detailed mapping within the shooting area was carried out before and during the seismic shooting. Sarnples of the acoustically registered fish were taken with a standard sampling trawl.  The seismic air-gun shooting (5 days) was performed within an area of 3 x 10 nautical des in the center of the area where the fishing trials were performed. The rigging of the air-gun array and the practical execution of the shooting was performed in accordance with the same guidelines that are followed in an ordinary three-dimensional survey for the oil industry. The acoustic mapping and catchhg trials with trawl and longhe on North Cape Bank show that the seismic shooting with air guns affects the fish distribution and catch rates for cod and haddock, not only locally within the area where the shooting is carried out, but also in significant surrounding areas.  The catches by trawl and longline consisted principally of cod and haddock, with cod as the dominant species. The trawl catch rates both for cod and haddock declined over the entire investigation area, even to the border, 18 nautical miles from the shooting area. On average for the whole area, the catch rate was halved when the shooting began. The reduction was greatest in the center, that is, in the seismic shooting area. Here the average catch for both species was reduced by about 70% during the shooting. The reduction in the trawl catches generally agreed with the acoustic observations, which showed a reduction of about 45% in the total quantity of cod and haddock within the investigation area. The reduction in acoustic quantity was also greatest in the central area.  The reduction in catch rates of cod by longline were lower than by trawl. The decrease was 44% in the seismic shooting area, with a gradually declining infiuence on the catches toward the border of the investigation area. For the longline fleets set furthest away from the shooting area (16-18 nautical miles), no decline in catch rates for cod-was observed. For haddock the weight reduction per longline haul was about 50% over the entire investigation area.  In both the trawl and longline catches and in the acoustic abundance estimates a relatively greater reduction was found in large (\u0026gt;60 cm) than in small (\u0026lt;60 cm) fish. However, the number of small fish was reduced with a single exception: the quantity of small cod increased in the longline catches during the shooting.  Neither the acoustic mapping nor the trawl trials showed that the quantity of cod and haddock increased during the five days after the end of the seisrnic shooting. A change in the length distribution of fish by trawling toward the condition before shooting was observed. Longlining showed an increase in cod catches at the end of the trial period, but not in haddock catches.","author":["Engas, A.","Lokkeborg, S.","Ona, E.","Soldal, A."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"1993-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["72.328441000000","26.006534000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Engas_et_al_1993_-_seismic_x_catch_of_haddock_and_cod.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5436","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-freshwater-organisms-magnetic-fields-associated-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/info.ornl.gov\/sites\/publications\/files\/Pub31337.pdf","title":"Effects on Freshwater Organisms of Magnetic Fields Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"Underwater cables will be used to transmit electricity between turbines in an array (interturbine cables), between the array and a submerged step-up transformer (if part of the design), and from the transformer or array to shore. All types of electrical transmitting cables (as well as the generator itself) will emit EMF into the surrounding water. The electric current will induce magnetic fields in the immediate vicinity, which may affect the behavior or viability of animals. Because direct electrical field emissions can be prevented by shielding and armoring, we focused our studies on the magnetic fields that are unavoidably induced by electric current moving through a generator or transmission cable. These initial experiments were carried out to evaluate whether a static magnetic field, such as would be produced by a direct current (DC) transmitting cable, would affect the behavior of common freshwater fish and invertebrates.","author":["Cada, G.","Bevelhimer, M.","Riemer, K.","Turner, J."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Effects_on_Freshwater_Organisms_of_EMF.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5437","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/efforts-reduce-mortality-hydroelectric-turbine-passed-fish-locating-quantifying","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00267-005-0061-1","title":"Efforts to Reduce Mortality to Hydroelectric Turbine-Passed Fish: Locating and Quantifying Damaging Shear Stresses","description":"Severe fluid forces are believed to be a source of injury and mortality to fish that pass through hydroelectric turbines. A process is described by which laboratory bioassays, computational fluid dynamics models, and field studies can be integrated to evaluate the significance of fluid shear stresses that occur in a turbine. Areas containing potentially lethal shear stresses were identified near the stay vanes and wicket gates, runner, and in the draft tube of a large Kaplan turbine. However, under typical operating conditions, computational models estimated that these dangerous areas comprise less than 2% of the flow path through the modeled turbine. The predicted volumes of the damaging shear stress zones did not correlate well with observed fish mortality at a field installation of this turbine, which ranged from less than 1% to nearly 12%. Possible reasons for the poor correlation are discussed. Computational modeling is necessary to develop an understanding of the role of particular fish injury mechanisms, to compare their effects with those of other sources of injury, and to minimize the trial and error previously needed to mitigate those effects. The process we describe is being used to modify the design of hydroelectric turbines to improve fish passage survival.","author":["Cada, G.","Loar, J.","Garrison, L.","Fisher, R.","Neitzel, D."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","York College of Pennsylvania","Voith Hydro"],"originationDate":"2006-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5438","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electromagnetic-field-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/22435","title":"Electromagnetic Field Study","description":"This study developed and demonstrated affordable, reliable, and repeatable electromagnetic (EM) measurements in the near-shore environment. The study was conducted in several stages, with a technical report provided at each stage to document and describe the findings. The executive summary provides a synopsis of each technical report. Report topics include a brief biological survey of EMF sensitivity levels in marine species, an analysis and estimation of existing, naturally occurring EM fields in the coastal environment, descriptions of predictive models for export cables and WEC devices, a technical survey of existing EM measurement and assessment tools, methods, and techniques, and the results of a marine survey conducted using a prototype EM instrument.\n\nResults of this study and the use of the prototype instrument will be used to assess and better understand the existing EM environment and measure fields in the presence of near-shore power generation equipment and export cable facilities.","author":["Slater, M.","Schultz, A.","Jones, R.","Fischer, C."],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.700713000000","-124.648547000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Electromagnetic_Field_Study_Executive_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5442","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-mississippi-river-lock-dam-no-2-hydroelectric-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Assessment for Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 2 Hydroelectric Project","description":"The Mississippi Lock and Dam No. 2 Hydroelectric Project is located at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers\u2019 (USACE) Lock and Dam No. 2 on the Mississippi River in Hastings, Minnesota, approximately 15 miles downstream of St. Paul. The existing project consists of (1) a powerhouse containing two generating units rated at 2,200 kW each; (2) transmission facilities consisting of (a) 6.6-kV generator leads; (b) two 3-phase, step-up transformers; (c) a 1,000-foot-long transmission line; and (3) appurtenant facilities.  The City of Hastings (City) proposes to install two hydrokinetic turbines rated at 35 kW each, suspended below a floating barge, in the tailrace of the existing project. The floating barge or platform, which would measure 65 feet wide by 50 feet long, would be tethered to the existing dam structure and anchored for stability.  Hydrokinetic turbine technology is new, and few, if any, studies of the effects of hydrokinetic turbine operation in any large river are yet available. Recent workshops (e.g., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2006), white papers (e.g., EPRI, Inc., 2006), and publications (e.g., Cada et al., 2007) have identified a range of potential effects, but these would be expected to vary a great deal, depending on turbine design, physical and biological conditions at each site, and other factors that might interact with hydrokinetic turbines to produce inter-related outcomes.  The City consulted with federal and state resource management agencies to identify and focus on the potential effects of installing and operating the hydrokinetic turbines at the existing project. Based on this consultation, the City proposes to monitor water quality for 1 month following installation of the turbines and to evaluate fish survival through the turbines using the HI-Z Turb\u2019N Tag (balloon tag) tag and recapture methodology (Heisey et al., 1992). The City would protect native freshwater mussels, including the listed Higgins\u2019 eye pearlymussel, if encountered during anchoring of the turbine\/barge. The City would document non-native zebra mussels if encountered during anchoring, and would follow standard procedures to prevent the spread of this invasive species.  Staff\u2019s recommendations include the City\u2019s proposals, with additional water quality monitoring, a broader approach to evaluating fish entrainment and survival, systematic mussel surveys, development of a control plan for zebra mussels, and development and implementation of a bird monitoring plan. We also recommend immediate modification of turbine operation or removal of the turbine\/barge, if monitoring results show adverse effects on water quality, fish, or diving birds.  Based on our independent analysis as described in this EA, the Proposed Action, with our recommended measures, does not constitute a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.","author":["City of Hastings"],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)","Hydro Green Energy"],"originationDate":"2008-09-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.759680000000","-92.867260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 10:00:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_Assessment_Lock_and_Dam_No_2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5443","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-hawaii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6107210","title":"Environmental Assessment for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion in Hawaii","description":"The need to increase renewable energy supply in the United States has prompted ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology to be re-considered for use in Hawaii. As with any new development, a thorough environmental impact assessment is needed before the technology can begin field trials. A previous Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) from 1981 is available, but needs to be brought up to current oceanographic and engineering standards. There has been much research done on the oceanography of Hawaii since the original EIS, and this report highlights some of the most important contributions in terms of OTEC development as well as existing gaps in knowledge. A protocol for environmental baseline monitoring is proposed, focusing on a set of ten chemical oceanographic parameters relevant to OTEC and addressing gaps in knowledge of the ecology and oceanography of the area chosen for OTEC development.","author":["Comfort, C.","Vega, L."],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2011-09-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.319870000000","-157.668590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-10 06:19:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/comfortetal2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5444","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-proposed-wave-energy-technology-project-kaneohe-bay-hawaii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eere-exchange.energy.gov\/Default.aspx?Search=wave%20energy%20test%20site\u0026SearchType=","title":"Environmental Assessment for Proposed Wave Energy Technology Project in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii","description":"The Office of Naval Research proposes the phased installation and operational testing of Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) buoys off North Beach, Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay (MCBH Kaneohe Bay). This action is being proposed to test wave energy as a renewable, nonpolluting power source. Department of Defense (DoD) installations are vulnerable during times of national conflict due to their reliance on conventional fuels for electrical power generation. Coastal DoD sites with suitable wave energy potential could obtain supplemental power using wave energy if it can be demonstrated to be efficient, reliable, and cost-effective. Testing is needed to obtain operational data to validate the WEC technology developed by Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. The Congressional appropriation to conduct this test stipulates that testing is to occur in Hawai\u0027i, which has coastal locations with high wave energy potential.  The objectives of the Proposed Action are the following:  Objective 1. Conduct the test in a high wave energy density environment, characterized by an average annual wave height of 3 feet (ft) or 1.0 meter (m) (minimum) to 5 ft or 1.5 m (optimum), which is a likely characteristic of the environment for future operational use of the WEC technology at other locations.  Objective 2. Challenge the system under variable conditions, such as winter storms, to investigate the survivability of the system.  Objective 3. Collect statistically significant data sets to validate assumptions and findings. Increasing the period of collection, e.g., up to five years, would increase the likelihood of obtaining statistically significant data sets for various test parameters, such as seasonal changes and their effects on the system.  Objective 4. Observe the effect on system performance when more than one buoy is present.  Objective 5. Use a test site for the system that minimizes the costs of installation, operations, and maintenance.  Objective 6. Minimize the risk of system failure, to optimize the collection of data, by maximizing the survivability of the system.","author":["Office of Naval Research"],"organization":["US Office of Naval Research","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 09:59:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kaneohe_Wave_Energy_Technology_Project_EA_2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5447","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-hydrokinetic-turbines-fish-desktop-laboratory-flume-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www1.eere.energy.gov\/water\/pdfs\/epri_turbine_effects_on_fish_2012.pdf","title":"Environmental Effects of Hydrokinetic Turbines on Fish: Desktop and Laboratory Flume Studies","description":"A primary issue of concern of regulatory and resource agencies is how the operation of hydrokinetic turbines will affect local and migratory fish populations. In particular, two major concerns are the potential for fish to be killed or injured if they pass through one or more turbines and the potential for fish movements and migrations to be disrupted or blocked if fish are reluctant or unwilling to move past operating turbines. Fish that pass through hydrokinetic turbines may be injured or killed due to blade strike or damaging hydraulic shear and\/or pressure conditions. This collection of three reports describes desktop and laboratory flume studies that provide information to support assessment of the potential for injury and mortality of fish that encounter hydrokinetic turbines of various designs installed in tidal and river environments. Behavioral responses to turbine exposure also are investigated to support assessment of the potential for disruptions to upstream and downstream movements of fish.\n\nAccurate and precise determination of the probability of blade strike and injury, and of the behavior of fish as they encounter hydrokinetic turbines, was the primary goal of the studies. This goal is achieved by: (1) conducting an assessment of potential injury mechanisms using available data from studies with conventional hydro turbines; (2) developing theoretical models for predicting blade strike probabilities and mortality rates; and (3) performing flume testing with three turbine designs and several fish species and size groups in two laboratory flumes to estimate survival rates and document fish behavior. The strike probability and mortality models are verified using data collected during flume testing. These desktop analyses include an assessment of existing biocriteria for the safe passage of fish through conventional hydro turbines with respect to relevance and application to hydrokinetic devices, and development of theoretical models for predicting blade strike and mortality probabilities. Flume studies were conducted with three hydrokinetic turbine designs and several fish species\/sizes to estimate turbine passage survival and injury rates and to determine behavior of fish as they approach and encounter operating turbines. Flume testing was conducted at Alden and CAFRL.\n\nThe project provides valuable data and information on behavior and injury and survival rates of fish passing hydrokinetic turbines. The behavioral data demonstrate that fish approaching turbines actively avoid passing through the blade sweep area. Estimates of survival and injury allow potential losses of fish to be determined for single or multiple unit installations. The information from these studies facilitates determination of potential impacts to fish populations and may diminish the need for expensive field studies, which often provide only marginal or incomplete data.\n\nThe project yielded three reports which this document comprises. The three constituent documents are:\n\nFish Passage Through Turbines: Application of Conventional Hydropower Data to Hydrokinetic Technologies (EPRI Report ID 1024638)\nEvaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines (EPRI Report ID 1024569)\nSurvival and Behavior of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Adult American Shad on Exposure to a Hydrokinetic Turbine (EPRI Report ID 1026904)\n\nFish Passage Through Turbines: Application of Conventional Hydropower Data to Hydrokinetic Technologies\u00a0This report reviews information on impacts of conventional hydropower turbines that can be used to evaluate potential impacts of hydrokinetic turbines on fish. The report discusses design and operational differences between conventional and hydrokinetic turbines as well as differences in the magnitude or potential for fish injury and mortality.\n\nFish passing through the blade sweep of a hydrokinetic turbine experience a much less harsh physical environment than do fish entrained through conventional hydro turbines. The design and operation of conventional turbines results in high flow velocities, abrupt changes in flow direction, relatively high runner rotational and blade speeds, rapid and significant changes in pressure, and the need for various structures throughout the turbine passageway that can be impacted by fish (e.g., walls, stay vanes, wicket gates, flow straighteners). Most, if not all, of these conditions do not occur or are not significant factors for hydrokinetic turbines. Furthermore, compared to conventional hydro turbines, hydrokinetic turbines typically produce relatively minor changes in shear, turbulence, and pressure levels from ambient conditions in the surrounding environment. Injuries and mortality from mechanical injuries will be less as well, mainly due to low rotational speeds and strike velocities, and an absence of structures that can lead to grinding or abrasion injuries. While information pertaining to conventional hydro turbines is useful for assessing the potential for adverse effects of passage through the swept area of hydrokinetic turbines, additional information is needed to rigorously assess the nature and magnitude of effects on individuals and populations, and to refine criteria for design of more fish-friendly hydrokinetic turbines.\n\nEvaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines\u00a0Potential for fish to be injured or killed if they encounter hydrokinetic turbines is an issue of significant interest to resource and regulatory agencies. To address this issue, flume studies were conducted that exposed fish to two hydrokinetic turbine designs to determine injury and survival rates and to assess behavioral reactions and avoidance. Also, a theoretical model developed for predicting strike probability and mortality of fish passing through conventional hydro turbines was adapted for use with hydrokinetic turbines and applied to the two designs evaluated during flume studies. The flume tests were conducted with the Lucid spherical turbine (LST), a Darrieus-type (cross flow) turbine, and the Welka UPG, an axial flow propeller turbine. Survival and injury for selected species and size groups were estimated for each turbine operating at two approach velocities by releasing treatment fish directly upstream and control fish downstream of the operating units. Behavioral observations were recorded with underwater video cameras during survival tests and during separate trials where fish were released farther upstream to allow them greater opportunity to avoid passage through the blade sweep of each turbine. Survival rates for rainbow trout tested with the LST were greater than 98% for both size groups and approach velocities evaluated.\n\nTurbine passage survival rates for rainbow trout and largemouth bass tested with the Welka UPG were greater than 99% for both size groups and velocities evaluated. Injury rates of turbine-exposed fish were low for tests with both turbines and generally comparable to control fish. When adjusted for control data, descaling rates were also low (0.0 to 4.5%). Video observations of the LST demonstrated active avoidance of turbine passage by a large proportion fish despite being released about 25 cm upstream of the turbine blade sweep. Video observations from behavior trials indicated few if any fish pass through the turbines when released farther upstream. The theoretical predictions for the LST indicated that strike mortality would begin to occur at an ambient current velocity of about 1.7 m\/s for fish with lengths greater than the thickness of the leading edge of the blades. As current velocities increase above 1.7 m\/s, survival was predicted to decrease for fish passing through the LST, but generally remained high (greater than 90%) for fish less than 200 mm in length.\n\nStrike mortality was not predicted to occur during passage through a Welka UPG turbine at ambient current velocities less than about 2.5 m\/s. This research effort has resulted in a better understanding of the interactions between fish and hydrokinetic turbines for two general design types (vertical cross-flow and ducted axial flow). However, because the results generally are applicable to the presence of a single turbine, more analysis is needed to assess the potential for multiple units to lead to greater mortality rates or impacts on fish movements and migrations. Additionally, future research should focus on expanding the existing data by developing better estimates of encounter and avoidance probabilities.\n\nSurvival and Behavior of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Adult American Shad on Exposure to a Hydrokinetic Turbine\u00a0This report describes a series of experiments designed to measure the effect of exposure to a full-scale, vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine on downstream migrating juvenile Atlantic salmon (N=173) and upstream migrating adult American shad (N=208). Controlled studies were performed in a large-scale, open-channel flume, and all individuals approached the turbine under volitional control. No injuries were observed, and there was no measurable increase in mortality associated with turbine passage. Exposure to the turbine elicited behavioral responses from both species, however, with salmon passing primarily over the downrunning blades. Shad movement was impeded in the presence of the device, as indicated by fewer attempts of shorter duration and reduced distance of ascent up the flume. More work should be performed in both laboratory and field conditions to determine the extent to which these effects are likely to influence fish in riverine environments.","author":["Jacobson, P.","Amaral, S.","Castro-Santos, T.","Giza, D.","Haro, A.","Hecker, G.","McMahon, B.","Perkins, N.","Pioppi, N."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change","Collision","Avoidance","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jacobson_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5448","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-tidal-energy-development-proceedings-scientific-workshop","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Effects of Tidal Energy Development: Proceedings of a Scientific Workshop","description":"Tidal hydrokinetic energy has the potential to provide clean, reliable power, and emerging turbine designs are making production of electricity from ocean energy technologically and economically feasible. Tidal energy projects could be a viable renewable energy source, displacing fossil fuel-based energy resources, providing benefits to the marine environment through the mitigation of carbon dioxide production (which can lead to ocean acidification and climate change) and a reduction in the risk of catastrophic spills associated with fossil fuel extraction and transportation. However, the risk to the marine environment and marine organisms from tidal energy generation is not well known.  In order to appropriately site and operate tidal power installations and explore the potential contribution tidal power can make to a renewable energy portfolio, the environmental risks of the technology must be better understood. In doing so, it is important to distinguish between environmental effects and environmental impacts. Environmental effects are the broad range of potential measurable interactions between tidal energy devices and the marine environment. Environmental impacts are effects that, with high certainty, rise to the level of deleterious ecological significance.  This report summarizes the outcomes of a March 22-25, 2010, workshop in Seattle, Washington, on the environmental effects of tidal energy development. The workshop focused on building capabilities to evaluate the environmental effects of tidal energy from turbines placed in the water column throughout the United States. However, it did not address policy issues, details of technology engineering, or the socioeconomic impacts of tidal energy development.","author":["Polagye, B.","Van Cleve, B.","Copping, A.","Kirkendall, K."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.593466000000","-122.331106000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/polagyeetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5449","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-guidance-developers-european-marine-energy-centre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=14","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment Guidance for Developers at the European Marine Energy Centre","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) already has, or is in the process of obtaining consent for the location and operation of the wave and tidal test sites within Orkney. There is a requirement under some of the consent conditions for EMEC to provide relevant authorities with details of technologies to be tested within its test areas (see Figure 1.1). In addition, EMEC requires developers to demonstrate the consideration of environmental issues in the planning, design, deployment and decommissioning of test devices and to summarise the results of this process in an Environmental Statement (ES).  EMEC, as the first centre of its kind in the world, and as one of the leading organisations in the testing of commercial scale wave and tidal technologies, recognises the importance of establishing high standards for environmental performance and an early understanding of the range and significance of potential environmental impacts. This will ensure the marine energy industry considers environmental implications of its projects\/technologies in the early stages of design and development, leading to best practice being carried forward into commercial scale developments.  EMEC operates an Integrated Management System (IMS), which demonstrates a clear commitment to the standard of quality, health, safety and environmental (QHSE) management. The system has been developed to meet the requirements of the internationally recognised environmental standard, ISO 14001, to ensure the highest standard of environmental performance from employees, developers and those visiting the centre.  During the development of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidance, EMEC consulted with a range of statutory and non-statutory stakeholders to ensure that it would meet their expectations and facilitate the timely review of proposed test site operations.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2005-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.017997000000","-2.974123000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5451","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-state-knowledge-environmental-impacts-tidal-wave-energy-technology-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/csas-sccs\/publications\/resdocs-docrech\/2009\/2009_077-eng.htm","title":"Current State of Knowledge on the Environmental Impacts of Tidal and Wave Energy Technology in Canada","description":"Canada\u2019s vast, highly energetic coastal waters make ocean renewable energy, particularly wave energy conversion (WEC) and tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC), technologies an attractive option to help meet the country\u2019s future energy needs. As with other marine developments, activities associated with construction, operation and decommissioning of ocean renewable energy technologies have the potential to impact marine ecosystems and organisms, both at local (near-field) and regional (far-field) scales. To support the development of policy and regulations to govern the Canadian TISEC and WEC industry, a scientific overview of potential environmental impacts associated with the deployment of these marine energy devices was conducted. Identified issues of concern included changes in physical processes (wave, current and sediment transport regimes), habitat loss and alteration, contaminants, electromagnetic fields, noise and vibrations and the physical interaction between energy conversion devices and living organisms. Consideration is also given to the application of potential mitigation measures and the identification of knowledge gaps and research needed to address future regulatory compliance requirements in Canada. Due to the novelty of WEC and TISEC technologies, there is still a great deal of uncertainty surrounding their potential environmental implications. The review of current scientific publications and technical reports indicate that few TISEC or WEC devices have undergone comprehensive environmental impact assessments using predictive numerical models and\/or field trials. Practical experience with these technologies in Canadian waters is almost non-existent. The limited number of scientific publications or systematic research data available creates a major hurdle for evaluating environmental risks associated with emerging ocean renewable energy technologies. This document identifies the major issues of concern that require further scientific study to support the development of policy, regulations and operational guidelines to ensure the protection of our marine environment and the organisms that live in it.","author":["Isaacman, L.","Lee, K."],"organization":["Bedford Institute of Oceanography","Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2009-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.171824000000","-53.594530000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal_and_Wave_Energy_Technology_in_Canada.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5456","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dynamic-life-cycle-assessment-lca-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148105000662","title":"Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Renewable Energy Technologies","description":"This article assesses the life cycle approach of renewable energy technologies. It is important that any new technology (Especially renewable energy technologies) be environmentally superior compared to existing technologies. The Life Cycle Assessment analyzes every aspect of a technologies life span, from the exploration of finding materials, to their production, to their ultimate recycling\/disposal. The goal of this study is to examine the environmental performance of renewable energy systems in view of future developments.  The results show that renewable energy systems compare favorably to conventional ones. Materials used for renewable energy systems (iron ore, bauxite) were less than or similar to those used by conventional energy systems. However, the results show no clear evidence for or against renewable energies in association with their environmental impacts. Further developments will help mitigate environmental impacts of renewable systems. These include improved efficiency (emissions, longer life cycle), advances to energy converters, and advances towards external services associated with conventional delivery systems.","author":["Pehnt, M."],"organization":["Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (IFEU)"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5460","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-tidal-test-facility-fall-warness-eday-orkney-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=54","title":"EMEC Tidal Test Facility Fall of Warness Eday, Orkney: Environmental Statement","description":"When the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) was established by Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) and its funding partners in 2003, it was with the intention of stimulating and accelerating the development of both wave and tidal prototype energy generating devices. The wave test centre is now well established, and the next phase is to establish a consented tidal test site ready for future deployment of the novel tidal energy devices that are currently being designed and built by independent developers. The proposed test facilities will allow full scale generating devices to be tested under normal operating conditions and allow the generating capacity and performance to be independently verified.  As part of the on-going Prime Contracting Framework Agreement, Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) has engaged Tulloch Prime Contracting Limited (Tulloch) to undertake the design and construction of the proposed tidal test facility to be located within the Fall of Warness, Eday, Orkney. AURORA Environmental Ltd (AURORA) has been contracted by Tulloch to undertake the environmental works for the construction phase of the tidal test facility, including a number of baseline studies and the production of an Environmental Statement (ES) to support consent applications. The scope of the Environmental Statement covers the construction and presence of the test site, but does not cover the installation and testing of individual prototype devices. In order to be able to assess the impacts of the long-term presence and operation of the site, it will be necessary to consider a range of likely potential devices at a generic level. However, detailed consideration of individual devices will be the responsibility of each developer making use of the site. It is the responsibility of each developer to provide an Environmental Statement to EMEC, produced according to the EMEC guidance.  The establishment of a test centre for assessing the performance of new and developing tidal energy technology is a strategically important facility for Scotland and the UK. It is believed that tidal energy could make an important contribution to securing future UK energy supplies and that this in turn will contribute to reducing CO2 emissions arising from energy production.","author":["Foubister, L."],"organization":["Aurora Environmental Ltd","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2005-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aurora_Environmental_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5461","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enow-explorer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/digitalcoast\/tools\/enow","title":"ENOW Explorer","description":"This tool allows users to interact with Economics: National Ocean Watch (ENOW) data, which describe six economic sectors that depend on the oceans and Great Lakes. The ENOW Explorer enables users to discover which sectors are the largest in various parts of the county, which sectors are growing and declining, and which account for the most jobs, wages, and gross domestic product. Users can view up to four counties, states, or regions to compare trends or the makeup of their ocean and Great Lakes economies. The ENOW Explorer\u2019s simple interface also makes it easy for users to interact with and view economic data and trends. The tool provides the highest level of interaction with ENOW data short of downloading the full data set.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.848335000000","-82.409965000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5462","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/epri-workshop-emf-aquatic-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.epri.com\/abstracts\/Pages\/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002000477","title":"EPRI Workshop on EMF and Aquatic Life","description":"A workshop on Electric and Magnetic Fields (EMF) and Aquatic Life was organized by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and held on November 15, 2012, at the Monterey Bay Aquatic Research institute (MBARI) in Moss Landing, California. The purpose of the workshop was to help EPRI identify research needs regarding the potential impact of EMF from offshore energy generation and\/or underwater transmission cables on various forms of aquatic life. The workshop participants reviewed the current state of knowledge based on field and laboratory studies on the developmental and behavioral effects of EMF on aquatic animals and EMF marine exposure assessment studies.  The workshop was intended to explore how EPRI might shape a future EMF and Aquatic Effects research program to help fill knowledge gaps on the environmental impacts of offshore energy and underwater transmission developments. This is largely in response to the worldwide push for renewable energy development that will include, among others, wave, tidal, and offshore wind facilities. It is also in response to the growing use of undersea cables to transmit power and interconnect grids. The specific objectives of the workshop were threefold:    Identify gaps in EMF aquatic-life knowledge  Develop recommendations for future research  Set priorities for the recommendations","author":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.801953000000","-121.788345000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EPRI_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5463","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/echolocation-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-0-387-78365-9_11","title":"Echolocation in Marine Mammals","description":"Humans have always been fascinated by marine life, from extremely small diatoms to the largest mammal that inhabits out planet, the blue whale. However, studying marine life in the ocean is an extremely difficult proposition because an ocean environment is not only vast but also opaque to most instruments and can be a hostile environment in which to perform experiments and research. The use of acoustics is one way to effectively study animal life in the ocean. Acoustic energy propagates in water more efficiently than almost any form of energy can be utilized by animals for a variety of purposes and also by scientists interested in studying their behavior and natural history. However, underwater acoustics have traditionally been in the domain of physicists, engineers and mathematicians. Studying the natural history of animals is in the domain of biologists and physiologists. Understanding behavior of animals has traditionally involved physiologists and zoologists. In short, marine bioacoustics will continue to be a diverse disciple involving investigators from a variety of backgrounds, with very different knowledge and skill sets. The inherent inter-disciplinary nature of marine bioacoustics presents a large challenge in writing a single text that would be meaningful to various investigators and students interested in this field. Yet we have embarked on this challenge to produce a volume that would be helpful to not only beginning investigators but to seasoned researchers. Most of the material comes from the vast number of combined research in this field.","author":["Au, W.","Hastings, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5464","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-effects-wave-energy-development-pacific-northwest","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/12859\/noaa_12859_DS1.pdf","title":"Ecological Effects of Wave Energy Development in the Pacific Northwest","description":"The State of Oregon is interested in developing the capacity to harvest wave energy off its coast as a clean, renewable resource. An important part of moving this agenda forward must include understanding the potential effects of wave energy technology on the ecological and physical components of our coastal ecosystems. A workshop to address these issues was organized by a steering committee at the Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon, on October 11-12, 2007.  A diverse group of some 50 marine scientists from around the country worked to i) develop an initial assessment of the potential impacting agents and ecological effects of wave energy development along Oregon\u2019s coast, and ii) develop a general conceptual framework of physical and biological relationships that can be applied to specific wave energy projects. To accomplish these goals, a series of breakout sessions were utilized to determine:    What is known about important wave energy parks and their associated components (such as cables, anchors, buoys) and their effect on the physical and biological components of the ecosystem? What is unknown about these relationships, including identification of key information gaps?  What is the level of uncertainty, or level of agreement, among scientists about these interactions?  Can we prioritize important ecological issues (e.g., key interactions)?  What studies, monitoring, or mitigation measures should be employed to help minimize effects?   Two sets of breakout sessions were convened \u2013 the first dealt with \u201creceptors,\u201d or those elements of the system where significant concern exists. The second focused on \u201cstressors,\u201d those factors that may change as wave energy systems are installed, operated, or decommissioned. A summary and the initial key findings from each breakout session are provided in the report.","author":["Boehlert, G.","McMurray, G.","Tortorici, C.","Klure, J.","Meyer, J."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.673536000000","-125.121725000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ecological_effect_wave_workshop_high_res.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5469","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economics-national-ocean-watch","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/dataregistry\/search\/collection\/info\/enow","title":"Economics: National Ocean Watch","description":"Economics: National Ocean Watch (ENOW) contains annual time-series data for 448 coastal counties, 30 coastal states, and the nation. Data is derived from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis for 2005 \u2013 2009. Four economic indicators are provided: establishments, employment, wages, and gross domestic product. Users can discover which sectors are the largest in various parts of the county, which sectors are growing and declining, and which account for the most jobs, wages, and gross domestic product. They can view up to four counties, states, or regions to compare trends or the makeup of their ocean and Great Lakes economies. The ENOW Explorer\u2019s simple interface makes it easy for users to interact with and view economic data and trends, and it provides the highest level of interaction with ENOW data short of downloading the full data set.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.462769000000","-73.984138000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5471","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-tidal-stream-power-generation-region-wide-circulation-shallow-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-sci.net\/7\/165\/2011\/","title":"Effect of Tidal Stream Power Generation on the Region-Wide Circulation in a Shallow Sea","description":"Ocean tides are deemed to become a stable source of renewable energy for the future. Tidal energy has two components, the first is the potential energy due to sea level variations and the second comes from the kinetic energy of the tidal streams. This paper is concerned with the backward effect on the ocean currents by a tidal stream farm located in the open shallow sea. Recent studies in channels with 1-D models have indicated that the power potential is not given purely by the flux of kinetic energy, as has been commonly assumed. In this study, a 3-D ocean circulation model is used to estimate (i) maximum extractable energy at different levels of rated generation capacity of the farm, (ii) changes in the strength of currents due to energy extraction, and (iii) alterations in the pattern of residual currents and pathways of passive tracers. As water flow is influenced both by tidal and non-tidal currents, the model takes into account wind-driven and density-driven currents generated by meteorological forcing. Numerical modelling has been carried out for a hypothetical circular farm located in the Celtic Sea north of Cornwall, an area known for its high level of tidal energy. Modelling results clearly indicate that extracted power does not grow linearly with the increase in the rated capacity of the farm. For the case studies covered in this paper, a 100-fold increase in rated generation capacity of the farm results only in 7-fold increase in extracted power, this loss of efficiency is much greater than was estimated earlier with 1-D models. In case of high rated capacity of the farm, kinetic energy of currents is altered significantly as far as 10\u201320 km away from the farm. At high levels of extracted energy the currents tend to avoid flowing through the farm, an effect which is not captured with 1-D models. Residual currents are altered as far as a hundred kilometres. The magnitude of changes in the dispersion of tracers is highly sensitive to the location. For the drifters analysed in this study, variations in the end-to-start distance due to energy extraction range from 13% to 238%.","author":["Shapiro, G."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2011-02-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.087115000000","-5.887754000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shapiro-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5473","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-modified-magnetic-field-ocean-migration-maturing-chum-salmon-oncorhynchus-keta","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs002270050193","title":"Effect of Modified Magnetic Field on the Ocean Migration of Maturing Chum Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta","description":"To investigate the role of magnetic compass orientation in oceanic migrating chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, an ultrasonic telemetry study was carried out in the western North Pacific of the coast of Kushiro, Hokkaido. Four salmon were fitted with a tag which generated an artificial magnetic field and modified the geomagnetic field around the head of the fish. Initially, the free-ranging salmon with stomach-implanted ultrasonic transmitters were tracked for a period of several hours before the magnetic field was altered for a period of 16 h. The generator produced an alternating magnetic field intensity of about 6 gauss, with polarity which reversed every 11.25 min. There was no observable effect on the horizontal and vertical movements of the salmon when the magnetic field was modified. However, it was noted that salmon slowed their swimming speed significantly before changing direction, regardless of whether the fish were swimming under the normal geomagnetic field or whether they were swimming under the modified field.","author":["Yano, A.","Ogura, M.","Sato, A.","Sakaki, Y.","Shimizu, Y.","Baba, N.","Nagasawa, K."],"organization":["Chiba University","Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute"],"originationDate":"1997-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.882358000000","144.320931000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5474","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-sound-generated-acoustic-harassment-device-relative-abundance-distribution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01077.x\/abstract","title":"Effect of the Sound Generated by an Acoustic Harassment Device on the Relative Abundance and Distribution of Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Retreat Passage, British Columbia","description":"We describe an experiment conducted to assess the impact of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device (AHD) on the relative abundance and distribution of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Retreat Passage, British Columbia. During control periods when the AHD was inactive, the mean number of porpoises observed in the study area was 0.39 for broad area scans conducted with the naked eye and 0.48 for narrow sector scans conducted with binoculars. Abundance declined precipitously when the AHD was activated, to 0.007 porpoises per broad area scan and 0.018 per narrow sector scan. The mean number of porpoise resightings while tracking their movements also declined from 12.2 to 13.6 per sighting during control periods to 1.1\u20131.9 per sighting when the AHD was activated, which suggested that the few porpoises that ventured into the study area spent less time within it when the AHD was activated. The effect of the AHD diminished with distance. No porpoises were observed within 200 m of the AHD when it was activated. The number of sightings and resightings observed when it was activated was less than 0.2% of the number expected had there been no AHD effect at a range of 200\u2013399 m, 1.4% the number expected at a range of 400\u2013599 m, varied between 2.5% and 3.3% of the number expected at a range of 600\u20132,499 m, and was 8.1% the number expected at a range of 2,500\u20133,500 m, which suggested that the impact of the AHD extended beyond our maximum sighting range of 3.5 km.","author":["Olesiuk, P.","Nichol, L.","Sowden, M.","Ford, J."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Vancouver Aquarium"],"originationDate":"2002-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.932280000000","-123.504440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5475","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effective-monitoring-strategies","sourceURL":"","title":"Effective Monitoring Strategies","description":"Effective monitoring is important with MHK devices. Having effective monitoring standards includes specific enough to detect expected impacts, broad enough to detect large unexpected impacts, and design for appropriate controls.  The methodology for solving monitoring problems is identifying the physical impacts. A few problems associated with device presence include alteration in water circulation patterns, modification of wave climate, increased mixing of the water column, and alteration in sediment dynamics.","author":["Conley, D."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/6_Daniel_Conley_University_of_Plymouth_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5476","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-ambient-boat-noise-hearing-communication-three-fish-species-living-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X09003075","title":"Effects Of Ambient And Boat Noise On Hearing And Communication In Three Fish Species Living In A Marine Protected Area (Miramare, Italy)","description":"The WWF-Natural Marine Reserve of Miramare (Trieste, Italy) is located in a major industrial and vacation area in the Adriatic Sea. Consequently, noise emanating from boating and shipping is an inevitable factor for local fishes. This study investigates the effects of ambient and ship noise on representatives of three vocal fish families with different hearing abilities. Ambient and ship noise were recorded, their sound pressure levels measured and played back in the lab. Auditory sensitivity was determined in Chromis chromis, Sciaena umbra and Gobius cruentatus, utilizing the auditory evoked potential recording technique. Compared to lab conditions, hearing thresholds determined during ambient noise playbacks were barely masked. Contrary, the noise emanating from a cabin-cruiser substantially reduced auditory sensitivity relative to thresholds in ambient noise. This masking effect was most pronounced in the frequency range where acoustic communication takes place. Boat noise potentially affects acoustic communication in fishes inhabiting the reserve.","author":["Codarin, A.","Wysocki, L.","Ladich, F.","Picciulin, M."],"organization":["University of Trieste","University of Vienna"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.702110700000","13.713777400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5477","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-tidal-turbine-noise-fish-hearing-tissues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-20786.pdf","title":"Effects Of Tidal Turbine Noise On Fish Hearing And Tissues","description":"Snohomish Public Utility District #1 plans to deploy two 6 meter OpenHydro tidal turbines in Admiralty Inlet in Puget Sound, under a FERC pilot permitting process. Regulators and stakeholders have raised questions about the potential effect of noise from the turbines on marine life. Noise in the aquatic environment is known to be a stressor to many types of aquatic life, including marine mammals, fish and birds. Marine mammals and birds are exceptionally difficult to work with for technical and regulatory reasons. Fish have been used as surrogates for other aquatic vertebrates as they have similar auditory structures. For this study, juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were used as the experimental animal. Plans exist for prototype tidal turbines to be deployed into their habitat. Noise is known to affect fish in many ways, such as causing a threshold shift in auditory sensitivity or tissue damage. The characteristics of noise, its spectra and level, are important factors that influence the potential for the noise to injure fish. For example, the frequency range of the tidal turbine noise includes the audiogram (frequency range of hearing) of most fish, and the noise level of 160 dB re 1\u03bcPa SELrms 1 meter from the turbine is detectable by fish. This study was performed during FY 2011 to determine if noise generated by a 6-m diameter OpenHydro turbine might affect juvenile Chinook salmon hearing or cause barotrauma. Naturally spawning stocks of Chinook salmon that utilize Puget Sound are listed as threatened; the fish used in this experiment were hatchery raised and their populations are not in danger of depletion. After they were exposed to simulated tidal turbine noise, the hearing of juvenile Chinook salmon was measured and necropsies performed to check for tissue damage. Experimental groups were 1) noise exposed, 2) control (the same handling as treatment fish but without exposure to tidal turbine noise), and 3) baseline (never handled). Experimental results indicate that non-lethal, low levels of tissue damage may have occurred but that there were no effects of noise exposure on the auditory systems of the test fish.  This project was funded under the FY09 Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) to Snohomish PUD, in partnership with the University of Washington \u2013 Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center, the Sea Mammal Research Unit, and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The results of this study will inform the larger research project outcomes.","author":["Halvorsen, M.","Carlson, T.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Snohomish County PUD","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 09:50:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Effects_of_Tidal_Turbine_Noise_on_Fish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5478","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-wave-energy-converters-surrounding-soft-bottom-macrofauna-west-coast-sweden","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113610000139","title":"Effects Of Wave Energy Converters On The Surrounding Soft-bottom Macrofauna (west Coast Of Sweden)","description":"Offshore wave energy conversion is expected to develop, thus contributing to an increase in submerged constructions on the seabed. An essential concern related to the deployment of wave energy converters (WECs) is their possible impact on the surrounding soft-bottom habitats. In this study, the macrofaunal assemblages in the seabed around the wave energy converters in the Lysekil research site on the Swedish west coast and a neighbouring reference site were examined yearly during a period of 5 years (2004-2008). Macrobenthic communities living in the WECs\u0027 surrounding seabed were mainly composed by organisms typical for the area and depth off the Swedish west coast. At both sites the number of individuals, number of species and biodiversity were low, and were mostly small, juvenile organisms. The species assemblages during the first years of sampling were significantly different between the Lysekil research site and the nearby reference site with higher species abundance in the research site. The high contribution to dissimilarities was mostly due to polychaetes. Sparse macrofaunal densities can be explained by strong hydrodynamic forces and\/or earlier trawling. WECs may alter the surrounding seabed with an accumulation of organic matter inside the research area. This indicates that the deployment of WECs in the Lysekil research site tends to have rather minor direct ecological impacts on the surrounding benthic community relative to the natural high variances.","author":["Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2010-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:58:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5480","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-artificial-reefs-southern-portugal-sediment-water-transport-nutrients","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771409002121","title":"Effects of Artificial Reefs (Southern Portugal) on Sediment-Water Transport of Nutrients: Importance of the Hydrodynamic Regime","description":"The present study investigates the differences between nutrient fluxes and particulate organic matter within an artificial reef system (AR) deployed in August 2002 off Faro (Algarve, Southern Portugal) and in a non-reef area (NRA), and how fluxes and suspended material may be affected by the hydrodynamic regime. Surveys to collect sediment cores, suspended\/settled particles and overlying water samples were carried out by divers, from March (2006) to October (2007) in AR and NRA. Sediment cores and settled particles were collected to determine grain size, organic and inorganic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content. Overlying water and pore water samples were analysed for ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved organic phosphorus and chlorophyll a. Results from the period studied showed that: (1) the benthic export of dissolved N, P and Si was 2\u20133 times higher at AR; (2) the particulate organic carbon (POC), nitrogen (PON) and phosphorus (POP) in suspended\/settled particles were about 1.5 times higher at AR; (3) at both AR and NRA, the benthic export of dissolved N, P and Si, during a calm weather period, was 2\u20134 times higher than during or immediately after a storm event; and (4) at both sites, particulate organic compounds (POC, PON and POP) increased about 20 times during a storm event. These findings suggest that both the nutrients transport from sediment to water column and the quantity\/quality of suspended\/settled particles were highly dependent on the existence of reef structures and on the hydrodynamic regime.","author":["Falc\u00e3o, M.","Santos, M.","Drago, T.","Serpa, D.","Monteiro, C."],"organization":["Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos"],"originationDate":"2009-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.943735000000","-7.963244000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5481","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-displacement-marine-renewable-development-seabirds-breeding-spas-proof-concept","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Publications\/2012\/10\/2388\/downloads","title":"Effects of Displacement from Marine Renewable Development on Seabirds Breeding at SPAs: A Proof of Concept Model of Common Guillemots Breeding on the Isle of May","description":"Offshore renewable developments have the potential to impact on seabirds by displacing individuals from foraging habitats. The impact of displacement is particularly important for breeding seabirds that, as central place foragers, are constrained to obtain food within a certain distance from the breeding colony. The current worst case scenario is that displacement causes 100% mortality, so there is a need to model more realistic consequences of displacement.\nDisplacement is likely to result in changes to daily energy and time budgets. Such changes may impact on the body condition of adult breeders which, in turn, can affect breeding success, adult survival and, ultimately, population size. Additionally, breeding success may be affected directly if provisioning rates alter significantly.\nThe Forth and Tay Offshore Wind Developers Group (FTOWDG) have exclusivity licences for proposed wind farm developments in the outer Forth and Tay which are offshore from a suite of SPAs for seabird species that will potentially interact with these developments. As part of the environmental evaluation of these developments there is a need to assess the potential impacts of displacement on breeding birds.\nThis report presents a displacement model for adult common guillemots Uria aalge rearing chicks on the Isle of May (part of Forth Islands SPA) in relation to the proposed offshore wind farm at Neart na Gaoithe. The model estimates the consequences of displacement and barrier effects on the time\/energy budget of breeding birds.\nOur model incorporates several novel features resulting in a step change in the degree of realism captured in terms of incorporating how guillemots use their foraging landscape and in how their fish prey are distributed within it.\nThe model compares the time\/energy budget of 1,000 breeding guillemots over a 24 hour period in the absence or presence of a wind farm. The model is based on assumptions regarding behavioural change in response to a wind farm and explores scenarios simulating different prey distributions (dispersed or patchy) and different levels of interference competition among guillemots feeding in the same patch.\nUnder all scenarios, the presence of the Neart na Gaoithe wind farm resulted in an increase in the average costs of foraging. For example, where prey were randomly distributed, mean flight and foraging costs in the absence of the wind farm were 1.18 h (\u00b1 0.60 h) and 2.19 h (\u00b1 0.96 h) respectively; equivalent values in the presence of the wind farm were 1.60 (\u00b10.67) and 2.58 (\u00b1 1.57) respectively. Under this scenario, the mean number of birds displaced was 101, and the wind farm was a barrier to movement for 44 birds.\nThe impact of displacement is driven by two main processes: 1) the increased travelling costs to the subset of the population that is displaced or for which the wind farm forms a barrier to movement, and 2) the reduction in average prey densities in the remaining habitat due to intensified intra-specific competition, affecting not just displaced birds but the population as a whole.\nThese results indicate that displacement effects on seabird populations could be important and therefore merit further consideration. The most appropriate method of estimating the population consequences of displacement is to link time-energy budget models of foraging with population models under a range of plausible scenarios of displacement. The report describes a framework for undertaking this linked modelling based on three components:\nA time-energy budget model in the absence of a wind farm which extends the model presented here to produce a cumulative profitability surface over the course of the breeding season from which consequences on adult survival and breeding success are estimated.\nA time-energy budget model in the presence of a wind farm in which the consequences of displacement and barrier effects on demographic rates are quantified.\nA stochastic time-specific matrix model which quantifies the population consequences of displacement in three steps: a) a retrospective analysis of population change in relation to environmental conditions; b) a forecasting analysis of predicted population change under scenarios of future environmental change which provides a baseline for c) the predicted impacts of displacement on future population change.\n\nIn conclusion, our model demonstrates that displacement of foraging seabirds from an offshore wind farm could result in changes to their time\/energy budgets with potential consequences for breeding performance and\/or survival. It also lays the foundation for estimating population consequences of displacement by linking time-energy budget models of foraging with population models.","author":["McDonald, C.","Searle, K.","Wanless, S.","Daunt, F."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.181944000000","-2.564608000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Effects_of_Displacement_from_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Development.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5482","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-emfs-undersea-power-cables-elasmobranchs-other-marine-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/Environmental-Stewardship\/Environmental-Studies\/Pacific-Region\/Studies\/2011-09-EMF-Effects.aspx","title":"Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and other Marine Species","description":"Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been introduced into the marine environment around the world and from a wide variety of sources for well over a century. Despite this, little is known about potential ecological impacts from EMFs. For decades, power transmission cables have been installed across bays and river mouths, and connecting near-shore islands to the mainland, with little consideration of possible effects to marine species from EMFs. At a time of greater environmental awareness, the US now faces the possibility of a new source of EMFs over a much greater extent of the seabed from offshore renewable energy facilities in coastal waters. This literature review synthesizes information on the types of power cables and models the expected EMFs from representative cables. Available information on electro- and magnetosensitivity of marine organisms, including elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and other fish species, marine mammals, sea turtles, and invertebrates is summarized and used in conjunctio with the power cable modeling results to evaluate the level of confidence the existing state of knowledge provides for impact assessment. Gaps in our knowledge of power cable characteristics and the biology needed to understand and predict impacts are summarized and form the basis of recommendations for future research priorities. Potential mitigation opportunities are described with a discussion of their potential secondary impacts as well as suggested methods for monitoring mitigation effectiveness. Finally, because interest in offshore renewable energy has increased throughout US coastal waters, there is a concern that organisms could be exposed to multiple seabed power cables. Cumulative effects of this exposure are discussed.","author":["Normandeau Associates Inc","Exponent Inc.","Tricas, T.","Gill, A."],"organization":["Normandeau Associates Inc","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:17:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMF_from_Undersea_Power_Cables_on_Elasmobranches.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5483","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-fish-invertebrates-fy2012-progress-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates - FY2012 Progress Report","description":"Energy generated by the world\u2019s oceans and rivers offers the potential to make substantial contributions to the domestic and global renewable energy supply. However, the marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) energy industry faces challenges related to siting, permitting, construction, and operation of pilot and commercial-scale facilities. One of the challenges is to understand the potential effects to marine organisms from electromagnetic fields, which are produced as a by-product of transmitting power from offshore to onshore locations through underwater transmission cables.  This report documents the progress of the third year of research (fiscal year 2012) to investigate environmental issues associated with marine and hydrokinetic energy (MHK) generation. This work was conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s (DOE\u2019s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Wind and Water Technologies Office. The report addresses the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on selected marine species where significant knowledge gaps exist. The species studied this fiscal year included one fish and two crustacean species: the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister), and American lobster (Homarus americanus).  These species were chosen based on their conservation and management status, and ecological and economic importance in the United States. A behavioral approach was used as a means of providing a sensitive yet rapid screening level assessment. Experimental trials were conducted in a controlled laboratory setting where EMF exposures and responses were actively monitored and quantified. A maximum EMF strength between 1.0 - 1.2 mT direct current (DC) was used for all tests to provide consistency and comparability among species. The EMF intensity was selected as an upper bound of an anthropogenic source that might be encountered based on reviewed literature. Behavioral observations were recorded in a test tank where the maximum EMF strength occurred at the tank center, decreasing to approximately 0.2 mT at each end and compared to identically configured control tanks with uniform background EMF intensities (~0.05 mT). Experimental trials were conducted for 24 hours (lobster), 72 and 96 hours (crab), and 72 hours (halibut). Attributes examined included the location (i.e., where time was spent with respect to the EMF source) and changes in activity levels (e.g., swimming, walking, resting, buried, sheltered, and burrowed). The overall approach was designed to provide preliminary information regarding key marine organisms responses to anthropogenic sources of EMF that will inform the siting and permitting process for MHK energy projects.  Based on the initial laboratory screening studies, the weight of evidence to date for the three tested species showed relatively few behavioral responses that would indicate explicit avoidance or attraction to an approximate 1.1 mT DC EMF intensity. However, for each species there were statistically significant differences related to the use of space and\/or activity level within the experimental tanks. Further study is needed to clarify whether these results are related to the directional flow of water current in the tanks, a response to a change in EMF vector orientation relative to background, or some other tank effect. There was a large amount of variability observed between individuals, trials, and seasons; hence the results need to be considered from this perspective. As benthic species, test animals spent a majority of their time in an inactive state, independent of treatment; halibut were motionless 88% of the time; crab were buried\/resting 80-91% of time; and lobster were sheltered or burrowed 76% of time. Given these largely inactive baselines, subtle changes in behavior were difficult to detect.  Recommendations for future research include: testing of other life stages (e.g. juveniles) that are likely to have different sensitivities and responses to EMFs; inclusion of other species of regulatory concern in future testing that may be sensitive to EMF (e.g. green sturgeon, elasmobranchs); implementation of tests using a variety of EMF configurations, including an AC source for comparison to the DC EMF results; and implementation of an experimental design in the laboratory to specifically address test animals responses to changes in EMF vector orientation. Finally, larger scale studies using activated cables in the field are needed in order to realistically assess EMF effects on navigation and migration patterns of priority species, including distribution of populations.","author":["Woodruff, D.","Cullinan, V.","Copping, A.","Marshall, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Woodruff_et_al_2013_Progress_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5484","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-marine-species-literature-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/9w032369d","title":"Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Marine Species: A Literature Review","description":"This report summarizes the results of a top-level literature survey on the topic of the electromagnetic (EM) effects on marine biota. The primary driver for this survey was to determine the basic state of knowledge on the topic of potential biological effects that EM fields (EMF) may have on marine species, and then to apply that knowledge to identify EMF sensing requirements. In particular, specific knowledge was sought on species sensitivity to field strength to electric or magnetic fields and on the frequency range of such sensing sensitivity. It was noted as a result of the survey (Table 1) that EM sensitivities varied significantly by species. Elasmobranchs (sharks and skates) were noted to have extreme sensitivity to low frequency AC electric fields, including the area between 1\/8th to 8 Hz, but no notation was made for sensitivity to magnetic fields. Telost fish, including salmonids, also have an electric field sensitivity, but one that is orders of magnitude lower (less sensitive) than sharks. Elasmobranchs provide the most stringent requirement for electric field sensing, with some species sensitive to levels as low as 1 nV\/m (1 x 10-9 volts\/meter). On the other hand, benthic species and some marine mammals have been observed to be affected to varying degrees by magnetic fields, but not electric fields. Magnetic sensing requirements appear to be driven by eels, which the literature reports as having sensitivities to magnetic fields on the order of a few \u03bcT (1 x 10-6 Tesla). Some benthic species have been shown to be affected by stronger magnetic fields, although there has been little research reported on the subject of certain species native to the Pacific Northwest, including the Dungeness crab. In summary, a number of species were reported to be sensitive to EM fields, and could potentially be affected by EM fields created by wave energy devices and cables. Thus, instrumentation used to assess the impact of EM fields should provide adequate resolution to allow direct measurement of known sensitivity levels. Furthermore, it would be desirable, but not required, to investigate instrumentation that is capable of measuring levels below the known levels of sensitivity to enable future research on any collected data that may have an observable impact.","author":["Slater, M."],"organization":["Oregon Innovation Council","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Effects_of_Electromagnetic_Fields_on_Marine_Species.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5485","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-effects-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-development-marine-estuarine-resources","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessing the Effects of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Development on Marine and Estuarine Resources","description":"To address the complexity of environmental issues associated with MHK energy, PNNL has received support from the Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Waterpower Program to develop research and development that draws on the knowledge of the industry, regulators, and stakeholders. Initial research has focused on 1) the development of a knowledge management database and related environmental risk evaluation system, 2) the use of hydrodynamic models to assess the effects of energy removal on coastal systems, 3) the development of laboratory and mesocosm experiments to evaluate the effects of EMF and noise on representative marine and estuarine species, and 4) collaborative interaction with regulators and other stakeholders to facilitate ocean energy devices, including participation in coastal and marine spatial planning activities.  In this paper, we describe our approach for initial laboratory investigations to evaluate potential environmental effects of EMFs on aquatic resources. Testing will be conducted on species that are a) easily procured and cultured, b) ecologically, commercially, recreationally or culturally valuable, and c) reasonable surrogates for threatened or endangered species. Biological endpoints of interest are those that provide compelling evidence of magnetic field detection and have a nexus to individual, community, or population-level effects. Through laboratory, mesocosm, and limited field testing, we hope to reduce the uncertainly associated with the development of ocean energy resources, and gain regulatory and stakeholder acceptance. We believe this is the best approach for moving the science forward and provides the best opportunity for successfully applying this technology toward meeting our country\u2019s renewable energy needs.","author":["Ward, J.","Schultz, I.","Woodruff, D.","Roesijadi, G.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ward_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5487","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-noise-fish-fisheries-invertebrates-us-atlantic-arctic-energy-industry-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/meetings\/mar\/mcbem-2014-01\/other\/mcbem-2014-01-submission-boem-04-en.pdf","title":"Effects of Noise on Fish, Fisheries, and Invertebrates in the U.S. Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound-Generating Activities","description":"The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Environmental Studies Program is convening a workshop (hereafter referred as the Workshop) to identify the most critical information needs and data gaps on the effects of various man-made sound on fish, fisheries, and invertebrates resulting from the use of sound-generating devices by the energy industry. To help focus the Workshop and maximize the contributions of the participants this document presents a Literature Synthesis (or Synthesis) that summarizes current knowledge of the topic as of January 2012.  While the focus of this Literature Synthesis and Workshop will be on fish, fisheries, and invertebrates of U.S. Atlantic and Arctic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), the findings will have a bearing on related activities around the world. Because of limited available data focused on species in the regions of interest, much of the literature reviewed and many of the species discussed are not taken directly from United States sources or locales. However, in most cases, the findings can be extrapolated to, and are fully relevant for, the species, sources, and regions of interest.  The Workshop will consider renewables, including offshore wind development, as well as oil and gas, and all the operations needed to implement these activities and decommission them after their termination. The Workshop will also cover exploration, including the use of devices for monitoring habitats, like boomers and multi-beam sonars, and sand and gravel (mineral) mining (dredging). While BOEM has jurisdiction to issue leases, easements, and rights-of-way for wave and tidal energy developments, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has the primary regulatory responsibility for these developments. Wave and tidal energy development activities will not, therefore, be given prominence at the Workshop, although this Literature Synthesis is informed by appropriate studies and findings with respect to those developments.  The Workshop itself will serve as the basis for a final report identifying information needs and data gaps. The final document from the Workshop (the Report) will comprise this Literature Synthesis, a Meeting Report, and a Gap Analysis.  This Literature Synthesis summarizes existing recent literature through 2011. It picks up where previous syntheses (e.g., Popper and Hastings 2009) left off and provides an initial identification of information needs and data gaps for the Workshop. This Synthesis is intended to be read by all participants prior to the Workshop and to serve as a jumping off point for all of the presentations. Thus, this Literature Synthesis will enable all speakers and participants at the Workshop to focus on new data and ideas rather than review older material. It is intended that the Workshop itself will go beyond the thinking of earlier groups and take knowledge forward.  Information needs and data gaps identified in this Synthesis are given in italized bullets. For the purpose of this Literature Synthesis, the authors have provided these lists without prioritization. Moreover, the lists in this Synthesis are not complete and are also far too extensive to provide BOEM, any United States or international organization, or the scientific community with guidance on information needs and data gaps. During the Workshop, participants will develop revised lists of information gaps and data needs and help prioritize them to provide the best possible guidance for agencies and researchers. Indeed, it is the expectation of BOEM and the authors that the lists will be modified substantially during the Workshop and that the final lists produced will benefit substantially from the presentations, breakout groups, and discussions at the Workshop.    Appendix A: Agenda  Appendix B: Presentations  Appendix C: Biosketches of Invited Participants  Appendix D: List of Attendees  Appendix E: Literature Synthesis","author":["Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":["Normandeau Associates Inc","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2012-Noise-Workshop-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5488","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-systems-near-far-field-seawater-properties","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1063\/1.4766820","title":"Effects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems on Near and Far Field Seawater Properties - A Case Study for Hawaii","description":"In light of renewed interest and efforts in the development of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems with a vision to provide mankind with a long-lasting energy resource, the potential environmental impacts of this technology should be considered from the perspective of sustainability. As an important step toward such a goal, we examine effects of OTEC effluent discharge on the physical aspects of the ocean environment near a Hawaiian Island in the North Pacific Ocean. We use modeling tools comprised of a mixing model that predicts the near field dilution of effluent plumes and a high-resolution ocean circulation model that simulates the dispersion of effluent in the far field. Numerical experiments are conducted to explore factors that influence effluent dispersal. We find that OTEC thermal resource is favorable and stable at the chosen location for the time period experimented. For a given OTEC design, the effluent discharge settles at a depth sufficiently far from the depths of discharge or intakes, and becomes dispersed quickly away from the site by highly variable ocean currents. Changes in ocean stratification and flow field are negligible for one OTEC device but are notable when multiple OTEC devices are present. These changes do not persist beyond 2 weeks after switching off OTEC activity.","author":["Jia, Y.","Nihous, G.","Richards, K."],"organization":["University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2012-11-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.170000000000","-158.160000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5490","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/declining-survival-probability-threatens-north-atlantic-right-whale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/96\/6\/3308","title":"Declining Survival Probability Threatens the North Atlantic Right Whale","description":"The North Atlantic northern right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is considered the most endangered large whale species. Its population has recovered only slowly since the cessation of commercial whaling and numbers about 300 individuals. We applied mark-recapture statistics to a catalog of photographically identified individuals to obtain the first statistically rigorous estimates of survival probability for this population. Crude survival decreased from about 0.99 per year in 1980 to about 0.94 in 1994. We combined this survival trend with a reported decrease in reproductive rate into a branching process model to compute population growth rate and extinction probability. Population growth rate declined from about 1.053 in 1980 to about 0.976 in 1994. Under current conditions the population is doomed to extinction; an upper bound on the expected time to extinction is 191 years. The most effective way to improve the prospects of the population is to reduce mortality. The right whale is at risk from entanglement in fishing gear and from collisions with ships. Reducing this human-caused mortality is essential to the viability of this population.","author":["Caswell, H.","Fujiwara, M.","Brault, S."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"1999-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.158420000000","-68.359184000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5493","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/surface-currents-admiralty-inlet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/projects\/salish-sea-model","title":"Surface Currents at Admiralty Inlet","description":"Animation shows the simulated surface currents around Admiralty Inlet, Washington produced with Salish Sea Model. These currents represent 24-hours corresponding to 2 January 2017 and are meant to demonstrate the ebbing and flooding tidal cycle. More information on this model can be found here","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Puget Sound Institute"],"originationDate":"2020-03-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5494","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/design-implementation-marine-animal-alert-system-support-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2013\/00000047\/00000004\/art00012","title":"Design and Implementation of a Marine Animal Alert System to Support Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Power extracted from fast-moving tidal currents has been identified as a potential commercial-scale source of renewable energy. Marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) device developers and utilities are pursuing deployment of prototype tidal turbines to assess technology viability, site feasibility, and environmental interactions. Deployment of prototype turbines requires environmental review and permits from a range of regulatory authorities. Ensuring the safety of marine animals, particularly those under protection of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, has emerged as a key regulatory challenge for initial MHK deployments. The greatest perceived risk to marine animals is from strike by the rotating blades of tidal turbines. Development of the marine animal alert system (MAAS) was undertaken to support monitoring and mitigation requirements for tidal turbine deployments. The prototype system development focused on the Southern Resident killer whale (SRKW), an endangered population that frequents Puget Sound, Washington, and is seasonally present in the part of the sound where deployment of prototype tidal turbines is being considered. Passive acoustics were selected as the primary means to detect the SRKWs because of the vocal nature of these animals. The MAAS passive acoustic system consists of a two-stage process involving the use of an energy detector and a spectrogram-based classifier to distinguish between SKRW calls and background noise. A prototype consisting of two 2D symmetrical star arrays separated by 20 m center to center was built and evaluated successfully in the waters of Sequim Bay, Washington, using whale-call playback.","author":["Deng, Z.","Carlson, T.","Fu, T.","Ren, H.","Martinez, J.","Myers, J.","Matzner, S.","Choi, E.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.749612000000","-122.451931000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5495","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/design-implementation-new-low-cost-subsurface-mooring-system-efficient-data-recovery","sourceURL":"","title":"Design and Implementation of a New Low-Cost Subsurface Mooring System for Efficient Data Recovery","description":"Mooring systems are the most effective method for making sustained time series observations in the oceans. Generally there are two types of ocean mooring systems: surface and subsurface. A subsurface mooring system is less likely to be damaged after deployment than a surface system. However, a subsurface system usually needs to be retrieved from the ocean for data recovery. This paper describes the design and implementation of a new low-cost subsurface mooring system for efficient data recovery: Timed Communication Buoy System (TCBS). The TCBS is usually integrated in the main float and the designated data is downloaded from the control system. After data retrieval, the TCBS will separate from main float, rise up to the sea surface, and transmit data by satellite communication.","author":["Tian, C.","Deng, Z.","Zhao, W.","Song, D.","Xu, M.","Xu, X.","Lu, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oceans_2013_Tian_et_al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5496","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/design-implementation-underwater-sound-recording-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/11\/9\/8519","title":"Design and Implementation of an Underwater Sound Recording Device","description":"To monitor the underwater sound and pressure waves generated by anthropogenic activities such as underwater blasting and pile driving, an autonomous system was designed to record underwater acoustic signals. The underwater sound recording device (USR) allows for connections of two hydrophones or other dynamic pressure sensors, filters high frequency noise out of the collected signals, has a gain that can be independently set for each sensor, and allows for 2 h of data collection. Two versions of the USR were created: a submersible model deployable to a maximum depth of 300 m, and a watertight but not fully submersible model. Tests were performed on the USR in the laboratory using a data acquisition system to send single-frequency sinusoidal voltages directly to each component. These tests verified that the device operates as designed and performs as well as larger commercially available data acquisition systems, which are not suited for field use. On average, the designed gain values differed from the actual measured gain values by about 0.35 dB. A prototype of the device was used in a case study to measure blast pressures while investigating the effect of underwater rock blasting on juvenile Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. In the case study, maximum positive pressure from the blast was found to be significantly correlated with frequency of injury for individual fish. The case study also demonstrated that the device withstood operation in harsh environments, making it a valuable tool for collecting field measurements.","author":["Martinez, J.","Myers, J.","Carlson, T.","Deng, Z.","Rohrer, J.","Caviggia, K.","Woodley, C.","Weiland, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martinez_et_al_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5497","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-marine-mammals-effects-monitoring-nspi-openhydro-turbine-site-minas-passage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fern.acadiau.ca\/tl_files\/sites\/fern\/files%202011\/Marine%20mammal%20detection%20Final%20report%20to%20FORCE%2021%20Feb%202011.pdf","title":"Detection of Marine Mammals and Effects Monitoring at the NSPI (OpenHydro) Turbine Site in the Minas Passage during 2010","description":"Information available on the near-field effects of tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) devices on marine mammals is sparse. And data on diel activity patterns of marine mammals in the upper Bay of Fundy is lacking. The main questions addressed by this collaborative project between Acadia University and SMRU Ltd, in relation to TISEC device testing, are:\n\nWhat are the activity levels of key cetaceans, specifically porpoises and dolphins, in the Minas Passage turbine demonstration area during late summer\/fall?\nHow does porpoise and dolphin presence\/activity near the deployed NSPI (OpenHydro) turbine compare with presence\/activity at a control site?\n\nThe study involved a continuous ~3 month long passive acoustic marine mammal monitoring field study (10 August 2010 \u2013 23 November 2010) while the NSPI (OpenHydro) tidal turbine device was deployed in the Minas Passage. Three C-POD hydrophones (autonomous cetacean echolocation click detectors, Chelonia Ltd) were deployed and recovered using custom-fitted bottom moorings with acoustic releases. Two devices were positioned in close proximity ~150m east and west of the turbine, while a third \u2018control\u2019 device was positioned ~700m west of the turbine site. Two C-PODs (east of the turbine and the control site) recorded click data continuously until the batteries expired (89 and 92 days post-deployment). The remaining C-POD only collected one day of data before stopping and its mooring sub-buoy was recovered damaged. Recommendations for deployment improvements, data loss prevention and future study design are made.","author":["Tollit, D.","Wood, J.","Broome, J.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","SMRU Consulting","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2011-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Detection_of_Marine_Mammals_at_NSPI.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5498","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-tidal-turbine-noise-pre-installation-case-study-admiralty-inlet-puget-sound","sourceURL":"","title":"Detection of Tidal Turbine Noise: A Pre-Installation Case Study for Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound","description":"The development of sustainable tidal power generation schemes is contingent upon demonstrating the environmental compatibility of this technology. Among the environmental uncertainties is the effect that the noise generated by tidal turbines might have on fish and marine mammals. Consequently, it is desirable to better understand these interactions through pilot\u2010scale monitoring before commercialscale deployments are undertaken. Effective monitoring plans must account for the extent of noise and the potential for this noise to cause detectable changes. This study presents a case study for a proposed pilot project that synthesizes available measurements of turbine noise and underwater ambient noise to evaluate the effectiveness of studies to characterize turbine noise and the marine mammal response to this noise. Because both turbine noise and ambient noise vary in time, the description is probabilistic. The time distribution of turbine noise is derived from measurements of a similar tidal turbine and convolved with the time distribution of ambient noise in the proposed project area. Results suggest that characterizing turbine noise and studying marine mammal responsiveness at this location will be challenging due to existing ambient noise associated with high vessel traffic density and sediment transport. The case study provides instructive guidance for high\u2010priority data needs and an analysis framework for evaluating acoustic effects of tidal energy projects.","author":["Polagye, B.","Bassett, C.","Wood, J.","Barr, S."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","OpenHydro","SMRU Consulting","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2012-02-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 09:51:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Detection_of_Tidal_Turbine_Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5499","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-new-ground-truthing-techniques-seabed-mapping","sourceURL":"https:\/\/portal.medin.org.uk\/portal\/start.php?tpc=015_f3a22548cf1f579db389a7fd4ff1138d","title":"Developing New Ground Truthing Techniques for Seabed Mapping","description":"The purpose of the project was to develop a towed video sledge combined with low altitude sidescan system to obtain concurrent visual samples of the seafloor and high resolution acoustic images. It is intended that such a device would bridge the gap between standard sidescan survey and ground truth sampling. The specifications for the device were that the technology would be inexpensive, easy to use, deployable from small vessels and operate in depths of at least 30m.  A system has been designed meeting these specifications that has been termed a camera and low altitude sidescan (CLASS) device. It consisted of a sledge with sidescan trailing 1.3m above the sea floor from an attachment on the sledge towing cable. Bullet cameras were attached close to the sea floor for viewing in low visibility. A StarFish 450kHz chirp sidescan was connected to the surface using a local area network and the transducer unit was rendered slightly positively buoyant and directionally stable by attaching it to a fish with tail fins and net floats.  The design went through a series of tests and modifications. The final design of the sledge was small and light-weight and easily constructed from aluminium sheet and threaded steel bars.  The CLASS device was trialled in areas known to have supported reef created by the Ross worm Sabellaria spinulosa, including the licensed aggregate extraction site Area 107. The device obtained acoustic and video images of the sea floor in all but the strongest tidal currents. However, the device performed best (in terms of directional stability and maintenance of a constant altitude) as a sledge towed on the sea floor in conditions of low currents. With moderate currents the system worked well with the sledge acting as a depressor flown slightly above (but in occasional contact with) the sea floor. The slightly higher sidescan altitude of 3 metres resulted in a marginal reduction in the resolution of small targets.  The sidescan deployed at low altitude could detect small sea floor features under 10cm high, such as sand ripples and erosion features in sediment consolidated by faunal turf, worm tubes and also sea grass. However, no well defined Ross worm reef was observed and the system has not been tested against the full range of biogenic reef.  It is considered that the CLASS device would find a use in targeted surveys where it is desirable to describe and map habitats and habitat boundary characteristics in fine detail. Another potential use might be for marine archaeological survey where a potential area of small, dispersed targets (such as wreckage) has been located but needs fine scale investigation.","author":["Foster-Smith, R.","Egerton, J.","Foster-Smith, D.","Sotheran, I.","Meadows, W."],"organization":["Envision","Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund"],"originationDate":"2010-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.074617000000","0.476091000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MALSF_2010_Seabed_Mapping.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5500","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-wave-energy-coastal-california-potential-socio-economic-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pge.com\/includes\/docs\/pdfs\/shared\/environment\/pge\/waveconnect\/CEC_developing_of_wave_energy_in_coastal_CA.pdf","title":"Developing Wave Energy in Coastal California: Potential Socio-Economic and Environmental Effects","description":"Growing interest in converting the energy of California\u2019s ocean waves into electricity is matched by concerns regarding the potential effects of wave energy conversion technology on marine resources. This study finds ecological and socio\u2010economic challenges associated with wave energy conversion are likely to depend fundamentally on project scale and location. Social and cultural impacts to fisheries, marine transportation, and some recreation are expected, and may have economic ramifications. Changes to the physical environment are predicted to result from a reduction in wave energy and alterations to nearshore wave\u2010driven processes. Benthic communities may exhibit direct or indirect responses to these changes, with the potential for non\u2010linear effects. Fish are expected to use wave energy conversion installations as artificial habitat, and environmental perturbations such as acoustic or electro\u2010magnetic stimuli may affect behavior. Marine bird and mammals effects are expected to be minimal, but there is cause for caution regarding select species. Dramatic ecological, social, or economic effects are not clearly indicated by this study, but a strong case for caution is supported when developing wave energy conversion technology off the California coast. Impacts to human activities, wave exposure, benthic communities, fishes, birds and mammals are all virtually certain, but the impacts\u2019 magnitudes and the cumulative effects remain difficult to anticipate.","author":["Nelson, P.","Behrens, D.","Castle, J.","Crawford, G.","Gaddam, R.","Hackett, S.","Largier, J.","Lohse, D.","Mills, K.","Raimondi, P.","Robart, M.","Thompson, S.","Woo, S."],"organization":["California Energy Commission","California Ocean Protection Council"],"originationDate":"2008-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.712965000000","-123.367693000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nelson_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5501","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tethys-developing-commons-understanding-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166913000301","title":"Tethys: Developing a Commons for Understanding Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"A lack of consistent widespread information on potential environmental effects, monitoring outcomes, and mitigation strategies continues to hinder the development and deployment of marine energy systems around the world. To address this need, member nations of the Ocean Energy Systems-Implementing Agreement (OES) formed Annex IV, a three-year collaborative effort (2010-2013) to increase knowledge sharing, research collaborations, and efficient regulatory decision-making associated with investigating and evaluating the potential impacts of wave and tidal energy. The efforts of Annex IV resulted in the launching of a publically-available, searchable online database of environmental information (called Tethys), housing scientific literature pertaining to the environmental effects of marine energy systems, as well as metadata on international ocean energy projects and research studies. In addition to providing broad access to information on environmental effects of marine energy development, Tethys can act as a commons for bringing together researchers, device and project developers, regulators, and stakeholders, to explore common interests and information needs for the emerging marine energy industry. This paper will demonstrate the development, existing functionality, and content of Tethys, as well as discuss the future of Annex IV including information updates, improvements, and additional outreach efforts over the next several years.","author":["Copping, A.","Smith, C.","Hanna, L.","Battey, H.","Whiting, J.","Reed, M.","Brown-Saracino, J.","Gilman, P.","Massaua, M."],"organization":["New West Technologies","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5502","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-instrumentation-package-water-testing-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"Developing an Instrumentation Package for in-Water Testing of Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Devices","description":"The ocean-energy industry is still in its infancy and device developers have provided their own equipment and procedures for testing. Currently, no testing standards exist for ocean energy devices in the United States. Furthermore, as prototype devices move from the test tank to in-water testing, the logistical challenges and costs grow. Development of instrumentation packages that can be moved from device to device is one means of reducing testing costs and providing data to the industry as a whole. As a first step, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is developing instrumentation packages that will provide common measurements across various ocean energy devices. Considerations in choosing an instrumentation controller are summarized in this paper using experiences from the oceanographic and wind industry. Some of the NREL National Wind Technology Center\u2019s wind turbine certification tests are suggested as examples of possible tests for MHK devices. Next, challenges that must be addressed in the development of the ocean instrumentation controller are outlined. For example, the instrument package must be adaptable to fit a large array of devices but still conduct common measurements. Finally, data file format and long term database storage options are outlined. NREL welcomes input from the industry regarding its measurement needs.","author":["Nelson, E."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.740810000000","-105.168691000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Developing-an-instrumentation-package.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5506","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-hydrodynamic-transport-model-bellingham-bay-support-nearshore-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/982571","title":"Development of a Hydrodynamic and Transport Model of Bellingham Bay in Support of Nearshore Habitat Restoration","description":"In this study, a hydrodynamic model based on the unstructured-grid finite volume coastal ocean model (FVCOM) was developed for Bellingham Bay, Washington. The model simulates water surface elevation, velocity, temperature, and salinity in a three-dimensional domain that covers the entire Bellingham Bay and adjacent water bodies, including Lummi Bay, Samish Bay, Padilla Bay, and Rosario Strait. The model was developed using Pacific Northwest National Laboratory\u2019s high-resolution Puget Sound and Northwest Straits circulation and transport model. A sub-model grid for Bellingham Bay and adjacent coastal waters was extracted from the Puget Sound model and refined in Bellingham Bay using bathymetric light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and river channel cross-section data. The model uses tides, river inflows, and meteorological inputs to predict water surface elevations, currents, salinity, and temperature. A tidal open boundary condition was specified using standard National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predictions. Temperature and salinity open boundary conditions were specified based on observed data. Meteorological forcing (wind, solar radiation, and net surface heat flux) was obtained from NOAA real observations and National Center for Environmental Prediction North American Regional Analysis outputs. The model was run in parallel with 48 cores using a time step of 2.5 seconds. It took 18 hours of cpu time to complete 26 days of simulation. The model was calibrated with oceanographic field data for the period of 6\/10\/2009 to 6\/25\/2009. These data were collected specifically for the purpose of model development and calibration. They include time series of water-surface elevation, currents, temperature, and salinity as well as temperature and salinity profiles during instrument deployment and retrieval. Comparisons between model predictions and field observations show an overall reasonable agreement in both temporal and spatial scales. Comparisons of root mean square error values for surface water elevation, velocity, temperature, and salinity time series are 0.11 m, 0.10 m\/s, 1.28 degrees C, and 1.91 ppt, respectively. The model was able to reproduce the salinity and temperature stratifications inside Bellingham Bay. Wetting and drying processes in tidal flats in Bellingham Bay, Samish Bay, and Padilla Bay were also successfully simulated.  Both model results and observed data indicated that water surface elevations inside Bellingham Bay are highly correlated to tides. Circulation inside the bay is weak and complex and is affected by various forcing mechanisms, including tides, winds, freshwater inflows, and other local forcing factors. The Bellingham Bay model solution was successfully linked to the NOAA oil spill trajectory simulation model \u0022General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment (GNOME).\u0022 Overall, the Bellingham Bay model has been calibrated reasonably well and can be used to provide detailed hydrodynamic information in the bay and adjacent water bodies. While there is room for further improvement with more available data, the calibrated hydrodynamic model provides useful hydrodynamic information in Bellingham Bay and can be used to support sediment transport and water quality modeling as well as assist in the design of nearshore restoration scenarios.","author":["Wang, T.","Yang, Z.","Khangaonkar, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.736671000000","-122.563042000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bellingham_Bay_Hydrodynamic_Model.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5507","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-local-ocean-prediction-model-fort-lauderdale-region-energy-extraction","sourceURL":"","title":"Development of a Local Ocean Prediction Model of the Fort Lauderdale Region for Energy Extraction Purposes","description":"The main objective of the research is to develop a real time high-resolution ocean model covering the region around Ft. Lauderdale with the aim of providing accurate real-time prediction of distribution of currents, temperature and salinity. The scientific goals include the investigation of the local energetic of the Florida Current and the potential impacts from placement of turbines within the current. As a first step, the results of already performed assimilated global 1\/12\u00b0 simulations of Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) are analyzed for the region of the Florida Straits to assess the suitability of the model. The transport and currents distribution at 27\u00b0N between Ft. Lauderdale and the Bahamas are validated against observations for years 2008-2009. Despite a bias of -3Sv, the transport variability is well-reproduced in the model. To have a first idea of the potential of the Florida current to be a profitable energy source, the power density and total power availability is calculated through the 27\u00b0N section. The results show maximum power densities about 50km offshore of Florida that vary between ~3.8kW\/m2 (at 5m in December) and ~1.0kW\/m2 (at 60m in November). In parallel, the impact of turbines on a flow is also investigated using HYCOM in a periodic channel configuration forced by a baroclinic flow at the each boundary. An enhanced drag coefficient is applied at defined locations to account for the moored turbine. The impact of the intensity and the location of this drag on the circulation of the channel is assessed for this idealized case. The next step will be to apply this drag to:    a realistic configuration of HYCOM to analyze the impact of such drag on the Florida Current-Gulf Stream System and  a real-time high-resolution (1\/24\u00b0) ocean model of the Ft. Lauderdale region to predict power availability.","author":["Bozec, A.","Chassignet, E.","Hanson, H."],"organization":["Florida State University"],"originationDate":"2010-06-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.370910000000","-80.103540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Development_of_a_Local_Ocean_Prediction_Model_of_the_Fort_Lauderdale_Region.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5509","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-stereo-camera-system-monitoring-hydrokinetic-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6405043","title":"Development of a Stereo Camera System for Monitoring Hydrokinetic Turbines","description":"The implementation of a hybrid optical-acoustic imaging system is described and evaluated for environmental monitoring of a hydrokinetic turbine. This monitoring system is intended to provide real time stereographic imagery in the near \ufb01eld (\u226510 m) of tidal turbines proposed for deployment in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington. Post deployment observations will provide valuable information about the frequency and character of interactions of marine animals with the turbine. Optical camera effectiveness is evaluated under realistic \ufb01eld conditions in order to determine the range within which it is able to detect, discriminate, and classify targets. These \ufb01eld evaluations serve to inform optimal system placement relative to the turbine. Preliminary assessment of image quality and measurements taken by the stereographic cameras show that it will likely be able to discriminate and classify targets at ranges up to 3.5 m and detect targets at ranges up to and potentially beyond 4.5 m.","author":["Joslin, J.","Polagye, B.","Parker-Stetter, S."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2012-10-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.949784500000","-122.671303300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5510","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-electrical-power-take-system-sea-test-scaled-offshore-wave-energy-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148110004611","title":"Development of an Electrical Power Take Off System for a Sea-Test Scaled Offshore Wave Energy Device","description":"This paper details the design, deployment and operation of a power take off system for a 1:4 scale offshore Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC). Ocean energy device prototypes at this scale present a unique set of challenges in that the integration of prime movers and generators typically begins to take place at this particular development stage, which may also represent first deployment at sea. The presence of electrical equipment and rotating machinery in the offshore environment brings its own engineering and operational difficulties. Moreover, such devices are typically not grid connected, necessitating the development of custom power conversion and control equipment. The paper describes the design considerations, details of design, deployment experiences, operational experiences of such a system and concludes with recommendations for future projects in the area.","author":["O\u0027Sullivana, D.","Griffiths, J.","Egan, M.","Lewis, A."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.241475000000","-9.061458000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5516","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distribution-movement-patterns-gray-whales-central-oregon-shore-based-observations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/30170563\/Distribution_and_movement_patterns_of_gray_whales_off_central_Oregon_Shore_based_observations_from_Yaquina_Head_during_the_2007_2008_migration_Report_","title":"Distribution and Movement Patterns of Gray Whales Off Central Oregon: Shore-Based Observations from Yaquina During the 2007\/2008 Migration","description":"Gray whale migration along Oregon is primarily coastal. The average distance from shore for sightings recorded during aerial surveys off the Oregon coast was 9.2 km and the farthest sighting occurred 23 km offshore (Green et al. 1995). Because of their coastal path, gray whales are well known and appreciated by the public and by visitors to the Oregon coast. Whale-watching is one of the main attractions offered by tour boat operators in Depoe Bay and Newport. Whale-watching is also an important attraction at visitor centers along the Oregon coast (e.g. Yaquina Head Outstanding Natural Area, Whale Watching Center in Depoe Bay, etc.). However, the coastal migratory path of gray whales crosses areas where wave energy parks have been proposed.  The objective of this study is to generate accurate, up to date data on distribution (distance to shore, travel path) and behavior (travel speed, migration timing) of gray whales migrating along the central Oregon coast. Results from this study will help estimate potential exposure of migrating gray whales to wave energy facilities in the Oregon territorial sea. Moreover, the baseline information reported here, combined with further observations to monitor gray whale behavior after wave energy facilities are installed, can be used to determine potential effects and to evaluate the need for and effectiveness of mitigation measures.","author":["Mate, B.","Ortega-Ortiz, J."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2008-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.782500000000","-124.238060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OWET_Whale.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5517","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/do-marine-mammals-experience-stress-related-anthropogenic-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/6t16b8gw","title":"Do Marine Mammals Experience Stress Related to Anthropogenic Noise?","description":"Sound travels much further than light in the marine environment. As a result, marine mammals, especially cetaceans, rely heavily on sound for many important life functions, including breeding and foraging. This reliance on sound means it is quite likely that exposure to noise will have some detrimental effects on these life functions. However, there has been little application to marine mammals of the knowledge available in other species of stress responses to noise and other stressors. In this paper we begin to integrate what is known about marine mammals with the current knowledge gained in terrestrial mammals about stress physiology, specifically considering physiological and psychological context and thus also cumulative and synergistic impacts. We determined that it is reasonable to extrapolate information regarding stress responses in other species to marine mammals, because these responses are highly conserved among all species in which they have been examined to date. As a result, we determined that noise acts as a stressor to marine mammals. Furthermore, given that marine mammals will likely respond in a manner consistent with other species studied, repeated and prolonged exposures to stressors (including or induced by noise) will be problematic for marine mammals of all ages. A range of issues may arise from the extended stress response including, but not limited to, suppression of reproduction (physiologically and behaviorally), accelerated aging and sickness-like symptoms. We also determined that interpretation of a reduction in behavioral responses to noise as acclimation will be a mistake in many situations, as alternative reasons for the observed results are much more likely. We recommend that research be conducted on both stress responses and life-history consequences of noise exposure in marine mammals, while emphasizing that very careful study designs will be required. We also recommend that managers incorporate the findings presented here in decisions regarding activities that expose marine mammals to noise. In particular, the effects of cumulative and synergistic responses to stressors can be very important and should not be dismissed lightly.","author":["Wright, A.","Soto, N.","Baldwin, A.","Bateson, M.","Beale, C.","Clark, C.","Deak, T.","Edwards, E.","Fernandez, A.","Godinho, A.","Hatch, L.","Kakuschke, A.","Lusseau, D.","Martineau, D.","Romero, M.","Weilgart, L.","Wintle, B.","Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G.","Martin, V."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Newcastle University"],"originationDate":"2007-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5519","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project-2012-environmental-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fern.acadiau.ca\/371.html","title":"Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2012 Environmental Monitoring Report","description":"ORPC Maine, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Ocean Renewable Power Company, LLC (collectively ORPC), submits this 2012 Environmental Monitoring Report for Phase I of the Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project (Project), in compliance with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) pilot project license P-12711-005. This report represents a significant achievement for the Project and its Adaptive Management Plan and demonstrates improved knowledge of our TidGen\u2122 Power System\u2019s installation, operation and interaction with the marine environment.  ORPC is using this licensed pilot project to advance, demonstrate, and accelerate deployment of its tidal-current based marine hydrokinetic energy conversion technology, associated power electronics, interconnection equipment, and environmental monitoring program within a replicable full-scale, interconnected array of devices capable of reliably delivering electricity to the domestic power grid. The Project consists of designing, building, installing and monitoring a commercial-scale array of multiple grid-connected TidGen\u2122 devices on the sea floor in Cobscook Bay off Eastport and Lubec, Maine in two phases.  The implementation of the environmental monitoring plans was affected by two overriding challenges: the realities of working regularly in the marine environment (i.e., limited visibility, high velocity, deep water conditions with changeable weather at the surface); and the start-up, conditioning, and maintenance issues associated with the new marine hydrokinetic technology and environmental monitoring instrumentation, especially the components that represented first of their kind applications.  To overcome these challenges ORPC took the following approach to ensure consistency with the Project\u2019s license:    Data was collected in accordance with the approved environmental monitoring plans and Adaptive Management Plan and in conjunction with the installed infrastructure and operational status of the TGU.  Where deficiencies in equipment and methodologies were identified, ORPC engaged technical advisors, consulting scientists, manufacturer representatives, and qualified in-house personnel to troubleshoot issues and develop improvement plans, as necessary.","author":["ORPC Maine"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2013-03-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:45:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC_FINALenvironmentalreport_Mar2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5523","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collision-risk-fish-wave-tidal-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2019-07\/marine-renewable-energy-strategic-framework-risk-to-fish.pdf","title":"Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices","description":"The Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework for Wales (MRESF) is seeking to provide for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy in Welsh waters. As one of the recommendations from the Stage 1 study, a requirement for further evaluation of fish collision risk with wave and tidal stream energy devices was identified.  This report seeks to provide an objective assessment of the potential for fish to collide with wave or tidal devices, including a review of existing impact prediction and monitoring data where available. The study has been progressed as a desk-based review of existing information together with targeted consultation with device developers and relevant research organisations. A conceptual model of fish collision risk was developed at the start of the study and has been used to focus the review and consultation exercises.  The conceptual model has been developed based around a standard environmental risk assessment model and focuses on four key factors contributing to collision risk:    Exposure - based on whether a fish has ecological traits which will influence exposure to wet renewable (wave and tidal) devices which could cause a behavioural avoidance response;  Long range avoidance - based on operational underwater noise characteristics of devices and fish hearing and responses to underwater noise;  Close range evasion - based on relevant device characteristics and fish visual acuity, fish swimming speeds and traits; and  Collision damage \u2013 based on likely consequences of collision between a fish and a device.   The study has collated available information on the characteristics of wave and tidal devices that influence the magnitude of risks to fish (Section 3) and also considers environmental characteristics of potential deployment locations in Wales and how this might influence the composition and abundance of fish exposed to collision risk (Section 4).  Detailed evaluations of the three key factors contributing to collision risk are provided in Sections 5 to 7 taking account of specific information relating to wave and tidal devices where available and making use of more generic information from other comparable activities. Significant information gaps highlighted by this review are described in Section 8. An assessment of overall collision risk for different types of fish and different wave and tidal devices is presented in Section 9 together with a discussion of the limitations of existing scientific knowledge and priorities for additional research. Potential mitigation and monitoring options are described in Section 10. Key conclustions of the study are described in Section 11.  The Approach to Sustainable Development Report presents the final outputs of the Marine Renewable Energy Strategic Framework (MRESF). The MRESF will be an essential management tool for the sustainable development of wave and tidal energy in Wales.","author":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)"],"organization":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","RPS group","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.499468000000","-5.489198000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ABP_MER_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5524","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collision-risks-between-marine-renewable-energy-devices-mammals-fish-diving-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/reader\/18620300","title":"Collision Risks Between Marine Renewable Energy Devices and Mammals, Fish and Diving Birds","description":"This report summarizes the risks of injurious collision that marine renewable devices may pose to marine mammals, fish and birds using Scottish waters within the SEA assessment area. A collision is considered to be a physical contact between a device or its pressure field and an organism, that may result in an injury (however slight) to that organism. We did not consider the physical impacts of sound. Vertebrates may avoid collisions by moving away from the immediate area around a device (avoidance) or by escaping at close range (evasion, analogous to swerving to prevent collision with an obstacle in the road).  Other than barrages, neither wave nor tidal renewable devices have reached commercial scale deployment off Scotland. Consequently the precedent to evaluate vertebrate collision risks is severely limited. We therefore reviewed the known impacts of other industrial and natural activities with physical parallels. We considered shipping, fisheries, power station cooling intakes, fish aggregation devices, wind turbines and killer whale predation.","author":["Wilson, B.","Batty, R.","Daunt, F.","Carter, C."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2007-03-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.263487000000","-5.785590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson-et-al-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5525","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collisions-between-ships-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00980.x\/abstract","title":"Collisions Between Ships and Whales","description":"Although collisions with motorized ships are a recognized source of whale mortality, little has been done to collect information on the frequency of their occurrence or contributing factors. We searched historical records and computerized stranding databases for evidence of ship strikes involving great whales (i.e., baleen whales and the sperm whale). Historical records suggest that ship strikes fatal to whales first occurred late in the 1800s as ships began to reach speeds of 13-15 kn, remained infrequent until about 1950, and then increased during the 1950s-1970s as the number and speed of ships increased. Of 11 species known to be hit by ships, fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) are struck most frequently; right whales (Eubalaena glacialis and E. australis), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), sperm whales (Physeter catodon), and gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) are hit commonly. In some areas, one-third of all fin whale and right whale strandings appear to involve ship strikes. To assess contributing factors, we collected descriptions of 58 collisions. They indicate that all sizes and types of vessels can hit whales; most lethal or severe injuries are caused by ships 80 m or longer; whales usually are not seen beforehand or are seen too late to be avoided; and most lethal or severe injuries involve ships travelling 14 kn or faster. Ship strikes can significantly affect small populations of whales, such as northern right whales in the western North Atlantic. In areas where special caution is needed to avoid such events, measures to reduce the vessel speed below 14 kn may be beneficial.","author":["Laist, D.","Knowlton, A.","Mead, J.","Collet, A.","Podesta, M."],"organization":["Marine Mammal Commission"],"originationDate":"2001-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:55:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5526","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/colonisation-fish-crabs-wave-energy-foundations-effects-manufactured-holes-field","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113609000646","title":"Colonisation of Fish and Crabs of Wave Energy Foundations and the Effects of Manufactured Holes - A Field Experiment","description":"Several Western European countries are planning for a significant development of offshore renewable energy along the European Atlantic Ocean coast, including many thousands of wave energy devices and wind turbines. There is an increasing interest in articulating the added values of the creation of artificial hard bottom habitats through the construction of offshore renewable energy devices, for the benefit of fisheries management and conservation. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located about 100 km north of Gothenburg at the Swedish west coast. A wave energy device consists of a linear wave power generator attached to a foundation on the seabed, and connected by a wire to a buoy at the surface. Our field experiment examined the function of wave energy foundations as artificial reefs. In addition, potentials for enhancing the abundance of associated fish and crustaceans through manufactured holes of the foundations were also investigated. Assemblages of mobile organisms were examined by visual censuses in July and August 2007, 3 months after deployment of the foundations. Results generally show low densities of mobile organisms, but a significantly higher abundance of fish and crabs on the foundations compared to surrounding soft bottoms. Further, while fish numbers were not influenced by increased habitat complexity (holes), it had a significantly positive effect on quantities of edible crab (Cancer pagurus), on average leading to an almost five-fold increase in densities of this species. Densities of spiny starfish (Marthasterias glacialis) were negatively affected by the presence of holes, potentially due to increased predator abundance (e.g. C. pagurus). These results suggest a species-specific response to enhanced habitat complexity.","author":["Langhamer, O.","Wilhelmsson, D."],"organization":["Stockholm University","Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:57:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5527","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/colonization-blue-mussels-mytilus-edulis-offshore-wave-power-installations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/urn.kb.se\/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107219","title":"Colonization of Blue Mussels (Mytilus Edulis) on Offshore Wave Power Installations","description":"The use of offshore energy conversion is predicted to expand significantly throughout estuarine and marine environments, with a global potential comparable to that of wind and hydro power. Therefore, it is important to study the interactions of offshore wave power devices with the marine environment. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located about 100 km north of Gothenburg at the Swedish west coast. The concept is based on a linear wave power generator placed on the seabed, and connected via a wire to a buoy acting as point absorbers on the surface. Biofouling on offshore wave energy devices is an issue of concern for the operation or survival of the components. On the other side, these structures may provide habitats for marine organisms and thus increase biodiversity and form artificial reefs. In this chapter, size distribution and biomass of blue mussels on sheltered and exposed marking buoys are examined. Further, these results are used for calculating a worst case scenario of mussel growth on the lifting force of a specially designed toroidal buoy. The results show that more wave-exposed buoys were particularly favourable for blue mussel colonization, but that the hydrodynamic forces of the toroidal buoy were not significantly affected by mussel growth. Thus, biofouling is not necessarily negative for the wave energy absorbance of the wave power buoys.","author":["Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-07-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:03:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Langhamer-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5528","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/colonization-artificial-hard-substrate-mytilus-edulis-german-bight","sourceURL":"https:\/\/epic.awi.de\/15351\/1\/Jos2006c.pdf","title":"Colonization of an Artificial Hard Substrate by Mytilus edulis in the German Bight","description":"The colonization of the underwater construction of an offshore research platform in the German Bight by Mytilus edulis was investigated. Mussel abundance, biomass and percentage coverage of the construction were determined from summer 2003 to summer 2005 from different water depths using digital underwater images and scrape samples of the hard substrate fauna. Growth was estimated from shell length distributions. In 2003 settlement of M. edulis was low at the platform mainly due to a temporal mismatch between platform construction and occurrence of competent larvae. In summer 2004 mussel abundance increased remarkably in the intertidal and upper subtidal. Abundance and biomass increased up to 30,000 individuals m-2 and approximately 40 kg m-2 in summer 2005. At the end of the investigation period, the upper part of the platform foundation was completely covered by M. edulis. Lower parts remained sparsely colonized. Mussel growth rates were high under offshore conditions because of favourable environmental conditions and reduced biological constraints. Cumulative effects from wind farm entities are estimated. Mussel accumulations will be an important component in the estimation of ecological implications of offshore wind farming at least at the local scale.","author":["Joschko, T.","Buck, B.","Gutow, L.","Schr\u00f6der, A."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","IMARES - Wageningen UR","Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2008-10-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.985540000000","7.721930000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5530","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/commercial-ocean-fishing-statistics-california","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dfg.ca.gov\/marine\/fishing.asp","title":"Commercial Ocean Fishing Statistics for California","description":"California\u2019s fishery statistics are based on data submitted by fish dealers and processors who submit copies of their landing records to the Department. Data concerning each commercial landing is recorded on receipts by fish dealers or processors at the time of delivery. For each transaction, the dealer must provide data concerning the species, weight, and price paid to the fisherman. The date of the transaction, the fisherman\u2019s name, the fishing vessel registration number, and intended use for the fish (canning, fresh, etc.) is also required. In addition, type of gear used and the area where the fish were caught is reported.","author":["California Department of Fish and Wildlife"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2000-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.280427000000","-121.016619000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5533","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-energy-systems-using-life-cycle-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldenergy.org\/publications\/entry\/comparison-of-energy-systems-using-life-cycle-assessment","title":"Comparison of Energy Systems Using Life Cycle Assessment","description":"This an overview of existing studies, comparing them against each other with Life Cycle Assessment. Life Cycle Assessment is looked at primarily through electricity production, space heating, and transport. LCA\u0027s are not the final tool, but rather another option for analyzes. However, they are important because they can provide an overall environmental assessment for a technology.  This report provides LCA studies conducted on various energy technologies for a period of 10 to 15 years. In addition, the report describes exactly what an LCA is as well as the general benefits and limitations.","author":["World Energy Council"],"organization":["World Energy Council"],"originationDate":"2004-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-02 07:09:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Comparison_of_Energy_Systems_Using_LCA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5535","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/compliance-monitoring-underwater-blasting-rock-removal-warrior-point-columbia-river","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1023122-compliance-monitoring-underwater-blasting-rock-removal-warrior-point-columbia-river-channel-improvement-project","title":"Compliance Monitoring Of Underwater Blasting For Rock Removal At Warrior Point, Columbia River Channel Improvement Project","description":"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (USACE) conducted the 20-year Columbia River Channel Improvement Project (CRCIP) to deepen the navigation channel between Portland, Oregon and the Pacific Ocean to allow transit of fully loaded Panamax ships (100 ft wide, 600 to 700 ft long, and draft 45 to 50 ft). In the vicinity of Warrior Point, between river miles (RM) 87 and 88 near St. Helens, Oregon, the USACE conducted underwater blasting and dredging to remove 300,000 yd3 of a basalt rock formation to reach a depth of 44 ft in the Columbia River navigation channel. Blasting was necessary in a 1-mile stretch of the total ~100 miles of navigation channel.  The purpose of this report is to document methods and results of the compliance monitoring study for the blasting project at Warrior Point in the Columbia River. The permit for blasting operations granted by regulatory agencies required the USACE to monitor impacts on aquatic animal species, including marine mammals, diving birds, sturgeon, and salmonids. The USACE developed an approved monitoring plan and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), in collaboration with the University of Washington and under contract to the USACE, performed compliance monitoring and reported results daily for all 99 blasting events conducted from November 1, 2009 through February 5, 2010. The USACE, in coordination with the regulatory agencies, used compliance monitoring data in near real-time to evaluate whether blasting operations were meeting standards set forth in the permit, most importantly, presence of marine mammals in the study area and take of salmonids as a result of blasting operations\u2014 no marine mammals inside the 500-ft (radius) marine mammal monitoring zone at blast time and no more than 10 adult and 50 juvenile listed salmonids taken for all blast events combined (NMFS 2002).","author":["Carlson, T.","Johnson, G.","Woodley, C.","Skalski, J.","Seaburg, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Army Corps of Engineers","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.829534000000","-122.791559000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Underwater_Blasting_for_Rock_Removal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5536","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comprehensive-planning-dominant-use-zones-user-rights-new-era-ocean-governance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1444444","title":"Comprehensive Planning, Dominant-Use Zones, and User Rights: A New Era in Ocean Governance","description":"Ocean-zoning arguments often center on the biology of ocean species, the geography of fishing use patterns, and the need for preventing use conflicts. Here we expand this discussion to the social and legal aspects of ocean zoning, focusing on comprehensive planning, segregation of activities into use-priority areas, and the allocation of user rights within each zone. The inclusion of all of these features within an ocean-zoning regime can be a catalyst for a variety of ancillary benefits, including opportunities for use groups to form informal or formal long-lived institutions and a reassessment of the focus and scope of the regulatory institutions involved in ocean management. Along with the ability of users to negotiate and trade within and between zones, both features will lead to improved conflict resolution, efficiency of use, and ecosystem stability - critical components for the production of ecosystem services and maintenance of biological and human economic benefits.","author":["Sanchirico, J.","Eagle, J.","Palumbi, S.","Thompson, B."],"organization":["University of Miami"],"originationDate":"2010-01-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5538","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/concurrent-legacy-economic-environmental-impacts-establishing-marine-energy-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S030142150800075X","title":"Concurrent and Legacy Economic and Environmental Impacts from Establishing a Marine Energy Sector in Scotland","description":"We examine the economic and environmental impact that the installation of 3GW of marine energy capacity would have on Scotland. This is not a forecast, but a projection of the likely effects of meeting the Scottish Government\u2019s targets for renewable energy through the development of a marine energy sector. Energy, with a particular focus on renewables, is seen by the Scottish Government as a \u2018\u2018key sector\u2019\u2019, with high growth potential and the capacity to boost productivity (Scottish Government, 2007a. The Government Economic Strategy. The Scottish Government, Edinburgh). The key nature of this sector has been identified through targets being set for renewable energy to achieve environmental and economic benefits. Using a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Scotland we show that the development of a marine energy sector can have substantial and beneficial impacts on GDP, employment and the environment over the lifetime of the devices, given the encouragement of strong indigenous inter-industry linkages. Furthermore, there are also substantial \u2018\u2018legacy\u2019\u2019 effects that persist well beyond the design life of the devices.","author":["Allan, G.","Bryden, I.","McGregor, P.","Stallard, T.","Swales, J.","Turner, K.","Wallace, R."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of Glasgow","University of Manchester","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2008-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.923978000000","-3.181893000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5540","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consenting-eia-hra-guidance-marine-renewable-energy-developments-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scotlink.org\/publication\/link-response-consenting-eia-and-hra-guidance-for-marine-renewable-energy-developments-in-scotland\/","title":"Consenting, EIA and HRA Guidance for Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Scotland","description":"Part Three of this Guide provides clear and comprehensive advice for a range of users on what the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) processes involve. Summary of the EIA process and how it can incorporate HRA is provided in Section 1.2, Figure 1. It should be noted that although some stages of EIA and HRA are complementary and can be shared, they are two separate processes with different legislative requirements. For example, it is possible that HRA may be required for some projects that do not require EIA, and vice versa.\n\nThere is an abundance of text outlining and providing guidance on the legislative background to EIA, which this Guide does not seek to reproduce. An overview of the regulatory context for EIA is provided in Part Two of this Guide. Part Three focuses specifically on the methods of the EIA and HRA processes, specifically in relation to marine renewables projects. Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) has issued comprehensive guidance on EIA (SNH, 2009, (3rd Edition)) authored by D Tyldesley Associates) which has been taken into account in this Guide. See: https:\/\/www.nature.scot\n\nThis guidance provides a reference point for developers and regulators alike to ascertain exactly what is required to achieve a thorough and robust approach to EIA and HRA. In particular it is hoped that this will ensure consistent and high quality application of these required procedures from the early stages of the developing marine renewable energy industries.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Xodus Group"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Xodus Group","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2010-08-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.962693000000","-3.306018000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 12:14:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Consenting-EIA-HRA-Guidance-Scotland.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5543","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/preliminary-assessment-conservation-importance-benthic-species-habitats-west-coast","sourceURL":"","title":"Preliminary Assessment of the Conservation Importance of Benthic Species and Habitats off the West Coast of Orkney and in the Pentland Firth in Relation to the Development of Renewable Energy Schemes","description":"The seabed habitats, species assemblages and biotopes at 22 sites off the west coast of Orkney and in the Pentland Firth were described from video footage collected in 2009 by Marine Scotland Science), Aberdeen. The aim was to aid Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) in providing a preliminary assessment of the conservation importance of benthic species and habitats in relation to the development of renewable energy schemes in the area.Main FindingsSeven circalittoral biotypes were recorded at the 19 sites off the west coast comprising either fairly low diversity faunal crust communities on rock (supplemented in places with dense brittlestars) or clean sands and gravels, with scattered stones supporting a low diversity epifauna off Hoy. Two circalittoral biotypes were recorded at three tideswept sites in the Pentland Firth. To the west of Stroma the seabed has formed into waves of shelly sand with little evidence of biota. To the east of Stroma and to the south of South Ronaldsay scoured rock supports a low diversity community, dominated by Urticina felina and patches of erect bryozoans and hyroids.Two species of recognised conservation importance were recorded but it is considered that conservation of these species is unlikely to be adversely impacted by renewable energy developments in the surveyed area. The sandeel, Ammodytes marinus, also appears to be present and so the implications of energy schemes for this species will need to be considered. Assessment of the conservation importance of the infaunal community of the sedimentary habitats must await the results of infaunal sampling.Four of the biotypes recorded during the survey have been recognised as being of conservation importance. Three of these biotypes may be of local significance in terms of their possible role as sandeel habitats. The fourth biotype, tideswept reef, supports a low diversity community in the Pentland Firth as a result of high current speeds combined with high scour. As a poor example of its type, it is considered to be locally of low conservation importance and probably of relatively low sensitivity to physical changes resulting from the establishment of renewable energy schemes.The fact sheet Habitats and Species Surveys in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters has further information on this research.","author":["Moore, C."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.749095000000","-3.121524000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-03 03:55:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moore_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5544","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consistency-conflicts-federalism-choice-marine-spatial-planning-beyond-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/law.pace.edu\/school-of-law\/sites\/pace.edu.school-of-law\/files\/PELR\/Consistency_Conflicts_and_Federalism_Choice.pdf","title":"Consistency Conflicts and Federalism Choice: Marine Spatial Planning Beyond the States\u0027 Territorial Seas","description":"Offshore areas are under pressure to industrialize for renewable energy. To plan for offshore wind development, Rhode Island engaged in a marine spatial planning process that resulted in the Ocean Special Area Management Plan, a regulatory invention of the Coastal Zone Management Act. Notably, the RI O-SAMP maps and plans for uses in federal waters beyond the three-mile line dividing state and federal jurisdiction, as well as within the state\u2019s territorial sea, posing a challenge to the boundaries of offshore federalism. Conceiving of the question of how to balance federal, state, and local interests in siting offshore renewable energy facilities as one of \u201cfederalism choice,\u201d there are sound theoretical and pragmatic rationales that weigh in favor of encouraging other states to adopt the O-SAMP model.","author":["Burger, M."],"organization":["Roger Williams University"],"originationDate":"2011-07-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.297241000000","-71.378758000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Spatial_Planning_Beyond_the_States.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5545","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/context-dependent-impacts-anthropogenic-noise-individual-social-behaviour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347213001462","title":"Context-Dependent Impacts of Anthropogenic Noise on Individual and Social Behaviour in a Cooperatively Breeding Fish","description":"Anthropogenic (man-made) noise is a global problem and present in virtually all terrestrial and aquatic environments. To date, most studies investigating the potential impact of this pollutant have focused on individual behavioural responses and simply considered whether noise has an effect. However, most animals engage in social interactions, which may be vulnerable to the adverse effects of noise, and work in other fields suggests that individuals might react differentially to comparable noise stimuli depending on their own characteristics and the current situation. We used controlled experiments and standardized tests to investigate the impacts of playback of the noise of a passing boat, a dominant acoustic stressor in the aquatic environment, on nest-digging behaviour, antipredator defence and social interactions in small groups of Neolamprologus pulcher, a territorial and cooperatively breeding cichlid fish. Our results show that, in comparison to ambient noise, playback of boat noise: (1) reduced digging behaviour, which is vital to maintain hiding and breeding shelters; (2) decreased defence against predators of eggs and fry, with direct consequences for fitness; and (3) increased the amount of aggression received and submission shown by subordinates. Moreover, the context (presence or absence of eggs) affected individual and social behaviours in response to the same noise source. Our results demonstrate the need to consider whole behavioural repertoires for a full understanding of the impact of anthropogenic noise, and indicate that the effects of this global pollutant are likely to be context dependent.","author":["Bruintjes, R.","Radford, A."],"organization":["University of Bristol"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.438185000000","-2.589599000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5546","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/correlations-between-benthic-habitats-demersal-fish-assemblages-case-study-dogger-bank","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1385110113000270","title":"Correlations Between Benthic Habitats and Demersal Fish Assemblages - A Case Study on the Dogger Bank (North Sea)","description":"The interdependence between groundfish assemblages and habitat properties was investigated on the Dogger Bank in the North Sea. Abiotic habitat parameters considered included topography, hydrographic conditions, sediment composition, and the biotic habitat variable the prevailing benthic invertebrates. Distinct epi- and infauna communities occurred at different locations on the Dogger Bank. Fish assemblages were clearly linked to both the biotic and abiotic habitat characteristics.  Overall, fish and benthic communities revealed similar spatial distribution, represented in the respective clusters of characteristic and abundant species. Distribution patterns corresponded with the prevailing abiotic conditions such as depth and sediment composition, which appear to relate to autecological preferences of individual species.  The apparently most generalist species, grey gurnard (Eutrigla gurnardus) and dab (Limanda limanda) occurred at all stations and dominated in terms of biomass in most cases. The absolute numbers of grey gurnards were related to the abundance of suitable prey, invertebrate and fish species, which stomach analyses revealed as part of the diet in an independent study during the same research cruise. Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) were only abundant at deep stations along the flanks of the bank. The occurrence of lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and cod (Gadus morhua) was also positively correlated with depth, whereas especially lesser weever (Echiichthys vipera), sandeel species and solenette (Buglossidium luteum) occurred predominantly at the shallower sites. At the same time, individual fish species such as solenette and lesser weever were associated with high densities of selected epi- or infauna species.","author":["Sell, A.","Kr\u00f6ncke, I."],"organization":["Johann Heinrich von Th\u00fcnen Institute (vTI)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.113939000000","-0.984711000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-22 09:10:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5551","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impacts-wave-energy-oregon-literature-research-review","sourceURL":"","title":"Cumulative Impacts of Wave Energy In Oregon: A Literature and Research Review","description":"Aquatera, Parametrix, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) and Powertech Labs have been contracted by the Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) to develop and deliver a framework suitable for identifying and assessing potential cumulative impacts from the development of a wave energy industry in Oregon and for use in evaluating the policy implications of wave energy development relative to natural resource planning.  The framework will essentially provide a means for geographically managing interactions, conflicts and opportunities based on geographic distribution data. The resulting framework will have a wide range of possible applications after further development including:    Regulators identifying, assessing and managing impacts and opportunities  Developers identifying areas particularly suitable for development  Stakeholders identifying potential areas of overlap and opportunity  Strategic planners identifying potential development areas and potential areas of conflict  Conflict management, consultation, marine management and public awareness   One task associated with the development of this framework is to conduct a global literature review of relevant data and information to help build the cumulative effects framework. Some relatively recent work relevant to this task includes an exhaustive literature review on wave and tidal energy applications in the Pacific Northwest completed by Powertech (Powertech Labs Inc., 2008) and a synthesis of information regarding the environmental effects of alternative energy uses commissioned by the Minerals Management Service (Michel, 2007).  This document adds to those existing reviews through providing a summary of similar work which is underway or has been completed around the world, as well as work that is currently underway that has the potential to inform future iterations of the framework that will be developed during this stage of the project, Phase I.","author":["Aquatera","Parametrix"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)","Parametrix"],"originationDate":"2010-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.426753000000","-124.318957000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/A_Literature_and_Research_Review.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5552","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impacts-wave-energy-oregon-data-atlas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/downloads\/r207tp96z","title":"Cumulative Impacts of Wave Energy In Oregon: Data Atlas","description":"The Cumulative Effects Framework project conducted a survey of available datasets for evaluation and incorporation as the framework was developed. The data collected were catalogued and reviewed by the project team to determine applicability in the modelling effort. This data review was conducted in parallel with the development of the wave energy cumulative effects model development. The data and atlas products provided here accompany the report, Cumulative Impacts of Wave Energy in Oregon: Existing environmental character, trends and pressures.  The following sections are structured similar to the other Cumulative Effects Analysis Framework categories. Technical suitability is not included because it is a product of many of the datasets presented here, and not a primary source. The sections are briefly discussed before the presentation of the maps. Included in this report are data inputs organized around the following topics:    Physical  Ecological  Conservation  Social Economic","author":["Parametrix","Aquatera"],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2010-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.001543000000","-124.670520000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Data_Atlas.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5556","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/avian-radar-baseline-study-final-survey-report-proposed-reedsport-ocean-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/nv935346t?locale=en","title":"Avian Radar Baseline Study: Final Survey Report for the Proposed Reedsport Ocean Power Technologies Wave Park","description":"One of the potential environmental concerns with wave energy projects is the possibility that low flying seabirds may collide with wave energy buoys, especially when low visibility conditions exist. As part of its mission to facilitate wave energy development in Oregon, Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) identified the need to conduct an avian radar study to address the potential for bird-wave buoy collisions. Data reported consisted of seasonal information on movement rates through the project location (birds\/kilometer [km]\/hour [hr]), distance offshore, flock sizes (number of birds\/flock), flight altitudes (in meters [m] above sea level [asl]), flight directions, and flight speeds. Avian radar and diurnal boat survey data was also used for a future risk-assessment modeling study, for which existing models for estimating seabird fatalities at wind farms and other tower structures will be adapted for application to wave energy projects.","author":["Geo-Marine Inc"],"organization":["Geo-Marine Inc","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.782500000000","-124.238060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Attraction","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OWET_Avian_Baseline.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5560","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/birds-wave-tidal-stream-energy-ecological-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bou.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2012-Marine-Renewables-mccluskie-et-al.pdf","title":"Birds and Wave \u0026 Tidal Stream Energy: An Ecological Review","description":"The UK government has a target for sourcing 15% of energy from renewable sources by 2020. A significant component of this is likely to be produced by wave and tidal stream energy convertors. At present a total of over 30 such projects in UK waters are under operation, testing or development, and large scale investment is being made into the development of suitable technology. Once the technology is developed there will be an influx of applications for the installation and operation of arrays of wave and tidal stream devices, but these will have as yet undetermined impacts on the marine environment. An important component of this environment is seabirds and the UK hosts a seabird assemblage of outstanding international importance. This review is a response to the lack of knowledge on how these emerging technologies will impact on this assemblage, as well as some other potentially affected species, and it aims to use an ecological approach to understand the potential nature of these impacts. Currently, there is very limited experience of operational wave and tidal stream devices at sea, and hence very little information about their impacts on marine birds. It is therefore necessary to only make inferences about potential impacts from a theoretical background, based on review of current technological and ecological knowledge.  Marine birds can be potentially affected by wave and tidal stream developments in a number of ways. These may be direct or indirect, adverse or beneficial, temporary or long term. In the majority of cases, little or nothing is known about the likelihood of occurrence or the scale of such an impact. Impacts are likely at three distinct stages in the life of a development, installation, operation and decommissioning, and in this review installation and decommissioning are considered together. During installation and decommissioning, the threats to seabirds will be from collision, disturbance, habitat exclusion and displacement, changes to sedimentary processes, and pollution. These threats will also apply during operation, in addition to potential habitat creation and a possible increase in predation.  While the risks to seabirds from wave and tidal steam devices are largely undefined, this review takes the approach of examining the component parts of such devices and to drawing structural parallels with existing human activities. Such component parts are vessels, sea bed structures, mooring equipment, surface structures, turbines, traps and attractants, either lights or fish aggregating devices. In addition ecological aspects of the receptors, marine birds, are also examined. These are physiology, that is visual and aural sensitivity; geography, breeding, wintering, foraging, rafting and moulting areas, including protected areas; demography, potentially affected birds in the context of their biogeographical population; and foraging ecology, mode and rhythm.  Existing wave and tidal stream devices are described, in generic terms, to reflect the fact that the technology is evolving rapidly, and detailed descriptions of individual devices are likely to be superseded. However, an appendix lists those devices that are currently operational or in development. The review then details the suite of UK marine bird species that will potentially be affected and describes the ecological characteristics of each, in terms of conservation status, distribution, ecology and vulnerability. This section of the review also contains coastal waders, raptors and chough that could be potentially affected, notably by disturbance.  For any development, ornithological surveys will be required, and these surveys will then be used to determine potential receptors and impacts. These surveys should not just be of the immediate development area, but should also provide ecological context, and so the methods used for survey must be carefully considered. As seabird distribution is stochastic, densities and behaviours are highly variable and therefore need to be surveyed with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Understanding the mechanisms of this natural variability is vital for any assessment of whether a development has caused change in bird behaviour or distribution. Therefore, distribution patterns need to be described in the context of a variety of biotic and abiotic factors and coverage must include as broad a variety of conditions as logistically and safely possible. Surveys may include components of desk study, boat survey, aerial survey and remote sensing.  In this review we have noted that there is a paucity of applicable data on the impacts of wave and tidal devices on birds. This lack of data has implications for understanding the overall impacts of these novel technologies, and for impact assessment of individual schemes. In the final section these knowledge gaps and approaches to filling them are discussed. The key information that is lacking can be summarised as spatial and behavioural. We identify the practical issues for data collection: a need for standardisation throughout the industry, the use and development of remote sensing, further refinement of modelling techniques; refining sensitivity indices, defining the scale of impacts, and cumulative impact assessment.","author":["McCluskie, A.","Langston, R.","Wilkinson, N."],"organization":["Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Raptors","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mccluskie_Langston_Wilkinson_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5564","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/broadband-acoustic-environment-tidal-energy-site-puget-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2012\/00000046\/00000002\/art00006","title":"Broadband Acoustic Environment at a Tidal Energy Site in Puget Sound","description":"Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington, has been selected as a potential tidal energy site. It is located near shipping lanes, is possibly a highly variable acoustic environment, and is frequented by the endangered Southern Resident killer whale (SRKW). Resolving environmental impacts is the first step to receiving approval to deploy tidal turbines. Several monitoring technologies are being considered to determine the presence of SRKW near the turbines. Broadband noise level measurements are critical for determining design and operational specifications of these technologies. Acoustic environment data at the proposed site were acquired at different depths using a cabled vertical line array from two cruises during flood and ebb tidal periods in May and June 2011. The ambient noise level decreases approximately 5 dB re 1 \u03bcPa per octave for frequency ranges of 1-70 kHz and increases approximately 5 dB re 1 \u03bcPa per octave for the frequency from 70 to 100 kHz. The difference between noise pressure levels in different months varies from 10 to 30 dB re 1 \u03bcPa for the frequency range below 70 kHz. Commercial shipping and ferry vessel traffic were found to be the most significant contributors to sound pressure levels for the frequency range of 1-50 kHz, and the variation could be as high as 30 dB re 1 \u03bcPa. These noise level measurements provide the basic information for designing and evaluating both active and passive monitoring systems proposed for deployment and operation of a tidal power generation alert system.","author":["Xu, J.","Deng, Z.","Martinez, J.","Carlson, T.","Myers, J.","Weiland, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5566","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/call-component-evaluation-improved-performance-recognition-killer-whale-individuals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5664444","title":"Call and Component Evaluation for Improved Performance of Recognition of Killer Whale Individuals","description":"The objective of this experiment was to determine the contribution of the initial broad band component of the SD1(1a\/b) vocalization towards recognition of individual killer whales (Orcinus orca). Prior research showed classification using the SD1(1a\/b) vocalization performed 23% better compared to classification using the SD3(1) vocalization. One possible theory for this observation was the presence of a broad band buzz at the initiation of the SD1 call. It was theorized the broad band buzz of the vocalization was more continuously sampling the frequency response of the vocal production mechanism, (classically described as the filter in the source-filter model of speech) and potentially contributed to the observed increase in recognition. Experiments were performed with vocalizations provided by Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute and consisted of 20 SD1(1a\/b) vocalizations for each of four whales (2 male, 2 female). The broadband component was hand segmented from the vocalization. Classification was performed on the full and segmented vocalizations with a Gaussian mixture model, using mel-frequency cepstral coefficient feature vectors. Using the full vocalization, overall accuracy was 75 +\/- 2% using a 95% confidence interval. Using only the segmented broad band component, overall accuracy was 56 +\/- 2% using a 95% confidence interval. Chance performance was 25%. These results cannot definitively support or reject a source filter model, but do point to the need for focused research to develop appropriate feature vectors for individual identification using acoustic cues.","author":["Nichols, N.","Atlas, L.","Bowles, A.","Roch, M."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-09-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.768802000000","-117.233344000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5569","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/catching-right-wave-evaluating-wave-energy-resources-potential-compatibility-existing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0047598","title":"Catching the Right Wave: Evaluating Wave Energy Resources and Potential Compatibility with Existing Marine and Coastal Uses","description":"Many hope that ocean waves will be a source for clean, safe, reliable and affordable energy, yet wave energy conversion facilities may affect marine ecosystems through a variety of mechanisms, including competition with other human uses. We developed a decision-support tool to assist siting wave energy facilities, which allows the user to balance the need for profitability of the facilities with the need to minimize conflicts with other ocean uses. Our wave energy model quantifies harvestable wave energy and evaluates the net present value (NPV) of a wave energy facility based on a capital investment analysis. The model has a flexible framework and can be easily applied to wave energy projects at local, regional, and global scales. We applied the model and compatibility analysis on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada to provide information for ongoing marine spatial planning, including potential wave energy projects. In particular, we conducted a spatial overlap analysis with a variety of existing uses and ecological characteristics, and a quantitative compatibility analysis with commercial fisheries data. We found that wave power and harvestable wave energy gradually increase offshore as wave conditions intensify. However, areas with high economic potential for wave energy facilities were closer to cable landing points because of the cost of bringing energy ashore and thus in nearshore areas that support a number of different human uses. We show that the maximum combined economic benefit from wave energy and other uses is likely to be realized if wave energy facilities are sited in areas that maximize wave energy NPV and minimize conflict with existing ocean uses. Our tools will help decision-makers explore alternative locations for wave energy facilities by mapping expected wave energy NPV and helping to identify sites that provide maximal returns yet avoid spatial competition with existing ocean uses.","author":["Kim, C.","Toft, J.","Papenfus, M.","Verutes, G.","Guerry, A.","Ruckelshaus, M.","Arkema, K.","Guannel, G.","Wood, S.","Bernhardt, J.","Tallis, H.","Plummer, M.","Halpern, B.","Pinsky, M.","Beck, M.","Chan, F.","Chan, K.","Levin, P.","Polasky, S."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Oregon State University (OSU)","Princeton University","Stanford University","The Nature Conservancy","University of British Columbia","University of Minnesota","US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"],"originationDate":"2012-11-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.900935000000","-125.571111000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Catching_the_Right_Wave_Kim_et_al._2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5570","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-opportunities-tidal-wave-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org\/content.aspx?bookid=312\u0026sectionid=38782247","title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Tidal and Wave Power","description":"Power generation from waves and tidal currents is a nascent industry with the potential to make globally significant contributions to renewable energy portfolios. Further development and deployment of the related, immature technologies present opportunities to benignly tap large quantities of renewable energy; however, such development and deployment also present numerous engineering, economic, ecological, and sociological challenges. A complex research, development, demonstration, and deployment environment must be skillfully navigated if wave and tidal power are to make significant contributions to national energy portfolios during the next several decades.","author":["Jacobson, P.","Rao, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5572","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changes-area-geomorphology-sediment-nature-salt-marshes-oosterschelde-estuary-sw","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2FBF00024638","title":"Changes in Area, Geomorphology and Sediment Nature of Salt Marshes in the Oosterschelde Estuary (SW Netherlands) Due to Tidal Changes","description":"As a result of the construction of a storm-surge barrier across the mouth of the Oosterschelde (SW Netherlands) in 1987, the tidal range and mean high water level in the estuary have been reduced permanently to about 88% of their original values. During the final stage of construction (1985-1987) the tidal range and mean high water level were reduced even further for more than 18 months, by up to about 65% of their original values. This paper describes the consequences of these reductions for some abiotic aspects of the salt marshes.  Strong ripening of the soil, especially in basins of the middle high salt marshes, resulted in the soils in these basins having more or less the dry nature of levees. This may cause moisture deficits for the vegetation during dry periods locally, and may lead locally to acidification of the soil as a result of oxidation of pyrite.  Erosion of the edges of the salt marshes has increased in many places since 1986, both due to lowering of the surface level of the foreland, causing wave action to affect the marsh cliff more strongly than before, and weakening of cliff strength as a consequence of desiccation of the salt marsh soil and subsequent withering of plants and plant roots. In addition, the gradual salt marsh gradients have decreased on a large scale, as a consequence of increased wave attack and frost damage to Spartina. Finally, also due to desiccation and plant withering, levees have degraded and eroded, forming shoulders in the creeks.  Settling, especially in the basins, has steepened and narrowed the height gradients between basin and levee.","author":["de Jong, D.","de Jong, Z.","Mulder, J."],"organization":["National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management (RIKZ)"],"originationDate":"1994-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.592470000000","3.697587000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5574","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changes-humpback-whale-song-occurrence-response-acoustic-source-200-km-away","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0029741","title":"Changes in Humpback Whale Song Occurrence in Response to an Acoustic Source 200 km Away","description":"The effect of underwater anthropogenic sound on marine mammals is of increasing concern. Here we show that humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) song in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) was reduced, concurrent with transmissions of an Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) experiment approximately 200 km away. We detected the OAWRS experiment in SBNMS during an 11 day period in autumn 2006. We compared the occurrence of song for 11 days before, during and after the experiment with song over the same 33 calendar days in two later years. Using a quasi- Poisson generalized linear model (GLM), we demonstrate a significant difference in the number of minutes with detected song between periods and years. The lack of humpback whale song during the OAWRS experiment was the most substantial signal in the data. Our findings demonstrate the greatest published distance over which anthropogenic sound has been shown to affect vocalizing baleen whales, and the first time that active acoustic fisheries technology has been shown to have this effect. The suitability of Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing technology for in-situ, long term monitoring of marine ecosystems should be considered, bearing in mind its possible effects on non-target species, in particular protected species.","author":["Risch, D.","Corkeron, P.","Ellison, W.","Van Parijs, S."],"organization":["Marine Acoustics Inc","Northwest Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2012-01-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.378964000000","-70.391775000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Changes_in_Humpback_Whale_Song_Occurrence.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5576","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characteristics-underwater-ambient-noise-proposed-tidal-energy-site-puget-sound","sourceURL":"","title":"Characteristics of Underwater Ambient Noise at a Proposed Tidal Energy Site in Puget Sound","description":"Ambient underwater acoustics data are presentedfor one year at a potential tidal energy site in Admiralty Inlet,WA (USA) with maximum currents exceeding 3 m\/s. The site,at a depth of approximately 60 meters, is located near shipping lanes, a local ferry route, and a transit area for many cetacean species. A key finding is that the statistical distribution of total sound pressure levels are dependent on tidal currents at the site. Pseudosound, cobbles shifting on the sea bed, and vibrations induced by forces on the equipment are possible explanations. Non-propagating turbulent pressure fluctuations, termed pseudosound, can mask ambient noise, especially in highly energetic environments suitable for tidal energy development. A statistical method identifies periods during which changes in the mean and standard deviation of the one-third octave band sound pressure levels are statistically significant and thus suggestive of pseudosound contamination. For each deployment, recordings with depth averaged tidal currents greater than 1 m\/s are found to be contaminated, and only recordings with currents below this threshold are used in the subsequent ambient noise analysis. Mean total sound pressure levels (0.156 - 30 kHz) over all recordings are 117 dB re 1\u03bcPa. Total sound pressure levels exceed 100 dB re 1\u03bcPa 99% of the time and exceed 135 dB re 1\u03bcPa 4% of the time. Commercial shipping and ferry traffic are found to be the most significant contributors to ambient noise levels at the site, with secondary contributions from rain, wind, and marine mammal vocalizations. Post-processed data from an AIS (Automatic Identification System) receiver is used to determine the location of ships during each recording. Referencing 368 individual recordings with the distance between the ferry and the site obtained from AIS data, the source level of the ferry is estimated to be 179 +\/- 4 dB re 1\u03bcPa at 1m with a logarithmic spreading loss coefficient of 18.","author":["Bassett, C.","Thomson, J.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2010-09-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Characteristics_of_Underwater_Ambient_Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5577","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-relative-contributions-large-vessels-total-ocean-noise-fields-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00267-008-9169-4","title":"Characterizing the Relative Contributions of Large Vessels to Total Ocean Noise Fields: A Case Study Using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary","description":"In 2006, we used the U.S. Coast Guard\u0027s Automatic Identification System (AIS) to describe patterns of large commercial ship traffic within a U.S. National Marine Sanctuary located off the coast of Massachusetts. We found that 541 large commercial vessels transited the greater sanctuary 3413 times during the year. Cargo ships, tankers, and tug\/tows constituted 78% of the vessels and 82% of the total transits. Cargo ships, tankers, and cruise ships predominantly used the designated Boston Traffic Separation Scheme, while tug\/tow traffic was concentrated in the western and northern portions of the sanctuary. We combined AIS data with low-frequency acoustic data from an array of nine autonomous recording units analyzed for 2 months in 2006. Analysis of received sound levels (10-1000 Hz, root-mean-square pressure re 1 microPa +\/- SE) averaged 119.5 +\/- 0.3 dB at high-traffic locations. High-traffic locations experienced double the acoustic power of less trafficked locations for the majority of the time period analyzed. Average source level estimates (71-141 Hz, root-mean-square pressure re 1 microPa +\/- SE) for individual vessels ranged from 158 +\/- 2 dB (research vessel) to 186 +\/- 2 dB (oil tanker). Tankers were estimated to contribute 2 times more acoustic power to the region than cargo ships, and more than 100 times more than research vessels. Our results indicate that noise produced by large commercial vessels was at levels and within frequencies that warrant concern among managers regarding the ability of endangered whales to maintain acoustic contact within greater sanctuary waters.","author":["Hatch, L.","Clark, C.","Merrick, R.","Van Parijs, S.","Ponirakis, D.","Schwehr, K.","Thompson, M.","Wiley, D."],"organization":["Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology","National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2008-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.250436000000","-70.249363000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5578","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/charting-progress-2-assessment-state-uk-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/catalog.ipbes.net\/assessments\/180","title":"Charting Progress 2: An Assessment of the State of UK Seas","description":"The UK seas are rich in marine life and natural resources, which are the basis for a considerable level of economic activity. In 2002, the UK Government and the Devolved Administrations set out a vision of clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas. The first UK-wide assessment of progress towards that vision, Charting Progress, showed in 2005 that the UK seas were productive and supported a wide range of ecosystems, but it also revealed that human activities were adversely affecting marine life.  This second report on the state of the UK seas, Charting Progress 2, provides a considerably improved assessment of the productivity of our seas, and the extent to which human uses and natural pressures are affecting their quality \u2013 addressing the specific species, habitats and economic issues of the eight UK marine regions. It helps show whether current environmental protection measures are working, and aims to provide policy makers, planners and the public with a clear evaluation of our progress towards the vision.  The findings are based on a wide-ranging and robust evidence base compiled by UK government agencies, the research community (including marine institutes and universities), non-governmental organisations and industry. The assessment highlights where we are making improvements; where environmental problems remain or deterioration has occurred; issues for which the evidence is lacking; the robustness of the assessment tools; and important gaps in our knowledge together with how these might be addressed.  Changes in the state of the seas take place over relatively long timescales, so we have found few such changes in the five years since Charting Progress. However, there have been some significant improvements. We have sought to set these changes in the context of long-term trends where possible. We have also considerably improved our methodology for the assessment. Unlike Charting Progress, this report also provides a specific assessment of the productive use of our seas, as well as a chapter focused specifically on the impacts of climate change.  Although some uncertainties remain, Charting Progress 2 provides a much broader, more authoritative and more transparent assessment of the state of the UK seas, which will help efforts to safeguard marine ecosystems for generations to come and in doing so ensure their long-term sustainable use.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network.","author":["UK Marine Monitoring Assessment Strategy Community"],"organization":["UK Marine Monitoring and Assessment Strategy (UKMMAS) Community"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.829795000000","0.318473000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UKMMAS_2010_Charting_Progress_2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5579","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/charting-progress-integrated-assessment-state-uk-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/catalog.ipbes.net\/system\/assessment\/180\/references\/files\/500\/original\/chartprogress-peerreview.pdf?1363944878","title":"Charting Progress: An Integrated Assessment of the State of UK Seas","description":"The Government\u2019s vision of achieving clean, safe, healthy, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas was set out in the first Marine Stewardship Report Safeguarding our Seas, published in May 2002. This announced the Government\u2019s strategy for the conservation and sustainable development of the marine environment and its intention to significantly reduce the threats in one generation. To provide the evidence on which to base and evaluate policies, and to help gauge progress towards achievement of the Government\u2019s vision, Safeguarding our Seas promised that the Government would produce this state of the seas report, setting out an integrated assessment of the state of the UK maritime area. This report primarily brings together the scientific monitoring data, describing and evaluating what the data says about the current state of UK seas, and some of the trends, which are currently observable, although the report is not a forecast. Nor does it describe or evaluate Government policies. But it provides a firm foundation for future policy-making and for Charting Progress towards achieving the vision set out in Safeguarding our Seas. The integrated assessment in this report is a step towards adopting an ecosystem approach to managing the impact of human activities on the marine environment. Such an approach entails taking into consideration all elements that make up the ecosystem (physical, chemical and biological variables) as well as activities taking place there in order to ensure that the biodiversity, health and integrity of the marine environment is maintained in the longer term.","author":["UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"organization":["UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2005-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.829795000000","0.308473000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DEFRA_2005_Charting_Progress.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5580","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/china-funds-development-new-tidal-current-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/294784268_China_funds_development_of_new_tidal_current_energy_devices","title":"China Funds Development Of New Tidal Current Energy Devices","description":"Though the Chinese government has been supporting research on marine renewable energy development and utilization technology since the 1960s, with today\u2019s depleted fossil energy reserves and the threat of climate change, it has never been more important to develop and utilize alternative forms of energy.  In 2000, the Chinese government strengthened support for clean energy from the ocean, setting a goal to develop and use marine renewable energy within the next decade. The government also formulated a renewable energy law and development plan, and China\u2019s Ministry of Science and Technology said it considered technical research on marine renewable energy one of the key areas for support.\u00a0One type of marine renewable energy that has been of particular interest to China is tidal power.\u00a0Some preliminary studies have been done to determine the theoretic average tidal current power of these marine areas. One hundred and thirty channels in China have been studied, with results suggesting the theoretical average tidal current power of these channels is about 14 gigawatts.\u00a0Chinese academic institutions are developing new designs to harness China\u0027s vast tidal energy resources.","author":["Yanbo, G.","Yan, L.","Changlei, M."],"organization":["Dalian Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.620388000000","125.056421000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 07:05:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5581","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/click-communication-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bioacoustics.info\/article\/click-communication-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","title":"Click Communication in Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena","description":"Sound plays an important role for toothed whales in foraging and communication. However, little is known about acoustic communication in the toothed whale species that only produce narrow band high frequency (NBHF) clicks, such as the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena. To study acoustic behaviour and to quantify the source parameters of porpoise communication signals, the acoustic and swimming behaviour of three adults and one calf were recorded using an array of hydrophones, acoustic tags and an overhead video camera. We tested the hypothesis that different behavioural interactions between porpoises involve specific click patterns for communication and measured the source characteristics of these click patterns to estimate the active space of porpoise click communication. Our results provide strong evidence that porpoises communicate acoustically using specific patterns of clicks with source properties comparable to normal echolocation clicks, and that they employ stereotyped aggressive click patterns, exposing conspecifics to received levels of up to 180 dB re 1 \u03bcPa (pp). The measured source properties render estimated active spaces of less than 1000 meters for porpoises\u2019 communication sounds. Compared to other cetaceans, porpoises must therefore remain much closer to be able to communicate acoustically.","author":["Clausen, K.","Wahlberg, M.","Beedholm, K.","Deruiter, S.","Madsen, P."],"organization":["Aarhus University","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5583","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-impact-induced-pelamis-wave-farm-operating-portuguese-nearshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148113001456","title":"Coastal Impact Induced by a Pelamis Wave Farm Operating in the Portuguese Nearshore","description":"The objective of the present work is to evaluate the local and coastal impact of a wave farm based on Pelamis convertors that would operate in the Portuguese nearshore. The target area is the coastal environment located north of Peniche. This sector was found in previous studies as representing a significant hot spot from the point of view of the wave energy. An analysis of the wave climate based on historical buoy data was first carried out. This allowed also a preliminary assessment of the electric power expected to be delivered by a Pelamis device in the coastal area targeted. Two farm configurations are considered and simulations with the SWAN spectral model were performed for each case and also for the actual situation when no wave farm operates. The impact in both geographical and spectral spaces was evaluated for various representative wave patterns. Moreover, in order to estimate the influence of the wave farm on the shoreline dynamics, the nearshore circulation was also evaluated using a Surf model. The results show that the presence of a Pelamis based wave farm operating offshore has a strong influence on the wave conditions immediately down wave, but this influence is usually attenuated at the level of the coastline. On the other hand, it appears also that at the surf zone level the longshore current velocity is in relative terms more sensitive to the presence of the wave farms than the significant wave height.","author":["Rusu, E.","Soares, C."],"organization":["Centre for Marine Technology and Engineering (CENTEC)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.468610000000","-8.847220000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5584","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-marine-spatial-planning-data-registry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.coastalatlas.net\/index.php\/tools\/planners\/52-noaa-cmsp-data-registry","title":"Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning Data Registry","description":"The NOAA CMSP Data Registry\u2014is a collection of web-accessible NOAA geospatial data and web services deemed essential for local, regional, or national-level marine spatial planning.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.250462200000","-113.695527600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5585","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-marine-spatial-planning-legal-considerations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.eli.org\/research-report\/coastal-marine-spatial-planning-legal-considerations","title":"Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning: Legal Considerations","description":"This Background Paper was prepared for a workshop held at the Meridian Institute in Washington, DC on April 29\u201030, 2010. In the Paper, we summarize some of the major laws that are likely to inform the design and implementation of a coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP) regime in the United States. Prior to developing this Paper, we asked workshop participants to suggest pressing legal questions to research in advance of the meeting. Many questions focused on the binding nature of CMSP and the relationship of CMSP to existing legal frameworks.  The Paper is divided into subsections to allow a reader to go directly to a particular statute or issue of interest. In Part II, The Nature of the Proposed CMSP Instruments, after briefly summarizing the CMSP process, we examine the legal implications of the use of devices such as interstate compacts and memoranda of understanding to establish and support regional planning bodies.  In Part III, Procedural Considerations, we examine whether the CMSP process or Instruments will trigger the application of major procedural and environmental statutes such the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). We consider whether a regional planning body would be a federal agency for purposes of the APA; whether CMSP development would trigger notice and comment rulemaking requirements; whether the CMSP Instruments would be evidence of final agency action susceptible to judicial review; and whether CMS Plans would be enforceable under any of these statutes. We also explore whether CMSP would require an environmental impact statement (EIS) under NEPA and Section 7 consultation under the ESA.  In Part IV, Implementation Considerations: Interface with Existing Federal Statutes, we briefly examine NEPA, the Magnuson\u2010Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (MSA), the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), and the Federal Power Act (FPA), to explore how federal agencies could use these federal authorities to make and implement CMS Plans.  In Part V, The State\u2010Federal Relationship, we consider how the legal framework that currently defines the federal\u2010state relationship in the marine and coastal environment could facilitate CMSP development. In particular, we briefly examine the Paramountcy Doctrine and the Submerged Lands Act as the legal mechanisms underlying the federal\u2010state relationship. We explore, in detail, how the Coastal Zone Management Act\u2019s (CZMA\u0027s) provisions for state coastal management programs (CMPs) could inform and\/or enable CMSP development and implementation. Finally, we discuss some implications of states\u2019 federal consistency review authority for regional CMSP.  We recognize that we present only a subset of the legal issues that should be explored when considering CMSP development and implementation. The participants posed many excellent questions that we were unable to address in this brief Background Paper.","author":["Mengerink, K.","Armsby, M.","Diamond, J."],"organization":["Meridian Institute"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.896121000000","-76.993626000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Coastal_and_Marine_Spatial_Planning_Legal_Considerations.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5587","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-tidal-energy-removal-impacts-physical-systems-development-mhk-module","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/255247826_Assessment_of_Tidal_Energy_Removal_Impacts_on_Physical_Systems_Development_of_MHK_Module_and_Analysis_of_Effects_on_Hydrodynamics","title":"Assessment Of Tidal Energy Removal Impacts On Physical Systems: Development Of MHK Module And Analysis Of Effects On Hydrodynamics","description":"In recent years, more attention has been given to in-stream tidal hydrokinetic energy technology, in which tidal energy is extracted from strong tidal currents, in a similar way to wind power. Compared with the traditional tidal barrage approach, in-stream tidal energy extraction is relatively new and generally considered more cost-effective and less environmentally destructive (Polagye et al. 2011). There have been few studies on in-stream tidal hydrokinetic energy extraction in coastal regions.  An increasing number of analytical and numerical modeling studies have been conducted recently to evaluate the amount of extractable power from a tidal system and the potential associated environmental impact on the system. Garrett and Cummins (2005, 2007) examined the available tidal power potential in a one-dimensional (1-D) tidal channel with analytical models. Atwater and Lawrence (2010) and Polagye and Malte (2011) subsequently extended a similar 1-D modeling approach to tidal systems with a split tidal channel and even more complex channel networks, respectively. There are also a small number of studies on tidal power extraction using two-dimensional (2-D) numerical models by incorporating the tidal turbine feature into the models for assessment of tidal energy extraction (Sutherland et al. 2007; Sun et al. 2008; Walkington and Burrows 2009; Draper et al. 2009). Most recently, three-dimensional (3-D) models have been applied to study tidal energy extraction in field sites (e.g., Shapiro 2010). Because tidal flows are generally 3-D in nature, a 3-D approach will provide the most realistic assessment of extractable power and allow for assessment of the associated impacts on water circulation and the environment.  This report summarizes the implementation of marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) devices in the model, model validation with an analytical solution, and sensitivity analysis on MHK array configuration and the difference between 2-D and 3-D modeling approaches.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Development_of_MHK_Module_and_Analysis.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5588","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-basic-audiometric-functions-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-loro-parque-tenerife","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.freemorgan.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Luke-et-al-2012-Morgan-hearing-report.pdf","title":"Assessment of Basic Audiometric Functions in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) at Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain","description":"In November 2012, electrophysiological measurements of hearing sensitivity were conducted on Morgan and five other killer whales at Loro Parque, Tenerife (Spain). The goal of the study was to establish audiometric baseline information on Morgan relative to other whales help at Loro Parque and to determine whether Morgan suffered from hearing impairment. The six killer whales were between three months and 17 years of age. Animals of both sexes are held at this facility in four interconnected pools.\n\nThe electrophysiological measurements involved played different types of sound stimuli to the whales and measuring the resulting auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). Comparisons of hearing sensitivity across whales consist of AEPs collected following the transmission of clicks either with the whales voluntarily beached of rested at the side of the pool with the electrodes out of the water.\n\nWhile click-evoked AEPs were measured in all of the other killer whales tested, no AEP responses were found in Morgan, even at the highest click level that could be tested (134 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa peak-to-peak equivalent (ppe)). A click-evoked response by Morgan would be expected based on the age and size of the whale and the success at recording click-evoked AEPs in the other whales.\n\nThe lack of a click-evoked response in Morgan suggests that this killer whale suffers from a hearing deficit. The magnitude and frequency range over which the hearing deficit occurs cannot be specified with the techniques used here as the click stimulus lacks the frequency specificity necessary for frequency-specific threshold measures. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that Morgan\u0027s hearing ability is at least 20-30 dB worse than the hearing sensitivity of the other whales tested. Morgan potentially suffers from a profound hearing deficit, or even complete loss of hearing, but this cannot be determined through currently employed electrophysiological means.","author":["Lucke, K.","Finneran, J.","Houser, D."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","National Marine Mammal Foundation","US Navy Marine Mammal Program"],"originationDate":"2013-03-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.407622800000","-16.563266900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lucke-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5589","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-strike-adult-killer-whales-openhydro-tidal-turbine-blade","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.library.unt.edu\/ark:\/67531\/metadc839270\/","title":"Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Blade","description":"Harnessing Tidal Energy in Puget SoundThere is extraordinary energy contained in the movement of tides as water flow is forced through areas that are relatively shallow and narrow. This kinetic energy can be harnessed to provide electricity to communities located near such areas. Admiralty Inlet, located in Puget Sound of Washington State, has ideal topography\/bathymetry to harness tidal flow for energy production, which has led the Snohomish County Public Utility District No. 1 to pursue the deployment of two 6 m diameter OpenHydro tidal turbines.Potential Risk to OrcaThe National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Fisheries has responsibility for protecting the highly endangered Southern Resident Killer Whale (orca) population that lives in the region of the proposed tidal project. NOAA Fisheries is concerned that placement of the tidal turbines in Admiralty Inlet may pose a risk to three resident pods (a total of approximately 89 animals) of Southern Resident Killer Whales (SRKW). A stakeholder meeting (including representatives from NOAA, research, and industry) was held; all participants agreed that the risk of a random collision with an OpenHydro turbine blade is negligible. This conclusion was reached in part because SRKW spend greater than 97 percent of their time in the top 30 meters of water in Admiralty Inlet and the turbines would be placed at 55-meter depth, but also because they have highly evolved acoustic sensory capabilities that would enable them to detect the presence of a turbine and avoid it. NOAA\u2019s primary concern is to understand the potential severity of a turbine blade strike to a SRKW should it occur, because a severe injury to a single individual could jeopardize the entire population of this long-lived species.Modeling the Risk of a Blade StrikeIt is possible, however, that a SRKW might approach a turbine out of curiosity. In order for a SRKW to penetrate the plane of the turbine blade with its rostrum, the animal would have to approach at a very specific angle and with careful timing relative to the moving blades. The geometry of the turbine ensures that the likelihood of such an encounter is small (Figure 1). Because of the OpenHydro twelve-bladed horizontal axis turbine geometry, it is more likely that the whale would be hit with less force than has been calculated by the accompanying engineering analysis. For example, attempting to place a hand in a ceiling fan blade might result in a nick to one or more fingers but is unlikely to cause extensive damage to the whole hand, as one could not place the entire hand in the fan before the rotation of the blades would strike a portion (the fingers) of the hand. Calculations that characterize an encounter with a turbine could represent a range of risk to the SRKW influenced by many variables including the speed of the turbine blades, which vary with the speed of the tidal currents. The analysis presented here describes the worst-case scenario for potential injury to a SRKW from an encounter with a tidal turbine. The combination of SRKWs natural ability to avoid stationary objects; the difficulty of a SRKW positioning its rostrum fully into the slow moving turbine; and the SRKW\u2019s tendency to reside in the upper portion of the water column, all reduce the likelihood that such an event will occur.Modeling SRKW BiomechanicsVery little is known about the biomechanical properties of whale tissue under compression, particularly the skin, which functions to resist mechanical and other damage and to spread the force of an impact across a region that minimizes the stresses acting on underlying tissues. The lack of biomechanical data creates a challenge for estimating the potential biological effects of a turbine blade strike. PNNL tested SRKW tissue from two stranded SRKW in partnership with investigators at Friday Harbor Laboratory (FHL) at the University of Washington in January 2013. The samples tested were small portions of both skin and blubber from a three-year-old female (juvenile) and a newborn male (neonate). The tissue test results required considerable interpretation because the quality of tissue was noticeably degraded and there were few data for comparison. Additional data from other SRKWs, particularly tissues that are in good condition from animals over a range of ages, will be necessary to resolve the observed ambiguities.Modeling the Risk of a Blade StrikeResearchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) were tasked by the Department of Energy to carry out an analysis of the mechanics and biological consequences of an OpenHydro turbine blade strike on a SRKW. SNL built models of the turbine blades and their motion using specifications and data supplied by OpenHydro (Figure 1). SNL built a SRKW model based material properties from tissue testing; the geometry was based on literature data and anatomy from computed tomography (CT) scans of the head of an adult SRKW that died in 2002 (Figure 3).Modeling ResultsThe biomechanical data used as an input to the engineering model was highly uncertain because of the degraded quality of the original tissue. Results of engineering analyses predict tissue damage at high-speed blade impacts under a worst case scenario. The speeds indicating potential tissue damage are at 3 m\/s or higher, which occur less than the 6% of the operating time, further decreasing the likelihood of such an event. It is not clear however whether the degraded condition of the tissue samples make these results credible. The outcome of the worst case scenario at the maximum blade velocities for the Admiralty Inlet turbine is expected to consist of damage to the subcutaneous tissues (i.e., blubber layer) of the animal, resulting in minor hemorrhaging in the tissues (or the equivalent of a bruise) and perhaps some level of damage (such as bruising or tearing) to the skin. The biomechanical properties of the juvenile and the neonate tissues are highly uncertain and variable but appear to bracket the biomechanical properties estimated from the literature of other similar species. Results of the previous modeling work, using literature values and surrogate properties to represent the biomechanics of the SRKW tissues, and with the simpler engineering model, reach a similar conclusion as the final analysis: the improbable encounter of a SRKW with an OpenHydro blade in Admiralty Inlet is most likely to result in recoverable injury, such as bruising.Understanding Head Trauma in Marine MammalsA key index for evaluating the severity of head trauma in humans and other animals has been developed known as head injury criteria (HIC). Although such an index is not available for marine mammals, the process of developing a HIC might be instructive. While searching for pertinent literature on blunt force trauma, PNNL researchers looked for papers that might support the development of a marine mammal HIC or other types of risk assessment tools for interactions with objects. The engineering studies, biomechanical analyses, blunt force head trauma literature review, and model validation effort are discussed in detail and synthesized in the final report. Results of this study provide information that may assist NOAA Fisheries in their permitting decisions for the proposed tidal energy project in Admiralty Inlet, WA.Reference from the literature review are available here:References on Animal Head TraumaReferences on Marine Mammal Ship CollisionsReferences on Marine Mammal NeuroanatomyReferences on Porcine Head TraumaReferences on Dog Head TraumaReferences on Equine Head TraumaReferences on In Vitro TBI (Taumatic Brain Injury)Strike AnimationThis video displays the finite element model built by SNL, with biomechanical material properties developed from SRKW tissue testing performed by PNNL. The impact shown is modeled at 3m\/s impact, based on high tidal velocities for the Admiralty Inlet project. In this model, only the blade is moving, with no forward velocity of the SRKW. The SRKW\u2019s rostrum is positioned as far into the turbine as would be possible based on the OpenHydro geometry, maximizing the potential for injury. This orientation represents a worst case scenario for the animal. The red area represents a 50% strain, at or above which bruising might be expected; the green represents a 25% strain which is well within the normal strain limits of SRKW tissue.","author":["Carlson, T.","Grear, M.","Copping, A.","Halvorsen, M.","Jepsen, R.","Metzinger, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 09:49:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carlson_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5591","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-tidal-wave-energy-conversion-technologies-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/Library\/338810.pdf","title":"Assessment of Tidal and Wave Energy Conversion Technologies in Canada","description":"A small number of tidal in-stream (TISEC) and wave (WEC) energy conversion technology demonstrations are in place internationally, and a number have been recently initiated in Canada. Much of the development work on these technologies is driven by the private sector. To ensure that these technologies are consistent with Canada\u2019s conservation and sustainability priorities, it is essential to acquire a firm understanding of their potential environmental implications and, thus, feasibility for deployment in Canadian coastal waters. *TISEC and WEC technologies have the potential to result in changes to current flows, wave exposure, and associated sediment and coastal processes that could have direct and indirect effects on marine and coastal ecosystems. The extent of the effect of any project would depend on the technology characteristics, project scale, distance from the coast, and natural coastal structure and processes (hydrodynamic and sedimentary).  Changes to habitat characteristics resulting from the deployment of marine energy conversion technologies will vary by size, design, and location but may include direct loss or alteration of existing benthic and pelagic habitat, as well as marine organism responses to the addition of artificial structures. Comprehensive analysis of the relationships between changes in physical processes associated with TISEC and WEC development and risks to habitats and wildlife populations has not been conducted to date.  Like other marine industries, TISEC and WEC development has the potential to degrade local water quality (through increased suspended sediment concentrations and introduction of oil, lubricants, antifoulants and other contaminants), with long-term implications for marine life.  While there is a global effort to study the effects of noise in the marine environment, there have been very few directed studies of the response of fish and marine mammals to noises and vibrations produced by operational TISEC and WEC devices. Long-term physiological, behavioural, and population-scale impacts of noise are still poorly understood. Sound intensities, frequencies and patterns, and therefore threats, will be technology and environment-specific.  There is considerable uncertainty regarding the effects of electromagnetic fields on marine organisms. Reliable evidence of responses of marine life to existing underwater cables in Canadian or international waters is lacking. There is some evidence suggesting that EMF levels that could be emitted from underwater cables (and other electrical devices) associated with TISEC and WEC arrays may be detectable by some species. Organisms that spend all or part of their life cycles in, on, or close to the benthos may be particularly at risk due to their physical proximity to the EMF source and thus stronger field strengths.  There is an absence of peer-reviewed articles within the scientific literature addressing the impact of physical encounters (either directly with structures, e.g., strikes and entanglement, or indirectly, e.g., through pressure changes) between marine life and WEC or TISEC technologies at existing facilities. The risk of such encounters and the effectiveness of potential mitigation measures to avoid impacts of encounters are unknown.  While the importance of being able to evaluate the potential for cumulative impacts, including the interaction among multiple energy conversion technologies and the interaction of those technologies with other human activities over time, is recognized, there has been no attempt to predict or model these interactions due to limited data and no requirement for this information under regulatory compliance procedures.  There is not yet sufficient information on the scope of impacts from the wide variety of TISEC and WEC technologies that have been, and are continuing to be, produced to develop a relevant Statement of Canadian Practice. However, this issue should be revisited as experience and knowledge from demonstration projects is gained.  Broad-scale research priorities to assist in the development of policy and regulations related to TISEC and WEC include: development of science-based monitoring protocols for marine energy extraction (pre and post deployment); development of new monitoring technologies; development and evaluation of technologies and protocols for the assessment of environmental effects; development, evaluation, and validation of relevant models; and collection and archiving of relevant baseline data.  Priority topics requiring science research include: modeling of ocean processes, e.g., tidal movements, waves, sediment behaviour and dynamics; habitat surveys and analysis in areas of interest; modeling and field investigation of marine organism physiological, behavioural and population-scale responses to marine energy development; assessment of resilience of benthic and pelagic communities and the time scales of recovery from disturbance; evaluation of mitigation, restoration and enhancement options; and modeling of cumulative and synergistic interactions among multiple arrays and between arrays and other marine activities.","author":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"organization":["Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2009-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.174361000000","-100.547479000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DFO_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5592","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-zooplankton-injury-mortality-associated-underwater-turbines-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2013\/00000047\/00000004\/art00015","title":"Assessment of Zooplankton Injury and Mortality Associated With Underwater Turbines for Tidal Energy Production","description":"Collaborative work between the UMASS-Marine Renewable Energy Center, the Town of Edgartown, and the Coastal Systems Program is focused on developing the tidal energy potential of Muskeget Channel. We have undertaken detailed oceanographic and environmental surveys to optimize in-stream turbine power generation and to quantify potential environmental effects. In 2011 and 2012, tidal turbine demonstration projects were conducted in Muskeget Channel to determine the combined effects of blade strikes, shear stress, turbulence, and cavitation on zooplankton. Single turbines may minimally impact zooplankton populations; however, full-scale projects may potentially alter zooplankton populations forming the base of coastal food webs. Static plankton tows were performed up- and downstream of the operating turbine axis. Integral flow meters allowed adjustment of tow duration to optimize zooplankton density in the concentrate. Samples were held at in situ temperatures, and sequential photomicrographs and video images were taken to determine particle density, size distribution, and the number of live organisms in samples taken up and down gradient of the operating tidal turbines within 3 h of collection. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the total number or size distribution of motile zooplankters, indicating tidal turbine operation did not cause significant mortality and suggested that impacts of commercial size tidal energy projects upon zooplankton populations in Muskeget Channel may be negligible.","author":["Schlezinger, D.","Taylor, C.","Howes, B."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.349965000000","-70.402187000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5595","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlantic-marine-energy-test-site-environmental-impact-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seai.ie\/technologies\/ocean-energy\/ocean-test-sites-in-ireland\/foreshore-lease\/","title":"Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site Environmental Impact Statement","description":"Marine renewable energy is an emerging industry which has very considerable potential for economic growth and job creation. This can happen through the development, manufacture, deployment and operation of wave, tidal and offshore wind technologies and the creation of an indigenous supply chain in Ireland. Ireland can capitalise on its natural advantages in the area of marine renewable energy by following the Ocean Energy Strategy. The policy context for the ocean energy initiative and for addressing wave and tidal technologies is contained in the Programme for Government, the Sustainable Energy White Paper and in the Ocean Energy Strategy 2005 (Marine Institute and Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland). The initiative, announced in early 2008, will help establish Ireland as a leader in ocean energy technologies and to develop facilities that will enable the commercialisation of ocean energy products and services.  As part of the Ocean Energy Strategy an offshore wave energy test site is proposed for the Belmullet area of County Mayo. The proposed test site will be called the Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS). The test site will provide a grid-connected national test facility, to which full-scale wave energy converters could be coupled during their final stages of pre-commercial development. The test site is an integral component of Ireland\u2019s Ocean Energy Strategy and will facilitate testing and validation of various wave energy converters in an open ocean environment. It will be operational for a period of fifteen years and will be decommissioned thereafter.  An examination of the likely significant impacts of the project on the environment was carried out and the results are presented in this Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The conclusions of the EIS are contained in this Non-Technical Summary.  Chapters    Chapter 1 - Introduction  Chapter 2 - Rationale and Alternatives  Chapter 3 - Alternative Solutions Examined  Chapter 4 - Project Description  Chapter 5 - Impact on Human Activity  Chapter 6 - Flora and Fauna  Chapter 7 - Water  Chapter 8 - Soils, Geology, and Groundwater  Chapter 9 - Air Quality  Chapter 10 - Noise  Chapter 11 - Traffic and Transport  Chapter 12 - Navigation Risk Assessment  Chapter 13 - Cultural Heritage  Chapter 14 - Visual Impact Assessment  Chapter 15 - Material Assets  Chapter 16 - Coastal Processes  Chapter 17 - Indirect and Cumulative Impacts and Interaction Between Them  Chapter 18 - Summary of Impacts and Mitigations  Chapter 19 - Management, Monitoring, and Communication  Chapter 20 - Conclusion","author":["Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"organization":["Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2011-12-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.184775000000","-10.414749000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 04:47:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEAI_Contents_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5596","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlas-uk-marine-renewable-energy-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.renewables-atlas.info\/","title":"Atlas of UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources","description":"A project commissioned by BERR in 2007 has taken the existing UK Marine Renewable Energy Resources Atlas forward. This new stage of development for the Atlas has enabled an enhanced definition of the primary resource variables and is now a product that is being made more accessible though a webGIS interface. The charts in the Atlas indicate the distribution of potential resource for the future deployment of renewable energy technologies \u2013 wind, wave and tidal. The project team was led by ABP Marine Environmental Research and included the providers of major marine data holdings (Met Office and Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL)).  The Atlas represents the most detailed regional description of potential marine energy resources in UK waters ever completed to date at a national scale, and will be used to help guide policy and planning decisions for future site leasing rounds.  The study was completed as part of the Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) which is presently operated by DECC. For more information about the SEA programme please refer to: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-asse...  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)"],"organization":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)"],"originationDate":"2008-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.878689000000","-1.975620000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5598","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/averaging-underwater-noise-levels-environmental-assessment-shipping","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/132\/4\/10.1121\/1.4754429","title":"Averaging Underwater Noise Levels for Environmental Assessment of Shipping","description":"Rising underwater noise levels from shipping have raised concerns regarding chronic impacts to marine fauna. However, there is a lack of consensus over how to average local shipping noise levels for environmental impact assessment. This paper addresses this issue using 110 days of continuous data recorded in the Strait of Georgia, Canada. Probability densities of -107 1-s samples in selected 1\/3 octave bands were approximately stationary across one-month subsamples. Median and mode levels varied with averaging time. Mean sound pressure levels averaged in linear space, though susceptible to strong bias from outliers, are most relevant to cumulative impact assessment metrics.","author":["Merchant, N.","Blondel, P.","Dakin, D.","Dorocicz, J."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","University of Bath","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2012-09-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.370527000000","-123.789021000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5603","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/avoidance-responses-loggerhead-turtles-caretta-caretta-low-frequency-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1446362","title":"Avoidance Responses of Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta caretta, to Low Frequency Sound","description":"The decline in various sea turtle populations is largely attributed to overharvesting for meat, eggs, leather and shell (King, 1982; Ross, 1982). Additional loss of late juvenile to adult life stages occurs when turtles are taken as incidental catches during shrimp trawling (Hillestad et al., 1982), at industrial water intakes (pers. obs.) or are killed in areas where undersea explosives are used (Klima, unpubl.). Late juvenile and sub-adult losses are particularly important because turtles entering their breeding years represent several decades of selective survival and are the groups whose survival is most likely to influence the long-term stability of the population (Crouse et al., 1987).  Protective measures against the incidental take of sea turtles have been developed. For example, turtle exclusion devices (TEDS) let captured turtles escape from shrimp trawls, considerably reducing incidences of turtle drownings (Watson et al., 1986). Physical barriers can be effective in specific situations, but development of a method to exploit a turtle\u0027s avoidance response would be useful in many industrial applications.","author":["O\u0027Hara, J.","Wilcox, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1990-06-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:49:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5611","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baseline-data-power-analysis-owet-dungeness-crab-fish-baseline-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/xmlui\/handle\/1957\/15716","title":"Baseline Data and Power Analysis for the OWET Dungeness Crab and Fish Baseline Study","description":"The purpose of this project was to collect baseline data, the \u0027before\u0027 component for a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study of a wave energy conversion project planned for the coastal waters off of Reedsport, Oregon on the local benthic ecology. A BACI study controls for inevitable spatial and temporal environmental variation and provides an objective scientific means of addressing the question \u0022Does this project result in significant environmental change?\u0022 The specific changes are determined in part by what variables are measured. In this study, the focus was on Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) and other substrate-associated marine organisms. These baseline data are contained in the electronic files that accompany this document.  In addition to collecting the data, digitizing those data and checking for quality and input errors, and providing basic summary statistics, this report evaluated the statistical power of the sampling program to detect a real change in the abundance of crabs and other benthic organisms as manifest by the CPUE (cath-per-unit-effort). Power analyses were used to evaluate the current sampling program, and to determine the sampling effort necessary to detect a range of project impacts from a 10-100% reduction in the starting abundance. These results should be considered when planning and funding on-going efforts to monitor the benthic ecology at the wave energy conversion project site. These analyses are predicated on the assumption that a BACI sampling\/analytical approach will be used to test the hypothesis that the deployment and operation of wave energy conversion (WEC) technology will be deployed at the site referred to hereafter in this document as the WEC project site.","author":["Terrill, S.","Kramer, S.","Nelson, P.","Zajanc, D."],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.782500000000","-124.238060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OWET_Crab_Fish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5615","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-representative-freshwater-fish-species-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00028487.2013.778901","title":"Behavioral Responses of Representative Freshwater Fish Species to Electromagnetic Fields","description":"Hydrokinetic energy is proposed as an environmentally preferred means of generating electricity from river and tidal currents. To resolve environmental concerns, it is important to investigate potential effects on aquatic organisms from the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) that are created by underwater generators and transmission cables. We evaluated the behavioral responses of some representative freshwater fishes to static and variable EMFs in a series of laboratory experiments. Fish were exposed for 46 h to a static (DC) EMF with a permanent bar magnet or to a variable (AC) EMF with an electromagnet. Fish locations were recorded with a digital imaging system, and changes in activity level and distribution relative to the magnet position were quantified at 5-min intervals. Experiments with Fathead Minnow Pimephales promelas, Redear Sunfish Lepomis microlophus, Striped Bass Marone saxatilis, Lake Sturgen Acipenser fulvescens, and Channel Catfish Icalurus punctatus produced mixed results. Except for Fathead Minnow, there was no effect on fish activity level. Only Redear Sunfish and Channel Catfish exhibited a change in distribution relative to the position of the magnet, with both species showing an apparent attraction to the EMF source. In a separate experiment, rapid behavioral responses of Paddlefish Polyodon spathula and Lake Sturgen to the onset of an AC field were recorded with high-speed video. Paddlefish did not react to a variable, 60-Hz magnetic field (i.e., like that emitted by an AC generator or cable), but Lake Sturgeon consistently responded with a variety of altered swimming behaviors. These results will be useful for positioning cables or generators to minimize interactions with EMF-sensitive species.","author":["Bevelhimer, M.","Cada, G.","Fortner, A.","Schweizer, P.","Riemer, K."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5616","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-beaked-whales-other-cetaceans-controlled-exposures-simulated","sourceURL":"","title":"Behavioral Responses of Beaked Whales and Other Cetaceans to Controlled Exposures of Simulated Sonar and Other Sounds","description":"Strandings coincident with some sonar training exercises indicates strong negative reactions in certain species and circumstances  Vast scientific uncertainty regarding these observations has lead to widely divergent speculation on possible adverse impacts  Numerous scientific and government panels\/task forces have called for directed behavioral studies","author":["Southall, B.","Tyack, P.","Moretti, D.","Clark, C.","Claridge, D.","Boyd, I."],"organization":["Cornell University","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","University of California Santa Cruz","University of St Andrews","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2009-10-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cetaceans_Sound_Southall.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5617","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behaviour-trout-salmo-trutta-l-larvae-fry-constant-magnetic-field","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2004.00556.x\/abstract","title":"Behaviour Of Trout (Salmo Trutta L.) Larvae And Fry In A Constant Magnetic Field","description":"Effects of a constant magnetic field on the selection of swimming direction by trout (Salmo trutta L.) larvae and fry were investigated in an experimental facility consisting of chambers equipped with magnets as well as magnet-free chambers placed at the entrance. The experiments showed a close relationship between the direction selected by the larvae and fry and the presence or absence of ferritic magnets generating a constant magnetic field. The results obtained indicate during early ontogenesis, when a newly hatched individual is no longer an embryo but also not a mature form, that the larva is sensitive to a magnetic field. This sensitivity seems to be related to an exteroception system that develops at that time involving magnetoreceptors containing magnetite particles.","author":["Formicki, K.","Sadowski, M.","Ta\u0144ski, A.","Korzelecka-Orkisz, A.","Winnicki, A."],"organization":["University of Szczecin"],"originationDate":"2004-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.436000000000","14.530000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5621","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-cover-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/dataregistry\/search\/collection\/info\/benthiccover","title":"Benthic Cover Data","description":"The benthic cover data provide an inventory of nearshore aquatic habitats with a focus on living resources. Benthic-cover vector data sets capture the location, extent, general character, and spatial relationships of biological communities in shallow nearshore areas. These data were developed to support resource inventory activities and change detection efforts and can help in conservation planning, marine protected-area siting, and environmental monitoring.  Notes and Limitations: Benthic habitat vector polygon data are normally intended for regional inventory purposes. Although the data may support site-specific investigations, users are encouraged to develop or obtain higher-detail data for this type of application if possible. Variation in environmental conditions between mapping efforts can affect the ability to use these data for change detection purposes. Users should understand the project area when conducting this type of analysis. No habitat information may be available for deep or turbid waters (optical imagery) or very shallow waters (acoustic imagery).","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.545871000000","-75.883629000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5626","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introduction-socio-economic-assessment-within-marine-strategy-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20130402203027\/https:\/\/archive.defra.gov.uk\/environment\/marine\/documents\/legislation\/msf-socioeconomic.pdf","title":"An Introduction to Socio-Economic Assessment within a Marine Strategy Framework","description":"The purpose of this report is to set out a decision support system focused on socio-economic analysis aimed at enabling conservation of marine ecosystems and human health in the Northeast Atlantic. The report reviews methods for economic assessment, economic valuation of ecosystem goods and services, and provides case studies for marine and coastal ecosystem benefits\/services valuation and fisheries and shipping services assessments. The socio-economic methods and techniques set out in this report can contribute to the protection of the marine environment and the sustainable use of the seas by identifying economically efficient and cost effective policy options (i.e. projects, policies, programmes and courses of action).","author":["Turner, R.","Hadley, D.","Luisetti, T.","Lam, V.","Cheung, W."],"organization":["UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2010-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.443881000000","-2.143596000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Socio-Economic_Assessment_with_Marine_Strategy_Framework.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5628","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-ocean-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/an-overview-of-ocean-renewable-energy-technologies","title":"An Overview Of Ocean Renewable Energy Technologies","description":"Ocean energy is a term used to describe renewable energy derived from the sea, including ocean wave energy, tidal and open-ocean current energy (sometimes called marine hydrokinetic energy), tidal barrages, offshore wind energy, and ocean thermal and salinity gradient energy. Shallow water offshore wind is a commercial technology (over 1,500 MW capacity installed in Europe). The technologies to convert the other ocean energy resources to electricity, including deepwater offshore wind technology, albeit in their infancies, exist. These technologies are ready for full-scale prototype and early commercialization testing at sea. This paper highlights the technology development status of various energy conversion technologies.","author":["Bedard, R.","Jacobson, P.","Previsic, M.","Musial, W.","Varley, R."],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)","Lockheed Martin","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Re Vision Consulting LLC","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5629","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-environmental-impact-non-wind-renewable-energy-systems-marine-environment","sourceURL":"","title":"An Overview of the Environmental Impact of Non-Wind Renewable Energy Systems in the Marine Environment","description":"It is widely acknowledged that if non-wind marine energy generation devices (wave and tidal devices) can be successfully developed that they have the potential to make a significant contribution to the Kyoto Protocol renewable energy targets. It is clear that considerable effort has been invested in the engineering aspects of the development of coastal and offshore energy generation devices with minimal investment to consider the potential environmental impact of installing such devices. This manifests itself in the current position in the UK whereby a test centre, the EMEC facility on Orkney, has been consented through based on the findings of an Environmental Impact Assessment. The site consists of and is consented for the necessary infrastructure to test and evaluate prototype wave and tidal energy devices but does have consent for individual prototype devices that may be installed. Individual consents for each prototype device must be sought for the duration of installation. It is apparent that to satisfy this requirement for individual consents it will be necessary to both conduct generic research and derive knowledge from other sectors (principally the offshore wind and oil and gas industry) to fill current knowledge gaps. A second test centre in the south-west of England has also been proposed.  To address a number of these issues it is likely that generic research will be required. It will obviously be necessary to allow the installation of some prototype devices prior to and parallel with generic research in order to investigate any larger scale environmental impacts.  Areas requiring further work are:    Create a direct link between physical modelling of devices and biological models or data sets.  The impact on sea-mammals, birds and fish, in particular their interactions with devices.  Pre, operational and post deployment environmental monitoring programmes with determined boundaries of acceptability, suitable parameters for monitoring, guidelines to be adopted by individual developers and appropriate funding streams for the instigation of such programmes during the testing phase of prototype devices. Monitoring should also make use of best available technology.   This report draws on the outputs from two workshops run by the DTI in the UK on 14 January 2005 and 16 March 2005; a workshop hosted by EMEC\/UKERC entitled \u0022Environmental Impacts and Monitoring of Marine Energy Conversion Devices\u0022 held on 14th September 2005 and the booklet Wave and Tidal Energy Devices, BWEA 2005 ISBN: 18700065410.  Non-Wind Renewable Energy Devices  Most wave and tidal devices are currently at the prototype development stage although a small number are now approaching sufficient levels of development where more advanced demonstrator projects can be deployed and tested. This section of the report provides a brief overview of some of the prototype technologies under development. It is not an exhaustive review of all devices but provides details for most of the technologies under development.","author":["OSPAR Commission"],"organization":["OSPAR Commission"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.045842000000","-2.980288000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OSPAR_2006_Environmental_Overview.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5630","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigation-impacts-climate-change-wave-energy-generation-wave-hub-cornwall-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811100111X","title":"An Investigation of the Impacts of Climate Change on Wave Energy Generation: The Wave Hub, Cornwall, UK","description":"In this paper a generic methodology is presented that allows the impacts of climate change on wave energy generation from a wave energy converter (WEC) to be quantified. The methodology is illustrated by application to the Wave Hub site off the coast of Cornwall, UK. Control and future wave climates were derived using wind fields output from a set of climate change experiments. Control wave conditions were generated from wind data between 1961 and 2000. Future wave conditions were generated using two IPCC wind scenarios from 2061 to 2100, corresponding to intermediate and low greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC scenarios A1B and B1 respectively). The quantitative comparison between future scenarios and the control condition shows that the available wave power will increase by 2\u20133% in the A1B scenario. In contrast, the available wave power in the B1 scenario will decrease by 1\u20133%, suggesting, somewhat paradoxically, that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may reduce the wave energy resource. Meanwhile, the WEC energy will yield decrease by 2\u20133% in both A1B and B1 scenarios, which is mainly due to the relatively low efficiency of energy extraction from steeper waves by the specific WEC considered. Although those changes are relatively small compared to the natural variability, they may have significance when considered over the lifetime of a wave energy farm. Analysis of downtime under low and high thresholds suggests that the distribution of wave heights at the Wave Hub will have a wider spread due to the impacts of climate change, resulting in longer periods of generation loss. Conversely, the estimation of future changes in joint wave height-period distribution provides indications on how the response and power matrices of WECs could be modified in order to maintain or improve energy extraction in the future.","author":["Reeve, D.","Chen, Y.","Pan, S.","Magar, V.","Simmonds, D.","Zacharioudaki, A."],"organization":["Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:47:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5631","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/unstructured-grid-finite-volume-coastal-ocean-model-fvcom-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/an-unstructured-grid-finite-volume-coastal-ocean-model-fvcom-system","title":"An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) System","description":"The coastal ocean extends from the land-sea interface where freshwater enters the ocean through rivers and estuaries to beyond the continental shelf. Due in part to its shallow and complex bathymetry and coastline, the coastal ocean is quite dynamic and can feature large waves and currents driven by atmospheric storms and ocean tides, and large changes in water temperature and salinity due to seasonal changes in the surface weather and river runoff. The coastal ocean is also extremely productive, supporting a rich and diverse ecosystem and many major fisheries. With increasing human use and exploitation of the coastal ocean, scientific interest in understanding and predicting coastal ocean processes has increased dramatically. The first ocean circulation model designed specifically for coastal application\u2014the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) developed by Blumberg and Mellor (1987)\u2014led immediately to new understanding of a number of important physical phenomena driven by tidal and wind forcing and provided the first core model for coupled physical-biological modeling. Although POM and the development of other coastal ocean circulation models have advanced coastal ocean science significantly in the last 25 years, these existing models have limitations that prevent their universal application in the coastal ocean.","author":["Chen, C.","Beardsley, R.","Cowles, G."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2006-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5635","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annex-iv-project-ocean-energy-systems-implementing-agreement","sourceURL":"","title":"Annex IV Project - Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement","description":"This presentation is an explanation of the Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement. This agreement is a framework that exists under the International Energy Agency. However, the IEA is not directly involved, but they do provide the foundation to facilitate international cooperation. The agreement was introduced in 2001 by 3 countries and has now grown to 18. The mission is to, by 2020, realize the use of cost competitive and environmentally sustainable ocean energy. Currently, there are four annexes under the agreement, working towards this goal. The four annexs include: (1) Annex I - Review, Exchange and Dissemination of Information on Ocean Energy System (2) Annex II - Development of Recommended Practices for Testing and Evaluating Ocean Energy Systems (3) Annex III - Integration of Ocean Energy Plants into Distribution and Transmission Electrical Grids (4) Annex IV \u2013 Assessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Create a public, international research database The Annex IV will share existing environmental research in a database, while also providing this information to the public. The database is under design by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. There are currently nine participants in the Annex IV.","author":["Battey, H.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-04-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NERC_Workshop_Presentation_-_OES-IA_Battey.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5636","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-time-dependent-mild-slope-equations-simulation-wake-effects-lee-farm-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148109005370","title":"Application of the Time-Dependent Mild-Slope Equations for the Simulation of Wake Effects in the Lee of a Farm of Wave Dragon Wave Energy Converters","description":"Time-dependent mild-slope equations have been extensively used to compute wave transformations near coastal and offshore structures for more than 20 years. Recently the wave absorption characteristics of a Wave Energy Converter (abbreviated as WEC) of the overtopping type have been implemented in a time-dependent mild-slope equation model by using numerical sponge layers. In this paper the developed WEC implementation is applied to a single Wave Dragon WEC and multiple Wave Dragon WECs. The Wave Dragon WEC is a floating offshore converter of the overtopping type. Two wave reflectors focus the incident wave power towards a ramp. The focused waves run up the ramp and overtop in a water reservoir above mean sea level. The obtained potential energy is converted into electricity when the stored water drains back to the sea through hydro turbines. The wave reflectors and the main body (ramp and reservoir) are simulated as porous structures, exhibiting the same reflection, respectively absorption characteristics as obtained for the prototype Wave Dragon WEC. The wake effects behind a single Wave Dragon WEC are studied in detail for uni- and multidirectional waves. The shadow zone indicating the wake effect is decreasing with increasing directional spreading. The wake in the lee of a farm of five Wave Dragon WECs, installed in a staggered grid (3 WECs in the first row and 2 WECs in the second row), is calculated for three in-between distances of respectively D, 2D and 3D, with D the distance between the tips of the wave reflectors of a single WEC. As a result, a farm of five Wave Dragon WECs installed in a staggered grid with an in-between distance of 2D is preferred, when taking cost and spatial considerations into account.","author":["Beels, C.","Troch, P.","DeVisch, K.","Kofoed, J.","DeBacker, G."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2010-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.691670000000","-5.233330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:50:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5638","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approaches-marine-mammal-monitoring-marine-renewable-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Anke_Bender\/publication\/319939267_A_Review_of_Methods_and_Models_for_Environmental_Monitoring_of_Marine_Renewable_Energy\/links\/59c27371458515af3060b09c\/A-Review-of-Methods-and-Models-for-Environmental-Monitoring-of-Mar","title":"Approaches to Marine Mammal Monitoring at Marine Renewable Energy Developments","description":"This report seeks to address the issues around marine mammal environmental compliance and provide options for the development of a consistent UK-wide strategic approach to marine mammal monitoring. The focus of this study is on assisting developers to meet their consenting requirements. The report assessed (1) the data required in order to assess the risks to sensitive and legally-protected species from construction, (2) the relative costs of different technical solutions, and (3) examples of how approaches might be applied based upon a number of scenarios.\n\nThe report distinguishes between two different groups of measurements that may be required. One of these, called characterisation, provides basic information about the ecological features within a region, especially those that might have specific protection under current legislation. The other, known as impact monitoring, involves measuring the effects that the disturbance due to the development is having and takes place coincident with different phases of the development. Both are essential components because the first defines the ecological value whereas the second provides information about how this is being changed as a result of the development. Nevertheless, there are difficulties defining to what extent disturbance should be allowed; clearly no disturbance is impractical but the main issue is what methods can be used to define damaging (or significant) levels of disturbance. The report raises the issue of Potential Biological Removal (PBR) as a possible mechanism. While this remains an issue for fundamental research there is a very real practical need to build a mechanism for providing clear, concise and biologically-defensible advice to Regulators about the levels of disturbance that are likely to be sustainable. The onus is upon the Scientific Advisers to provide this advice.\n\nIn general, data that characterise the likely regions for offshore energy development are available from recent and ongoing research. However, these are generally collected at spatial and temporal scales that are much greater than are likely to be needed. It is almost certain that some form of measurement of population trends of the more abundant and sensitive species (it would be impossible with the rarer species) will be required if there is to be effective measurement of impacts.\n\nDetailed methods have been developed to characterise marine mammal populations and these could be adapted to allow measurements at the spatial and temporal scales required for impact monitoring. However, the power to detect changes in population trends that could be significant is usually very low. There tends to be a direct relationship between statistical power and the amount of data collected. Even very significant changes in abundance are difficult to detect reliably without considerable effort and cost. Emerging technologies may provide partial solutions to this but these are mostly still at the early stages of being tested and many, such as HD photography, have significant potential difficulties attached to them and need rigorous testing.\n\nOverall, aerial surveys are more cost-effective than ship-based surveys but aerial surveys may not be appropriate in all situations. It appears to be wise to design surveys for particular regions specifically to suit the problems associated with each region. This could include the expected type of sensitive species to be detected, exposure, distance from land, and whether it is necessary to measure relative versus absolute abundance to detect trends. Because of the many different variables that have to be taken in to consideration, it was difficult within this report to provide a template for survey design. We recommend that the design of monitoring procedures should be bespoke for each situation but that there should be open consultation on these designs before they are implemented.\n\nGiven the general difficulties there are with providing the kind of information needed by Regulators to ensure that developments in marine renewable energy are legally compliant, we recommend a licensing procedure that initially includes precautionary assumptions within the licensing conditions. These conditions may then be relaxed if and when evidence is provided that disproves the precautionary assumptions.\n\nGiven the scales of offshore renewable energy development envisaged together with the predicted spatial extent of some impacts, there is the potential for a strong interaction between adjacent developments. This means that the activities of individual developers cannot be seen in isolation and some level of co-design of marine mammal monitoring, including implementation, needs to be considered. Such co-design has further advantages in that this could occur at scales that have better congruence with the natural spatial distribution of marine mammal populations and also with current data resources, as well as the current methods that are available for determining distribution and abundance. If this is to be implemented most effectively it will require a radical change in the current vision, on the part of both Regulators and Developers, for compliance monitoring of marine mammals around renewable energy developments with a move towards an increase in the spatial scales for monitoring to cover large sections of the UK regional seas.","author":["Macleod, K.","Du Fresne, S.","Mackey, B.","Faustino, C.","Boyd, I."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SMRU_2010_Monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5639","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/appropriateness-existing-monitoring-studies-fundy-tidal-energy-project-considerations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/site\/eng\/429105\/publication.html","title":"Appropriateness of Existing Monitoring Studies for the Fundy Tidal Energy Project and Considerations for Monitoring Commercial Scale Scenarios","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) Tidal Energy Project, located near Black Rock in the Minas Passage of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, is a research and development demonstration site dedicated to testing tidal power technologies, in particular Tidal In-stream Energy Conversion (TISEC) devices. The project consists of four undersea berths for four TISEC subsea turbine generators, subsea cables, and associated land-based infrastructure. The project was assessed under a harmonized provincial and federal Environmental Assessment (EA) process. As a commitment made during the environmental assessment and as a condition of the provincial environmental assessment approval, the proponent, FORCE, was required to develop and implement an Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) program for the project. Additional monitoring by a berth holder, Open Hydro \/ Nova Scotia Power Inc., was required as a condition of authorizations under s.32 and s.35(2) of the Fisheries Act issued by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO). The purpose of the EEM program was to verify the effectiveness of any mitigation measures implemented by the proponent, the accuracy of the EA predictions, and compliance with conditions of provincial and federal permits and authorizations. To fulfill the reporting requirements for the EEM program from the commencement of the project in late September 2009 to January 2011, FORCE prepared a monitoring report that provides the results of the EEM program including details of the various monitoring surveys (FORCE 2011). The report covers the period during which the Open Hydro \/ Nova Scotia Power Inc. TISEC device was present at the site (i.e., November 12, 2009, to December 13, 2010). The device, however, was only verified in normal operation for a few weeks (i.e., November 12, 2009 to December 4, 2009). DFO\u2019s Ecosystem Management Branch, Maritimes Region, is now reviewing FORCE\u2019s EEM Report and has asked DFO Science to contribute to this review.","author":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"organization":["Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DFO_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5640","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aquatic-acoustic-metrics-interface-utility-underwater-sound-monitoring-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/12\/6\/7438","title":"Aquatic Acoustic Metrics Interface Utility for Underwater Sound Monitoring and Analysis","description":"Fishes and marine mammals may suffer a range of potential effects from exposure to intense underwater sound generated by anthropogenic activities such as pile driving, shipping, sonars, and underwater blasting. Several underwater sound recording (USR) devices have been built to acquire samples of the underwater sound generated by anthropogenic activities. Software becomes indispensable for processing and analyzing the audio files recorded by these USRs. In this paper, we provide a detailed description of a new software package, the Aquatic Acoustic Metrics Interface (AAMI), specifically designed for analysis of underwater sound recordings to provide data in metrics that facilitate evaluation of the potential impacts of the sound on aquatic animals. In addition to the basic functions, such as loading and editing audio files recorded by USRs and batch processing of sound files, the software utilizes recording system calibration data to compute important parameters in physical units. The software also facilitates comparison of the noise sound sample metrics with biological measures such as audiograms of the sensitivity of aquatic animals to the sound, integrating various components into a single analytical frame. The features of the AAMI software are discussed, and several case studies are presented to illustrate its functionality.","author":["Ren, H.","Halvorsen, M.","Deng, Z.","Carlson, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ren-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5641","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/are-southern-california-oil-gas-platforms-essential-fish-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/59\/supplement\/S266","title":"Are Southern California Oil and Gas Platforms Essential Fish Habitat","description":"US federal agencies must consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service on actions that may adversely affect \u201cessential fish habitat\u201d (EFH). This EFH mandate coincides with recent discussions on proposed decommissioning of oil and gas platforms in southern California. While many species falling under the Pacific Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (e.g. rockfish, genus Sebastes) inhabit platforms, available information is insufficient for determining whether the structures are necessary to support a sustainable fishery or contribute to a healthy ecosystem, the two basic tenets of EFH. The occurrence of juvenile and large adult rockfish at some platforms suggests that they may support important ecological functions. Because rockfish show long-term population declines, further evaluation of platform ecological structure and function is warranted and should be integrated into the environmental review process.","author":["Helvey, M."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2002-01-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.147255000000","-121.610272000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Helvey_2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5642","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-reef-effect-relation-offshore-renewable-energy-conversion-state-art","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tswj\/2012\/386713\/","title":"Artificial Reef Effect in Relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the Art","description":"The rapid worldwide growth of offshore renewable energy production will provide marine organisms with new hard substrate for colonization, thus acting as artificial reefs. The artificial reef effect is important when constructing, for example, scour protections since it can generate an enhanced habitat. Specifically, artificial structures can create increased heterogeneity in the area important for species diversity and density. Offshore energy installations also have the positive side effect as they are a sanctuary area for trawled organisms. Higher survival of fish and bigger fish is an expected outcome that can contribute to a spillover to outer areas. One negative side effect is that invasive species can find new habitats in artificial reefs and thus influence the native habitats and their associated environment negatively. Different scour protections in offshore wind farms can create new habitats compensating for habitat loss by offshore energy installations. These created habitats differ from the lost habitat in species composition substantially. A positive reef effect is dependent on the nature and the location of the reef and the characteristics of the native populations. An increase in surface area of scour protections by using specially designed material can also support the reef effect and its productivity.","author":["Langhamer, O."],"organization":["Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Langhamer_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5643","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-reefs-tool-aid-rehabilitation-coastal-ecosystems-investigating-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X98001210","title":"Artificial Reefs as a Tool to Aid Rehabilitation of Coastal Ecosystems: Investigating the Potential","description":"Utilising case studies, the paper identifies the potential of artificial reefs as a tool to aid the rehabilitation of coastal ecosystems from an ecological perspective. It goes on to discuss how this potential can be constrained by the action of a complex array of legal frameworks and political processes which are not necessarily attuned to or supportive of the needs of habitat restoration (whether based on artificial reefs or other technologies). Apart from institutional inertia, one of the main reasons why support for habitat restoration projects may be lacking is that, while their costs may be expressed in monetary terms, their benefits rarely are. The paper concludes by exploring techniques by which both the benefits and costs of coastal rehabilitation may be monetised, thereby placing them on the same footing as other programmes whose economic returns are more easily quantified.","author":["Pickering, H.","Whitmarsh, D.","Jensen, A."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of Portsmouth"],"originationDate":"1999-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.849159000000","4.566916000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5644","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-habitats-marine-freshwater-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/store.elsevier.com\/Artificial-Habitats-for-Marine-and-Freshwater-Fisheries\/isbn-9780126343458\/","title":"Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries","description":"Artificial habitats have been used for centuries to successfully modify environments for the benefit of Man. In the aquatic environment, the use of artificial habitat technologies is of growing interest worldwide. Opportunities exist in both developed and developing nations to apply these technologies in many areas, including classical scientific investigations of ecosystem structure and function, engineering advances in underwater technology, and fisheries and environmental management.  The applications of artificial habitat technologies are taking on ever greater economic, social, and environmental importance globally, not only in developed countries such as Japan where highly sophisticated technologies are used, but also in developing nations, where lower cost practices are in use. There is growing pressure to increase production, while at the same time preserve or enhance the environments and ecosystems surrounding fisheries.  This book provides a comprehensive review of the facts, issues, and global trends emerging regarding the use of artificial habitats in aquatic ecosystems. It presents the most recent scientific advances in ecology and engineering technologies related to the building of artificial habitats, and it also presents many of the fisheries management and socioeconomic and environmental issues. Artificial Habitats for Marine and Freshwater Fisheries will be of interest to a broad audience including natural resource scientists, planners, and managers, particularly those interested in aquatic and fisheries science and management; organizations and individuals interested in commercial and recreational fishing; ecologists; environmental economists, engineers, lawyers, and social scientists; and geographers.","author":["Seaman, W. Jr."],"organization":["University of Florida"],"originationDate":"1991-10-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5645","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-marine-structures-facilitate-spread-non-indigenous-green-algae","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01096.x\/abstract","title":"Artificial Marine Structures Facilitate the Spread of a Non-Indigenous Green Algae","description":"Artificial structures have become ubiquitous features of coastal landscapes. Although they provide novel habitats for the colonization of marine organisms, their role in facilitating biological invasions has been largely unexplored.  We investigated the distribution and dynamics of the introduced green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, at a variety of spatial scales on breakwaters in the north Adriatic Sea, and analysed experimentally the mechanisms underlying its establishment. We assessed the provision of sheltered habitats by breakwaters, the role of disturbance (e.g. from recreational harvesting and storms) acting at different times of the year, and the interactions between Codium and the dominant native space-occupier, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.  Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides has established viable populations on artificial structures along the shores investigated. The density, cover and size (length, branching and weight) of annual erect thalli of Codium was enhanced in sheltered conditions, resulting in the monopolization of landward low-shore habitats of breakwaters.  On the landward sides of breakwaters, disturbance enhanced recruitment of Codium. The time when bare space was provided within mussels beds was crucial. Removal of mussels in April or January did not affect the recruitment of Codium, whereas harvest in August, shortly before Codium gamete release, doubled its success. On the seaward sides of breakwaters, the effects of disturbance were more complex because mussels both inhibited recruitment of Codium and provided shelter from wave action to adult thalli.  Synthesis and applications. Artificial structures can provide suitable habitats for non-indigenous marine species and function as corridors for their expansion. Physical (wave exposure) and biotic (resident assemblages) features of artificial habitats can be important determinants of their susceptibility to biological invasions. Alternative options in the design of artificial structures and effective management of native assemblages could minimize their role in biological invasions. In particular, increased water motion and retention of space by mussels in spring-summer would be effective in reducing the ability of C. fragile ssp. tomentosoides to persist on the breakwaters investigated in this study.","author":["Bulleri, F.","Airoldi, L."],"organization":["British Ecological Society"],"originationDate":"2005-10-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.497648000000","13.416596000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5646","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-reef-effect-fouling-impacts-offshore-wave-power-foundations-buoys-pilot","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771409000626","title":"Artificial Reef Effect and Fouling Impacts on Offshore Wave Power Foundations and Buoys - A Pilot Study","description":"Little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. While biofouling on marine energy conversion devices on one hand has the potential to be an engineering concern, these structures can also affect biodiversity by functioning as artificial reefs. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. In this study we investigated the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish, as well as fouling assemblages on buoys. We examined the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibenthic colonisation, and made observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans during three years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys. On foundations we demonstrated a succession in colonisation over time with a higher degree of coverage on vertical surfaces. Buoys were dominated by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Calculations indicated that biofouling have no significant effect in the energy absorption on a buoy working as a point absorber. This study is the first structured investigation on marine organisms associated with wave power devices.","author":["Langhamer, O.","Wilhelmsson, D.","Engstro\u0308m, J."],"organization":["Stockholm University","Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:57:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5647","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aspects-offshore-renewable-energy-alterations-marine-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/su.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2:275621","title":"Aspects of Offshore Renewable Energy and the Alterations of Marine Habitats","description":"Several Western European countries are planning for a massive offshore renewable energy (i.e. wind and wave energy) development (ORED) along the European Atlantic coast and in the Baltic Sea. Acknowledging the scale of ORED, there is an increasing interest in the opportunities offered by the fishery closures and the addition of artificial hard substrata. This is in tandem with uncertainties on positive and negative effects on benthic assemblages and specific species of this large-scale deployment of artificial reefs.\n\nThis thesis focuses on the artificial reef effects of ORED, dealing with benthic assemblages on and in the vicinity of wind- and wave power foundations. Field surveys within offshore wind- and wave farms as well as targeted field experiments were conducted. Results suggest that wind- and wave power foundations can positively affect local abundances and diversity of several species of fish and decapods. Reef profile up to 1 m above the seabed may enhance benthic fish numbers. Structural complexity in the form of single-entrance holes positively affected numbers of edible crab (Cancer pagurus), but no effect on fish was shown. Enhanced structural complexity may, moreover, adversely affect abundances of some species through an induced predation pressure. Micro-habitat use by fish and lobsters (Homarus gammarus) encountered was described, and preferences of the edible crab were shown.\n\nFiltrating organisms (i.e. blue mussels Mytilus spp. and barnacles Balanus spp.) seem to be particularly favoured by the conditions on offshore energy installations. The material and orientation of the substrate influenced colonisation patterns of epibiota. Moreover, wind turbines may alter the habitat composition on adjacent seabeds.\n\nORED could induce local ecological changes and put areas and species of conservation interest at risk. If well planned and coordinated, on the other hand, ORED could even be beneficial to the subsurface marine environment in several aspects.","author":["Wilhelmsson, D."],"organization":["Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.873998000000","19.088102000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5650","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-resource-assessment-mre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2010AGUFMOS11C..03H","title":"Assessing Resource Assessment for MRE","description":"The Southeast National Marine Renewable Energy Center at Florida Atlantic University is concerned with marine renewable energy (MRE) recovery from the Florida Current using marine hydrokinetic technology and, in the future, from the thermocline in the Florida Straits via ocean thermal energy conversion. Although neither concept is new, technology improvements and the evolution of policy now warrant optimism for the future of these potentially rich resources. In moving toward commercial-scale deployments of energy-generating systems, an important first step is accurate and unembellished assessment of the resource itself. In short, we must ask: how much energy might be available? The answer to this deceptively simple question depends, of course, on the technology itself - system efficiencies, for example - but it also depends on a variety of other limiting factors such as deployment strategies, environmental considerations, and the overall economics of MRE in the context of competing energy resources. While it is universally agreed that MRE development must occur within a framework of environmental stewardship, it is nonetheless inevitable that there will be trade-offs between absolute environmental protection and realizing the benefits of MRE implementation. As with solar-energy and wind-power technologies, MRE technologies interact with the environment in which they are deployed. Ecological, societal, and even physical resource concerns all require investigation and, in some cases, mitigation. Moreover, the converse - how will the environment affect the equipment? - presents technical challenges that have confounded the seagoing community forever. Biofouling, for example, will affect system efficiency and create significant maintenance and operations issues. Because this will also affect the economics of MRE, nonlinear interactions among the limiting factors complicate the overall issue of resource assessment significantly. While MRE technology development is largely an engineering task, resource assessment falls more to the oceanography community. Current and temperature structure measurements, for example, are critical for these efforts. Once again, however, the picture is complicated by the nature of the endeavor: deploying complex equipment of scales of tens of meters into a medium that is traditionally measured on scales of tens of kilometers implies a scale mismatch that must be overcome. The challenge, then, is to develop assessments of the resource on larger scales - so that the potential of the resource may be understood - while characterizing it on very small scales to be able to understand how equipment will be affected. Meeting this challenge will require both funding and time, but it will also result in new oceanographic insight and understanding.","author":["Hanson, H.","Bozec, A.","Duerr, A.","Rauchenstein, L."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University","Florida State University","Southeast National Marine Renewable Energy Center (SNMREC)"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5653","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-sensitivity-seabird-populations-adverse-effects-tidal-stream-turbines-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icesjms.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/69\/8\/1466","title":"Assessing the Sensitivity of Seabird Populations to Adverse Effects from Tidal Stream Turbines and Wave Energy Devices","description":"Tidal turbines and wave energy devices may affect seabird populations through collision mortality, disturbance and habitat loss. Given the pressures to harness tidal and wave energy, especially in Scottish waters, there is an urgent need to assess population-level impacts on seabird species. With a lack of deployed devices to monitor in areas of importance for seabirds, our approach uses data from scientific literature on seabird ecology and conservation importance likely to influence population vulnerability to \u201cwet renewables\u201d in Scottish waters. At this stage however, we can only infer likely interactions with tidal and wave devices. We identify black guillemot, razorbill, European shag, common guillemot, great cormorant, divers and Atlantic puffin as the species most vulnerable to adverse effects from tidal turbines in Scottish waters. We identify divers as the species most vulnerable to adverse effects from wave energy devices in Scottish waters. Wave energy devices seem likely to represent a lesser hazard to seabirds than tidal turbines, and both forms of energy capture seem likely to represent a lower hazard to seabirds than offshore wind farms (wind-power plants). The indices developed here for Scottish seabird populations could be applied to populations elsewhere. This approach will help in identifying likely impacts of tidal and wave energy deployments on seabirds, and in optimizing deployment of resources for compulsory environmental monitoring.","author":["Furness, R.","Wade, H.","Robbins, A.","Masden, E."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","MacArthur Green","University of Glasgow","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.430797000000","-4.068641000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Attraction","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5659","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-wave-energy-effects-biodiversity-wave-hub-experience","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/370\/1959\/502","title":"Assessing Wave Energy Effects on Biodiversity: The Wave Hub Experience","description":"Marine renewable energy installations harnessing energy from wind, wave and tidal resources are likely to become a large part of the future energy mix worldwide. The potential to gather energy from waves has recently seen increasing interest, with pilot developments in several nations. Although technology to harness wave energy lags behind that of wind and tidal generation, it has the potential to contribute significantly to energy production. As wave energy technology matures and becomes more widespread, it is likely to result in further transformation of our coastal seas. Such changes are accompanied by uncertainty regarding their impacts on biodiversity. To date, impacts have not been assessed, as wave energy converters have yet to be fully developed. Therefore, there is a pressing need to build a framework of understanding regarding the potential impacts of these technologies, underpinned by methodologies that are transferable and scalable across sites to facilitate formal meta-analysis. We first review the potential positive and negative effects of wave energy generation, and then, with specific reference to our work at the Wave Hub (a wave energy test site in southwest England, UK), we set out the methodological approaches needed to assess possible effects of wave energy on biodiversity. We highlight the need for national and international research clusters to accelerate the implementation of wave energy, within a coherent understanding of potential effects\u2014both positive and negative.","author":["Witt, M.","Sheehan, E.","Broderick, A.","Conley, D.","Cotterell, S.","Crow, E.","Grecian, W.","Halsband, C.","Hodgson, D.","Hosegood, P.","Inger, R.","Miller, P.","Sims, D.","Thompson, R.","Vanstaen, K.","Votier, S.","Attrill, M.","Godley, B."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Plymouth University","The Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2012-01-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:44:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5660","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-method-sound-radiated-cyclically-operating-wells-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166913000052","title":"Assessment Method for Sound Radiated by Cyclically Operating Wells Turbines","description":"The oscillating water column (OWC) is a system for sea wave energy conversion. This paper deals with the axial Wells turbine. Main objectives of this study are the experimental determination of aerodynamic and aero-acoustic characteristics of a laboratory scale turbine and their subsequent usage for full scale turbine performance prediction.  For that a model Wells turbine was built and tested on a laboratory test rig at the University of Siegen. Assuming that the steady-state characteristics hold in unsteady operation, mean quantities such as a mean efficiency and an equivalent sound power level are defined that allow the quantification of the overall performance during cyclic operation. The steady-state quantities are used to assess various control strategies and to predict the aero-acoustic performance of the full scale LIMPET turbine on Islay, Scotland.  In general, scaled-up acoustic laboratory test rig data correlates well with measurements from the full scale LIMPET turbine. A theoretical assessment of different control strategies under regular wave conditions demonstrates the potential of a variable speed control for reduction of equivalent sound power. Turbine operation which admits stall yields a typical signature in the equivalent sound power spectrum: a stalled Wells turbine emits low frequency noise at a level far above all levels encountered in the unstalled flow regime and hence significantly contributes to the equivalent sound power.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["Starzmann, R.","Moisel, C.","Carolus, T.","Tease, K.","Arlitt, R."],"organization":["Voith Hydro","University of Siegen"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.893054000000","8.007971000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5661","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/absolute-probability-estimates-lethal-vessel-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1890\/11-1841.1\/abstract","title":"Absolute Probability Estimates of Lethal Vessel Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales in Roseway Basin, Scotian Shelf","description":"Vessel strikes are the primary source of known mortality for the endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Multi-institutional efforts to reduce mortality associated with vessel strikes include vessel-routing amendments such as the International Maritime Organization voluntary \u201carea to be avoided\u201d (ATBA) in the Roseway Basin right whale feeding habitat on the southwestern Scotian Shelf. Though relative probabilities of lethal vessel strikes have been estimated and published, absolute probabilities remain unknown. We used a modeling approach to determine the regional effect of the ATBA, by estimating reductions in the expected number of lethal vessel strikes. This analysis differs from others in that it explicitly includes a spatiotemporal analysis of real-time transits of vessels through a population of simulated, swimming right whales. Combining automatic identification system (AIS) vessel navigation data and an observationally based whale movement model allowed us to determine the spatial and temporal intersection of vessels and whales, from which various probability estimates of lethal vessel strikes are derived. We estimate one lethal vessel strike every 0.775\u20132.07 years prior to ATBA implementation, consistent with and more constrained than previous estimates of every 2\u201316 years. Following implementation, a lethal vessel strike is expected every 41 years. When whale abundance is held constant across years, we estimate that voluntary vessel compliance with the ATBA results in an 82% reduction in the per capita rate of lethal strikes; very similar to a previously published estimate of 82% reduction in the relative risk of a lethal vessel strike. The models we developed can inform decision-making and policy design, based on their ability to provide absolute, population-corrected, time-varying estimates of lethal vessel strikes, and they are easily transported to other regions and situations.","author":["van der Hoop, J.","Vanderlaan, A.","Taggart, C."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2012-04-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.097499800000","-69.337748200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:54:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5662","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/abundance-behaviour-cetaceans-basking-sharks-pentland-firth-orkney-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/doc\/naturescot-research-report-419-abundance-and-behaviour-cetaceans-and-basking-sharks-pentland-firth","title":"Abundance and Behaviour of Cetaceans and Basking Sharks in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters","description":"In the light of proposed offshore energy developments in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters, a review was conducted of sightings information for cetaceans and basking sharks. Gaps in current knowledge were identified, and recommendations made on how to interpret or use the data available in the context of providing appropriate advice to regulators on potential interactions between these marine animals and renewable devices.  Main Findings    Nineteen cetacean species have been recorded in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters since 1980, 17 of these as live sightings, making it one of the richest areas in the UK.  Six cetacean species occur regularly: harbour porpoise, minke whale, white-beaked dolphin, Risso\u2019s dolphin, killer whale, and bottlenose dolphin.  The basking shark and four cetacean species are casual visitors: short-beaked common dolphin, Atlantic white-sided dolphin, long-finned pilot whale and sperm whale; these four species normally inhabit offshore waters.  Harbour porpoise (common) and long-finned pilot whales (uncommon) are recorded year round. The other regular species tend to be seasonal, mainly in summer, although increased effort \u0026amp; better viewing conditions at this time of year may bias patterns.  Although areas can be identified where sightings have been concentrated, the uneven distribution of effort limits clear interpretation of distribution patterns.  Notwithstanding potential effort biases, some areas (e.g. Scapa Flow and adjacent areas in S. Orkney, Gills Bay, Dunnet Bay and Strathy Bay on the Scottish mainland) are clearly important for cetaceans.  Some of the proposed development sites (e.g. those in the Pentland Firth) directly overlap with important areas for cetaceans, whilst a few (e.g. Armadale) are in localities that have had little observation effort.","author":["Evans, P.","Baines, M.","Coppock, J."],"organization":["Hebog Environmental Ltd","Sea Watch Foundation","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.950791000000","-3.285858000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SNH_Report_419.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5663","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accelerating-ocean-energy-marketplace-environmental-research-us-department-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Accelerating Ocean Energy to the Marketplace: Environmental Research at the U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratories","description":"The U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE) has mobilized its National Laboratories to address the broad range of environmental effects of ocean and river energy development.  The National Laboratories are using a risk-based approach to set priorities among environmental effects, and to direct research activities. Case studies will be constructed to determine the most significant environmental effects of ocean energy harvest for tidal systems in temperate estuaries, for wave energy installations in temperate coastal areas, wave installations in sub-tropical waters, and riverine energy installations in large rivers.  In addition, the National Laboratories are investigating the effects of energy removal from waves, tides and river currents using numerical modelling studies. Laboratory and field research is also underway to understand the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), acoustic noise, toxicity from anti-biofouling coatings, effects on benthic habitats, and physical interactions with tidal and wave devices on marine and freshwater organisms and ecosystems.  Outreach and interactions with stakeholders allow the National Laboratories to understand and mitigate for use conflicts and to provide useful information for marine spatial planning at the national and regional level.","author":["Copping, A.","Cada, G.","Roberts, J.","Bevelhimer, M."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-10-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICOE_2010_Paper.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5664","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accommodating-wave-tidal-energy-control-decision-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569112000889","title":"Accommodating Wave and Tidal Energy - Control and Decision in Scotland","description":"Harvesting the energy of waves and tides is still the subject of research and development as an increasing number of devices are invented and subjected to test. It is unclear which, if any, of these will ultimately be chosen for commercial deployment. The capacity for research and testing has expanded rapidly into an active industrial sector worth several hundreds of millions of Euros. Preparations for a commercial phase are underway in Scotland with the allocation of seabed leases to developers in the seas around Orkney; just in advance of Scotland\u0027s first detailed marine spatial plan which is under preparation in the area. Anxiety to build confidence in a new and nationally important industrial sector conflicts with a plethora of uncertainties about technology and impacts on the natural environment and existing uses. Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) will help to build a new governance structure for marine space but in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) area it is struggling to catch up with the pace of events. This paper identifies the political objectives driving development and the impact on decision making in areas under clear and present pressure from new activities. It argues that the PFOW area is of special interest highlighting issues which will be of widespread and generic influence in the future. A governance structure based on central authority in decision making is emerging. Conclusions are drawn about the need for more research into the delegation of marine stewardship powers to local communities.","author":["Johnson, K.","Kerr, S.","Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.847740500000","-5.372158700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5665","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-aggregate-levy-sustainability-fund-malsf-achievements-challenges-future","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF):  Achievements and Challenges for the Future","description":"Marine aggregates play an important part in the provision of high quality raw materials for both the UK construction industry and for coastal protection. Sand and gravel are generally taken from the seabed by trailer suction hopper dredgers that are capable of loading and transporting cargoes of up to 9,000 tonnes from offshore dredge sites to wharves located close to the point of end-use. The dredge areas are leased from The Crown Estate following an extensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the stakeholder consultation process and granting of permission by the MFA\/MMO. This was formerly regulated through the Department of Communities \u0026amp; Local Government (CLG), before responsibility was transferred in June 2007 to the Marine \u0026amp; Fisheries Agency (MFA), an executive agency of Defra. Following the successful Royal Assent of the Marine and Coastal Access Act in November 2009, responsibility for regulating marine aggregate activities will transfer from MFA to the new Marine Management Organisation (MMO) in April 2010.  The areas of seabed that are under licence for aggregate extraction represent 0.15% of the UK continental shelf area, and the zones that are actively dredged at any one time represent only a small proportion of those areas licensed. Key statistics on the industry\u2019s performance during 2008 has recently been summarised in a report by The Crown Estate and the British Marine Aggregate Producers Association (2009) as follows:    A total of 21.24 million tonnes of sand and gravel were dredged from Crown Estate licences in England and Wales during 2008 (23.09 million tonnes in 2007)  The total area of seabed licensed in 2008 decreased to 1,287km2 (1,344km2 in 2007)  Extraction took place within 137.9km2, representing only 10.8% of the licensed area (134.7km2 - 10% of the licensed area in 2007)  The area of seabed dredged for more than 1.25 hours per year (high intensity extraction) decreased to 9.28km2 (10.16km2 in 2007)  90% of extraction from Crown Estate licences took place from an area of 48.22km2 (49.95km2 in 2007)   Despite the small areas of seabed that are dredged for marine aggregates, it is recognised that aggregate extraction has potential environmental impacts. Our understanding of the nature and distribution of these resources, and the development of improved methods of minimising impacts from aggregate extraction has in the past been mainly supported through Research and Development funds from Defra. Such work has also been supported by the industry through the British Marine Aggregate Producers Association (BMAPA), by individual operating companies, by The Crown Estate and others.  In 2002 the UK Government introduced an additional source of funding which was derived through the imposition of a new Aggregates Levy on primary aggregate sales from both land-won and marine sources. The Levy was introduced as a means to better reflect the environmental costs of winning construction minerals, and to encourage the use of alternative secondary and recycled construction materials. To reduce the environmental consequences of winning primary construction aggregates, a proportion of the revenue raised by the new Levy has been allocated to a research fund, known as the Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF). Of the \u00a320-30m per year released from the Treasury to Defra to support the ALSF in England, about 10% of the net amount has been allocated to projects relating to the marine environment. This is administered through the Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund (MALSF). The remaining 90% of the ALSF is allocated separately to support terrestrial-based projects.","author":["Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund"],"organization":["British Marine Aggregate Producers Association (BMAPA)","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","English Heritage","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Natural England","The Crown Estate","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2010-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.054873900000","-2.412149100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MALSF_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5666","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-masking-marine-ecosystems-intuitions-analysis-implication","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v395\/p201-222\/","title":"Acoustic Masking In Marine Ecosystems: Intuitions, Analysis, And Implication","description":"Acoustic masking from anthropogenic noise is increasingly being considered as a threat to marine mammals, particularly low-frequency specialists such as baleen whales. Low-frequency ocean noise has increased in recent decades, often in habitats with seasonally resident populations of marine mammals, raising concerns that noise chronically influences life histories of individuals and populations. In contrast to physical harm from intense anthropogenic sources, which can have acute impacts on individuals, masking from chronic noise sources has been difficult to quantify at individual or population levels, and resulting effects have been even more difficult to assess. This paper presents an analytical paradigm to quantify changes in an animal\u2019s acoustic communication space as a result of spatial, spectral, and temporal changes in background noise, providing a functional definition of communication masking for free-ranging animals and a metric to quantify the potential for communication masking. We use the sonar equation, a combination of modeling and analytical techniques, and measurements from empirical data to calculate time-varying spatial maps of potential communication space for singing fin (Balaenoptera physalus), singing humpback (M. novaeangliae), and calling right (Eubalaena glacialis) whales. These illustrate how the measured loss of communication space as a result of differing levels of noise is converted into a time-varying measure of communication masking. The proposed paradigm and mechanisms for measuring levels of communication masking can be applied to different species, contexts, acoustic habitats and ocean noise scenes to estimate the potential impacts of masking at the individual and population levels.","author":["Clark, C.","Ellison, W.","Southall, B.","Hatch, L.","Van Parijs, S.","Frankel, A.","Ponirakis, D."],"organization":["Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology","Marine Acoustics Inc","National Marine Sanctuaries","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2009-12-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["27.294894800000","-115.336090800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5668","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-ambient-noise-ocean-spectra-sources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/34\/12\/10.1121\/1.1909155","title":"Acoustic ambient noise in the ocean: Spectra and sources","description":"The results of recent ambient\u2010noise investigations, after appropriate processing, are compared on the basis of pressure spectra in the frequency band 1 cps to 20 kc. Several possible sources are discussed to determine the most probable origin of the observed noise. It is concluded that, in general, the ambient noise is a composite of at least three overlapping components: turbulent\u2010pressure fluctuations effective in the band 1 cps to 100 cps; wind\u2010dependent noise from bubbles and spray resulting, primarily, from surface agitation, 50 cps to 20 kc; and, in many areas, oceanic traffic, 10 cps to 1000 cps. Spectrum characteristics of each component and of the composite are shown. Additional sources, including those of intermittent and local effects, are also discussed. Guidelines for the estimation of noise levels are given.","author":["Wenz, G."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America"],"originationDate":"1962-05-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5671","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-field-calibration-noise-prediction-calcom10-data-set","sourceURL":"","title":"Acoustic Field Calibration for Noise Prediction: the CALCOM\u002710 Data Set","description":"Wave energy is one of the marine renewable energies that are becoming increasingly explored. One of the concerns about the respective ocean plants is the noise generated by the mechanical energy converters. This noise may affect the fauna surrounding the energy plant, what induces the idea of planning the location of a prospective plant, optimum in terms of noise minimization. Naturally, in such an approach, the plant noise can be predicted, using information concerning the ocean geometric, water column and bottom properties, if available. This information can be fed to an acoustic propagation code, to solve an acoustic forward problem. Inevitably, this knowledge is often incomplete, and the use of guesses or inferences from nautical charts can lead to erroneous noise predictions. This paper presents a noise prediction tool which can be divided into two steps. The first step consists of characterizing the candidate ocean area, in terms of the environmental properties relevant to acoustic propagation. In the second step, the environmental characteristics are fed to a computational acoustic propagation model, which provides estimates of the plant-noise generated in the candidate area. The first step uses at-sea measured acoustic data, during the CALCOM\u201910 sea trial (in Portugal), to solve an acoustic inverse problem, which gives environmental estimates. This procedure can be seen as a \u201cfield model calibration\u201d, in that the estimated environmental properties are tailored to model the acoustic data. The second step uses the estimates in a forward modeling problem, with the same propagation code. In numerical terms, differences greater than 4.4 dB in the median of the modeled transmission loss difference have been observed, upto ~1.6 km from the acoustic source. The results show that the field calibration is important to better model the data at hand, and thus act as a noise prediction tool, as compared to a procedure in which only a partial a priori knowledge of the candidate oceanic area is available. The results are promising, in terms of the application of the present method in the project of ocean power plants.","author":["Martins, N.","Felisberto, P.","Jesus, S."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.539865600000","-10.096680100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nmartins1.11.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5672","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/addressing-effects-human-generated-sound-marine-life-integrated-research-plan-us","sourceURL":"https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/administration\/eop\/ostp\/nstc\/oceans","title":"Addressing the Effects of Human-Generated Sound on Marine Life: An Integrated Research Plan for US Federal Agencies","description":"The issue of anthropogenic sound and its possible impacts on the marine environment has created unique challenges for virtually all federal agencies conducting, supporting, or assessing operations in the marine environment. These agencies are charged with regulating, supporting, and\/or performing activities in the marine environment vital to our nation\u2019s health, economy, and security across a wide scope of sectors. Sound (both intentionally produced as a tool or as a by-product of other activities) is an integral part of the activities of these agencies and of many critical human activities, including vessel operation and navigation, offshore minerals exploration, national defense, and scientific research. Federal agencies are challenged with achieving their mission goals in conducting and\/or regulating these critical activities while meeting their mandated responsibilities as environmental stewards for the nation. Continuing to develop a scientific basis for determining potential impacts and the appropriate response is an urgent requirement for federal agencies, if they are to continue to achieve their primary missions for our nation in an environmentally safe manner.  There is considerable scientific uncertainty regarding the nature and magnitude of the actual impacts of anthropogenic sound on the marine environment, as well as the most appropriate and effective mitigation measures where effects have been demonstrated or are likely. Societal benefits from the full spectrum of sound-producing activities should be considered along with, and not overshadowed by, any potential negative impacts of those activities. The goal of federally-supported research in this area is to obtain mission-critical data that are used in a timely and effective manner to inform policy guidance, develop targeted mitigation measures, and develop and improve regulatory criteria.  How anthropogenic sound may affect marine life is a new field of study. What began as a simple concern that commercial shipping might affect the long-distance calls of whales (Payne and Webb, 1972) has now evolved into a more complex recognition that various anthropogenic acoustic sources have the potential to adversely affect marine life. Additionally, concerns regarding potential impacts are compromising human applications of sound for important scientific, commercial, and military purposes, particularly where scientific data are lacking or ambiguous. These concerns stem from both an increased understanding of the biological importance of sound to most marine vertebrates (particularly marine mammals and many fish) and a growing appreciation of the value of acoustics as a tool for ocean research, energy development, monitoring ocean health, resource management, military activities, and ship operations. How do we as a society reconcile our growing dependence on sound as a tool for studying, using, and conserving the marine environment with a similarly growing understanding of the potential for unintended adverse environmental consequences? How do we balance the potential negative environmental impacts from the incidental introduction of sound with the benefits of ocean-based commerce, national security, research, or transportation? And most important, how do we regulate these essential human activities in the face of significant scientific uncertainty about adverse effects? Many of these fundamental questions remain to be answered and they clearly require additional scientific data to be adequately addressed.  The most immediate response by U.S. federal agencies has focused on understanding and minimizing the potential adverse effects of their activities, or activities they support or regulate. The current status of science (in terms of exactly what level and types of sound will result in a specific effect) often results in estimates of potential adverse impacts that contain a high degree of uncertainty.  Public perception of threats and scientific analyses of risks may lead to different priorities for acoustic research. There is growing concern by scientific experts in relevant disciplines, that the public and legal focus on a very narrow range of active sources and the predictable agency responses are distorting an appropriate scientific approach to assessing the broader impacts of anthropogenic noise as a global issue (see NRC, 2000; 2003; 2005; Nowacek et al., 2007; Southall et al., 2007). This creates a growing need for both transparency and public and stakeholder outreach as agencies respond to the increasing awareness of sound as an environmental issue.  The laudable aim of minimizing acoustic effects has produced controversy, social tension, and litigation. It has also led to precautionary restrictions, considerable additional costs and delays, not the least of which has been the paradoxical effect of hindering ocean acoustic science essential to understanding not only this issue but also other important environmental issues such as the marine aspects of climate change. These anticipatory restrictions and other precautions imposed through litigative challenges have taken place against a background of considerable uncertainty as to the nature and extent of impacts from noise exposure. It is this gap, between what should and can be done with scientific confidence and what is currently being done with abundant precaution but demonstrable societal cost, which we seek to reduce through the coordinated federal research strategy depicted here. A summary of key overarching summary points is given below:    Sound is of vital importance for most vertebrates.  Natural and human sounds can have benign (or no) to significant effects on marine life.  Public, media and regulatory attention has focused on known and\/or potential adverse impacts of active sonar and seismic systems, but agencies must consider a wider array of sound sources.  Existing data needed to assess and mitigate effects are limited, leading to uncertainty in determining the necessary responses (if any).  Federal research has been largely focused on immediate needs specific to individual agencies.  However, agencies often have common science and technology needs on this issue that could be most quickly and economically met through a coordinated program of effort.","author":["Southall, B.","Berkson J.","Bowen, D.","Brake, R.","Eckman, J.","Field, J.","Gisiner, R.","Gregerson, S.","Lang, W.","Lewandoski, J.","Wilson, J.","Winokur, R."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Army Corps of Engineers","US Coast Guard","US Department of Energy (DOE)","US Department of the Navy","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","US Minerals Management Service (MMS)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.890723400000","-102.803531400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Addressing_the_Effects_of_Human_Generated_Sound.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5674","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-basin-flow-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/salish-sea.pnnl.gov\/","title":"Admiralty Inlet Basin Flow Model","description":"Puget Sound is a large complex estuary system in the Pacific Northwest coastal ocean of the United States. Water circulation in Puget Sound is governed by multiple spatially and temporally varying forcings from tides, atmosphere (wind, heating\/cooling, precipitation\/evaporation, pressure), and river inflows. In addition, the hydrodynamic response is affected strongly by geomorphic features, such as fjord-like bathymetry and complex shoreline features, resulting in many distinguishing characteristics in its main and sub-basins. To better understand the details of circulation features in Puget Sound, a high-resolution (around 50 m in estuaries and tide flats) hydrodynamic model for the entire Puget Sound was created. The following visualizations are from this model and are focused on Admiralty Inlet area, where the proposed Snohomish PUD tidal project is located. More information on this model can be found here.","author":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5675","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-final-license-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.snopud.com\/community-environment\/our-energy-future\/projects\/research\/tidal-energy\/admiralty-inlet-final-license-application\/","title":"Admiralty Inlet Final License Application","description":"Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County (the District) is filing this Environmental Report as part of an Application for an Original Hydrokinetic Pilot License with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC or Commission) for the construction and operation of the proposed Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project (FERC Project No. 12690) (Project). This environmental report assesses the effects associated with construction, installation, and operation of the proposed Project and Project alternatives, and recommends to the Commission that a license be issued.  The primary goal of the Project is to conduct research and gather data, with energy production playing a secondary role. The information Snohomish expects to gather is critical to informing questions of regional and national interest relative to the technical, economic, and environmental viability of tidal energy generation, and will inform Snohomish\u2019s potential further development of the Admiralty Inlet site, and potential development of other sites in and around Puget Sound. The District believes there is potential to generate renewable, emission free, environmentally responsible, and cost effective energy from tidal flows in the Admiralty Inlet region of Puget Sound, and that successful tidal energy demonstration in the Sound may result in important benefits for both the northwest region and the country.    Volume I - Application  Volume II - Environmental Report  Volume III - Cover     Appendix A - Proposed Protection, Mitigation, and Enhancement Measures   Appendix B - Benthic Habitat Monitoring Plan   Appendix C - Derelict Gear Monitoring Plan   Appendix D - Water Quality Monitoring Plan   Appendix E - Project Safeguard Plans   Appendix F - Horizontal Directional Drilling Plan   Appendix H - Adaptive Managment Framework   Appendix I - Financial Assurance Plan   Appendix J - PUD Authority   Appendix K - Killer Whale Strike Analysis   Appendix L - Pre-Installation Study Reports   Appendix M - Cultural and Historical Resource Consultation   Appendix N - Stakeholder Consultation   Appendix O - Detection of Tidal Turbine Noise   Appendix P - Effects of Tidal Turbine Noise on Fish Hearing and Tissues      Volume IV - Draft Biological Assessment","author":["Snohomish County PUD"],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 07:15:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SnoPUD-2012-Volume-4.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5676","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advanced-anchoring-mooring-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacificoceanenergy.org\/research\/owet-research\/","title":"Advanced Anchoring and Mooring Study","description":"This report on anchoring and mooring techniques is derived from the cumulative experiences of engineers and scientists with many years of experience analyzing, designing, and installing structures in the ocean subjected to significant environmental forces. It is not intended to be a complete design procedure but to provide the user with practical guidance on anchors and mooring techniques and sources of reliable design information necessary to the design of WEC devices suited to the coast of Oregon.","author":["Sound and Sea Technologies"],"organization":["Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2009-11-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.621387700000","-124.119789100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Advanced-Anchor-and-Mooring-Study.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5677","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advances-sediment-transport-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00221686.2010.515653","title":"Advances in Sediment Transport Modelling","description":"A detailed description of how recently-developed sediment dynamics formulations are incorporated into the United States Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code is presented. The new approach is an extension of previous models and accounts for multiple sediment size classes, has a unified treatment of suspended load and bedload, and appropriately replicates bed armouring. The resulting flow, transport, and sediment dynamics model is an improvement to previous models because it may directly incorporate site-specific data, while maintaining a physically consistent, unified treatment of bedload and suspended load. Experimental data from a noncohesive sediment erosion experiment in a straight channel help validate the numerical model. In this simulation, unknown parameters representing the active layer thickness and the erosion rates of the two largest sediment size classes when they are newly deposited are identified from the available data.","author":["James, S.","Jones, C.","Grace, M.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Sea Engineering Inc"],"originationDate":"2010-08-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5682","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptive-framework-selecting-environmental-monitoring-protocols-support-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1100\/2012\/450685","title":"An Adaptive Framework for Selecting Environmental Monitoring Protocols to Support Ocean Renewable Energy Development","description":"Offshore renewable energy developments (OREDs) are projected to become common in the United States over the next two decades. There are both a need and an opportunity to guide efforts to identify and track impacts to the marine ecosystem resulting from these installations. A monitoring framework and standardized protocols that can be applied to multiple types of ORED would streamline scientific study, management, and permitting at these sites. We propose an adaptive and reactive framework based on indicators of the likely changes to the marine ecosystem due to ORED. We developed decision trees to identify suites of impacts at two scales (demonstration and commercial) depending on energy (wind, tidal, and wave), structure (e.g., turbine), and foundation type (e.g., monopile). Impacts were categorized by ecosystem component (benthic habitat and resources, fish and fisheries, avian species, marine mammals, and sea turtles) and monitoring objectives were developed for each. We present a case study at a commercial-scale wind farm and develop a monitoring plan for this development that addresses both local and national environmental concerns. In addition, framework has provided a starting point for identifying global research needs and objectives for understanding of the potential effects of ORED on the marine environment.","author":["Shumchenia, E.","Smith, S.","McCann, J.","Carnevale, M.","Fugate, G.","Kenney, R.","King, J.","Paton, P.","Schwartz, M.","Spaulding, M.","Winiarski, K."],"organization":["Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2012-09-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.324117000000","-71.133610600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shumchenia_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5684","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approach-intercalibration-benthic-ecological-status-assessment-north-atlantic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X06003109","title":"An Approach to the Intercalibration of Benthic Ecological Status Assessment in the North Atlantic Ecoregion, According to the European Water Framework Directive","description":"The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) establishes a framework for the protection and improvement of transitional and coastal waters; its final objective is to achieve at least \u2018good water status\u2019 for all waters, by 2015. The WFD requires Member States (MSs) to assess the Ecological Status (ES) of water bodies. This assessment will be based upon the status of the biological, hydromorphological and physico-chemical quality elements, by comparing data obtained from monitoring networks to reference (undisturbed) conditions, and then deriving an Ecological Quality Ratio (EQR). One of the biological quality elements to be considered is the benthic invertebrate component and some structural parameters (composition, diversity and disturbance\u2013sensitive taxa) must be included in the ES assessment. Following these criteria, several approaches to benthic invertebrate assessment have been proposed by MSs. The WFD requires that these approaches are intercalibrated.  This contribution describes the comparison of the different methodologies proposed by United Kingdom, Spain, Denmark and Norway. Results show a high consistency between the approaches, both with regard to determining the EQR and boundary settings for the ES.","author":["Borja, A.","Josefson, A.","Miles, A.","Muxika, I.","Olsgard, F.","Phillips, G.","Rodriguez, J.","Rygg, B."],"organization":["AZTI-Tecnalia","National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5685","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-conservation-importance-species-habitats-identified-during-series-recent","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-07\/Publication%202011%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20446%20-%20An%20assessment%20of%20the%20conservation%20importance%20of%20species%20and%20habitats%20identified%20during%20a%20series%20of%20recent%20research%20cruises%20around%20Scotland.pdf","title":"An Assessment of the Conservation Importance of Species and Habitats Identified During a Series of Recent Research Cruises around Scotland","description":"Background  To help target marine nature conservation in Scotland, SNH and JNCC have generated a focused list of habitats and species of importance in Scottish waters - the Priority Marine Features (PMFs). The principal aim of the present investigation was to improve knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of species and habitats of recognised conservation importance in Scottish waters, especially PMFs, but also taking into consideration other importance measures. This was to be achieved through the analysis of seabed video and still photographic imagery collected during research cruises around Scotland in 2009 and 2010, largely by Marine Scotland Science. A further aim was to assess the implications of renewable energy developments on the features of importance, where they occurred in areas likely to experience such developments.  Imagery was analysed from surveys at 15 locations. These included Fair Isle, Westray Firth (Orkney), west of Mainland Orkney, eastern Scapa Flow (Orkney), east of South Ronaldsay (Orkney), in the Sound of Stroma (Pentland Firth), off Noss Head (Caithness), off northwest Lewis, south of the Crowlin Islands (Inner Sound), Kyle Rhea, in the Sound of Canna (Small Isles), east of Mingulay, around Tiree, north of Islay and off the west coast of the Kintyre peninsula.  Main Findings    Fourteen species and 17 habitats of conservation importance were recorded  There were firm records of seven species PMFs. Ling Molva molva was recorded amongst rocks at the exposed West Mainland and Lewis locations. The tall seapen Funiculina quadrangularis was found to be abundant at the southern entrance to Kyle Rhea and present, together with the fireworks anemone Pachyceranthus multiplicatus, to the south of the Crowlin Islands at over 200 m and off Mingulay at 95-183 m. The Mingulay area also supported extensive fields of dense northern feather stars Leptometra celtica, widely distributed aggregations of the white cluster anemone Parazoanthus anguicomus, with profuse development on dead coral material, and dense northern sea fans Swiftia pallida at a number of sites in the east of the region. Dense fan mussels Atrina fragilis were recorded in the deep channel (c. 80-170 m) passing through the Sound of Canna.  Seven habitat PMFs were recorded. A tide-swept Laminaria hyperborea (kelp) park on mixed substrata (IR.MIR.KR.LhypTX.Pk) was recorded at the southern entrance to Kyle Rhea. Burrowed mud habitats with Funiculina quadrangularis were recorded at the southern entrance to Kyle Rhea, south of the Crowlin Islands, and off Mingulay, supporting also Pachycerianthus multiplicatus populations at the latter two sites (SS.SMu.CFiMu.Spn.Meg.Fun), as well as southeast of Tiree, where it appeared a comparatively poor example of the habitat (SS.SMu.CFiMu.Spn.Meg). East Scapa Flow was found to harbour fairly extensive coverage of loose-lying thalli of the red alga Phyllophora crispa on mixed muddy sand (SS.SMp.KSwSS.Pcri) with an apparently low diversity epibiotic community. Mingulay displayed extensive development of deep sponge communities with a fauna including Swiftia pallida and Parazoanthus anguicomus (CR.HCR.DpSp). Cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa reefs were recorded at three sites off Mingulay (SS.SBR.Crl.Lop). Tide-swept beds of horse mussels Modiolus modiolus (SS.SBR.SMus.ModT) were recorded off Noss Head and off Copinsay in the South Ronaldsay survey area. An unusually deep bed of Modiolus, with many of the shells deeply embedded in muddy sand, was recorded at around 120-180 m in the Sound of Canna, with affinities closest to the generally shallow, sheltered biotope, SS.SBR.SMus.ModCvar.  A number of tide-swept habitats recorded in the Sound of Stroma and Kyle Rhea may be expected to undergo modification from any significant reductions in current speed associated with the development of tidal energy schemes at these locations. Such changes would not necessarily be deleterious, with possible enrichment of low-diversity habitats, especially in the Sound of Stroma.   Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["Moore, C.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.021651200000","-3.112628200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/More_and_Roberts_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5686","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-marine-renewable-energy-sector-canada-now-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/sites\/www.nrcan.gc.ca\/files\/canmetenergy\/files\/pubs\/MarineRenewableEnergySectorProfile_EN.pdf","title":"An Assessment of the Marine Renewable Energy Sector in Canada - Now and in the Future","description":"Present and long-term market trends have led to renewable energy policy directives and renewable energy portfolio standards (RPS) in many of Canada\u2019s provinces, and modeling studies estimate that ocean energy could provide 20 percent of Canada\u2019s potential renewable energy supply over the next 40 years. While there is no clear indication of which technologies will prove to be the most efficient or cost-effective, Canadian research and academic communities are working to accelerate the commercial deployment of these technologies through partnering with developers to provide expertise and facilities. An emerging trend that offers further support for the ocean energy industry is the creation of partnerships between technology developers, manufacturing companies, utilities, and independent power producers.  Confidence in this emerging industry requires demonstration of technologies in real world settings, as well as a strong understanding of the power production and potential for job creation; as such, demonstration projects are a high priority in the near-term. Collaboration, information sharing and sector-wide solutions are also critical components to market acceleration, along with strong government leadership. A marine renewable energy roadmap that provides guidance on how to move forward and where to focus resources is needed to capitalize on the progress that has been made and position the industry for future growth.","author":["CanmetENERGY"],"organization":["Natural Power","Natural Resources Canada"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.469710000000","-103.551551000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Assessment_of_the_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Sector.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5687","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimation-survival-injury-fish-passed-through-hydro-green-energy-hydrokinetic-system","sourceURL":"","title":"An Estimation Of Survival And Injury Of Fish Passed Through The Hydro Green Energy Hydrokinetic System, And A Characterization Of Fish Entrainment Potential At The Mississippi Lock And Dam No. 2 Hydroelectric Projects","description":"On April 24, 2008, and supplemented on April 30, September 26, November 7, and November 13, 2008, the City of Hastings, Minnesota (City), licensee for the 4.4-megawatt (MW) Mississippi Lock and Dam No. 2 Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. 4306), filed an application with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission or FERC) to amend its license to install two 35-killowatt (kW) HGE hydrokinetic turbines (operating capacity) in the project\u2019s tailrace. The Commission granted an order amending the license on December 13, 2008 and authorized the installation of the first hydrokinetic turbine in U.S. history on December 23, 2008.  Article 65 of the FERC order (125 FERC \u00b6 61,287) required the licensee to develop a Fish Entrainment and Survival Monitoring Plan (Plan). This Plan was filed with FERC and accepted by FERC on April 29, 2009. In accordance with the Plan, a Fish Survival and Injury Study was completed on June 13, 2009 to provide estimates of fish survival and injury (item 1 in Article 65) and to estimate predation (item #2 in Article 65).  The survival and injury of fish passed through the HGE hydrokinetic turbine was directly assessed using the HI-Z Turb\u2019N tag (i.e., HI-Z tag) direct recapture technique. The turbine was tested while the conventional hydropower units were at maximum discharge. Procedures for handling, tagging, release, and recapture of the test fish were identical for treatment (passed through the turbine) and control groups (passed downstream of the turbine). All fish releases occurred between 5 and 11 June 2009.","author":["Normandeau Associates Inc"],"organization":["Hydro Green Energy","Normandeau Associates Inc"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.759680000000","-92.867260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 10:01:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hastings_Fish_Passage_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5688","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-relationship-between-small-cetacean-tag-design-attachment-durations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/237120405_An_Evaluation_of_the_Relationship_Between_Small_Cetacean_Tag_Design_and_Attachment_Durations_A_Bioengineering_Approach","title":"An Evaluation of the Relationship Between Small Cetacean Tag Design and Attachment Durations: A Bioengineering Approach","description":"An unresolved problem with radio-tagging small cetaceans is premature tag loss associated with dorsal fin tissue degeneration and attachment pin out-migration. Pressure necrosis at the pin\/tissue interface has been suspected of causing this tissue degeneration. However, it is unknown if the stresses that the tags generate are sufficient to cause tissue breakdown, or if it is associated with dynamic loads that disrupt the tissue healing process. The objective of this dissertation was to determine if a relationship exists between these load-related tissue degradation factors and the duration of small cetacean tag attachments. The specific approach included estimating the loads that previously deployed tag configurations generated using a model porpoise mounted in a wind tunnel. Based on these results and the incorporation of basic hydrodynamic\/engineering principles, the load of a new, lower drag, tag design was quantified. The major structural components of the harbor porpoise dorsal fin (epidermis\/dermal papillae, ligamentous sheath, and central core) were determined using histological techniques. This aspect was complimented by quantifying the material properties of these component tissues using standard mechanical testing. The data from these efforts were incorporated into a finite element analysis (FEA) to quantify the stress levels of each tag design. The final aspect of this study was to deploy the redesigned tag on small cetaceans with a dedicated resighting effort to assess its attachment performance. This paired side-mount tag appeared to provide a longer duration of attachment compared to the other two designs, exceeding a year, with some tags causing no apparent tissue damage. The FEA showed that paired side-mount also consistently developed only low to moderate stresses compared to the front-mount, which generally had the highest stresses and shortest attachment durations. The single side-mount tag had stresses and attachment durations which were intermediate of the other tag designs. Several limitations to the FEA preclude determination if any of the tags generate stresses sufficient to cause tissue degeneration. Future improvements in attachment performance will likely result from investigations which use the general approach outlined in this study.","author":["Hanson, M."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2001-05-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5689","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/40mw-oyster-wave-array-north-west-coast-isle-lewis-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/APL_Lewis\/LWP_LTD_ES\/LWP%20Ltd%20ES%20Volume%203%20-%20Appendices\/Complete_Technical_Appendices.pdf","title":"40MW Oyster Wave Array North West Coast, Isle of Lewis Environmental Statement","description":"Lewis Wave Power Limited (hereafter referred to as \u2018Lewis Wave Power\u2019) wishes to construct a wave energy array off the north-west coast of the Isle of Lewis, Western Isles, Scotland, with associated infrastructure, to facilitate export of power to the electricity transmission system. The installation will hereafter be referred to as \u2018the development\u2019. This document constitutes the Environmental Statement (ES) for the project, and presents the findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. The ES comprises the information provided in this report (the main text) along with all the supporting appendices.","author":["Royal Haskoning"],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd","Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.418083330000","-6.464500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:27:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lewis_Wave_Array_ES.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5691","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-marine-mammals-turtles-mid-north-atlantic-areas-us-outer-continental","sourceURL":"","title":"A Characterization of Marine Mammals and Turtles in the Mid and North Atlantic Areas of the US Outer Continental Shelf","description":"The Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program CCETAP) began at the University of Rhode Island after receipt of a Request For Proposal (RFP) from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in June of 1978. CETAP\u0027s proposal was submitted in competition with other offerors. After a series of negotiations, the BLM awarded a contract to CETAP entitled \u0022A Characterization of Marine Mammals and Turtles in the Mid- and North-Atlantic Areas of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf.\u0022 Staff hiring and other startup procedures began immediately. A comprehensive program for training marine mammal and turtle observers was put together within one month. Several training flights were conducted before the end of 1978, and by January 1979, a full-scale field data collection effort was underway.","author":["Cetacean and Turtle Assessment Program"],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"1981-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.485341900000","-71.531231400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/A_Characterization_of_Marine_Mammals_and_Turtles.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5694","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-underwater-noise-two-high-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"A Comparison of Underwater Noise at Two High Energy Sites","description":"The amount of noise associated with the installation, operation and decommissioning of tidal stream devices and the effect that this noise has on the resident and transient marine wildlife populations is a prime concern of the marine energy stakeholder community.  Before assessing the potential impact that a marine energy device may have on the environment, it is crucial to characterise underwater background noise as a baseline of a marine energy project.  This paper considers the ambient noise associated with anthropogenic noise at two sites typical of hosting tidal stream turbines in the future. The first site is an open channel measuring approximately 2.5 km long by 1 km wide, varying in depth between 25 and 70 m referring to the Lowest Astronomic Tides (LAT) and subject to tidal streams in excess of 3 m.s-1. The second site is an inlet channel, 1.5 km long by 200 m wide, between 2 and 10 m LAT and again experiencing flows of around 3 m.s-1 during spring tides. Anthropogenic noise occurred during the recordings: intense boat traffic (first site), pile driving and vibro-drilling (second site). The impact that these anthropogenic noises may have on ambient noise in shallow water are quantified and discussed.  Acknowledgement: This article was identified by the Crown Estate Wave and Tidal Knowledge Network","author":["Willis, M.","Broudic, M.","Croft, T.","Masters, I."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2011-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.838837000000","-5.312801500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:55:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Willis_et_al2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5695","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/digital-acoustic-recording-tag-measuring-response-wild-marine-mammals-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1190131","title":"A Digital Acoustic Recording Tag for Measuring the Response of Wild Marine Mammals to Sound","description":"Definitive studies on the response of marine mammals to anthropogenic sound are hampered by the short surface time and deep-diving lifestyle of many species. A novel archival tag, called the DTAG, has been developed to monitor the behavior of marine mammals, and their response to sound, continuously throughout the dive cycle. The tag contains a large array of solid-state memory and records continuously from a built-in hydrophone and suite of sensors. The sensors sample the orientation of the animal in three dimensions with sufficient speed and resolution to capture individual fluke strokes. Audio and sensor recording is synchronous so the relative timing of sounds and motion can be determined precisely. The DTAG has been attached to more than 30 northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) and 20 sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) with recording duration of up to 12 h per deployment. Several deployments have included sound playbacks to the tagged whale and a transient response to at least one playback is evident in the tag data.","author":["Johnson, M.","Tyack, P."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.039920300000","-66.392362100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5697","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-environmental-risk-assessment-decision-making-tidal-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fern.acadiau.ca\/custom\/fern\/document_archive\/repository\/documents\/179.pdf","title":"A Framework for Environmental Risk Assessment and Decision-Making for Tidal Energy Development in Canada","description":"In-stream tidal energy initiatives are rapidly developing in Nova Scotia, but there remains a high degree of uncertainty regarding the nature and extent (in space and time) of environmental implications of energy harvesting activities. This report outlines a science-based environmental risk assessment and decision-making framework for the developing in-stream tidal energy industry. It lays out a set of practical criteria and related risk indictors for consideration when planning and reviewing projects. This guidance document offers an approach that would help facilitate a consistent, objective and efficient environmental review, regulatory and follow-up process for the tidal energy industry in Canada.  The framework and guidance offered can also be used to inform tidal energy proponents of the minimum information that should be included in initial project descriptions or registration documents, and of the priorities for baseline studies and monitoring. In addition, the framework can help identify evaluation measures or trigger points for adaptive management actions of approved\/ongoing projects such as: modification of project or mitigation measures; ceasing operations and\/or removal of devices; or further detailed or formalized environmental assessment.  Section 1 provides some background on the in-stream tidal energy sector in Canada and Nova Scotia and the need for the development of an environmental risk assessment and decision-making framework that specifically addresses the unique aspects presented by this type of development. The current federal and provincial regulatory processes that relate to the developing tidal energy industry are briefly summarized in the Appendices.  Section 2 describes the guiding principles underlying the risk assessment and decision-making framework. These principles include:    Appropriate consideration of ecosystem-scale and cumulative effects;  Acknowledging natural changes;  Use of precautionary and adaptive management approaches to deal with uncertainty;  Early initiation of baseline studies;  Consideration of site-specific and project-specific characteristics;  Social values and concerns; and  First Nations engagement.   Section 3 presents a regulatory decision-making framework and provides guidance for project proposals. The process involves seven main steps:    Define the scope of the review;  Evaluate the project site characteristics;  Evaluate the environmental risk of the project proposal based on a set of standard defined criteria and indicators;  Identify risks of interference with other human uses of the ecosystem (e.g. fisheries, recreation);  Categorize the overall risk of the proposed project and make a management decision;  Define supplementary mitigation measures to reduce the overall risk of the project, where applicable; and  For an approved project, prepare an environmental monitoring program that incorporates adaptive management principles.   Given that it is not possible to define universally applicable quantitative threshold values, the environmental risk assessment is based on a set of standard defined criteria and indicators that:    Are relevant, flexible and can be consistently applied to projects of any type, size or location;  Address directly or indirectly the major environmental concerns related to the operation of in-stream tidal devices;  Relate to specific and characterizable attributes of a development project and the environment; and  Are based on current scientific literature and expert judgment.   The report concludes with a set of recommendations, including the need for the development of protocols for environmental monitoring, data collection and dissemination, and stakeholder engagement. A focus on case study scenarios that address environmental risk assessment and monitoring needs for a range of site types \/ conditions and tidal energy development levels (demonstration to commercial arrays) is an important next step.","author":["Isaacman, L.","Daborn, G.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Acadia University","Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN)","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Nova Scotia Department of Energy"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.290631600000","-65.275872300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Isaacman-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5698","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-net-environmental-benefit-analysis-remediation-or-restoration-petroleum","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00267-004-0089-7","title":"A Framework for Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for Remediation or Restoration of Petroleum-Contaminated Sites","description":"Net environmental benefits are the gains in environmental services or other ecological properties attained by remediation or ecological restoration, minus the environmental injuries caused by those actions. A net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) is a methodology for comparing and ranking the net environmental benefit associated with multiple management alternatives. A NEBA for chemically contaminated sites typically involves the comparison of the following management alternatives: (1) leaving contamination in place; (2) physically, chemically, or biologically remediating the site through traditional means; (3) improving ecological value through onsite and offsite restoration alternatives that do not directly focus on removal of chemical contamination or (4) a combination of those alternatives. NEBA involves activities that are common to remedial alternatives analysis for state regulations and the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Liability Act, response actions under the Oil Pollution Act; compensatory restoration actions under Natural Resource Damage Assessment, and proactive land management actions that do not occur in response to regulations: i.e., valuing ecological services or other ecological properties, assessing adverse impacts, and evaluating restoration options. This paper provides a framework for NEBA, with special application to petroleum spills in terrestrial and wetland environments. A high-level framework for NEBA is presented, with sub-frameworks for natural attenuation (the contaminated reference state), remediation, and ecological restoration alternatives. Primary information gaps related to NEBA include: non-monetary valuation methods, exposure-response models for all stressors, the temporal dynamics of ecological recovery, and optimal strategies for ecological restoration.","author":["Efroymson, R.","Nicolette, J.","Suter II, G."],"organization":["CH2M Hill","Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Efroymsonetal2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5699","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-international-marine-energy-roadmap","sourceURL":"","title":"A Framework for an International Marine Energy Roadmap","description":"In 2007, the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC) held a workshop for key members of the marine renewable energy community to establish a strategy for a common international roadmap that reflects the needs of the community as a whole, but also includes regional\/national requirements. Participants, who included academics, industry, policy-makers and funders, discussed the existing roadmaps and identified gaps and barriers, and they drafted a vision statement, business strategy and technical strategy for an international roadmap. Finally, the group made a list of recommendations\/actions to use in developing an international marine roadmap based upon existing activities within the community, with UKERC taking the lead. This report provides a summary of the presentations and discussions that took place over the two days, along with a list of chief recommendations resulting from these discussions.","author":["Mueller, M.","Bailey, H.","Palmer, J.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC)","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2007-01-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Muelleretal2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5700","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/general-theory-fish-aggregation-floating-objects-alternative-meeting-point-hypothesis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023%2FA%3A1020302414472","title":"A General Theory on Fish Aggregation to Floating Objects: An Alternative to the Meeting Point Hypothesis","description":"An immense variety of fish may, on occasions, aggregate around or be associated with floating structures such as drifting algae, jellied zooplankton, whales, floats or anchored fish aggregating devices (in effect, there are over 333 fish species belonging to 96 families recorded in the literature).  Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain this behaviour of pelagic fish, although the most widely accepted theory is that fish use floating materials, to some extent, to protect themselves from predators. However, we think that aggregation under floats may be the result of behaviour that has evolved to safeguard the survival of eggs, larvae and juvenile stages, during dispersion to other areas. Natural floating structures (e.g., algae, branches of trees) drift in sea currents that originate in places where the floating objects are frequently found (e.g., river estuaries, coastal areas). These same sea currents also introduce some of the planktonic production generated in these areas into the oligotrophic pelagic environment. Fish associated with drifting floating structures probably feed on invertebrates associated with the structures. However, they may also benefit from the accumulated plankton in the converging waters. Adult fish of some migratory species (tuna, dolphinfish, etc.) have also developed similar associative behaviour around drifting objects for other reasons (e.g., resting places, presence of bait fish, geographical references and school recomposition). In this context, the meeting point hypothesis is only applicable to one specific case, the tuna and tuna-like species.  Aggregative and associative behaviour, under and around floating devices, may be the result of convergent behaviors that result from different motivations. However, generally this behaviour can be explained by the fact that drifting floating objects represent a means of reaching relatively rich areas, where larvae and juvenile fish have an increased chance of survival.","author":["Castro, J.","Santiago, J.","Santana-Ortega, A."],"organization":["Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria"],"originationDate":"2002-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5701","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-resolution-hydrodynamic-model-puget-sound-support-nearshore-restoration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/er.uwpress.org\/content\/29\/1-2\/173","title":"A High Resolution Hydrodynamic Model of Puget Sound to Support Nearshore Restoration Feasibility Analysis and Design","description":"Estuarine and coastal hydrodynamic processes are sometimes neglected in the design and planning of nearshore restoration actions. Despite best intentions, efforts to restore nearshore habitats can result in poor outcomes if water circulation and transport are not properly addressed. Land use constraints can lead to selection of suboptimal restoration alternatives that may result in undesirable consequences, such as flooding, deterioration of water quality, and erosion, that require immediate remedies and costly repairs. Quantitative models designed for application to the nearshore environment can minimize uncertainty about restoration goals, such as recovery of tidal exchange, supply of sediment and nutrients, and establishment of fish migration pathways. A high-resolution circulation and transport model of the Puget Sound, in the state of Washington, was developed based on an unstructured grid framework to define the complex shoreline using a finite volume coastal ocean model. The Puget Sound model is intended to assist with nearshore habitat restoration design and analysis, and to answer the question, \u201cCan we achieve beneficial restoration outcomes at small scale, as well as estuary-wide?\u201d Examples of restoration projects in the area illustrate the model\u2019s capacity to simulate important nearshore processes such as circulation in complex multiple tidal channels, wetting and drying of tide flats, and water quality and sediment transport.","author":["Khangaonkar, T.","Yang, Z."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.743148500000","-123.204494200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5703","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-context-based-approach-assess-marine-mammal-behavioral-responses-anthropogenic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2011.01803.x\/abstract","title":"A New Context-Based Approach to Assess Marine Mammal Behavioral Responses to Anthropogenic Sounds","description":"Acute effects of anthropogenic sounds on marine mammals, such as from military sonars, energy development, and offshore construction, have received considerable international attention from scientists, regulators, and industry. Moreover, there has been increasing recognition and concern about the potential chronic effects of human activities (e.g., shipping). It has been demonstrated that increases in human activity and background noise can alter habitats of marine animals and potentially mask communications for species that rely on sound to mate, feed, avoid predators, and navigate. Without exception, regulatory agencies required to assess and manage the effects of noise on marine mammals have addressed only the acute effects of noise on hearing and behavior. Furthermore, they have relied on a single exposure metric to assess acute effects: the absolute sound level received by the animal. There is compelling evidence that factors other than received sound level, including the activity state of animals exposed to different sounds, the nature and novelty of a sound, and spatial relations between sound source and receiving animals (i.e., the exposure context) strongly affect the probability of a behavioral response. A more comprehensive assessment method is needed that accounts for the fact that multiple contextual factors can affect how animals respond to both acute and chronic noise. We propose a three-part approach. The first includes measurement and evaluation of context-based behavioral responses of marine mammals exposed to various sounds. The second includes new assessment metrics that emphasize relative sound levels (i.e., ratio of signal to background noise and level above hearing threshold). The third considers the effects of chronic and acute noise exposure. All three aspects of sound exposure (context, relative sound level, and chronic noise) mediate behavioral response, and we suggest they be integrated into ecosystem-level management and the spatial planning of human offshore activities.","author":["Ellison, W.","Southall, B.","Clark, C.","Frankel, A."],"organization":["Cornell University","Marine Acoustics Inc","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5704","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/political-economic-social-technology-legal-environmental-pestle-approach-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/6\/10\/5023","title":"A Political, Economic, Social, Technology, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) Approach for Risk Identification of the Tidal Industry in the United Kingdom","description":"This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of renewable and especially tidal energy through a political, economic, social, technology, legal and environmental (PESTLE) analysis approach and by reviewing the most up to date relevant literature. The study focuses on the United Kingdom given the favourable environmental resources for such technologies; the number of different design concepts that are currently under development as well as the research funding that has been invested over the last few years. Findings of the analysis identify the risks and multiple stakeholders involved at all stages of the tidal energy projects development from the conceptualization of the design, right through to decommissioning. Many of the stakeholders present benefits to the tidal developers through funding, incentives and knowledge sharing, but at the same time they also present potential risks to the future of projects. This is mostly down to different approaches of the most important aspect of tidal energy that needs to be considered, making it hard for technologists and developers to equally address all requirements. From this research it can be concluded that several of these risks can be mitigated early on providing that particular stakeholders are involved at the correct stage of a project.","author":["Kolios, A.","Read, G."],"organization":["Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2013-09-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.046843700000","-3.396893500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kolios_read_PESTLE_approach_to_risk_id_for_tidal_industry.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5705","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protocol-classifying-ecologically-relevant-marine-zones-statistical-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771409001206","title":"A Protocol for Classifying Ecologically Relevant Marine Zones, A Statistical Approach","description":"Mapping ecologically relevant zones in the marine environment has become increasingly important. Biological data are however often scarce and alternatives are being sought in optimal classifications of abiotic variables. The concept of \u2018marine landscapes\u2019 is based on a hierarchical classification of geological, hydrographic and other physical data. This approach is however subject to many assumptions and subjective decisions. An objective protocol for zonation is being proposed here where abiotic variables are subjected to a statistical approach, using principal components analysis (PCA) and a cluster analysis. The optimal number of clusters (or zones) is being defined using the Calinski\u2013Harabasz criterion. The methodology has been applied on datasets of the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS), a shallow sandy shelf environment with a sandbank\u2013swale topography. The BPNS was classified into 8 zones that represent well the natural variability of the seafloor. The internal cluster consistency was validated with a split-run procedure, with more than 99% correspondence between the validation and the original dataset. The ecological relevance of 6 out of the 8 zones was demonstrated, using indicator species analysis. The proposed protocol, as exemplified for the BPNS, can easily be applied to other areas and provides a strong knowledge basis for environmental protection and management of the marine environment. A SWOT-analysis, showing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the protocol was performed.","author":["Verfaillie, E.","Degraer, S.","Schelfaut, K.","Williams, W.","Van Lancker, V."],"organization":["Ghent University","Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2009-06-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.975617200000","-2.147704300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5706","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantitative-non-destructive-methodology-habitat-characterisation-benthic-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014461","title":"A Quantitative, Non-Destructive Methodology for Habitat Characterisation and Benthic Monitoring at Offshore Renewable Energy Developments","description":"Following governments\u0027 policies to tackle global climate change, the development of offshore renewable energy sites is likely to increase substantially over coming years. All such developments interact with the seabed to some degree and so a key need exists for suitable methodology to monitor the impacts of large-scale Marine Renewable Energy Installations (MREIs). Many of these will be situated on mixed or rocky substrata, where conventional methods to characterise the habitat are unsuitable. Traditional destructive sampling is also inappropriate in conservation terms, particularly as safety zones around (MREIs) could function as Marine Protected Areas, with positive benefits for biodiversity. Here we describe a technique developed to effectively monitor the impact of MREIs and report the results of its field testing, enabling large areas to be surveyed accurately and cost-effectively. The methodology is based on a high-definition video camera, plus LED lights and laser scale markers, mounted on a \u201cflying array\u201d that maintains itself above the seabed grounded by a length of chain, thus causing minimal damage. Samples are taken by slow-speed tows of the gear behind a boat (200 m transects). The HD video and randomly selected frame grabs are analysed to quantify species distribution. The equipment was tested over two years in Lyme Bay, UK (25 m depth), then subsequently successfully deployed in demanding conditions at the deep (\u0026gt;50 m) high-energy Wave Hub site off Cornwall, UK, and a potential tidal stream energy site in Guernsey, Channel Islands (1.5 ms\u22121 current), the first time remote samples from such a habitat have been achieved. The next stage in the monitoring development process is described, involving the use of Remote Operated Vehicles to survey the seabed post-deployment of MREI devices. The complete methodology provides the first quantitative, relatively non-destructive method for monitoring mixed-substrate benthic communities beneath MPAs and MREIs pre- and post-device deployment.","author":["Sheehan, E.","Stevens, T.","Attrill, M."],"organization":["Griffith University","Plymouth University"],"originationDate":"2010-12-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.442871200000","-5.504797300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Habitat_Characterisation_and_Benthic_Monitoring_at_MHK.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5708","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-records-giant-squid-north-eastern-atlantic-severe-injuries-architeuthis-dux","sourceURL":"","title":"A Review Of The Records Of Giant Squid In The North-Eastern Atlantic And Severe Injuries In Architeuthis Dux Stranded After Acoustic Explorations","description":"A review of the verified reports to date of Architeuthis dux showed that 26% (148 specimens) of worldwide reports were derived from the north-eastern Atlantic. Biological data are presented on fifteen females and two males from Asturian waters (Northern Spain). Both males represent the two first records captured off the Iberian Peninsula. Immature and maturing females ranged from 60 to 140 Kg total weight, whilst mature males weights were 42 and 66 Kg. The peculiar observation of spermatophores embedded in the skin of one of the males near the proximal part of the ventral, ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral arms is discussed. A comparison was undertaken of several morphometric measurements between both sexes and between these two males and five other north-eastern Atlantic males from which data were available. Two incidents of multiple strandings affecting nine specimens in 2001 and 2003 appear to be linked spatially and temporally to geophysical prospecting using air-gun arrays in the Bay of Biscay. Here we present evidence of acute tissue damage in the stranded and surface-floating giant squids. The incidence of such cases during two research cruises contemporary with integrated geological and geophysical studies of the continental margin of the Cantabric Sea indicate that acoustic factors could have caused or contributed to the organ and tissue lesions that probably caused the deaths of these animals. Thus, further environmental regulation of such activity may be warranted to protect animals of the continental slope.","author":["Guerra, A.","Gonz\u00e1lez, A.","Rocha, F."],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2004-09-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.001810300000","-6.744331900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Giant_Squid_Severe_Injuries_after_Acoustic_Explorationspdf.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5709","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-inventory-fixed-autonomous-recorders-passive-acoustic-monitoring-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/xpls\/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6683984","title":"A Review and Inventory of Fixed Autonomous Recorders for Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Mammals","description":"Fixed autonomous acoustic recording devices (autonomous recorders [ARs]) are defined as any electronic recording system that acquires and stores acoustic data internally (i.e., without a cable or radio link to transmit data to a receiving station), is deployed semi-permanently underwater (via a mooring, buoy, or attached to the sea floor), and must be retrieved to access the data. More than 30 ARs were reviewed. They varied greatly in capabilities and costs, from small, hand-deployable units for detecting dolphin and porpoise clicks in shallow water to larger units that can be deployed in deep water and can record at high-frequency bandwidths for over a year, but must be deployed from a large vessel. The capabilities and limitations of the systems reviewed herein are discussed in terms of their effectiveness in monitoring and studying marine mammals.","author":["Sousa-Lima, R.","Norris, T.","Oswald, J.","Fernandes, D."],"organization":["Bio-Waves Inc","Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology","Oceanwide Science Institute","Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5710","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-approaches-classifying-benthic-habitats-evaluating-habitat-quality","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479704001409","title":"A Review of Approaches for Classifying Benthic Habitats and Evaluating Habitat Quality","description":"We have assessed the current state of knowledge relative to methods used in assessing sub-tidal benthic habitat quality and the classification of benthic habitats. While our main focus is on marine habitat, we extensively draw on knowledge gained in freshwater systems where benthic assessment procedures are at an advanced stage of maturity. We found a broad range of sophistication\/complication in terms of the methods applied in assessing and mapping benthic habitats. The simplest index or metric involved some assessment of species richness, while the most complicated required utilizing multi-variate analysis. The simplest mapping attempts equated physical substrate with benthic habitat while the most sophisticated relied on extensive environmental preference and groundtruth data for species of concern. The leading edge of methods for benthic habitat mapping involves combining the advances in optical and acoustic methods that allow for routine classifying and mapping of the seafloor with biological and habitat data for species of concern. The objective of this melding of dispirit methods is to produce benthic habitat maps with broad system wide coverage and sound biological underpinning. It is clear that the disparity in information density between the physical and biological sides of the equation currently hinder applicability and acceptability of benthic habitat mapping efforts. In addition to the lack of basic information on the biological and environmental tolerances of targeted species, the proliferation of metrics for characterizing and assessing biological conditions further clouds the usefulness of any broad scale mapping attempt. The problem of data density mismatch between physical and biological methods will likely not be solved until acoustic methods can routinely resolve the elusive biological components that make a physical substrate a habitat.","author":["Diaza, R.","Solan, M.","Valente, R."],"organization":["College of William and Mary","Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2004-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5711","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-killer-whale-interactions-other-marine-mammals-predation-co-existence","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-2907.1991.tb00291.x\/abstract","title":"A Review of Killer Whale Interactions with Other Marine Mammals: Predation to Co-existence","description":"Killer Whales are well-known as predators of other marine mammals, including the large Sperm and baleen whales. Members of all marine mammal families, except the river dolphins and manatees, have been recorded as prey of Killer Whales; attacks have been observed on 20 species of cetaceans, 14 species of pinnipeds, the Sea Otter, and the Dugong. Ecological interactions have not been systematically studied and further work may indicate that the Killer Whale is a more important predator for some populations than previously believed. Not all behavioural interactions between Killer Whales and other marine mammal species result in predation, however. Some involve \u2018harassment\u2019 by the Killer Whales, feeding by both species in the same area, porpoises playing around Killer Whales, both species apparently \u2018ignoring\u2019 each other, and even apparently unprovoked attacks on Killer Whales by sea lions. These non-predatory interactions are relatively common. We conclude that interactions between Killer Whales and marine mammals are complex, involving many different factors that we are just beginning to understand.","author":["Jefferson, T.","Stacey, P.","Baird, R."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","Texas A\u0026M University"],"originationDate":"1991-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jefferson_et_al_1991.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5712","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-long-distance-movements-marine-turtles-possible-role-ocean-currents","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12123.x\/abstract","title":"A Review of Long-Distance Movements by Marine Turtles, and the Possible Role of Ocean Currents","description":"Sea turtle movements often occur in open-sea unsheltered areas, and are therefore likely to be influenced by major oceanographic processes. Only recently has work started to examine the possible relationships of these movements with dynamic oceanic features, and consequently a clear picture of such interaction is only available in a few cases.  Newborn sea turtles are thought to rely on oceanic currents to reach their pelagic nursery habitats. The actual extent and timing of these developmental migrations are known for only a few populations, but these movements probably last several years and range over thousands of km. Large juveniles that have been tracked during their pelagic stage were found to make long-distance movements, sometimes swimming against the prevailing currents. Older juveniles of most species leave the pelagic habitat to recruit to neritic developmental habitats. This is a very poorly documented phase of the sea turtle life-cycle, and the few available indications show that turtles may have to swim actively for enormous distances to counterbalance their previous drift with the current.  The course and extent of adult postnesting migrations vary greatly among different turtle species, but two main patterns are evident. Some species, like green, hawksbill and loggerhead turtles, shuttle between the nesting beach and a specific feeding area used for the entire inter-reproductive period. In these cases, individuals swim, rather than drift, to complete their journeys, with possible advection due to currents sometimes helping them to quickly reach their target, but sometimes providing navigational challenges.  Other species such as the olive ridley and the leatherback turtle, leave the coastal nesting areas to reach the pelagic environment where they forage, and perform wandering movements. Major oceanographic processes (such as main currents and eddies) have been recently shown to have a remarkable influence on leatherback movements, making it questionable whether these journeys are to be considered migrations or, rather, prolonged stays in vast feeding areas.","author":["Luschi, P.","Hays, G.","Papi, F."],"organization":["Swansea University","University of Pisa"],"originationDate":"2003-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:50:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5715","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-studies-related-effects-propeller-type-turbine-passage-fish-early-life-stages","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1577\/1548-8675%281990%29010%3C0418%3AAROSRT%3E2.3.CO%3B2","title":"A Review of Studies Related to the Effects of Propeller-Type Turbine Passage on Fish Early Life Stages","description":"Although few studies have been conducted to directly quantify ichthyoplankton mortality at hydroelectric installations, there is a considerable body of literature on examinations of the various stresses (i.e., pressure changes, blade contact, shear) that could affect turbine-entrained eggs and larvae. A review of these studies suggests that turbine-passage mortality of early life stages of fish normally would be relatively low at the low-head, propeller-type turbine installations (e.g., bulb or STRAFLO turbines), for which relevant design information is available. The shear forces and pressure changes in low-head bulb turbines are unlikely to cause ichthyoplankton mortality. Probability of contact with turbine blades is related to size of the fish; less than 5% of entrained ichthyoplankton would be affected. Potential additional sources of mortality related to the design and operation of hydroelectric facilities, and thus mitigable, include withdrawal of deep water and cavitation.","author":["Cada, G."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)"],"originationDate":"1990-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5716","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/187-scale-water-tunnel-verification-validation-axial-flow-water-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1171589","title":"A 1:8.7 Scale Water Tunnel Verification \u0026 Validation of an Axial Flow Water Turbine","description":"As interest in waterpower technologies has increased over the last few years, there has been a growing need for a public database of measured data for these devices. This would provide a basic understanding of the technology and means to validate analytic and numerical models. Through collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories, Penn State University Applied Research Laboratory, and University of California, Davis, a new marine hydrokinetic turbine rotor was designed, fabricated at 1:8.7-scale, and experimentally tested to provide an open platform and dataset for further study and development. The water tunnel test of this three-bladed, horizontal-axis rotor recorded power production, blade loading, near-wake characterization, cavitation effects, and noise generation. This report documents the small-scale model test in detail and provides a brief discussion of the rotor design and an initial look at the results with comparison against low-order modeling tools. Detailed geometry and experimental measurements are released to Sandia National Laboratories as a data report addendum.","author":["Fontaine, A.","Straka, W.","Meyer, R.","Jonson, M."],"organization":["Pennsylvania State University","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.798213300000","-77.862097100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fontaine_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5719","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/test-bias-attributable-seabird-avoidance-ships-during-surveys-conducted-tropical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/285631590_A_test_for_bias_attributable_to_seabird_avoidance_of_ships_during_surveys_conducted_in_the_tropical_pacific","title":"A Test for Bias Attributable to Seabird Avoidance of Ships during Surveys Conducted in the Tropical Pacific","description":"We present an analysis of the degree to which seabird species respond to ships, thereby affecting the results of at-sea strip transect surveys (continuous, snapshot) undertaken to quantify community patterns of tropical seabirds. Two survey methods for counting seabirds were employed simultaneously and independently on research cruises in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: (1) a 600-m strip quadrant was surveyed on one side of the bow using 8\u00d740 binoculars (strip transect), and (2) birds were surveyed from the bow to the horizon on both sides of the ship using 25\u00d7150 mounted binoculars (\u201cbig-eyes\u201d). Data collected using each method were compared to determine potential biases of the strip transect method, with particular attention paid to seabird ship avoidance. Seabird species were assigned to six categories to control for detection biases resulting from differences in body size and flight behavior, and comparisons between methods were made within each of these categories. Our results indicate that frigatebirds Fregata spp., Sooty Terns Sterna fuscata and White Terns Gygis alba may avoid ships, and therefore, unless compensatory procedures are taken, estimates of density and abundance of these species using strip transects may be negatively biased.","author":["Borberg, J.","Ballance, L.","Pitman, R.","Ainley, D."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2006-01-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5720","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/muskeget-channel-tidal-energy-project-unique-case-study-licensing-permitting-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2013\/00000047\/00000004\/art00002","title":"The Muskeget Channel Tidal Energy Project: A Unique Case Study in the Licensing and Permitting of a Tidal Energy Project in Massachusetts","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy projects, those generating power from the tides and waves, are subject to a comprehensive licensing and permitting process. In order to comply with federal, state, and local laws and regulations, project proponents must study the proposed development site to fully understand existing conditions and disclose potential project impacts. The Muskeget Channel Tidal Energy Project proposed by the town of Edgartown in partnership with the University of Massachusetts presents an interesting case study of how an MHK project obtains regulatory approvals. While other studies have reviewed the regulatory process of energy projects, the case of Muskeget is unique because (1) the applicant is a municipality, (2) it is proposing to obtain a license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission under its pilot license program, (3) the project is being evaluated by Massachusetts\u0027 agencies under the Massachusetts Ocean Plan, (4) it includes both a commercial energy generation project and a research test facility for the long-term testing of MHK technologies, and (5) the project is being led by a consortium of public partners supported largely by the scientific institutions. The objective of this paper is to highlight the multidisciplinary character of this type of development and to illustrate the advanced level of complexity associated with the Muskeget Channel Project because of its ground-breaking technology and oceanic location, which challenges the existing knowledge base in science, engineering, and law.","author":["Barrett, S."],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.306900000000","-70.315800000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5721","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/validation-dbht-measure-behavioural-auditory-effects-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228895864_A_validation_of_the_dBht_as_a_measure_of_the_behavioural_and_auditory_effects_of_underwater_noise","title":"A Validation of the dBht as a Measure of the Behavioural and Auditory Effects of Underwater Noise","description":"This report proposes and offers validation of a frequency weighted scale, the dBht(Species), as a metric for the assessment of the behavioural and audiological effects on underwater animals of man-made underwater noise.  There is concern over the environmental effects that may result from man-made underwater noise caused by increasing exploitation and exploration of the coastal and deep sea. While the hazards associated with, for instance, the dispersal of toxic materials are now well understood, the understanding of the effects which may be associated with noise is in its infancy, despite its status as a significant underwater environmental issue. This results primarily from the lack of an objective scale (usually termed \u201cmetric\u201d) which may be used to relate the observation of environmental effects to recorded levels of noise, and hence to allow both prediction of the effects of noise and the development of a body of case history relating noise, expressed in an appropriate metric, to effect to be developed.  It is common that much higher levels of noise are measured underwater than is the case in air, as a result of the relative incompressibility and density of water. These high levels often cause concern, and there have been many explanations offered as to why they should not have an undue effect on marine animals. For instance, it is often pointed out that the sound energy carried by noise in water is much lower than would be the case in air; however animals do not possess receptors that are sensitive to energy, so this explanation is fallacious. The authors suggest that the true explanation lies in the relative insensitivity of marine animals to sound.  Noise causes both auditory and non-auditory effects. The non-auditory effects of noise may be obvious, for instance when underwater blast results in floating dead fish. Other injuries, such as swim bladder rupture in fish, may be observed by observation and dissection of exposed individuals. These effects only occur at high levels of sound, for instance typically within tens of, or at most a few hundred metres from underwater blast, and hence affect relatively small areas and numbers of individuals (Nedwell and Edwards 2004).  The auditory effects of sound comprise temporary or permanent noise induced deafness, and the behavioural effects of underwater noise, typified by a species avoiding an area of high noise. Both of these are poorly understood, yet behavioural effects may have an influence over great ranges, often kilometres or tens of kilometres, reaching very much larger numbers of individuals. High noise levels have been cited as having the potential to impede communication amongst groups of animals, to drive them away from feeding or breeding grounds, to cause strandings, or to deflect them from migration routes.  The authors suggest that behavioural effects are primarily caused by noise that is uncomfortable or painfully loud to an animal. In order to quantify the \u201cloudness\u201d of a sound to a marine animal, the sensitivity of that animal to the noise must be assessed. Therefore, the frequencies contained in a sound must be considered when judging its likely effect.  Consider the significance of noise which is ultrasonic or infrasonic to a species, i.e. respectively above and below the range of hearing for that species, and hence inaudible. For man, sound is ultrasonic above about 20 kHz, and infrasonic below about 10 Hz. Bats (the loudest terrestrial animal) and dog whistles have no effect on humans, who do not perceive the sound because it is outside the auditory range for a human. Sounds above 1 kHz, such as generated by many sonar systems, are ultrasonic for most fish, which mainly have a limited hearing range of up to a few hundred Hz. Many marine mammals cannot perceive sounds below 1 kHz or so, and hence much (although not all) of the energy of a seismic airgun may be infrasonic to them.  Current regulatory limits for underwater noise are often expressed as a simple unweighted peak pressure, RMS pressure or unweighted Sound Exposure Level. However, the preceding considerations indicate that in order to objectively investigate the auditory and behavioural effects of underwater noise any valid scale must judge the loudness of the noise by reference to the frequency range and sensitivity of the animal\u0027s hearing. These considerations indicate the importance of considering hearing ability when evaluating the effect of underwater noise on marine animals. A number of recent reviews have highlighted this current shortfall, and have indicated that as the auditory system is frequency dependent, noise levels should be weighted for the manner in which the sound will be perceived for the marine receptor, in a similar approach to the way that noise assessments are conducted for humans (see for example Madsen et al, 2006).  For a metric to be widely acceptable to industry, pressure groups, regulators and government, it must be simple to understand and use, and must also be pan-specific, i.e. able to deal with a wide range of marine animals with greatly different hearing abilities, and a wide range of source types. However, it does not matter if it is complex to implement; for instance, one does not have to know how a sound level meter works to use it to measure noise in air.  A validated metric has many benefits which include:    objective, rather than emotional, debates on environmental issues connected with noise;  real problems to be sorted out from \u201cred herrings\u201d and hence the best use made of available resources;  the drafting of clear and simple legislative or regulatory guidance (\u201cthe sound shall not exceed 90 dBht at the stated range for any of the critical species...\u201d);  a framework within which models may be used to estimate any effect of noise prior to an offshore activity being undertaken, and measurements of noise made and interpreted;  allowing technically competent but non acoustically expert personnel to understand and evaluate the effects of noise;  the provision of simple instrumentation, such as a Species Sound Level Meter (SSLM), enabling non-expert personnel to make evaluations of noise and its effects.   A distinction should be drawn between loudness and perception. For the purposes of this report, perception is defined as an objective measurement of the amount a noise is above the threshold of hearing. An objective measurement can therefore be made of the perception of a noise, and the dBht metric is a measure of perception. Loudness, by contrast, is a subjective assessment of the apparent level of a noise to an animal. It is likely, however, that in most cases loudness and perception will be closely related.  For instance, the dB(A) scale is a measure of the perception of noise by humans. It is well known, however, that certain types of noise that are \u201cunpleasant\u201d, like tonal noise from ripsaws in woodyards, has the same effect as other noise 5 \u2013 10 dB higher in level. That is, the apparent loudness, and hence the effects of the noise, is greater than the perception would imply. This difference is applied as a \u201ccorrection factor\u201d in human noise exposure, allowing the loudness, and hence the effects of the noise, to be judged by reference to the human dB(A) perception scale.","author":["Nedwell, J.","Turnpenny, A.","Lovell, J.","Parvin, S.","Workman, R.","Sprinks, J.","Howell, D."],"organization":["Subacoustech Ltd"],"originationDate":"2007-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedwell-et-al-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5723","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benchmark-life-cycle-air-emissions-life-cycle-impact-assessment-hydrokinetic-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148110003861","title":"A Benchmark for Life Cycle Air Emissions and Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Hydrokinetic Energy Extraction using Life Cycle Assessment","description":"As the demand for renewable energy increases, it becomes important to critically examine the environmental impacts of renewable energy production. Often, the approach has been trial and error in renewable energy with respect to its impact on the environment. Hydrokinetic Energy Extraction (HEE) has been seen as a potentially \u201cbenign\u201d form of renewable hydropower. This paper provides a benchmark for initial measurement of HEE environmental impacts, since negative outcomes have been present with previously assumed \u201cbenign\u201d renewable hydropower. A Gorlov system was used to represent a HEE system. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was utilized to compare the environmental impacts of HEE with small hydropower, coal, natural gas and nuclear power. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) criteria air emissions were quanti\ufb01ed and compared over the life cycle of the systems. Life cycle air emissions were used in combination with TRACI to compare the systems. The Gorlov system was found to have the lowest life cycle impact with a system lifetime comparison, and did compare closely with small hydropower.","author":["Miller, V.","Landis, A.","Schaefer, L."],"organization":["University of Pittsburgh"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 10:44:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5725","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-potential-water-quality-impacts-tidal-renewable-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032111004072","title":"A Review of the Potential Water Quality Impacts of Tidal Renewable Energy Systems","description":"The continued increase in the demand for energy, growing recognition of climate change impacts, high oil and gas prices and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel reserves have led to an increased interest in the mass generation of electricity from renewable sources. Traditionally, this has been pursed through riverine hydropower plants, with onshore wind systems growing steadily in popularity and importance over the years. Other renewable energy resources, which were previously not economically attractive or technically feasible for large scale exploitation, are now being considered to form a significant part of the energy mix. Amongst these, marine and in particular, tidal energy resource has become a serious candidate for undergoing mass exploitation in the near future, particularly in places with a tidal range of 4 m or more. Tidal renewable energy systems are designed to extract the kinetic or potential energy flow and convert it into electricity. This can be achieved by placing tidal stream turbines in the path of high speed tidal currents or through tidal range schemes, where low head turbines are encapsulated in impoundment structures, much like in low head riverine hydropower schemes. It is thought that these systems, when implemented at scales required to generate substantial amounts of electricity, have the potential to significantly alter the tidal flow characteristics, which could have knock-on impacts on the hydro-environment. This review gathers together knowledge from different research areas to facilitate an evaluation of the potential hydro-environmental impacts of tidal renewable energy systems, with a particular focus on water quality. It highlights the relevance of hydro-environmental modeling in assessing potential impacts of proposed schemes and identifies areas where further research is needed. A case study is presented of recent modeling studies undertaken for the Severn Estuary.","author":["Kadiri, M.","Ahmadian, R.","Bockelmann-Evans, B.","Rauen, W.","Falconer, R."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.435740400000","-3.538271900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:01:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5726","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vessel-noise-budget-admiralty-inlet-puget-sound-washington-usa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scitation.aip.org\/content\/asa\/journal\/jasa\/132\/6\/10.1121\/1.4763548","title":"A Vessel Noise Budget for Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington (USA)","description":"One calendar year of Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship-traffic data was paired with hydrophone recordings to assess ambient noise in northern Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, WA (USA) and to quantify the contribution of vessel traffic. The study region included inland waters of the Salish Sea within a 20\u2009km radius of the hydrophone deployment site. Spectra and hourly, daily, and monthly ambient noise statistics for unweighted broadband (0.02\u201330\u2009kHz) and marine mammal, or M-weighted, sound pressure levels showed variability driven largely by vessel traffic. Over the calendar year, 1363 unique AIS transmitting vessels were recorded, with at least one AIS transmitting vessel present in the study area 90% of the time. A vessel noise budget was calculated for all vessels equipped with AIS transponders. Cargo ships were the largest contributor to the vessel noise budget, followed by tugs and passenger vessels. A simple model to predict received levels at the site based on an incoherent summation of noise from different vessels resulted in a cumulative probability density function of broadband sound pressure levels that shows good agreement with 85% of the temporal data.","author":["Bassett, C.","Polagye, B.","Holt, M.","Thomson, J."],"organization":["Acoustical Society of America","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2012-09-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5734","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-permittingconsenting-case-studies","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary: Permitting\/Consenting Case Studies","description":"The process of permitting\/consenting marine renewable energy (MRE) projects, which includes environmental impact assessments, is still regarded as a challenge to MRE scale up and attempts to create a cost-competitive viable MRE industry. Uncertainty about the appropriate application of environmental legislation can prolong the process, delaying progress and adding costs. The Permitting\/Consenting Case Studies Short Science Summary was developed based on the Annex IV 2016 State of the Science and represents a general overview of the research, produced by Annex IV under Ocean Energy Systems. The table below contains the literature relevant to permitting\/consenting and marine renewable energy and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:24:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/Short-Science-Summary-Case-Studies.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5744","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-data-transferability","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary: Data Transferability","description":"Due to concerns and uncertainty about potential environmental effects of marine renewable energy (MRE), permitting\/consenting processes for MRE developments can be slow and challenging. OES-Environmental has developed a data transferability process that facilitates the examination and cataloging of data and information (such as reports, research studies, etc.) collected from already permitted\/consented MRE projects. This process provides regulators and stakeholders access to information from existing MRE projects that has been synthesized and put into the appropriate context to address environmental concerns.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:33:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/DataTransferability_SSS_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5745","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/admiralty-inlet-pilot-tidal-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.snopud.com\/community-environment\/our-energy-future\/projects\/research\/tidal-energy\/admiralty-inlet-final-license-application\/","title":"Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project","description":"The Project will involve the deployment, operation, monitoring, and evaluation of two 6-meter diameter Open-Center turbines developed and manufactured by OpenHydro Group Ltd. While the project will be connected to the grid and produce a modest amount of energy, the primary purpose of the Project is to gather data to better inform the viability of commercial tidal energy generation from technical, economic, social, and environmental standpoints. This data is critical to the responsible advancement of commercial scale tidal energy in the United States.  The two, 19-foot-tall OpenHydro System turbines are designed to convert the kinetic energy of water flowing at velocities of 2.3 feet per second to nearly 11 feet per second into electricity. Each turbine is designed to generate 300 kW. The turbines are expected to rotate about 70 percent of the time, producing 244,000 kW hours of energy annually.  Installing the turbines will require a specialized barge and multiple support vessels. The turbine installation barge will be towed to the site by a tugboat and installed during the slack tide and under calm sea conditions. Once the turbine installation barge is centered over the installation site, winches onboard will slowly lower the turbine to the seafloor. A submersible, remotely operated vehicle will monitor the placement of the turbine on the sea floor. The installation process is expected to take less than one hour. At the end of the license period of up to 10 years of operation, the turbines will be removed from the sea floor using the same method as for installation, in reverse. This procedure will also be followed for any necessary maintenance on the turbine or components during the license period.  Two electrical transmission cables (one for each turbine) will be installed by a combination of horizontal directional drilling (HDD) and directly laying cable on the seafloor. The HDD work will require a bore pit on land approximately 8 feet by 12 feet by 6 feet deep and will drill underground to approximately the 19-meter water depth contour, where it will exit underwater. Scuba divers will be present to oversee the HDD exit. From the exit point, the cables will be directly laid on the sea floor by a specially equipped cable-laying vessel coupled to the turbine installer barge. No anchors will be used to hold the transmission cables in place. To avoid additional disturbance of the sea floor, the cables may remain in place after conclusion of the pilot project and removal of the turbines. The District will evaluate the condition of the cables at the conclusion of the project and discuss with appropriate agencies whether to leave them in place or remove them.  Two semi-permanent anchors with acoustic releases are proposed to aid in deployment and retrieval of monitoring equipment and conducting ROV surveys. The anchors will be either embedment type or concrete blocks depending on further analysis of the sea floor substrate, and will be installed prior to the turbine and cable installation. The anchors will be designed to stay in place for the duration of the pilot project. The District anticipates removing the anchors at the conclusion of the project.  The approximately 800 square foot terrestrial utility structure (control room) will be constructed on private property outside of the shoreline area. Underground cables will be trenched a distance of approximately 70 meters from the power control building to connect to Puget Sound Energy\u2019s electric distribution system.","author":["Craig Collar"],"organization":["Snohomish County PUD"],"originationDate":"2015-06-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Collision","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:31:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5746","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/annapolis-tidal-station","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nspower.ca\/search?indexCatalogue=nspsitesearch\u0026searchQuery=annapolis%20tidal%20station\u0026wordsMode=AllWords","title":"Annapolis Tidal Station","description":"The Annapolis Tidal Power Plant came online in 1984. The turbine is a single effect 7.6 m diameter horizontal axis Straflow turbine designed to generate power during discharge from the reservoir into the sea. It has a capacity of 20 megawatts and a daily output of roughly 80-100 megawatt hours, depending on the tides.","author":["Wes Trimper"],"organization":["Nova Scotia Power Corporation"],"originationDate":"2020-04-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.750690000000","-65.511380000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5747","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/atlantis-resources-corporation-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.atlantisresourcesltd.com\/projects\/","title":"Atlantis Resources Corporation at EMEC","description":"Atlantis installed one 1000kW tidal energy conversion device (AK-1000), at the Fall of Warness tidal energy test site at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in 2011. The device was due to be operational in August 2010; however, due to technical problems the site was delayed until August 2011.  The AK-1000 device operated with two sets of blades fitted on a single unit, which was designed to tackle reflux and flood tides. The diameter of each blade was 18m, which rotated slowly at a rate of six to eight revolutions a minute, resulting in low environmental impact.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-11-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Physical Environment","Fisheries","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 02:52:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5748","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/baishakou-tidal-power-station","sourceURL":"","title":"BaiShakou Tidal Power Station","description":"The tidal station is the second largest in China. The power station in China was put into operation on 1 August 1978 when the first two generators were commissioned. In 1987 another two generators went into operation, followed by a further two in 1987 and it was put into use on 1st August 1978 with the first two generators began to operate in 1984.","author":["ZHAO Qiwei"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-07-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.745280000000","121.583270000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5749","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/biscay-marine-energy-platform-bimep","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bimep.com\/","title":"Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","description":"The Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) is an open-sea facility to support research, technical testing and commercial demonstration of pre-commercial prototype utility-scale floating Marine Renewable Energy Devices or MREDs. BiMEP provides manufacturers of such devices with ready-to-use facilities to validate their designs and to test their technical and economic feasibility.  BiMEP occupies a 5.3 km2 marked area excluded for navigation and maritime traffic and located at a minimum distance of 1,700 m from shore, close enough for fast access. The water depth in this area ranges from 50 to 90 m. The total power of 20 MW is distributed over four offshore connection points of 5 MW each.  Each berth is connected to the onshore substation via a dedicated three-phase submarine cable in series with a land three-phase line, both at 13.2 kV. The onshore electricity substation houses electrical protection systems, measurement systems and transformer, allowing the berths to be connected up to the national power grid. The berths are fitted with commercial power and fibre optic connectors to enable swift connection and disconnection of MREDs.","author":["Laura Zubiate"],"organization":["Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)"],"originationDate":"2025-05-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Noise","Changes in Flow","EMF","Collision","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Water Quality","Ecosystem Processes","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Bats"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-23 09:45:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5750","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/clarence-strait-tidal-energy-project-tropical-tidal-test-centre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/austen.org.au\/","title":"Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project and Tropical Tidal Test Centre","description":"Establish a 2\/10 MW+ pilot project in the Darwin area supported by a tropical tidal research and testing facility, as the core components of a technology and industry development and commercialisation accelerator strategy which will enable the construction of a commercial-scale tidal power station of initially 30-50 MW by 2030 and subsequently drive the development of the full field capacity of over 450 MW by 2050 as energy storage and transfer technology develops.","author":["Alan Major"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-12-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["-12.071580000000","131.040460000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Collision","Noise","Birds","Fish","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Legal \u0026 Policy","Bats","Terrestrial Mammals","Navigation","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5751","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orpc.co","title":"Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Test Site","description":"Multiple ORPC power systems have been tested at the Cobscook Bay test site. ORPC initially tested and commercially operated its TidGen\u00ae Power System (TidGen) at the site in 2012-2013. The core component of the TidGen is ORPC\u2019s proprietary turbine generator unit (TGU). The TGU utilized four advanced design crossflow (ADCF) turbines to drive a permanent magnet generator mounted between the turbines on a common driveshaft. The TGU was 30 meters in length (98 feet), 5 meters high (17 feet), and 5 meters wide (17 feet). It was attached to a bottom support frame, which held the TGU in place approximately 4.5 meters (15 feet) above the sea floor. The bottom support frame is 30 meters long (98 feet) by 15 meters wide (50 feet) by 4.5 meters high (15 feet) and secured to the seafloor with ten 30-inch diameter stell piles. The bottom support frame is constructed of steel, and the TGU was constructed of steel and composite material. The coupled TGU and bottom support frame comprised the TidGen device. The TidGen device was connected to an underwater power consolidation module, which was then connected to an onshore station through a single underwater power and data cable. Power from this device was delivered to shore and incorporated into the local electrical distribution system. The TidGen TGU was removed from the site in 2013 and the bottom support frame remained on site to allow for continued test activities.   ORPC also tested its OCGen\u00ae Module Mooring System (OCGen) at the Cobscook Bay test site in 2014. The prototype OCGen device consisted of a buoyancy pod attached to a chassis with two turbines placed in the water column 10 meters (35 feet) below mean low water. It had no generator and was not grid connected. The turbines were re-used from a previous turbine model. The device was secured using gravity anchors and a tension-leg mooring system. The OCGen was removed from the site after almost three months of testing.   ORPC\u2019s next generation, full-scale TidGen\u00ae Power System is presently under development and partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO). A single TidGen system is rated at 80 kilowatts (kW) of output at 2.25 meters per second (m\/s) of water velocity, with a peak output of 160 kW at 3.5 m\/s of velocity. The approximate dimensions of a TidGen device will be 17.8 meters wide (58 feet) by 6 meters high (20 feet). Prior to testing a full-scale iteration of the TidGen device, ORPC tested a single turbine TidGen system during summer 2023 in Cobscook Bay. Information gathered during the single turbine TidGen test phase is being utilized to complete designs, installation plans, and buildout for the full scale TidGen device.  Device\/Array Installation Date:  TidGen\u00ae Power System: September 13, 2012 OCGen\u00ae Module Mooring System: June 27, 2014  Single Turbine TidGen\u00ae System: May 28,2023  Device\/Array Removal Date:  TidGen\u00ae Power System: July 15, 2013 OCGen\u00ae Module Mooring System: September 17, 2014 Single Turbine TidGen\u00ae System: September 20, 2023","author":["Katie Sellers Reynolds"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2025-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.910240000000","-67.044556000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 04:00:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5752","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/companhia-da-energia-oceanica-sa-ceo-agucadoura","sourceURL":"","title":"Companhia da Energia Oce\u00e2nica SA (CEO) - Agu\u00e7adoura","description":"Each machine was 120m long and 3.5m in diameter and comprised four tube sections linked by three, shorter, power conversion modules. Testing of this array proved the speedy installation concepts, developed team experience, maintained safe conditions, and that power generation and behaviour was matched with numerical models.","author":["Laura Carse"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-06-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.468610000000","-8.847220000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Fish","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:48:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5753","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/emec-billia-croo-grid-connected-wave-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/facilities\/wave-test-site\/","title":"EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site","description":"In 2003 the Highlands and Islands Enterprise proposed to construct the infrastructure which would allow wave energy devices to be tested under working conditions. The purpose of the project was to allow the generating capacity of wave devices to be verified, in order that further investment could be obtained for establishing the technology on other offshore sites.  After a site selection study, Billia Croo was identified as the most suitable location for the test site. This site is an area with one of the highest wave energy potentials in Europe with an average significant wave height of 2 \u2013 3 metres, reaching extremes of up to 18m. The site has a total of six berths; five cabled test berths in up to 70m water depth (four at 50m, one deeper), located approximately 2km offshore and 0.5km apart and one nearshore berth situated closer to the substation for shallow water projects.  Two waverider buoys are located on site measuring the wave height, period and direction, and a purpose-built weather station provides real-time met data for the site. This data is fed into a sophisticated SCADA (Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition) system, with live data feeds on the marine and met conditions available to view on the EMEC website.  The test site berths are monitored by CCTV situated at an observation point at the Black Craig - a former coastguard lookout station which has been converted to house powerful cameras for monitoring the activity out at sea. This is controlled remotely from the data centre and office facilities.","author":["Millie Green"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.969000000000","-3.357500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Birds","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:24:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5754","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/emec-fall-warness-grid-connected-tidal-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/facilities\/tidal-test-site\/","title":"EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site","description":"When the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) was established by Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) and its funding partners in 2003, it was with the intention of stimulating and accelerating the development of tidal prototype energy generating devices. As part of the Prime Contracting Framework Agreement, Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) engaged Tulloch Prime Contracting Limited (Tulloch) to undertake the design and construction of the tidal test facility.  The establishment of a test centre for assessing the performance of new and developing tidal energy technology is a strategically important facility for Scotland and the UK. AURORA Environmental Ltd (AURORA) was contracted by Tulloch to undertake the environmental works for the construction and installation phase of the tidal test facility, including a number of baseline studies and the production of an Environmental Statement (ES) to support consent applications. The scope of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) originally produced for the test site covers the construction, installation and generic presence of the test site.  In order to be able to assess the impacts of the long-term presence and operation of the site, it was necessary to consider a range of likely potential devices at a generic level. The detailed consideration of individual devices is the responsibility of each developer making use of the site. To this end, EMEC has developed impact assessment guidance for potential developers in consultation with a wide range of regulatory organisations and local stakeholders.  In order to streamline the developer consenting process at the test site, in 2014, EMEC published an Environmental Appraisal which effectively pre-appraises an envelope of tidal energy device types to undertake testing activities with regard to the potential environmental effect. EMEC has acquired a site-wide Section 36 consent for an envelope of device types and activities with an an installed capacity of 10MW. All developers accessing EMEC\u2019s facilities must develop a robust environmental monitoring programme to support developer licence applications.","author":["Millie Green"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-02-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Changes in Flow","Noise","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Birds","Physical Environment","Invertebrates","Sediment Transport","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-07 08:59:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5755","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/emec-scapa-flow-scale-wave-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/facilities\/scale-test-sites\/","title":"EMEC Scapa Flow Scale Wave Test Site","description":"In addition to the grid connected wave test site at Billia Croo, EMEC also have a wave test site that is not connected to the grid aimed at providing less challenging conditions for scale prototypes and marine operations.  The site provides a more flexible seaspace acting as a stepping stone between the test tank and real sea conditions. The site is located in Scapa Flow, to the south of Kirkwall, and was chosen for its relatively benign waters which reach almost 0.35m significant wave height. The area is 0.4km across and approximately 0.9km in length situated in water depths of 21-25m with a predominant westerly wave regime.  At the site EMEC offers developers the use of a bespoke test support buoy. If required, the device under test will be connected to the test support buoy via two umbilical cables: one for power transmission and the other for control and communications.  A purpose-built Test Support Buoy moored on site acts as a power sink to allow load-dumping of any electricity generated as heat dissipated to air. A simulated grid can be made available to support device performance analysis The buoy can relay data by wireless technology allowing developers to monitor performance remotely, as well as dissipating electricity generated by the device. The buoy is also equipped to supply the marine energy devices on test with power and act as navigational aids.  Each test site comprises one berth with pre-laid foundation and attachment points, and an adjacent test area. The pre-laid foundations comprise 5m x 5m x 2m gravity-base frames loaded with densecrete blocks for equipment moorings. The area of seabed is also available for rehearsal or deployment of other tools and techniques.","author":["Millie Green"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-02-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:50:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5756","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/emec-shapinsay-sound-scale-tidal-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/facilities\/scale-test-sites\/","title":"EMEC Shapinsay Sound Scale Tidal Test Site","description":"In addition to the grid connected tidal test site at the Fall of Warness, EMEC also has a tidal test site that is not connected to the grid and which provides less challenging conditions for scale prototypes and marine operations.  The site provides a more flexible sea space acting as a stepping stone between the test tank and real sea conditions. The 0.4 x 0.9km site is located in Shapinsay Sound, to the north-east of Kirkwall in water depths of 21-25m and experiences fairly benign current velocities with a peak tide of 1.5m\/s.  At the site, EMEC offers developers the use of a bespoke test support buoy. If required, the device under test will be connected to the test support buoy via two umbilical cables: one for power transmission and the other for control and communications. These buoys can relay data by wireless technology allowing developers to monitor performance remotely, as well as dissipating electricity generated by the device. The buoys are also equipped to supply the marine energy devices on test with power and act as navigational aids.  A purpose-built Test Support Buoy moored on site acts as a power sink to allow load-dumping of any electricity generated as heat dissipated to air. A simulated grid can be made available to support device performance analysis  Each test site comprises one berth with pre-laid foundation and attachment points, and an adjacent  test area. The pre-laid foundations comprise 5m x 5m x 2m gravity-base frames loaded with densecrete blocks for equipment moorings. An area of seabed is also available for rehearsal or deployment of other tools and techniques.","author":["Millie Green"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-02-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.996495000000","-2.875706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Noise","Attraction","Avoidance","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:12:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5757","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/enermar-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seapowerscrl.com\/ocean-and-river-system\/kobold","title":"Enermar Project","description":"The Kobold turbine is a rotor mounted on a vertical shaft which produces mechanical energy by exploiting marine currents. The system is moored by four anchoring blocks where the water depth is 18-25 m and the expected current velocity is about 2 m\/s. The system consists of a buoyant support platform and the patented Kobold turbine. The platform, designed by the Ponte di Archimede Company, houses the gearbox, a 160 kW synchronous generator and the necessary electrical equipment. The Kobold turbine (cross flow rotor, 6 m in diameter, equipped with three blades with a span of 5 m) is placed under the platform. More information is available from this 2007 presentation.","author":["SeaPower scrl"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-11-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.235017800000","15.653656000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Noise","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 09:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5758","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/folkecenter-wave-test-station","sourceURL":"https:\/\/folkecenter.wordpress.com\/","title":"Folkecenter Wave Test Station","description":"The facility consists of a 5x7m platform, built at 3.5 m depth of water and connected to the beach via an about 140 m long and 1 m wide bridge. The platform is equipped with a technical container, in which there is measuring equipment for registration of wind speed, wind directions, air temperatures and wave height. In the container there is also a working table with a vice, and the most normal tools. The Platform is equipped with: a hand served 2\u00bd m high crane, which has a lifting capacity of 600 kilos. A mobile working grating can be lowered below the water surface. From here the inventors can experiment with their models. Possibility of fasten static constructions. A rubber boat as \u201cworking platform\u201d around the platform (can be handed over after agreement). Sea boots for loan, and a lifebuoy and swimming west\u2019s. Technical container with electronic measuring equipment is available for registration of wind speed, wind direction, air temperature and wave heights. Electricity installation.","author":["Nicolaj Stenkj\u00e6r"],"organization":["Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy"],"originationDate":"2023-07-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.615280000000","8.399910000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 05:21:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5759","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/fri-el-seapower-messina-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.adag.unina.it\/italiano\/ricerca\/rinnovabili\/friel.html","title":"Fri-El Seapower - Messina Project","description":"The Fri-El seapower system consists of a vessel or pontoon, moored to seabed, to which several lines of horizontal axis hydro turbines are attached. The same pipes, connecting the turbines through cardanic joints providing the necessary flexibility to the system, transfer the power captured from the water on board of the pontoon. Pipes are here connected to electrical permanent magnet generators (PMG) that are kept out of the water in order to simplify and diminish their maintenance. The electric generators transform the power carried by the transmission lines into electrical energy, which can be directly fed into the grid through an undersea cable, connecting the individual floating structures to a submarine hub, which in turn is connected to the shore by a single submarine cable. Alternatively, the systems can be installed offshore far away from the coasts and hydrogen can be produced with the electricity generated by the turbines.","author":["FRI-EL GREEN POWER S.p.A"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.245885000000","15.651455000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 10:56:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5760","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/fundy-ocean-research-center-energy-force-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/","title":"Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Test Site","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) was established in 2009 as Canada\u2019s leading test centre for tidal energy technology. FORCE is a non-profit grid-connected test facility in the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, intended to allow developers, regulators, scientists, and academics to study and demonstrate the performance of in-stream tidal energy turbines and their interactions with the environment. The FORCE site consists of five subsea berths for tidal stream energy conversion devices, subsea power cables that can enable connection of turbines to land-based infrastructure, a subsea data cable, an onshore transformer substation, and a shore-based visitor centre.","author":["Aidan Bharath"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","EMF","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Noise","Collision","Avoidance","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 05:38:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5761","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/haishan-tidal-power-plant","sourceURL":"","title":"Haishan Tidal Power Plant","description":"The Haishan TPP is noteworthy as it is the only linked-basins plant in existence in the world a plant featuring a high and a low-basin with the power plant in between these two basins, generating energy from water flowing from the high into the low-basin generating the power in only one direction. The inlet gate was set up at one projecting beach on a sea island. The station was placed at the link-up of the high and low reservoirs. The water outlet gate was set up at the southeast of the low reservoir. The area of the upper reservoir is 25.33 hectares and 2.53 hectares at lower reservoir. The average tidal range is 4.91m. The plant serves an isolated community of 760 families. This unit operated continuously. The energy was used partly to pump fresh water for domestic and irrigation use into the community reservoir.","author":["Wang Shuang"],"organization":["Government of China"],"originationDate":"2021-06-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.232079000000","121.156404000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5762","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/sound-islay-demonstration-tidal-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scottishpowerrenewables.com\/userfiles\/file\/Sound%20of%20Islay%20Non%20Technical%20Summary.pdf","title":"Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array","description":"Atlantis Resources is proposing to develop a demonstration tidal array in the Sound of Islay. The proposed tidal array will have an installed capacity of up to 10 MW of renewable power for export to the grid.  The Sound of Islay is a 21km passage of water separating the islands of Islay and Jura on Scotland\u2019s west coast. At its narrowest point, where it is just 1.4km wide, current speeds exceed 5 knots, but the site is generally well protected from wave action. It is 50m to 60m deep at its deepest point, which extends south from Port Askaig for approximately 1.5km. Thanks to this environment there is potential for an up to 10MW site, utilising 24m rotor diameter AR2000 turbines, each of which would be manufactured in Scotland. The timing for the delivery of the project is subject to innovative power purchase agreement legislation.  This site offers a lower average flow speed than the MeyGen site, but as it is both deeper and more sheltered from waves it is possible to deploy larger diameter turbines to capture more energy. The consent conditions allow for deployment of turbines with rotor diameters of up to 26m, giving a swept area more than twice as large as the 18m Phase 1A turbines. Atlantis have received a very high level of interest from prospective turbine suppliers wishing to deploy their technology in these favourable conditions.","author":["Jayson Drummond"],"organization":["SAE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2021-01-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.850000000000","-6.100000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise","Changes in Flow","Birds","Marine Mammals","Fish","Physical Environment","Invertebrates","Reptiles"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:13:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5763","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/kvalsund-tidal-turbine-prototype","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.andritz.com\/resource\/blob\/61614\/cf15d27bc23fd59db125229506ec87c7\/hy-hammerfest--1--data.pdf","title":"Kvalsund Tidal Turbine Prototype","description":"The Hammerfest Str\u00f8m tidal project was installed in Kvalsund in Finnmark county, Norway, at a 50m depth in the sound between Kvalsund and Kval\u00f8ya. The HS300 horizontal axis turbine device was installed in 2003, and grid connected in 2004 which made it the world\u0027s first tidal turbine delivering to the grid. The submerged structure weighed 120 tonnes and had gravity footings of 200 tonnes. Its three-bladed turbine was made in glass fibre-reinforced plastic and measured 10 metres from hub to tip. The device rotated at 7 rpm with an installed capacity of 0.3 MW.","author":["Catriona Phillips"],"organization":["Andritz Hydro"],"originationDate":"2019-04-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["70.510817000000","23.944177000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Collision","Displacement","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5764","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/jiangxia-pilot-tidal-power-plant","sourceURL":"","title":"Jiangxia Pilot Tidal Power Plant","description":"Jiangxia Tidal Power Plant is the fourth largest tidal station in the world after the Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant in Korea, La Rance in France and Annapolis in Canada. It has 6 bulb turbine generator units, operating in both ebb and flood tides, producing an annual power output of 7.3x106 kWh . The power station has 69 employees. The power station feeds the energy demand of small villages at a 20 km (12 mi) distance, through a 35 kV transmission line. The maximum tidal range in the estuary is 8.39 m (27.5 ft).","author":["Wang Shuang"],"organization":["China Guodian Corporation"],"originationDate":"2020-12-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.342780000000","121.240280000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5765","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/kaneohe-bay-opt-wave-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanpowertechnologies.com\/","title":"Kaneohe Bay OPT Wave Project","description":"The utility PowerBuoy PB40 was a prototype with unique, direct-drive Power Take-Off system. Compact and modular in design, the PowerBuoy was less than 12 feet in diameter and 55 feet long. It was based on OPT\u0027s proprietary design which is primarily below the sea surface when deployed, with minimal visual impact.","author":["Ocean Power Technologies"],"organization":["US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2013-08-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.465886000000","-157.754183000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:50:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5766","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/la-rance-tidal-barrage","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.edf.fr\/","title":"La Rance Tidal Barrage","description":"The La Rance Tidal Power Station is the world\u0027s first tidal power station and also the world\u0027s second biggest tidal power station. The facility is located on the estuary of the Rance River, in Brittany, France. Opened on the 26th November 1966, it is currently operated by EDF, and is the second largest tidal power station in the world, in terms of installed capacity. With a peak rating of 240 MW, generated by its 24 turbines, it supplies 0.012% of the power demand of France. With a capacity factor of approximately 40%, it supplies an average 96 MW, giving an annual output of approximately 600 GWh. The barrage is 750m (2,461ft) long, from Brebis point in the west to Briantais point in the east. The power plant portion of the dam is 332.5m (1,091ft) long. Power is generated from 24 bulb turbines with a 5.35m (17.55ft) diameter that rotates at 93.75rpm and is rated at 10MW at a head of 5.65m (18.54ft).","author":["\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France"],"organization":["\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France (EDF)"],"originationDate":"2019-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.618688600000","-2.017955000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Displacement","Changes in Flow","Invertebrates","Marine Mammals","Birds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5767","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/lock-dam-no-2-hydroelectric-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mvp.usace.army.mil\/Portals\/57\/docs\/Public%20Affairs\/Brochure\/Navigation\/2022_LD2_Brochure_Web.pdf?ver=SlfCjjieT0B6JRzCfoQDZA%3D%3D","title":"Lock and Dam No. 2 Hydroelectric Project","description":"The HGE hydrokinetic turbine was the industry\u2019s first surface-suspended, asymmetrically-ducted horizontal axis turbine. The turbine\u2019s three blades could spin at 21 RPM, making the device the slowest spinning hydrokinetic turbine in the industry at the time. The unit\u2019s rotor was 12 feet in diameter. The overall dimensions, including barge and support structure, for the unit was approximately 24 ft long x 15 ft wide x 15 ft deep and was tethered to the existing dam structure and anchored for stability. Two synchronous alternating current (AC) motor generating units sat atop the barge and a 225-ampre molded case circuit breaker and a 480-volt three-phase feeder connected the units to the existing power plant distribution system and appurtenant facilities. Hydro Green Energy\u2019s project was the first FERC licensed and commercially operational hydrokinetic power station in U.S. history.  The HE turbines were located directly downstream of a conventional hydroelectric station that produces about 4.4 MW and is licensed by the City of Hastings, Minnesota. The 110 \u00d7 600 ft (34 \u00d7 183 m) lock is operated by the USACE St. Paul District. The conventional hydropower project includes two Kaplan bulb turbines.","author":["Hydro Green Energy"],"organization":["US Army Corps of Engineers"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.759680000000","-92.867260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:56:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5768","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/morild-ii-tidal-power-plant","sourceURL":"","title":"MORILD II Tidal Power Plant","description":"The Morild II tidal power plant has a unique and patented floating design that can be anchored at different depths, thus can be positioned in spots with ideal tidal stream conditions. There are four turbines that transmit power via hydraulic transmission to two synchronous generators. Each turbine is composed of two unique wooden turbine blades that can be pitched 180 degrees to utilize energy in both directions. The plant carries sea vessel verification, and is both towable and dockable, allowing maintenance in surface position and on site. The prototype transmits energy with an undersea cable and can be remotely operated from on-shore surveillance systems.","author":["Lars Golmen"],"organization":["STRAUM"],"originationDate":"2014-09-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["68.265420000000","14.260830000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:34:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5769","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/plocan-marine-test-site-ocean-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.plocan.eu\/en\/","title":"PLOCAN Marine Test Site for Ocean Energy Converters","description":"Marine test site for emerging oceanic technologies focused on ocean energy converters. PLOCAN is a Public Consortium ruled by the Spanish Government and the Regional Government of the Canary Islands. PLOCAN is a marine scientific and technical infrastructure to facilitate the development of new oceanic technologies providing different services to the enterprises and researchers. The five strategic lines are: ocean observation, underwater vehicles, marine test site, platform of innovation and training centre.","author":["Corina Moya Falc\u00f2n"],"organization":["Plataforma Oce\u00e1nica de Canarias (PLOCAN)"],"originationDate":"2026-07-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["27.990538700000","-15.370258100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","EMF","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Sediment Transport","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Reptiles"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-06 11:06:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5770","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/mississippi-river-projects","sourceURL":"","title":"Mississippi River Projects","description":"A full-scale SmarTurbine prototype was built in 2010 with a 3 m diameter, 4.5 m length, 2.25 m rotor, 7 blades (2:1 tip speed ratio), and each weighing 3039 kg. The turbine was installed on a research surface platform that included instrumentation to allow the research team to evaluate performance by monitoring metrics such as stream velocity, electrical current, and voltage. The dock was hosted by the Dow Chemical Company and located in the Mississippi River at Plaquemine, Louisiana. The target flow was 2.25 m\/s for 75% of the time at Scotlandville Bend.  Free Flow planned to install over 1000 MW of turbines across 53 permitted sites, with commercial arrays of around 120 turbines per site, with various riverbed pilings proposed.","author":["Tethys Team"],"organization":["Free Flow Power"],"originationDate":"2013-08-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.520280000000","-91.203560000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Fish","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:51:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5771","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/mutriku-wave-power-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bimep.com\/","title":"Mutriku Wave Power Plant","description":"This grid-connected plant is integrated within the breakwater at Mutriku harbour. There are 16 air chambers 4.5 m wide, 3.1 m deep and 10 m high (above Lowest Astronomical Tide). A 0.75 m diameter orifice leads to a Wells turbine and electrical generator of 18.5 kW for each air chamber, yielding a total of 296 kW installed capacity.","author":["Laura Zubiate"],"organization":["Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)"],"originationDate":"2025-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.312643000000","-2.377133000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-18 11:46:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5772","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oceantec-wave-energy-converter-14-prototype","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceantecenergy.com\/","title":"OCEANTEC Wave Energy Converter 1:4 prototype","description":"The OCEANTEC Wave Energy Converter (WEC) is a novel offshore floating device that can be classified as a linear absorber or attenuator. The way it extracts energy from ocean waves is based on the relative inertial motion that waves cause in a gyroscopic device. This motion is used to feed an electric generator through a series of transformation stages. The gyroscopic device is located inside a lengthened structure or hull that stays aligned with the wave front, resulting in a pitching motion. The structure that comprises the absorber and the rest of the elements has a vessel-like design and a scalable size. This size is adapted to the predominant sea climate of the selected location. For instance, in a location with predominant wave periods between 10 and 12 s (typical of the Northern Coast of Spain), the length of the structure can range 40 to 60m.  Oceantec Energ\u00edas Marinas SL is no longer pursuing the OCEANTEC 1:4 prototype due to the cost of the construction of their 1:1 OCTEANTEC Wave Energy device. Electrically, the results of the energy harnessed from the waves with the 1:4 prototype has been satisfactory.","author":["Patxi Etxaniz Olaiz"],"organization":["Oceantec"],"originationDate":"2017-04-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.330827200000","-1.959716600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:34:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5773","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/testing-ocean-energy-buoy-galway-bay-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanenergy.ie\/","title":"Testing of Ocean Energy Buoy at Galway Bay, Ireland","description":"The OE Buoy is a floating, oscillating water column device. The water columns are held in rectangular tubes facing away from the incident waves. This device uses wave energy to compress air in a plenum chamber and pump it through an air turbine system. The mouth of the OWC is facing away from the wave direction; this results in high-energy efficiencies at the operating point because of the motions of the float system relative to the waves. However in extreme waves, the efficiencies reduce. Through the FP7 funded CORES project (https:\/\/www.fp7-cores.eu\/), new components and concepts were tested on the OE Buoy at sea and these real, validated and verified results were integrated into a holistic system model. This model provides a Toolbox for wave to wire simulations of complete WEC systems. The Marine Institute\/SEAI Galway Bay Test Site was the location for the field test of the project. The project ended in 2011.","author":["Anne Marie O\u0027Hagan"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-09-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.195820000000","-9.185280000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Noise","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:36:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5774","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ocean-flow-energy-sanda-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanflowenergy.com\/project-details2.html","title":"Ocean Flow Energy - Sanda Sound","description":"Oceanflow\u0027s E35 device was installed on its pre-laid moorings at Sanda Sound on the 7th August 2014. The Sanda Sound test site was chosen for its combination of strong tidal flow and harsh wave climate in order to fully validate the operability and survivability of the Evopod\u2122 low motion hull form. The unit was monitored from Oceanflow\u0027s shore station near Southend, South Kintyre.","author":["Ocean Flow Energy"],"organization":["Ocean Flow Energy"],"originationDate":"2017-06-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.302800000000","-5.597720000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 07:40:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5775","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ocean-plug-portuguese-pilot-zone","sourceURL":"","title":"Ocean Plug: Portuguese Pilot Zone","description":"Test site recently re-located from S. Pedro de Moel to Viana do Castelo to accommodate both wave and wind technologies development (see \u201cProcess Status\u201d section below).","author":["Erica Cruz"],"organization":["ENONDAS"],"originationDate":"2021-01-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.687000000000","-9.048000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Marine Mammals","Birds","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-31 09:29:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5776","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oceanlinx-mk1","sourceURL":"","title":"Oceanlinx MK1","description":"The Oceanlinx Mk1 full scale prototype was fitted out and first deployed in 2005. The approximately 500 tonne device used a parabolic wall to concentrate the wave energy into its 100 square metre Oscillating Water Chamber (OWC). The device made use of a Denniss-Auld turbine. The Mk1 Full Scale prototype was one of the first full scale wave energy devices in the world. Its operation between 2005 and 2009 has provided invaluable test and operational data guiding the development of subsequent designs.","author":["Sean Barrett"],"organization":["Oceanlinx"],"originationDate":"2016-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.450000000000","150.900000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Fish","Marine Mammals","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:30:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5777","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oceanlinx-mk2","sourceURL":"","title":"Oceanlinx MK2","description":"Oceanlinx built and deployed an instrumented 1\/3rd scale test unit of its Mk2 WEC in late 2007 and early 2008. The purpose of the Mk2 1\/3 Scale was to obtain detailed technical data for floating devices.","author":["Sean Barrett"],"organization":["Oceanlinx"],"originationDate":"2012-10-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.450000000000","150.900000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 07:02:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5778","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oceanlinx-mk3","sourceURL":"","title":"Oceanlinx MK3","description":"The Mk3 Pre-Commercial, or Mk3PC for short, was a 1\/3 scale demonstration device of the fully commercial blueWAVE design, but was designed to be limited in its life, operations, and scale to suit both the environment at Port Kembla and its purpose as a demonstration of the technology. The Mk3PC was installed at Port Kembla on 26 February 2010, about 100 metres off the eastern breakwater of Port Kembla Harbour. It was connected to the grid and provided electricity from 19 March to May 14 2010 to customers of local retailer, Integral Energy. The Mk3PC is believed to have been the first of its size in Australia to be grid connected, and one of the first in the world. While the MK3PC was designed for a shorter than normal life, it served the very important and specific function of verifying the performance of the Oceanlinx blueWAVE product in open ocean conditions, as well as its ability to provide acceptable grid-quality power to an established electricity retailer. The MK3PC immediately proved successful in achieving these aims, and validated the ability of the full scale blueWAVE design to be rated at 2.5 MW. Performance of the test unit was certified by DNV.","author":["Sean Barrett"],"organization":["Oceanlinx"],"originationDate":"2016-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.450000000000","150.900000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Fish","Marine Mammals","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:29:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5779","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/openhydro-alderney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.are.gg\/","title":"OpenHydro Alderney","description":"The following paragraph describes OpenHydro\u2019s intended technology for this project as originally planned:  The OpenHydro 2MW device generates electric power through the inflow and outflow of water at low and high tides. The turbine has a diameter of 16 metres. The igus E-Chain 4040 from the E4\/4 series protects the deployed Chainflex motor and signal cables during the lifting and lowering movements of the turbine and also protects them against aggressive ambient conditions. The travel distance amounts to approx. 20 metres in vertical direction above and under water with the robust E-Chain guided in a steel trough. The robust E-Chain is thereby guided in a stainless steel trough. The vertical travel is transformed into a horizontal stroke by turning through 90 degrees. A plastic chain makes any kind of maintenance on the open sea superfluous and was the only eligible solution because a conventional metal chain would not have stood up to the combination of technical environment and mechanical demands.  The island of Alderney is located in the Channel Islands and its territorial waters contain one of the world\u2019s largest tidal energy resources which once fully developed is estimated to power 1.5 million homes. The array developed by OpenHydro and ARE was expected to consist of 150 turbines (2.0MW each) which will produce enough power for over 150,000 homes.","author":["Maria Apolonia"],"organization":["Alderney Renewable Energy"],"originationDate":"2019-03-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.714327100000","-2.205267300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Fish","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 07:34:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5780","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/openhydro-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/open-hydro\/","title":"OpenHydro at EMEC","description":"The test rig consists of two steel monopoles grouted into sockets drilled into the seabed, with a platform suspended from the piles to provide a working area. The turbine, which is six metres in diameter, is fixed to the piles using two steel collars, which allow the unit to be lowered into the sea using two 15 tonne hydraulic winches. The test rig allows for the turbine to be raised out of the water easily, reducing the cost and time for testing, maintaining and updating the device.  The turbine is composed of 16 ducted fins and an open center to allow marine life to pass through. No lubricating fluids are necessary as there is only one moving part and no seals, as electricity is generated with a permanent magnet instead of a gearbox. The design is scalable to create larger turbines in the future.  Vessel Spread: The following vessels were required during construction and operation:           Vessel Type    Activity    Comment              Jack Up Barge    Pile installation               Tugs    Towing Jack up barge into position    Number not specified          Support vessel    To deliver crew and supplies    Number not specified          Service vessel    Delivery and installation of the device","author":["EMEC"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Cetaceans","Birds","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 11:10:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5781","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oyster-1-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/wave-clients\/aquamarine-power\/","title":"Oyster 1 at EMEC","description":"The Oyster\u2122 1 was essentially a wave energy converter located at a nominal water depth of 12m which in many locations is relatively close to the shoreline. The system comprised of a buoyant flap, 18m wide and 10m high, hinged at its base to a sub-frame which sat on 4 pre-installed piles with additional latching anchors into the rock seabed. The surge component in the waves forced the flap to oscillate which in turn compressed and extended two hydraulic cylinders mounted between the flap and the sub-frame to pump water at high pressure through a closed loop pipeline back to shore. On shore a hydro-electric plant consisting of a Pelton wheel turbine driving a variable speed electrical generator coupled to a flywheel. Power flow was regulated using a combination of hydraulic accumulators, an adjustable spear valve, a flywheel in the mechanical power train and rectification and inversion of the electrical output.","author":["Matthew Holland"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:57:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5782","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oyster-800-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/wave-clients\/aquamarine-power\/","title":"Oyster 800 at EMEC","description":"Oyster is a near-shore wave energy device, typically deployed in 10 to 15 metre (m) water depth. The oscillating action of the waves against the wave energy converter (WEC) (or \u2018flap\u2019) drives hydraulic pistons which pump pressurised freshwater back to shore through a closed loop pipeline system. Oyster 800 is 250% more powerful than Oyster 1, simpler to install, easier to maintain and more efficient. The Oyster 801 and Oyster 802 devices will further refine the design of Oyster 800.","author":["Matthew Holland"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-11-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:16:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5783","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/pelamis-wave-power-p2-demonstration-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/wave-clients\/pelamis-wave-power\/","title":"Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC","description":"The Pelamis WEC is a semi submerged, articulated structure composed of cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. Motion from the waves is resisted by hydraulic rams, which pump high-pressured oil through a system of hydraulic motors via smoothing accumulators. The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to form electricity. The device is moored to a fixed location but can weathervane to face incoming waves for maximum power generation. The joints used to connect each tubular section are configured to induce wave power from small sea states. The movement in the joints can be actively controlled to make use of the phenomenon of resonance, allowing generation to be maximized in small seas, and the machine response to be minimized in storms. Generated power is fed back to shore using standard subsea cables. The Pelamis is moored to the seabed using standard embedment anchors. The device is 180m long, 4m in diameter, and weighs 1300 tonnes.  The two utilities will be testing their machines in tandem as part of a unique cross-industry collaboration project. Information gathered from the trials will be used to support the development of larger commercial-scale projects currently under development by both ScottishPower Renewables and E.ON off the coast of Orkney.  Machine connection and anchoring system: The machine is connected to its onsite anchoring and electrical systems via a rapid subsea attachment system located at the end of the yoke, which hangs vertically when the machine is installed. This allows the machine to be quickly and safely installed and removed on site in a range of sea states and using non-specialised vessels, enabling maintenance to be carried out at the quayside.","author":["Douglas Watson"],"organization":["E.ON","ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:19:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5784","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/perth-wave-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.carnegiece.com\/project\/ceto-5-perth-wave-energy-project\/","title":"Perth Wave Energy Project","description":"The Perth Wave Energy Project consisted of three 240 kW CETO 5 wave energy converters that were installed and grid connected in late 2014\/2015. CETO is a fully submerged, pump-based technology whereby a submerged Buoyant Actuator moves with the energy of the ocean\u2019s waves, 1-2 meters below the surface of the ocean. The Buoyant Actuator is attached to a pump via a tether, and the entire system is moored to the seabed. As the Buoyant Actuator oscillates with the wave motion, it allows the pump to extend and contract propelling high pressure fluid ashore via a subsea pipeline. The high-pressure fluid then powers an off the shelf hydroelectric turbine to generate clean renewable electricity. De-energises fluid is then returned via a second pipeline at low pressure, forming a closed loop system.    The CETO 5th generation devices operated for 12 months through 2015, over four seasons and accumulated over 14,000 hours of in-ocean operation. Power was sold to the Australian Department of Defence under a PPA. In addition a wave energy (hydraulic) powered desalination system was connected and operated, again with potable water produced and sold to the Department of Defence.","author":["Alex Pichard"],"organization":["Carnegie Clean Energy Limited"],"originationDate":"2020-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.254260000000","115.654030000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 08:49:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5785","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/pico-power-plant","sourceURL":"","title":"Pico Power Plant","description":"Shoreline gully Oscillating Water Column; the wave chamber is integrated in a natural gully, fitted into the rocky coastline.","author":["Ana Brito e Melo"],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2020-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.557100000000","-28.445900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:05:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5786","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/poseidon-floating-power-poseidon-37","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.floatingpowerplant.com\/","title":"Poseidon Floating Power (Poseidon 37)","description":"Poseidon is a concept for a floating power plant that transforms wave energy into electricity. The power plant furthermore serves as a floating foundation for off-shore windmills, thus creating a sustainable energy hybrid. The demonstration plant named Poseidon 37 is 37 meters wide, 25 meters long, 6 meters high (to deck) and weighs approximately 350 tons.","author":["Anders K\u00f8hler"],"organization":["Floating Power Plant"],"originationDate":"2016-11-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.956440000000","11.141219000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","Habitat Change","Physical Environment","Birds","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:13:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5787","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ramsey-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tidalenergy.com.au\/","title":"Ramsey Sound","description":"DeltaStream is a tidal energy conversion unit that generates electrical power. It is primarily designed to be located on the seabed in areas with high tidal stream flows, but could also be installed in suitable rivers and estuaries. When mounted in tidal areas it generates power during both the flow and ebb of the tide. AC power is brought onshore from the DeltaStream unit through a submarine cable to its onshore power conversion and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) system. Major features include:    Triangular steel main base frame with rock feet,  Three independent, water turbine generators mounted horizontally and enclosed in Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) nacelles,  Automated hydraulic yaw system, one for each nacelle which controls the orientation of the water turbine generators in relation to the tidal flow,  Electrical and control equipment mounted on the main base frame,  Power conversion centre mounted onshore,  Submarine cable to connect the DeltaStream unit to the power conversion centre.","author":["Tidal Energy Ltd."],"organization":["Tidal Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2017-06-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.877780000000","-5.326110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Collision","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:40:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5788","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/surge-waveroller","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aw-energy.com\/waveroller\/","title":"SURGE WaveRoller","description":"SURGE (Simple Underwater Renewable Generation of Electricity) is a project founded by European Union. It consists of a plate anchored on the sea bottom at its base that moves back and forth with the surge to create a piston pump due to this kinetic energy. The project aims to access the WaveRoller device in a holistic manner and consequently, besides the performance, it includes an environmental program in order to evaluate some of the environmental impacts that it may have. It should be noted that these studies go beyond the legal requirements for the project implementation and they aim to proactively identify, target and address the potential impacts, both positive and negative, derived from the installation of the Waveroller device. Although the project ended in 2013 AW Energy will continue operation in the same site and environmental monitoring programs will go on also until the device has been decommissioned.","author":["Essi Paronen"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-11-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.396825000000","-9.351260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Noise","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:16:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5789","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/san-remo","sourceURL":"https:\/\/atlantisresourcesltd.com\/projects\/test-sites\/san-remo-australia.html","title":"San Remo","description":"The three turbines include: a 100 kW Aquanator\u2122 device, a 150 kW AN-150\u2122 (Nereus\u2122 I) device, and a 400 kW AN-400\u2122 (Nereus\u2122 II) device. The AN devices are shallow water turbines that have been extensively tested and grid connected at San Remo, Australia. The turbines use Aquafoils\u2122 to capture momentum from the flow of water to drive a chain perpendicular to the flow. The turbines are robust and can withstand water flow containing significant debris. The design is fully scalable and has been developed over a 6 year period with multiple tow-testing and continual optimizations.","author":["Oliver Wragg"],"organization":["SAE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2018-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.520070000000","145.360840000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 07:20:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5790","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/lysekil-wave-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.uu.se\/en\/research\/research-projects\/project?query=2011-06312_VR","title":"Lysekil Wave Energy Site","description":"The project was started in 2004 and old consents did run until the end of 2013. A new round for permanent permits, and for an extended test site, was initiated in 2014 and was filed to the Environmental Court in December 2014. A 20-year permit was issued in June 2015 by the Environmental Court in V\u00e4nersborg. The new permit allows arrays of maximum 20 wave power devices, 2 substations, and land cables, plus related equipment.  During the first 10 years of the project a maximum of 10 generators was allowed to be deployed simultaneously, plus two submarine substations. Additionally, the project was\/is allowed to use 30 smaller buoys, with foundations, for studies on environmental impact, and a surveillance tower for monitoring the interaction between waves and converters was installed on a nearby islet. At the time the research area holds one sea cable connected to a measuring station onshore and a Datawell Wave Rider \u2122 buoy for wave measurements. The measuring station is connected to the grid. The wave energy converters are based on a linear synchronous generator (with ferrite or permanent magnets depending on tests) which are placed on the seabed and driven by a heaving point absorber at the ocean surface. The converter is directly driven, i.e. it has no gearbox or other mechanical or hydraulic conversion system. This results in a simple and robust mechanical system and a sophisticated electrical system. As of 2024, more than 10 different generators have been tested.","author":["Jan Sundberg"],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2025-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204350000000","11.379311000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Noise","Habitat Change","Displacement","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 11:55:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5791","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/seabased-maren-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/runde.no\/","title":"Seabased at the Maren Site","description":"The installation consisted of two full scale Seabased devices, an under-water switchgear and a sub-sea cable (2.7 km) connecting the generators to the 22-kV grid. The wave power system was in operation only for a short time, and the equipment, except for the cable, was recovered in 2013.  The technology consisted of linear generators, mounted to the sea floor, with surface buoys connected to the generator via a tight cable.","author":["Lars Golmen"],"organization":["Runde Environmental Centre","Vattenfall","Tussa Kraft"],"originationDate":"2017-11-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.387101000000","5.601938000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Noise","Fish","Birds","Seabirds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Fisheries","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:11:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5792","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/sihwa-tidal-power-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.kwater.or.kr\/eng\/tech\/sub01\/sub02\/patentPage.do","title":"Sihwa Tidal Power Plant","description":"Sihwa Lake is a 43.8 km2 artificial lake constructed as a land reclamation project by the South Korean Government in 1994, using a 12.7 km long seawall at Gyeonggi Bay. It was created to provide reclaimed land for the nearby metropolitan area, flood mitigation and secure irrigation water by converting the coastal reservoir to fresh water. However, once the seawall was closed and the natural tidal currents were cut off, water quality deteriorated. This was due to a combination of factors, including low natural freshwater inflows and the increase of wastewater from the industrial complexes.   The tidal power plant facility: The Sihwa tidal power plant generates one-way power twice a day at high tide. The sluice gates are closed as the tide comes in which isolates the reservoir at its lowest level. When the tide is high, water then flows from the West Sea to Sihwa lake via the ten turbines, generating electricity.  Technical details:  10 Turbine \/ Generator units; Runner diameter 7.5 m; Turbine Output 25.4 MW; Generator Output 26.8 MVA; Rated speed 64.3 rpm; Rated head 5.82 m; Rated discharge 482.1 m\u00b3\/s; Rated voltage 10.2 kV; Rated current 1515 A; Annual energy production ~ 550 GWh.","author":["enquiries@aquatera.co.uk"],"organization":["Korean Water Resource Corporation"],"originationDate":"2026-07-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.313060000000","126.612777800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-09 05:00:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5793","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/sem-rev-sea-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sem-rev.ec-nantes.fr\/","title":"SEM-REV Sea Test Site","description":"The test site occupies approximately a 1 km2 test zone area and is fully instrumented and monitored. The test site includes a 8 MVA power cable connected to the national grid through a new 20kV onshore substation to the local electricity distribution grid ENEDIS. The SEM-REV is a fully fitted wave and wind energy test facility intended to test and improve the efficiency of Wave Energy Converters (WEC) and Floating Wind Turbine (FWT) at a prototype stage of development. The facilities for monitoring and controlling the systems are currently available at the site. Optical fibers are included in the export cable for data transmission and for control of MRE. Since 2015, CN has installed a HUB subsea multi-connexion system. This device connects on one hand the electrical export cable and on the other hand could be connected with several connection cables of future prototypes.    The FWT FLOATGEN was installed in April 2018 on SEM-REV and it has been producing on the grid since September 2018. CN has installed in August 2019 another prototype, the WEC WAVEGEM.    Support for this project comes from CAPEX: Investment of 19M\u20ac (VAT included) \u2013 100 % Public funding; CPER Region Pays de la Loire (2007-2013). French Government ANR (2014-2019); and OPEX: Co-funding on collaborative research projects, Services, subsidies.","author":["Marine Reynaud"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-04-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.336877100000","-2.878822100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Noise","EMF","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Fisheries","Terrestrial Mammals","Visual Impacts","Stakeholder Engagement","Fish","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:26:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5794","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/strangford-lough-mct-seagen","sourceURL":"https:\/\/simecatlantis.com\/","title":"Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen)","description":"SeaGen is a twin turbine system with a mobile cross arm on a single supporting pile 3m in diameter and 9m above the average sea level. The twin rotors have an 8m radius and will begin to generate electricity once the tide runs faster than 1m\/s. At maximum speed the tips move at around 12m\/s, approximately 1\/3 of the average wind turbine speed.","author":["Joseph Kidd"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-11-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 08:56:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5795","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/race-rocks-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.racerocks.ca\/tidal-energy-turbine-removal\/","title":"Race Rocks Tidal Energy Project","description":"Clean Current\u2019s tidal turbine generator is a bi-directional ducted horizontal axis turbine with a direct drive variable speed permanent magnet generator. This proprietary design delivers high water-to-wire efficiency. Operability is enhanced by a simple design that has one moving part - the rotor assembly that contains the permanent magnets. There is no drive shaft and no gearbox. The turbine generator has a design life of 10 years (major overhaul every 10 years) and a service life of 25-30 years. Blade diameter of 3.5 m fixed to a pile driven 10.8 m into the rock bed.","author":["Jonathan Whiting"],"organization":["Ovintiv (formerly EnCana Corporation)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.298020000000","-123.531410000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Chemicals","Fish","Invertebrates","Marine Mammals","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:30:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5796","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-rite-project-demonstration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/verdantpower.com\/RITE\/","title":"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project Demonstration","description":"Verdant Power operated a grid-connected demonstration array of six KHPS turbines at the RITE Project site in the East Channel of the East River, referred to as the RITE Demonstration.  In December 2006, the first grid-connected KHPS turbine was installed, followed by the other five turbines in 2007. The successful RITE demonstration is the world\u2019s first grid-connected array of tidal turbines and consisted of:    A Project boundary of approximately 1.2 acres, including shoreline lands for interconnection;  Project works consisting of:     Five 35 kW, 5-meter diameter axial flow Gen4 Kinetic Hydropower System (KHPS) turbines and one dynamometry turbine unit;   Six monopile mounts;   480-volt underwater cables from each generating turbine to the shoreline switchgear vaults that were connected to a control room and interconnection points;   7000+ hours of operation with ~50 MW of electricity delivered, and   Appurtenant faculties for navigation and operation.       The RITE demonstration transmitted electricity from the KHPS to end users, demonstrating the ability of the system to provide grid-connected power, with no switching or power quality problems. The RITE demonstration also included ground-breaking environmental monitoring activities for tidal energy that informed studies to be conducted during later stages of the project (RITE Pilot).","author":["Ron Smith"],"organization":["Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2018-03-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:44:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5797","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/torr-head-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Torr Head Project","description":"The Torr Head Tidal Scheme (the \u201cProject\u201d) was proposed by TVL to utilise the strong tidal resource on the north east coast of Northern Ireland for electricity generation. The scheme is proposed to have a capacity of 100 MW, consisting of an array of up to 100 underwater horizontal axis turbines, each with a generating capacity of between 1 and 2 MW. The project scope of works will include the installation of the turbines and their foundations, sub-sea export cables, ancillary onshore works and the connection of the generating station to the onshore electricity distribution network.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-04-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.199353000000","-6.060508000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","EMF","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Attraction","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 08:51:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5798","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/uldolmok-tidal-power-station","sourceURL":"","title":"Uldolmok Tidal Power Station","description":"The southwestern sea of Korea contains an archipelago with several straits through which strong tidal currents flow, which are advantageous for the development of tidal current energy.  The Uldolmok Strait experiences peak tidal current speeds of up to 6 m\/s with the width of the strait being approximately 300 m, and a water depth of 20 to 32 m below datum level. The tidal range is up to 4\/5 in spring tides and around in the neap tides. According to earlier studies the annual energy density of the Uldolmok Strait is 52.1MWh\/m2.  The Uldolmok Tidal Current Power Pilot Plant currently produces tidal current energy using a cross-flow Helical Turbine (1 m diameter x 2.5 m length). Long helical blades run along a cylindrical surface like a screw thread, which create a reaction thrust that rotates the turbine faster than the flow of water itself. Due to its axial symmetry, the turbine always develops unidirectional rotation, even in reversible tidal currents. This provide the advantage of simplified design and exploitation of the double-action tidal power plants  The site includes a jacket-type support structure measuring 50 m tall x 36 m long x 16 m wide with a total weight of 1360 tons. The plant additionally functions as a sea test facility for tidal current energy.","author":["enquiries@aquatera.co.uk"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-07-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.565428000000","126.309935000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 09:05:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5799","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wanxiang-i-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Wanxiang-I Project","description":"Wanxiang-I was the first floating moored tidal current turbine in China. The device consists of two vertical axis rotors, driven systems, control mechanism and floating platform. Each 2.2 m diameter rotor consists of four vertical blades with variable pitch. Thin spokes in tension connect the blades to the hub for the purpose of transferring torque. A shaft connects the hub to the gearbox coupled to the generator forming the driven systems. The rotors, driven systems and control mechanisms are supported by a floating platform, which is kept floating by a pair of hulls. The floating platform then moored to the seabed through a mooring system, which includes four gravity anchors and light chains.","author":["ZHAO Qiwei"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-07-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.223442000000","122.202591000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5800","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wanxiang-ii-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Wanxiang-II Project","description":"It was installed in 2005 and consist of a bottom fixed vertical-axis tidal current energy plant, which has two H-shaped rotors with adjustable-angle blades and a vertical axle. It consists of a cabin, a pontoon, a cone, a caisson and riggers. The device differs from Wanxiang-I in that it is located on the seabed to avoid damage from typhoons, and it transports power to shore through seabed cables, where the power is converted and regulated to be used for a lighthouse. It can float to the surface when it requires maintenance. In the years since its deployment, Wanxiang-II has been proven to have improved energy conversion efficiency over Wanxiang-I.  The device consists of two 20 kW straight-blade vertical rotors, driven system and a platform. The platform consists of turbine nacelle, caissons and fixed legs. As a totally submerged system, the driven system and the generator are tightly sealed in the turbine nacelle.","author":["ZHAO Qiwei"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-07-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.223442000000","122.202591000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:38:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5801","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-energy-technology-new-zealand","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publicaddress.net\/southerly\/new-zealands-wave-energy-technology-programme\/","title":"Wave Energy Technology - New Zealand","description":"The aim of the WET-NZ programme is to design and develop a WEC that maximises engineering efficiency through the novel use of direct drive and adaptive response to changes in wave motion. The device consists of two rigid bodies or parts, a reactive hull and an active float, which are hinged together at the waterline. The bulk of the hull is submerged but floating and so it is moored to keep it on location. Refer to the website for an animation of the 1:2 scale device in operation. WET-NZ has a New Zealand patent for its device and has submitted for patents in Europe, the US, Australia, and elsewhere.","author":["Charlotte Sterck"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-04-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.573600000000","172.784400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Noise","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Fish","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5802","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-energy-technology-new-zealand-multi-mode-wave-energy-converter-advancement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/azurawave.com\/","title":"Wave Energy Technology - New Zealand Multi-Mode Wave Energy Converter Advancement Project (Oregon)","description":"An object immersed in a wave field is subjected to complex motions \u2013 heave (up and down), surge (back and forth) and pitch (a rolling motion). Most devices extract only a small proportion of the total energy of a passing wave. The WET-NZ device is a point absorber that has been designed to extract as much energy as possible from all types of motion.  The device is floating but the majority of it is submerged so that as much of it as possible interacts directly with the passing waves. There are three main components:    The power pod, which contains all the power conversion equipment  The hull, which is flooded with seawater to add mass to the system  The float, which pivots about a single axle between the hull and the power pod at the waterline   Because of the mass, the hull does not more vertically to track the wave profile, but can still capture surge and pitch motions. This allows the float to be excited by both vertical and horizontal motions of the waves and to rotate about the pivot, thereby creating relative motion between the two parts. By opposing this differential movement, work can be done and energy extracted.  The hull is approximately 18 meters long and 3.5 meters wide. Nominal wet mass (flooded) is approximately 50 tonnes and displacement volume is around 95% (i.e. the structure is almost fully immersed \u2013 the water line is nominally at the axle center). The float weighs approximately 4 tonnes with a displacement volume of 50%.","author":["Justin Klure"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-05-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.690000000000","-124.134000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Noise","EMF","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Seabirds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Ecosystem Processes","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:59:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5803","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-hub","sourceURL":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wave_Hub","title":"Wave Hub","description":"Wave Hub is a grid connected test site.  It aims to facilitate Wave Energy Converters (WECs) development through final demonstration and pre-commercialisation development stages by allowing developers to install, operate, and monitor commercial-scale WECs in realistic offshore marine conditions over a number of years.  By doing so, Wave Hub aims to address the support gap between initial devices, typically less than 2MW, and the arrays of several devices that will be required for commercial viability.  It is anticipated that the Wave Hub project will bring a variety of direct and indirect benefits to the south west UK region, such as:    Production of a significant amount of clean, renewable energy in the south west region;  Promotion of the south west region as a leader in the field of wave power electricity generation;  Potential creation of a number of new jobs; and  Creation of new industry and expansion of existing industry capable of manufacturing, deploying, maintaining, inspecting, repairing and decommissioning the potentially wide range of devices likely to be deployed.   The deployment area is located 16km off the north coast of Cornwall (northeast of Saint Ives) and covers an area of 8km2.  Within this area there are four berths for WECs and their mooring spreads.  Water depths at the site range from 51 \u2013 57 m.  Each berth has its own Underwater Power Converter Unit (PCU); i.e. transformers and circuit breakers that receive power generated by the WECs via semi flexible cables. Each PCU is connected to a single Termination and Distribution Unit (TDU) which in turn connects to the onshore infrastructure via a subsea export cable.  The infrastructure present at the site allows for an export capacity of 30MW, this is upgradable to 48MW.  However, the consent granted in 2007 under Section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 allows different wave energy generation technologies to be deployed at the site with a combined capacity up to 20MW.","author":["Steve Jermy"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-07-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Noise","Marine Mammals","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Physical Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-23 12:34:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5804","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-rider-wave-energy-pilot-plant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.waveriderenergy.com\/","title":"Wave Rider Wave Energy Pilot Plant","description":"The Wave Rider\u2122 is an offshore wave energy converter technology that converts the kinetic energy of the ocean into mechanical energy. The Wave Rider\u2122 is made up of an open steel truss with numerous buoyancy pontoons that keeps the structure afloat. Along the length of the structure, a series of below surface buoys are fitted that move up and down as a wave passes.This movement causes the rotation of an axle on top of the structure that is connected via a chain system, which in turn drives various generators that convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy.Wave Rider\u2122 energy converter on the sea trial.","author":["Christian Gerlach"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-07-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.738480000000","135.021067000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","EMF","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Birds","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-29 10:40:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5805","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-star-hanstholm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wavestarenergy.com\/","title":"Wave Star Hanstholm","description":"The Wavestar machine draws energy from wave power with floats that rise and fall with the up and down motion of waves. The floats are attached by arms to a platform that stands on legs secured to the sea floor. The motion of the floats is transferred via hydraulics into the rotation of a generator, producing electricity.The device installed has only 2 floats with a nominal electrical power of 110 kW and 1000 tonnes. Each float has 5m of diameter and an arm length of 10m. in case of high waves (\u0026gt;3m), the float and arm are raised up, in case of storm, the all platform is coming up. Several major storms have been experience in Hanstholm without damaging the machine due the efficient storm protection system.","author":["Laurent Marquis"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-03-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.521770000000","7.791647000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 10:56:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5806","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-dragon-pre-commercial-demonstration-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.wavedragon.net\/","title":"Wave Dragon Pre-Commercial Demonstration Project","description":"The Wave Dragon Pre-Commercial Demonstrator is a floating slack moored wave energy converter. It is moored (like a ship) in relatively deep water, i.e. more than 25 m to take advantage of the ocean waves before they lose energy as they reach the coastal area. The device allows ocean waves to overtop a ramp, which elevates water to a reservoir above sea level. This artificial \u2018head\u2019 of water is subsequently released through a number of turbines and in this way transformed into electricity. Water is returned to the sea through draft tubes in the base of the unit, which house the turbines, the only moving parts of the device. The unit comprises a central platform, with a curved ramp and a large water reservoir equipped with an array of hydro turbines, and two lateral curved wave reflecting wings which concentrate the power of incoming waves. The Wave Dragon device is designed to remain within a defined movement area regarding wave direction and tidal currents. It is fixed to a forward buoy that remains essentially stationary (in plan view). The mooring system of the device is feature between six and eight concrete gravity mooring blocks and a series of catenary mooring lines (steel chain) fixed to a buoy. In addition there will be one rear mooring block to stop the device from rotating too far in tidal currents.  In 2015 Wave Dragon closed the Section 35 application and stopped work on this site. As a test site; this location would never have been commercially viable and since 2013 work had commenced on the full scale commercial \u2018Milla Fjord\u2019 Site.","author":["Iaian Russell"],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.691670000000","-5.233330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","EMF","Habitat Change","Lighting","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Visual Impacts","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Fisheries","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:55:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5807","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/western-passage-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orpc.co\/","title":"Western Passage Tidal Energy Project","description":"The proposed Western Passage Tidal Energy Project (Project) would include an array of hydrokinetic tidal energy devices with a total capacity of up to 5-megawatts (MW) in Western Passage, Maine. Western Passage is a narrow passage in the northern Atlantic Ocean, northeast of the City of Eastport, in Washington County, Maine, and bounded by the border between the United States (U.S.) and Canada. Western Passage is the western conduit for waters flowing from the St. Croix River and Passamaquoddy Bay and into Friar Roads Bay.   ORPC plans to develop the Western Passage Project in phases to manage and retire risks and to collect operational and environmental data important for ensuring long-term project success. ORPC plans to initially test a single tidal energy device, the TidGen\u00ae Power System (TidGen), at Western Passage. ORPC\u2019s TidGen is being developed with funding provided in part by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office as part of their strategic investments in domestic renewable energy solutions. Following the successful demonstration of a single device, ORPC plans to install additional TidGen devices to create a power system array. A single TidGen is characterized for 80 kilowatts (kW) of output at 2.25 meters per second (m\/s) of velocity, with a peak output of 160 kW at 3.5 m\/s of velocity. The approximate dimensions of a TidGen device are 17.8 meters wide (58 feet) by 6 meters high (20 feet). In subsequent years of the Project, ORPC plans to replace the initial TidGen devices with larger MW-scale devices currently under development. The larger devices will also be tested in phases at Western Passage\u2013 first a single device, then an array. ORPC estimates that three to five of the larger MW-scale devices would bring the total capacity of the Project up to 5-MW. The estimated dimensions of the MW-scale devices would likely be 37.2 meters (122 feet) in width and 21.7 meters (71.2 feet) in height. Both the TidGen and larger MW-scale devices are planned to be tethered to subsea rock anchor systems.    ORPC and the City of Eastport have been economic development partners since 2006, when the parties executed An Economic Development Partnership Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). In September 2019, ORPC and the City of Eastport revised, updated, and re-signed the MOU to document the parties\u2019 joint interest in pursuing a local microgrid and battery energy storage project that would be supplied with baseload power provided from ORPC\u2019s Western Passage Tidal Energy Project. The City of Eastport worked on a local energy planning effort that was assisted by the DOE\u2019s Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Project (ETIPP). ETIPP provided Eastport with technical expertise from the National Renewable Energy Lab and the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, as well as from local partners including ORPC, Versant Power (regional utility), and the Island Institute. The Eastport ETIPP team has progressed the planning of a local microgrid that would have tidal energy as baseload and help strengthen grid reliability and resiliency in Eastport.","author":["Katie Sellers Reynolds"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2025-11-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.920470000000","-66.987170000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-04 07:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5808","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/westray-south-tidal-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dpenergy.com\/projects\/tidal\/westray-south\/","title":"Westray South Tidal Project","description":"The Westray South Tidal Array project consists of a 200MW tidal array which would require the installation and operation of up to 200 tidal turbines. It is anticipated that the project would be built out in stages although the scale of each stage has not yet been determined. The Agreement for Lease (AfL) area covers water depths ranging from 25 \u2013 54m and lies approximately 24km north of Kirkwall which is the closest sizeable port. The proposed area for tidal infrastructure deployment occupies 4.6km2 within the wider AfL area of 12.6km2.   The proposed project consists of the following key components:    All offshore infrastructure - primarily turbines, support structures and associated electrical infrastructure;  Export cable(s) to shore;  Cable landfall(s) and onshore cable to cable transition compound;  Cable transition compound;  Onshore control building and compound;  Temporary works for cable landfall; and  Access road to cable transition and control building compound.   The project technology envelope requires a degree of flexibility.  Support structure type and rotor diameter may vary depending on the location within the development area.  All devices selected will, however, fall within the design and operational limits defined for the project design envelope during the EIA .  Based on current understanding and technology evaluation work, devices with a rotor diameter of up to 24m capable of generating at least 1MW will be proposed for installation.  Therefore the maximum number of devices proposed may be up to 200.   Westray South Tidal Development Ltd. (WSTDL) is proposing to use:    Un-shrouded multi-bladed Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines (HATT) in combination with either a seabed mounted or floating support structure    Shrouded multi-bladed Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines (HATT) on a seabed mounted gravity base","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["DP Energy"],"originationDate":"2023-09-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.716000000000","-3.115000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 05:11:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5809","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/yell-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ihceb.com\/","title":"Yell Sound","description":"The Stingray tidal generator is a tidal stream turbine developed by The Engineering Business, a Newcastle based firm. Stingray uses the flow of the tidal stream over a hydroplane to create an oscillating motion that operates hydraulic cylinders to drive a motor that, in turn, drives an electrical generator. This device is a seabed-mounted machine, to be situated typically in any water depth up to 100m. It weighs some 180 tonnes and is capable of generating 150kw. The system was tested at Yell Sound off Shetland.","author":["The Engineering Business"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.573479100000","-1.333347400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Avoidance","Collision","Marine Mammals","Birds","Seabirds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-29 11:04:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5810","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/north-west-lewis-wave-array","sourceURL":"","title":"North West Lewis Wave Array","description":"Lewis Wave Power plans to develop a wave energy array, using Aquamarine\u2019s Oyster wave energy converter (WEC) technology, off Staca Mhic Cubhaig, approximately 2km north of Siadar, Lewis, Scotland.  The array will have a generation installed capacity of up to 40MW and connect to the national grid.  The array will consist of between 40 and 50 Oyster devices; depending on the design and therefore final power rating of the devices used. These devices will be positioned according to the best understanding of available wave resource, water depth, and seabed gradient and seabed protrusions.  The wave array will be configured in a linear formation running roughly parallel to the coast and will run a distance of up to 3.2km from end to end.  The Oyster wave power device is a buoyant, hinged flap which is attached to the seabed in the nearshore environment at depths of between 10 and 15 metres, around half a kilometre from the shore.  Oyster\u0027s hinged flap, which is almost entirely underwater, pitches backwards and forwards driving two hydraulic pistons which push high pressure water onshore via a subsea pipeline to drive a conventional hydro-electric turbine. Essentially Oyster is a wave-powered pump which pushes high pressure water to drive an onshore hydro-electric turbine.  Pre installation of the device, four mooring anchors in the form of rock bolts will be installed to aid securely lowering the device onto the monopile and for future maintenance. The device will then be towed to site and ballasted down to the pile in combination with a winch system using the mooring anchors. The device will mechanically engage with the pile, it will not be grouted into place. Once the device is in place, a landing platform will be installed on the shoreward side of the device. It will be pinned to the sea floor using 20 large rock bolts. Grout bags may be required to support the landing platform, these will also be secured by rock bolts.","author":["Maria Apolonia"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-03-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.418083330000","-6.464500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Collision","Displacement","Noise","Marine Mammals","Birds","Physical Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:43:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5811","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ocean-power-technologies-moray-firth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanpowertechnologies.com\/","title":"Ocean Power Technologies Moray Firth","description":"OPT\u0027s first Mark 3 PowerBuoy (also known as the PB 150) was successfully deployed at sea in April 2011 by a team including Scotland-based Global Maritime Scotland Ltd and OPT, with the support of the Cromarty Firth Port Authority. The Mark 3 is the largest and most powerful wave power device designed by OPT to date and has concluded its ocean trials. The PB 150 is engineered to produce electricity in swells ranging from 1-6 metres in a minimum water depth of 55 metres.  The power buoy creates electricity from the vertical motion of the float relative to the stationary spar. This motion drives a mechanical system coupled to generators and produces AC electricity. The device is moored using a three point mooring system.  The installation methodology involved two separate phases \u2013 the mooring installation and the Power Buoy installation.  Mooring Installation:  The mooring installation was undertaken using an anchor handling tug (AHT) equipped with a crane and associated support vessel(s). The AHT was loaded at Invergordon with all required equipment for installation of three anchors, together with all required auxiliary equipment. The AHT also had a work class ROV loaded.  Installation of the embedment anchors was carried out from the AHT.  The AHT was assisted by appropriately rated and certified assist vessels (possibly a second AHT).   On completion of the moorings installation, the location was recorded and notified to the relevant authorities.  The inboard end of each anchor cable was temporarily marked with a pennant buoy to enable the mooring to be picked up.  The installation spread could then be demobilised back to port and the moorings left in situ while waiting for the installation of the Power Buoy[1].  Power Buoy Installation:  Once the PowerBuoy mooring system was installed, the device itself was towed to site and installed. The Power Buoy was towed by tugs from the construction yard at Invergordon to site, a distance of approximately 33 nm. The device was ballasted to a horizontal configuration and secured between two pontoons. The tow comprised of two tugs and two pontoons.  The operation to install the PowerBuoy was carried out immediately on arrival of the tow to site. The PowerBuoy was be released from the pontoons and ballasted into an upright position under control of one of the tugs. The PowerBuoy had been pre-fitted with the mooring bridals and inner mooring lines which were connected to the outer mooring lines of the pre-installed mooring[1].  Operation:  The PowerBuoy was deployed for a period of 3 months. The PowerBuoy is designed for 5-yearly intervals between scheduled maintenance and thus no maintenance was planned or undertaken during this short deployment.  Communications with the device were maintained during the deployment.  A standby vessel made regular checks on the device but there was no physical interventions during the deployment.  Maintenance:  There was no maintenance during the test period.  OPT monitored turbine performance via the communications links with the device.   Vessel spread:           Vessel Type    Activity    Comment              Anchor handling tug (AHT)    Mooring installation    Equipped with crane          Various smaller support vessels were also utilised throughout the deployment and operation of the device        [1] Aquatera Ltd. 2010. Navigational Risk Assessment for Deployment of the OPT PowerBuoy in the Moray Firth For Ocean Power Technologies Ltd.","author":["Tom Clements"],"organization":["Global Maritime"],"originationDate":"2014-02-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.925000000000","-3.400000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 06:49:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5812","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/costa-head-wave-farm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scotland.gov.uk\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/costa","title":"Costa Head Wave Farm","description":"Costa Head Wave Farm Limited (CHWFL) is a partnership between Alstom and SSE Renewables UK Limited (SSER). An Agreement for Lease (AfL) over an area of 24 km2 roughly 5 km to the north of Mainland Orkney has been granted to CHWFL, giving the company exclusive rights to the development of the seabed in this area. The proposed array will be installed in two distinct phases, with the first phase seeing the construction and installation of 4 wave energy converters (WECs) producing a combined capacity of 10 MW. Phase 2 will involve the installation of the remaining devices, upgrading the array to an anticipated installed capacity of 200MW [1].  AWS-III wave energy converters will be used for this project. Initial trials of these devices is underway, however the technology is still under development and the first full scale prototype is due for deployment in 2014. The AWS-III is a self-reacting, multi-cell, floating ring shaped WEC. Wave action is converted into pneumatic power via reinforced flexible diaphragms, which in turn power a turbine-generator set that produces electricity. The lack of any exposed moving parts may contribute to extending the operational life and reliability of the AWS-III [1].  The devices will be attached to the seabed via moorings and each device will be connected to the next with interarray cables. An export cable will transfer generated electricity from the array to shore. A number of export cable routes exist, however further environmental information is required before a final route is determined. Similarly the exact location for the landfall station is not yet known, and will be identified based on environmental, technical and economic criteria [1].","author":["Maria Apolonia"],"organization":["Alstom","SSE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2026-07-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.214375000000","-3.276625000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5813","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/argyll-tidal-demonstrator-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project","description":"In October 2011, Argyll Tidal Limited (ATL) received an Agreement for Lease (AfL) with the Crown Estate under Section 3 of the Crown Estate Act 1961. This agreement initiated the investigation of the potential for development of a demonstration tidal energy array of up to 3 MW in the North Channel off the western coast of the Mull of Kintyre, Argyll and Bute, Scotland.  ATL worked with Nautricity Limited (NL), a Scottish tidal energy technology developer.     It was originally proposed that up to 6 of these devices would be deployed at the development site subject to the appropriate consents and licenses being granted.   During the feasibility and design stages of the development, ATL sought a grid connection offer from the local distribution network operator (DNO) Scottish Hydro Electric Power Distribution (SHEPD). Due to Transmission Network constraints in the wider Argyll and Bute region and the limited capacity of the Local Distribution Network, for technical reasons it became clear that without construction of extensive and costly new grid infrastructure it would not be possible to connect more than a single CoRMaT device to the existing electricity network. ATL therefore abandoned plans for a multi-device array and refocused the development to a single 500kW demonstration device. As the capacity of the development was now less than 1MW, Marine Scotland Licencing Operations Team (MS-LOT) confirmed that the Development would only require a Marine License only. MS-LOT also confirmed that consent application would require robust supporting environmental information but not a formal Environmental Statement (ES) under the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations.   As the development would also include onshore elements to facilitate the connection of the device to the existing grid connection, an onshore planning application to the local planning authority (Argyll and Bute Council) was also required.    From a technology suitability perspective, the Development Site near Kintyre was chosen for its water depths and resource levels which were well matched to the moored Nautricity device and less compatible with fixed bottom solutions.  Additional factors contributing to the suitability of the Argyll Tidal Demonstration Project Development Site included an absence of environmental designations on the site or in the immediate vicinity and the proximity of the site to the demand centre in Scotland (central belt).  It was planned for the device to operate on site for up to 7 years.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Argyll Tidal Limited (ATL)"],"originationDate":"2023-06-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.310700000000","-5.854900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 05:23:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5814","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/west-islay-tidal-project-energy-park","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.power-technology.com\/projects\/west-islay-tidal-farm-scotland\/#:~:text=Programme%20(FP7).-,The%20proposed%20400MW%20West%20Islay%20Tidal%20Farm%20will%20be%20one,DEME%20Blue%20Energy%20(DBE).","title":"West Islay Tidal Project Energy Park","description":"The development site lies approximately 6km off the  Rinns of Islay, Islay, Inner Hebrides, Scotland and covers approximately 2 km2 of seabed. The long term goal is to expand the array. In 2009, a two-year marine mammal and bird survey campaign was commenced in the area. Upon the completion of these surveys in 2011, an Agreement for Lease for the development area was granted by the Crown Estate.   The site development proposals are based on a technology neutral approach to minimise development risk. It is not possible to adopt a completely neutral approach given the physical constraints and resources at the site; therefore a design envelope has been developed based on generic design philosophy. The design envelope includes seabed mounted devices that are either surface piercing or non-surface piercing with horizontal axis turbines. The design envelope considers twin and single horizontal rotor devices up to 20 m diameter.   Mooring and Foundations:   There are several possible methodologies for securing the turbine in position, these include a gravity base, piled or pin-piled fixed base. The MCT\/Siemens device incorporates two turbine units attached to a lifting cross arm mounted on a steel tower anchored in the seabed (the Seagen S). Alstom\u2019s turbine is mounted on a tripod support structure pinned to the seabed. Hammerfest propose a similar tripod foundation but with ballast used to keep the structure in place.4 Alternative floating support structure systems have also been considered as part of the EIA.    Export Cables:   The inter-array cabling will be marshalled and exported to shore via up to three 33kV subsea export cables, landing at Islay. A number of routes and landfall locations  were\/ continue to be considered. The preferred option at the time of Marine Consent application and the one which is described within the Environmental Statement (ES) is to route the export cable east from the tidal park to a landfall location at Kintra on Islay.   Onshore Infrastructure:   The existing infrastructure on Islay will need to be upgraded to facilitate the power transfer from the project to the grid on the mainland which will require deep reinforcement.  Vessel Spread:   The number of vessel movements and type of vessels used will depend on the selected turbine technology.4 This information will be provided in the Construction Method Statement once the final design has been completed; however the installation works is most likely to be carried out by either jack up vessels, dynamic positioning vessels or heavy lift vessels. The vessels that are likely to be used are outline in the following table.                  Type of installation     vessel            Option 1:    Large size Jack up barge as installation vessel            Option 2:    Medium size Jack up barge as    installation vessel            Option 3:    Dynamic positioning scenario                  Size of vessel            150m x 45m             68m x 38m             155m x 30m                  Footprint of mooring system            4 triangular lattice spuds with circa 140m2 spud area            4 circular spuds ca. 10m\u00b2 spud area    (possibly extended with spud cans)            Dynamic positioning holding a footprint of +\/- 5m                  No. tugs required            Jack up vessel is typically self-propelled,             Jack up vessel is typically self-propelled, but possible single tug required for initialpositioning (30x22m)            n\/a                  Anchor handling vessel            n\/a            n\/a            n\/a                  Flat top barge (to bring out large items)            n\/a            n\/a            n\/a                  Crew change support vessel (vessel length)            Up to 26m                         Up to 26m                  Install vessel            100m x 50m                         100m x 50m                  SeaGen unit installed by             Same vessel            JUP vessel in case SeaGen S unit split up    into multiplesections or by HLV (Heavy    Lifting Vessel)             DP2 vessel in case SeaGen S unit split up into    multiple sections or by HLV 4","author":["Mark Wardle"],"organization":["DEME Blue Energy (DBE)","DP Energy"],"originationDate":"2023-10-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.650000000000","-6.600000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise","EMF","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Fish","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:02:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5815","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/fair-head-tidal-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dpenergy.info\/fht\/","title":"Fair Head Tidal Array","description":"Fair Head Tidal (FHT), a development company set up by DP Marine Energy (DPME) and DEME Blue Energy (DBE), proposes to build a tidal energy development of up to 100MW installed capacity off Fair Head in North Antrim in Northern Ireland.   The project received an \u201cAgreement for Lease\u201d (AfL) from The Crown Estate (TCE) on the 10th October 2012.  The AfL allows the developer exclusive rights to develop a tidal energy site off Fair Head. The planning application for the project was submitted in February 2017. If, following consultation and environmental impact assessments, the proposal is consented the build programme for phase 1 (four to six turbines depending on turbine capacity) is due to begin in Q2 of 2018 and is planned to be operational by the end of the year, although this will depend heavily on resolving onshore grid connection issues.  The area of development lies within the Rathlin Island and Torr Head Strategic Area 2km east of Fair Head.  The site occupies a total area of approximately 4.2km2 and is around 1km off the North Antrim Coast in Northern Ireland.    Grab samples collected by the British Geological survey indicate that the seabed in this area is an extensive rocky outcrop supporting some gravelly sediments, with the majority of the area from Fair Head to Torr Head being shallow course sediment plains.  Water depths vary from 25 to 130m with a steep slope being present 50m from the headland.  This extends out to 1km and the gradient levels off at a depth of around 120m 4km from the coast line.","author":["DP Energy"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.231000000000","-6.107000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-23 02:29:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5816","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/meygen-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/saerenewables.com\/tidal-stream\/meygen\/","title":"MeyGen Tidal Energy Project","description":"The MeyGen tidal stream energy project is owned by SAE Renewables (SAE) previously known as SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd, a global developer of sustainable development projects. MeyGen was awarded an Agreement for Lease for the Inner Sound tidal development site on 21 October 2010 by The Crown Estate. The Inner Sound Agreement for Lease is for 398MW of installed tidal stream energy capacity and will be consented in a phased approach. Phase 1 is currently operational while Phase 2 and 3 have been awarded at this stage.  Phase 1 is an operational 6MW demonstration array, which comprises four 1.5MW turbines installed as part of MeyGen\u2019s \u201cdeploy and monitor strategy\u201d and entered into the 25-year operational phase in April 2018. All the turbines are upstream, three-bladed, horizontal-axis machines, fully submerged and mounted on gravity-base foundations resting on the seabed:    1 x Atlantis Resources Limited AR1500: with a rated capacity of 1.5MW at 3.0 m\/s, a rotor diameter of 18 m, and is designed to withstand the extreme environmental conditions expected to be encountered in the Pentland Firth in Scotland and the Bay of Fundy in Canada. The detailed design of this cutting-edge turbine was completed by Lockheed Martin Corporation during 2014. The AR1500 system has pitching blades and full nacelle yaw rotation capability to facilitate operation in highly energetic deployment locations.  3 x Andritz Hydro Hammerfest HS1500: consisting of a horizontal axis rotor (18 m rotor diameter), pitched blades and yaw feeding a variable speed conventional generator via a gearbox and reaches rated power at current speeds of 3 m\/s. Automatic control software governing a sensor-driven monitoring system adjusts the leading edge to capture optimum output from a given tidal environment. It is designed to handle flows between 1 and well above 4 m\/s, in water depths down to 100m.   Another milestone of Phase1 is Project Stroma which comprises a subsea hub installed in September 2020. This allows multiple turbines to be connected to a single power export cable. This will significantly reduce the costs associated with grid connection. The length of power export cable as well as the amount of onshore conversion equipment required for grid connection will be significantly reduced, as will the amount of horizontal directional drilling and the amount of vessel time required for cable installation. Project Stroma will connect two additional Atlantis AR2000 turbines via the new subsea hub to a single power export cable which will then be connected via the MeyGen substation to the National Grid.   Phase 2 has recently been awarded a total of 59MW from the three latest allocation rounds for Contracts for Difference (CfD) (Allocation Rounds 4,5 and 6) with a target commissioning date of 2027, 2028 and 2029 respectively. Overall, the Meygen lease and site resource allows for a capacity out to 398MW, therefore future phases of the project would seek to expand the consents and build out the remainder of this capacity.  SAE are also exploring the opportunity to collocate the tidal stream project alongside storage solutions, based upon prior experience at Uskmouth Energy Park. This is called the Meygen Sustainable Energy Park.  Export Cables: Each turbine requires its own cable to shore. Each cable was brought to shore via horizontal directional drilled (HDD) bores through the bedrock which terminate in a Power Conversion Centre (PCC). This subsea cable installation was carried out in September 2015 (see below).  Onshore Infrastructure: MeyGen requires an onshore PCC, cable landfall and cable routes from the PCC to the grid connection location.  At the PCC, the electricity is transformed up to higher voltages for export to the national transmission grid.  A further connection to the high voltage transmission network with Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission Ltd. has been secured, providing enough capacity to cover a large proportion of the remainder of the Project. The onshore infrastructure for the project was completed in early 2016 (see below).  Vessel Spread: The following vessels were utilised during construction and operation:                 Vessel type            Activity            Comment                  DP installation vessel            Installation of  turbine support structures            Smaller vessels were present for support services.     During year 1 and 2 of installation, only one DP vessel was onsite at any one time.  During year 3, two DP vessels were on site during support structure installation.                   Installation of export cables                  DP installation vessel (or tug)            Install turbines onto support structures","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["MeyGen"],"originationDate":"2025-01-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.658410000000","-3.125039000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Collision","Noise","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Fish","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:37:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5817","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/anglesey-skerries-tidal-stream-array","sourceURL":"","title":"Anglesey Skerries Tidal Stream Array","description":"Site selection, feasibility assessments and environmental studies began in 2006 and a newly created development company, SeaGeneration (Wales) Ltd, was set up in 2008 as a joint venture between Marine Current Turbines (MCT) and RWE npower renewables to develop the project. MCT was subsequently bought over by tidal industry leader Atlantis Resources Ltd in 2015. The location for the proposed array was a 0.56 km2 site between the group of rocks and islands known as the Skerries and Carmel Head.  The site is less than 1km from the Anglesey coast and is characterised by water depths of around 20 to 40 m.  Its close proximity to Holyhead made the site suitable due to access to good port facilities, the national grid and transport connections. The proposed array was planned to consist of up to 9 SeaGen devices and have a total installed capacity of up to 10 MW.  The array was planned to operate for up to 25 years and serve as a test case for the development of the technology in multi device arrays.  The technology used was to be the Atlantis AR Series Turbines, which are commercial-scale horizontal axis turbines designed for open ocean deployment in the most energetic marine environments on the planet. The Atlantis AR turbines are currently available in a 1.5 MW AR1500 system designed by Lockheed Martin Corporation, and the 1.5 MW SeaGen U system, both with active pitch configuration and yaw capability. AR series turbines are deployed using a patented stab system that facilitates rapid deployment, retrieval and subsea connection to shore.  Key design Features of the AR tidal turbine systems include:    A single axial flow rotor that drives a generator via a gearbox - much like a  wind turbine  Complex electrical infrastructure such as converters are located on the shore to reduce the amount of electrical equipment contained offshore  Stab system enables rapid retrieval without having to recover the foundation structure - for ease of maintenance  AR series turbine systems produce fully grid compliant power","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.418262500000","-4.576385000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-04 03:51:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5818","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/farr-point-wave-array-phase-1","sourceURL":"","title":"Farr Point Wave Array - Phase 1","description":"The project aims to install a 10MW wave farm roughly 7-12km off the north shore of Scotland near Bettyhill, Sutherland.  In 2010 Pelamis Wave Power (PWP) was successful in securing a seabed lease option from The Crown Estate which provides exclusivity over the \u2018Area of Search\u2019 (AoS) for survey work and site investigations. The area occupies approximately 100 km2, 2-3km2 of which will be taken up by this initial phase one deployment. Up to 10 devices will be installed producing a combined capacity of 10MW. The Area for Lease (Afl) is planned to accommodate a capacity of 50MW and it is expected that future deployments will increase the arrays capacity to this level.","author":["Maria Apolonia"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-02-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.622950000000","-4.289600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:28:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5819","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/kyle-rhea-tidal-stream-array-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project","description":"The proposed array was planned to consist of four SeaGen S devices, giving a combined capacity of up to 8 megawatts (MW). Infrastructure including intra-array and export cables, ancillary onshore works and works in the inter-tidal zone was additionally planned to connect the array to the electricity distribution network. Such infrastructure needed to produce grid compliant electricity was contained within the SeaGen system itself, requiring no external power conditioning. This project intended to serve as a test case for the development of the technology, with this particular array operating for up to 25 years.  The SeaGen S system, developed by Marine Current Turbines (MCT), consists of twin power trains mounted on a crossbeam which is supported by a monopole. The cross beam can be raised above the water by winching it up the monopole support structure. Rotor blades are positioned in the top third of the water column and can be pitched through 180 degrees, allowing them to operate in bi-directional flows. Previous trials have shown that the SeaGen S is capable of achieving more than 48% efficiency over a broad range of current velocities. SeaGen S can be deployed in water depths up to 38 metres and achieves rated power in tidal currents of greater than 2.4 m\/s. The developers have recently updated the design, giving each machine an operational capacity of 2MW and increasing the rotor diameter from 16 to 20 m.  Foundations: Each device was planned to have either a tripod or quadropod foundation structure with each \u2018foot\u2019 terminating in a pin-pile (up to 2 m diameter), drilled and grouted into a rock socket in the seabed. A quadropod structure was considered in the impact assessments throughout the Environmental Statement as a worst case scenario. Each rock socket may have been up to 11 m deep and up to 2.2 m in diameter, providing a worst case seabed footprint of up to 15.2 m2 for each quadropod. The foundations would also support access ladders, J-tubes (to prevent export cable damage), corrosion protection equipment and a boat landing platform.  Export Cables: The array was to be joined in a daisy chain formation using intra-array cabling. The intra-array cables were 33 kV, typically 3-core copper conductors with insulation\/conductor screening and steel wire armouring. A single AC subsea export cable rated at 33 kV would have been required to bring generated electricity from the array to the project substation. The export cable would be directionally drilled from the substation location to a \u2018break out\u2019 point as close as possible to the array. The cable was planned to have a polypropylene outer sleeve with an external diameter of approximately 140mm, and include internal fibre optic communication links for control purposes.  Onshore Infrastructure: An assessment of the grid infrastructure in the vicinity of the project indicated that the connection options suitable for the project were all on Skye rather than on Scottish Mainland. A small substation containing electrical switchgear (around 6 m x 3 m footprint by 3 m high) was required for the project, which was planned to be housed inside a prefabricated container. Each SeaGen device contained a separate transformer within its structure, so that the onshore substation size could be kept to a minimum.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.230000000000","-5.662000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Collision","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-04 03:53:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5820","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wello-penguin-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.wello.eu","title":"Wello Penguin at EMEC","description":"Wello Oy (Wello) conducted a full scale demonstration of its \u2018Penguin\u2019 wave energy converter (WEC) at the European Marine Energy Centre\u2019s (EMEC\u2019s) wave test site facility at Billia Croo in Orkney, during 2011-2014.  The device\u2019s nominal capacity was 1 MW and during operation, it fed electricity into the local grid via EMEC\u2019s pre-installed subsea cable. The device was installed at a new deep water berth (~60m) at the north end of the site. In January 2016 the Penguin device was towed from Hatston Pier in Orkney to Falmouth Port on the Cornish Court, where it was planned for deployment (along with two other penguin devices) at the Wave Hub test facility, as part of the Clean Energy from Ocean Waves (CEFOW) project. The project is funded under the EU\u2019s Horizon 2020 programme and aims to test arrays of devices in challenging sea conditions over a period of several years. However, in December 2016 it was announced that the deployment location would be changed to EMEC as a result of a change in schedule. This change in schedule led to the need for a challenging winter deployment, setting the requirements for fast connections that are available at EMEC.  The Penguin device was deployed again in Orkney early during 2017. The installation methods set out below refers to the initial deployment of the Penguin device at the EMEC site (2011), however, the installation method remained broadly similar for the most recent deployment. No additional environmental baseline data was gathered for the 2017 deployment. In March 2019, Wello\u2019s Penguin marked its two-year anniversary of continuous deployment.  Construction of a second device started during the summer of 2017. The second device is also planned for deployment at the EMEC site.  More recently, after a long deployment, on March 22nd 2019, the Penguin prototype sank at EMEC test site. This marked the end of the first test period in the EU funded CEFOW-project, which will continue with the new devices. The prototype, which was launched in 2010, had been deployed four times altogether over a period of nine years. During the testing period, the device fulfilled expectations and accomplished what the prototype was built for, having survived waves of over 18 meters, proving invaluable insights on the technology, mooring construction, cable connection, control software, and power take-off construction for subsequent models.  The CEFOW project, coordinated by Fortum will continue with the deployment of two commercially ready devices. The first, the new Penguin WEC2, is an optimised Penguin model based on proven technology. The WEC2 has been towed to Orkney from the Tallinn shipyard, Estonia and is expected to be installed to the EMEC test site later during 2019.    Penguin WEC2 sets the benchmark for state-of-the-art wave energy technology, improving energy generation compared to the previously deployed WEC1, and boasting an increase in 380% in power production. The WEC2 is a key milestone towards the full potential of ocean-wave energy conversion technology, confirming all calculations and energy costs Wello presented on the Global Wave Energy Potential and Wave Energy Levels map.  WEC2 is funded by both the European Commission\u2019s research and innovation program Horizon 2020 Clean Energy From Ocean Waves (CEFOW), and project participants.","author":["Millie Green"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-06-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Noise","Physical Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 04:26:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5821","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/sotenas-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seabased.com","title":"Soten\u00e4s Project","description":"The project was gradually ended throughout 2017-18 as funding ceased. At present, the initially deployed 34 seabed-based units are still in place, and discussions are undergoing in order to keep them at the site as artificial reefs. No buoys are attached or have been since 2016. The following and updated text should, therefore, mainly be seen as historical information.   Seabased\u2019s WEC uses a simple, ring-shaped buoy tethered by a steel and synthetic line to a power unit housed on the seabed and based on the technology developed at Uppsala University. As the waves rise and fall, the buoy pulls up and down on a cable attached to a linear \u2018translator\u2019 \u2014a kind of rotor\u2014that uses a permanent or ferrite-magnet system encased in stators to generate power.","author":["Jan Sundberg"],"organization":["Fortum","Seabased Industry"],"originationDate":"2024-04-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.379220000000","11.149070000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Habitat Change","EMF","Changes in Flow","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Fisheries","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-25 08:37:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5822","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/atlantic-marine-energy-test-site-amets","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanenergyireland.com\/test-facilities\/atlantic-marine-energy-test-site\/","title":"Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS)","description":"The Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS) is being developed by Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) to facilitate testing of full-scale wave energy converters and floating offshore wind technologies in an open ocean environment.  AMETS will be located off Annagh Head, west of Belmullet in County Mayo and will be connected to the national grid. The test site is an integral component of Ireland\u2019s Ocean Energy Strategy and is being developed in accordance with the national Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP).  The site will be focused on wave and wind energy and will provide two separate test locations at various depths of water to allow for a range of devices to be tested. The test site will provide a grid connected national test facility, to which full scale wave energy converters and floating offshore wind technologies could be coupled during their final stages of pre-commercial development.","author":["Nathan Kirwan"],"organization":["Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2026-07-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.269167000000","-10.260833000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Noise","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Visual Impacts","Navigation","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-15 08:08:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5823","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/falmouth-bay-test-site-fabtest","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.FaBTest.com\/","title":"Falmouth Bay Test Site (FaBTest)","description":"FaBTest is a 2.8km2 non grid connected, pre-consented nursery test site consisting of three test berths situated within Falmouth Harbour.  It is located between three and five kilometres offshore in Falmouth Bay, approximately 4.5km from the entrance of Falmouth Harbour.  Due to the site\u2019s pre-consented status, any device conforming to the design envelope may be deployed subject to scheduling and berth availability.  The device envelope allows for the following:Substantially buoy-shaped device with a maximum diameter of 30m;Substantially box-shaped device with a maximum dimensions of 30m x 30m or equivalent areaSubstantially tubular-shaped device with a maximum length of 180m;Floating platform type device with maximum dimensions of 35m x 35m or equivalent area; and subsystem connectors and umbilicalsAs of 2026, Falmouth Harbour now describes FaBTest as a Crown Estate leased test site for prototype, demonstrator or experimental renewable energy devices that generate electricity from waves, currents or wind, along with related cables, instruments and subsystems. Mooring systems are restricted to gravity and drag embedment anchors.  Guarded underwater turbines are also permitted and work towards achieving consent for a defined range of floating wind devices is underway.Due to the pre-consented status, the application process for deployment on FaBTest is relatively straightforward.  Upon application the developer must provide evidence of engineering due diligence, environmental and other risk assessments, as well as deployment and decommissioning plans and evidence of required insurance and financial bonds.The site itself offers water depths from 15m on the northern boundary to 50m on the eastern side of the southern boundary and seabed types of rock, gravel and sand.  The site is sheltered from prevailing south westerly wind and swell directions but is exposed to significant sea states from the east and south east.  This combination enables the high levels of accessibility to the site, but also provides significant testing conditions.  As a result FaBTest provides a step in the device development process, between tank testing and demonstration deployment.  It allows the testing of marine energy technologies (concepts or full scale devices), components, moorings and deployment procedures in a moderate wave climate.The peak tide height range is around 6.0m while the peak tidal surface current is around 0.8m\/s.  Wave and tidal climate modelling results can be found within FaBTest\u2019s publication Appendix 9: Description of Site Characteristics and Eligible Test Installations.","author":["Adam Roberts"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-06-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Noise","Habitat Change","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 11:30:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5824","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-dragon-project-milla-fjord-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.wavedragon.net\/","title":"Wave Dragon Project - Milla Fjord Site","description":"The Wave Dragon technology is a floating slack moored wave energy converter. The larger versions of Wave Dragon with 4MW or more installed power are moored in relatively deep water to take advantage of the ocean waves before they lose energy as they reach the coastal area. The device allows ocean waves to overtop a ramp, which elevates water to a reservoir above sea level. This artificial \u2018head\u2019 of water is subsequently released (through gravity alone) through a large number of propeller turbines and in this way transformed into electricity. The vertical turbines are directly coupled to generators \u2013 the rotor axis being the only moving parts of the device. The unit comprises a central reservoir platform, with a doubly curved ramp. Two curved wave reflecting wings that concentrate the power of incoming waves are attached to the platform. The Wave Dragon device is fixed to a forward anchor buoy which) is moored through polymer-ropes in combination with chains to six to 10 anchors depending on site and wave climate.","author":["Iain Russell"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-02-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.675880400000","-5.259794600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 04:11:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5825","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/plat-o-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/sustainable-marine\/","title":"PLAT-O at EMEC","description":"Platform for Ocean Energy (PLAT-O) is a submerged taut moored, buoyant, subsea reaction sub-system, which acts as a support structure for  tidal turbines. When in operation, the platform positions the turbines in the optimum high flow, low wave region of  the water column for the extraction of energy from the tidal stream. PLAT-O has been designed to maximize power capture while minimizing operational costs and operations and maintenance (O\u0026amp;M) requirements.   PLAT-O relies on the buoyancy of the installed structure acting against a taut mooring system. The interaction of these elements produces a stable platform capable of supporting two turbines in normal operating conditions. The platform also has the ability to comply with the tidal stream, current and waves in extreme conditions reducing the loads produced.  Since the load is transferred to the seabed in a straight line via the mooring lines, which act in tension, the weight of all system components is easily optimised in comparison to traditional seabed mounted structures. In addition, the turbines can be positioned in the optimum position to balance the loading caused by wave action against the increased power available in the tidal flow with separation from the seabed boundary layer.  SME has been developing the PLAT-O concept since its inception in 2012.  In order to achieve a step change in the cost of tidal energy SME has pursued the development of small generation installations with matching diminutive capital expenditure and O\u0026amp;M costs.  SCHOTTEL Hydro has supplied SCHOTTEL Instream Turbines (SITs) for the PLAT-O project.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Sustainable Marine"],"originationDate":"2019-04-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.153380000000","-2.831470000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Entanglement","Displacement","EMF","Changes in Flow","Collision","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:37:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5827","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/hs1000-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?attachment_id=5723","title":"HS1000 at EMEC","description":"In cooperation with ScottishPower Renewables, Andritz Hydro Hammerfest installed a 1MW pre commercial tidal power turbine on December 2011 at the Falls of Warness, in the Orkney Isles UK.  Technology: The HS1000 turbine is based on the technology of a smaller turbine, the HS300, which was installed in Norway as the first ever tidal current turbine with permanent connection to the public grid in 2004. The 1 MW HS1000 device is a fully submerged, bottom mounted, rotor, variable pitch turbine. The nacelle houses the turbine, gearbox, generator and associated components. The pitch of the rotors is variable to present the most efficient angle of incidence to the oncoming flow. On reversal of the tide the rotors alter pitch so that the turbine generates maximum generation from the tidal environment, hence the nacelle does not yaw. The rotor blades turn slowly when the tide is running; the gearbox increases the rotational speed to allow for generation at network frequency. The device itself incorporates a self-levelling device allowing the rotor to face directly into the current.  Foundations: The turbine is mounted on a 22-meter-high seabed mounted substructure. Three ballast packages were used as gravity-based foundations resulting in the substructure having a dry weight of approximately 800 tonnes. It is possible to remove the nacelle from the support structure, leaving it in situ while the nacelle is taken away for maintenance.   Vessel spread: A DP vessel with a heavy lift crane was used to install the substructure, cable and nacelle. The exact vessel used has not been specified.","author":["Catriona Phillips"],"organization":["Andritz Hydro"],"originationDate":"2016-08-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.142100000000","-2.817600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","Displacement","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 10:21:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5828","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-rite-project-pilot","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.verdantpower.com\/projects","title":"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project Pilot","description":"The RITE Project Pilot, licensed under FERC P-12611, builds on the successful RITE Demonstration that was developed from 2005-08. The RITE Project Pilot will consist of:    A Project boundary of approximately 21 acres, including shoreline lands for interconnection;  Project works consisting of:     Up to Thirty 35-kW, 5-meter diameter axial flow Kinetic Hydropower Systems (KHPS) turbines;   Up to Ten TriFrameTM mounts, each of which will support 3 KHPS turbines;   480-volt underwater cables from each turbine to five shoreline switchgear vaults that will interconnect to a control room and interconnection points, and;   Appurtenant faculties for navigation and operation.       In accordance with the FERC Pilot Project License, the RITE Pilot Project is being installed in stages with commensurate environmental monitoring as follows:    Install B-1: Install a single TriFrame, consisting of three Gen5 turbines (Planned 2 Q 2020.)  Install B-2: Install up to three additional TriFrames, consisting of up to nine Gen5 turbines (Potential, timing extended beyond the pilot license period)   Install C: Install up to six additional TriFrames, consisting of up to eighteen Gen5 turbines (for total installation of no more than 30 Gen5 turbines) (Potential, timing extended beyond the pilot license period)","author":["Ron Smith"],"organization":["Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","Fish","Marine Mammals","Birds","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 08:56:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5829","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/marine-energy-research-innovation-centre-meric","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.meric.cl\/","title":"Marine Energy Research and Innovation Centre (MERIC)","description":"The Marine Energy Research and Innovation Centre (MERIC) was initiated by DCNS Energies (Currently Naval Group) and Enel Green Power supported by the Chilean Ministry of Energy, through the government\u2019s economic development organisation CORFO (Corporaci\u00f3n de Fomento de la Producci\u00f3n). MERIC program is 8-years long supported by a contribution of around 17 million US dollars as well as an in-kind funding, 53% of which will come through cash funding from the Chilean government\u2019s economic development organisation named CORFO.   MERIC is a ground-breaking global centre of marine energy R\u0026amp;D excellence in Chile, that gathers highly motivated people with great experience to support six research projects related to marine energy, in the fields: resource assessment, site characterization, bio-fouling, bio-corrosion, technology adaptation to extreme ocean conditions and technology integration to current marine industries.   MERIC has developed a flagship project, the Open Sea Lab, a WEC installed in Las Cruces, that supplies energy to marine sensing instruments around the OPT buoy. This project has reunited and integrated MERIC\u2019s team capacities around the installation and monitoring around this test site. Open Sea Lab, had in operation the OPT WEC during years 2 and 3 resisting several storm surges, being dismantled in September 2023. Open Sea Lab Project is currently in operation through their instrumentation which is sustained by normal batteries.   MERIC experts are developing tools, guidance and capabilities to facilitate and coordinate the implementation of offshore renewable energy technologies to Chile\u2019s unique natural conditions (seismic activity, rugged coastline, a particularly rich and diverse array of marine flora and fauna).   Concurrently, MERIC has examined international experience related to procedures, regulations, and public policies that could be adopted in a Chilean context. Researchers at MERIC are also looking to ensure an appropriate management of social and environmental impacts of marine renewable energy (MRE) projects, with a focus on community engagement and the development of models and protocols to support the decision-making process.  During the first 7 years of development, MERIC established a national and international reference on MRE with a consolidated infrastructure and experience which has allowed knowledge to local coastal and marine industries, through applied research, technological development and innovation in all of the sciences areas involved in the exploitation of marine energy resources. Particularly, the Center has been understanding the ecosystem dynamics of the coasts along the country for the adaptation of current MRE technologies to the extreme conditions of Chile and its hazards. MERIC is structured as a hub for innovation in marine energy in Chile and at global level.  Currently, the Center is exploring opportunities in these areas:    Integration of marine energy solutions to the hydrogen industry that is being introduced strongly in the country, mainly in the Magallanes Region, to support the optimization of energy storage and back up processes of producing hydrogen and e-fuels.   Integration of floating offshore wind in the decarbonization national strategy, near the places where carbon plant are going to shut down. Also as a long term strategy, as in land wind energy is generating several challenges.   Integrations of general offshore renewable energy for the sustainable development of industries and communities at sea, eg: isolated communities, islands, aquaculture industries.    The research activities are carried out at:    Marine Research Laboratory of Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile ECIM (Estaci\u00f3n Costera de Investigaciones Marinas), located in Las Cruces, Valpara\u00edso region;   Laboratory of engineering y biotechnology of Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile (PUC) in Santiago, Metropolitan region;   Department of hydraulics and environment of PUC in San Joaquin, Metropolitan region;   Department of naval engineering of University Austral of Chile (UACh) in Valdivia, Los Rios region.","author":["Nathalie Almonacid"],"organization":["Chilean Ministry of Energy"],"originationDate":"2025-11-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.498732000000","-71.633714000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-27 04:38:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5830","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/biowave-port-fairy-pilot-wave-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bps.energy","title":"BioWave Port Fairy Pilot Wave Energy Project","description":"BioWAVETM is a point-absorber wave energy converter with integrated power take-off, O-DriveTM, and shore connection for grid integration. It is a bottom-mounted pitching device that spans the water column and absorbs energy both from heaving motion at the surface and pitching motion, from subsurface back-and-forth motion. The installed 250kW pilot device has three cylindrical buoyant \u2018blades\u2019 that can be proportionally filled with air and water to tune power capture to the wave environment. The blades can be disengaged from the power take-off unit and completely filled with water, to sink for Survival mode in harsh wave conditions.","author":["Tim Finnigan"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.398417000000","142.172667000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Birds","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 08:47:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5831","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/marmok-5-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceantecenergy.com\/","title":"MARMOK-A-5 Wave Energy Converter","description":"The MARMOK-A-5 is a prototype of a low power WEC. It is a floating device, is a spar buoy based on OWC technology. The prototype \u2013 the result of public pre-commercial procurement by the EVE (Basque Energy Agency) - has a length of 42m (36m draft and 6m freeboard), is 5m in diameter, with a displacement of 162Tm. It was installed on the BiMEP marine energy platform, the first WEC connected to the Spanish state electricity grid, and one of the first devices connected in the world.   This WEC was initially developed by Oceantec. This company was acquired, incorporating all its assets and personnel, by IDOM in September 2018.   With this prototype, IDOM has successfully achieved all the planned objectives. Firstly, demonstrate that it could withstand three winters, operating in the open waters of the Atlantic (2016-2019), on occasions overcoming waves of up to 14m. Secondly, it has provided an enormous amount of data and valuable experience to IDOM during all the phases of its life cycle: modelling, design, certification, manufacturing, installation, operation, maintenance and removal.   The MARMOK-A-5 has been deployed twice. The initial configuration (October 2016 \u2013 June 2018) had two Wells turbines developed by IDOM \/ Oceantec, and polymer anchor lines.   In the second configuration (October 2018 \u2013 June 2019), the MARMOK-A-5 has served as a test platform for the Horizon 2020 OPERA project, where innovations of several European companies and institutions have been tested: bi-radial turbine, control algorithms, elastomeric mooring systems, which could reduce the cost of generating energy by more than 50%.   Building on this experience, IDOM will continue with its technological development, working towards a commercial-sized WEC that will produce electricity at a competitive price.","author":["Paxti Etxanzi"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-01-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.469310000000","-2.869838000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 08:53:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5832","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/nautricity-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/nautricity\/","title":"Nautricity at EMEC","description":"Nautricity tested its second-generation tidal turbine CoRMaT, a 500 kW prototype device suitable for deployment in water depths of 8 \u2013 500 m. This follows deployment and testing of a mooring system at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) which included Nautricity\u0027s \u0027Hydrobuoy\u0027 \u2013 a hydro-dynamic subsurface float whose lift varies with tidal flow velocity, and deployment of the turbine onto the mooring assembly at EMEC and observation of its performance in wave and tidal environments, both in 2013.  The CorMaT turbine employs two closely-spaced contra-rotating rotors, which drive the rotor and rotating stator sections of an electrical generator. The first rotor has three blades rotating in a clockwise direction while the second rotor, located directly behind the first, has four blades rotating in an anti-clockwise direction. Buoyancy chambers at the front and rear sections of the nacelle are tuned to achieve neutral buoyancy. The turbine is connected to a tensioned mooring at a point in the water column where the flow velocity is greatest and surface wave action minimized.","author":["Lisa MacKenzie"],"organization":["Nautricity"],"originationDate":"2021-08-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.135233300000","-2.816033300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","EMF","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:10:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5833","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/scotrenewables-sr2000-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orbitalmarine.com\/technology\/","title":"ScotRenewables SR2000 at EMEC","description":"Orbital Marine Power (formerly Scotrenewables) first installed their full-scale prototype floating tidal energy technology, the 2 MW SR2000, onto its moorings at the European Marine Energy Centre\u2019s (EMEC) Fall of Warness tidal test site in October 2016. The device provided first power to the grid in November 2016.  The project was supported by Scottish Enterprise\u2019s WATERS II (Wave and Tidal Energy R\u0026amp;D Support). The testing programme at EMEC was also supported via the FORESEA Interreg-NEW funded project.  Designed to DNV-GL standards with a 20 year design life, the SR2000 was designed to minimise the whole lifecycle cost of electricity production from tidal energy.  The shape and design of Orbital\u2019s technology was developed to enable low-cost fabrication and a simplified installation and maintenance process.  The SR2000 device consists of twin turbines with rotor blades 16m in length, each fixed to retractable legs which are mounted to a 64m floating platform, which enables the turbine to be positioned in the most energetic parts of the tidal stream. The flexible mooring system means the devices can be installed in any water depths of over 25m and can be deployed with a range of anchoring systems to suit most seabed types.","author":["James Murray"],"organization":["Orbital Marine Power"],"originationDate":"2019-03-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Noise","EMF","Changes in Flow","Collision","Marine Mammals","Fish","Physical Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:00:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5834","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/swansea-bay-tidal-lagoon-sbtl","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tidallagoonpower.com\/projects\/swansea-bay\/","title":"Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL)","description":"The Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL) will be the world\u2019s first purpose-built tidal energy lagoon. The 320MW pathfinder project aims to provide a scalable blueprint for tidal lagoons, opening up the option of a fleet of larger UK tidal lagoons to generate renewable electricity.The project is situated at Swansea Port, approximately 2.2km southeast of Swansea city centre. The Lagoon will enclose part of Swansea Bay, from the eastern side of the River Tawe (western landfall) to the eastern edge of the Swansea University Bay Campus. The seawalls impounding the Lagoon will extend approximately 1.5km directly offshore from SUBC, adjacent to Crymlyn Burrows Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The seawalls will then extend in a southwest direction along the western boundary of the training wall of the River Neath Channel. A turbine and sluice gate housing structure will be located in the south west of the Lagoon, at an oblique angle to the dredged channel of the River Tawe. The seawall will then extend north towards Swansea Port, close to the mouth of the River Tawe, parallel but offset by 100m from the dredged channel for the River Tawe and Port of Swansea. In total, this will form an approximately 9.5km-long, U-shaped, seawall which will impound approximately 11.5km2 of the seabed, foreshore and intertidal area of Swansea Bay.The hydro (water) turbines located within the turbine and sluice gate housing will be bi-directional, meaning they are able to generate power with flows of water in both directions (i.e. on both incoming and outgoing tides). There will be up to 16 x 20 MW turbines, each one around 7m in diameter, and all located permanently underwater. There will also be eight sluice gates; these are large gates which will be underwater and able to let seawater in and out of the Lagoon, and so controlling the water passing through the turbines, as required.To generate electricity, as the sea starts to rise (flood tide) from low tide level, water is prevented from entering the Lagoon for an average of 2.5 hours, which creates a difference in water levels known as \u2018head\u2019. Once sufficient head has been reached, the water is allowed to flow into the Lagoon through the turbines, turning the runner (like a propeller) and generating electricity. This process is repeated on the ebb tide, where the water is prevented from leaving the Lagoon until there is sufficient head to start the process again.It is intended that the project will commence no later than the end of June 2020, by a land-based focused commencement of the access road running in a north-easterly direction.  Thereafter, the SBTL\u2019s main works principally comprising construction of the seawall, turbine structure, sluice structure and mechanical and electrical installations will commence in due course.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Tidal Lagoon Power"],"originationDate":"2025-01-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.586203000000","-3.909127000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Bats","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-03 04:25:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5835","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/minesto-holyhead-deep-non-grid-connected-dg500","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/projects\/holyhead-deep","title":"Minesto Holyhead Deep - Non-grid connected DG500","description":"Minesto have developed a tidal stream energy device known as a Deep Green Utility (DGU) unit. The device resembles an underwater kite made up of a wing with a small turbine attached to the underside, tethered to a foundation fixed to the seabed. The device can also be attached to a barge or similar structure and operate in an \u201cupside down\u201d mode. The 0.5 MW unit (DG500) deployed between July and November 2018 was attached to a self-contained Micro Grid System (MGS) buoy, which handled and analysed electricity generated.  The DGU unit moves through the water column in a figure-of-eight, sweeping an area of approximately 100-140 m wide and taking advantage of hydrodynamic lift created by the wing as the current flows past. This allows the device to operate in areas of relatively low current velocity. The DG500 unit is 12 m (wing span) by 3.3 m, weighs between 10 and 16 tonnes and has a generating capacity of 0.5 MW.  The Holyhead Deep low-flow tidal stream project aims to put Minesto on track for commercialisation of their Deep Green technology. Developing Holyhead Deep into a grid-connected commercial tidal energy array will be carried out in phases. In Phase 1 a single non-grid connected 0.5 MW Deep Green demonstrator device (DG500) was installed at the site, the purpose of which was to prove functionality and power production performance. Commissioning of the DG500 demonstrator was initiated in June 2018 and completed in November 2018. The DG500 unit will be redeployed for further sea trials in summer 2019.  Following successful deployment and testing of a single DG500, Minesto\u2019s ambition is to install further Deep Green devices in phases, gradually expanding the site to a commercial demonstration array of up to 10MW installed capacity.  In the first instance term, in addition to further sea trials of the DG500 unit, Minesto plan to install and operate an addition uprated (at least 0.75 MW) DGU.   Minesto\u2019s long term plan is to further expand the commercial roll-out of its Deep Green technology in Holyhead Deep by taking steps to increase the planned installed capacity of the tidal energy array to 80 MW. Minesto intends to develop the Holyhead Deep site in phases as part of a deploy-and-monitor approach. This gradual expansion would see the Deep Green technology progressing from demonstrator to full industrial roll-out in North Wales.  Minesto has been awarded a new patent for its Deep Green technology to enhance its efficiency and scalability. In addition to project developments, Minesto signed an MoU with Schneider Electric to enhance grid compatibility testing for future large-scale deployments of the Deep Green technology.  Export Cables: The electricity produced by the DG500 is transmitted directly to a self-contained Micro Grid System buoy via a subsea umbilical cable where it is monitored and then dissipated. Electricity produced by the DGU will be transmitted via a subsea umbilical cable running from the foundation to the surface MGS buoy.   Vessel Spread:                Activity            Vessel Type            Indicative Operating Period                  Installation                  Deploying pin piled tripod, monopile, mud mat or GBS.            DP vessel or underslung barge (depending    on mooringstructure solution).            Maximum of five days.                  Installation of MGS buoy            Anchor handler tug or multicat.            Approximately 1 week.                  Transport of MGS buoy  to site.            Tug(s).            1 day per transfer, but multiple transfers expected.                  Transport DGU unit to site.            LARS support vessel designed specifically    for purpose.            1 day per transfer, but multiple transfers expected. Could    be daily for the last fewweeks of installation\/first few    weeks of operation, dropping to around 1 per week thereafter.                  Deployment of an ROV to attach tether to foundation, if not handled from barge deck).            Support vessel with ROV capabilities.            Less than 1 week. May also be required intermittently    throughout field testing and calibration.                  Operation                  Field testing and calibration of DGU unit and hosting of electricity meter.            Barge (or similar such surface platform).            Throughout the 5 year testing period, although    the barge is highly unlikely to be present consistently    throughout the 5 year period due to constraints    imposed by weather.                  Retrieval, deployment and routine     maintenance of DGU unit.            LARS support vessel designed specifically    for purpose.            Throughout the 5 year testing period.                  Unplanned maintenance of DGU power plant.            Service vessel, occasional requirement    for DP vessel.            Approximately 6 days per year.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Minesto"],"originationDate":"2025-05-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.303969000000","-4.765043000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 10:58:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5836","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/runde-waves4power-project-full-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.waves4power.com","title":"Runde Waves4Power Project Full Scale","description":"The heart of the system is the WaveEL buoy \u2013 a point absorber \u2013 where the energy of the waves is converted into electric power. The system is comprised of a WaveEL buoy \u2013 eight meters in diameter \u2013 connected via a dynamic low voltage cable to a connection hub. A transformer in the hub increases the voltage to 22 kV before transmitting it via a subsea cable to the shore-based power grid. The Waves4Power project at Runde is a full-scale demonstration of the functionality and survivability of the wave power system. The wave climate at Runde is ideal for a demonstration of highly efficient wave power production, and the infrastructure is already in place. The system is designed for an operational life of 25 years. The WaveEL buoy and the mooring system is made to operate in a regular wave climate with waves as high as 12 m, but is designed to survive the estimated \u201c50-year wave\u201d of 25 m.","author":["G\u00f6ran Fredrikson"],"organization":["Runde Environmental Centre"],"originationDate":"2024-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.387101000000","5.601938000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Noise","EMF","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-23 12:35:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5837","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/voith-hytide-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/voith-hydro\/","title":"Voith HyTide at EMEC","description":"Voith\u0027s portfolio spans renewable energy, oil \u0026amp; gas, paper, raw materials and transport. With over 40,000 employees and locations in over 50 countries of the world, it is one of the largest family-owned companies in Europe. Voith Hydro is a subsidiary of the Voith Group, and is a leading supplier of hydropower equipment and services, having manufactured around a third of all hydroelectric turbines and generators.  Voith\u0027s 1MW horizontal axis turbine HyTide 1000 has a rotor diameter of 13m and weighs 200 tonnes. Preparatory works commenced in summer 2011 with a 23m monopile installed in the seabed at EMEC\u2019s tidal test site at the Fall of Warness off the northern island of Eday. The turbine was installed in September 2013 and subsequently removed in February 2015.","author":["Maria Apolonia"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.153210000000","-2.830458000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Collision","Displacement","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:22:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5838","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/paimpol-brehat-tidal-demonstration-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/interregtiger.com\/expanding-the-marine-energy-market\/development-sites-and-procurement\/paimpol-brehat\/","title":"Paimpol-Br\u00e9hat Tidal Demonstration Project","description":"The Paimpol-Br\u00e9hat pilot project aimed to pave the way for the pre-commercialisation of tidal farms from 2017. At the initial stage of the project a prototype version of the 0.5 MW 16m diameter OpenHydro device was installed and tested in 2011. Following this successful prototype testing, in 2015 OpenHydro completed the design and manufacture of two turbines for a grid-connected demonstration project (2 x 2MW turbines, 16m diameter).  The first turbine was installed on the 20th of January 2016 and the second turbine was installed on the 29th of May 2016. The turbines were installed using a dedicated barge designed by DCNS\/OpenHydro. Once the barge was stabilized, the turbines were lowered to the seabed using an innovative winch system equipped with hydraulic motors.  During 2016 OpenHydro developed and built a power conversion system as part of the turbine control centre (TCC), housed in a subsea pressure vessel enclosure and mounted on the subsea base. The TCC is a power electronics apparatus which performs the dual functions of controlling the turbine to achieve optimum power output and converting the electrical output of the turbine to grid compliant power (however, these devices were never grid connected in the end).  In April 2019, testing with another tidal turbine began at this test site. The HQ-OCEAN tidal turbine designed by the French start-up HydroQuest and built by CMN was immersed to a depth of 35 m. By June 2019, this device had delivered its first kilowatt hour of electricity to the grid. The testing lasted until December 2021 upon which the device was retrieved from its place on the seabed.   OpenHydro released video footage of the installation of the first device: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Du7Jqscu3LE  Onshore Infrastructure: The substation that fed the electricity to the French grid is located close to the Arcouest Peninsula in Ploubazlanec.  Vessel Spread: Specifically designed catamaran barge (Triskell), a tug (Penfret) and a support boat.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France (EDF)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.831783000000","-2.982105000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Noise","EMF","Collision","Invertebrates","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-25 08:35:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5839","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ihi-ocean-current-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nedo.go.jp\/english\/activities\/activities_ZZJP_100143.html","title":"IHI Ocean Current Turbine","description":"Since 2011, IHI and NEDO have been jointly developing an ocean current turbine based on a unique concept. In order to verify the validity of the concept in the ocean current, Kuroshio, IHI and NEDO developed an ocean current generator for demonstration called Kairyu. It comprises a combination of three cylindrical floats called pods, having a total length of approximately 20 m, a width of approximately 20 m, and a turbine rotor diameter of approximately 11 m. The two turbine rotors, left and right, are rotated in opposite directions to each other to cancel rotary torques associated with the rotation of the turbine rotors, thereby stably maintaining its position under water. The turbine system is moored from the anchor installed on the sea bottom and is suspended at underwater in operation. The depth of the sea is around 100 m, and the turbine system is installed at 30-50 m below sea surface. It can be floated up to the sea surface for maintenance. The rated flow speed is 1.5 m\/s (approximately 3 knots) and the rated output, i.e., generating capacity is approximately 100 kW (50 kW \u00d7 2 units).   Since the autumn of 2019, the oceanic current turbine system has been demonstrated. They developed a robust system by repairing and improving the demonstration devices to improve the durability of the demonstration system and the functions of onshore electrical equipment. Then they made efforts to for further improve the installation method and to assess the risks. The power generation fluctuation analysis and the Kuroshio hovering test will be carried out in the Kuroshio area to verify the power generation performance of the demonstration device. In addition, they will understand and verify the feasibility of the system by acquiring long-term sea state data and analysing the energy potential of oceanic currents. After the test, the demonstration device will be removed and disassembled. The inside and outside of the device will be investigated in detail to validate the construction and installation method, salt damage, biofouling countermeasures, remote monitoring system, etc. The purpose of 2021 is to show that the oceanic current energy generation system has sufficient economic efficiency (power generation cost 40 yen \/ kWh) for electric source of separated islands from 2030.","author":["Daisuke Kitazawa"],"organization":["IHI Corporation"],"originationDate":"2022-06-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.030635000000","129.911758000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 08:13:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5840","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/nova-innovation-shetland-tidal-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.enfait.eu\/","title":"Nova Innovation - Shetland Tidal Array","description":"The first three Nova M100 devices (installed capacity 300 kW) were deployed in 2016 and 2017. This was the world\u2019s first offshore tidal array to supply electricity to the grid with greater than 17,000 generating hours reached in 2019. In 2018 licences were granted to extend the array to six turbines (increase capacity to 600 kW). In 2018, Nova Innovation worked with Tesla to add energy storage to their tidal technology. This created the world\u2019s first grid connected tidal power station with the ability to deliver baseload (constant, steady state) power and deliver energy on demand to meet consumer needs.In August 2020 a fourth 100 kW turbine was added to the array. This was the M100-D, next generation of Nova\u0027s M100 turbine, with no gearbox (direct drive). A further two 100 kW M100-D turbines were installed in January 2023, taking the total number of turbines to six. An offshore hub was also installed, enabling a single export cable to take the power from the fifth and sixth turbines to shore.In 2023 licences were granted to partially decommission the array by removing the three original M100 turbines and associated offshore infrastructure. This was carried out as part of the EnFAIT project to gather information on the full end-to-end lifetime of an operational tidal array. Decommissioning the three M100 devices was completed in October 2023. The three M100-D turbines continue to generate and export electricity to the grid.A comprehensive environmental monitoring programme has gathered data from the operational array since the installation of the first turbine in Bluemull Sound, and is ongoing. The primary objective of the monitoring programme is to gather data on nearfield interactions between marine wildlife and the operational turbines, with a focus on marine mammals and diving seabirds. Over time the environmental monitoring programme has evolved, in line with the principles of adaptive management, to ensure it remains fit for purpose. Annual monitoring reports are submitted to the regulator (Marine Directorate) annually and, along with other licensing information and documentation, are available online via the Marine Scotland Information website .The environmental monitoring programme is now based on the use of turbine-mounted high-definition cameras to gather data on nearfield interactions between marine wildlife and the operational turbines. Other methods, including land-based bird and mammal surveys were previously employed, but have since been retired, having demonstrated that the risk of adverse effects to birds and mammals is very low.The most recent monitoring report (2024) marked a significant project milestone for Nova and the industry, with the transition from manual analysis of subsea video to using an algorithm based on machine learning to identify any marine wildlife targets in the video. This has delivered significant efficiencies for the monitoring programme.","author":["Seumas Mackenzie"],"organization":["Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2026-09-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","Marine Mammals","Birds","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 02:37:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5841","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/perpetuus-tidal-energy-centre-ptec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/perpetuustidal.com\/","title":"Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC)","description":"Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC) Limited is an independent company working with the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Orkney, together with world leading turbine operators, to deliver tidal stream energy in the next four years. PTEC intends to construct a 30MW commercial demonstration facility for tidal stream projects, located off the south coast of the Isle of Wight. It will be a state-of-the-art development with the potential to generate enough clean electricity to power over 20,000 Isle of Wight homes per year.PTEC aims to support and speed up the process of developing tidal technologies to full commercialisation, by providing a pre-consented facility to allow tidal developers to take the step from testing individual tidal devices to installing and optimising the performance, operation and maintenance of small arrays of tidal devices, on a long-term, commercial basis, in \u2018real world\u2019 conditions. PTEC will be a world\u2019s first of its kind within a globally significant market and provide an opportunity to commercially operate tidal arrays and examine their interaction with the marine environment, all whilst generating zero emission energy, and providing employment, skills, educational opportunities and investment to the Isle of Wight. Device suitability: PTEC will be suitable for the installation of a wide range of tidal devices. PTEC will provide facilities for up to 60 tidal devices, with an aggregated maximum capacity of up to 30MW. The 5km2 development site will be segregated into a number of berths (a maximum of six berths and a minimum of three berths). Each berth will consist of a defined area, leased to a developer in which they will demonstrate their tidal technologies. Berth capacities may vary between 1MW and 10MW (to a total of 30MW) and tidal device capacities may vary from 100kW (0.1MW) to 6MW. PTEC will provide developers with grid connection infrastructure via subsea export cables, as well as navigation aids and site monitoring equipment to allow developers to utilise the area to demonstrate their tidal technologies.Export Cable: The development site will provide between three to six berths for tidal devices to be deployed, with a subsea export cable(s) for each berth to bring the electricity ashore. Six export cables are planned to be grouped into three bundles of two cables each. The subsea export cables will come ashore at Castle Cove to the west of Ventnor on the Isle of Wight, which was selected as the location that will cause the least environmental impact. As part of the project, a small substation and control room will be constructed onshore along with associated works. Cable landfall options within the onshore site include: Cables trenched\/buried, making landfall adjacent to the existing slipway; Using an existing 600 mm diameter outfall pipe as a cable duct for some or all of the export cables; or Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) under the shoreline from a suitable location close to the proposed substation\/control room, with cable emerging in the shallow subtidal for connection to the marine export cables. Consenting Process (2013-2016): In 2012 The Crown Estate entered into an agreement for lease for the Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre. The consenting process, which commenced in January 2013, was rigorous and involved significant consultation. Any potential environmental and community impacts were closely examined. A Scoping Report was submitted in January 2013 for the PTEC project, previously called the Solent Ocean Energy Centre (SOEC). Scoping Opinions were received from statutory regulators and representations from a number of other interested parties and agencies. Comments and advice received as responses to the scoping consultation were used to direct the studies and assessments undertaken during the subsequent Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and also to identify parties with which ongoing consultation was required. A Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study was  completed for PTEC, by renewable energy specialists IT Power. The FEED study helped PTEC to decide on a number of design and technology details which was assessed during the EIA process. The EIA was submitted in the fourth quarter of 2014. The onshore application received local planning consent in 2015. The centre received consent from the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) in April 2016 for up to 30 MW total installed generation capacity for a maximum period of twenty-five years (maximum of twenty years\u2019 operation per tenant and up to five years for pre-construction, re-powering and decommissioning works).","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC) Limited"],"originationDate":"2024-08-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.567003000000","-1.296327000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-21 04:56:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5842","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/soderfors-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.uu.se\/en\/department\/electrical-engineering\/research\/electricity\/renewable-electricity-production","title":"S\u00f6derfors Project","description":"Uppsala University has developed a directly driven generator for tidal\/instream applications. The turbine in operation is a vertical axis turbine with five blades (could be three\/four bladed) and a radius of ca 3m and a height of ca 3.5m. On its tripod the turbine reaches 4m above the riverbed. Rotation speed: 15 (max 20) rpm at velocities of 2 m\/s.","author":["Jan Sundberg"],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2025-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.387446000000","17.248459000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Collision","Noise","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:54:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5843","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/galway-bay-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marine.ie\/Home\/site-area\/infrastructure-facilities\/ocean-energy\/galway-bay-test-site-0","title":"Galway Bay Test Site","description":"The Galway Bay \u00bc scale wave energy test site has been in operation since 2006. The site has provided test and validation facilities for a number of devices to date.  The following is a list of deployed devices at the Galway Bay Test Site:    Ocean Energy Buoy (Installed January 2007, Decommissioned May 2011)   The Marine Institute, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland, the MarEI Centre (Marine Renewable Energy Ireland) and SmartBay Ireland have been working together to enhance research infrastructure at the test site. The project was funded through a grant from Science Foundation Ireland, at a total cost of \u20ac3.6m and consists of 3 components:    A standard telecommunications cable from a shore station via the new pier at Spiddal (west) to the wave energy test site providing power and data connectivity  Subsea test and monitoring platforms  Floating sea station platform   The first two components, the Galway Bay subsea Cabled Observatory, were installed in 2015. The 4km cable was installed in April 2015 using the Marine Institute\u2019s research vessel the R.V. Celtic Explorer and comes ashore at Spiddal Pier.   Researchers can bring their marine instruments and sensors to the test site.  These can be plugged into dedicated science ports on the subsea test platform.  The subsea test and monitoring platform was deployed in August 2015.","author":["Alan Berry"],"organization":["Irish Marine Institute","Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.137492000000","-9.169654000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Noise","Marine Mammals","Birds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Visual Impacts","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-23 06:20:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5844","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/tocardo-intotidal-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/tocardo\/","title":"Tocardo InToTidal at EMEC","description":"As part of the Horizon 2020 EU InToTidal project, Tocardo Tidal Power (Tocardo) deployed their first phase of the InToTidal project at the European Marine Energy Centre\u2019s (EMEC) Fall of Warness tidal test site.  The objective of the InToTidal project was to develop and demonstrate the world\u2019s first turn-key floating tidal power plant solution capable of integrating five tidal turbines, termed the Universal Foundation System (UFS). The UFS is a surface-based floating foundation which enables low-cost easy access to the tidal turbines for maintenance purposes, with all installation and service operations undertaken by small readily-available vessels.  Phase one (deployed in May 2017) consisted of a modular BlueTEC floating platform (Temporary Foundation System; TFS) which has a single T2 tidal turbine attached (275kW).  This device was sited at Berth 8.  Installation and grid-connection of phase one was supported by the EU FORESEA programme.  Phase two was planned to consist of Tocardo\u2019s UFS with five T2 turbines attached.  The turbine from the BlueTec floating platform would be transferred to the UFS structure, which would be sited at Berth 6 and the BlueTec platform removed from the test site. The UFS system was never demonstrated due to Tocardo going into administration, however since January 2020 Tocardo is fully owned by HydroWing Ltd. and QED Naval Ltd.","author":["Lisa MacKenzie"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.144225000000","2.806366670000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 03:13:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5845","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/corpower-hiwave-3-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/corpowerocean.com\/technology\/","title":"CorPower HiWave-3 at EMEC","description":"The HiWave project was initiated to address the reliability and the high Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) of current Wave Energy Converters (WECs), which have so far been too large, heavy, and costly compared to their energy output. As part of the HiWave project consortium, CorPower Ocean has developed a WEC with a Power Take-Off (PTO) system, which incorporates a phase control module to make the device oscillate in resonance with incoming waves. This amplifies the motion and power capture, which facilitates the capture of a large amount of energy using a comparatively small device. The phase control module additionally enhances the device\u2019s survivability by detuning the device in stormy conditions.  With funding from the Interreg North-West Europe Funding Ocean Renewable Energy through Strategic European Action (FORSEA) project, CorPower Ocean\u2019s WEC was deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre\u2019s (EMEC) Scapa Flow test site in January 2018. The deployment consists of the following technical elements:    C3 WEC single surface floating point absorber, approximately 10m in length and 4.3 in diameter, with a power rating of 25kW;  Buoyancy units supporting lazy wave cabling;  Tension mooring system and anchor bracket attached to an existing gravity-based anchor; and  Umbilical cable attached to a resistive load bank located on the EMEC test support buoy.","author":["Matt Dickson"],"organization":["CorPower Ocean"],"originationDate":"2021-07-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Attraction","Avoidance","Marine Mammals","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Invertebrates","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5846","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/eco-wave-power-wave-energy-power-station-gibraltar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ecowavepower.com\/gibraltar","title":"Eco Wave Power Wave Energy Power Station Gibraltar","description":"From 2016 to 2022, Eco Wave Power was operating the only grid-connected wave energy array in the world, which was operating through a PPA (Power Purchase Agreement), in Gibraltar. The station was co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund and recently received funding from Horizon2020 Phase 1 program.  The station\u2019s installed capacity was 100KW, which was part of an overall PPA (Power Purchase Agreement) entered between Eco Wave Power and the Government of Gibraltar and Gibraltar\u2019s Electric Authority. Upon expansion to the full 5MW, the power station is set to provide Gibraltar with up to 15% of its energy needs. The technology is an onshore point absorber which is comprised of floaters attached to an existing jetty through robust mechanical arms.  The station was comprised of eight floaters and a conversion unit located in the tunnel, with leads to the Ammunition jetty in Gibraltar.","author":["Valeria Ratsutskaya"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.125050000000","-5.340128000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:09:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5847","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/eco-wave-power-manzanillo-i-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ecowavepower.com\/future-projects\/","title":"Eco Wave Power Manzanillo I Project","description":"The planned Eco Wave Manzanillo 1 project is meant to be the first grid-connected commercial wave energy power station in Mexico and Latin America.","author":["Valeria Ratsutskaya"],"organization":["Eco Wave Power"],"originationDate":"2025-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.013890000000","-104.118500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-06 07:49:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5848","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wave-swell-energy-king-island-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.waveswell.com","title":"Wave Swell Energy King Island Project","description":"The Wave Swell Energy (WSE) King Island project involved the design, construction, deployment, operation, and decommissioning of a 200kW version of the company\u2019s technology \u2013 the UniWave200 \u2013 in open ocean waters off Grassy Harbour on the south-eastern coast of King Island in Bass Strait.  The unit was installed on January 10, 2021, exporting its first power into the King Island grid on June 18, 2021. It was decommissioned in late 2022 and was removed from site on 28 Mar 2023.  WSE worked with Hydro Tasmania, the island\u2019s energy and network provider, to connect the unit to the local grid, and delivered energy from the project into the existing network. Hydro Tasmania separately monitored the energy produced by the unit to ensure it met the requirements of the King Island grid.  The wave energy produced complemented Hydro Tasmania\u2019s existing hybrid grid, further diversifying the renewable sources and reducing diesel consumption on King Island.","author":["Dr. Tom Denniss"],"organization":["Wave Swell Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2022-10-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.065635000000","144.058830000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Collision","Noise","Fish","Birds","Shorebirds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 07:56:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5849","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/seapower-gemstar-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gemstar.it\/","title":"Seapower GEMSTAR System","description":"The main goal of the project consists in the deployment of a prototype of the GEMSTAR system, a tidal energy device, for a sufficiently long period in order to validate previous design studies and to assess the reliability and economic effectiveness of the system, in view of a final commercial development. The GEMSTAR system represents the second generation of the former GEM system, the prototype of which was deployed for short time on 2012 in Venice Lagoon (max current speed 3 knots). It is composed of a pair of hydrokinetic turbines mounted at the sides of a floating underwater support body. The support structure is linked to the seabed through a mooring cable and can turn around the vertical axis following flow direction changes, as happens, for example, in reversing tidal currents. A proper winch device allows both the deployment of the system at the proper operating depth and its recovery to surface for easier maintenance intervention.   A preliminary investigation of potential installation sites is necessary to determine a suitable choice of the plant location. A proper choice of the installation site needs to take into account several considerations about the site characteristics. Thus, a preliminary survey is currently ongoing, aiming at the evaluation of the following features:    a proper bathymetry      with a depth comprised in a range allowing for system operation with a proper clearance both from the seabed and the free surface;   with a relatively flat seabed area to allow for safe system orientation;      suitable geotechnical properties of the seabed to accommodate the anchoring foundation structures;  amount of available energy resource (through current profile measurements).   The development of the project is still underway. A first large-scale prototype was installed in the Venice lagoon in 2012. Since then, the project is still evolving and a major revision of the design is planned in view of an expected installation in a site located within the Strait of Messina, in southern Italy.","author":["Domenico P. Coiro"],"organization":["Seapower scrl"],"originationDate":"2026-07-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.173689100000","15.591288000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Noise","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-03 03:52:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5850","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/d10-tidal-turbine-ushant-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.inyangamarine.com\/","title":"D10 Tidal Turbine at Ushant Island","description":"The D10 Tidal Turbine project was nominated in 2011 as part of the \u201cMarine Renewable Energy Demonstrators\u201d call for interest launched by ADEME (French Agency for Environment and Energy Management) and received funding through the \u201cInvestments for the Future\u201d national program.  A complementary subsidy from the European Regional Development Fund was awarded by the Brittany region.The project is noteworthy in a number of respects:\u2022 widespread social acceptance;\u2022 100% French construction;\u2022 structural industrial partnerships;\u2022 output dispatched to Ouessant under the control of EDF SEI and ENEDIS; and\u2022 environmental considerations supervised by the Iroise Marine Natural Park.The project consisted of the construction and 12-month deployment of an industrial tidal stream generator in Fromveur Passage (also known as St Vincent\u2019s Channel). During slack water periods in May 2015, the cable to export the electricity produced was installed between the generator site and the coast of Ouessant (Ushant). In June 2015, the D10 was lowered into the Fromveur Passage in a water depth of 55 m; by November 2015 the D10 was connected to the island network via the previously installed cable. The D10 was the first tidal turbine to supply electricity to the French grid. The generator is 17 m high and has a footprint of 20 x 20 m; its 10-metre rotor can generate 1 MW from the currents in the Fromveur Passage. Initial results for the project were promising and in line with expectations, and also opened up future avenues for improvement. In July 2016, at the end of the period for which on-site installation was authorised, the turbine was raised to the surface for technical inspection and expert appraisal. The turbine was redeployed in October 2018 as part of the European Intelligent Community Energy (ICE) project. Following continuous electricity production over several months, Sabella\u2019s team focused on testing new control methods at the beginning of 2019 in order to significantly improve the efficiency of the turbine and contribute to the competitiveness of this emerging sector.The device was redeployed in April 2022 in the Fromveur Passage following improvements to the D10 turbine\u2019s export connections and implementation of a smoothing function. The smoothing function was developed in partnership with the Syndicat d\u2019Energie et d\u2019Equipment du Finist\u00e8re (SDEF) and ENTECH. The smoothing function had never been tested on an operational device and was supported under the European Interreg ICE project. Since redeployment in 2022, the turbine has been continuously operation and provides energy to Ushant Island. In 2024, Inyanga Marine Energy Group purchased the D10 turbine and became the operator for the project, following liquidation of Sabella in January 2024.  Project permissions and permitting for D10 turbine operations under Inyanga Marine Energy Group August 2028 have been completed and confirmed.","author":["Contact Inyanga"],"organization":["Inyanga Maritime Ltd"],"originationDate":"2026-03-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.437537100000","-5.059855700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 08:34:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/5851","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/oosterschelde-tidal-power-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/tocardo\/","title":"Oosterschelde Tidal Power project","description":"The Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier, completed in 1986, is the largest of a series of construction projects (\u201cDelta Works\u201d) in the southwest of the Netherlands to protect a large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta from the sea. The Easter Scheldt storm surge barrier is 9 km long and consists of 65 pillars of 30-40 m high and 62 sliding doors of 42 m wide x 6-12 m high. There are three channels (Hammen, Schaar and Roompot) with 39.5 m wide gates running from north to south, separated by two artificial islands.  Tocardo began developing the Oosterschelde Tidal Power (OTP) project in 2008. In November 2015, five T-2 turbines were installed onto a 50 meters long structure at gate Roompot 8, on the Eastern Scheldt side of the barrier. The 50m long support structure, with turbines attached, was transported and installed using a special barge and Mammoet\u2019s self-propelled modular transporter.  Each T-2 turbine has two rotor blades of 5.5 m diameter which face the North Sea. The distance between the blade plane and protective stones on the bottom is around 5.5 m, and the distance between the rotor planes of neighbouring turbines is 1.2 m. Together the turbines produce 1.25 MW, which is enough to supply around 1000 local households.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-01-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.604808900000","3.899801200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:52:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6085","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-turbine-collision-detection-requirements-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal Turbine Collision Detection Requirements Report","description":"The need for marine mammal collision detection was identified as a priority by the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Ocean Energy1 for offshore marine energy array consenting to become a viable proposition at scale. Scientific evidence is required to reduce uncertainly around the probability and consequence of any marine mammal collisions with operating tidal turbines, to improve collision risk models and to inform the consenting process for proposed tidal energy developments. This will dictate future monitoring and turbine control strategy requirements and mitigate environmental effects. To date there is no known evidence of mammal collisions or injuries from any wave or tidal devices.  Significant efforts have resulted in progress in recent years in the development of approaches and technologies that detect and validate mammal collision events. However the technology readiness in some areas is still at best only at the proof of concept level. It is challenging to identify the relevant environmental parameters to measure and the technical requirements of an ideal sensor system that will operate reliably in high-energy tidal zones. Nonetheless, it is clear from the approaches identified in this study that any such solution must combine multiple techniques, including passive and active acoustics, optical, and electro-mechanical sensing methods. Key elements of these sensor requirements are summarised in this report. While acoustic techniques for tracking fine scale behaviour of marine mammals close to turbines have matured recently, other relevant technologies, such as tactile detection for instance, need to be explored and developed further in order to confirm a collision event.  A collaborative, cross-disciplinary approach is recommended to advance the technology readiness for marine mammal turbine impact detection systems. Work to date has covered a number of specific areas in the overall problem domain, based on readily available subject matter expertise. An integrated, systemic approach will provide additional benefits. Further knowledge sharing amongst tidal turbine developers, environmental scientists and sensor specialists is required for an overall system solution, allowing for impact sensing to be integrated into the turbine system design from initial development.","author":["Jha, S."],"organization":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Scottish Natural Heritage","Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal-turbine-collision-sensor-development-requirements-report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6086","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-impact-study-development-uk-offshore-renewable-energy-industry-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Economic Impact Study into the Development of the UK Offshore Renewable Energy Industry to 2020","description":"We analyse the economic impacts resulting from the development of the offshore renewable energy industry for the UK economy in the period up to 2020. Given this time frame only Offshore Wind and Tidal technologies are the focus of this report.  The economic impact on the UK is estimated using Input-Output (IO) models. The IO approach is a commonly used multi-sectoral, general equilibrium modelling approach to assessing economic impact. Input\u2013output (IO) analysis (Leontief, 1941; Miller and Blair, 2009) continues to be the most widely employed method of assessing the impact of major new expenditures on regional and national economies in general, and the impacts of expenditures in establishing renewable energy capacity in particular (Arthur D. Little Ltd, 2005; O\u2019Herlihy and Co. Ltd, 2006; Flynn and Carey, 2007; Lehr et al., 2008; Cebr, 2012).  The results shown in this report are based on expenditures estimated by BVG associates that reflect the best current assessment of the likely development of the UK offshore wind and tidal industries.","author":["Fraser of Allander Institute"],"organization":["University of Strathclyde","Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Economic-Impact-Study-into-the-Development-of-the-UK-Offshore-Renewable-Energy-Industry-to-2020-1_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6087","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-rochdale-envelope-principle-tidal-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/docplayer.net\/138297539-Use-of-the-rochdale-envelope-principle-for-tidal-energy-projects.html","title":"Use of the Rochdale Envelope Principle for Tidal Energy Projects","description":"This report provides a review of the use of the \u2018Rochdale Envelope\u2019 approach to defining a flexible design envelope when consenting tidal energy projects.  The \u2018Rochdale Envelope\u2019 arises from two legal cases in the UK: R. v Rochdale MBC ex parte Milne and R. v Rochdale MBC ex parte Tew [1999] and R. v Rochdale MBC ex parte Milne [2000].  The Rochdale Envelope approach has been adopted in the consenting of a number of offshore wind farm projects in the UK, with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) based on assessing the realistic worst-case scenario where flexibility or a range of options are sought as part of the consent application. The Infrastructure Planning Commission (IPC) (2011) provides guidance on the use of the Rochdale Envelope for Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects, particularly offshore wind.  The same principle has been used successfully in the tidal industry to support project requirements for flexibility of design and technology of varying degrees and extent. The approach taken to consenting and the amount of flexibility required in the design envelope will depend on the objectives and circumstances of the development with each project often facing unique challenges. This report provides a review of the approaches taken by the tidal industry to date, including an outline of the wide range ofpossible tidal technology designs which can be deployed to harness tidal energy.  This report also provides case studies of key consented tidal projects and outlines the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches to design envelope taken, in terms of project details and flexibility.","author":["Keenan, G.","Fortune, F."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/keenanetal2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6088","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morlais-project-environmental-statement-non-technical-summary","sourceURL":"","title":"Morlais Project Environmental Statement: Non-Technical Summary","description":"This document is the Non-Technical Summary (NTS) of the Environmental Statement (ES) for the proposed Morlais Project. It provides a summary of the Project, the site selection process and the key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  The NTS is a standalone document which aims to use non-technical language, where possible, to describe the background and the need for the proposed Project. It describes the proposed scheme, the baseline environmental conditions, and the recommended mitigation measures that are to be put in place to prevent or reduce significant adverse impacts.  The NTS summarises the ES and, although its format broadly follows that of the ES, some changes have been made so as to provide a more readable and concise summary. Figures have been included to illustrate certain points or features.","author":["Royal Haskoning"],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.284179000000","-4.461328000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Morlais-Project-Environmental-Statement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6089","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morlais-tidal-array-scoping-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.morlaisenergy.com\/useful-documents-links\/","title":"Morlais Tidal Array Scoping Report","description":"Menter M\u00f4n Cyf (Menter M\u00f4n) is seeking a scoping opinion for the proposed Morlais Tidal Array (MTA) project, in accordance with the Transport and Works Act 1992 and the EIA Directive 2011\/92\/EU as amended by 2014\/52\/EU. Two earlier scoping reports have previously been submitted to Natural Resources Wales (NRW), the Marine Management Organisation (MMO) and the Isle of Anglesey County Council (IoACC) in support of earlier versions of the MTA project, and are now superseded as a result of further development in the project design. The proposed installed capacity of the project has been increased in response to industry demand, and the Project is now seeking consent for an array of up to 240MW capacity and associated supporting infrastructure.\n\nThis report is submitted for the purpose of seeking a scoping opinion from the Welsh Government and other consultees including NRW, the MMO and IoACC on the revised scope of the Project.\n\nThis scoping report has been produced by Royal HaskoningDHV and includes a description of the proposed development, description of baseline environment as currently understood and a description of the approach to the EIA.","author":["Moffatt, F.","Knollys, M."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2018-04-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.284179000000","-4.461328000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Morlais_Scoping-Report_WG.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6090","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morlais-tidal-demonstration-array-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Morlais Tidal Demonstration Array Scoping Report","description":"This document is the environmental scoping report for the Morlais Project (the Project) which seeks to establish Anglesey as a marine energy hub whilst adding value to the local community and economy. The Project will be in the West Anglesey Demonstration Zone (WADZ) agreement for lease (AfL) area. The aim of this scoping report is to communicate initial project information, identify data gaps and determine the potential environmental constraints and benefits associated with the construction, installation and operation of the project. This report represents the first key stage in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process and will ensure that stakeholders are aware and informed of the scheme.","author":["King, B.","Fortune, F."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2015-04-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.285410000000","-4.466820000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Morlais-Demonstration-Array-Scoping-Report-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6091","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/terawatt-position-papers","sourceURL":"","title":"TeraWatt Position Papers","description":"TeraWatt is a \u00a31m project funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council through its Marine Challenge Fund. The project formally began on 22nd February 2012 and will run for 36 months. The project will develop sophisticated computer models designed to help streamline the licencing of wave and tidal energy devices by minimising their impacts on the marine environment.  These Position Papers provide a \u0022toolbox\u0022 of methods to better understand and assess the effects of tidal and wave energy arrays on the marine environment.","author":["TeraWatt"],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Edinburgh","Heriot-Watt University","University of Strathclyde","University of St Andrews","Swansea University","SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy Research (UKCMER)","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/position_papers_terawatt_e-book.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6092","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholder-mapping-analysis-renewable-energy-industry-indonesia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/4\/602","title":"Stakeholder Mapping and Analysis of the Renewable Energy Industry in Indonesia","description":"The development of renewable energy in Indonesia is still in a relatively fledgling state, yet it is forecast to increase. The Government of Indonesia has formulated and implemented several strategic programs, compiled under several binding frameworks, namely the National Energy Policy and the General Plan for National Energy. The government is committed internationally to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions as part of its Nationally Determined Contributions. However, unearthing the dynamics of renewable and sustainable energy in Indonesia requires a detailed stakeholder analysis of all relevant and major actors. This paper aims to provide a stakeholder analysis of actors in the renewable and sustainable energy sector in Indonesia as a whole, using a Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) analysis methodology. The results have indicated that existing policies are not yet perfect, given that the renewable energy industry is still quite minimal, especially in the current conditions of falling oil prices. In the future, it is hoped that the government can formulate a breakthrough policy to improve existing policies in the renewable energy sector, such as by giving ease to investors in the renewable energy sector, including the effective and efficient supply chain management of renewable energy.","author":["Yudha, S.","Tjahjono, B."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Coventry University"],"originationDate":"2019-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6093","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecowatt2050-project-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/information\/ecowatt2050","title":"EcoWatt2050 Project Summary","description":"Marine renewable energy is an important component of the Scottish Government\u2019s vision for the future and will help the government reach its ambitious decarbonisation and climate change objectives.  The EcoWatt2050 project was created to investigate how we can ensure that the benefits of future large scale renewable energy developments can be maximised, whilst minimising the environmental impacts and ensuring that various legal requirements are met. The project considered the potential impacts of both future marine renewable energy and climate change, and quantified the changes in each case.  The EcoWatt2050 consortium was brought together under MASTS, and comprises the Universities of Heriot-Watt, Edinburgh, Strathclyde, Aberdeen, Swansea and the University of the Highlands and Islands, as well as the National Oceanography Centre (Liverpool) with Marine Scotland Science as full consortium partners. This booklet summarises the EcoWatt2050 research that has enabled a comparison of climate change impacts against those predicted from the removal of energy on a range of environmental features. EcoWatt2050 has addressed extensive array configurations, comprising very large scale arrays of horizontal axis tidal turbines, and two types of wave energy converter, deployed not only in Orkney and the Pentland Firth but also in other regions of Scottish Shelf Seas.","author":["Side, J."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","University of Strathclyde","University of Edinburgh","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Aberdeen","Swansea University","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ecowatt2050-booklet.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6094","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-providing-benthic-habitat-survey-information-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/renewable-energy-program\/Regulatory-Information\/BOEM-Renewable-Benthic-Habitat-Guidelines.pdf","title":"Guidelines for Providing Benthic Habitat Survey Information for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","description":"The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) issues guidance documents to clarify, supplement, and provide more detail about certain BOEM regulatory requirements and to outline information required of the lessee to support their various submittals. This guidance document sets forth a policy and an interpretation of a regulatory requirement to provide a clear and consistent approach to complying with that requirement. A lessee may use an alternate approach for compliance; however, early and frequent coordination with BOEM will be especially critical to ensure the work conducted meets BOEM\u2019s regulatory requirements.","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-Renewable-Benthic-Habitat-Guidelines.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6097","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-actuator-disc-theory-delft3d-flow-model-far-field-hydrodynamic-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0960148119302484","title":"Application of the actuator disc theory of Delft3D-FLOW to model far-field hydrodynamic impacts of tidal turbines","description":"Accurate knowledge of tidal turbine impacts on the far-field hydrodynamic conditions, which extend from 3 to 20 diameters downstream the turbine, is essential for the estimation of tidal resource, farm layout design and environmental impact. For this purpose, tidal turbine operation is modelled within coastal models, as enhanced bottom friction, or momentum sinks. In Delft3D-FLOW, a state-of-the-art coastal model, turbine operation is usually represented via momentum losses, using the Porous Plate tool. However, the Porous Plate tool presents significant limitations to accurately represent energy extraction and geometry of tidal turbines. Recently, a new tool (Actuator Disc) based on the Momentum Actuator Disc Theory (MADT) was developed in Delft3D-FLOW, overcoming the aforementioned limitations and showing excellent results against laboratory data. The aim of this work is to compare the behaviour of the Actuator Disc and Porous Plate on the far-field hydrodynamics. Overall, significant differences were found, with the Porous Plate significantly underestimating the impact on instantaneous and residual flow velocities and turbulence conditions, when the turbine operates at its rated power. Consequently, MADT appears as the best alternative to investigate the far-field hydrodynamic impacts of tidal turbine operation and previous research based on the Porous Plate tool should be revisited.","author":["Ramos, V.","Carballo, R.","Ringwood, J."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Porto","Maynooth University"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6098","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-sensor-development-monitoring-marine-growth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ore.catapult.org.uk\/?orecatapultreports=feasibility-of-sensor-development-for-monitoring-marine-growth","title":"Feasibility of Sensor Development for Monitoring Marine Growth","description":"Any hard structure submerged in the sea will eventually host a community of marine organisms growing on and associated with its surface. This marine growth, or biofouling, is comprised of a variety of species depending on the location, depth and configuration of the structure. Marine growth on renewable energy devices can have consequences for structural integrity, hydrodynamic efficiency, and survivability of devices, and may also encourage the establishment and growth of non-native or invasive species.  In 2015, the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult commissioned a feasibility study to evaluate options for mapping and monitoring marine growth on renewable energy structures. This feasibility study comprised three parts:  1. Industry consultation \u2013 to provide insight into industry issues associated with biofouling, to which 15 responses were received  2. Feasibility of Predictive Mapping of Marine Growth \u2013 a study reviewing key biofouling species and their implications for renewable energy structures and the feasibility of developing a predictive mapping tool for marine growth  3. Feasibility of Sensor Development for Monitoring Marine Growth \u2013 a study reviewing promising technology options for the development of a marine growth sensor, designed to provide information about marine growth on a structure in real-time.  This report presents the outcomes of the third element of this project, sensor development for monitoring marine growth.","author":["Yunnie, A.","Vance, T.","Ramsden, R."],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult","PML Applications Ltd"],"originationDate":"2016-04-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Feasibility-of-Sensor-Development-for-Monitoring-Marine-Growth.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6099","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-predictive-mapping-marine-growth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Marine-Growth-Mapping-and-Monitoring%3A-Feasibility-Miller-Macleod\/609f87c5d549ddcc115e739df4799fe7700ab2c1","title":"Feasibility of Predictive Mapping of Marine Growth","description":"Any hard structure submerged in the sea will eventually host a community of marine organisms growing on and associated with its surface. This marine growth, or biofouling, is comprised of a variety of species depending on the location, depth and configuration of the structure. Marine growth on renewable energy devices can have consequences for structural integrity, hydrodynamic efficiency, and survivability of devices, and may also encourage the establishment and growth of non-native or invasive species.  In 2015, the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult commissioned a feasibility study to evaluate options for mapping and monitoring marine growth on renewable energy structures. This feasibility study comprised three parts:  1. Industry consultation \u2013 to provide insight into industry issues associated with biofouling, to which 15 responses were received  2. Feasibility of Predictive Mapping of Marine Growth \u2013 a study reviewing key biofouling species and their implications for renewable energy structures and the feasibility of developing a predictive mapping tool for marine growth  3. Feasibility of Sensor Development for Monitoring Marine Growth \u2013 a study reviewing promising technology options for the development of a marine growth sensor, designed to provide information about marine growth on a structure in real-time.  This report presents the outcomes of the second element of this project, mapping marine growth.","author":["Miller, R.","Macleod, A."],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2015-08-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Feasibility-of-Predictive-Mapping-of-Marine-Growth.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6100","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-monitoring-priorities-population-consequences-disturbance-interim-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Identifying monitoring priorities for Population Consequences of Disturbance - Interim Report","description":"The Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCoD) framework provides a conceptual framework which can be used to forecast a plausible range of population-level outcomes given a specific set of input data. To implement such frameworks for a species of interest requires significant baseline knowledge of foraging patterns, lifehistory, and demographic parameters. However, for many marine mammal populations, current knowledge is lacking and such \u2018data poor\u2019 situations mean that any such forecasts have significant uncertainty associated with them. Given these uncertainties there is merit in identifying the data gaps that need to be filled in order to better parameterise the models. However it may take decades to fill these gaps and, in the meantime, undetected population declines may occur. In this report we focus on identifying methods for monitoring populations that are subject to disturbance that may also provide insights into the processes through which disturbance may affect these populations. In addition, we aim to identify priorities for monitoring to inform future PCoD analysis of the potential effects of Navy activities on marine mammal populations. Therefore, our ultimate objective is to identify a suite of variables that can provide information on changes in demography or health, together with the methodologies that can be used to measure these variables.  To identify and address the knowledge gaps highlighted above, we conducted a comprehensive survey of the literature to identify suitable response variables which could be monitored using established survey techniques or techniques that are currently in development. Following the initial literature review, we held a workshop with a small number of experts on monitoring approaches to develop this list further and to identify the current state of utility and feasibility of the different approaches for Navy relevant marine mammal species groups. This report summarises the results of the literature review, and the outputs from the workshop. In addition, we explore the methods and\/or techniques required to collect appropriate datasets and the feasibility of using them to monitor different species and populations (section 2) with sufficient precision to avoid false positive results (i.e. results that suggest a population is in decline when it is not). Therefore, using existing PCoD benchmark models, we explore the potential for different demographic parameters to provide early warning indicators of population decline and explore the potential to detect change and limit the proportion of false positive results (section 3). In order to realistically assess what methods might be feasible to conduct, it was considered crucial to assess the monitoring infrastructure that currently exists. As such, we also summarize US Navy marine mammal monitoring in terms of the approaches already in use, the platforms for research available (e.g. vessels, aerial, fixed sensors etc.) and species\/populations which are currently (or have recently been) monitored (section 4). Building from this foundation, we assess the potential for current monitoring practice to inform a PCoD analysis (section 5.3) using the lessons learned from the literature review and sensitivity analysis phases.  Using existing PCoD models, we determined that changes in certain demographic variables are strongly correlated with changes in abundance or population status, and can therefore provide some early warning of future changes in abundance. In particular, the proportion of immature animals in a population might provide a reasonable early indicator of population decline. We also explored the ratio of mothers to calves\/pups but determined that there was a high risk of false positives (i.e. predicting a decline when there is none). We observed that demographic parameters tend to be most commonly estimated from monitoring using established approaches such as visual surveys and capture-recapture. In addition, both vertical and lateral photogrammetry appear to be viable methods to determine important demographic parameters. Monitoring body condition might be a suitable approach to identify \u2018unhealthy\u2019 animals (though determining causation may be difficult) and is a particularly attractive route for monitoring PCoD and a range of methods are in development to explore this topic area. In general, monitoring individual health and physiological variables was determined to be important in informing elements of the PCoD framework, primarily via photogrammetry, remote tissue sampling, direct handling and individual tracking approaches. The continued development of remote tissue sample libraries and analytical approaches to improve our understanding of stress response, physiology and \u2013omics fields is critical. Additionally, it is important to continue the use (and development) of PAM techniques to monitor cetacean populations to better understand the relative and absolute indices that can be derived to inform PCoD.  We recommend that, where possible, monitoring programs are developed to specifically inform future PCoD analyses, which requires a clear set of objectives regarding the purpose of the monitoring. Monitoring programs should be identified which can provide reference or control populations against which observed patterns can be compared.  We have highlighted that, where possible, the integration of new technologies into existing Fleet\/SYSCOM monitoring efforts might provide significant added value. The inclusion of novel approaches into monitoring programs where infrastructure exists means a cost-effective increase in what can be achieved by a given program.","author":["Booth, C.","Plunkett, R.","Harwood, J."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","US Office of Naval Research"],"originationDate":"2017-11-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Boothetal2017-Identifying-monitoring-priorities-for-PCoD.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6101","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-framework-identify-populations-are-most-vulnerable-population-level-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/csp2.149","title":"A decision framework to identify populations that are most vulnerable to the population level effects of disturbance","description":"We present a decision framework to identify when detailed population\u2010level assessments are required to understand the potential impacts of a disturbance\u2010inducing activity on a marine mammal population and discuss how the framework can be applied to other taxa. Species at high risk of population\u2010level effects can be identified using information on the number of individuals that are likely to be disturbed by the activity, total population size, the probability of repeated disturbance, the species\u0027 reproductive strategy, and the life stages (e.g., feeding, pregnant, and lactating) of the individuals most likely to be exposed. This hierarchical approach provides those responsible for conducting impact assessments with a time\u2010efficient, cost\u2010effective and reproducible workflow that allows them to prioritize their efforts and assign funds to those species with the most pressing conservation needs. A fully worked case study using marine mammals in the vicinity of a naval training activity is supplied.","author":["Wilson, L.","Harwood, J.","Booth, C.","Joy, R.","Harris, C."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson_et_al-2019-Conservation_Science_and_Practice.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6102","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-population-consequences-disturbance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ece3.4458","title":"Understanding the population consequences of disturbance","description":"Managing the nonlethal effects of disturbance on wildlife populations has been a long\u2010term goal for decision makers, managers, and ecologists, and assessment of these effects is currently required by European Union and United States legislation. However, robust assessment of these effects is challenging. The management of human activities that have nonlethal effects on wildlife is a specific example of a fundamental ecological problem: how to understand the population\u2010level consequences of changes in the behavior or physiology of individual animals that are caused by external stressors. In this study, we review recent applications of a conceptual framework for assessing and predicting these consequences for marine mammal populations. We explore the range of models that can be used to formalize the approach and we identify critical research gaps. We also provide a decision tree that can be used to select the most appropriate model structure given the available data.   Synthesis and applications: The implementation of this framework has moved the focus of discussion of the management of nonlethal disturbances on marine mammal populations away from a rhetorical debate about defining negligible impact and toward a quantitative understanding of long\u2010term population\u2010level effects. Here we demonstrate the framework\u0027s general applicability to other marine and terrestrial systems and show how it can support integrated modeling of the proximate and ultimate mechanisms that regulate trait\u2010mediated, indirect interactions in ecological communities, that is, the nonconsumptive effects of a predator or stressor on a species\u0027 behavior, physiology, or life history.","author":["Pirotta, E.","Booth, C.","Costa, D.","Fleishman, E.","Kraus, S.","Lusseau, D.","Moretti, D.","New, L.","Schick, R.","Schwarz, L.","Simmons, S.","Thomas, L.","Tyack, P.","Weise, M.","Wells, R.","Harwood, J."],"organization":["Washington State University","University College Cork","SMRU Consulting","University of California Santa Cruz","University of California Davis","Colorado State University","New England Aquarium","University of Aberdeen","Duke University","University of St Andrews","Marine Mammal Commission","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","US Office of Naval Research"],"originationDate":"2018-09-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pirotta_et_al-2018-Ecology_and_Evolution.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6103","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observing-ocean-ecosystems-sonar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7761014","title":"Observing ocean ecosystems with sonar","description":"There is still much to learn about ocean ecosystems. Long-term, continuous observations of underwater environments can help improve our understanding. This is especially important as we continue to develop ocean energy resources. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Washington have developed a real-time processing system for sonar to detect and track animals, and to extract water column biomass statistics in order to facilitate continuous monitoring of an underwater environment. The Nekton Interaction Monitoring System (NIMS) is built to continuously process in real-time a stream of sonar data and archive tracking and biomass data, reducing the volume of stored data by orders of magnitude. The prototype system has been tested for real-time performance in the laboratory and in an operational environment on-board a research vessel and as part of a multi-instrument monitoring system. NIMS currently works with three types of sonar: a multi-beam sonar, a split-beam echo sounder and an acoustic camera.","author":["Matzner, S.","Maxwell, A.","Ham, K.","Hytnen, R.","Horne, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2016-09-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6104","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-scotland-policy-development-marine-renewables-offshore-wind-covering-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Scotland Policy Development for Marine Renewables and Offshore Wind Covering Marine Planning and Licensing","description":"The Scottish Government has a stated target of meeting 100% of Scottish demand for electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The Scottish Government is firmly committed to the development of a successful and sustainable offshore renewable energy industry in Scotland. Sectoral Marine Plans are being developed to ensure that Offshore Renewable Energy sources, wave, tidal and offshore wind, will make a full contribution to meeting our ambitious targets. Sectoral marine plans will be adopted into the statutory National and Regional Marine Plans. Scotland is well placed to take a global lead in the exploitation of renewable energy sources at sea. Scotland has a massive offshore renewables potential with an estimated 25% of Europe\u2019s tidal resource, 25% of its offshore wind resource and 10% of its wave potential.   The Scottish Government recognises that offshore renewable energy represents a huge opportunity for Scotland to create new industries and to make great progress towards achieving our ambitious renewable energy targets. We also recognise that there are a range of issues which have to be addressed to allow the establishment of any new sector. To address the various issues and challenges of developing offshore renewables the Scottish Government has initiated a number of projects to provide solutions and support to partner organisations and Industry. The UK and Scottish Marine legislation has been used to deliver a Marine Planning System and introduce best practice through efficiencies in licensing and consenting processes. Scottish Ministers have started the process of implementing the streamlining of marine licensing and are taking forward secondary legislation within the Scottish Parliament. Marine Scotland has taken forward a range of initiatives to deliver on Scottish Ministers commitments on marine renewables through the development of marine planning (including national, regional and sectoral) and efficient licensing and consenting processes, as described in this report.","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/4485-scottish-planning-paper.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6105","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-guidance-underwater-noise-european-seas-part-ii-monitoring-guidance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC88045","title":"Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas, Part II: Monitoring Guidance Specifications","description":"The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) requires European Member States (MS) to develop strategies for their marine waters that should lead to programmes of measures that achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) in European Seas. As an essential step in reaching good environmental status, MS should establish monitoring programmes, enabling the state of the marine waters concerned to be assessed on a regular basis. Criteria and methodological standards on GES of marine waters were published in 2010 (Commission Decision 2010\/477\/EU). Two indicators were described for Descriptor 11 (Noise\/Energy): Indicator 11.1.1 on low and mid frequency impulsive sounds and Indicator 11.2.1 on continuous low frequency sound (ambient noise).  As a follow up to the Commission Decision, the Marine Directors in 2010 agreed to establish a Technical Subgroup (TSG) for further development of Descriptor 11 Noise\/Energy. TSG (Underwater) Noise in 2011 focused on clarifying the purpose, use and limitation of the indicators and described methodology that would be unambiguous, effective and practicable; the first report [Van der Graaf et al., 2012] was delivered in February 2012. Significant progress was made in the interpretation and practical implementation of the two indicators, and most ambiguities were solved.  In December 2011, EU Marine Directors requested the continuation of TSG Noise, and the group was tasked with recommending how MS might best make the indicators of the Commission Decision operational. TSG Noise was asked first to provide monitoring guidance that could be used by MS in establishing monitoring schemes for underwater noise in their marine waters. Further work includes providing suggestions for (future) target setting; for addressing the biological impacts of anthropogenic underwater noise and to evaluate new information on the effects of sound on marine biota with a view to considering indicators of noise effects.  The present document is Part II of the Monitoring Guidance for Underwater Noise in European Seas and provides MS with the information needed to commence the monitoring required to implement this aspect of MSFD. TSG Noise has identified ambiguities, uncertainties and other shortcomings that may hinder monitoring initiatives and has provided solutions. Methodology is described for monitoring both impulsive and ambient noise to ensure the information required for management and policy is collected in a cost-effective way. Further issues will certainly arise once monitoring starts, but the principles laid out in this guidance will help resolve these.  To view Part I of this report, click here.","author":["Dekeling, R.","Tasker, M.","Van der Graaf, A.","Ainslie, M.","Andersson, M.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Borsani, J.","Brensing, K.","Castellote, M.","Cronin, D.","Dalen, J.","Folegot, T.","Leaper, R.","Pajala, J.","Redman, P.","Robinson, S.","Sigray, P.","Sutton, G.","Thomsen, F.","Werner, S.","Wittekind, D.","Young,  J."],"organization":["European Commission"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Monitoring-Guidance-for-Underwater-Noise-in-European-Seas.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6106","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/matches-mismatches-between-seabird-distributions-estimated-sea-surveys-concurrent","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2019.00333\/full","title":"Matches and Mismatches Between Seabird Distributions Estimated From At-Sea Surveys and Concurrent Individual-Level Tracking","description":"Mapping the distribution of seabirds at sea is fundamental to understanding their ecology and making informed decisions on their conservation. Until recently, estimates of at-sea distributions were generally derived from boat-based visual surveys. Increasingly however, seabird tracking is seen as an alternative but each has potential biases. To compare distributions from the two methods, we carried out simultaneous boat-based surveys and GPS tracking in the Minch, western Scotland, in June 2015. Over 8 days, boat transect surveys covered 950 km, within a study area of ~6,700 km2 centered on the Shiant Islands, one of the main breeding centers of razorbills, and guillemots in the UK. Simultaneously, we GPS-tracked chick-rearing guillemots (n = 17) and razorbills (n = 31) from the Shiants. We modeled counts per unit area from boat surveys as smooth functions of latitude and longitude, mapping estimated densities. We then used kernel density estimation to map the utilization distributions of the GPS tracked birds. These two distribution estimates corresponded well for razorbills but were lower for guillemots. Both methods revealed areas of high use around the focal colony, but over the wider region, differences emerged that were likely attributable to the influences of neighboring colonies and the presence of non-breeding birds. The magnitude of differences was linked to the relative sizes of these populations, being larger in guillemots. Whilst boat surveys were necessarily restricted to the hours of daylight, GPS data were obtained equally during day and night. For guillemots, there was little effect of calculating separate night and day distributions from GPS records, but for razorbills the daytime distribution matched boat-based distributions better. When GPS-based distribution estimates were restricted to the exact times when boat surveys were carried out, similarity with boat survey distributions decreased, probably due to reduced sample sizes. Our results support the use of tracking data for defining seabird distributions around tracked birds\u0027 home colonies, but only when nearby colonies are neither large nor numerous. Distributions of animals around isolated colonies can be determined using GPS loggers but that of animals around aggregated colonies is best suited to at-sea surveys or multi-colony tracking.","author":["Carroll, M.","Wakefield, E.","Scragg, E.","Owen, E.","Pinder, S.","Bolton, M.","Waggitt, J.","Evans, P."],"organization":["Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","University of Glasgow","Bangor University","Sea Watch Foundation"],"originationDate":"2019-09-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.590413000000","-6.764657000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6107","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changing-distribution-east-coast-scotland-bottlenose-dolphin-population-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.3102","title":"Changing distribution of the east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population and the challenges of area-based management","description":"The efficacy of marine protected areas (MPAs) depends on clear conservation objectives and ecologically meaningful boundaries. The east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population expanded its distributional range during the 1990s beyond the boundaries of the Moray Firth Special Area of Conservation (SAC), originally proposed to contain their core area of distribution. Two decades on, this study assesses the importance for this population of St Andrews Bay and the Tay estuary, 300\u00a0km south of the SAC.\nPhotoidentification data from 2009 to 2015 were analysed using mark\u2013recapture models to investigate the proportion of the population that uses St Andrews Bay and the Tay estuary. Habitat models were fitted to bottlenose dolphin presence\u2013absence data to identify areas of high use.\nThe estimated number of dolphins using St Andrews Bay and the Tay estuary during the summer increased from 91 (95% confidence interval 78\u2013106) in 2009 to 114 (95% confidence interval 95\u2013137) in 2015, representing, on average, 52.5% of the total estimated east\u2010coast population for that period. Spatial mixing of individuals during the summer between St Andrews Bay and the Tay estuary and the Moray Firth SAC was estimated to be a minimum of ~6% per year and ~30% over the study period. The entrance to the Firth of Tay and waters around Montrose were identified as areas of consistent high use.\nThe importance of St Andrews Bay and the Tay estuary reconfirms that effective monitoring of the population requires dedicated effort in both this area and the SAC. The results lead to consideration of the wider context of area\u2010based management for the conservation\/management of highly mobile wide\u2010ranging species and human activities that might impact them.","author":["Civil, M.","Quick, N.","Cheney, B.","Pirotta, E.","Thompson, P.","Hammond, P."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2019-09-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.199439000000","-1.464043000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Cetaceans","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6108","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/north-east-scotland-salmon-sea-trout-tracking-array-interim-report","sourceURL":"","title":"North East Scotland Salmon and Sea Trout Tracking Array: Interim Report","description":"This document forms the 2018 interim report for the North Ease Scotland Salmon and Sea Trout Tracking Array and is provided to give an overview of the project so far and the data gathered. This project is funded by Vattenfall under the Environmental Research and Monitoring Programme for the European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre.  Migration routes of salmon and sea trout (\u201csalmonids\u201d) from the Rivers Dee, Don and Ythan will be investigated over three years (2018-2020) through tagging and tracking of migrating juvenile salmonid smolts. The data derived from the tracked individuals will be combined with local sea current information, to estimate actual swimming vectors of smolts. The use of the hydrodynamic Scottish Shelf Model (SSM), developed by Marine Scotland Science, will therefore provide a view of smolt dispersion around NE Scotland. The predictive capacity of the proposed work would be transferable to other windfarm and major construction projects.","author":["River Dee Trust","Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.217890000000","-1.977001000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/salmon-sea-trout-and-smolt-tracking-study-by-river-dee-trust.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6109","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-wave-tidal-stream-demonstration-zones-test-sites-workshop-report","sourceURL":"","title":"UK Wave and Tidal Stream Demonstration Zones and Test Sites Workshop Report","description":"This document summarises the key findings of a workshop hosted by Welsh Government in Cardiff on the 14th and 15th July 2015. The workshop was facilitated by Natural Capital Ltd on behalf of a Client group of The Crown Estate, the Welsh Government, Natural Resources Wales (NRW), Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and Natural England (NE). Other Steering Group partners were Marine Scotland, RenewableUK and the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). Participants included representatives from a range of government organisations, statutory nature conservation organisations, demonstration zone and test site managers, developers and consultancies. A facilitated discursive approach was used at the workshop with participants working in small groups and in plenary session (see Chapter 21 ). It was informed by a Discussion Note which included workshop prompts. This was circulated in advance of the workshop (see Annex D).\n\nThe key objective of the workshop was to bring those with an interest in the wave and tidal stream sectors together to discuss and share ideas about some practical consenting and research issues relevant to demonstration zones and test sites and with potentially wider benefits to the wave and tidal stream sectors. These sites provide opportunities to develop and establish joint learning objectives relating to the environment and technical engineering aspects of device and array testing to ultimately de-risk project development and consenting. Joint working has the benefit of reducing the potential for inefficient and duplicated effort, sharing costs and taking a coordinated approach to dealing with shared issues.\n\nThree key themes relating to UK wave and tidal stream demonstration zones and test sites were discussed at the workshop:\nTheme 1: Defining Rochdale envelopes for demonstration zones and test sites.\nTheme 2: Evidence requirements for demonstration zone and test site consents.\nTheme 3: Role of the demonstration zones and test sites in improving the environmental evidence base to de-risk consenting.","author":["The Crown Estate"],"organization":["The Crown Estate","Natural England","Scottish Natural Heritage","Welsh Government","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UK-Wave-and-Tidal-Demonstration-Zones-Workshop-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6110","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/joint-statutory-nature-conservation-bodies-position-statement-orjip-project-4-stage-1","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.carbontrust.com\/offshore-wind\/orjip\/orjip-stage-1\/acoustic-detterents\/","title":"Joint Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies Position Statement: ORJIP Project 4, Stage 1 of Phase 2","description":"This note is intended to clarify the current SNCB position in relation to Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADD) use for piling mitigation operations and is primarily based on the evidence reviewed within the Phase 2 report (Sparling et al., 2015) and the Gordon et al., (2015) report.\u00a0","author":["Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (SNCB)"],"organization":["Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Natural England","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2016-10-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/sncb-final-position-statement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6111","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-deterrent-devices-improvements-standard-mitigation-during-piling-research-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.carbontrust.com\/offshore-wind\/orjip\/orjip-stage-1\/acoustic-detterents\/","title":"Use of Deterrent Devices and Improvements to Standard Mitigation during Piling - Research Summary","description":"Marine Scotland, the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), the Carbon Trust and The Crown Estate, along with the offshore wind development community are working together to implement an Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) of works to fund and deliver strategic research projects to reduce consenting risk for offshore wind projects in UK waters. Addressing strategic evidence gaps is a high priority for the offshore wind sector as it will play a significant role in \u2018de-risking\u2019 future projects. The outputs of this proposed programme are required to inform both consent and licence applications and advice and decisions by the UK regulatory authorities.\n\nORJIP Project 4 is the first of the ORJIP programme of projects to be progressed. The specific aim of ORJIP Project 4 is to:\nReview, test and\/or develop acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) or other deterrent devices for multiple marine mammal species, thus reducing reliance on visual observations and increasing construction time available by removing daylight\/sea state restrictions on piling activity;\nConduct field tests in realistic conditions to provide evidence that such devices will provide the required level of risk reduction for the species concerned; and\nDevelop protocol(s) for the use of ADD(s) as agreed with industry, advisors, regulators and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs).\n\nIn June 2013, ORJIP commissioned Xodus Group, and partners SMRU Marine, to carry out Phase 1 of Project 4, the scope of which was to carry out an independent review of the available evidence base and through consultation with interested parties make recommendations for suggested research programmes, study sites and preliminary costings to guide the ORJIP Project 4 Phase 2 research into the utility of Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADD) as mitigation.\n\nNote that mitigation was assessed only in terms of its ability to reduce the risk of direct and indirect injury from noise during turbine installation related piling. The ability for ADD to mitigate disturbance\/behavioural effects as a result of piling specifically was not considered. The potential for disturbance to arise as a result of the mitigation measure itself, rather than the piling noise, was however included in the assessment; for example, the potential for noise emitted by an ADD to cause additional disturbance of marine mammals during OWF construction.","author":["Herschel, A.","Stephenson, S.","Sparling, C.","Sams, C.","Monnington, J."],"organization":["Xodus Group","SMRU Consulting","Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"originationDate":"2013-11-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/orjip-project-4-phase-1-summary-report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6112","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-deterrent-devices-improvements-standard-mitigation-during-piling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.carbontrust.com\/offshore-wind\/orjip\/orjip-stage-1\/acoustic-detterents\/","title":"Use of Deterrent Devices and Improvements to Standard Mitigation during Piling","description":"Marine Scotland (MS), The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), The Carbon Trust, The Crown Estate (TCE) and the offshore wind development community are working together to implement an Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) of works to fund and deliver strategic research projects to reduce consenting risk for offshore wind projects in UK waters. Addressing strategic evidence gaps is a high priority for the offshore wind sector as many potential future offshore wind projects are at risk. Offshore wind developments in UK waters are progressing rapidly and the outputs of this proposed programme are required to inform consent and licence applications and advice and decisions by the UK regulatory authorities.\n\nFollowing consultation with the UK Underwater Noise Group and the offshore wind industry improvements to standard mitigation measures associated with potential injury effects of underwater noise on marine mammals came through as being a priority consenting risk to the offshore wind farm (OWF) industry. The focus of this first ORJIP (ORJIP Project 4) is therefore the strategic data collection and technology research to develop solutions on behalf of offshore wind developers to address this risk.\n\nThis review constitutes Phase 1 of ORJIP Project 4 (project specification described in Invitation To Tender provided in Appendix A). This review summary has been prepared by Xodus Group Ltd, in collaboration with SMRU Marine, who were commissioned to undertake the work by DECC as representatives of the ORJIP Interim Working Group (IWG)\/ORJIP Programme Group.","author":["Herschel, A.","Stephenson, S.","Sparling, C.","Sams, C.","Monnington, J."],"organization":["Xodus Group","SMRU Consulting","Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/orjip-acoustic-deterrent-devices-phase-1-report-xodus.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6113","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-acoustic-deterrents-mitigation-injury-marine-mammals-during-pile-driving-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.carbontrust.com\/offshore-wind\/orjip\/orjip-stage-1\/acoustic-detterents\/","title":"The use of Acoustic Deterrents for the mitigation of injury to marine mammals during pile driving for offshore wind farm construction","description":"The use of acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) has been suggested as an alternate means to mitigate the risk of lethal and physical direct injury to marine mammals during pile driving (e.g. Gordon et al., 2007). There are, however, stakeholder concerns with the proposed use of ADDs as a blanket alternative to adoption of the JNCC protocol and the use of MMOs and PAM at offshore wind farms (OWFs), these concerns primarily relate to the evidence base for ADD effectiveness and uncertainties surrounding the extrapolation of this evidence to a range of different sites and conditions. As a result of these concerns and discussions within the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP), a review was commissioned in 2013 and published by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (Herschel et al., 2013). This review investigated these issues and presented evidence on the effectiveness of available ADD technology for deterring UK marine mammal species at the ranges likely to be required for mitigating physical and auditory injury.  This report is intended to provide an update to the ORJIP Project 4, Phase 1 report (Herschel et al., 2013), highlighting any advances relevant to the use of ADDs for mitigation since its publication, in terms of evidence for effectiveness in offshore wind farm mitigation, advances in available ADD technology and advances in methodologies for field tests to improve our understanding of effectiveness. Note that the use of \u2018Phase 1\u2019 throughout this report refers to the previous review. This report also provides recommendations to improve the current evidence base for ADD effectiveness and provides a detailed evaluation of methods and field sites for future experimental trials.  The structure of the report is as follows:    Section 3: An introduction to a general framework for assessing the potential for ADD based mitigation on a site by site basis;  Section 4: ADD effectiveness review: an update to the evidence base presented in Herschel et al., (2013) to document research that has been carried out on ADDs for the marine mammal species of concern in relation to injury from pile driving noise during UK OWF construction;  Section 5: Methodology review: A review of the techniques employed to date to measure ADD responses as a high level evaluation of to the various options for field trials. These options are further evaluated in Section 9 in light of the gaps identified in Section 4;  Section 6: A detailed appraisal of the technological status, commercial availability and practicality of use of ADDs in relation to their potential application in the mitigation of the risk of injury from pile driving noise during UK OWF construction;  Section 7: A review of the factors influencing sound propagation with a view to informing how results from a range of trial sites (past and future) would translate to OWF sites with a range of different characteristics;  Section 8: A comparison of the potential costs between different mitigation approaches. To understand the potential value of ADD\u2019s to the UK offshore wind sector by comparing the cost of using ADDs vs other current mitigation techniques such as MMO and PAM;  Section 9: Detailed discussion and evaluation of methodology for field trials as well as a comparison and evaluation of a number of potential field sites for carrying out further ADD trials. This evaluation also includes a power analysis to determine the sample sizes required to allow a robust assessment of ADD effectiveness. This section concludes with recommendations for methods and sites based on this evaluation;  Section 10: Overall conclusions and summary of recommendations.","author":["Sparling, C.","Sams, C.","Stephenson, S.","Joy, R.","Wood, J.","Gordon, J.","Thompson, D.","Plunkett, R.","Miller, B.","G\u00f6tz, T."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Xodus Group","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","The Carbon Trust","Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/orjip-add-study-final-report-stage-1-phase-2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6114","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/good-practice-guide-underwater-noise-measurement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.npl.co.uk\/special-pages\/guides\/gpg133underwater","title":"Good Practice Guide for Underwater Noise Measurement","description":"This document provides guidance on best practice for in-situ measurement of underwater sound, for processing the data, and for reporting the measurements using appropriate metrics. Measured noise levels are sometimes difficult to compare because different measurement methodologies or acoustic metrics are used, and results can take on different meanings for each different application, leading to a risk of misunderstandings between scientists from different disciplines. Acoustic measurements are required for applications as diverse as acoustical oceanography, sonar, geophysical exploration, underwater communications, and offshore engineering. More recently, there has been an increased need to make in-situ measurements of underwater noise for the assessment of risk to marine life. Although not intended as a standard, these guidelines address the need for a common approach, and the desire to promote best practice.","author":["Robinson, S.","Lepper, P.","Hazelwood, R."],"organization":["National Physical Laboratory (NPL)","Marine Scotland Science","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2014-03-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/gpg133underwater.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6115","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guide-population-models-used-marine-mammal-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hub.jncc.gov.uk\/assets\/e47f17ec-30b0-4606-a774-cdcd90097e28","title":"Guide to Population Models used in Marine Mammal Impact Assessment","description":"The prediction of the population level consequences of impacts on marine mammals as a result of proposed marine developments is a crucial part of the impact assessment and decision making process. A variety of different population modelling approaches have been used in recent years to provide information for consenting decisions about the potential magnitude and significance of impacts. The range of models and approaches that have been adopted and presented in Environmental Statements and Habitat Regulations Appraisal (HRA) reports are quite complex and the variety can be confusing to the non-specialist. This report is intended to be an accessible summary reference guide to marine mammal population modelling for statutory nature conservation body (SNCB) advisers and practitioners dealing with assessments of the potential impacts on marine mammal populations. It is also intended for SNCB marine mammal specialists to use as a resource to inform approaches to decision making and planning and carrying out strategic level assessments. This guide first provides an overview of the main generic types of approaches used in population assessment\/decision making (Section 2) before exploring a few specific examples in more detail in Section 3. Section 4 provides an overview of the main issues arising from this overview and examples and comments on recent developments and future directions. A glossary of terms is provided at the end of the guide.","author":["Sparling, C.","Thompson, D.","Booth, C."],"organization":["Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/JNCC-Report-607.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6116","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/non-lethal-management-carnivore-predation-long-term-tests-startle-reflex-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/acv.12248","title":"Non-lethal management of carnivore predation: long-term tests with a startle reflex-based deterrence system on a fish farm","description":"Carnivore depredation on human livestock is a worldwide problem with few viable solutions. Non\u2010lethal management tools such as acoustic devices show highly varying success and often pose a conservation risk due to noise pollution and habitat degradation. We tested the long\u2010term effectiveness of a deterrence system which harnesses an autonomous reflex (startle) to selectively inflict avoidance responses in a target species (phocid\u00a0seals) by emitting band\u2010limited noise pulses with sharp onset times. Seal predation was monitored at a marine salmon farm (test site) over a full production cycle (19\u00a0month) with a multi\u2010transducer deterrent system deployed for the final year. Predation was also monitored for several months at two control sites and additional short\u2010term tests were carried out at sites which suffered higher predation rates. Generalized linear (mixed) models revealed that sound exposure caused a 91% reduction in lost fish when comparing predation levels within the test site and 97% when comparing the test site against both control sites. Similarly, sound exposure led to a 93% reduction in the number of fish lost due to seal damage at a short\u2010term test site. Visual monitoring of marine mammals around the long\u2010term test site showed that the number of seal surfacings within 100\u00a0m from the loudspeakers was only slightly lower during sound exposure. Harbour porpoise and otter distribution around the farm was not affected by sound exposure. By adjusting the frequency composition of startle stimuli, our method has the potential to provide solutions for managing human\u2013wildlife conflicts in terrestrial and marine habitats by selectively deterring target species.","author":["G\u00f6tz, T.","Janik, V."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2016-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.955735000000","-6.687563000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6117","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-assessing-relative-effectiveness-acoustic-deterrent-devices-other-non","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/evaluating-assessing-relative-effectiveness-acoustic-deterrent-devices-non-lethal-measures\/","title":"Evaluating and Assessing the Relative Effectiveness of Acoustic Deterrent Devices and other Non-Lethal Measures on Marine Mammals","description":"Acoustic Deterrent Devices (ADDs) have long been used to try to keep animals away from human activities. They have been developed in the marine environment particularly to keep marine mammals away from fishing operations, aquaculture sites and more recently to keep marine mammals away from industrial operations that might be harmful to the animals themselves. This review attempts to synthesise the costs and benefits of the acoustic deterrent approach, drawing on a wide range of examples and types of deterrent device, but the primary focus is on the use of ADDs in aquaculture.","author":["Coram, A.","Gordon, J.","Thompson, D.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-10-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Evaluating-and-assessing-the-relative-effectiveness-of-acoustic-deterrent-devices.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6118","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/haul-out-behavior-harbor-seals-phoca-vitulina-hood-canal-washington","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0038180","title":"Haul-Out Behavior of Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) in Hood Canal, Washington","description":"The goal of this study was to model haul-out behavior of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Hood Canal region of Washington State with respect to changes in physiological, environmental, and temporal covariates. Previous research has provided a solid understanding of seal haul-out behavior. Here, we expand on that work using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with temporal autocorrelation and a large dataset. Our dataset included behavioral haul-out records from archival and VHF radio tag deployments on 25 individual seals representing 61,430 seal hours. A novel application for increased computational efficiency allowed us to examine this large dataset with a GLMM that appropriately accounts for temporal autocorellation. We found significant relationships with the covariates hour of day, day of year, minutes from high tide and year. Additionally, there was a significant effect of the interaction term hour of day : day of year. This interaction term demonstrated that seals are more likely to haul out during nighttime hours in August and September, but then switch to predominantly daylight haul-out patterns in October and November. We attribute this change in behavior to an effect of human disturbance levels. This study also examined a unique ecological event to determine the role of increased killer whale (Orcinus orca) predation on haul-out behavior. In 2003 and 2005 these harbor seals were exposed to unprecedented levels of killer whale predation and results show an overall increase in haul-out probability after exposure to killer whales. The outcome of this study will be integral to understanding any changes in population abundance as a result of increased killer whale predation.","author":["London, J.","Ver Hoef, J.","Jefferies, S.","Lance, M.","Boveng, P."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.602606000000","-122.954090000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haul-out-behavior-of-harbor-seals.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6121","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regulatory-workshop-underwater-acoustics-final-report-nerc","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nerc.ukri.org\/innovation\/activities\/energy\/offshore\/emec-mreke-workshop\/","title":"Regulatory Workshop on Underwater Acoustics: Final Report to NERC","description":"A key uncertainty associated with the marine renewable energy industry is the potential for negative effects of underwater noise due to installation activities and operation of marine energy converter systems (MECS) on sensitive marine species. Of particular concern is the potential for negative effect or impact on species such as marine mammals and fish that utilise underwater sound as part of their survival strategy. Techniques and equipment are being developed for the measurement of underwater noise in the harsh marine conditions typically found at marine energy sites in order to provide a detailed assessment of the acoustic environment to inform this uncertainty. However, there are currently no standard methods for measuring and reporting underwater noise, resulting in various and inconsistent methods being used, some of which are not informative to any useful extent.  The problem caused by this inconsistency and lack of robustness has been recognised by the acoustics and wider communities and there are various work-streams in progress to address this. This problem was also raised at the EMEC Monitoring Advisory Group (MAG) during the group\u2019s routine review of the adequacy of a range of underwater acoustic monitoring studies that had been performed at the EMEC test sites. The group observed that there was a wide range of reporting approaches and assumptions, with a variety of parameters reported, and that each study was found to be lacking in some respect. This highlighted the need for consistency to be introduced during the initial discussion sessions between project developers and regulators, at which recommendations can be made by the Regulator. It was clear that there was a need for a \u2018guide\u2019 aimed at regulators, to enable them to make the appropriate level of detailed recommendation to project developers when discussing the scope of underwater acoustic monitoring to be undertaken.  Having identified this need, EMEC was able to gain funding from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and in April 2013 facilitated an underwater acoustic workshop for marine renewables regulators and their advisors, with input from acoustics experts commissioned to deliver the training. The driver for the workshop was the recognition of the need for a greater appreciation amongst regulators of the key aspects of underwater acoustic data gathering. Specifically: what needs to be measured; how measurement should be undertaken; common pitfalls to avoid; and what to look for in an adequate data gathering and analysis report. The workshop provided an introduction to the basics of underwater acoustics, a review of underwater acoustic measuring systems and deployment methods, and an overview of propagation modelling techniques.  The workshop was attended by representatives from regulators throughout the UK and their statutory environmental advisors. This document provides a final report on the progress and outcomes of the project to the funder.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6122","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fine-scale-harbour-seal-sea-usage-mapping-around-orkney-north-coast-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/fine-scale-harbour-seal-sea-usage-mapping-around-orkney-and-north-coast-scotland","title":"Fine-scale harbour seal at-sea usage mapping around Orkney and the North coast of Scotland","description":"The report describes how fine-scale harbour seal usage maps around Orkney and the north coast of Scotland, UK, can be used and interpreted, the caveats and limitations, and methodology used to produce them (Appendix A). 1. Harbour seal movement data from telemetry tagged seals, collected between 2003 and 2015, were combined with terrestrial count data. The most recent year that count data were collected from each onshore location was used, which ranged from 2008 to 2015. Population-level species distribution maps and associated confidence intervals were produced around Orkney and the north coast of Scotland at a resolution of 0.6 km x 0.6 km. Seasonal usage was investigated (Appendix B). There were a number of data and numerical constraints that meant robust seasonal usage maps could not be produced. To address these constraints, recommendations of telemetry and terrestrial count data collection and further analysis are made.","author":["Jones, E.","Smout, S.","Blight, C.","Sparling, C.","McConnell, B."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.011735000000","-3.119310000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones-et-al-2016_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6126","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-transitions-towards-low-carbon-resilience-evaluation-disaster-triggered-local","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/11\/23\/6801\/htm","title":"Energy Transitions Towards Low Carbon Resilience: Evaluation of Disaster-Triggered Local and Regional Cases","description":"Following numerous global scientific studies and major international agreements, the decarbonization of energy systems is an apparent and pressing concern. The consequence of continued emission growth tied to rising global average temperatures is difficult to predict, but against a background of other natural and human-induced disasters, may create a situation, from a positive perspective, where each disaster event triggers \u201cbuild back better\u201d responses designed to speed the transition toward low carbon, resilience-oriented energy systems. This article examines the potential for disaster-triggered responses in communities, at various local and regional levels, in four industrial economies in the Asia Pacific region: Japan, China, Australia, and the USA. Seven case studies were evaluated against a set of criteria that exemplify the key aspects of resilient energy systems. The research results suggest that a new space of innovation does emerge in post-disaster situations at a range of local and regional scales. The greatest potential benefit and opportunity for significant gains, however, appears to manifest at the small community level, and the ultimate challenge relates to how to mainstream local innovations into state and national level transformation on energy systems so as to enhance resilience and promote rapid decarbonization.","author":["Ko, Y.","Barrett, B.","Copping, A.","Sharifi, A.","Yarime, M.","Wang, X."],"organization":["Osaka University","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Hiroshima University","University College London","University of Oregon","University of Tokyo","Tongji University","Hong Kong University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2019-11-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Koetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6134","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/three-dimensional-modelling-suspended-sediment-transport-far-wake-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148119317896","title":"Three-dimensional modelling of suspended sediment transport in the far wake of tidal stream turbines","description":"A three-dimensional tidal turbine simulation based on an oceanographic numerical model has been tested for suspended sediment calculation, particularly in the wake of a standalone tidal turbine. The results suggest a need for further improvement of the model in order to obtain correct predictions of suspension strength of the wake and suspended sediment concentration under the influence of a turbine (compared to measured data). Due to the wide use of FVCOM in coastal applications where turbines are commonly installed, it proves necessary to address this issue. Two approaches with respect to modifying bed shear stress and turbulent mixing calculations in the presence of a turbine are proposed and tested in this research. Using data collected in the laboratory as reference, the turbulent mixing enhancement approach is shown to be effective. A series of tests are carried out to identify the impact of the turbine on suspended sediment transport in its vicinity. The results suggest that the impact is highly dependent upon the sediment grain size.","author":["Li, X.","Li, M.","Amoudry, L.","Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza, R.","Thorne, P.","Song, Q.","Zheng, P.","Simmons, S.","Jordan, L-B.","McLelland, S."],"organization":["University of Liverpool","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education","Nagoya University","University of Hull","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lietal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6135","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-wave-power-generators-distribution-two-sea-pen-species-swedish-west-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1371475\u0026dswid=-2797","title":"Effects from wave power generators on the distribution of two sea pen species on the Swedish west coast","description":"Global electricity demand doubled between 1990 and 2016 and several countries are planning for a significant increase in offshore renewable energies along the European coast. In 2015 renewable energy accounted for more than half of the new generating capacity installed in the power sector worldwide. These activities bring up an increased interest about possible environmental impacts or additional values of the new technologies. The Wave Energy Park \u0022Soten\u00e4s Project\u0022 is located on the west coast of Sweden, 120 km north of Gothenburg, and was the site for environmental impact studies from wave energy generators on two sea pen species, Virgularia mirabilis (M\u00fcller, 1776) and Pennatula phosphorea (Linnaeus, 1758). Sea pens and burrowing mega fauna communities are designated threatened or declining habitats or species by the OSPAR convention. Investigations of those taxa in relation to marine renewable energies are thereby both interesting and important. A ROV aided seabed survey in the wave power park and respective control areas were primarily conducted to assess Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) abundance and video footages were used to compare the abundance of the two sea pen species within the same area. Preliminary results show a significant difference between the transects and years. However, a clear increased number of individuals inside the wave power park for the two sea pen species compared to the control transects were not identified. Long-term observations and complementary studies are necessary in order to draw firm conclusions.","author":["Bender, A.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2019-11-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.757142000000","11.547745000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:58:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6138","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resilience-social-capital-engagement-fisheries-communities-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18301441","title":"Resilience and social capital: The engagement of fisheries communities in marine spatial planning","description":"Between 2010 and 2016, the Orkney Islands Council, Highland Council and Marine Scotland have collaborated to develop a pilot Marine Spatial Plan for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters in Scotland. This paper explores the challenges of marine spatial planning processes by looking at the possibilities for fisheries communities to mobilize their social capital \u2013 in the form of bonding, bridging or linking \u2013 in order to re-position and to empower themselves in these processes. This paper aims to uncover the resilience of local communities that deploy social capital in order to influence MSP processes and safeguard their own interests. For this article ten weeks of qualitative fieldwork in the form of in-depth interviews and participant observation with stakeholders of the pilot marine spatial plan were conducted on the Orkney Islands in Scotland. The strong bonding social capital among fishermen in Orkney has resulted in a resilient community identity which allows for collaboration and self-organization, but also creates a defensive mentality which does not favor linking. Furthermore, a lack of trust in governmental authorities inhibits the mobilization of linking social capital among fishermen, obstructing the ability to access power through cross-scale connections. In response the fisheries community uses bridging social capital outside governance arenas to access networks and mobilize resources to strengthen its socio-economic and political position in support of future linking social capital. Researching this complex interrelation and functioning of social capital uncovers some of the social dimensions and socio-institutional constraints for fisheries engagement with and power in marine spatial planning.","author":["Bakker, Y.","de Koning, J.","van Tatenhove, J."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.715994800000","-3.149933500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6139","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/relating-fish-distributions-physical-characteristics-tidal-energy-candidate-site-banks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:037b712","title":"Relating fish distributions to physical characteristics of a tidal energy candidate site in the Banks Strait, Australia","description":"With the tidal energy industry moving towards commercial-scale developments, it is important to consider potential interactions between tidal energy converters (TECs) and the marine environment prior to the instalment of large-scale TEC arrays. The Banks Strait, a tidal channel located in the northeast of Tasmania, Australia, was identified as a promising candidate site for tidal energy by the Australian Tidal Energy (AUSTEn) project. To gain an understanding about potential overlap between TEC arrays and fish usage of the Banks Strait tidal channel, fish density distributions were estimated from hydroacoustic surveys during the tidal resource characterization campaign. Differences in fish density were examined according to bottom\u2013depth, bottom \u2013 type, current speed, temperature and vertical distribution. Fish densities were significantly higher at night and displayed preferences for depths between 20 \u2013 40 m and current speeds between 1.75 \u2013 2 m\/s. Fish density was generally highest in the bottom 10 m from the sea floor at all depths sampled. Variation by temperature and bottom\u2013type sampled was not significant. Future studies involving long-term, stationary surveys of fish densities along with repeated surveys across different seasons would provide a more wholistic picture of fish distributions in the Banks Strait to inform developers about potential device encounter probabilities.","author":["Scherelis, C.","Penesis, I.","Marsh, P.","Cossu, R.","Hemer, M.","Wright, J."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","Australian Maritime College"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.666660900000","147.836600600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6140","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/imaging-sonar-review-marine-environmental-monitoring-around-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/resources\/ea188b39d4994ac05c3d20cd36000d62\/Appendix6-2019-Imaging-Sonar-Review-for-Marine-Environmental-Monitoring-Around-Tidal-Turbines-JOSLIN.pdf","title":"Imaging sonar review for marine environmental monitoring around tidal turbines","description":"In anticipation of upcoming turbine deployments in the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, the Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA) and the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) have put together the \u2018Pathway Program\u2019 to establish a suite of integrated environmental monitoring sensors for monitoring bottom-deployed turbines and floating tidal energy platforms. The first phase of this program involves a comprehensive literature review for different instrument classes that may be incorporated in the final monitoring solution. This review of imaging (or multibeam) sonars is an attempt to summarize the capabilities of these instruments for monitoring tidal turbines and the lessons learned from previous efforts. By assembling this information during this Phase, the \u2018Pathway Program\u2019 will reduce the development timeline and increase the capabilities of the integrated instrumentation suite.  This report presents a summary of the literature review followed by an overview of the most relevant commercially available imaging sonars. Section IV provides a summary of six applications of imaging sonars for similar use cases. Sections V and VI discuss key considerations for the integration of the sonar into the instrument platform and lessons learned from previous deployments. Finally the 3 report concludes with the best-in-class recommendations and a list of the references used in the literature review.","author":["Joslin, J."],"organization":["University of Washington","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joslin_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6141","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/irregular-wave-validation-coupling-methodology-numerical-modelling-near-far-field","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/3\/538","title":"Irregular wave validation of a coupling methodology for numerical modelling of near and far field effects of wave energy converter arrays","description":"Between the Wave Energy Converters (WECs) of a farm, hydrodynamic interactions occur and have an impact on the surrounding wave field, both close to the WECs (\u201cnear field\u201d effects) and at large distances from their location (\u201cfar field\u201d effects). To simulate this \u201cfar field\u201d impact in a fast and accurate way, a generic coupling methodology between hydrodynamic models has been developed by the Coastal Engineering Research Group of Ghent University in Belgium. This coupling methodology has been widely used for regular waves. However, it has not been developed yet for realistic irregular sea states. The objective of this paper is to present a validation of the novel coupling methodology for the test case of irregular waves, which is demonstrated here for coupling between the mild slope wave propagation model, MILDwave, and the \u2018Boundary Element Method\u2019-based wave\u2013structure interaction solver, NEMOH. MILDwave is used to model WEC farm \u201cfar field\u201d effects, while NEMOH is used to model \u201cnear field\u201d effects. The results of the MILDwave-NEMOH coupled model are validated against numerical results from NEMOH, and against the WECwakes experimental data for a single WEC, and for WEC arrays of five and nine WECs. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between disturbance coefficient (Kd) values in the entire numerical domain ( RMSEKd,D ) are used for evaluating the performed validation. The RMSEKd,D between results from the MILDwave-NEMOH coupled model and NEMOH is lower than 2.0% for the performed test cases, and between the MILDwave-NEMOH coupled model and the WECwakes experimental data RMSEKd,D remains below 10%. Consequently, the efficiency is demonstrated of the coupling methodology validated here which is used to simulate WEC farm impact on the wave field under the action of irregular waves.","author":["Fern\u00e1ndez, G.","Stratigaki, V.","Troch, P."],"organization":["Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2019-02-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6142","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewables-biodiversity-fisheries","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewables, Biodiversity and Fisheries","description":"The scientific literature is awash with research that demonstrates that climate change will have a very significant net negative effect on biodiversity. Biodiversity isn\u2019t a luxury to be set aside when times are hard; biodiversity is integral to the ecosystem services that our natural environment provides to humans and other species; services that are essential to human wellbeing.  It is necessary to rapidly and significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to prevent levels of climate change that would decimate biodiversity, and for marine biodiversity also to prevent severe acidification of the oceans. This in turn will require countries to, inter alia, develop renewable energy to reduce the quantity of fossil fuel energy used. In the UK this will require the development of marine renewable energy.  The quantity of marine renewable energy needed in the future in the UK is debated but all main political parties, as well as the Committee on Climate Change, believe it must be a significant part of the energy mix. Friends of the Earth suggests that 5-10,000 offshore wind turbines may be necessary, alongside hundreds of kilometres of wave power and thousands of tidal stream turbines. Others, such as National Grid or Atkins, suggest less marine renewable energy than this is necessary, either by recommending large-scale nuclear power deployment and\/or by advocating energy pathways with much greater greenhouse gas emissions. But all agree marine renewable energy is necessary.  Within this context Friends of the Earth and the Plymouth University Marine Institute \u2013 who are leading researchers in marine renewable energy \u2013 agreed that it would be beneficial to inform debates on the issue of marine renewable energy deployment with evidence and expert opinion with regards impacts on biodiversity and fisheries. This publication is the result. It is the work of expert academics at Plymouth University and elsewhere who, in the finest tradition of research, maintained their academic independence throughout.  We hope that you find this research of interest and use.","author":["Attrill, M.","Godley, B.","Thompson, R.","Truebano, M.","Bicknell, A.","Votier, S.","Inger, R.","Embling, C.","Witt, M.","Sheehan, E.","Ashley, M."],"organization":["Plymouth University","North Highland College","Cranfield University","University of Exeter","University of Glasgow","University of Aberdeen","Friends of the Earth"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/marine_renewables_biodiver.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6143","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coupling-methodology-studying-far-field-effects-wave-energy-converter-arrays-over","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/11\/2899","title":"Coupling Methodology for Studying the Far Field Effects of Wave Energy Converter Arrays over a Varying Bathymetry","description":"For renewable wave energy to operate at grid scale, large arrays of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) need to be deployed in the ocean. Due to the hydrodynamic interactions between the individual WECs of an array, the overall power absorption and surrounding wave field will be affected, both close to the WECs (near field effects) and at large distances from their location (far field effects). Therefore, it is essential to model both the near field and far field effects of WEC arrays. It is difficult, however, to model both effects using a single numerical model that offers the desired accuracy at a reasonable computational time. The objective of this paper is to present a generic coupling methodology that will allow to model both effects accurately. The presented coupling methodology is exemplified using the mild slope wave propagation model MILDwave and the Boundary Elements Methods (BEM) solver NEMOH. NEMOH is used to model the near field effects while MILDwave is used to model the WEC array far field effects. The information between the two models is transferred using a one-way coupling. The results of the NEMOH-MILDwave coupled model are compared to the results from using only NEMOH for various test cases in uniform water depth. Additionally, the NEMOH-MILDwave coupled model is validated against available experimental wave data for a 9-WEC array. The coupling methodology proves to be a reliable numerical tool as the results demonstrate a difference between the numerical simulations results smaller than 5% and between the numerical simulations results and the experimental data ranging from 3% to 11%. The simulations are subsequently extended for a varying bathymetry, which will affect the far field effects. As a result, our coupled model proves to be a suitable numerical tool for simulating far field effects of WEC arrays for regular and irregular waves over a varying bathymetry.","author":["Fern\u00e1ndez, G.","Balitsky, P.","Stratigaki, V.","Troch, P."],"organization":["Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2018-10-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6144","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlantic-offshore-renewable-energy-development-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/25062\/atlantic-offshore-renewable-energy-development-and-fisheries-proceedings-of-a","title":"Atlantic Offshore Renewable Energy Development and Fisheries","description":"The development of offshore energy on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is overseen by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). In support of its mission to conduct its activities in an environmentally and economically responsible way, BOEM engaged a steering committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to facilitate a workshop about the research and monitoring needed to assess potential impacts from offshore wind turbine installation and operation on fisheries on the Atlantic OCS. This activity is specifically focused on fisheries resources and is one part of a suite of efforts by BOEM to understand the potential impact of offshore renewable energy on the environment. The workshop was focused on southern New England, where several offshore wind leases are progressing toward construction. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.","author":["National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine"],"organization":["National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 10:58:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NASEM_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6145","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collaborative-fisheries-planning-virginias-offshore-wind-energy-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/a-npdc.org\/collaborative-fisheries-planning-for-virginias-offshore-wind-energy-area-2016\/","title":"Collaborative Fisheries Planning for Virginia\u0027s Offshore Wind Energy Area","description":"BOEM, DMME and Virginia Coastal Zone Management (VA CZM) Program developed this project\u2014 Collaborative Fisheries Planning for Virginia\u2019s Offshore Wind Energy Area\u2014to provide a process for working with the recreational and commercial fishing sectors. To prepare for potential development of wind energy facilities off the coast of Virginia, the project was designed to:    Identify fishing communities potentially affected by the VWEA.  Establish a collaborative process for a two-way exchange of information with identified communities.  Develop accurate, fine-scale maps of important recreational, commercial, and charter fishing areas in and around the VWEA through a collaborative effort with fishermen.  Build upon BOEM\u2019s Report on Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Mitigation Measures for Fishing and Offshore Wind Energy Development, 2 by working with fishermen to develop a fisheries communication plan and other BMPs.  Create BMPs regarding communication, design, operation, and environmental monitoring of a commercial wind facility.   It is important to note that this document uses the term \u201cfishermen\u201d to collectively refer to commercial, recreational, and charter boat fishermen. The term is meant to be inclusive, and not limiting to one category over another. Information from this project will feed into BOEM\u2019s environmental analysis (i.e., BOEM\u2019s NEPA review of the proposed COP) and associated environmental consultations.","author":["Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program"],"organization":["Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.833000000000","-75.330000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Virginia_Wind_Energy_Area_Collaborative_Fisheries_Planning_Final_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6147","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-wave-energy-converter-farms-coastal-protection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-90701-7_6","title":"The Role of Wave Energy Converter Farms in Coastal Protection","description":"Many worldwide coasts are under erosion with climate projections indicating that damages will rise in future decades. Specifically, deltaic coasts are highly vulnerable systems due to their low-lying characteristics. This chapter investigates the role of wave energy converter (WEC) farms on the protection of an eroding gravel-dominated deltaic coast (Guadalfeo, southern Spain). Eight scenarios with different alongshore locations of the wave farm were defined and results were compared with the present (no farm) configuration of the coast. Assuming that storm conditions drive the main destruction to the coast, we analysed the impact of the most energetic storm conditions and quantified the effects of the location of the farm. Significant wave heights in the lee of the farm were calculated by means of a calibrated wave propagation model (Delft3D-Wave); whereas wave run-up and morphological changes in eight beach profiles were quantified by means of a calibrated morphodynamic model (XBeach-G). The farm induces average reductions in significant wave heights at 10 m water depth and wave run-up on the coast down to 18.3% and 10.6%, respectively, in the stretch of beach most affected by erosion problems (Playa Granada). Furthermore, the erosion of the beach reduces by 44.5% in Playa Granada and 23.3% in the entire deltaic coast. Combining these results with previous works at the study site allowed selecting the best alternative of wave farm location based not only on coastal protection but also on energetic performance criteria. This chapter, whose methodology is feasibly extensible to other coasts worldwide, provides insights into the role of the alongshore location of WEC farms on wave propagation, run-up and morphological storm response of deltaic coasts.","author":["Mo\u00f1ino, A.","Bergillos, R.","Clavero, M.","Borthwick, A.","Ortega-S\u00e1nchez, M."],"organization":["University of Granada","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2018-04-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.723980000000","-3.525500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6149","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fair-head-tidal-energy-park-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.economy-ni.gov.uk\/consultations\/application-consent-construct-and-operate-100-mw-tidal-energy-array-waters-fair-head-county-antrim","title":"Fair Head Tidal Energy Park Environmental Statement","description":"This Environmental Statement (ES) has been prepared by DP Marine Energy Ltd (DPME), in support of an application for statutory for a 100MW tidal energy project located less than 1km off Fair Head on the North Antrim Coast in Northern Ireland (the Project). The Project will be developed by Fair Head Tidal Energy Park Limited (FHTEPL) a special purpose company formed by DPME and Bluepower NV. The Project consists of the installation of Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) and associated infrastructure, in an area of approximately 4.2km 2 , together with two potential marine export cable corridors. The proposed tidal array will cover an area of approximately 4.2km 2 and is located less than 1km off the North Antrim Coast in Northern Ireland. The consenting authorities responsible for assessing the application for consent for the Project are the Department of Agriculture, Environment \u0026amp; Rural Affairs (DAERA) and the Department for the Economy (DfE). They will be supported in the assessment process by a number of statutory consultees including Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA).  The ES has been prepared in four volumes:    Volume 1: Non-Technical Summary  Volume 2: Environmental Statement  Volume 3: Figures  Volume 4: Technical Appendices   More on Fair Head Tidal Array here.","author":["DP Energy"],"organization":["DP Energy"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.306637300000","-6.474472000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:33:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fairhead-Tidal-Consent-Application-2018.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FairHeadTidal-EnvironmentalStatement-2017-Volume2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FairHeadTidal-EnvironmentalStatement-2017-Volume3.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FairHeadTidal-EnvironmentalStatement-2017-Volume4.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6150","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/old-new-threats-submerged-cultural-landscapes-fishing-farming-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1179\/135050309X12508566208407","title":"Old and New Threats to Submerged Cultural Landscapes: Fishing, Farming and Energy Development","description":"Submerged cultural resource managers have a daunting task; balance the protection of the underwater cultural heritage without denying or unfairly restricting economic development of the coastal zone. Underwater archaeological resources such as historic shipwrecks and submerged prehistoric sites can and have been impacted by fishing, farming, and energy development \u2014 both \u0027traditional\u0027 (i.e. hydrocarbon-based) and \u0027renewable\u0027 (i.e. wind, water, and thermal). This paper discusses the numerous stakeholders involved in the utilization of coastal and underwater resources, and how archaeological sites are mapped, managed, mitigated for and preserved within the pursuit of marine resources.","author":["Evans, A.","Firth, A.","Staniforth, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6151","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-value-multi-sectoral-marine-commercial-activity-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11000492","title":"Quantifying the value of multi-sectoral marine commercial activity in Ireland","description":"The realisation that the world\u2019s oceans play an important role in climate regulation and many territory activities, notably food production, coupled with economic changes and the rapid advancement in ocean technology have seen a shift in the perception of the importance of marine resources. This increased focus on marine resources means that governments and policy-makers require accessible and reliable information regarding the role of the marine sector. This information may then be used to formulate new environmental and economic policy measures. The aim of this paper is to define, describe and quantify the value of the marine sector in Ireland. This paper outlines a methodology that provides a robust analysis of the Irish marine sector for 2007. It was found that in 2007 the Irish marine sector contributed \u20ac1.44 billion in GVA to the wider Irish economy and employed over 17,000 individuals in full time equivalents.","author":["Morrissey, K.","O\u0027Donoghue, C.","Hynes, S."],"organization":["NUI Galway"],"originationDate":"2011-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.975747000000","-7.717277000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emerging-policy-landscape-marine-spatial-planning-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X12002084","title":"The emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in Europe","description":"This paper provides an overview of the emerging policy landscape for marine spatial planning in the European Union, which consists of four main categories of policy drivers: environmental legislation, legislation on marine renewable energy, fisheries regulations and the Integrated Maritime Policy. The weak links between these categories of policy drivers, underpinned by a lack of clarity regarding the vision for sustainability, pose major challenges for the emergence of ecosystem-based and integrated marine spatial planning in Europe. In addition, there is still uncertainty arising from on-going reform of the Common Fisheries Policy, and discussions on the need for a new marine spatial planning directive. This paper concludes with the view that better integration of environmental concerns into the Common Fisheries Policy is needed to strengthen the link between environmental legislation and fisheries regulations, and that the existing policy landscape, particularly the Marine Strategic Framework Directive, already provides a legal framework for ecosystem-based marine spatial planning. Such a framework is consistent with the recognition that ecosystem conservation underpins other pillars of sustainable development and provides the foundation for cross-sectoral marine planning and management.","author":["Qui, W.","Jones, P."],"organization":["University College London"],"originationDate":"2013-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Quietal2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6153","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-perceptions-marine-environment-behavioral-intentions-preserve-it-case-three","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19301290","title":"Public perceptions of the marine environment and behavioral intentions to preserve it: The case of three coastal cities in Greece","description":"This study explored public perceptions of the marine environment in three coastal communities in Greece and further investigated intentions to adopt behaviors that contribute to marine conservation. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to study the psychological determinants of behavioral intentions. The findings indicated that respondents have positive attitudes, moderate knowledge of marine issues, and they value the marine environment for the multiple ecosystem services that it provides. Litter and pollution from industry were considered as the most important marine threats, followed by fishing and farming. Participants suggested that informing the public and giving prominence to environmental education can contribute to marine conservation efforts. They felt that research centers and scientific community were more competent than governmental authorities and the private sector concerning the management and protection of the marine environment. Intention to adopt environmental behaviors was influenced by normative considerations, attitudes toward marine biodiversity and perceived behavioral control beliefs. The results may: 1) help inform policymakers to improve marine resource management towards a more sustainable relationship between people and the sea; 2) support the development of marine strategies that fit the social preferences, needs, and priorities to increase the likelihood of public support; and 3) support marine spatial planning efforts to uncover the intrinsic complexity of societal interactions with the marine environment. The findings further support policymakers that wish to promote behavior change through communication strategies that deliver environmental messages that focus on enhancing normative considerations, behavioral control beliefs, and corresponding attitudes.","author":["Gkargkavouzi, A.","Paraskevopoulos, S.","Matsiori, S."],"organization":["University of Thessaly"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.965793600000","23.696983800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6154","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-pilot-tidal-project-final-technical-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1214436","title":"Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project Final Technical Report","description":"Tidal energy represents potential for the generation of renewable, emission free, environmentally benign, and cost effective energy from tidal flows. A successful tidal energy demonstration project in Puget Sound, Washington would potentially enable significant commercial development resulting in important benefits for the northwest region and the nation. Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County (the District) began studying the Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project (Project) in 2006. This Project promoted the goals set forth by the United States Department of Energy\u2019s (DOE) Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program for advancing the commercial viability, cost-competitiveness, and market acceptance of marine hydrokinetic systems.  The Project purpose was to license, permit and install a grid connected deep-water tidal array to be used as a platform to gather operational and environmental data. The data could then be used to better inform the viability of commercial tidal energy generation from technical, economic, social, and environmental standpoints. This data would serve as a critical step towards the responsible advancement of commercial scale tidal energy in the United States and around the world. Not only would this information impact future tidal energy development, it could also aid in the advancement of other alternative energy developments including wave and offshore wind.  Regulatory requirements necessitated extensive collaboration with local, state, and federal agencies on the Project and resulted in issuance of all required permits and authorizations. Outreach to other stakeholders and interested parties increased public awareness and comfort with the relatively new technology being proposed for the Project, an otherwise unexplored alternative energy source in the region.  Design considerations associated with the Project included but were not limited to the transmission cable, cable laying procedures, power conversion, and grid interconnection in addition to a robust environmental monitoring program developed in coordination with scientists and engineers at the University of Washington, NOAA Fisheries, and other resource agencies. All of the designs developed for the Project under this award can be adapted and applied to future marine hydrokinetic projects, potentially lowering costs, increasing efficiency and creating job opportunities in a growing field.  In late 2014, the District discontinued the Project activities due to escalating costs, and subsequently terminated the DOE award in early 2015. Consequently, remaining tasks including final engineering design, deployment, operation, and monitoring will not be completed. This report discusses the results and accomplishments achieved under the award. The original scope of this award included the following five tasks: Task-1 Regulatory Compliance, Systems Engineering Design and Vendor Selection; Task-2 Final Design, Equipment Procurement and Cable Lay\/Power Control Building Construction; Task-3 Go\/No-Go Decision in coordination with DOE; Task-4 Turbine Deployment and Electrical Connection; Task-5 Project Operation, Evaluation and Removal. The District collaborated extensively with project stakeholders to complete Task 1 and its subtasks. The remaining tasks had not been reviewed under NEPA at the time of award termination, and had not commenced. Completion of Task 1 above brought the project through all necessary requirements to begin procuring equipment and executing construction agreements in support of deployment of the turbines in Admiralty Inlet.","author":["Collar, C."],"organization":["Snohomish County PUD","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.182972000000","-122.732000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 10:02:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AdmiraltyInlet_FinalReport_DE-EE0003648.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6180","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-key-achieving-climate-societal-goals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/365\/6460\/1372","title":"The ocean is key to achieving climate and societal goals","description":"The just-released Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate (SROCC) (1) details the immense pressure that climate change is exerting on ocean ecosystems and portrays a disastrous future for most life in the ocean and for the billions of people who depend on it unless anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are slashed. It reinforces in stark terms the urgency of reducing carbon emissions expressed in a 2018 IPCC report (2). But another just-released report (3) provides hope and a path forward, concluding that the ocean is not simply a victim of climate change, but a powerful source of solutions. Drawing on this report organized by the High Level Panel (HLP) for a Sustainable Ocean Economy, which quantifies and evaluates the potential for ocean-based actions to reduce emissions, we outline a \u201cno-regrets to-do list\u201d of ocean-based climate actions that could be set in motion today. We highlight the report\u0027s analysis of the mitigation potential and the required research, technology, and policy developments for five ocean-based mitigation areas of action: renewable energy; shipping and transport; protection and restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems; fisheries, aquaculture, and shifting diets; and carbon storage in the seabed (see the figure). Make no mistake: These actions are ambitious, but we argue that they are necessary, could pay major dividends toward closing the emissions gap in coming decades, and achieve other co-benefits along the way (3, 4).","author":["Hoegh-Guldberg, O.","Northrop, E.","Lubchenco, J."],"organization":["University of Queensland","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6184","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impediments-achieving-integrated-marine-management-across-borders-case-eu-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18306146","title":"Impediments to achieving integrated marine management across borders: The case of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive","description":"Several initiatives have been taken worldwide to promote international coordination and integrated approach in marine management. At the European level, ten years after the adoption of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Member State strategies still present some ecological, economic and social challenges. This review identifies the minor, intermediate and major impediments (respectively defined as \u2018bottlenecks, showstoppers and train-wrecks\u2019) to marine management, resulting from a 4-year analysis of national, regional and European reports. Most of the problems are linked to the resistance of countries to collaborate and to the inability to integrate the work already carried out under other pieces of legislation. The European countries will need to better integrate and coordinate their actions in marine management in the second cycle of the MSFD, in order to achieve its final goal of Good Environmental Status as well as the objectives of other environmental policies.","author":["Cavallo, M.","Borja, A.","Elliot, M.","Quintino, V.","Touza, J."],"organization":["Universidad de Vigo","University of Hull","University of Aveiro","University of York"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6194","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rockall-hatton-resolving-super-wicked-marine-governance-problem-high-seas-northeast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00069\/full","title":"Rockall and Hatton: Resolving a Super Wicked Marine Governance Problem in the High Seas of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean","description":"The Hatton-Rockall plateau in the northeast Atlantic Ocean has long been the subject of interest for fishers, prospectors, conservationists, managers, planners, and politicians. As a feature that straddles national and international waters, it is subject to a multitude of competing and confounding regulations, making the development of a holistic management plan for sustainable use fraught with difficulty. Here, the various stakeholders in the area are collated, together with the rules they have created or must abide by with respect to biodiversity assets, maritime resources, and governance frameworks. Blue Growth envisages optimal use of sea areas, including potential for additional commercial activities. Current research and stakeholder engagement efforts to achieve this integration are described, and the contribution of the EU-funded ATLAS project is analyzed. In particular, more precise, ground-truthed information has the potential to inform systematic conservation planning, providing the basis for sustainable development and improving adaptive management. By scrutinizing and exposing all the elements in this example of a spatially managed area we show how the expectations of each stakeholder can be better managed.","author":["Johnson, D.","Froj\u00e1n, C.","Neat, F.","Van Oevelen, D.","Stirling, D.","Gubbins, M.","Roberts, J."],"organization":["Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","Marine Scotland Science","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-02-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.000000000000","-25.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6196","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/more-maps-providing-alternative-fisheries-fishers-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569118304368","title":"More than maps: Providing an alternative for fisheries and fishers in marine spatial planning","description":"Although a necessary approach in many cases, implementing Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) reveals discrepancies between theory and practice. These discrepancies include the major importance given to technical issues along with the role and meaning ascribed to the \u201cspatial\u201d dimension at the expense of the \u201cstrategic\u201d one. This gives rise to questions especially from the point of view of fisheries that invite to develop a more in-depth critical analysis of MSP. Far from considering the technical and political dimensions in opposition, the goal is to find out whether the reasoning used can be turned around, or in other words, whether the potential of a mapping instrument can be used to give greater importance and more visibility to strategic questions in MSP processes. Our reflection is based on methods used to map fisheries. It is also enhanced by notions such as empowerment and asserting the value of non-scientific knowledge in-situ. To test the strengths and shortcomings of this idea, it was applied in the context of an ongoing 2010 experiment between scientists (geographers and statisticians), fishers and fishers\u0027 representatives in metropolitan France. They have been working together for several years and have gradually expanded their scope to now include almost three-quarters of French metropolitan fleets (around 3250 vessels). This experiment shows that fishers and their representatives are not only able to generate spatial data using robust methods (almost 6000 surveys have already been conducted), but more importantly that they are also able to draw on this knowledge and participate in debates in a more effective manner, taking on the role of \u201creal actors\u201d. This has enabled a more political alternative to take shape, full of promise and giving rise to new questions.","author":["Trouillet, B.","Bellanger-Husi, L.","El Ghaziri, A.","Lamberts, C.","Plissonneau, E.","Rollo, N."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6198","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identification-marine-management-priority-areas-using-gis-based-multi-criteria","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569118305428","title":"Identification of marine management priority areas using a GIS-based multi-criteria approach","description":"There is a global issue of balancing resource exploitation with environmental protection. In particular, the marine environment is subject to many anthropogenic pressures which are most severe in coastal zones. Authorities managing these pressures have limited time and resources, so it is essential that they have access to data and modelling tools which help them prioritise their efforts.  This study presents a spatial modelling approach which draws together a range of key criteria into a single framework to identify marine areas which should be prioritised for management and monitoring. The study area, Sussex coastal waters (southern UK), was assessed through quantification and modelling of relative environmental score and fishing pressure score. Environmental score was assessed by combining ecosystem services provision, habitat diversity and sensitivity, based on seabed habitat data. Fishing pressure was assessed by combining fishing benefits, impacts and effort for specific local fisheries. The marine priority assessment was compared to the location of Marine Protected Areas to understand the relationship with existing management measures.  High and very high priority classes covered just 5% of the study area, with the highest priority area between Selsey and Bognor Regis. These habitats were ones found to have high environmental score (rocky reefs and seaweed-dominated sediment) concurrent with high fishing pressure. This modelling approach suggests that these areas should be the focus of further research, monitoring and potentially management measures. There was no significant difference between the priority score inside the MPAs and those outside, however, the environmental score was significantly higher inside MPAs. These findings suggest current MPAs are protecting valuable and\/or sensitive habitats and management within these sites may have resulted in less fishing pressure.  Each multi-criteria element of the study individually advances our understanding of the value of this marine environment and the importance of fisheries in Sussex coastal waters. Together, the multi-criteria approach strengthens the knowledge of processes and interactions, building a robust evidence base for management decision making. A framework has been developed which, with the use of different or additional datasets, could be applied to many scenarios supporting environmental managers worldwide.","author":["Nelson, K.","Burnside, N."],"organization":["University of Brighton"],"originationDate":"2019-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6200","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/typology-different-perspectives-spatial-economic-impacts-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1523908X.2019.1680274","title":"A typology of different perspectives on the spatial economic impacts of marine spatial planning","description":"Marine spatial planning aims to create a framework for the oceans and seas that minimise conflicts between economic activities within the marine environment while maintaining good environmental status. Although reports by international \u2013 and national \u2013 organisations suggest there are economic benefits to marine spatial planning this analysis has, to date, been aspatial. Employing an explorative Q methodology approach with ten participants, this paper seeks to address this spatial and distributive gap by exploring stakeholders (marine renewable energy, fishing industry, aquaculture and marine tourism) perceptions of the economic impacts of marine spatial planning across varying (local to national) geographical scales in the U.K. The paper develops a typology of three different perspectives on the economic impacts of marine spatial planning: the optimistic \u2018place-makers\u2019; the sceptical \u2018place-holders\u2019; and the utilitarian \u2018place-less\u2019. Findings highlight that participants loading onto a specific \u2018type\u2019 cannot simply be explained by stakeholder categorisation. This research contributes to the coastal management literature by identifying differing perceptions on the \u2018spatial economic impact\u2019 of marine spatial planning by economic actors utilising marine and coastal areas in the U.K.","author":["Gustavsson, M.","Morrissey, K."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.334080000000","-4.417597000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6231","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/clarence-strait-guidelines-preparation-environmental-impact-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ntepa.nt.gov.au\/environmental-assessments\/register\/clarence-strait-tidal-energy-project","title":"Clarence Strait Guidelines for Preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement","description":"Tenax Energy Pty Ltd (the Proponent) proposes to install up to 456 marine turbines on the seafloor in Clarence Strait, 50km north of Darwin. Preliminary engineering designs proposed 15 metre rotors spinning under the power of ocean currents and tides, to generate electricity for approximately 70% of tidal cycles.  The Project would include tidal energy generators and associated submarine cables, switching gear, transformer and substation at Glyde Point to provide a connection to the Darwin\/Katherine grid. Designs may evolve with time, but designs presented in the Notice of Intent (NOI) proposed marine turbines placed on gravity base structures within a lease area of approximately 1691 hectares. A 2.3 hectare area is proposed for the submarine cables (approximate length 23km). The total amount of potential energy able to be generated from this Project is estimated at 1 036 000 MWh\/year. To manage the increased capacity on the Darwin\/Katherine electricity grid, and to refine designs, the Project site would be developed in several phases, including a pilot stage.  The Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project (the Project) has offshore and onshore components. The offshore component is located in Clarence Strait, between Gunn Peninsula and Melville Island, Tiwi Islands. The onshore part of the Project is a linear alignment located between a point north west of Glyde Point and the northern most extent of the proposed infrastructure corridor associated with the deferred Glyde Point development site.  On the 18 December 2008 the Proponent submitted a Notice of Intent for the Project for assessment under the Northern Territory (NT) Environmental Assessment Act 1982 (EA Act). On 12 September 2009 the Northern Territory Minister for Natural Resources, Environment and Heritage (the Minister) determined that the Project required formal assessment under the EA Act at the level of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Issues of concern contributing to this decision included:    The technology is relatively new and environmental impacts are largely unknown or potentially significant;  Potential impacts to marine species including coral reef communities;  A number of rare and threatened species and listed migratory species and communities occur in the proposal\u2019s impact area;  The area provides important feeding grounds for sea turtles and dugong and consequently may be important to the traditional owners of the region;  Disturbance of seabed impacting the erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments;  Potential impacts to recreational and tourism activities in the area;  Potential impacts to local and international shipping needs in the area;  Potential disturbance to maritime heritage and Aboriginal cultural heritage; and EIS Guidelines \u2013 July 2013 Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project \u2013 Tenax Energy 4  Potential impacts to water quality from material inputs such as antifouling treatments.   The Proponent referred this proposal to the Australian Government under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act. On 28 January 2009, the Project was deemed to be a controlled action requiring assessment and approval under the EPBC Act before it can proceed. The controlling provisions are:    Listed threatened species and communities (sections 18 and 18A);  Listed migratory species (sections 20 and 20A); and  Commonwealth marine areas (section 23 \u0026amp; 24A).   The Project will be assessed under a bilateral agreement between the NT and Australian Governments or an accredited assessment process. The assessment approach will be decided jointly by both governments, to streamline the process while satisfying requirements of the EPBC Act and EA Act.  These Guidelines are to assist the Proponent in preparing an EIS for the Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project, in accordance with Clause 8 of the NT Environmental Assessment Administrative Procedures of the EA Act, and Part 8 of the EPBC Act. The NT Environment Protection Authority (NT EPA) will assess and report on the prepared EIS for the Project, after consultation with the public, advisory agencies and the Australian Government. The Project will then require approval from the responsible NT (consent) Minister(s), and from the Australian Minister under the EPBC Act before it can proceed.  Information about the Project and its relevant impacts, as outlined in this document, is to be provided in the EIS. This information should be sufficient to allow:     The NT EPA to make informed recommendations to the Minister and the Australian Government in accordance with the EA Act; and   The Australian Government Minister to make an informed decision on whether or not to approve, under Part 9 of the EPBC Act, the taking of the action for the purposes of each controlling provision.   Note: The Guidelines were issued to the Proponent on 8 July 2009, valid for a period of two years. On 4 July 2011 the Proponent applied for an extension to the period allowed for submission of the EIS. A two-year extension was granted by the NT Minister to the period in which the EIS is to be prepared and submitted by the Proponent for the Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project. On 14 June 2013 the Proponent submitted further request to the NT EPA for extension of the period open for submission of the draft EIS. A further two year period has subsequently been granted.","author":["Tenax Energy"],"organization":["Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-12.071580000000","131.040460000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 01:09:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tenax_Energy_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6238","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harvest-wind-harvest-your-dinner-using-law-encourage-offshore-energy-food-multiple-use","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3160352","title":"Harvest the Wind, Harvest Your Dinner: Using Law to Encourage an Offshore Energy-Food Multiple-Use Nexus","description":"Most scholars discuss the food-water-energy-climate nexus as it emerges on land. Less attention has been paid to the food-water-energy-climate nexus as it exists in the ocean, but that nexus exists\u2014and it is beginning to be strained. This Article, a companion piece to the forthcoming \u201cIt\u2019s Not Just an Offshore Wind Farm,\u201d explores the international drive to combine offshore wind facilities with marine aquaculture, an emerging example of the water-energy-food nexus in the marine environment. Many nations are becoming increasingly interested in both offshore wind farms and open ocean marine aquaculture, but both enterprises take up considerable space in the marine environment. The resulting actual and potential crowding creates and threatens conflicts both with other uses, such as fishing, ecotourism, and shipping, and with marine protection and biodiversity goals. In Europe, where offshore wind facilities have become quite extensive, co-location of facilities has emerged as a strategy to reduce competition for offshore space that might simultaneously benefit marine aquaculture and enhance food security. This article examines the increasing drive toward co-locating offshore wind and open ocean aquaculture facilities and offers suggestions for how law might better promote this form of co-location through ongoing marine spatial planning efforts.","author":["Craig, R."],"organization":["University of Utah"],"originationDate":"2018-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6239","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploitation-utilization-marine-resources-protection-marine-ecology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/369\/1\/012009\/meta","title":"Exploitation and utilization of marine resources and protection of marine ecology","description":"With the development of society and the gradual enhancement of information science and technology, marine science and technology are gradually strengthened, the marine economy is playing an important part in our national economy. China\u0027s marine Energy Resources Total accumulation is very rich, and it is a great wealth, but the development of marine resources is not unlimited. Although it can promote the development of national economy, the sustainable development of marine resources should be considered. As the marine science and technology are growing today, the sustainability of marine resources is also seriously threatened. This paper analyzes the problems that encountered in the exploitation and utilization of marine resources and also in the protection of marine ecology. After expounding the importance of sustainable development of marine resources, the writer puts forward some methods and suggestions on how to make marine resources develop sustainably.","author":["Zhong, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-08-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["31.537818000000","110.178925000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6240","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pelagicam-novel-underwater-imaging-system-computer-vision-semi-automated-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs10661-019-7980-4","title":"PelagiCam: a novel underwater imaging system with computer vision for semi-automated monitoring of mobile marine fauna at offshore structures","description":"Engineered structures in the open ocean are becoming more frequent with the expansion of the marine renewable energy industry and offshore marine aquaculture. Floating engineered structures function as artificial patch reefs providing novel and relatively stable habitat structure not otherwise available in the pelagic water column. The enhanced physical structure can increase local biodiversity and benefit fisheries yet can also facilitate the spread of invasive species. Clear evidence of any ecological consequences will inform the design and placement of structures to either minimise negative impacts or enhance ecosystem restoration. The development of rapid, cost-effective and reliable remote underwater monitoring methods is crucial to supporting evidence-based decision-making by planning authorities and developers when assessing environmental risks and benefits of offshore structures. A novel, un-baited midwater video system, PelagiCam, with motion-detection software (MotionMeerkat) for semi-automated monitoring of mobile marine fauna, was developed and tested on the UK\u2019s largest offshore rope-cultured mussel farm in Lyme Bay, southwest England. PelagiCam recorded Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), garfish (Belone belone) and two species of jellyfish (Chrysaora hysoscella and Rhizostoma pulmo) in open water close to the floating farm structure. The software successfully distinguished video frames where fishes were present versus absent. The PelagiCam system provides a cost-effective remote monitoring tool to streamline biological data acquisition in impact assessments of offshore floating structures. With the rise of sophisticated artificial intelligence for object recognition, the integration of computer vision techniques should receive more attention in marine ecology and has great potential to revolutionise marine biological monitoring.","author":["Sheehan, E.","Bridger, D.","Nancollas, S.","Pittman, S."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of California Davis"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6249","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-standardsguidelines-marine-renewables","sourceURL":"","title":"Review of Standards\/Guidelines for Marine Renewables","description":"The emerging marine renewable energy industry needs to continue to establish credibility by developing proven reliable technologies for energy conversion from both wave and tidal stream resources. The commercial potential of the technologies rests in demonstrating reliability of performance and an acceptable cost of energy. Innovation is required not only in device design and initial feasibility and reliability testing, but also for developing efficiencies across the scope of all activities from design, manufacture, operations and maintenance, through to final project decommissioning. Standards and guidelines are therefore fundamental to the successful development of this industry.  In 2007 the European Marine Energy Centre Ltd (EMEC) facilitated the development of a suite of twelve standards for use by the marine renewable industry. Each document was written by an acknowledged expert, and progressed by a working group made up of individuals representing technology developers, regulators, academia, utilities, and project developers. These twelve standards were published in 2009 (see www.emec.org.uk\/standards for full details). Technical Committee 114: Marine Energy \u2013 Wave and Tidal Energy Converters (TC114) was created by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2007 with the purpose of developing international standards for marine energy conversion systems. Six of the twelve standards described above were submitted as part of a suggested work programme for TC114.  As with all industries, it is important that standards and guidelines are reviewed regularly, and any requirement for improvements to existing, or development of new standards is identified and progressed. In recognition of its close industry contacts and past association with the development of standards and guidelines for the wave and tidal stream sectors, EMEC was funded by the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (ORE Catapult) to collaborate in a project to undertake a consensus review of the existing standards and guidelines, identifying any areas requiring updating, or for which new standards\/guidelines are required. This was carried out through an industry-wide workshop event, free to attend, and disseminated widely amongst a range of industry groups.  The key aims of the project were to:    Review the existing suite of twelve standards facilitated by EMEC for the sector in 2007 and identify any areas that require updating;  Investigate and report the requirements for new standards or guidelines;  Propose an outline for key new standards or guidelines based on discussions at a targeted workshop;  Provide other recommendations related to the production and application ofstandards and guidelines for the wave and tidal stream sectors in the UK (and beyond).    The purpose of this document is to report on activities from the workshop, including recommendations for progressing the development of standards and guidelines for the marine renewable energy industry.","author":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2014-07-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Review-of-Standards-for-Marine-Renewables-Wave-Tidal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6252","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/powering-future-impact-report-201617","sourceURL":"","title":"Powering the Future Impact Report 2016\/17","description":"The offshore wind sector in particular has taken huge steps in reducing costs. The Catapult is at the heart of this key industry, ensuring that progress continues and is deeply rooted in our regions, often those with the greatest need for jobs and development. ORE Catapult will continue to evolve in support of the renewables industry: convening expertise from other sectors; leveraging the depth of the Catapult network, and delivering targeted technology innovation. In the meantime, this report provides a summary of the strong progress that has been achieved during the past year (2016\/17).","author":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IMPACT-REPORT-2016-17-FINAL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6257","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/net-zero-uks-contribution-stopping-global-warming-committee-climate-change-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334203675_Net_Zero_The_UK\u0027s_contribution_to_stopping_global_warming_Committee_on_Climate_Change","title":"Net Zero - The UK\u0027s Contribution to Stopping Global Warming: Committee on Climate Change Report","description":"This report provides a briefing summary of the Committee on Climate Change Report for ORE Catapult. Key findings of this report are summarized below and described in the full text with implications relevant for offshore wind and other offshore renewables.    The report outlines the need for \u201cat least 75GW\u201d of offshore wind by 2050.  Offshore wind expected to account for 50% of UK electricity generation by 2050.  The report gives the view that there is technical potential for 245GW of bottom-fixed wind in UK waters, but it is not clear to what extent this takes all constraints into account.  The report acknowledges that \u201cfloating wind turbines would increase the potential for deployment in deeper waters.\u201d  75GW of offshore wind, requiring a build-out rate of 4GW per year, is ambitious but achievable.  There is a need for improved system flexibility to allow up to 75% variable renewables penetration.  This improvement will come from a mix of battery storage, interconnection and fast-response gas plant as well as demand-side management and improvements in system operation.  The role of the UK in enabling decarbonisation on a global scale is recognised and gives a platform for continuing to lead in innovative technologies (could include floating wind and marine energy).  Some form of financial support for renewables is expected beyond 2030 and the need to maintain investor confidence is seen as critical.  The Government has recognised the importance of developing skills in its Industrial Strategy and Sector Deals. These should be used to tackle any skills gaps that would otherwise hinder progress.","author":["Smart, G."],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"originationDate":"2019-05-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CCC-Net-Zero-Briefing-Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6301","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-important-sea-areas-seabirds-using-species-distribution-models-hotspot","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320719310419","title":"Identifying important at-sea areas for seabirds using species distribution models and hotspot mapping","description":"Marine protected areas (MPAs) underpin the sustainable management of marine ecosystems but require accurate knowledge of species distributions. Recently, advances in tracking technology and habitat modelling have enabled the production of large-scale species distribution models (SDM), which provide the basis for hotspot mapping. In the UK, hotspot mapping to inform seabird MPA identification has involved converting observed or predicted distributions to polygons using either Maximum Curvature or Getis-Ord (Gi*) analysis. Here, we apply both mapping techniques to UK-wide, breeding season SDM predictions for four seabird species (Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, Common Guillemots Uria aalge, Razorbills Alca torda and European Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in order to compare their performance and inform seabird MPA. When using Maximum Curvature, grid cells within the identified maximum curvature boundaries were defined as hotspots. For Getis-Ord analysis, we defined hotspots as either (1) grid cells containing the top 1% or (2) the top 5% Gi* scores or (3) cells in which Gi* scores were statistically significant. Hotspots based upon Maximum Curvature or statistically significant Gi* scores covered the greatest area and were generally larger than current marine Special Protection Areas. Hotspots based on the top 1% or top 5% of Gi* scores were smaller and were concentrated around the largest breeding colonies. All hotspot methods consistently identified several high-density areas that should be prioritised for seabird conservation. Ultimately, the choice of hotspot identification method should be informed by considering species ecology alongside conservation goals to ensure hotspots are of sufficient size to protect target populations.","author":["Cleasby, I.","Owen, E.","Wilson, L.","Wakefield, E.","O\u0027Connell, P.","Bolton, M."],"organization":["Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","University of Glasgow"],"originationDate":"2020-01-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.070854000000","-2.308222000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6302","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economies-barents-sea-region","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-25674-6_7","title":"Economies of the Barents Sea Region","description":"Governing Arctic Seas introduces the concept of ecopolitical regions, using in-depth analyses of the Bering Strait and Barents Sea Regions to demonstrate how integrating the natural sciences, social sciences and Indigenous knowledge can reveal patterns, trends and processes as the basis for informed decisionmaking. This book draws on international, interdisciplinary and inclusive (holistic) perspectives to analyze governance mechanisms, built infrastructure and their coupling to achieve sustainability in biophysical regions subject to shared authority.  Governing Arctic Seas is the first volume in a series of books on Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability that apply, train and refine science diplomacy to address transboundary issues at scales ranging from local to global.  For nations and peoples as well as those dealing with global concerns, this holistic process operates across a \u2018continuum of urgencies\u2019 from security time scales (mitigating risks of political, economic and cultural instabilities that are immediate) to sustainability time scales (balancing economic prosperity, environmental protection and societal well-being across generations).  Informed decisionmaking is the apex goal, starting with questions that generate data as stages of research, integrating decisionmaking institutions to employ evidence to reveal options (without advocacy) that contribute to informed decisions. The first volumes in the series focus on the Arctic, revealing legal, economic, environmental and societal lessons with accelerating knowledge co-production to achieve progress with sustainability in this globally-relevant region that is undergoing an environmental state change in the sea and on land.  Across all volumes, there is triangulation to integrate research, education and leadership as well as science, technology and innovation to elaborate the theory, methods and skills of informed decisionmaking to build common interests for the benefit of all on Earth.","author":["Kryukov, V.","Poudel, D."],"organization":["Russian Academy of Sciences","Norwegian Polar Institute"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["74.611014000000","35.621202000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6303","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multiple-values-management-sustainable-use-coastal-marine-ecosystem-services","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212041619306242","title":"Multiple values for the management and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystem services","description":"Coastal and marine areas are increasingly recognized as coupled social-ecological systems (SES) or seascapes consisting of highly interlinked human and ecological elements (Berkes et al., 2003). These seascapes provide numerous ecosystem services ranging from provisioning services related to marine products of economic and subsistence value (Anneboina and Kumar, 2017, Potts et al., 2014) to regulating and cultural ecosystem services that have manifold contributions to human wellbeing (MA, 2005, Blasiak et al., 2017, Garcia Rodrigues et al., 2017). These ecosystem services are essential for approximately 28% of the global population that lives in coastal areas. However, coastal and marine SES experience rapid change, for example, facing the greatest exposure to climatic change that leaves their poor and marginalized residents among the world\u2019s most vulnerable (IPCC, 2019, Blasiak et al., 2017).  Considering the important contribution of coastal and marine SES to the wellbeing of many local communities, and humanity as a whole, there have been calls for the adoption of ecosystem-based approaches for their management (Foley et al., 2010, Maes et al., 2012). However, development interventions and management practices can have important trade-offs in such contexts (Mach et al., 2015, Berg et al., 2016). For example, while aquaculture has the potential to relieve pressure on overexploited wild fish stocks and improve the food security of local communities (Troell et al., 2014), it can also cause water pollution, habitat degradation, loss of genetic diversity, and nutritional deficits (Bush et al., 2013, Cashion et al., 2017, Glover et al., 2017, Hicks et al., 2019, Li et al., 2017). Similarly, tourism and recreational activities can enhance the cultural benefits obtained from seascapes, but at the same time they can have negative impacts through habitat change\/loss, pollution and loss of local traditions (Gladstone et al., 2013, Lopes et al., 2015). Similarly, the development of renewable energy infrastructure in coastal and marine SES has been associated with both positive and negative effects on aquatic biodiversity and associated ecosystem services (Gasparatos et al., 2017, Casalegno et al., 2014).","author":["Chakraborty, S.","Gasparatos, A.","Blasiak, R."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6304","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-exploitation-ionian-sea-hellenic-coasts-spatial-planning-potential-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14786451.2018.1539395","title":"Wave energy exploitation in the Ionian Sea Hellenic coasts: spatial planning of potential wave power stations","description":"Wave energy represents the \u2018new entry\u2019 to Renewable Energy Sources discussion, in the context of clean and sustainable energy solutions in the electricity production sector. This research describes a geo-spatial Multiple-Criteria Decision Analysis, based on the Geographic Information Systems technology, for the identification of the best location to deploy a potential Wave Energy Farm in the Ionian Sea, an area offshore the Greek mainland West coast. For this purpose, several factors are taken into consideration; restrictions such as protected areas, military exercise areas etc. and weighted factors such as distance to power grid, wave height etc. The wave resource assessment is completed through real data measurements and numerical wave model approximations. The results pinpoint the most suitable areas for installing the proposed wave power plants, i.e. near the SW coast of Corfu, in the West side of the Straits between Kefallonia and Zakynthos and near the broader area of Pylos, in the SW coast of Peloponnesus. The suggested methodology can be equally applied in other spatial planning cases too, being considered as a checklist, addressed to policy-makers and private investors.","author":["Kaldellis, J.","Chrysikos, T."],"organization":["University of West Attica"],"originationDate":"2018-10-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.593023000000","19.750196000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6305","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-barbuda-social-ecological-geographic-legal-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18309928","title":"Marine spatial planning in Barbuda: A social, ecological, geographic, and legal case study","description":"This paper details the process by which the Caribbean island of Barbuda created comprehensive marine spatial planning regulations. The Barbuda Council (the island\u0027s governing body), with invited support from the Waitt Institute, navigated complex tradeoffs between spatial uses to design and legally codify zoning for their entire marine jurisdiction. After a year of intensive community engagement under this Blue Halo Initiative, regulations were adopted in August 2014 that established zones for sanctuaries, fish net prohibitions, anchoring\/mooring, and shipping. Key data used included a habitat map and a heatmap of fishing value. Barbudans designed all zones, with technical support, using the software program SeaSketch. Throughout the process, the Council incorporated input from fishers and other community members, seeking a final zoning design that would minimize negative impacts on livelihoods and earn broad community support. The final zoning plan balances economic, conservation, and cultural uses. It includes thirteen zones and meets the pre-agreed goals of protecting one-third of the waters overall and approximately one-third of each habitat type. The consultation process included seven community consultation meetings, five fisher consultation meetings, and two meetings of a stakeholder committee. The initiative is now in the implementation phase, however Hurricane Irma devastated Barbuda in September 2017, creating substantial challenges for ongoing implementation. Overall lessons learned include the importance of being flexible and transparent, considering enforcement from the outset, building political will through documenting stakeholder and expert perspectives, and not allowing a pursuit of unanimous agreement to hinder progress.","author":["Johnson, A.","McClintock, W.","Burton, O.","Burton, W.","Estep, A.","Mengerink, K.","Porter, R.","Tate, S."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["17.612585000000","-61.770781000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6306","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-geometry-coastal-flooding-mitigation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969719310009","title":"Wave energy converter geometry for coastal flooding mitigation","description":"Wave farms, i.e., arrays of wave energy converters (WECs), have been proposed to fulfil the dual function of carbon-free energy generation and coastal protection. The objective of this work is to investigate, for the first time, how the coastal protection performance against flooding is affected by WEC geometry. This is done by means of a case study with WaveCat WECs (floating, overtopping WECs) deployed off the Playa Granada beach (Spain). To this end, two models of WaveCat WECs with different geometries are tested in a laboratory tank at a 1:30 scale under low-, mid- and high-energy sea states representative of the wave conditions of Playa Granada. The geometries differed in the angle between the twin hulls (wedge angle) of WaveCat: 30\u00b0 and 60\u00b0. The reflection and transmission coefficients thus obtained are used in a coupled numerical modelling approach, combining wave and coastal processes models (SWAN and XBeach-G, respectively). We find that WECs with an angle of 60\u00b0 provide more (less) protection for long (short) wave periods in terms of reductions in wave height and run-up on the beach. As for the flooded dry beach areas, they are generally smaller for WECs with 60\u00b0, with only some exceptions under mild conditions. Thus, considering that beach inundation usually occurs under high-energy, storm conditions, we conclude that the wave farm composed by WECs with a wedge angle of 60\u00b0 is more efficient against coastal flooding.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Allen, J.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","University of Plymouth","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-06-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.713803000000","-3.571900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6307","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-marine-ecosystem-services-richness-exposure-anthropogenic-threats-small-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X1930723X","title":"Assessing marine ecosystem services richness and exposure to anthropogenic threats in small sea areas: A case study for the Lithuanian sea space","description":"The Lithuanian sea space belongs to the smallest sea areas in Europe. The sea space incorporates multiple marine ecosystem services (MES) that support human-wellbeing and sustain maritime economies, but is also subjected to intensive anthropogenic activities that can affect its vulnerable ecological components. We present a flexible geospatial methodology to assess MES richness (MESR) and to analyse areas of exposure of MES to human impacts using a MES exposure index (MESEx). Source of anthropogenic threats to MES were firstly derived from the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and include marine litter (from ports and shipping), underwater noise (from offshore pile driving and shipping) and hazardous substances (from oil extraction platforms). Results were presented for the three main planning areas in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Coastal Stripe, territorial waters and EEZ. In detail, areas of highest MESR are located in the coastal areas of the Lithuanian Mainland Coast that are particularly rich in ecosystem services such as nursery function from for Baltic Herring and cultural services related to valuable recreational resorts, landscape aesthetic values and natural heritage sites. Modelled pressure exposure on selected MES show that cultural ecosystem services in proximity of Klaip\u0117da Port can be particularly affected by marine litter accumulation phenomena, while transboundary effects of potential oil spills from D6-Platform (Kaliningrad Region) can affect valuable fish provisioning areas and coastal cultural values in the Curonian Spit. Results were discussed for the relevance in MES assessment for marine spatial planning in small sea areas and the methodological outlook of the application of geospatial techniques on cumulative impacts assessment within this region of the Baltic Sea.","author":["Depellegrin, D.","Menegon, S.","Gusatu, L.","Roy, S.","Misiune, I."],"organization":["University of Exeter","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","University of Groningen","University of Seville"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.660000000000","20.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6316","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-configuration-coastal-flooding-mitigation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31318-0_4","title":"Wave Energy Converter Configuration for Coastal Flooding Mitigation","description":"In this chapter, the effects of wave energy converter geometry on coastal flooding are explored. In particular, it is assessed the efficiency of two angles between hulls of the WaveCat devices (30\u2218 and 60\u2218) for the mitigation of coastal inundation. The case study consists of a wave farm composed by 11 devices deployed off a deltaic beach is southern Spain (Playa Granada). First, laboratory tests were performed to determine the reflection and transmission coefficients under low-, mid- and high-energy conditions. Then, these coefficients were used to jointly apply Delft3D-Wave and XBeach-G in Playa Granada considering wave farms with both wedge angles. The results highlight that devices with wedge angles of 60\u2218 are more efficient than those with 30\u2218 to reduce nearshore wave heights, run-up values and flooded dry beach areas for long wave periods and high-energy conditions. Thus, since coastal flooding commonly occurs under storm conditions, the devices with wedge angles of 60\u2218 are more efficient as coastal defence elements against flooding.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","University of Plymouth","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6317","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/management-coastal-erosion-under-climate-change-through-wave-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-31318-0_5","title":"Management of Coastal Erosion Under Climate Change Through Wave Farms","description":"In this chapter, the efficiency of wave farms in coastal protection under sea-level rise is investigated. A wave farm formed by 11 wave energy converters was modelled off Playa Granada, a gravel-dominated coast in Southern Spain, under three sea-level rise scenarios: the current water level and the water level in 2100 according to a low- and high-emission scenario. In order to explore the effects produced by the wave farm, the natural scenario without wave farm was also studied. Waves were propagated through the wave farm by means of Delft3D-Wave and breaking parameters were obtained in order to apply a longshore sediment transport (LST) formulation. The results obtained with the LST formulation were used in a one-line model to compute the changes in the position of the shoreline at the study site. The results highlight that wave farms are able to decrease beach erosion (shoreline retreat) even under sea-level rise scenarios. That makes wave farms attractive management strategies, as they contribute to the decarbonisation of the energy mix and more efficient in terms of coastal protection under sea-level rise than traditional hard-engineering structures.","author":["Bergillos, R.","Rodriguez-Delgado, C.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of C\u00f3rdoba","University of Plymouth","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6327","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-collection-analysis-provision-fabtest-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fabtest.com\/files\/Appendix_10_Data_Management.pdf","title":"Data collection, analysis and provision for the FaBTest site","description":"The data collection, analysis and provision work underway by the FaBTest team is designed to incorporate research advances in the measurement and classification of oceanographic conditions, and their interpretation for engineering projects into an automated system providing data and analysis to site users at FaBTest. This report details progression in that work. It describes data collection systems and key procedures that have been setup. The report also covers progress in ongoing research and gives details of how these are being incorporated into the offer of services for those testing at FaBTest. The outcome demonstrates how the FaBTest team are collecting and using data. It also shows how the work underway will bring a wide range of high quality, innovative data products to site users, helping them draw detailed analysis of their test phases, and benefits to local supply chain and stakeholders. This report provides site users and prospective site users with information about the processes ongoing and it is hoped will encourage them when planning their tests as well as helping optimise their test period on site. The FabTest site is leased from The Crown Estate and has consent for testing, subject to permits issued by Falmouth Harbour Commissioners. Operational support of the site, as well as the ongoing monitoring and world leading research, is provided by the Renewable Energy Group from the University of Exeter, based on the nearby Penryn campus, and is made possible in part thanks to an investment of Regional Growth Fund money. The RGF investment of \u00a3549,000 into FaBTest was approved by the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP). The LEP recognised FaBTest as a key investment priority and a unique asset which can create economic benefits and market opportunities. The Regional Growth Fund is managed locally by Cornwall Development Company on behalf of the LEP and Cornwall Council.","author":["Ashton, I.","Blundy, R.","Harnois, V.","Whatley, A.","Morvan, A.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Exeter","Falmouth Harbour Commissioners"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 09:39:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ashton_et_al_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6328","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-oceans-site-selection-floating-offshore-wind-farm-based-gis-spatial-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19303707","title":"Managing the oceans: Site selection of a floating offshore wind farm based on GIS spatial analysis","description":"The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial analysis in the development of a floating offshore wind farm. When you plan a floating offshore wind farm it is very important to determine the areas where wind resource is high, which will produce good economic results in terms of the feasibility of the farm. However, the present paper analyses how some restrictions (environmental areas, navigation restricted areas, depth, ports, shipyards, etc.) affect to the floating offshore wind farm. The tool developed allows increasing the quantity of these restrictions as the user needs. The procedure has been considered for the Galician area (North-West of Spain), a region that has experience in onshore wind. Therefore, the GIS tool analyses the site selection for a floating offshore wind farm.","author":["Castro-Santos, L.","Lamas-Galdo, M.","Filgueira-Vizoso, A."],"organization":["Universidade da Coruna"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.433829000000","-10.125937000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6329","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orkney-ecologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0787\/9\/1\/5","title":"Orkney Ecologies","description":"Inspired by Felix Guattari\u2019s Three Ecologies ([1989] 2000), this article explores recent Orkney literature with an environmental focus (Working the Map\u2014ed. J \u0026amp; F Cumming and M. MacInnes; Ebban an\u2019 Flowan\u2014Finlay, A., Watts, L. and Peebles, A.; The Outrun\u2014A. Liptrot; Swimming With Seals\u2014V. Whitworth) in terms of Orkney ecologies\u2014which are always personal, environmental and cultural. Informed by fieldwork carried out in Orkney, looking at discourse around the development of marine renewable energy in the islands, it argues for the use of ecological dialogism, an approach to language and communication which recognises meaning-making as embodied and emergent within a meshwork (Ingold 2011) of lived experience. It explores the texts as part of an ecology of meaning-making within the naturalcultural (Haraway 2007) world, in which environment, social relations and human subjectivity are inextricably entangled. In this view, literary texts can be approached, not as isolated examples of individual creative expression, but as moments of emergent meaning-making in the dialogue between individual, cultural and environmental ecologies, reaching beyond the page into a living meshwork, where we can think in terms of \u2018Ecology as Text, Text as Ecology\u2019 (Morton 2010). These Orkney ecologies entangle the natural, personal, cultural and technological, through and as, stories, emphasising interdependence and care for both human and more-than-human relationships. Such moments of connection offer hope of new narrative possibilities with which to face the uncertainty of an Anthropocene future.","author":["Ford, R."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.004445000000","-3.249374000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6330","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/can-multi-use-sea-be-safe-framework-risk-assessment-multi-use-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569119309007","title":"Can multi-use of the sea be safe? A framework for risk assessment of multi-use at sea","description":"By 2050 the world population is expected to reach 10 billion people. This population needs food, water and energy. Increasingly, opportunities are sought out at sea to accommodate these needs. As there is already competition for space, especially in the near-shore, opportunities for multi-use, including the combination of, for example, food and energy production in a single location, are sought. One issue that needs to be addressed to allow for multi-use at sea is safety. Existing frameworks for (marine) risk assessment tend to be rather sector specific and, although existing models and frameworks for risk analysis provide useful elements for an integrated analysis, none of the approaches fully caters for the need of having a framework based on a cyclical process of stakeholder input in all steps of the process of risk identification, risk management and risk evaluation and communication, identifying actions to be taken and providing tools useful in each of the steps, while integrating the three perspectives of maritime safety, food (and feed) safety, and environmental impact assessment and the different perspectives of the actors involved. This study developed a common framework for the risk assessment of multi-use at sea, consisting of six steps (Exploring, Understanding, Appraising, Deciding, Implementing and Evaluating \u0026amp; Communication). The framework encompasses and integrates an analysis of food and feed safety aspects, the safety of people and equipment, and environmental safety aspects. For each step, actions are defined, tools that can be of help to stakeholders are presented, and stakeholder participation measures are described. The framework is iterative and dynamic in its nature; with constant communication and evaluation of progress, decisions can be taken to either take a step forward or back. The framework is developed to assist operators and producers, policymakers, and other stakeholders in assessing and managing risks of multi-use at sea.","author":["van Hoof, L.","van den Burg, S.","Banach, J.","Rockmann, C.","Goossen, M."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.626947000000","4.581217000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6331","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-approach-design-marine-protected-area-network-applied-mainland-portugal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569119302650","title":"An integrated approach for the design of a marine protected area network applied to mainland Portugal","description":"The high degree of marine habitat degradation and the depletion of marine resources has led to numerous calls and initiatives to increase the coverage of marine protected areas (MPAs). Currently, marine reserves (no-take areas) cover approximately 2.2% of the world\u0027s oceans whilst most calls and targets suggest protection levels should be between 20% and 30% in order to achieve both conservation and resource management objectives. In this study a systematic conservation planning framework was developed using ecological and socio-economic data. This framework was used to test different protection scenarios in Portugal. The current situation in mainland Portugal is alarming, with 0.2% of the waters under national jurisdiction included in MPAs and only 0.002% being marine reserves. Moreover, ecologically important habitats, such as seagrass beds and m\u00e4erl beds, have less than 10% of their area protected. The solutions provided by Marxan, and subsequently improved with MinPatch, revealed that there is a need to considerably increase the area under protection. However, adequate protection could be achieved with a number of MPAs (between 5 and 14) similar to the number of already existing MPAs (n\u202f=\u202f8). Different stakeholders (artisanal fisheries, industrial fisheries, and other human uses such as oil and gas, and offshore aquaculture) were considered in different scenarios, with the results of the multivariate analysis indicating that there are several solutions that satisfy all stakeholders. Therefore, the results of this study are a valuable starting point for the ongoing implementation process of an MPA network in Portugal since they integrate the most important stakeholders whilst also taking in consideration the ecological aspects. This framework can be applied elsewhere and can be easily amended whenever new information is available.","author":["Timonet, D.","Abecasis, D."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.980077000000","-8.063309000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6334","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-change-impacts-renewable-energy-generation-review-quantitative-projections","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032119306239","title":"Climate change impacts on renewable energy generation. A review of quantitative projections","description":"Research on climate change impacts on renewable energy is becoming increasingly relevant due to the vulnerability of the sector and to the continual development of methodologies and availability of data. Public and private decision-making needs specific research. However, many gaps still exist in certain geographical regions and technologies. Providing economic estimates with a value chain perspective are also missing from most papers. This paper addresses the most relevant studies that project quantitative estimates of climate change impacts on solar, wind, hydro and other renewable generation technologies. Summary tables of impacts and projections are provided so that researchers, governments and the private sector may have an accurate view of the state-of-the-art on this topic.","author":["Solaun, K.","Cerda, E."],"organization":["University of Navarra","Complutense University of Madrid"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6335","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/notice-intent-clarence-strait-tidal-energy-project-northern-territory","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ntepa.nt.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0008\/286640\/noi_clarence.pdf","title":"Notice of Intent: Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project, Northern Territory","description":"This report has been prepared by URS Australia Pty Ltd (URS) on behalf of the proponent Tenax Energy Pty Ltd (Tenax Energy) to provide a formal Notice of Intent (NOI) for assessment under the Environmental Assessment Act 1982 of the proposal to install a tidal energy generation project within Clarence Strait, north east of Darwin, Northern Territory.  The Clarence Strait Tidal Energy Project will include approximately 456 tidal energy generators being installed on the sea floor of Clarence Strait and associated submarine cables, switching gear, transformer, substation, and powerlines to provide a connection to the Darwin\/Katherine grid.  This NOI will provide an outline of the project and information required under the Environmental Assessment Administrative Procedures 1984,.  Tenax Energy is a company that is committed to exploring, developing and bringing to market the most reliable and efficient renewable energy technologies available. Tenax Energy is focussed on meeting rising energy demands in a cost-effective manner while maintaining a focus of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.  Tenax Energy has investigated tidal resources at various sites around Australia and found that there are limited areas that have the necessary tidal velocities to generate electricity utilising current technology. One of these sites is Clarence Strait, Northern Territory.  Tidal energy is a clean renewable energy source that has the advantage over other forms of renewable energy such as wind, solar and wave energy generation of being highly predictable and reliable. The times at which the generators can operate (around 70% of the time in Clarence Strait) can be forecast with exceptional accuracy, years in advance. Investing in this type of power generating technology has the security of a pre-defined electricity output during the life of the asset, offering both realisable and sustained benefits to the local community.  This highly reliable form of renewable energy generates power without producing greenhouse gases, and has a nominal environmental impact. Recent technological improvements have significantly increased the generating capability, and reduced the capital cost of this energy source. These developments have encouraged the planning of new tidal generation projects in New Zealand, Korea, Canada, USA and the United Kingdom.","author":["Franklyn, S."],"organization":["URS Australia Pty Ltd","Tenax Energy"],"originationDate":"2008-12-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["-12.071580000000","131.040460000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 01:09:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Clarence-Straight-NOI-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6336","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flowbec-review-measured-modelled-data-wave-hub-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/csm.exeter.ac.uk\/staff\/iga202\/publications#2012","title":"FLOWBEC: A Review of Measured and Modelled Data for the Wave Hub Site","description":"The Wave Hub development was conceived as a wave energy site to accommodate developers wishing to test arrays of devices. It has four sub-sea electrical grid connections of 1MW, each associated with a 1km x 1km area of sea. It is located approximately 20km north of the town of Hayle on the North Cornwall coast, situated in a depth of approximately 50m. The construction and cable lay were completed during October 2010, and the site is ready for the deployment of WEC. Since the project conception, a large amount of survey, scientific, and research work has been undertaken.  Much of the initial work was completed by contractors for the Wave Hub, in order to fulfil the requirements of environmental assessment procedures, and other permitting processes. This provides a significant data resource for the site, although much of this dates back to 2004-2008. At the time, the consenting procedures for marine renewable energy (MRE) had few precedents, and were based on limited information. Consequently, procedures did not necessarily follow guidelines now in place. A list of reports is provided in Appendix B \u2013 List of reports produced for the Wave Hub, and the resources are described under the relevant sections of this document. Where a particular output on this list is referred to in this document, it will be referenced to this table by a number in square brackets, e.g. [1]. Additionally, research support has been provided since 2007 by the Peninsula Institute for Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE), a joint initiative between the University of Exeter and Plymouth University. It operated in parallel with the Wave Hub project, providing independent research into marine renewable energy in the region. Research at the site includes wave and current measurements, biological sampling, oceanographic studies, and surveying. This work benefitted Flowbec 2012 Review of measured and modelled data for the Wave Hub 5 from the foresight available to academic research, and is contributing to the development of best practice for the industry. The resultant body of work serves to provide robust baseline data for ongoing research, on which the potential impact of wave energy conversion can be identified. They also provide high quality data sets (Appendix A: Data sources generated by PRIMaRE) for developers wishing to operate at the site, allowing accurate assessment of the hydrodynamic conditions. This research has contributed to numerous publications, which are listed in Appendix C - Papers Published by UoE and PU PRIMaRE Academics, and more information can be sourced from the PRIMaRE website, www.primare.org.  The PRIMaRE project provided a springboard for research in the South West region. The University of Exeter (UoE), and Plymouth University (PU), have built up significant expertise for research in the field of marine renewable energy. These institutions continue to develop their research, securing funding from a range of sources to continue developing the understanding of physical and environmental processes in this region. The region has recently been named the South West Marine Energy Park by the UK government, demonstrating its central role in the development of wave energy for the UK. As a consequence, the body of research contributing to the understanding of the Wave Hub site and surrounds continues to grow. This supports the continuous monitoring of the site, easing the process for the permits and permissions.  This document provides an overview of the resources available for the description of the natural environment at the Wave Hub site, and surrounding region. It aims to provide the reader with an understanding of the mechanisms that have led to the collection of the data resources, and details on how to access them. Detailed information for key research areas is then presented. The document does not aim to provide results of the data collection and analysis, and the reader is referred to the data sources reviewed.","author":["Ashton, I.","Smith, G.","Johanning, L.","Harnois, V.","Smith, H."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 11:41:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Flowbec_UofE_yr1_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6348","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-ecological-effects-lake-shihwa-reclamation-project-south-korea-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114000027#bib60","title":"Environmental and ecological effects of Lake Shihwa reclamation project in South Korea: A review","description":"The Shihwa Coastal Reservoir (SCR) was created to supply agricultural water during the construction of dikes for land reclamation, with this project representing a striking example of policy failure regarding tidal flat reclamation in Korea. After the completion of dike construction in 1994, the water quality inside the SCR drastically deteriorated. As a result, in 1996, the sluice gates were opened to dilute water pollution levels through the physical mixing of seawater from outside and freshwater from inside. Over the last 20 years, the Korean government has invested more than US $ 1.5 billion to recover SCR water quality by improving public sewage treatment systems, which is 2.7 times the cost of the original dike construction. Yet, within the reservoir, water quality has minimally improved, sediment pollution continues to be detected, and anoxic layers have been observed, due to stratification in summer. Severe sedimentary pollution caused by heavy metals and trace organic pollutants originating from the upstream regions of the watershed was evident during the SCR project; however, pollution levels appeared to decrease after seawater circulation. In parallel, the pelagic and benthic communities have also been affected by the deterioration of multiple water and sediment quality indices. While the recent construction of the tidal power plant has significantly increased the volume of seawater circulation, it has not been enough to improve the water quality of the upstream region of the SCR, where the water remains polluted. The SCR project presents a clear example that how incorrect policy leads to the mishandling of both coastal ecosystems and substantial governmental budgets.","author":["Lee, C.","Lee, B.","Chang, W.","Hong, S.","Song, S.","Park, J.","Kwon, B.","Khim, J."],"organization":["Seoul National University"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.313060000000","126.612777800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/boundary-spanning-among-research-policy-communities-address-emerging-industrial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S146290111930735X","title":"Boundary spanning among research and policy communities to address the emerging industrial revolution in the ocean","description":"Boundary spanning \u2013 the practice of facilitating knowledge exchange to address complex sustainability challenges \u2013 has the potential to align research and policymaking and increase the uptake of research in decision making. But the goals, methods, and outcomes of boundary-spanning activities in the environment sector can be difficult to describe, missing an opportunity to share lessons learned and improve as a community of practice. This paper describes boundary-spanning activities to integrate research about environmental sustainability with federal ocean policy dialogues in the U.S. We describe the process of organizing, facilitating, and learning from a series of meetings in which five interdisciplinary researchers engaged with federal ocean policy audiences. While the longer-term impacts of the activities associated with these meetings are subtle and remain difficult to detect, more immediate outcomes are observable. These include new professional relationships among researchers and policy staff, reported relevance of the research to general policy discourse, and a narrative that frames the opportunity for policymakers to learn from past industrialization on land as they manage an emerging industrial revolution in the ocean. By presenting the process and outcomes of our boundary-spanning activities, we aim to stimulate timely debate within ocean policy, management, and research communities about the importance of multiple benefits provided by healthy and intact ocean ecosystems and how to protect them in the face of the expanding industrialization of the ocean.","author":["Posner, S.","Fenichel, E.","McCauley, D.","Biedenweg, K.","Brumbaugh, R.","Costello, C.","Joyce, F.","Goldman, E.","Mannix, H."],"organization":["Yale University","University of California Santa Barbara","Oregon State University (OSU)","The Nature Conservancy","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6350","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/addressing-tangled-web-governance-mechanisms-land-sea-interactions-assessing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18309163","title":"Addressing the tangled web of governance mechanisms for land-sea interactions: Assessing implementation challenges across scales","description":"The coastal zone is a locus where many activities of society intersect with natural processes that shape the coastal zone and the resource base available. In the EU, regional legislation exists to specifically manage the coastal and inshore marine space and resources (e.g. Marine Strategy Framework Directive) whilst policy areas such as land- use planning, property rights and key aspects of consenting processes remain under the authority of Member States. Interactions exist between these different policy drivers at multiple scales, but the overall landscape is characterised by tensions or weak links between drivers originating from the EU and national priorities leading to a complex, non-linear and confusing policyscape. This paper reviews how legislation, and implementing orga-nisations, in Ireland have evolved in the context of EU environmental perspectives that have progressed from conservation-centric to addressing modern day challenges such as regional development for Blue Growth and aspirations of international agreements (e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Agenda 2030). Through an analysis employing principles of Evolutionary Governance Theory, the way different governance institutions have co-evolved to understand how dependencies between current actors and objectives influence each other is examined. The study explores appropriate governance approaches to land-sea interactions utilising examples from implementation of the EU Maritime Spatial Planning Directive in selected EU Member States, and how they take land-sea interactions into account. This is contrasted with examples from other EU legislation and policies such as those relating to river basin management, the marine environment, and integrated coastal management. The paper concludes with tentative recommendations on how policies addressing land-sea interactions need to evolve to better deliver on global policy drivers.","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A.","Paterson, S.","Le Tissier, M."],"organization":["University College Cork","Brunel University London"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6359","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/draft-phase-1-project-specific-environmental-monitoring-programme-pemp-report-tocardo","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.webarchive.org.uk\/wayback\/archive\/20170702035959\/http:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/tocardo\/pemp0117","title":"Draft Phase 1 Project-specific Environmental Monitoring Programme (PEMP): Report to Tocardo Tidal Energy Ltd","description":"Tocardo Tidal Power (Tocardo) is planning to deploy a Temporary Floating Structure (TFS) which will have a single T2 tidal turbine attached (275kW capacity) at the European Marine Energy Centre\u2019s (EMEC\u2019s) Fall of Warness tidal test site in March 2017. The device is anticipated to be operational for up to 18 months and will be sited at a temporary location within the test site, utilising Scotrenewables\u2019 SR250 cable. This Project\u2013specific Environmental Monitoring Programme (PEMP) has been prepared to support the following necessary licence applications:    Marine Licence under Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, Part 4 Marine Licensing;  Licence to disturb marine species (EPS licence) under The Conservation (Natural Habitats) Regulations 1994; and  Licence to disturb basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) under The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 (W\u0026amp;CA)   This PEMP should be read in parallel with the Project Information Summary (PIS) (Tocardo, 2017) which includes details of the proposal, and the project components.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Tocardo B.V."],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.144225000000","2.806366670000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:53:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tocardo-PEMP-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6360","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-magnetic-fields-generated-acdc-submarine-power-cables-behavior-juvenile","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166445X19307854","title":"Impact of magnetic fields generated by AC\/DC submarine power cables on the behavior of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus)","description":"The number of submarine power cables using either direct or alternating current is expected to increase drastically in coming decades. Data concerning the impact of magnetic fields generated by these cables on marine invertebrates are scarce. In this context, the aim of this study was to explore the potential impact of anthropogenic static and time-varying magnetic fields on the behavior of recently settled juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) using two different behavioral assays. Day-light conditions were used to stimulate the sheltering behavior and facilitate the video tracking. We showed that juvenile lobsters did not exhibit any change of behavior when submitted to an artificial magnetic field gradient (maximum intensity of 200 \u03bcT) compared to non-exposed lobsters in the ambient magnetic field. Additionally, no influence was noted on either the lobsters\u2019 ability to find shelter or modified their exploratory behavior after one week of exposure to anthropogenic magnetic fields (225\u202f\u00b1\u202f5 \u03bcT) which remained similar to those observed in control individuals. It appears that static and time-varying anthropogenic magnetic fields, at these intensities, do not significantly impact the behavior of juvenile European lobsters in daylight conditions. Nevertheless, to form a complete picture for this biological model, further studies are needed on the other life stages as they may respond differently.","author":["Taormina, B.","Di Poi, C.","Agnalt, A.","Carlier, A.","Desroy, N.","Escobar-Lux, R.","D\u0027eu, J.","Freytet, F.","Durif, C."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.087600000000","5.262811300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:29:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6361","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimizing-image-based-protocol-monitor-macroepibenthic-communities-colonizing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsz249\/5695542","title":"Optimizing image-based protocol to monitor macroepibenthic communities colonizing artificial structures","description":"Underwater imagery is increasingly used as an effective and repeatable method to monitor benthic ecosystems. Nevertheless, extracting ecologically relevant information from a large amount of raw images remains a time-consuming and somewhat laborious challenge. Thus, underwater imagery processing needs to strike a compromise between time-efficient image annotation and accuracy in quantifying benthic community composition. Designing and implementing robust image sampling and image annotation protocols are therefore critical to rationally address these trade-offs between ecological accuracy and processing time. The aim of this study was to develop and to optimize a reliable image scoring strategy based on the point count method using imagery data acquired on tide-swept macroepibenthic communities. Using a stepwise approach, we define an underwater imagery processing protocol that is effective in terms of (i) time allocated to overall image, (ii) reaching a satisfactory accuracy to estimate the occurrence of dominant benthic taxa, and (iii) adopting a sufficient taxonomic resolution to describe changes in community composition. We believe that our method is well adapted to investigate the composition of epibenthic communities on artificial reefs and can be useful in surveying colonization of other human structures (wind turbine foundations, pipelines, etc.) in coastal areas. Our strategy meets the increasing demand for inexpensive and time-effective tools for monitoring changes in benthic communities in a context of increasing coastal artificialization pressures.","author":["Taormina, B.","Marzloff, M.","Desroy, N.","Caisey, X.","Dugornay, O.","Thiesse, E.","Tancray, A.","Carlier, A."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6409","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-justice-implications-maritime-spatial-planning-european-union","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X10001399","title":"Environmental justice implications of Maritime Spatial Planning in the European Union","description":"This paper examines the implications of environmental justice in the regime for Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) currently developing in the European Union (EU). An \u2018ecosystem-based approach\u2019 to marine management is enshrined in the new Integrated Maritime Policy and Marine Strategy Framework Directive and forms the basis of MSP. This concept is intended to encompass all aspects of an ecosystem, including the human element. Yet the modes of including meaningful public participation in the decision-making process for MSP remain undetermined. At the same time, the Aarhus Convention (on access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters) empowers non-governmental organisations to hold EU Member States to account. Consequently the issue of transparency will gain increased importance, as will linkages between human and environmental rights. Such public interest-based activism on the part of NGOs has the potential to enforce the developing framework for stakeholder engagement within MSP, but it also has implications worth considering regarding the appropriate role of interest-based organisations in the international political arena.","author":["De Santo, E."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6516","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/appropriate-assessment-nova-innovations-ltd-extended-shetland-tidal-array-march-2018","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/nova\/AA-042018","title":"Appropriate Assessment for Nova Innovations Ltd, Extended Shetland Tidal Array, March 2018","description":"Appropriate assessment (\u201cAA\u201d) conclusion  This AA concludes that, based on the content of the following assessment, there will be no adverse effect on the site integrity of the Yell Sound Coast SAC, the Hermaness, Saxa Vord and Valla Field SPA, and the Bluemull and Colgrave Sounds pSPA from Nova Innovation Ltd\u2019s proposal either in isolation or in combination with other plans or projects.  Introduction  This is a record of the AA of Nova Innovation Ltd.\u2019s proposal to construct and operate the extended Shetland Tidal Array within Bluemull Sound, Shetland. The assessment has been undertaken by Marine Scotland - Licensing Operations Team (\u201cMS-LOT\u201d). This assessment is required under Regulation 48 of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, \u0026amp;c.) Regulations 1994 (\u201cthe Regulations\u201d). This AA is in accordance with Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (\u201cthe Habitats Directive\u201d) and Council Directive 2009\/147\/EC on the conservation of wild birds (\u201cthe Birds Directive\u201d). MS-LOT, as the \u0027competent authority\u0027 under the Regulations, has to be satisfied that the project will not adversely affect the integrity of any European site (SACs, SPA and pSPA) before it can grant consent for the project.  A detailed AA has been undertaken and Scottish Natural Heritage (\u201cSNH\u201d) has been consulted.","author":["Humphries, S.","Bell, K.","Holland, G."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.682161000000","-0.989085000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:02:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appropriate-Assessment-Nova-Innovation-Bluemull-Sound.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6517","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bluemull-sound-tidal-array-navigational-risk-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/3000\/https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/nova\/NRA-201507","title":"Bluemull Sound Tidal Array Navigational Risk Assessment","description":"Nova Innovation proposes to install an array of five tidal energy devices in the Bluemull Sound near Cullivoe in Shetland. The devices are bottom mounted, gravity anchored, non-yawing horizontal axis tidal turbines with 100 kW output capacity.  The scale of the turbine is small (100 kW) in comparison to many of those being deployed in Scottish waters. The scale has been chosen because we believe this is likely to result in a more robust product with lower environmental, operational and financial risk.  This Navigational Risk Assessment (NRA) has been drafted in accordance with the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) guidance note MGN 371. The document structure is: an introduction; method statement; and then five sections corresponding to the five annexes of MGN 371, followed by an Appendix with the Hazard Log. While completing the NRA, attention was also paid to the report Methodology for Assessing the Marine Navigational Safety Risks of Offshore Wind Farms.  This NRA forms part of the license application for a small-scale array of tidal devices. The MCA documents referred to above are written with much larger commercial installations in mind (indeed, the navigational safety risk assessment guidance document refers only to offshore windfarms). As such, many of the stipulations set out in the guidance notes may be impractical or unsuitable for a small-scale tidal array. We have taken a pragmatic approach to the NRA, guided by the MCA\u2019s principal objectives \u2013 navigational safety and Search and Rescue. We hope this meets with the approval of stakeholders and would welcome their comments.","author":["McPherson, G."],"organization":["Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2015-07-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.682161000000","-0.989085000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Navigation-Risk-Assessment-Nova-Innovation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6518","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-transferability-collection-consistency-marine-renewable-energy-update-2018-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/1491572","title":"Data Transferability and Collection Consistency in Marine Renewable Energy: An Update to the 2018 Report","description":"Concerns about the potential effects of tidal turbines and wave energy devices on the marine environment continue to slow siting and consenting\/permitting (hereafter \u201cconsenting\u201d) of single devices and arrays worldwide. While research studies and early results from post-installation monitoring over the past decade have informed interactions between marine renewable energy (MRE) devices, marine animals, and habitats, regulators still demonstrate considerable reluctance to accelerate the consenting process for devices and arrays. Furthermore, the MRE industry is struggling with the high costs of baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring, as well as long timelines for obtaining licenses, which leads to uncertainty and risk related to project financing. Regulators require assessment and monitoring information to allow them to carry out the necessary analyses to describe, consent, and manage the environmental risks associated with new MRE technologies and new uses of ocean space. One way to reduce risks to the industry and the environment and to allow for acceleration of the consenting process could be to transfer research, analyses, and datasets from one country to another, among projects, and across jurisdictional boundaries. However, data are collected and analyzed around early-stage MRE devices using many different measures, instruments, and methods. If similar parameters and accessible methods of data collection were used for baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring around all early-stage devices and MRE developments, the results would be more readily comparable. This comparability would lead to a decrease in scientific uncertainty and support a common understanding of the risk of MRE devices to the marine environment. This in turn would facilitate more efficient and shorter consenting processes, which would decrease the financial risk for MRE project development.  As a means of addressing the concept of transferring data (information, learning, analyses, and datasets) among projects and collecting data consistently, OES-Environmental (formerly Annex IV) has developed a data transferability process that has been socialized with the MRE community including regulators, industry, developers, consultants, and researchers. The data transferability process consists of four components:    The data transferability framework brings together datasets in an organized fashion, compares the applicability of each dataset for use on other projects, and guides the process of data transfer.  The data collection consistency table provides preferred measurement methods or processes, reporting units, and the most common methods of analysis or interpretation and use of data.  The monitoring datasets discoverability matrix allows a practitioner to discover datasets based on the approach presented in the framework.  The best management practices (BMPs) include four BMPs related to data transferability and collection consistency.   This report documents the background and development of the data transferability process and associated components and summarizes the next steps needed to successfully implement and apply the data transferability process. The successful implementation of the data transferability process within the MRE community will accomplish the following:    Ensure that regulators have access to datasets and processes for transferring data from already consented projects to future projects.  Assist regulators in understanding the applicability of these processes through an active outreach and engagement process.  Provide technical assistance to help regulators implement the data transferability process using OES-Environmental and Tethys to facilitate the exchange of relevant data and information.  Ensure developers and their consultants are active participants in OES-Environmental\u2019s outreach and engagement efforts to ensure their familiarity with and acceptance of the data transferability process.  Provide added value to the data transferability process through engagement activities and the consistent collection of data around MRE devices.  Support the risk retirement process.","author":["Copping, A.","Gorton, A.","Freeman, M.","Rose, D.","Farr, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Data_Transferability_Report_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6519","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-united-states","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: United States","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry moves forward around the world, there continues to be concerns about potential environmental effects of devices and systems on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes. Much of this perceived risk may be due to the large uncertainties about how tidal and wave devices might interact with the environment, and how marine mammals and other species may behave around single devices or arrays of energy converters. This makes the regulatory and consenting process for permitting MRE developments challenging, especially as permitting processes are not well established for wave and tidal developments. Additionally, other marine uses also create concerns for marine species. This, coupled with insufficient knowledge of ocean environments in high energy areas, creates caution during permitting and consenting processes for MRE devices.  This cautious approach to permitting and consenting process may hinder the ability of the MRE industry to advance their technologies to the same degree as other, lower cost renewable energy sources. To better understand views on risks, conflicts, and challenges associated with potential environmental effects of MRE devices, United States regulators (both federal regulators and those from coastal states) who may be involved in permitting MRE devices were engaged. Following an online webinar on Environmental Effects of Permitting MRE Developments where the state of the science of environmental effects was discussed, an online survey was developed to further understand needs and challenges faced when permitting an MRE development. An invitation to participate in the survey was sent out to the regulators who were invited to the webinar. The survey aimed to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, perceptions of environmental challenges, and thoughts on best approach to MRE development and data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data.","author":["Dreyer, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.949338000000","-101.728172000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6520","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shaping-blue-growth-social-sciences-nexus-between-marine-renewables-energy-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99097-2_3","title":"Shaping Blue Growth: Social Sciences at the Nexus Between Marine Renewables and Energy Policy","description":"The development of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) industry is part of the EC Blue Growth Strategy. It brings together a range of relationships across people, sea, and energy, from developers to local communities and policymakers. This calls for diverse approaches, moving beyond an oppositional mindset to one that can establish an inclusive community around MRE development. Ownership of the marine environment is a legal issue, but MRE devices operate within a cultural and emotional sense of place. Early, sustained community engagement and advocacy is crucial to developing an industry whose impacts are likely to be felt before its social benefits materialise. Crucially, local communities could be supported by Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) research in creating new mythologies and imaginaries through which MRE technologies become an integral part of their culture, as well as part of their biophysical environment. A complex physical, political, and legal environment provides the context for these new marine energy technologies, and its development provides opportunities for SSH research to address issues around the sea and to integrate into the design of new marine energy seascapes.  Click here to view the book Advancing Energy Policy: Lessons on the integration of Social Sciences and Humanities.","author":["Kerr, S.","Watts, L.","Brennan, R.","Howell, R.","Graziano, M.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Van der Horst, D.","Weir, S.","Wright, G.","Wynne, B."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","University of Edinburgh","University of Copenhagen","Trinity College Dublin","Central Michigan University","University College Cork","Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI)","Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2018-08-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6521","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/valuing-dialogue-economic-benefits-social-impacts","sourceURL":"","title":"Valuing dialogue: economic benefits and social impacts","description":"Deliberative public dialogue is increasingly accepted and valued as an important component of policy and decision-making, but it largely remains a niche activity among some public bodies. Rather than asking the question \u201care there any reasons we should not engage in public dialogue on this issue?\u201d many policy and decisionmakers often fail to ask whether it should be used at all. From a risk perspective people often appear unaware of the potential costs of not including a public dialogue, or doing it badly.  Part of the reason for not including public dialogue as part of the policy making toolkit is because formally measuring the value of public dialogue is fraught with difficulty. While it can give deep insights, from people and perspectives not generally accessed by traditional consultations and stakeholder engagement, the evidence that emerges is primarily qualitative. It is challenging to assess the significance of the insights obtained and to weigh them alongside other forms of evidence.  Quantitative evidence, especially if it can also be monetised, has long carried a higher status in policy and decision-making circles, particularly in cost-benefit analyses . However, the limitations of quantitative data are rarely highlighted and considered.  This paper has a different focus. We look at the question of \u2018valuing dialogue\u2019 from two perspectives. The first is the cost of not doing dialogue. We describe a series of case studies which demonstrate the dangers and costs of failure to engage properly. Damaging outcomes, such as judicial reviews, social protests and U-turns or costly revisions that might have been avoided are outlined. The second part of this paper looks at the challenge of assessing the value of activities that are not monetisable, and often unquantifiable, and the impact this has on the perceived validity of public dialogue for policy making. This is tied up with the question of assessing the social impact of policies and decisions, and it raises this wider issue with which assessment of the value of public dialogue is caught up.","author":["Clarke, R."],"organization":["Sciencewise Expert Resource Center"],"originationDate":"2015-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Valuing-dialogue-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6523","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recommendations-presentation-content-interim-marine-bird-mammal-basking-shark-survey","sourceURL":"","title":"Recommendations for the Presentation and Content of Interim Marine Bird, Mammal, and Basking Shark Survey Reports for Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"We recommend that site characterisation survey reports for proposed wave, tidal and offshore wind renewable energy developments meet the minimum standards set out below. Reports should be concise \u2013 presenting key information from surveys. They should also be clear \u2013 supported by maps, figures and tables that are easy to understand. The recommendations in this document apply to the results from boat based, aerial (including digital), or vantage point surveys from land.  Interim survey reports should provide information on data collection and analysis, and species observed within the survey area. Unless agreed otherwise, interim survey reports should not include detailed impact assessments, mitigation and monitoring methods.  The timeline for submission of interim survey reports should be agreed with Marine Scotland (MS).","author":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guidance-Recommendations-for-presentation-and-content-of-interim-reports.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6524","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-methodology-determining-cumulative-impacts-wave-tidal-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessment methodology for determining cumulative impacts of wave and tidal marine renewable energy devices on marine birds","description":"Cumulative impact assessment of potential environmental effects is an important aspect of the EIA process to which most proposed wave and tidal energy schemes are subject. Guidance on how to undertake such an assessment is, however, generally lacking, compounded by our limited understanding to date of wildlife interactions with such technologies. This report outlines a potential approach that may be applied to ascertain cumulative impacts on seabirds that may arise from proposed marine renewable energy developments alongside other existing or planned development.","author":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Assessment-methodology-for-determining-cumulative-impacts.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6525","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interim-guidance-apportioning-impacts-marine-renewable-developments-breeding-seabird","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/interim-guidance-apportioning-impacts-marine-renewable-developments-breeding-seabird-populations","title":"Interim Guidance on apportioning impacts from marine renewable developments to breeding seabird populations in SPAs","description":"A key element of impact assessments for proposed marine renewable (offshore wind, wave and tidal) energy sites is the possible impact that such developments will have on breeding seabird populations. Many of the seabirds using marine renewables sites will breed in protected areas, including Special Protection Areas (SPAs). The questions which then follow are: from which SPAs do these birds originate and in what proportion?  This guidance is based on original work by Mark Trinder (MacArthur Green) and Andy Douse (SNH). It focuses solely on effects on seabirds during the breeding season. The Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (SNCBs) are also considering issues surrounding the assessment of impacts on seabirds outwith the breeding season, which will lead to further guidance for developers and regulators.  We present a range of methods to determine connectivity with breeding seabird SPAs. These include both data-led empirical approaches and a theoretical approach for estimating how birds using marine renewables development sites can be \u2018apportioned\u2019 to multiple source colonies.","author":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guidance-Apportioning-impacts-from-marine-renewable-developments.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6526","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pilot-pentland-firth-orkney-waters-marine-spatial-plan-socio-economic-baseline-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/pilot-pentland-firth-orkney-waters-marine-spatial-plan-socio-economic\/pages\/17\/","title":"Pilot Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Marine Spatial Plan - Socio-economic Baseline Review","description":"This report provides a regional socio-economic baseline review of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters ( PFOW) area for the pilot PFOW Marine Spatial Plan. It addresses, on a sector by sector basis, all marine users within the PFOW area. This report informs the PFOW Sustainability Appraisal and provides a basis for future assessments that may be required in the area. There are many interdependencies between marine activities in the area that are critical to the viability of a wide range of services and jobs that greatly benefit its fragile coastal communities. The list of marine uses from Scotland\u0027s Marine Atlas has been used as a starting point as it provides a comprehensive categorisation of marine uses in Scotland\u0027s seas. The following marine sectors have been analysed:    Aggregates and Dredging  Aquaculture (finfish and shellfish)  Aviation  Carbon Capture and Storage  Coast Protection and Flood Defence  Commercial Fisheries  Energy Generation (and offshore renewables supply chains)  Military Interests  Oil and Gas  Power Interconnectors, Distribution and Telecom Cables  Shipping, Ports and Harbours  Tourism (including heritage assets)  Water Sports and Recreational Boating","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Socioeconomic-Baseline-PFOW.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6527","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-economic-benefits-assessment-celtic-seas-partnership-co-existence-guidelines","sourceURL":"","title":"Socio-economic benefits assessment of the Celtic Seas Partnership co-existence guidelines","description":"The Celtic Seas Partnership has worked with stakeholders from across the Celtic Seas to produce a series of best practice guidelines to provide examples of possible approaches, tools, and mechanisms that could be used as solutions to environmental challenges facing the area. These guidelines are to help stakeholders work together to make progress towards the EU target of \u2018Good Environmental Status\u2019 under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Three sets of guidelines have been produced under the Celtic Seas Partnership; this study is focused on \u2018Encouraging harmonious co-existence of marine renewables with other marine uses and interests\u2019.  To understand the potential impact of implementing these guidelines, WWF-UK commissioned NEF Consulting to conduct a socio-economic benefits assessment. The benefits assessment was conducted in a number of stages. The guidelines and related material were first reviewed to identify potential outcomes. This then fed into the initial outcomes map which was tested and refined through stakeholder interviews. Interview participants were also asked to provide estimates of impacts in their areas of expertise and these were then incorporated into the model. The benefits were modelled to give a range of potential values, and three different future trend scenarios were assessed.","author":["NEF Consulting"],"organization":["NEF Consulting","World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Socio-economic-benefits-assessment-of-the-Celtic-Seas-Partnership-co-existence-guidelines.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6528","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-government-good-practice-principles-community-benefits-offshore-renewable","sourceURL":"","title":"Scottish Government Good Practice Principles for Community Benefits from Offshore Renewable Energy Developments","description":"The Scottish Government\u2019s National Marine Plan (NMP) Renewables Policy 10 states that \u201cGood Practice guidance for community benefit from offshore wind and marine renewable energy development should be followed by developers, where appropriate\u201d. This document looks at good practice in shaping and delivering community benefits from offshore renewable energy projects, complementary to environmental, supply chain and other socio-economic benefits to Scotland.  When providing community benefits from offshore renewables, there are a number of factors to be considered such as identifying the community, working with a diverse set of stakeholders, considering onshore infrastructure and the critical stage of development in which the industry finds itself. These community benefit principles are intended to reflect and accommodate the sensitive and early-stage nature of the industry. As with the Scottish Government\u2019s Onshore Good Practice Principles for both Community Benefit and Shared Ownership, it is anticipated that this document will be refined and reviewed in the coming years.  While the majority of this document is intended to be for developers of wind projects, it is proposed that this document will be reviewed over the coming years to incorporate guidance and good practice for other offshore technologies.  This document is split into definitions, context, good practice expectations and supplementary guidance for all involved. The intended readers of this document are developers, communities, local authorities and other stakeholders.  The Scottish Government is committed to supporting the development of a successful and internationally respected offshore renewable energy industry, and application of the good practice principles in this document is therefore encouraged by the Scottish Government.","author":["Natural Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.898291000000","-4.283868000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Good-Practice-Principles-for-Offshore-Community-Benefits.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6529","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-assessment-risk-management-primer-marine-scientists","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/72\/3\/992\/702340","title":"Risk assessment and risk management: a primer for marine scientists","description":"Risk assessment is the management approach or framework of choice in many disciplines, including health care and research, engineering design, and particularly the insurance sector which relies on the best available forward projections of natural hazards and accidents. The marine management community, which includes researchers, practitioners, and resource managers responsible for individual targeted stocks, aquaculture activities, and the marine environment in general, has been slower to take up quantitative risk assessment approaches. Whilst there are prominent examples where risk assessment and management approaches have been applied, they are relatively few. This article theme set presents examples of such and identifies tools and approaches that can be applied to coastal and oceanic marine systems worldwide. The methods developed and the lessons learned from these studies can be used to guide researchers, practitioners, and resource managers. It is hoped that this article theme set will provide an overview of the current state of risk assessment as applied to marine resource management, and stimulate new thinking on how risk assessment approaches can be applied.","author":["Gibbs, M.","Browman, H."],"organization":["University of Queensland","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2015-02-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6530","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/place-rochdale-envelope-approach-offshore-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/1461452918777835","title":"The place of the Rochdale envelope approach in offshore renewable energy","description":"With ever-increasing pressure to produce low carbon energy, the offshore renewables industry is growing at a rapid rate. However, with the currently lengthy process from pre-application to obtaining development consent in England, it can take a number of years from securing a Crown Estate lease to obtaining development consent. During this time, the offshore renewables industry is capable of making significant improvements to technology, producing more efficient and larger models. In order to accommodate for emerging new technology within pre-existing offshore renewable development consent applications, a planning approach conceived by case law \u2013 the Rochdale envelope approach \u2013 has been transplanted into the planning process for offshore renewables allowing developers to describe their project using general parameters that cater for uncertainties at the time of application. However, with little official guidance, developers have been left to advance the approach in such a way that suits their needs. This article will outline the problems of the current application of the Rochdale envelope approach, and will argue that, if left unchanged, these problems will significantly impede the applications of future developers wishing to construct. The article proposes recommendations to guarantee further development of the offshore renewables industry with fewer regulatory impediments.","author":["Caine, C."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2018-06-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6531","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-rochdale-envelope","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.iema.net\/articles\/using-the-rochdale-envelope","title":"Using the Rochdale Envelope","description":"This advice note explains the use of the \u2018Rochdale Envelope\u2019 approach under the Planning Act 2008 (PA2008). In particular the advice note addresses the use of the Rochdale Envelope applicable to the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process set out in The Infrastructure Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017 (the EIA Regulations).","author":["The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales"],"organization":["The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:38:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rochdale_Envelope_2018_TPI_2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6533","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/toward-harmonized-approach-environmental-assessment-human-activities-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ieam.1736","title":"Toward a harmonized approach for environmental assessment of human activities in the marine environment","description":"With a foreseen increase in maritime activities, and driven by new policies and conventions aiming at sustainable management of the marine ecosystem, spatial management at sea is of growing importance. Spatial management should ensure that the collective pressures caused by anthropogenic activities on the marine ecosystem are kept within acceptable levels. A multitude of approaches to environmental assessment are available to provide insight for sustainable management, and there is a need for a harmonized and integrated environmental assessment approach that can be used for different purposes and variable levels of detail. This article first provides an overview of the main types of environmental assessments: \u201cenvironmental impact assessment\u201d (EIA), \u201cstrategic environmental assessment\u201d (SEA), \u201ccumulative effect assessment\u201d (CEA), and \u201cenvironmental (or ecological) risk assessment\u201d (ERA). Addressing the need for a conceptual \u201cumbrella\u201d for the fragmented approaches, a generic framework for environmental assessment is proposed: cumulative effects of offshore activities (CUMULEO). CUMULEO builds on the principle that activities cause pressures that may lead to adverse effects on the ecosystem. Basic elements and variables are defined that can be used consistently throughout sequential decision\u2010making levels and diverse methodological implementations. This enables environmental assessment to start at a high strategic level (i.e., plan and\/or program level), resulting in early environmental awareness and subsequently more informed, efficient, and focused project\u2010level assessments, which has clear benefits for both industry and government. Its main strengths are simplicity, transparency, flexibility (allowing the use of both qualitative and quantitative data), and visualization, making it a powerful framework to support discussions with experts, stakeholders, and policymakers.","author":["Tamis, J.","de Vries, P.","Jongbloed, R.","Lagerveld, S.","Jak, R.","Karman, C.","van der Wal, J.","Slijkerman, D.","Klok, C."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","Alterra - Wageningen UR"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:41:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tamis_2016_Environmental.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6534","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/retiring-environmental-risks-facilitating-marine-renewable-energy-development-through","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Retiring Environmental Risks: Facilitating Marine Renewable Energy Development through Accelerated Consenting","description":"Concerns about the potential effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices on marine animals, habitats, and the environment continue to slow siting and consenting of devices worldwide. Such concerns are often fueled by scientific uncertainty around these environmental interactions, which leads to heightened perceptions of risk. By increasing our understanding of these risks, the MRE industry can begin to move forward and certain risks may be \u201cretired.\u201d Under the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Environmental task, a pathway to retiring risk has been developed that helps determine which interactions of MRE devices and the marine environment are low risk and may be \u201cretired\u201d, and which may need further data collection or mitigation applied to deduce the risks to an acceptable level. Sufficient data are needed to retire risk; transferring data and information from early consented projects can assist regulators in their determinations. If data from baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring programs are collected consistently, the results can be evaluated and applied to increase understanding of the environmental effects, supporting more efficient consenting processes and reducing scientific uncertainty. OES-Environmental has developed a data transferability process that can provide a robust assessment of monitoring data and make those data readily accessible to assist regulators and others in these determinations.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:54:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6535","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rite-project-kinetic-hydropower-pilot-license-application-volume-2-ferc-exhibit-e","sourceURL":"https:\/\/53b4fc62-dd91-4b62-8bae-942960aeeb07.filesusr.com\/ugd\/75818c_00f155aaec79494b8b83da8bc80a3b99.pdf","title":"RITE Project Kinetic Hydropower Pilot License Application. Volume 2: FERC Exhibit E Environmental Report and Exhibit G Project Boundary Map. Part 1.","description":"This is Part 1 of Exhibit E (Environmental Report) of the Pilot License Application for the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Project (FERC No. 12611).","author":["Verdant Power"],"organization":["Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 07:04:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verdant_Power_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6536","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characteristics-lifesaver-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Acoustic Characteristics of the Lifesaver Wave Energy Converter","description":"The Fred. Olsen Lifesaver, a point-absorber wave energy converter, was deployed at the US Navy Wave Energy Test Site in Kaneohe, HI (USA) from March 2016 to April 2017. A combination of free-drifting and stationary measurements were used to characterize its acoustic signature over a range of sea states. Comparisons are made between co-spatial and cotemporal observations that investigate temporal trends and identify sound originating from the test area. Initial free-drifting surveys suggested limited sound originating from the Lifesaver, but relatively high-amplitude, episodic sound originating from the mooring system. Because these observations were contaminated with flow-noise and self-noise, a refinement to compliantly couple the drifting hydrophone to its surface expression was implemented, providing good agreement with stationary observations. During a subsequent survey, sound from the power take-off could be identified, as well as a damaged bearing producing a characteristic warble. Such observations reinforce the ability of acoustic monitoring to provide condition health monitoring for marine energy systems. The episodic nature of sound around the Lifesaver motivates future classification algorithm development to discriminate between sound produced by the wave energy converter and sound produced by the other sources (e.g., moorings, marine mammals).","author":["Polagye, B.","Murphy, P.","Cross, P.","Vega, L."],"organization":["University of Washington","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:54:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6537","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-fish-invertebrates-task-213-effects-aquatic-organisms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-20813Final.pdf","title":"Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates Task 2.1.3: Effects on Aquatic Organisms Fiscal Year 2011 Progress Report","description":"This fiscal year (FY) 2011 progress report (Task 2.1.3 Effects on Aquatic Organisms, Subtask 2.3.1.1 Electromagnetic Fields) describes studies conducted by PNNL as part of the DOE Wind and Water Power Program to examine the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) devices on aquatic organisms, including freshwater and marine fish and marine invertebrates. In this report, we provide a description of the methods and preliminary results of experiments conducted in FY 2010\u2013FY 2011 to evaluate potential responses of selected aquatic organisms.  Preliminary EMF laboratory experiments during FY 2010 and 2011 entailed exposures with representative fish and invertebrate species including juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), California halibut (Paralicthys californicus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister). These species were selected for their ecological, commercial, and\/or recreational importance, as well as their potential to encounter an MHK device or transmission cable during part or all of their life cycle. EMF intensities during the various tests ranged between approximately 0.1 and 3 millitesla, representing a range of expected upper bounding conditions that might be encountered at a field location, according to values currently reported in the literature. Based on previous studies, acute effects such as mortality were not expected to occur from EMF exposures. Therefore, our measurement endpoints focused on developmental changes (i.e., growth and survival from egg or larval stage to juvenile), exposure markers indicative of physiological responses, or behavioral responses (e.g., detection of EMF, interference with feeding behavior, avoidance or attraction to EMF) for the various species. Data analysis is still in progress, however preliminary results to date have shown few statistically significant laboratory responses to elevated EMF intensities for the aquatic species and endpoints tested. Further testing and replication is needed to verify and expand on these results. Additional species are currently planned for laboratory testing in the next fiscal year (e.g. American lobster, an elasmobranch) to provide a broader assessment of species important to stakeholders.","author":["Woodruff, D.","Schultz, I.","Marshall, K.","Ward, J.","Cullinan, V."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PNNL-20813.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6542","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/place-attachment-public-acceptance-renewable-energy-tidal-energy-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272494411000417","title":"Place attachment and public acceptance of renewable energy: A tidal energy case study","description":"Efforts by many governments to mitigate climate change by increasing deployment of renewable energy technologies have raised the importance of issues of public acceptance. The \u2018NIMBY\u2019 (Not In My Backyard) concept, although popular, has been critiqued as an appropriate and valid way to explain local opposition. This study applies an alternative approach, empirically investigating the role of place attachment and place-related symbolic meanings in explaining public responses to a tidal energy converter in Northern Ireland, said to be the first grid-connected device of its kind in the world. 271 residents in two nearby villages completed questionnaire surveys, three months post-installation, following up preliminary qualitative research using focus groups. Although results indicated predominantly positive and supportive responses to the project, manifest by emotional responses and levels of acceptance, significant differences between residents in each village were also observed. Contrasting patterns of association between place attachment and emotional responses suggest that the project enhanced rather than disrupted place attachments only in one of the two villages. In regression analyses, place attachment emerged as a significant, positive predictor of project acceptance in both places, affirming its value in explaining public response. Place-related symbolic meanings also emerged as significant, with contrasting sets of meanings proving significant in each context. Implications of the findings for research on place attachment and responses to land-use changes, as well as for developers seeking to engage with residents affected by energy projects are discussed.","author":["Devine-Wright, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.367149000000","-5.547552000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6543","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introduction-evaluating-energy-justice-across-life-cycle-social-life-cycle-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261918317288","title":"Introduction to evaluating energy justice across the life cycle: A social life cycle assessment approach","description":"As our energy systems are transitioning towards low-carbon energy sources and their environmental and economic sustainability are assessed, their potential social impacts must also be determined. These social impacts may be disproportionate to a population, leading to energy justice concerns. The social life cycle assessment framework can be used to comprehensively address energy justice concerns by different stakeholder groups and at all life cycle stages associated with a low-carbon energy system. Indicators for a social life cycle assessment framework that addresses energy justice are introduced and discussed. These indicators are organized by four categories of stakeholders for electrical energy systems: workers, electricity consumers, local communities, and society as a whole. The social life cycle assessment framework allows for variations in justice and equity to be determined not only at the generation stage, but through multiple points in the life cycle of the same energy system, from raw material extraction, through manufacturing, transportation, distribution, electricity generation, and waste management. This framework can address potential energy justice issues along the life cycle of new energy systems and assist in their design and planning for optimizing their social sustainability without overlooking vulnerable populations.","author":["Fortier, M.","Teron, L.","Reames, T.","Munardy, D.","Sullivan, B."],"organization":["State University of New York","University of Michigan"],"originationDate":"2019-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6545","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/community-ownership-small-scale-stream-tidal-energy-projects-nova-scotia-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/13673882.2012.10554275?needAccess=true\u0026journalCode=resn20","title":"Community ownership of small-scale in-stream tidal energy projects in Nova Scotia, Canada","description":"Regional problems are an unavoidable issue in capitalist development and therefore, inevitable, require a policy response, though such responses are often inadequate or further reproduce the problem (Hudson, 2011). Layered on top of the need for interventions in particular places facing economic depletion is an increasing awareness within government, at a variety of scales, of the need to respond, or to be seen to be responding, to issues of global climate change and carbon emissions. As such, many governments are setting renewable energy goals and promoting renewable industries. The decentralized nature of most renewable energy sources matches well with the need for government to respond to regional developmental issues.","author":["Tarr, A.","Lionais, D."],"organization":["Cape Breton University"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.040208000000","-63.197775000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6585","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-policy-public-perceptions-renewable-energy-cultural-theory-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421510003952","title":"Renewable energy policy and public perceptions of renewable energy: A cultural theory approach","description":"Public opposition to the siting of renewable energy (RE) facilities and public reluctance to invest in RE remain key obstacles to the expansion of the renewables sector in the UK and a number of other European countries. Although there is a growing body of qualitative research on factors that inform public attitudes towards RE, the majority of studies have tended to be quantitative and to view \u2018the public\u2019 and \u2018public opinion\u2019 as homogeneous wholes. This study uses a cultural theory framework and focus groups conducted in the South West UK to develop deeper understandings of how individuals\u2019 worldviews can inform opinions and behaviour in relation to RE. These findings are used to explore ways in which government policies on RE might be tailored to engender greater public support and participation. Issues discussed include the provision of economic incentives, information on climate change and RE, linking renewables to overall energy behaviour, and landscape aesthetics.","author":["West, J.","Bailey, I.","Winter, M."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2010-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.849323000000","-3.187268000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6586","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/system-works-sea-exploring-stakeholder-engagement-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09640568.2010.488100","title":"\u0027A system that works for the sea\u0027? Exploring Stakeholder Engagement in Marine Spatial Planning","description":"This paper aims to contribute to the current debate on Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) by exploring the issue of stakeholder engagement. MSP is an emergent policy field that is subject to an increasing body of research, yet the role, scope and nature of participatory engagement within the process remains a neglected topic. This paper briefly reviews the nature of the \u2018marine problem\u2019, to which MSP is seen to be the response and describes the emergence of MSP policy in the UK with specific emphasis on participatory aspects. Drawing on the experience of terrestrial planning it discusses the potential benefits of stakeholder engagement in MSP and highlights some of the key issues that need to be taken into account when shaping stakeholder input into the process. It then goes on to describe the findings from a series of interviews with key stakeholders in the Irish Sea Region, which suggest that we need to develop a more critical and deeper understanding of how various interests frame the \u2018marine problem\u2019, and how they see their role in shaping the form of the MSP process. This highlights the importance of encouraging stakeholder involvement in MSP, the need to develop a shared vision of a \u2018sea interest\u2019. Priorities are then set for research to support this important policy agenda.","author":["Ritchie, H.","Ellis, G."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2010-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.748335000000","-4.442379000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6587","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/land-sea-back-again-using-terrestrial-planning-understand-process-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1523908X.2012.662382","title":"From the Land to Sea and Back Again? Using Terrestrial Planning to Understand the Process of Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Over the last 5\u201310 years, marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged as a new management regime for national and international waters and has already attracted a substantial body of multi-disciplinary research on its goals and policy processes. This paper argues that this literature has generally lacked deeper reflexive engagement with the emerging system of governance for our seas that has meant that many of MSP\u0027s core concepts, assumptions and institutional arrangements have not been subject rigorous intellectual debate. In an attempt to initiate such an approach, this article explores the relationship between MSP and its land-based cousin, terrestrial spatial planning (TSP). While it is recognized that there are inherent limitations to a comparison of these two systems, it is argued that the tradition of social science debate over the purpose and processes of TSP can be used as a useful stimulus for a more rigorous reflection of such issues as they relate to MSP. The article therefore explores some of the parallels between MSP and TSP and then discusses some of the key intellectual traditions that have shaped TSP and the implications these may have for future marine planning practice. The article concludes with a number of potentially useful new avenues that may form the basis of a critical research agenda for MSP.","author":["Kidd, S.","Ellis, G."],"organization":["University of Liverpool","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6588","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-new-frontier","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1523908X.2012.664327","title":"Marine Spatial Planning: A New Frontier?","description":"Marine spatial planning is taking on greater international significance as a response to increased perceived threats to the marine environment and the need for more systematic maritime governance. It also expands the horizons of spatial planning and leads to calls for interdisciplinary research to support its development. This special issue brings together papers focusing on the need for a more active engagement of natural and social science perspectives in the formation of spatial strategies concerned with the future well-being of the seas and oceans.","author":["Jay, S.","Ellis, G.","Kidd, S."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6589","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/transboundary-marine-spatial-planning-reflexive-marine-governance-experiment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1523908X.2017.1292120","title":"Transboundary marine spatial planning: a reflexive marine governance experiment?","description":"Because seas and coastlines are shared between states, the formulation and implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP) should be transboundary by nature. The main argument of this paper is that MSP should be organized as a transboundary policy-making process, but this is hampered by the conceptual and institutional fragmentation MSP is facing. Based on an analysis of four transboundary planning processes in different European seas, the paper gives insight into the possibilities to develop and implement transboundary marine spatial planning (TMSP). To overcome the conceptual and institutional challenges, TMSP should be developed as a reflexive governance arrangement, in which the actors involved are able to change the rules of the game and to challenge the existing (national-oriented) MSP discourses. The paper develops four forms of reflexivity (unreflectiveness; performative reflectiveness; structural reflectiveness; and reflexivity) to assess TMSP processes and to formulate conditions which are crucial to develop TMSP as a reflexive marine governance arrangement.","author":["van Tatenhove, J."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6590","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shifting-sea-soft-space-lively-space","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1523908X.2018.1437716","title":"The shifting sea: from soft space to lively space","description":"It is widely acknowledged that marine spatial planning (MSP) should be responsive to the dynamism of the marine environment and the relatively tenuous human relationship with the sea. However, MSP remains conceptualised within rationalistic terms that limit this potential. This article places MSP within the context of spatial theory that holds greater promise for developing more progressive practice. Firstly, the interrelation of MSP with current notions of soft space (less formal, cross-cutting spatialities) is explored, suggesting that MSP is expressing some of the geographical and institutional freedoms of soft space, and may contribute new insights to this concept. Secondly, a progressive framework is developed that builds upon soft space principles. This draws in, on the one hand, underlying relational understandings of space, and on the other hand, insights from marine contexts. This leads to a picture of marine space-being-planned as lively space, expressing, amongst other things, the sea\u2019s materiality. This concept is illustrated through an application of the framework to a strategic MSP exercise for the Baltic Sea region. Finally, it is suggested that MSP itself should be reconceptualised as immersed into this spatial ontology, with the agents and practices of planning taking their place within the wider assemblage of marine actants and relations.","author":["Jay, S."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6600","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-winners-losers-marine-environmental-governance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14649357.2015.1131482","title":"Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance","description":"Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has rapidly become the most commonly endorsed management regime for sustainable development in the marine environment. MSP is advocated as a means of managing human uses of the sea in a sustainable manner, in the face of ever-increasing demands on marine resources. While MSP is quickly becoming the dominant marine management paradigm, there has been comparatively little assessment of the potential negative impacts and possible distributive impacts that may arise from its adoption. This should be a key challenge for both academic and practitioner communities and therefore offers a fruitful topic for Interface.  In the contributions that follow, we hear from a range of voices and perspectives on these important themes. The lead paper (Ellis and Flannery, pp. 122\u2013128) argues for a broader, more critical, understanding of the social and distributive impacts of MSP, advocating a radical turn in MSP away from a rationalism of science and neoliberal logic towards more equity-based, democratic decision-making and a fairer distribution of our ocean wealth.  Then, eight responses follow, from academics, planners, policymakers and industry representatives around the world. The first two come from academics, Nursey-Bray and van Tatenhove, (pp. 129\u2013135) who each broadly endorse the core arguments of the lead paper and advocate for a radical MSP. Nursey-Bray suggests this requires rethinking MSP as a process of cultural co-existence rather than as a tool for managing multiple uses. Van Tatenhove argues that this would involve highlighting the power dynamics involved, the interplay of structure and agency in MSP processes and how this affects the quality of planning.  The next three responses offer insights from marine planners and managers. Kelly (pp. 135\u2013138), reflecting on her experience as a marine planner in the Shetland Islands, argues that while a call for a radical MSP is well-timed, it is overly pessimistic of current practice because negative impacts can be overcome by ensuring broad stakeholder consultation and adopting flexible planning processes. Coffen-Smout (pp. 138\u2013140, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, but writing here in a personal capacity) argues that a radical approach is politically unfeasible as it requires an overhaul of marine resource management regimes. Instead, he suggests that advancing more effective MSP is best achieved within current frameworks and uses ocean governance in Canada to illustrate. Fairgrieve (pp. 140\u2013143, Marine Scotland, but also offering some personal reflections), argues that while MSP may be imperfect, it is the best possible solution for addressing the complex governance of marine \u00a9 2016 Taylor \u0026amp; Francis CONTACT Wesley Flannery w.flannery@qub.ac.uk 122 INTERFACE space. She suggests that we need to give MSP a chance and work with MSP practitioners to secure sustainable development.  The final three responses relate the issues discussed in the lead paper to specific industries. Knol and Jentoft (pp. 143\u2013146) discuss the need to consider the possible negative effects of new industries on fisheries-dependent communities. Then Bacon (pp. 146\u2013148), a recreational angling boat operator, decries the rise of MSP-type processes and argues that scientists and academics use spatial management processes, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), to develop income streams for their research, ignoring the negative impacts these instruments have on existing users. Finally, O\u2019Hagan (pp. 148\u2013151), reflects on the utility of MSP to marine renewable energy (MRE) outlining a hope that MSP will become more flexible than current licencing systems to facilitate more MRE projects.  All responses tend to agree that we need a more holistic understanding of the distributional impacts of MSP, but differ on the nature of the challenge this creates. We hope that even if other academics, policymakers or practitioners disagree with our diagnosis, this Interface will stimulate a broader discussion and even some recognition that radicalism has a role everywhere, even at sea.","author":["Flannery, W.","Ellis, G.","Nursery-Bray, M.","van Tatenhove, J.","Kelly, C.","Coffen-Smout, S.","Fairgrieve, R.","Knol, M.","Jentoft, S.","Bacon, D.","O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Scottish Government","University of Adelaide","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6601","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-geomorphological-conditions-site-baishakou-tidal-power-station","sourceURL":"https:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/KCMS\/detail\/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD\u0026dbname=CJFD8589\u0026filename=HBHH198703004\u0026uniplatform=OVERSEA\u0026v=pgE-uDLKIu2RacSjjaZkyyCnAfJH9ygbz9nfrAZ_GN8WxVbYpaw51r2ZFc1fE-xQ","title":"Evaluation on Geomorphological Conditions of Site of the BaiShakou Tidal Power Station","description":"The Baishakou Tidal Power Station, located in the south coast of Shandong Peninsula, is a low water head, experimental tidal power station. The reservoir area of the station is the Baishakou Lagoon which is enclosed by a large baymouth barrier extending from the east to the west. First, the lagoon tends to change gradually into marsh and then into land; secondly, the Baisha River empties into the lagoon with its sediment load and deposits it in the basin to make the lagoon shallower; and thirdly, because of wave action from the eastsouth direction and the influence of coastal line, sediments become concentrated in the mouth outside the lagoon from the east, south and west. From the point of view of geomorphology and oceanic hydrodynamics, all of these are unfavourable conditions to the selection and maintenance of the site of Baishakou Tidal Power Station. Therefore, efficient measures must be taken to stop sand deposition in the mouth, to prevent the lagoon from getting old, so as to prolong the life of use of the station. The favourable condition of the site of the station is that the lagoon is enclosed with a large bay and a small mouth, which provides some conveniences for the construction of the station.","author":["Liu, Z.","Wang, Y.","Han, S.","Xia, D.","Xu, X."],"organization":["First Institute of Oceanography (FIO)"],"originationDate":"1987-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.745280000000","121.583270000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 05:03:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6670","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/game-mechanism-stakeholders-comprehensive-marine-environmental-governance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18309485","title":"The game mechanism of stakeholders in comprehensive marine environmental governance","description":"In the process of marine resource development and marine environmental protection, the government supervises the production behavior of enterprises; enterprises accept government supervision; and non-profit organizations supervise the process. On this basis, a conceptual model of the relationship between government, enterprises, and non-profit organizations is established, and the internal mechanism governing their interactions is analyzed. Using game theory, a simulation model of government, enterprises, and non-profit organizations is constructed, and a Nash equilibrium solution and strategy selection analysis are carried out. The correlation between the game participants and strategy selection is simulated and analyzed with MATLAB 7 software. Lastly, relevant countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to engender effective supervision by government departments, continuous environmental development and effective environmental protection of enterprises, and effective supervision by non-profit organizations. Studying the regulatory strategies of the government, enterprises, and non-profit organizations can provide a foundation for marine resource development and marine environmental protection policy in accordance with the current situation.","author":["Jiang, D.","Chen, Z.","McNeil, L.","Dai, G."],"organization":["Shandong University","Ocean University of China"],"originationDate":"2019-11-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6676","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-array-subsea-tidal-kite-prototypes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/2\/456","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation from an Array of Subsea Tidal Kite Prototypes","description":"Tidal current technologies have the potential to provide highly predictable energy, since tides are driven by lunar cycles. However, before implementing such technologies on a large scale, their environmental performance should be assessed. In this study, a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed on a 12 MW tidal energy converter array of Minesto Deep Green 500 (DG500) prototypes, closely following the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) standards, but including scenarios to cover various design possibilities. The global warming potential (GWP) of the prototype array was in the range of 18.4\u201326.3 gCO2-eq\/kWhe. This is comparable with other renewable energy systems, such as wind power. Material production processes have the largest impact, but are largely offset by recycling at the end of life. Operation and maintenance processes, including the production of replacement parts, also provide major contributions to environmental impacts. Comparisons with other technologies are limited by the lack of a standardized way of performing LCA on offshore power generation technologies.","author":["Kaddoura, M.","Tivander, J.","Molander, S."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology","International Reference Centre for the Life Cycle of Products, Processes and Services (CIRAIG)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kaddour-2020-LCA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6677","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/salmonid-response-vertical-axis-hydrokinetic-turbine-stream-aquarium","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/336870891_Salmonid_response_to_a_vertical_axis_hydrokinetic_turbine_in_a_stream_aquarium","title":"Salmonid response to a vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine in a stream aquarium","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines are an industry with growing interest. With many varying designs being put forward it is important to assess in depth the effects such technologies are likely to have on the local environment. In this study, the response of two downstream migrating juvenile salmonid species (brown trout and Atlantic salmon) to a three-bladed vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine was assessed in an experimental setup. A large, flow-controlled tank was used for 15 minute individual trials, in which 80 individuals were tested (40 of each species). Four water velocity settings (0 m\/s \u2013 0.4 m\/s) were assessed during the study with 10 replicates for each treatment. No direct collisions were observed. Behavioural responses to the turbine were analysed in terms of pass events and active avoidance. It was found that trout were less likely to pass the turbine than salmon. In the case of both species fish preferentially passed around the turbine rather than passing through the turbine structure. This could have implications for turbine placement.","author":["Berry, M.","Sundberg, J.","Francisco, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-09-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:46:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Berry-et-al-2019-EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6806","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-economic-perspectives-wave-energy-development","sourceURL":"","title":"Socio-Economic Perspectives of Wave Energy Development","description":"Oregon Sea Grant (OSG) and Oregon State University (OSU) have been investigating and supporting the development of ocean-based renewable energy for several years. By 2004, there was motivation from the State to get things moving quickly. The POWER group was meeting regularly. Several developers were eyeing Oregon as a \u201csweet spot\u201d to test and launch their technology. Terms like \u201cthe gold rush\u201d were being used on a regular basis to describe the situation.   OSG\u2019s role was to support research and connect scientists, engineers and developers to ocean users \u2013 specifically, the commercial fishing industry \u2013 to talk, listen and share perspectives and experience about this new technology and the ocean\u2019s place and space. During this time, at the peak, seven or more preliminary permits had been applied for. Yet, there were so many questions unanswered and issues that needed to be addressed. A series of environmental issues and questions led to an \u201cenvironmental impacts\u201d conference in Newport. A report of this conference is available.   Equally important, yet left unaddressed, were a series of human dimension issues and questions. How is wave energy generation off of the Oregon coast generally perceived? Who are the stakeholders and how are they engaged? Is this activity further defining differences in rural and urban perceptions of the coast and the direction of its economic and social development? Cumulatively, how does the human dimension of the wave energy equation affect public perceptions, public policy and the successful adoption of wave energy technology along Oregon\u2019s coast?   At the same time, policy makers and government officials were struggling to keep up in many ways. Who\u2019s responsible for planning and regulating this new use of the ocean? FERC? MMS? State or local government? What should the permitting process be? What are the correct steps that should be followed?   In 2007, the Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) put out a request for proposals to begin to discover answers to many of the environmental and human dimensions questions. A multidisciplinary group of social scientists \u2013 Flaxen Conway, Brent Steel, Michael Harte and Bryan Tilt from Oregon State University \u2013 responded to this call. There were six graduate students \u2013 five masters candidates (Holly Campbell, John Stevenson, Zack Covell, Daniel Hunter, and Yao Yin) and one PhD candidate (Maria Stefanovich) \u2013 who were here, ready, and interested. Working together, they created a new research program at OSU, the Human Dimension of Wave Energy (HDWE), to provide the opportunity for a cadre of social scientists \u2013 professors and graduate students \u2013 to study this new use of the ocean space and place.","author":["Conway, F."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2009-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.395279000000","-124.042028000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Socio-Economic-Perspectives-of-Wave-Energy-Version_2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6829","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/progress-denied-study-potential-economic-impact-permitting-challenges-facing-proposed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hepg.hks.harvard.edu\/publications\/progress-denied-study-potential-economic-impact-permitting-challenges-facing","title":"Progress Denied: A Study on the Potential Economic Impact of Permitting Challenges Facing Proposed Energy Projects","description":"This study estimates the potential loss in economic value of 351 proposed solar, wind, wave, bio-fuel, coal, gas, nuclear and energy transmission projects that have been delayed or cancelled due to significant impediments, such as regulatory barriers, including inefficient review processes and the attendant lawsuits and threats of legal action.  These energy projects were reviewed and catalogued by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce as part of its Project No Project initiative and are available at www.projectnoproject.com. To be clear, we do not believe that all of the subject projects ever would or necessarily should be approved, constructed, and operated. However, the Project No Project initiative and our independent research, which is summarized in this study, demonstrate that impediments such as regulatory barriers to energy projects can substantially reduce and impair private investment and job creation. After a year of research on these projects, the following are the major highlights of our study:    In aggregate, planning and construction of the subject projects (the \u201cinvestment phase\u201d) would generate $577 billion in direct investment, calculated in current dollars. The indirect and induced effects (what we term multiplier effects) would generate an approximate $1.1 trillion increase in U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), including $352 billion in employment earnings, based on present discounted value (PDV) over an average construction period of seven years. 1 Furthermore, we estimate that as many as 1.9 million jobs would be required during each year of construction.  The operation of the subject projects (the \u201coperations phase\u201d) would generate $99 billion in direct annual output, calculated in current dollars, including multiplier effects, this additional annual output would yield $145 billion in increased GDP, $35 billion in employment earnings, based on PDV, and an average 791,200 jobs per year of operation. Assuming twenty years of operations across all subject project types, we estimate the operations phase would yield a potential long term benefit of $2.3 trillion in GDP, including $1.0 trillion in employment earnings, based on PDV.  Therefore, the total potential economic and employment benefits of the subject projects, if constructed and operated for twenty years, would be approximately $3.4 trillion in GDP, including $1.4 trillion in employment earnings, based on PDV, and an additional one million or more jobs per year.   As noted above, we do not believe that all of the subject projects will be approved or constructed even in the absence of any legal and regulatory barriers. Also, as with all economic forecasts, we recognize that there is an element of uncertainty. This could be true here because, to our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to quantify the macroeconomic and employment impact of the regulatory barriers imposed on the development and operation of so many energy projects. Consequently, we believe additional work is needed to improve the list of energy projects and to refine this study\u2019s methodology. Among other things, future work could attempt to quantify other potentially lost benefits such as the economic impact of increased domestic energy supplies and associated reductions in consumer prices due to greater amounts of available energy.  Notwithstanding the above caveat, we believe this study provides an instructive and statistically defensible picture of the potential for corrosive economic and employment impacts that can arise from significant project obstacles such as inefficient regulatory processes, including attendant lawsuits and threats of legal action. Moreover we believe the data demonstrates these impacts are substantial. Furthermore, because we have, for example, excluded domestic on-and off-shore oil and many natural gas projects from our study cohort, we have substantially underestimated the impact of the regulatory barriers and other project impediments. In other words, this is a conservative analysis.  At a minimum, our study demonstrates that private investors and developers are prepared to fund, build and operate energy projects that could materially increase GDP and create many jobs. However, in view of project obstacles such as regulatory inefficiencies, this investment may only come to fruition if policymakers take the steps needed to streamline and improve existing regulatory processes so that projects can be given a fair opportunity to secure a final permit based on the soundness of the project, and not on the ability to withstand a tortured permitting process. Potentially, these and other similar projects offer substantial economic opportunities, but these opportunities can only be realized if these projects are reviewed and evaluated in an efficient, effective, and timely manner.2 Based on our review of the circumstances of the 351 projects identified, we conclude that, absent policy action aimed at constructive reforms to the regulatory process, there is substantial risk that economic progress and opportunity will to continue to be denied for millions of American citizens.","author":["Pociask, S.","Fuhr, J."],"organization":["TeleNomic Research, LLC","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2011-03-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/pnp_economicstudy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6830","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-model-turbine-investigate-high-striking-risk-fish-tidal-oceanic-current-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2213138819307192","title":"Use of a model turbine to investigate the high striking risk of fish with tidal and oceanic current turbine blades under slow rotational speed","description":"The turbine blades of marine renewable energy devices pose a striking\/collision risk to marine species. Consequently, where a proposed site contains a major fishery, there can be conflicts with local fishermen and stakeholders. Meanwhile, the striking\/collision risk is considered low based on data from tidal power generation test sites. There are some unknown aspects due to a lack of observational data, in particular, the data that indicates direct striking. Therefore, this paper attempts to show an example how fishes strike turbine blades even though the rotating blades are slower than fish swimming speed. A preliminary experiment was carried out in a laboratory-scale water tank using the fish Gnathopogon elongatus. The fish is distorted by the current and sometimes distracts the rotating turbine blades. Thus, the fish had a high risk of striking the turbine on several occasions, suggesting that they may strike the turbine if they lose their cautiousness of it. The experiment showed that fishes such as Gnathopogon elongatus, which can be considered abnormal in some situations, may have an approximately 1% chance of striking turbine blades in the water tank test although they would have the ability to avoid the slow rotating turbine blades under the normal situation.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Zhou, J.","Park, S.","Muto, H.","Kitazawa, D."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.712747000000","139.761946000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6834","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/suggested-seasonal-definitions-birds-scottish-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/doc\/guidance-note-seasonal-definitions-birds-scottish-marine-environment","title":"Suggested seasonal definitions for birds in the Scottish Marine Environment","description":"The table gives recommended periods when the listed species should be considered when planning activity in the Scottish marine environment.","author":["Tyler, G."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.799651000000","-4.336489000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guidance-Suggested-seasonal-definitions-for-birds-in-the-Scottish-Marine-Environment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6839","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-generation-limited-appropriate-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal Generation Limited Appropriate Assessment","description":"This document contains the Appropriate Assessment for Tidal Generation Limited at the Fall of Warness EMEC test site.","author":["Holland, G."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2014-11-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal-energy-limited-appropriate-assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6841","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pentland-firth-orkney-waters-enabling-actions-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/docplayer.net\/65739797-Pentland-firth-and-orkney-waters-enabling-actions-report-strategic-area-navigation-appraisal-sanap.html","title":"Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Enabling Actions Report","description":"This Discussion Paper is intended to support and inform the Navigational Risk Assessment (NRA) work of developers of wave and tidal stream energy projects in the Pentland Firth and Orkney waters (PFOW) area.  This Paper has been produced with the contributions and assistance of both the marine and energy sector regulators and advisors, and the companies involved in developing wave and tidal stream projects in PFOW. The paper considers the currently available information on the development projects, the locations of the Agreement for Lease (AfL) areas and marine traffic recorded within the areas that make up the wider PFOW Strategic Area. This has allowed a strategic appraisal of the potential, alone and in-combination\/cumulative, impacts on shipping and navigation to be made.  Analysis of the vessels operating within the PFOW Strategic Area has been performed using the data available for the PFOW Strategic area. It clearly details the known routes used by both transiting and local traffic, highlighting the areas of high density traffic and variation due to weather, tides and seasonal changes. Traffic associated with the regular ferry services that run to\/from Orkney Mainland and the services that operate between the islands are clearly identified, as are the transiting traffic routes past the islands within the wider strategic area. Areas of highest traffic density and current pinch points, like the transiting vessels passing through Pentland Firth, are identified as well as that of the crossing traffic and its interaction with other routes. The report also considers the influence of weather and tide has on routeing or vessels.  This naturally leads into a high-level, strategic marine traffic analysis for each of the PFOW AfL areas, identifying the amount of traffic present and the vessels operating within and near to these developments. Both of these analyses enable a better understanding of the movement of merchant shipping vessels, fishing vessels and recreational vessels. This emphasises the types of vessel and behaviour exhibited while transiting or operating in proximity to the AfL areas and makes it possible to further analyse the possible impacts associated with safety and navigation.","author":["Anatec"],"organization":["Xodus Group","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2014-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.799651000000","-4.336489000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pentland-Firth-and-Orkney-Waters-Enabling-Actions-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6843","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/under-keel-clearance-policy-paper","sourceURL":"","title":"Under Keel Clearance - Policy Paper","description":"The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance to developers in determining an appropriate margin of safety over turbines where there is no safe and reasonable deviation for marine traffic using the area,\u2013 to allow adequate safe under keel clearance (UKC) - and hence minimum water depth for vessels transiting over, tidal devices and their associated structures.  This Paper is intended to assist discussions between developers and MCA and represents guidance only. Developers are free to deviate from the approach where they consider it necessary, can present a sound argument for doing so and\/or offer mitigation measures.  Additionally, it is intended that this paper assists developers in identifying suitable locations for underwater devices when considered in the context of available water depth, vessels and craft that transit the area. However, it is not intended that this paper removes the need for developers to consult with the relevant regulator and advisors.  This UKC guidance addresses the worst case scenario, each specific development will have its own unique characteristics and will therefore be assessed on a case by case basis.","author":["NOREL"],"organization":["NOREL"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-10 06:07:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Under_Keel_Clearance_paper.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6844","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/brough-head-wave-farm-scoping-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/broughhead\/scoping-report","title":"Brough Head Wave Farm Scoping Report","description":"The scoping report has been prepared by BHWFL to support the development of a number of wave farm arrays within the Southern Area of the outlined AfL with a total capacity of up to 150 MW and requests a formal Scoping Opinion from Marine Scotland in consultation with the relevant statutory consultees. The Scoping Report represents the first stage of the EIA process and has been produced to facilitate the identification and assessment of the potential environmental impacts associated with this project. Accordingly, BHWFL wishes to seek feedback and advice on any particular environmentally or socially important areas within the southern portion of the AfL area. The issues identified within the scoping opinion from Marine Scotland will be utilised to inform the final site selection process for the wave arrays.","author":["Meynell, M."],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"originationDate":"2011-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.629848000000","-4.345595000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brough-Head-Wave-Farm-Scoping-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6845","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pre-installation-rov-survey-proposed-development-site-falls-warness-test-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/EMEC\/fwb7\/rov-report","title":"Pre-installation ROV survey of proposed development site in Falls of Warness test area","description":"A ROV survey was undertaken to collect video footage of the seabed in the vicinity of the proposed installation site for a prototype tidal energy device. The video provides an indication of the seabed habitat and topography present in the area prior to the commencement of development activities at the site. The output will build on existing information held by EMEC and be used to support environmental and geotechnical assessments of the area.","author":["Runciman, D."],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Voith Hydro"],"originationDate":"2010-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ROV-survey.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6846","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/voith-hydro-ml-appropriate-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/EMEC\/fwb7\/vh-aa","title":"Voith Hydro ML Appropriate Assessment","description":"This document provides the Appropriate Assessment for the Voith Hydro HyTide turbine at the EMEC Fall of Warness test site.","author":["Main, R."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.068253000000","-3.075364000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:21:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Voith-Hydro-ML-Appropriate-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6847","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotrenewables-sr250-appropriate-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/EMEC\/fwb5\/sr250-aa","title":"Scotrenewables SR250 Appropriate Assessment","description":"This document provides the Appropriate Assessment for the Scotrenewables tidal energy device at the EMEC Fall of Warness test site.","author":["Thompson, F."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2011-01-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.928805000000","-4.426068000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scotrenewables-Appropriate-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6848","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gsk-montrose-swan-turbines-environmental-statement-non-technical-summary","sourceURL":"","title":"GSK Montrose Swan Turbines Environmental Statement Non-Technical Summary","description":"This document is the Non-Technical Summary (NTS) of the Environmental Statement (ES) which has been prepared in support of applications made by GlaxoSmithKline Montrose (GSK Montrose) for licences for a Marine Renewable Energy Project in the Territorial Sea and UK Controlled Waters Adjacent to Scotland under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010. This project is called the Montrose Tidal Array.  The ES is the formal report of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) undertaken by GSK Montrose into the potential impacts of the construction, operation and eventual decommissioning of the development and provides details of any mitigations required to address potential impacts.  The ES has been undertaken in consultation with statutory and non-statutory consultees and local stakeholders.  With the support of GSK Montrose and other contributors including Swanturbines Ltd, a significant amount of resources and effort have been made available to undertake this EIA process and important progress has been made towards the provision of the required data for this ES. With the express permission of the developer, this data is expected to be made available for use throughout the industry to assist in other potential developments.","author":["GlaxoSmithKlineMontrose"],"organization":["GlaxoSmithKline Montrose (GSK Montrose)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 06:30:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/GSK-Montrose-Non-Technical-Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6849","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maps-spa-breeding-seabird-foraging-ranges","sourceURL":"","title":"Maps of SPA breeding seabird foraging ranges","description":"The attached file provides maps of the SPA breeding seabird foraging ranges in Ness of Duncansby","author":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-11-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.639901000000","-3.043378000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:16:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Maps-of-SPA-breeding-seabird-foraging-ranges.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6850","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ness-duncansby-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Ness of Duncansby Scoping Report","description":"ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Ltd is proposing to develop a Commercial Tidal Array (hereafter referred to as the \u2018Tidal Array\u2019) at Ness of Duncansby in the Pentland Firth. The Tidal Array would have a capacity of 95MW of renewable power for export to the grid and would contribute to meeting the Scottish Government\u2019s targets of providing 80% of Scotland\u2019s electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. ANDRITZ HYDRO Hammerfest and SPR are currently working together to develop the 1MW tidal stream technology, which will be used at Ness of Duncansby. The tidal device generates power utilising the kinetic energy of tidal flows and is fully submerged and seabed mounted.  The purpose of this report is to set out the details of the proposed development, the site and the surrounding area, the potential effects of the development and the approach currently considered appropriate for the EIA to assist in the formal scoping process. This report describes the baseline environment, and lists aspects of the environment that have the potential to be affected by the proposed development.","author":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"organization":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.639901000000","-3.043378000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:16:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Duncansby-Scoping-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6851","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aquamarine-power-marine-mammal-observation-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/3000\/https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/EMEC\/bcib2\/apl-mmo","title":"Aquamarine Power Marine Mammal Observation Report","description":"This post installation marine mammal observation (MMO) report has been produced to demonstrate compliance with the environmental monitoring licence conditions granted for the installation and operation of the Oyster 800 (2a) and Piles Project at Billia Croo, Orkney.  This report includes:    a short background;  a summary of the MMO activities undertaken during installation; and  the MMO recording forms.    Aquamarine Power produced an Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) (OY02-DES-RH-XODPLN-0001) in May 2011 which addresses the relevant conditions of the FEPA Licence granted for Oyster 800 (Ref 03987\/11\/0-4849). The EMP stipulates the marine mammal observation arrangements to be carried out during the \u2018noisy\u2019 operations associated with the installation of the Oyster 800 (2a) and piles project.  The MMO procedure is used to observe and record marine mammals and large or unusual fish species (e.g. basking shark) in the area around the works prior to, and during, any \u2018noisy\u2019 installation activities.","author":["Richardson, M."],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"originationDate":"2012-01-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.033500000000","-3.438075000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/APL-MMO.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6852","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aquamarine-power-environmental-monitoring-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/3000\/https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/scoping\/EMEC\/bcib2\/apl-emp","title":"Aquamarine Power Environmental Monitoring Plan","description":"Aquamarine Power Limited (Aquamarine Power) proposes to install the second generation of the Oyster technology in the near shore area of the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Wave Test Site, at Billia Croo off the west coast of mainland Orkney. This environmental monitoring programme document sets out the operational monitoring strategy of Oyster 2 (second generation wave energy device), for assessment of potential environmental impacts.  At present, Aquamarine Power is focussing on the installation of a single Oyster 2 device, including its foundation piles, and installing foundation piles for a further two devices. Installation will take place in summer 2011. It is then intended that a further 2 devices will be installed over two years in 2012 and 2013 (and be subject to a separate consent application submitted in 2011). Oyster 2 is to be deployed in 10 \u2013 15 m water depth and produces energy through the oscillating action of the waves against the \u2018flap\u2019, driving hydraulic pistons which pump fresh water back onshore through a hydro-electric plant. The electricity generation of the first Oyster 2 device will be up to 800 kW.  Installation of Oyster 2a (first device) and all foundation piles is proposed during a two month period between June and August 2011; this timing is however, weather dependent. It is anticipated that the device will operate for up to 20 years with little major interference. Small periods of maintenance will occur every 6 months, with more extensive maintenance every 5 years, likely to include the removal of one or more component parts of the device (for example, removable hydraulic modules).  Specialist environmental studies, as identified during Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) scoping, were completed to support permit and consent applications for the offshore aspects of the Oyster 2 development. This work included consultation with relevant stakeholders. The key impacts investigated were seabed impacts, marine wildlife impacts (such as displacement and collision), and underwater noise. These issues form the basis of the proposed environmental monitoring strategy.  The details of specific protocols for monitoring of potential seabed, marine wildlife and underwater noise impacts has been developed into an environmental monitoring programme (EMP), outlined within this document. The monitoring strategy and protocol details will be developed further throughout the preparation of the EMP; in concurrence with on-going regulatory, stakeholder and advisory consultation. This EMP document provides an overview of the proposed environmental strategy and monitoring; supported by a series of separate detailed protocols that will be submitted to Marine Scotland for approval eight weeks prior to the date the monitoring activity is due to commence, unless agreed otherwise with Marine Scotland.","author":["Tipler, P."],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2011-05-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.014860000000","-3.382476000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:47:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/APL-Environmental-Monitoring-Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6853","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-bottom-mounted-hydroacoustic-sonar-assess-fish-presence-vertical-distribution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/ASL-Sonar-Echoview-Final-Report.pdf","title":"Use of a bottom-mounted hydroacoustic sonar to assess fish presence and vertical distribution at the FORCE in-stream tidal turbine test site in Minas Passage","description":"The effects on fish of large tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) devices deployed in very high flow environments (\u0026gt;2 m\/s) are generally unknown. This uncertainty is concerning to regulators, scientists, and other stakeholders of the marine environment (e.g., fishers), particularly in areas where species of special concern (e.g. endangered, threatened, or commercial) are present. To help address these concerns, FORCE developed the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) platforms, equipped with sensors to monitor physical and biological characteristics of the FORCE test area. The first deployment of a FAST platform at the FORCE site occurred from December 2015 to January 2016, and it included an upwardfacing echosounder, the ASL Acoustic Zooplankton and Fish Profiler (AZFP).  To better understand fish use of this site and their potential for interaction with TISEC devices, we examined how fish density and vertical distribution (measured by the AZFP) varied with respect to environmental factors, in particular tidal stage and time of day, and how these factors influence spatial overlap of fish with a TISEC device. The TISEC device considered here was the Cape Sharp Tidal (CST) device (OpenHydro design), which was later deployed at the FORCE site from November 2016 to June 2017.  The AZFP echosounder was found to perform well in the FORCE high-flow environment. All AZFP data were processed in Echoview\u00ae software to remove non-target hydroacoustic backscatter, most of which was from entrained air. This resulted in omission of the upper 10 m of the water column from analysis. Cleaned data were subsequently split into time-depth cells, echo-integrated, and exported for statistical analysis. The processing steps and templates created for this project can be applied to future AZFP data collected with the FAST platform.  The presence (relative density) and vertical distribution of fish were examined with respect to tidal and diel stages. We found that fish were almost constantly present during the data collection period, with higher densities during the flood tide than the ebb tide. Fish density was highest in the upper portion of the water column analyzed (above 15-20 m from the sea floor), though fish were more evenly spread throughout the water column at night than during the day. Species of fish could not be determined from the acoustic data, so we recommend using multiple acoustic frequencies in the future, alongside general knowledge of which species are in the area during data collection periods (e.g., by drawing on local knowledge of the fish species present, their migration timing, and their behaviors).  The observed vertical distributions of fish were used to generate basic spatial overlap probability models, which estimated the probability that fish within the passage cross-section might spatially overlap with (and therefore potentially encounter) a TISEC device under different vertical distribution scenarios. While there were apparent differences in the vertical distribution of fish in relation to tidal stage (e.g. from ebb to flood tide), the estimated overlap probabilities for a single TISEC device were very low (\u0026lt; 0.002). Spatial overlap probabilities, however, may become important for arrays of devices. The determination of encounter probability will require additional information, including a determination of the probability that a fish (preferably of known species) will pass through the Minas Passage during some defined time interval. Hydroacoustic data on the horizontal distribution of fish (across the Minas Passage), as well as data on nearfield fish behavior in response to TISEC devices in high-flow environments, would also aid the development of models of in-stream turbine effects on fish.","author":["Viehman, H.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.363250000000","-64.431265000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viehman-Redden-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6862","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-network-analysis-tool-marine-spatial-planning-impacts-decommissioning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13551","title":"Social network analysis as a tool for marine spatial planning: Impacts of decommissioning on connectivity in the North Sea","description":"Connectivity of marine populations and ecosystems is crucial to maintaining and enhancing their structure, distribution, persistence, resilience and productivity. Artificial hard substrate, such as that associated with oil and gas platforms, provides settlement opportunities for species adapted to hard substrates in areas of soft sediment. The contribution of artificial hard substrate and the consequences of its removal (e.g. through decommissioning) to marine connectivity is not clear, yet such information is vital to inform marine spatial planning and future policy decisions on the use and protection of marine resources.  This study demonstrates the application of a social network analysis approach to quantify and describe the ecological connectivity, informed by particle tracking model outputs, of hard substrate marine communities in the North Sea. Through comparison of networks with and without artificial hard substrate, and based on hypothetical decommissioning scenarios, this study provides insight into the contribution of artificial hard substrate, and the consequence of decommissioning, to the structure and function of marine community connectivity.  This study highlights that artificial hard substrate, despite providing only a small proportion of the total area of hard substrate, increases the geographic extent and connectivity of the hard substrate network, bridging gaps, thereby providing \u2018stepping stones\u2019 between otherwise disconnected areas of natural hard substrate. Compared to the baseline scenario, a decommissioning scenario with full removal of oil and gas platforms results in a nearly 60% reduction in connectivity. Such reduction in connectivity may have negative implications for species\u2019 distribution, gene flow and resilience following disturbance or exploitation of marine hard substrate communities.  Synthesis and applications. Social network analysis can provide valuable insight into connectivity between marine communities and enable the evaluation of impacts associated with changes to the marine environment. Providing standardized, transparent and robust outputs, such a tool is useful to facilitate understanding across different disciplines, including marine science, marine spatial planning and marine policy. Social network analysis therefore has great potential to address current knowledge gaps with respect to marine connectivity and crucially facilitate assessment of the impacts of changes in offshore substrate as part of the marine spatial planning process, thereby informing policy and marine management decisions.","author":["Tidbury, H.","Taylor, N.","van der Molen, J.","Garcia, L.","Posen, P.","Gill, A.","Lincoln, S.","Judd, A.","Hyder, K."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","University of East Anglia"],"originationDate":"2020-01-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.490597000000","3.512409000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidbury_et_al-2020-Journal_of_Applied_Ecology.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6863","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-large-scale-kinetic-power-extraction-time-dependent-estuaries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1243\/09576509JPE519","title":"Effect of large-scale kinetic power extraction on time-dependent estuaries","description":"An open and important question in tidal in-stream energy conversion is the level of kinetic power extraction that is possible without unacceptable environmental degradation. In general, the effects of large-scale kinetic power extraction on estuary-scale fluid mechanics are not well understood. In this paper, these effects are quantified for an idealized estuary using a one-dimensional, time-dependent numerical model. The numerical domain consists of a long, wide inlet and basin connected by a constricted channel. Kinetic power densities within this constriction are suitable for in-stream energy conversion. Modelling shows that the extraction of kinetic power has a number of effects, including: (a) reduction of the volume of water exchanged through the estuary over the tidal cycle; (b) reduction of the tidal range landward of the array; and (c) reduction of the kinetic power density in the tidal channel. These impacts are strongly dependent on the magnitude of kinetic power extraction, estuary geometry, tidal regime, and non-linear turbine dynamics. It is shown that it may be misleading to relate these impacts to the fraction of kinetic energy extracted from the system. Results highlight the importance of time-dependent modelling and the incorporation of non-linear turbine dynamics.","author":["Polagye, B.","Malte, P.","Kawase, M.","Durran, D."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2008-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6873","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/studies-evaluation-fish-attraction-performance-around-anchored-fish-aggregating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Studies-on-the-evaluation-of-fish-attraction-around-Khyria\/a86247ab96c65f95119defd46aa85c50b8f301d5","title":"Studies on the evaluation of fish attraction performance around anchored Fish Aggregating Devices (aFADs)","description":"Chapter 1. Insights of artisanal fishing condition in Kenya and the potential of aFADs to redistribute the fishing effort to the offshore  Chapter 2. A review on aFADs as a tool to promote and manage artisanal fisheries  Chapter 3. Evaluation of fish attraction around aFADs by optical techniques  Chapter 4. Evaluation of fish attraction around aFADs by acoustic technique; echosounder  Chapter 5. Evaluation of fish residency by biotelemetry technique around aFADs  Chapter 6. General discussion","author":["Karama, K."],"organization":["Nagasaki University"],"originationDate":"2019-09-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SKK54_Khyria.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6877","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-impact-development-marine-energy-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/economic-impact-of-developing-marine-energy-en.pdf","title":"The Economic Impact of the Development of Marine Energy in Wales","description":"Headline Summary of Findings  Purpose of the Report  i. Regeneris Consulting and the Welsh Economy Research Unit at Cardiff Business School were appointed by the Welsh Government to undertake an assessment of the potential economic contribution of marine energy to Wales. The report examines the economic benefits for Wales from future development of the sector using three illustrative timeline scenarios:    Scenario 1: A 30MW wave installation and a 30MW tidal stream installation;  Scenario 2: 300MW in marine energy capacity (two 30MW wave installations and eight 30MW tidal stream installations, reflecting the relatively advanced state of tidal energy);  Scenario 3: 1GW of marine energy capacity (250MW of wave and 750MW of tidal energyii.      ii. For each scenario we consider the impacts arising from direct employment and expenditure, indirect expenditure via supply chain goods and services sourced within Wales and induced expenditure by employees supported through direct and indirect effects. There is considerable uncertainty on the timing of these scenarios. As an indication, there is potential for Scenario 1 to be achieved in the next 3-4 years, scenario 2 in ten years and scenario 3 in the next two decades.  iii. The assessment has been informed by a review of existing economic impact and supply chain literature and consultations with project and device developers, policy and strategy leads in Welsh Government, and other industry experts and stakeholders.  Development of the Industry to Date  iv. In Wales, there are currently a total of four pre-commercial (demonstration) projects proposed off the Pembrokeshire coast and there are plans for the first full-scale tidal turbine array in Welsh waters by 2016.  v. Given the current sectoral strengths of the Welsh economy, our analysis suggests that device manufacture may be concentrated outside of Wales, in other parts of the UK (Scotland in particular) and Europe. The greatest opportunities for the Welsh economy could be in terms of balance of plant manufacturing, and in supporting elements of installation, local assembly of imported products and maintenance. However, given the nascent nature of the marine energy sector, there is scope to capture elements of higher value device manufacture with carefully targeted SME support.  Potential Economic Benefits for Wales  vi. It should be noted that the realisation of the economic benefits outlined below is heavily dependent on continued capital and revenue support from Government and the ability of the industry to drive down costs through innovation. Moreover, given the early stage of the industry there are a range of uncertainties on the economic impact its development may have for Wales, centring particularly around the timing of development, the balance between wave and tidal, the rate at which costs fall over time, and the ability of the Welsh supply chain to benefit from the opportunities coming forward.  Economic Impact Results: Development and Installation  vii. We estimate that gross capital expenditure associated with tidal installations is currently around an average of \u00a34.2m per MW and \u00a35m for wave energy. After accounting for expenditure that leaks out of Wales (largely on specialised services and the manufacture of devices), we estimate the likely level of spend retained in Wales from tidal to be around two thirds and a half for wave.  viii. After accounting for indirect and induced multiplier effects and cost-savings due to learning and scale effects (for the time periods in which the different scenarios might be realised), our estimate of the cumulative impact on Welsh GVA of our three Scenarios is as follows:    Scenario 1 of development has the potential to support over \u00a370m of GVA across Wales, with this including on- and off-site economic activity (based on total investment in Wales of the order of \u00a3150m in 2013 prices).  Scenario 2 delivers just over \u00a3300m of GVA for Wales, with the economic impact per megawatt declining somewhat (from \u00a31.2m in Scenario 1 to \u00a31m) as cost reductions come further into play (based on total investment in Wales of over \u00a3500m in 2013 prices).  The final, very substantial roll out of 1GW in wave and tidal (Scenario 3) delivers \u00a3840m of GVA impact on Wales (based on total investment in Wales of the order of \u00a31.5bn in 2013 prices).   ix. Turning to employment effects, for Scenario 1, we estimate a total of around 2,000 person-years of employment associated with development and installation. This rises to 8,500 person-years in Scenario 2 and for the large 1GW installation of Scenario 3 almost 24,000 person-years. It is important to note that the employment arising in Scenario 3 could be supported over a 10-20 year period, depending upon the time it takes to roll out this capacity. To put this into context, this compares to around 4,500 person years that would be generated for 1 GW of gas fired power station capacity.  Economic Impact Results: Operational Phase  x. We estimate a gross operational cost currently of \u00a3165,000 per MW for tidal stream and \u00a3175,000 for wave, albeit with considerable uncertainty over these estimates. Unsurprisingly, the operations related impacts of marine energy installations are more moderate than those estimated for development\/installation (although they accrue in every year of operation):    In Scenario 1, with 60MW in operation, we estimate a total of \u00a32m in GVA and 50 FTE jobs per annum would be supported across Wales throughout the period of generation.  For Scenario 2 the 300MW of capacity would support \u00a37.8m in GVA and 180 jobs per annum across Wales.  Economic impacts increase with the scale of installation. For the 1GW Scenario 3, we estimate that \u00a320m of GVA and 440 FTE jobs per annum are supported across Wales through generation activities.  We estimate that regional operational spend per MW will, by Scenario 3, be under a third of its current estimated level for tidal stream, and around 50% its current level for wave. Hence, whilst each MW of capacity in Scenario 1 supports 0.83 FTE jobs in Wales, by Scenario 3 each MW is supporting 0.44 FTE jobs.   Recommendations  xi. The report sets out a series of high level recommendations. These focus on:    Communicating the nature of the opportunity Wales presents to developers;  An investment focus on one or two marine hubs which will provide a focus on testing commercial scale devices;  Targeted supply chain development, possibly underpinned by further supply side analysis;  The provision of commercial development and growth finance for SMEs in the sector and the associated supply chain;  Integration of these actions with existing area-based initiatives with an energy focus; and  The development of an investment strategy which enables Welsh Government and project sponsors to access ERDF and other suitable resources to enable the delivery of these actions.","author":["Regeneris Consulting Ltd."],"organization":["Regeneris Consulting Ltd","Cardiff University","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.370701300000","-3.960107700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/economic-impact-of-developing-marine-energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6878","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maximising-value-marine-energy-united-kingdom","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/maximising_the_value_of_marine_energy_to_the_united_kingdom-2014-MEPB.pdf","title":"Maximising the Value of Marine Energy to the United Kingdom","description":"Wave and tidal energy are the last two untapped global renewable resources, with an overall potential comparable to other major renewable resources. UK entrepreneurs, academic institutions and companies have invented, researched, developed and trialled the majority of leading technologies in this space. Many of these are now ready to make the move to commercial demonstration and deployment and the majority of the intended demonstration and commercial array sites are located in UK waters. All of this has been achieved because of long-term, solid and committed policy support from governments in the UK.  Through an analysis of existing research and a number of fresh case studies this report looks at the economic potential of the sector, while understanding how value from developing wave and tidal resources can be generated and retained within the UK. The case studies in particular offer examples of UK-level economic and employment benefits already achieved through reaching key sectoral milestones, as well as an understanding of what can be done to maximise UK \u2018size of prize\u2019 through technology development and deployment. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the necessary steps to ensure that the sector fulfils its economic potential.","author":["Marine Energy Programme Board"],"organization":["RenewableUK"],"originationDate":"2014-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.490451800000","-0.130801000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/maximising_the_value_of_marine_energy_to_the_united_kingdom-2014-MEPB.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6879","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-wave-energy-cost-reduction-industrial-benefit-summary-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/ORE-Catapult-Tidal-Stream-and-Wave-Energy-Cost-Reduction-and-Ind-Benefit-FINAL-v03.02.pdf","title":"Tidal Stream and Wave Energy Cost Reduction and Industrial Benefit: Summary Analysis","description":"GVA and Jobs Supported    With UK deployment of 100MW per year from 2021\/22, and a realistic share of a growing global market, the tidal stream industry could generate a net cumulative benefit to the UK by 2030 of \u00a31,400m, consisting of \u00a31,600m GVA from the domestic market and \u00a31,100m GVA from exports, offset by \u00a31,300m of revenue support. This would also support a total of almost 4,000 jobs by 2030 and 14,500 by 2040.  Assuming a 10 year lag behind tidal stream, wave energy will also add a net positive contribution to the UK economy, worth a net cumulative benefit to the UK by 2040 of \u00a34,000m, consisting of \u00a31,500m GVA from the domestic market and \u00a33,700m GVA from exports, offset by \u00a31,200m of revenue support. This would also support a total of 8,100 jobs by 2040.  50-60% of the economic benefit in terms of both GVA and jobs is expected to be generated in coastal areas, many with a need for economic regeneration, adding an additional value over and above what has been quantified in this report.   Carbon Emissions Reduction    Marine energy technologies have the potential to displace coal and natural gas generation on the grid and to reduce CO2 emissions permanently by at least 1MtCO2 per year after 2030 and at least 4MtCO2 per year after 2040.   Cost Reduction    Tidal stream has potential to reach LCOE of \u00a3150 per MWh by 100MW installed, reducing to \u00a390 per MWh by 1GW and \u00a380 per MWh by 2GW. Further reductions are possible with additional focus on innovation and continued reductions in cost of capital towards levels coming through in offshore wind.  Significant cost reductions are expected in the near-term as the industry takes the step from pre-commercial arrays to commercial projects.","author":["Smart, G.","Noonan, M."],"organization":["Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult"],"originationDate":"2018-04-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.490451800000","-0.130801000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORE-Catapult-Tidal-Stream-and-Wave-Energy-Cost-Reduction-and-Ind-Benefit-FINAL-v03.02.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6880","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/defining-project-envelopes-marine-energy-projects-review-tidal-energy-test-facility","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fishery\/en\/openasfa\/d49edad1-4d91-4206-ae50-66c667cd064f","title":"Defining project envelopes for marine energy projects: Review and Tidal energy test facility and marine mammals case study","description":"This report provides a detailed description of a set of guiding principles that should inform the development and definition of Project Design Envelopes (PDEs) for multiple technology marine energy sites. A PDE approach is a consenting approach that allows a project proponent to submit an assessment of the potential maximum impacts of a range of design parameters within its application. This is often required because at the time of consent application, the details of project design are not finalised. This allows the project proponent with the flexibility to build out a number of potential design options, as long as the project is constructed and operated within the range of parameters assessed.","author":["Sparling, C.","Smith, K."],"organization":["Natural Resource Wales"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Defining-project-envelopes-for-marine-energy-projects.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6881","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seagen-strangford-lough-adaptive-management-approach-environmental-management","sourceURL":"","title":"SeaGen, Strangford Lough - an adaptive management approach to environmental management, monitoring and mitigation","description":"This presentation provides an overview of adaptive management at the MCT SeaGen tidal turbine in Strangford Lough.","author":["Fortune, F."],"organization":["Royal Haskoning"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Seagen-Adaptive-Management.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6882","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/information-sheet-regulation-tidal-wave-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.maine.gov\/dep\/land\/dams-hydro\/documents\/is_tidal_wave_reg.html","title":"Information Sheet: Regulation of Tidal and Wave Energy Projects","description":"Tidal energy projects hold the promise of producing indigenous, renewable, predictable electricity without greenhouse gas emissions and with higher power densities (power output per unit area) than either solar photo-voltaic or wind projects. Tidal energy projects also may be useful in filling in the gaps in generation from other intermittent energy sources, such as wind projects. However, much of the required technology is still in the research and development stage, and the economic viability and environmental impacts of these technologies are largely unknown.  The Governor\u2019s Task Force on Ocean Energy was created in November 2008 to recommend a strategy for moving forward as expeditiously as practical with the development of the ocean energy resources of the Gulf of Maine. The Task Force submitted its final report in December 2009. As a result, the Maine Legislature passed emergency legislation designed to encourage ocean energy development in an environmentally responsible manner.  This information sheet describes the current status of tidal and wave energy technology and how tidal energy projects are regulated in Maine.","author":["Maine Department of Environmental Protection"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.851619000000","-69.125264000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6883","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-coastal-zone-management-bay-fundy-implications-tidal-power","sourceURL":"","title":"Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Bay of Fundy: Implications for tidal power","description":"The importance of the Bay of Fundy to Nova Scotia transcends its size. The Bay is a highly productive system that supports a range of economic activities in adjacent communities and in the region. Furthermore, the Bay of Fundy exerts a powerful emotion connection on residents and visitors alike. The Bay of Fundy and its enormous tides is integral to Nova Scotia\u2019s identity.  Given the ecological, economic, and cultural significance of the Bay of Fundy, the potential for tidal power development is inevitably a catalyst for discussion about what kinds of new activities might be desirable in the Bay of Fundy and how they might co-exist with existing activities and uses. Interest in managing Nova Scotia\u2019s coastal lands and waters has only increased since the expert panel conducting an environmental assessment for the proposed White Point quarry and marine terminal recommended the province of Nova Scotia develop a comprehensive coastal management policy as soon as possible.  The Panel recommendation, the emerging tidal power technologies, and the Strategic Environmental Assessment process provide an opportunity to consider how integrated coastal management might look in the Bay of Fundy and how communities can engage meaningfully in this type of decision making. It is an indication of the importance of the Bay of Fundy that there have been many past initiatives by community groups, fishing organizations, and governments to better understand and better manage the Bay of Fundy.  Examples of past integrated management initiatives include: Upper Bay of Fundy Pilot Management Plan, Annapolis Basin Clam Management Board, Bay of Fundy Fisheries Council, Southwest New Brunswick Integrated Planning Process, Sustainable Communities Initiative, and the Minas Basin Working Group. Reviewing these past examples can provide insights into what works in integrated management and what are the challenges. It can also help understand how potential new activities such as tidal power can take place within the context of integrated coastal zone management.","author":["Graham, J."],"organization":["Ecology Action Centre"],"originationDate":"2008-02-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.750011000000","-66.387097000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICZM_Bay_of_Fundy_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6885","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-getijdenturbines-oosterscheldekering-oosterscheldekering-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.stimulus.nl\/opzuid\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2019\/04\/Tocardo-Jaarrapportage-2018.pdf","title":"Monitoring getijdenturbines Oosterscheldekering (Oosterscheldekering Tidal Turbines Monitoring Annual Report 2018)","description":"The Oosterschelde storm surge barrier is a dam that contains 62 gates that can be closed during storm surges. In 2015, the Dutch company Tocardo Tidal Power installed a 1.2MW tidal power plant in one of the gates comprising an array of 5 turbines. This report discusses the methods and results of a unique two-year monitoring program to assess impacts on both the biotic and abiotic ecosystem as well as effects on the reliability of the storm surge barrier itself. The collaborative research was undertaken by four research institutes. Changes in flow patterns were monitored and modelled, the decrease in tidal amplitude, impact on sedimentation processes, the development of numbers of porpoises and seals in the Oosterschelde and possible collisions between these mammals and the turbines were all part of the study.  The attached report is only available in Dutch. However, the appendix, a position paper on the effects of the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier and tidal energy turbines on harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) movements, is provided in English and is available in the attached report, as well as here.","author":["Leopold, M.","Scholl, M."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2019-03-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.608928000000","3.683772000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:36:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tocardo-Jaarrapportage-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6886","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-eastern-scheldt-storm-surge-barrier-tidal-energy-turbines-harbor-porpoise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tocardo.com\/tag\/environmental-effects\/","title":"Effects of the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier and tidal energy turbines on harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) movements","description":"The Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier, completed in 1986, was built to protect the Netherlands from flooding. The barrier has resulted in changes in the environment: specific fauna and flora are found around the concrete structures of the barrier; currents and tides have changed; sand and stone deposits have formed around the pillars; and changes in sand movements have resulted in the lowering of tidal flats.  The aim of this paper is to describe how the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier and the existing and proposed tidal energy turbines within it affect harbor porpoises and harbor seals. Both species show individual differences in behavior and in responses to structures and sounds, and the conclusions drawn in this paper may not be valid for all animals in the population. In addition, sick animals may behave differently, or may be transported through the barrier by the currents. No consideration is given to effects on fish, the prey of porpoises and seals; any effect on fish may in turn affect their predators. Some of the information in this paper is applicable to nearby areas for which tidal energy turbines are being considered (Grevelingendam and Brouwersdam), but some is uniquely applicable to the biology and physics of the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier.  The storm surge barrier restricts the movements of harbor porpoises, as they prefer not to enter narrow spaces such as the open gates. In addition, the strong turbulence caused by currents during the flood and ebb tides reduce the echolocation ability of porpoises to orient themselves and forage close to the barrier. The few harbor porpoises that cross the barrier probably do so at slack tides (most likely at high slack tide in the deeper central gates of the 3 sections of the barrier). At high slack tide, the turbines are turning very slowly or not at all, so healthy harbor porpoise are not expected to collide with the blades.  In the scenario of large-scale roll-out of turbines in multiple gates of the barrier, the turbines are expected to add to the barrier function, as they may partially block the gates. However, this added  barrier function will affect a maximum of 30% of the total no. of gates of the barrier, if one array turbines is placed in every third gate (in 17 of the 62 gates). Lifting the turbines out of the water at slack tide will increase the likelihood of harbor porpoises crossing the barrier.  The storm surge barrier does not restrict the movements of harbor seals; they have been observed to cross the barrier even when the current is strong and turbulent. Turbines are unlikely to reduce the willingness of most harbor seals to cross the barrier. Harbor seals are not expected to collide with the blades, as they can use several sensory systems to detect the moving turbine blades, and have sufficient space below the turbines to cross the barrier.  Suggestions for research include tracking individual animals (either with tags, or via detectors in the gates), to see if, and under which conditions, the species cross the barrier. Underwater sound recordings of the active turbines will improve the prediction of their effect on the behavior of the seals and porpoises.  The attached position paper also appears as an appendix in Oosterscheldekering Tidal Turbines Monitoring Annual Report 2018.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Jennings, N."],"organization":["SEAMARCO","Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.608928000000","3.683772000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:36:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kastelein-2019-Tidal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6887","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bay-fundy-inshore-fishermans-association-v-nova-scotia-minister-environment","sourceURL":"","title":"The Bay of Fundy Inshore Fisherman\u0027s Association v. Nova Scotia Minister of Environment","description":"The Bay of Fundy Inshore Fisherman\u2019s Association has asked for a judicial review in the nature of certiorari, seeking to quash the decision made by Nova Scotia Environment , a delegate of the Minister of Environment on June 20, 2016, approving the installation and activation of demonstration tidal turbines in the Bay of Fundy.  This document is a report of the case from the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.","author":["Robertson, J."],"organization":["Supreme Court of Nova Scotia"],"originationDate":"2017-04-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.535498000000","-63.692920000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nova-Scotia-Court-Case.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6892","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-array-spacing-tidal-stream-turbine-farm-performance-using-large-eddy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0889974619301161","title":"Analysis of array spacing on tidal stream turbine farm performance using Large-Eddy Simulation","description":"Design of efficient tidal arrays relies on the adopted spacing between turbines and their mutual interplay. Turbines affected by wake shadowing operate in harsher flow conditions, such as higher turbulence levels or lower incident velocity, which leads to reduced performance and larger extreme and fatigue loading. To extend the knowledge about turbine-to-turbine interplay in tidal arrays, high-fidelity numerical simulations using a Large-Eddy Simulation-Actuator Line Method (LES-ALM) are carried out to quantify the impact of row spacing. The developed Digital Offshore FArm Simulator (DOFAS) validates well with experimental data in terms of flow statistics and hydrodynamic coefficients, which demonstrate its adequacy to resolve the complex fluid-turbines interaction. In the cases with spacing of four and eight diameters between the rows, the lack of wake recovery has a detrimental effect on back-row turbines whose efficiency dramatically drops compared to those in the front-row. The LES-ALM captured the low-frequency wake meandering phenomenon responsible for uneven periodic loading on back-row turbines. The devices placed in the front-row suffer the largest thrust loads, blade-root bending moments and support structure moments, whilst the outermost back-row turbines experience the largest tower yaw moments due to their simultaneous exposure to low-momentum turbulent wakes and high-velocity free-stream flow. Finally, damage equivalent loads estimated by the LES-ALM are maximum for the front-row turbines except the tower yaw moment which is maximum on the outermost back-row turbines.","author":["Ouro, P.","Ram\u00edrez, L.","Harrold, M."],"organization":["Cardiff University","Universidade da Coruna","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ouro-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6900","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-study-turbulence-intensity-effects-marine-current-turbines-behaviour-part","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811400007X","title":"Experimental study of the turbulence intensity effects on marine current turbines behaviour. Part I: One single turbine","description":"The ambient turbulence intensity in the upstream flow plays a decisive role in the behaviour of horizontal axis marine current turbines.  Experimental trials, run in the IFREMER flume tank in Boulogne-Sur-Mer (France) for two different turbulence intensity rates, namely 3% and 15%, are presented. They show, for the studied turbine configuration, that while the wake of the turbine is deeply influenced by the ambient turbulence conditions, its mean performances turn out to be slightly modified.  The presented conclusions are crucial in the view of implanting second generation turbines arrays. In addition, complete and detailed data sets (wake profiles and performance graphs) are made available to the scientific community in order to encourage further comparisons.","author":["Mycek, P.","Gaurier, B.","Germain, G.","Pinon, G.","Rivoalen, E."],"organization":["The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.359163100000","-4.560983700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6901","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-study-turbulence-intensity-effects-marine-current-turbines-behaviour-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148114000196","title":"Experimental study of the turbulence intensity effects on marine current turbines behaviour. Part II: Two interacting turbines","description":"The future implantation of second generation marine current turbine arrays depends on the understanding of the negative interaction effects that exist between turbines in close proximity. This is especially the case when the turbines are axially aligned one behind another in the flow.  In order to highlight these interaction effects, experiments were performed in a flume tank on 3-bladed 1\/30th scale prototypes of horizontal axis turbines.  This work focuses on the interactions between two horizontal axis marine current turbines, axially aligned with the upstream flow. Thrust and power coefficients function of the rotation speed of the downstream device are presented. Besides, the wake of each turbine is characterised so as to explain their behaviour.  A large range of inter-device distances is considered, as well as two upstream turbulence intensity conditions, namely 3% and 15%. This latter parameter deeply influences the behaviour of a marine current turbine and thus plays a preponderant role in the interactions effects between two devices. Indeed, this study points out that, for the considered turbine and blade geometry, higher ambient turbulence intensity rates (15%) reduce the wake effects, and thus allows a better compromise between inter-device spacing and individual performance.","author":["Mycek, P.","Gaurier, B.","Germain, G.","Pinon, G.","Rivoalen, E."],"organization":["The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.359163100000","-4.560983700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6910","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/red-throated-diver-energetics-project-preliminary-results-201819","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.jncc.gov.uk\/data\/6dfde229-fca4-4692-9f8b-cea9040c31e7\/JNCC-Report-638-FINAL-WEB.pdf","title":"Red-throated Diver Energetics Project: Preliminary Results from 2018\/19","description":"Red-throated divers (Gavia stellata) are known to be displaced by marine industries, including offshore wind development and vessel traffic. Displacement is analogous to habitat loss, with areas used by divers prior to displacement no longer being available to them. However, the energetic, physiological and demographic consequences of displacement are currently unknown. If divers are already energetically constrained in the non-breeding season, they may struggle to meet the additional energetic demands following displacement. The aim of the Red-throated Diver Energetics Project (https:\/\/jncc.gov.uk\/our-work\/rtdeproject\/) is to collect and compare novel data on foraging and movement behaviour of redthroated divers in the breeding and non-breeding season. Whilst this will not give direct empirical measures of the consequences of displacement for individuals, it will give insight and inference into whether divers are currently energetically challenged in the non-breeding season.  During the 2018 breeding season, 74 red-throated divers breeding in Finland, Iceland and the Northern Isles of Scotland were tagged with time depth recorder (TDR) and geolocator (GLS) bio-logging tags. In 2019, 27 divers were recaptured, and tags removed but, due to tag loss and failure, data from only 21 TDR and 15 GLS were acquired. Tags provided data from June 2018 to March 2019 (TDR) or October 2018 to February 2019 (GLS, avoiding the equinox periods). GLS data were processed to reveal non-breeding season core use areas during October to February. TDR data were processed to extract dive information, with multiple sequential dives classified into dive bouts. TDR data from both the breeding and non-breeding seasons were obtained to compare foraging behaviour in different seasons.  Red-throated divers showed consistency in non-breeding season core use areas amongst individuals from the same breeding site (i.e. country). The divers from Finland for which location information was available (n=4) moved westwards during the non-breeding season, from the Baltic Sea into the North Sea. By contrast, Scottish (n=4) and Icelandic (n=7) divers for which location information was available, remained close to their breeding grounds, with Scottish divers wintering around NW Scotland and Northern Ireland and Icelandic divers remaining around the north coast of Iceland.  From June 2018 to March 2019, a total of 275,091 dives in 14,917 dive bouts were recorded, with a mean of 710 bouts per individual or 16 bouts per day (n=912 days of data, across all individuals). Almost all dives had a maximum dive depth (MDD) of \u0026lt;20 metres, with 2-6 metres being the most frequent MDD. Individual divers showed substantial variation in MDD, dive bout duration (DBD) and daily total dive bout time (TDBT). In Iceland, mean MDD remained relatively consistent between the breeding and non-breeding seasons, whereas in Scotland and Finland, mean MDD increased with birds tending to dive deeper as the nonbreeding season progressed. Mean DBD was relatively consistent in Scotland across the whole study period, at around 10-15 minutes per dive bout, whereas in Iceland and Finland mean DBD increased as the non-breeding season progressed to a peak of approximately 25-30 minutes per dive bout. Mean TDBT was lower for Scottish birds, at approximately 3 hours per day, compared with Finnish and Icelandic divers, at approximately 4-5 hours per day. TDBT was relatively consistent across the study period at all sites, showing no substantial changes with season, although there was substantial individual variation in time spent diving each day.  We did not have data on light levels experienced by all birds at all times, so instead inferred diurnal and nocturnal foraging behaviour by assessing diving activity by hour of day, termed here \u2018Diel Dive Activity\u2019 (DDA). DDA was found to be consistent among individuals, with no divers diving for long periods either side of midnight. For Icelandic and Finnish birds in midwinter, almost all divers were diving for a period either side of midday, suggesting that all birds were foraging only during periods of daylight. This suggests that divers choose to forage only during daylight hours.  During the 2019 breeding season, more TDR and GLS tags were deployed on divers at the same three breeding locations. Attempts will be made to retrieve these tags in the 2020 breeding season. Once these data are available, further analyses will be conducted on the foraging and movement behaviour of red-throated divers during the non-breeding season and conclusions drawn about the behaviour and energetics of this species at this time. The preliminary results presented in this report do not attempt to evaluate whether divers undergo an energetic bottleneck in the non-breeding season as we currently have insufficient data to make this assessment and comprehensive detailed analyses have not yet been undertaken. Consequently, results from this report should not be used to make inference about diver foraging behaviour and energetics.","author":["Duckworth, J.","Green, J.","Daunt, F.","Johnson, L.","Lehikoinen, P.","Okill, D.","Petersen, A.","Petersen, I.","V\u00e4is\u00e4nen, R.","Williams, J.","William, S.","O\u0027Brien, S."],"organization":["Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.391575000000","22.298314000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Waterfowl","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/JNCC-Report-638-FINAL-WEB.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6911","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-pilot-tidal-project-near-turbine-monitoring-mitigation-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orcaconservancy.org\/blog\/tidal-power-supply-coming-to-puget-sound","title":"Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project Near-Turbine Monitoring and Mitigation Plan","description":"The goal of the Near-Turbine Monitoring and Mitigation Plan is to confirm the environmental analyses, including effects on species listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and\/or species in the Washington State Priority Habitat and Species (PHS) List and, where possible, their designated critical habitat, and conduct any monitoring required for incidental take. The goal is also to mitigate for proposed effects, based on information gathered through this Plan. In implementing the plan, four hypotheses will be tested:    Hypothesis 1: Strobe illumination may result in a species-specific startle response, avoidance response, or attraction.  Hypothesis 2: The turbines may attract marine animals due to the area of refuge offered by the low-velocity wake.  Hypothesis 3: Marine animals are unlikely to pass through the rotor or open center during turbine operation. Investigation of this hypothesis will test the assumption that although listed and other aquatic species may be shown near the turbine rotor, these aquatic species will not be struck by a moving turbine rotor.  Hypothesis 4: The turbines may attract marine animals due to an artificial reef effect.  Hypothesis 5: Fish may avoid the turbine due to its pressure field or sound (particle velocity or acoustic pressure).","author":["Snohomish County PUD"],"organization":["Snohomish County PUD"],"originationDate":"2012-11-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.952433000000","-122.610981000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Near-Turbine-Monitoring-Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6912","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/admiralty-inlet-pilot-tidal-project-acoustic-monitoring-mitigation-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orcaconservancy.org\/blog\/tidal-power-supply-coming-to-puget-sound","title":"Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project Acoustic Monitoring and Mitigation Plan","description":"As a means to assure that the License provides proper resource protection, the goal of this Acoustic Monitoring and Mitigation Plan is to measure and describe the sound profile of the Project and to modify the Project or monitoring plan, or both, based on results of monitoring. To accomplish this, the District will evaluate two hypotheses:    Hypothesis 1: Turbine sound will vary with power generation state  Hypothesis 2: Turbine sound may demonstrate a long-term variation due to wear on bearings or biofouling of the rotor and shroud.   Data to address these hypotheses will be collected by drifting hydrophones on the surface and cabled hydrophones on the turbine foundation, respectively. This information is essential to estimate the exposure of marine animals to turbine noise. Through adaptive management, this information will provide for proper resource protection and suitability of marine mammal monitoring (Marine Mammal Monitoring and Mitigation Plan).","author":["Snohomish County PUD"],"organization":["Snohomish County PUD"],"originationDate":"2013-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.956076000000","-122.587454000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Acoustic-Monitoring-and-Mitigation-Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6913","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hearing-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-technology-finding-path-commercialization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bQTcj_yCb5c","title":"Hearing: \u0022Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technology: Finding the Path to Commercialization\u0022","description":"This report provides the Testimony of Craig W. Collar, P.E. at the U.S. House of Representatives House Committee on Science and Technology Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Hearing: \u0022Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Technology: Finding the Path to Commercialization\u0022.  The testimony summarizes the progress and challenges of the Admiralty Inlet Tidal Pilot Project.","author":["Collar, C."],"organization":["Snohomish County PUD"],"originationDate":"2009-12-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.956076000000","-122.587454000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Collar-2009_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6914","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aquamarine-power-appropriate-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Aquamarine Power Appropriate Assessment","description":"This document provides the Appropriate Assessment required by Marine Scotland for the Oyster 2b \u0026amp; Oyster 2c at Billia Croo, Orkney.","author":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"originationDate":"2014-11-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.966737000000","-3.363438000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/APL-Appropriate-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6915","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aquamarine-power-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"Aquamarine Power Environmental Statement","description":"This document provides the Environmental Statement for the Oyster 2 Wave Energy Project at the European Marine Energy Centre at Billia Croo, Orkney.","author":["Aquamarine Power Ltd","Xodus Group"],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.966737000000","-3.363438000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/APL-Environmental-Statement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6916","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aquamarine-power-environmental-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Aquamarine Power Environmental Impact Assessment","description":"This document provides the Environmental Impact Assessment for Marine Wildlife for the Oyster 2 Project at Billia Croo, Orkney.","author":["Aquamarine Power Ltd","Xodus Group"],"organization":["Aquamarine Power Ltd"],"originationDate":"2011-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.966737000000","-3.363438000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/APL-EIA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6917","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottishpower-renewables-proposed-orcadian-wave-project-preliminary-decommissioning","sourceURL":"","title":"ScottishPower Renewables Proposed Orcadian Wave Project Preliminary Decommissioning Plan","description":"This report summarises the requirements and outline procedures for the decommissioning of the P2 Pelamis Wave Energy Convertor (WEC). This WEC shall be deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) wave test site in Orkney for ScottishPower Renewables (SPR).","author":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"organization":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.960965000000","-3.363796000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/spr-pelamis-decommissioning-report-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6918","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proposed-marwick-head-wave-farm-request-scoping-opinion","sourceURL":"","title":"Proposed Marwick Head Wave Farm Request for a Scoping Opinion","description":"ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Ltd (hereafter referred to as \u201cSPR\u201d) is proposing to develop a Commercial Wave Farm (hereafter referred to as the \u2018Wave Farm\u2019) west of the Orkney Mainland at Marwick Head. The Wave Farm would have a capacity of 49.5MW of renewable power for export to the grid and would contribute to meeting the Scottish Government\u2019s targets of providing 100% equivalent of Scotland\u2019s electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020.  This report forms SPR\u2019s written request to the Scottish Government (Marine Scotland), under Regulation 7 of the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000, for its opinion as to the information to be provided in the Environmental Statement (a \u2018Scoping Opinion\u2019).","author":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"organization":["ScottishPower Renewables"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.101322000000","-3.362016000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Proposed-Marwick-Head-Wave-Farm-Request-for-a-Scoping-Opinion.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6919","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/siadar-wave-energy-project-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Siadar Wave Energy Project Scoping Report","description":"The Siadar Wave Energy Project is situated on the northwest coast of the Isle of Lewis. This document provides the Scoping Report for the project.","author":["Xodus Group"],"organization":["Xodus Group","Voith Hydro"],"originationDate":"2012-09-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.229834000000","-6.662727000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Siadar-Wave-Energy-Project-Scoping-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6921","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/navigating-participatory-processes-renewable-energy-infrastructure-regulation-local","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421517308212","title":"Navigating the participatory processes of renewable energy infrastructure regulation: A \u0027local participant perspective\u0027 on the NSIPs regime in England and Wales","description":"This paper presents the results of research into local people\u0027s involvement in energy infrastructure planning, in the context of the regulatory processes for \u2018Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects\u2019 (NSIPs) and focusing specifically on major renewable energy infrastructure (REI) in England and Wales. It builds on recent work around public views of REI, by looking at the new opportunities for public involvement established through the participation mechanisms of the NSIPs regime. A survey explored opportunities for influence, perceptions of influence and confidence in the results of decisions; local people\u0027s responses signaled areas of concern. Reflections on these perspectives in light of interview data from community facilitators and the survey responses of other actors suggest that the new duties within the processes shape the participatory experiences. Conclusions consider the implications for practice.","author":["Natarajan, L.","Rydin, Y.","Lock, S.","Lee, M."],"organization":["University College London"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6922","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/do-local-economic-interests-matter-when-regulating-nationally-significant","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0269094218763000","title":"Do local economic interests matter when regulating nationally significant infrastructure? The case of renewable energy infrastructure projects","description":"Government policy in the UK, as in many countries, sees investment in infrastructure projects \u2013 particularly large ones \u2013 as a key means of supporting the national economy. But where does this leave local economic interests in the loci of these projects? And how does the regulation of such projects handle these interests? These are the questions addressed by this paper in the context of renewable energy projects that are regulated by the Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects regime. Drawing on original research into the regulation of 12 projects \u2013 and using thematic analysis of key documents and focus groups with local participants \u2013 the analysis highlights the limited understanding of the local economy presented, the challenges that local businesses face in participating and the partial protection offered to them. It concludes by proposing agendas for reforms and future research.","author":["Rydin, Y.","Natarajan, L.","Lee, M.","Lock, S."],"organization":["University College London"],"originationDate":"2018-03-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6923","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/black-boxing-evidence-planning-regulation-major-renewable-energy-infrastructure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/14649357.2018.1456080","title":"Black-boxing the Evidence: Planning Regulation and Major Renewable Energy Infrastructure Projects in England and Wales","description":"How does a regulatory regime cope with the demands of being evidence based? Given the contestation and uncertainties associated with knowledge claims, what are the processes at work? This paper addresses these questions in the context of a relatively new planning regime concerned with consenting major infrastructure projects, focussing on renewable energy. The paper adopts a Science and Technology Studies perspective, showing how black-boxing plays a key role in establishing knowledge-claims that can support regulatory decision-making. However, it also shows how black boxes do not stay closed and, hence, there is a need for other means of closing down debate.","author":["Rydin, Y.","Natarajan, L.","Lee, M.","Lock, S."],"organization":["University College London"],"originationDate":"2018-04-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6924","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-coastal-impacts-nearshore-wave-farms-using-phase-resolving-wave-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148119320117","title":"Understanding coastal impacts by nearshore wave farms using a phase-resolving wave model","description":"When extracting wave energy, arrays of wave energy converters (or wave farms) may alter surrounding wave and flow fields. This paper studies the modification of hydrodynamic processes at the coastline induced by nearshore wave farms using a recently developed phase-resolving wave-flow model. Changes to nearshore hydrodynamics were assessed for various farm configurations of submerged point-absorbers positioned 1\u20133 km offshore that were subject to realistic sea-states. In the lee of the farms, wave heights were attenuated and onshore directed flows were generated that extended several hundred meters shoreward but did not impinge the coast. For scenarios in which the wave shadow extended to the coast, the nearshore wave height and setup were reduced resulting in longshore pressure gradients driving longshore flows that converged in the lee of the farms. Changes were largest for compact farms at smaller offshore distances, and conversely, were significantly smaller for wider spaced arrays at greater offshore distances. Based on a bulk longshore sediment transport formulation, the converging flow patterns indicate conditions favourable for the accumulation of sediment in the direct lee and divergence of sediments at locations up\/down coast from the farm, suggesting a reorientation of the shoreline in response to the wave farm configurations considered.","author":["Rijnsdorp, D.","Hansen, J.","Lowe, R."],"organization":["University of Western Australia"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-31.980078000000","115.817866000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6925","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-resolved-predictions-changes-nearshore-flows-due-arrays-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/search.informit.com.au\/documentSummary;dn=800608580402004;res=IELENG","title":"Wave-resolved predictions of changes to nearshore flows due to arrays of wave energy converters","description":"Wave farms consisting of tens to hundreds of devices have the potential to alter the nearshore wave and flow field when located in close proximity to the coast. As a result, wave farms may alter sediment transport pathways and may cause the beach to erode or accrete. Understanding such coastal impacts by wave farms requires a detailed understanding of how wave farms alter the nearshore hydrodynamics. This work presents a first effort to improve our understanding of changes to the nearshore wave field and circulation patterns induced by wave farms. For this purpose, a recently developed wave-resolving non-hydrostatic wave-flow model, which captures the relevant physical processes realistically, was used to simulate the impact of a moderately sized wave farm on the nearshore wave and flow field. Four different scenarios were considered, with the same wave farm consisting of 10 devices, subject to the same realistic sea state, but located at different off-shore distances (1-4 km). The considered wave farm resulted in a reduction of the wave height of up to 40% in its direct lee. This wave shadow extended up to the shoreline, where alongshore gradients in wave energy forced circulation patterns that converged in the direct lee of the farm, where the flow diverged in off-shore direction. Such patterns were observed for all off-shore farm distances, but changes to the nearshore wave and flow field reduced for farms located at greater off-shore distance. Further work will focus on how changes to the nearshore hydrodynamics vary for different wave farm designs (e.g., number of devices, and inter-device spacing) and incident wave conditions (e.g., wave heights and directional spreading). Overall, this work demonstrated the suitability of the recently developed wave-resolving model to study the coastal impact by wave farms.","author":["Rijnsdorp, D.","Hansen, J.","Lowe, R."],"organization":["University of Western Australia"],"originationDate":"2019-09-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["-31.980069000000","115.817898000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/6994","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-consent-decision-west-islay-tidal-energy-park","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/west_islay_tidal_energy_park_eia_consent_decision.pdf","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment Consent Decision - West Islay Tidal Energy Park","description":"This document constitutes an Environmental Impact Assessment (\u201cEIA\u201d) consent decision under regulation 22 of the Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2007 (as amended) (\u201cMWR\u201d), for an application which has been submitted by DP Marine Energy Limited (\u2018the Company\u2019), to Marine Scotland (\u201cMS\u201d), the Licensing Authority on behalf of the Scottish Ministers, for: A Marine Licence under Part 4 of the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 to construct and operate the DP West Tidal Energy Park, also referred to as the \u2018Development\u2019.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["DP Energy","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2017-02-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.650000000000","-6.600000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:03:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WestIslay-ConsentDecision-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7051","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/community-perceptions-beliefs-acceptability-renewable-energies-projects-systematic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/23311908.2020.1715534","title":"Community perceptions, beliefs and acceptability of renewable energies projects: A systematic mapping study","description":"Renewable energy projects are being developed and implemented in different geographical areas of several continents. In each of them, many communities develop their lives that have cultural, social and environmental potentials; as well as perceptions, beliefs and criteria for the acceptance of renewable energy projects in their territories. Through the methodology of mapping SCOPUS articles published worldwide, this work examines the perceptions, beliefs and criteria of community acceptability against renewable energy projects that are based on the use of natural resources such as sun, water, wind, earth, and biomass. These perceptions and beliefs can come from ancestral traditions that mark the relationship of communities with beings of nature and not with natural resources, which is the modern vision. Other perceptions, beliefs and criteria of acceptability in non-ancestral communities may be related to risk perception, low levels of trust and credibility between stakeholders, confusion regarding the operation of renewable energy systems, among others. Whatever their origin, the experience in implementing these projects has taught about the relevance of involving communities during the stages of their development, the need to know the different places from where their worlds are explained and thus improving the levels of relevance, acceptance, and sustainability of renewable energy systems.","author":["Colmenares-Quintero, R.","Benavides-Castillo, J.","Rojas, N.","Stansfield, K.","Hubert, M."],"organization":["Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia","Aquatera Ltd","University of Warwick","Zeppelin University"],"originationDate":"2020-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7052","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-planning-challenges-deployment-renewable-energy-technologies-world-scenario","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10668-018-0202-3","title":"Strategic planning and challenges to the deployment of renewable energy technologies in the world scenario: its impact on global sustainable development","description":"To achieve the solutions to environmental problems that the world is facing in the current scenario, possible enduring actions projected to attain global sustainable developments are needed. Today, the world needs clean energy revolution to decline necessity towards fossil fuels; such a vital clean energy revolution may enhance the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RETs). The RETs have the unique capabilities to accomplish the requirements for energy and its associated services to ensure human societal and economic improvement; however, to make it successful, it must be sustainable globally. The present article describes the possible contribution associated with the RET to the three segments of sustainability. It enhances sustainability indicators like energy access and energy security; these impacts encourage the permanent societal and economic development. Irrespective of such opportunities, there are certain obstacles hindering sustainability of RERs towards sustainable development. These obstacles comprise market failures, lack of awareness, environmental, as well as institutional challenges. The proposed analysis and policy recommendations together will help to accomplish the goal of sustainability and mitigation of climate change. Also, it may decrease greenhouse gas emissions and provide healthy environment with clean energy for the present, as well as future, generations.","author":["Yadav, A.","Pal, N.","Patra, J.","Yadav, M."],"organization":["Indian Institute of Technology Madras"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:24:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7069","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholder-perspectives-opportunities-challenges-achieving-sustainable-growth-blue","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00795\/full","title":"Stakeholder Perspectives on Opportunities and Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Growth of the Blue Economy in a Changing Climate","description":"Coastal marine environments provide livelihoods as billions of people around the world depend greatly on sustainability efforts in the Blue Economy. In this study, we investigated how stakeholders from important Blue Economy sectors along the German North Sea coast perceive the impacts of climate change on their daily work life and the growth of the Blue Economy. In a two-stage approach we first conducted two stakeholder workshops with representatives from the regional sea food sector, science, NGOs and local authorities, in order to identify important issues linked to climate change affecting environment, society, economy and policy. In the second stage, we conducted semi-structured interviews with key knowledge holders from the Blue Economy, to evaluate and validate the most important issues identified during the first stage, and the impacts on the respective sectors. The workshop participants identified perceptible effects of climate change on their marine environment. Early career scientists showed that they possess a clear focus on measures for climate change adaptation, transdisciplinary approaches and knowledge transfer. The interviews revealed that the climate change effects could be perceived as both negative and positive, depending on the sector. Other issues, especially political decisions and developments are perceived to have a greater immediate impact on the Blue Economy than the slow progress of climate change effects. Additionally, increased human activities, in the form of new or intensified uses like marine renewable energy generation, have a greater influence and lead to conflicts between the Blue Economy sectors. Our study showed that economic and societal stakeholders in Germanys North Sea region are aware of climate change and already perceive its effects on their businesses. Synergies and conflicts between the sectors and political decisions might influence sustainable growth of the Blue Economy in highly contested regions, such as the North Sea basin, much stronger than the effects of climate change. This calls for a more flexible and adaptive approach to policymaking, taking into account the changing environmental, social and economic realities.","author":["Hoerterer, C.","Schupp, M.","Benkens, A.","Nickiewicz, D.","Krause, G.","Buck, B."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","University of Dundee","University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven"],"originationDate":"2020-01-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.290257000000","11.617745000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7072","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-experience-community-energy-development-starting-point-chile","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032119304393","title":"The Scottish experience in community energy development: A starting point for Chile","description":"This study presents an overview of the relevant evidence available up to now regarding the Scottish experience in relation to the development of community energy projects. Scotland has a relevant number of community energy projects which are generating energy, improving the quality of life of communities through sustainable initiatives. This is the result of the implementation of successful policies to encourage community energy by the Scottish government (in comparison with other countries). On the contrary, the Chilean community energy sector is still incipient, despite some interest; public policies have been focused on fostering the concept of distributed generation. Chilean community energy developments have not been analysed in any detail; this paper is a first attempt to do so, and to derive lessons from the Scottish experience that can be useful to Chilean policy makers. We summarise and analyse the Scottish and Chilean community energy sectors and their developments. We further analyse the current Chilean net billing scheme using concepts from game theory, showing that it may not be the best support mechanism for citizen-led energy production developments. Based on these analyses, we define a list of policy recommendations for Chile, which can help further development in the community energy sector.","author":["Gonzalez, F.","Saumo, E.","van der Weijde, A."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","Pontifical Catholic University of Chile"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-29.182565800000","-84.524596900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7073","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/civil-society-participation-scottish-marine-planning-process-role-environmental-non","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09640568.2018.1532876","title":"Civil society participation in the Scottish marine planning process and the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations","description":"Sustainable development principles are based on the fundamental recognition of humans as an integral part of the ecosystem. Participation of civil society should therefore be central to marine planning processes and enabling ecosystem-based management, and development of mechanisms for effective participation is critical. To date, little attention has been given to the role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs) in public participation. In this paper, the results of two workshops, which involved various stakeholders and addressed public participation in marine planning, are reported and discussed in the context of the Scottish marine planning process. ENGOs\u2019 role in communicating complex policies, representing members\u2019 interests and contributing towards participatory governance in marine planning is highlighted. Innovative outreach methods are still required by decision-makers to translate technical information, integrate local knowledge, improve public representation and conserve resources. This could include collaboration with ENGOs to help promote public participation in decision-making processes.","author":["Brooker, E.","Hopkins, C.","Devenport, E.","Greenhill, L.","Duncan, C."],"organization":["World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)","University of Liverpool","Scottish Environment LINK","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.666134000000","-4.540107000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7074","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-political-nature-marine-spatial-planning-modalities-its-re-politicisation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/1523908X.2019.1680276","title":"The post-political nature of marine spatial planning and modalities for its re-politicisation","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) has become the most adopted approach for sustainable marine governance. While MSP has transformative capacity, evaluations of its implementation illustrate large gaps between how it is conceptualised and how it is practiced. We argue that these gaps arise from MSP being implemented through post-political processes. Although MSP has been explored through post-political lenses, these evaluations are incomplete and do not provide sufficient detail about the complex nature of the post-political condition. Drawing on seminal literature, we conceptualise the post-political as consisting of highly interconnected modalities of depoliticisation, including: neoliberalism; choreographed participation; path dependency; technocratic-managerialism; and the illusion of progressive change. Using these modalities as an analytical framework, we evaluate English MSP and find that it focuses on entrenching neoliberal logic through: tokenistic participation; wholescale adoption of path-dependent solutions; obstructionist deployment of inactive technological solutions; and promising progressive change. We do not, however, view the post-political condition as unresolvable and we develop a suite of suggestions for the re-politicisation of MSP which, collectively, could form the basis for more radical forms of MSP.","author":["Clarke, J.","Flannery, W."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2019-10-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7079","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-wave-energy-conversion-coastal-morphodynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969719364204","title":"The impacts of wave energy conversion on coastal morphodynamics","description":"In recent decades, utilization of renewable energy resources, including ocean waves, has been promoted as part of a global effort to transition away from the use of fossil fuels. This is largely due to the accompanying greenhouse gas emissions and its catastrophic impacts on the environment, which are expected to worsen with the changing climate. Energy from ocean waves can be harnessed and converted into electricity with devices referred to as wave energy converters (WECs). Many researchers have studied the impacts of the WECs on coastal hydrodynamics, however, the impact on morphodynamics is not as well understood. In this paper, we review studies that assess the impacts of wave farms on coastal erosion. The results of a number of studies that focus on various locations around the world show that WECs often generate clean and renewable energy without negatively impacting local coastlines, and in fact often mitigate coastal erosion.","author":["Ozkan, C.","Perez, K.","Mayo, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7080","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-coastal-headlands-tidal-energy-extraction-resulting-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544219323515","title":"Potential of coastal headlands for tidal energy extraction and the resulting environmental effects along Negeri Sembilan coastlines: A numerical simulation study","description":"Strong tidal currents can normally be observed around coastal headlands due to their geometrical effects. The effects of the physical characteristics of headlands, such as the size and location, as well as the channel width, on energy production have not been well explored to date. This study has been set to measure the energy production potential at four different sizes of coastal headlands along Negeri Sembilan coastlines, and to gauge the effects of tidal energy extraction poses to the coastal environment, using numerical modelling. The numerical evidences yielded in this study show that the amount of energy extraction is largely subjected to bathymetry, the location of the headland, and the flow channel width. Tg Tuan Headland is found as the most promising site for energy extraction with great potential energy production which is able to replace 185 GWh per annum of natural gas in Malaysia. The implementation of 1.5 km \u00d7 1.5 km intermediary tidal farms headlands in close proximity showed minimal influence to each other, approximately \u223c1.3%\u20136.8% reduction in their energy production. The 2D high resolution hydrodynamic modelling results yielded from this study can be served as a good spatial and temporal basis for site selection.","author":["Goh, H.","Lai, S.","Jameel, M.","Teh, H."],"organization":["University of Malaya","Changsha University of Science and Technology (CSUST)","King Khalid University","Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-2.200000000000","101.600000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7123","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comprehensive-review-ocean-wave-energy-research-development-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032119304794","title":"A comprehensive review of ocean wave energy research and development in China","description":"As a type of promising renewable energy, marine renewable energy is expected to contribute to a global optimization of the energy mix. Research, development, and deployment of marine renewable energy in China have been very robust during recent years. Firm policies have been established, and great progress has been made in renewable energy sectors, including ocean wave energy. The purpose of this study is to synthesize the main achievements of the past several decades, present relevant policies and projects that have been conducted in China, and address what has been achieved in marine renewable energy in terms of mainly resource distribution, governmental strategies and policies, and financial support, particularly in the ocean wave energy field. In addition, indigenous and international cooperation and activities and perspectives and barriers to the adoption of ocean wave energy in China are discussed. Some targeted suggestions are given in the conclusion section to accelerate the advancement of the marine renewable energy industry in China.","author":["Qiu, S.","Liu, K.","Wang, D.","Ye, J.","Liang, F."],"organization":["South China University of Technology","Guangzhou Institute of Modern Industrial Technology"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7124","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-southeast-asia-policies-recommendations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969719312653","title":"Renewable energy in Southeast Asia: Policies and recommendations","description":"Southeast Asian countries stand at a crossroads concerning their shared energy future and heavily rely on fossil fuels for transport and electricity. Within Asia, especially India and China lead the world renewable energy generation undergoing a period of energy transition and economic transformation. Southeast Asian countries have huge potentials for sustainable energy sources. However they are yet to perform globally in renewable energy deployment due to various challenges. The primary objective of the study is to examine the renewable energy growth and analyse the government policies to scale up the deployment of renewables for power generation substantially. The study also offers policy recommendations to accelerate renewable energy exploitation sustainably across the region. To achieve the ambitious target of 23% renewables in the primary energy mix by 2025, ASEAN Governments should take proactive measures like removal of subsidies of fossil fuels, regional market integration and rapid implementation of the existing project. Eventually, each of this strategy will necessitate sustained leadership, political determination, and concrete actions from stakeholders, in particular, increased cooperation across the region.","author":["Erdiwansyah","Mamat, R.","Sani, M.","Sudhakar, K."],"organization":["Universiti Malaysia Pahang","Universitas Serambi Mekkah","Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7125","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-powering-ocean-observations","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy for Powering Ocean Observations","description":"The \u201cBlue Economy\u201d is a rapidly growing movement based on the economic, social, and ecological sustainability of the ocean and encompasses various maritime activities, including ocean observations. The demand for ocean data to inform scientific, risk reduction, and national security needs relies upon future deployments of observing systems and over coming constraints, such as power.  In Spring 2019, the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office published the \u201cPowering the Blue Economy\u201d Report which explored opportunities for marine renewable energy (MRE) in maritime markets, including ocean observing and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) recharge.  In support of this initiative, online surveys and phone\/in-person interviews were conducted with a range of ocean observing experts. Interviewees were asked about: system energy needs, end user requirements, and opportunities for co-development with MRE.","author":["Copping, A.","Green, R.","Cavagnaro, R.","Rose, D.","Overhus, D.","Jenne, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-09-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean-Obs-19-Poster-PNNL-NREL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7127","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lost-found-transition-expert-stakeholder-insights-low-carbon-energy-transitions-spain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629619301033","title":"Lost (and found) in Transition: Expert stakeholder insights on low-carbon energy transitions in Spain","description":"Despite losing its low-carbon energy transition path in the last decade, Spain, since 2017, has picked up its commitment to complying with the objectives set out in the Paris Agreement for ratcheting 2030 and 2050 ambitions. This research departs from an extensive in-depth expert stakeholder engagement, proposing a research process of scoping: reaching out to academics, NGOs, administrators, energy providers and the private sector among other agents that guide the future of transitions in Spain; listening: identifying, through interviews, the knowledge gaps; understanding: manifesting answers of the multitude of over 200 expert stakeholders and participating: extending out and disseminating results. We present five central emerging themes on: ambitions and temporalities of targets highlighting ambition gaps across stakeholder groups for 2030 and 2050 objectives; the future of carbon and nuclear energy pushing for eventual closure of both across distinct points in time; the rollout of renewable energy technologies in a transition pursuit; preferences on fiscal and policy measures to facilitate investments and priority sectors of action and ultimately discuss gender equality and justice, and the lack thereof, in energy decision making. Our research summons up the delicate intricacies of the transition debate in Spain, setting a discursive space in hopes of contributing to the future design of the Law on Climate Change and Energy Transition.","author":["Sorman, A.","Garcia-Muros, X.","Pizarro-Irizar, C.","Gonzalez-Eguino, M."],"organization":["Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)","Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science","MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change","University of the Basque Country"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.589516000000","-3.340798000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7129","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ewtec-powering-blue-economy-specialists-panel-introduction","sourceURL":"","title":"EWTEC Powering the Blue Economy Specialists Panel: Introduction","description":"An introductory overview of the Powering the Blue Economy (PBE) workshop at the EWTEC 2019. Includes information on PBE remote communities considerations not included in the panel. Covers challenges associated with power smoothing and energy storage with marine energy microgrids.","author":["Dewitt, S."],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EWTEC-PBE-Intro-2-Sept-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7130","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ewtec-2019-powering-blue-economy-specialists-panel-us-powering-blue-economy-initiative","sourceURL":"","title":"EWTEC 2019 Powering the Blue Economy Specialists Panel: \u0022U.S. Powering the Blue Economy Initiative\u0022","description":"An overview of the United States\u0027 Powering the Blue Economy (PBE) initiative. Specifically, how marine renewable energy\u0027s history and feasibility has influenced this new funding direction for the Department of Energy\u0027s Water Power Technologies Office. Marine energy has a unique opportunity to power other maritime industries as well as provide resilience for remote coastal communities. One particular application with promising futures is Ocean Observations \u0026amp; Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), which have low power requirements and feasible marine energy co-location. Overall, the US DOE has and will support the progression of these applications through traditional funding mechanisms and the suite of yearly prizes and challenges.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PBE_Microgrid_at_EWTEC_Sept_2019_aec_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7131","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ewtec-2019-powering-blue-economy-specialists-panel-offshore-renewable-energy-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"EWTEC 2019 Powering the Blue Economy Specialists Panel: Offshore Renewable Energy Systems in a Growing Economy","description":"Australia has a growing Blue Economy which has particular energy demands that Offshore Renewable Energy Systems can meet. A specific program of the Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre has objectives to identify, develop and demonstrate offshore renewable energy systems capturing generation, storage and control aspects optimised for co-located offshore operations.","author":["Hemer, M."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EWTEC_DOEPBE_BECRC_ORES_Hemer_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7132","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ewtec-2019-powering-blue-economy-specialists-panel-importance-energy-storage-wave","sourceURL":"","title":"EWTEC 2019 Powering the Blue Economy Specialists Panel: The Importance of Energy Storage for Wave Powered Microgrids","description":"This presentation:Evaluated the potential battery storage size and cost for WEC (driven by the peak power)Performed a preliminary grid integration analysis using PLEXOSRequired some kind of energy storage and power smoothingFuture work includes:Cost estimation of undersea cables and subsea stations, control strategies, and the potential and cost of using other energy storage technologiesDetailed analysis on the impact to the grid system and larger wave energy penetration cases","author":["Kilcher, L.","Stefek, J.","Bain, D.","Yu, Y.","Jenne, D.","Stark, G."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:53:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EWTEC2019_ESS-MicroGrid_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7134","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ewtec-2019-powering-blue-economy-specialists-panel-microgrid-applications-wecs","sourceURL":"","title":"EWTEC 2019 Powering the Blue Economy Specialists Panel: Microgrid Applications for WECs","description":"Microgrids have distinct applications for Wave Energy Converters (WEC), which have variable peak-to-mean power ratios that create unique storage and smoothing needs. Energy storage can help address stochasticity and control Structures are Enabling New Insights and Performance.","author":["Barcelli, G.","Wilson, D.","Weaver, W."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Microgrid_workshop_final_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7135","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ewtec-2019-powering-blue-economy-specialists-panel-orpc-microgrid-inverters","sourceURL":"","title":"EWTEC 2019 Powering the Blue Economy Specialists Panel: ORPC and Microgrid Inverters","description":"ORPC is a marine renewable energy developer with two demstrated technologies for tidal (TidGen \u00ae) and riverine (RivGen \u00ae) resources, both of which have been successfully demonstrated in-situ. Grids must meet the energy consumption levels of their constituents, which RivGen \u00ae is able to provide more consistently than other renewables due to the constant flow speed of rivers. Ongoing projects are uncovering more on-the-ground results of marine energy power generation.","author":["Donegan, J."],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC_Microgrid_presentation_EWTEC_2019_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7136","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-income-wave-energy-deployment-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rsaiconnect.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/pirs.12488","title":"Regional income and wave energy deployment in Ireland","description":"Alongside environmental benefits, renewable energy deployment is often evaluated on grounds of regional development. Focusing on wave energy deployment in Ireland, this paper quantifies employment\u2010related welfare change net of associated subsidy costs. Although the added employment reduces inter\u2010regional inequality, certain subsidies increase total income inequality by a greater extent. Total inequality increases by 0.25% in the preferred scenario. This pattern of incidence persists under an optimistic scenario where all manufacturing activity is carried out locally. This finding highlights that policies of regional development should consider the spatial distribution of associated subsidy costs.","author":["Farrell, N.","O\u0027Donoghue, C.","Morrissey, K."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","National University of Ireland","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.049406000000","-7.596906000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7138","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-employment-impacts-marine-energy-scottish-economy-general-equilibrium","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/00343404.2014.933797","title":"Regional Employment Impacts of Marine Energy in the Scottish Economy: A General Equilibrium Approach","description":"One aspect of the case for policy support for renewable energy developments is the wider economic benefits that are expected to be generated. Within Scotland, as with other regions of the UK, there is a focus on encouraging domestically based renewable technologies. This paper uses a regional computable general equilibrium framework to model the impact on the Scottish economy of expenditures relating to marine energy installations. The results illustrate the potential for (considerable) \u2018legacy\u2019 effects after expenditures cease. In identifying the specific sectoral expenditures with the largest impact on (lifetime) regional employment, this approach offers important policy guidance.","author":["Gilmartin, M.","Allan, G."],"organization":["University of Stirling","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.018014000000","-1.868769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7139","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/local-impact-marine-sector-ireland-spatial-microsimulation-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/17421772.2013.835439","title":"The Local Impact of the Marine Sector in Ireland: A Spatial Microsimulation Analysis","description":"The ocean is an important natural resource and offers considerable income and employment opportunity to the Irish economy. The last two decades have seen a realisation that whilst nationally economies may benefit from trade liberalisation, specific regions may not. This has led to the development of local level modelling frameworks. Using a spatial microsimulation model this paper estimates the employment and income contribution of the marine sector at the county, small area and household level. It was found that the marine sector offers higher than average income to employees in coastal locations and thus is an important source of income and employment Ireland.","author":["Morrissey, K.","O\u0027Donoghue, C.","Farrell, N."],"organization":["University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7140","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-analysis-potential-economic-benefits-developing-ocean-energy-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oar.marine.ie\/handle\/10793\/99","title":"Ocean Energy - Analysis of the Potential Economic Benefits of Developing Ocean Energy in Ireland","description":"This report examines the potential for harnessing Ireland\u2019s ocean energy resources (wave and marine tidal currents) to produce electricity and the associated opportunity to develop an ocean energy industry in Ireland. Existing work, both in Ireland and internationally, suggests that there are opportunities to develop a competitive industrial sector around ocean energy in Ireland. Internationally, the technology is at an advanced experimental stage and there are prospects of commercial production being possible in the near future. However, the key question is whether the potential is sufficient to warrant Ireland engaging in a long-term programme of development. A consultation process undertaken by Sustainable Energy Ireland (SEI) and the Marine Institute indicated the potential. It also indicated that there are considerable risks. The aims of this study are to identify the potential economic contribution of ocean energy for Ireland and to devise a rational, viable, and economically feasible strategy to promote the development of the sector","author":["Marine Institute","Sustainable Energy Ireland"],"organization":["ESB International (ESBI)","Irish Marine Institute"],"originationDate":"2005-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.883031000000","-7.871086000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Institute_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7142","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-climate-change-seabirds-relevant-coastal-marine-environment-around-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mccip.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-08\/17_seabirds_2020.pdf","title":"Impacts of climate change on seabirds, relevant to the coastal and marine environment around the UK","description":"The seabird declines that commenced at the end of the last century have continued during the last two decades.  Further research into the causes of these declines is required if we are to fully understand the complex mechanisms operating, which are known to vary geographically. Climate change is considered to be one of the main causes of the declines. The principal mechanism is the effect of climate warming on food supply.  There is growing evidence that short-term weather conditions have an important effect, including extreme weather events. Climate models predict further warming and increased severity and frequency of extreme weather events in UK waters.  Seabirds face an uncertain future and may decline further in the coming decades, as the interacting effects of new and existing influences will pose additional challenges.","author":["Mitchell, I.","Daunt, F.","Frederiksen, M.","Wade, K."],"organization":["Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2020-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mitchell_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7150","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-benthic-effects-anchor-presence-removal","sourceURL":"","title":"Assessment of Benthic Effects of Anchor Presence and Removal","description":"It has been anticipated that the placement of anchors or other bottom hardware associated with offshore renewable energy devices could result in localized areas of scour or deposition. As macrofaunal organism distributions are highly influenced by sediment characteristics, there is potential for changes to organismal distributions and or abundances. When anchors are removed, there may be scour holes or settlement pits remaining on the seafloor that will be void of macrofauna (due to the previous existence of the anchor). We sought to assess potential changes to sediment characteristics and macrofaunal communities around anchor deployed from 2013 to 2015 at Oregon State University\u2019s PacWave-North test site (formerly called PMEC-NETS and referred to as such throughout this document) off Newport, Oregon, and to determine the degree to which any effects were detectable in spring 2016, five months after anchor removal.With the anchors in place, box core samples collected around the anchors had a significantly larger proportion of residual material: small gravel and shell hash (broken pieces of mostly bivalve shells) relative to reference locations. However, the median grain size of the collected sediment samples and the macrofaunal organism communities were not statistically different from reference locations of similar depths. In our single survey five months after anchor removal, the anchor stations still showed relatively higher residual proportions than reference locations, and one of the anchor locations had the second highest proportion of gravel ever recorded. Again, the median grain size of the sediment samples and macrofaunal organism communities were not statistically different from the reference locations.","author":["Henkel, S."],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2016-11-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.675115700000","-124.076506300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 10:40:37","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Assessment_of_Benthic_Effects_of_Anchor_Presence_and_Removal_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-dose-response-functions-improve-calculations-impact-anthropogenic-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.3149","title":"Using dose\u2013response functions to improve calculations of the impact of anthropogenic noise","description":"Estimating the number of animals impacted by a stressor typically involves combining a dose\u2013response function with information about the distribution of animals and of the stressor.  Regulators often prefer a single threshold to a full dose\u2013response function, but much of the variability observed in the threshold at which different individuals respond to a stressor is an inherent characteristic of populations that needs to be taken into account to predict the effects of stressors. When selecting an exposure threshold, regulators need information on the proportion of the population that will be protected.  Regulatory processes that calculate the number of animals impacted must draw from the dose\u2013response function, the actual distribution of the animals, and a model mapping how the stressor intensity declines with distance from the source. Ignoring any of these factors can lead to significant errors in estimates of the area and numbers of animals affected.  This paper focuses on behavioural responses of marine mammals to anthropogenic sound and demonstrates that a common approach of selecting the threshold at which half of the animals respond (RLp50) grossly underestimates the number of animals affected. We present an example, using a published dose\u2013response function, where the number affected is underestimated by a factor of 280. Results would be similar for any stressor whose strength decreases following an inverse\u2010square function as it dilutes into the environment.  This paper presents a method to use a dose\u2013response function to derive a more accurate estimate of animals affected and to set a threshold (the Effective Response Level) that corrects the problem with the RLp50 estimate.  Estimates of effects of stressors should include estimates of uncertainty, which can be used to adapt thresholds to different policy contexts and conservation problems.","author":["Tyack, P.","Thomas, L."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2019-09-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7160","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aligning-biodiversity-conservation-ecosystem-services-spatial-planning-focus-ecosystem","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969719363466","title":"Aligning biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in spatial planning: Focus on ecosystem processes","description":"Although the consideration of socio-economic demands with biodiversity conservation is now high on the environmental policy agenda, it is not yet standard practice in spatial planning. This is argued to be related, among others, to a lack of awareness among stakeholders and practitioners of the underpinning role of ecosystem functioning and biodiversity to support human well-being. Meanwhile, there is mounting critique on the absolute focus of biodiversity conservation on static properties such as species and habitats. The establishment of more ecologically sensible objectives that include ecosystem processes besides species and habitats is put forward as a more effective way of environmental conservation. Methodological approaches increasingly consider ecosystem processes. However, the processes that are included mostly relate to aspects of biodiversity such as dispersal and productivity, and rarely do they include abiotic mechanisms that underlie biodiversity. We here report on the development of a method that integrates two principles which we identify as key to advance the integration of ecosystem services with biodiversity conservation in planning practice: (1) consider the variety of ecosystem processes, biotic as well as abiotic, that support biodiversity and ecosystem services, and (2) link the ecosystem processes to biodiversity and to socio-economic benefits to identify the common ground between seemingly conflicting objectives. The methodology uses a stepwise approach and is based on an extensive review of available knowledge on ecosystem functioning, expert consultation and stakeholder involvement. We illustrate how the methodology supports the setting of strategic goals to accomplish a healthy coastal ecosystem in Belgium, and exemplify how this may affect spatial plans. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how including processes opens opportunities to align biodiversity and ecosystem services and how this increases chances to provide long-term benefits for biodiversity and human well-being. The paper may provide inspiration to advance current spatial planning approaches.","author":["Van der Biest, K.","Meire, P.","Schellekens, T.","D\u0027hondt, B.","Bonte, D.","Vanagt, T.","Ysebaert, T."],"organization":["University of Antwerp","eCOAST Marine Research","Ghent University","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.189331000000","2.698635000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7162","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evopod-14-scale-tidal-energy-converter-decommisioning-programme-sanda-sound-kintyre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanflowenergy.com\/documents\/Sanda%20Sound%20Decommissioning%20Programme.pdf","title":"Evopod \u00bc-Scale Tidal Energy Converter: Decommisioning Programme - Sanda Sound, Kintyre, Scotland","description":"This document details the full procedure for decommissioning of an Evopod E35 floating tethered tidal energy conversion system, in accordance with the Energy Act 2004, Part 2, Chapter 3. This report contains (i) a complete description of the device and its mooring, including a breakdown of the materials incorporated within the structure, (ii) the methods proposed for removal of the device and the mooring, (iii) the potential and anticipated environmental impacts of the decommissioning process, (iv) the estimated costs of decommissioning and post-decommissioning procedures, plus the financial assurances offered to cover these costs, (v) plans for post-decommissioning monitoring.","author":["Ocean Flow Energy"],"organization":["Ocean Flow Energy"],"originationDate":"2017-02-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.302800000000","-5.597717000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:17:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean_Flow_Energy-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7163","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-methods-tracking-3d-movements-small-cetaceans-around-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0229058","title":"Passive acoustic methods for tracking the 3D movements of small cetaceans around marine structures","description":"A wide range of anthropogenic structures exist in the marine environment with the extent of these set to increase as the global offshore renewable energy industry grows. Many of these pose acute risks to marine wildlife; for example, tidal energy generators have the potential to injure or kill seals and small cetaceans through collisions with moving turbine parts. Information on fine scale behaviour of animals close to operational turbines is required to understand the likely impact of these new technologies. There are inherent challenges associated with measuring the underwater movements of marine animals which have, so far, limited data collection. Here, we describe the development and application of a system for monitoring the three-dimensional movements of cetaceans in the immediate vicinity of a subsea structure. The system comprises twelve hydrophones and software for the detection and localisation of vocal marine mammals. We present data demonstrating the systems practical performance during a deployment on an operational tidal turbine between October 2017 and October 2019. Three-dimensional locations of cetaceans were derived from the passive acoustic data using time of arrival differences on each hydrophone. Localisation accuracy was assessed with an artificial sound source at known locations and a refined method of error estimation is presented. Calibration trials show that the system can accurately localise sounds to 2m accuracy within 20m of the turbine but that localisations become highly inaccurate at distances greater than 35m. The system is currently being used to provide data on rates of encounters between cetaceans and the turbine and to provide high resolution tracking data for animals close to the turbine. These data can be used to inform stakeholders and regulators on the likely impact of tidal turbines on cetaceans.","author":["Gillespie, D.","Palmer, L.","Macauley, J.","Sparling, C.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2020-05-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:36:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/GillespieI-et-al-2020-Passive-Acoustics.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7164","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-scale-patterns-deep-seafloor-biodiversity-conservation-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ddi.13034","title":"Regional-scale patterns of deep seafloor biodiversity for conservation assessment","description":"Aim Mining and petroleum industries are exploring for resources in deep seafloor environments. Lease areas are often spatially aggregated and continuous over hundreds to thousands of kilometres. Sustainable development of these resources requires an understanding of the patterns of biodiversity at similar scales, yet these data are rarely available for the deep sea. Here, we compare biodiversity metrics and assemblage composition of epibenthic megafaunal samples from deep\u2010sea benthic habitats from the Great Australian Bight (GAB), a petroleum exploration zone off southern Australia, to similar environments off eastern Australia.  Location The Great Australian Bight (34\u201336\u00b0S, 129\u2013134\u00b0E) and south\u2010eastern (SE) and north\u2010eastern (NE) Australian continental margins (23\u201342\u00b0S, 149\u2013155\u00b0E) in depths of 1,900\u20135,000 m.  Methods A species\u2013sample matrix was constructed from invertebrate and fish megafauna collected from beam trawl samples across regions at lower bathyal (1,900\u20133,200 m) and abyssal (\u0026gt;3,200 m) depths, and analysed using multivariate, rarefaction and model\u2010based statistics. We modelled rank abundance distributions (RAD) against environmental factors to identify drivers of abundance, richness and evenness.  Results Multivariate analyses showed regional and bathymetric assemblage structure across the region. There was an almost complete turnover of sponge fauna between the GAB and SE. SE samples had the highest total faunal abundance and species richness. RAD models linked total abundance and species richness to levels of carbon flux. Evenness was associated with seasonality of net primary production.  Conclusions Significant assemblage structure at regional scales is reported for the first time at lower bathyal and abyssal depths in the southern Indo\u2010Pacific region along latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. The GAB fauna was distinct from other studied areas. Relatively high species richness, previously reported from the GAB continental shelf, did not occur at lower bathyal or abyssal depths. Instead, the abundance, richness and evenness of the benthic fauna are linked to surface primary production, which is elevated off SE Australia.","author":["O\u0027Hara, T.","Williams, A.","Althaus, F.","Ross, A.","Bax, N."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.000000000000","131.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:44:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OHara_et_al2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7176","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/floating-clean-multi-energy-systems-towards-driving-blue-economic-growth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-13-8743-2_19","title":"Floating Clean Multi-energy Systems Towards Driving Blue Economic Growth","description":"The blue economy is the recent initiative among Indian Ocean realm association (IORA) countries, ASEAN and Caribbean Islands focusing towards sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improvised livelihoods and jobs and preserving ocean ecosystem health. High-density population resides in coastal and islandic regions of these countries and with climate change, rising sea level is seen an imminent danger to the coastal community in the low-lying area. To counter the rising sea level, countries are looking for technologies to support the displaced coastal population by embarking on floating homes and floating cities in their Blue Growth strategy to support living space and amenities needs. Since these floating homes and cities are powered through fossil fuel there is a need to preserve the Coastal marine ecology from the emissions. This paper discusses about powering the floating homes through ocean based floating clean energy systems as a cost-effective energy system that can be manufactured, assembled and maintained in the onshore and easily towed and deployed at a specific ocean site and assure energy security and resilience even during natural disasters. In addition, the paper discusses the idea of hybrid renewable powered energy systems to exploit the multiple available energy sources at the specific site viz., tidal, ocean thermal, wave, solar and wind that may vary in different proportion of availability to increase overall energy generation density from the ocean site. To illustrate, a case study of floating tidal system is discussed that was designed and deployed in Singapore towards tropical shallow water conditions through systematic resource assessment, device design through simulation and field based assessment.","author":["Narasimalu, S."],"organization":["Nanyang Technological University"],"originationDate":"2019-07-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7177","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-electricity-generation-review-characteristics-existing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11367-019-01652-4","title":"Life cycle assessment of electricity generation: a review of the characteristics of existing literature","description":"Purpose The environmental impacts of electricity generation are a critical issue towards sustainability and thus an important research topic in several countries. The life cycle assessment methodology has been widely employed to assess electricity generation. However, there are still gaps in research to be explored within this theme. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a systematic theoretical analysis of the state of the art of the scientific research on LCA of electricity generation systems in the world.  Methods A critical review of 47 studies was conducted. The study is comprehensive in the analysis of the main aspects of the identified high impact studies as follows: authors, countries, universities, keywords, journals, number of citations, life cycle impact assessment methods, impact categories, software tools, and databases. The Methodi Ordinatio was applied to rank the studies in terms of impact factor and number of citations, pointing out high impact research.  Results and discussion Wind and solar powers have two of the smallest impact indices in their generation in terms of global warming, compared to other sources. The ecoinvent database was the most used among the studies analyzed, providing data for potential environmental impacts. The most frequently used impact category in the assessments was climate change. The studies are not equally distributed but most of them are concentrated in European countries. In some countries, clean sources seem promising due to their capacity to generate electricity in places with high wind incidence and high capacity for sunlight capture.  Conclusions The conclusions of this article summarize the characteristics of existing literature and provide suggestions for future work. The results of the study can also be used to promote development actions and foment changes in energy matrices in a global context. The main studies in this area point that in the future, the main sources for electricity generation will be renewable ones, since life cycle assessment of electricity generation systems has been seeking to generate knowledge to support informed decision-making.","author":["Barros, M.","Salvador, R.","Piekarski, C.","de Francisco, A.","Cereja, F.","Freire, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7183","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-acceleration-trajectory-human-expansion-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590332219302751","title":"The Blue Acceleration: The Trajectory of Human Expansion into the Ocean","description":"Does humanity\u0027s future lie in the ocean? As demand for resources continues to grow and land-based sources decline, expectations for the ocean as an engine of human development are increasing. Claiming marine resources and space is not new to humanity, but the extent, intensity, and diversity of today\u0027s aspirations are unprecedented. We describe this as the blue acceleration\u2014a race among diverse and often competing interests for ocean food, material, and space. Exploring what this new reality means for the global ocean and how to steer it in a sustainable and equitable way represents an urgent challenge.","author":["Jouffray, J.","Blasiak, R.","Norstrom, A.","Osterblom, H.","Nystrom, M."],"organization":["Stockholm University","Royal Swedish Academy of Science"],"originationDate":"2020-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jouffrayetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7185","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/early-conservation-benefits-de-facto-marine-protected-area-san-clemente-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0224060","title":"Early conservation benefits of a de facto marine protected area at San Clemente Island, California","description":"De facto marine protected areas (DFMPAs) are regions of the ocean where human activity is restricted for reasons other than conservation. Although DFMPAs are widespread globally, their potential role in the protection of marine habitats, species, and ecosystems has not been well studied. In 2012 and 2013, we conducted remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys of marine communities at a military DFMPA closed to all civilian access since 2010 and an adjacent fished reference site at San Clemente Island, the southernmost of California\u2019s Channel Islands. We used data extracted from ROV imagery to compare density and biomass of focal species, as well as biodiversity and community composition, between the two sites. Generalized linear modeling indicated that both density and biomass of California sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) were significantly higher inside the DFMPA. Biomass of ocean whitefish (Caulolatilus princeps) was also significantly higher inside the DFMPA. However, species richness and Shannon-Weaver diversity were not significantly higher inside the DFMPA, and overall fish community composition did not differ significantly between sites. Demonstrable differences between the DFMPA and fished site for two highly sought-after species hint at early potential benefits of protection, though the lack of differences in the broader community suggests that a longer trajectory of recovery may be required for other species. A more comprehensive understanding of the potential conservation benefits of DFMPAs is important in the context of marine spatial planning and global marine conservation objectives.","author":["Esgro, M.","Lindholm, J.","Nickols, K.","Bredvik, J."],"organization":["California State University","Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.860968000000","-118.516708000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Esgroetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7188","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/establishing-marine-renewable-energy-using-risk-retirement-simplify-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agu.confex.com\/agu\/osm20\/meetingapp.cgi\/Paper\/651881","title":"Establishing Marine Renewable Energy: Using Risk Retirement to Simplify Environmental Permitting","description":"Generation of low carbon energy is needed to mitigate climate change and to support the sustainable use of the oceans. Marine renewable energy (MRE)\u2014largely the generation of power from waves and tides\u2014can assist with this need. However, MRE technologies are new and their potential environmental effects on marine organisms, habitats, and ecosystem processes are shrouded in uncertainty, causing concern for regulators and stakeholders. These concerns lead to requests for extensive data collection and monitoring around devices, which strain the financial resources of this fledgling industry and result in slow progress towards permitting MRE deployments. By focusing efforts on examining specific interactions and \u201cretiring\u201d certain low risks for small numbers of MRE devices, scientific uncertainty can be reduced and the MRE industry can progress with confidence that these devices will not harm marine resources.  Through an international collaboration, OES-Environmental, researchers from 15 nations have developed a risk retirement pathway to streamline permitting through collation of data and information from deployed MRE projects. By providing access to and analysis of datasets from devices that have been permitted, this work allows regulators and MRE device developers to assess whether proposed projects are likely to pose environmental risks (\u201cdata transferability\u201d). Potential effects of underwater noise from operational turbines and wave energy converters, and potential effects of electromagnetic fields from power export cables have been examined. These risks have been deemed unlikely to cause harm to marine organisms or habitats from small numbers of MRE devices. This process of risk retirement has the potential to simplify permitting of tidal turbines and wave energy converters, leading to increases in deployments that will help establish this additional low carbon energy source in coastal and open ocean areas","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Hemery, L.","Gorton, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7189","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/baseline-assessment-post-decommissioning-monitoring-need-data-collection-consistency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agu.confex.com\/agu\/osm20\/meetingapp.cgi\/Paper\/643422","title":"From baseline assessment to post-decommissioning monitoring: the need for data collection consistency to facilitate permitting for marine renewable energy developments","description":"Over the last two decades, developers of marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies have designed and tested new devices that harness wave and tidal energy. However, few full-scale devices have been deployed or connected to the grid. A delaying factor is perceived lengthy permitting processes with substantial environmental monitoring requirements. The Triton Initiative and OES-Environmental lead complementary projects that may accelerate the permitting process and reduce temporal and financial efforts required from developers.  Regulators are mainly concerned by six environmental stressors: collision risk for marine animals with a device\u2019s moving parts; increase in underwater noise that could injure animals or lead to behavior modifications; cables and other equipment emitting electromagnetic fields, with various effects on sensitive species; changes to the physical environment; changes of benthic and pelagic habitats and communities; and displacement of marine organisms from the area of MRE installations.  While the characterization and monitoring of these stressors and their effects on marine ecosystems are often addressed at MRE development sites, the methodologies and sensors used vary greatly, hampering the useful comparison of data and results from site to site. Without consistency in the baseline and monitoring data collected, it is difficult for regulators to transfer the conclusions taken for one site to another, even if similar environmental conditions and potential risks exist at both sites.  Triton Field Trials\u2019 goals are to propose a common set of monitoring methodologies and sensors to assess the targeted stressors by identifying commonalities; testing and comparing methods in various environments and sea states; reviewing models and data needs; and synthesizing methods to consolidate data collection consistency practices. This approach will eventually enable data transferability among MRE projects and sites and assist regulators in their decision-making.","author":["Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Pinza, M.","Staines, G.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A.","Harker-Klimes, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7190","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/working-marine-renewable-energy-community-support-simplify-environmental-permitting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agu.confex.com\/agu\/osm20\/meetingapp.cgi\/Paper\/655206","title":"Working with the Marine Renewable Energy Community to Support and Simplify Environmental Permitting","description":"The marine environment has the capacity to provide large amounts of clean, renewable energy through its waves and tides. As marine renewable energy (MRE) devices are being tested, concerns regarding the potential effects of MRE devices on marine organisms, habitats, and ecosystem processes continue to slow permitting. To address these concerns, and further advance the industry, an international collaboration with 15 nations (OES-Environmental) has engaged with MRE regulators, researchers, and developers to make environmental permitting processes more efficient.  Since 2017, OES-Environmental has focused outreach efforts on the MRE community to identify needs and challenges for permitting MRE devices. Webinars and an online survey for US regulators were used to gauge understanding of MRE technologies, perceptions of risks and key challenges, and thoughts on how the industry can best move forward. Feedback indicated that regulators are generally unfamiliar with MRE, lack access to synthesized and contextualized data on environmental effects, and are willing to use existing data from permitted projects to inform permitting for proposed projects (\u201cdata transferability\u201d).  Based on this, OES-Environmental developed a systematic process for cataloging, analyzing, and disseminating datasets to support data transferability. This process was presented to MRE regulators, researchers, and developers through several workshops in order to assess the applicability of the data transferability process, refine best practices for data transfer and collection consistency, and further improve the process. Consistently, the MRE community communicated that while this process would aid permitting, there was a need for easily accessible data. As a result, OES-Environmental developed a Monitoring Datasets Discoverability Matrix that classifies and catalogs datasets for six environmental stressors-receptor interactions. Through iterative reviews with regulators and the MRE community, the matrix has become a useful online tool for permitting that can help move the MRE industry forward.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Farr, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7195","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/trialling-seabird-sensitivity-mapping-tool-marine-renewable-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/birdwatchireland.ie\/app\/uploads\/2019\/09\/01-MSM-Phase-2-Report-Burke-2018-Final-Report-2018.pdf","title":"Trialling a Seabird Sensitivity Mapping Tool for Marine Renewable Energy Developments in Ireland","description":"This project successfully trialled the development of a seabird sensitivity mapping tool for MRE developments in Ireland, on a limited geographic area with a shortlist of species. A list of 7 recommendations for the future development of the tool came from this trial process and the subsequent stakeholder workshop. Furthermore, important datasets that will be available in the future have been listed and a number of recommendations have been made to fill notable data gaps in the future so that a final seabird sensitivity mapping tool can reach its full potential.  A full-scale seabird sensitivity mapping tool should be developed as a next step, to include all 38 seabirds that regularly occur in Irish waters, and cover all of the Irish EEZ. The next phase should heed the recommendations and feedback from the current project and the data gaps outlined here should be addressed, though this need not stall the development of a final mapping tool.  The final mapping tool should include plans for regular updates to incorporate new information on seabird sensitivity and distribution.  A future full-scale seabird sensitivity mapping tool, used by developers and consenting authorities alike, will help ensure the true sustainability of the Irish MRE into the future.","author":["Burke, B."],"organization":["BirdWatch Ireland","ESB International (ESBI)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:50:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Birdwatch-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7196","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-energy-consumption-peculiarities-energy-sources-role-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978012817688700001X#!","title":"Global energy consumption peculiarities and energy sources: Role of renewables","description":"Increasing growth of economic activity conditions increases energy consumption. This chapter introduces world energy consumption scenarios. Primary energy consumption tendencies, global energy consumption structure are presented, threats to sustainable energy future are revealed, and the role of renewables explained. In order to get a better understanding of energy, readers are acquainted with energy resources and energy sources. Such resources as electricity energy and heat production are introduced, primarily energy resources, and both nonrenewable (finite) and renewable are discussed. Special attention is paid to renewable resources, such as hydropower, solar and wind energy, sea tides and low tides, and wood and other plants. The chapter provides basic knowledge required to understand the importance of energy transformation toward sustainability.","author":["Tvaronavi\u010dien\u0117, M.","Baublys, J.","Raudeli\u016bnien\u0117, J.","Jatautait\u0117, D."],"organization":["Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","General Jonas \u017demaitis Military Academy of Lithuania"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7197","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-consumption-greenhouse-gas-emissions-against-background-polish-economic-growth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128176887000021#!","title":"Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions against the background of Polish economic growth","description":"Care for the natural environment is just as important in the modern world, and especially in the European Union, as taking care of economic growth. As a member of the European Union, Poland is committed to implement the Europe 2020 strategy and the 3 \u00d7 20 climate and energy package that contains three key goals to be achieved by 2020. These goals are: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 20%, an increase of renewable energy to 20%, and an improvement in energy efficiency by 20% by reducing energy consumption. The goals are aimed at protecting the climate, but also take into account the specificity of economies of different countries, which is why in the case of Poland they are lower and depending on the goal they range from 14% to 15.48%. The European Union obliges member states to report in this area in order to be able to monitor progress in their implementation. This study assesses the achievement of these objectives by Poland so far and presents their implementation by 2020. Climate protection must be conducted in such a way that it does not negatively affect economic growth. Maintaining the balance between economic development and environmental protection is called sustainable development. This study also evaluates Poland\u0027s sustainable development through a gross domestic product analysis, gross inland energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions.","author":["Bro\u017cyna, J."],"organization":["Rzeszow University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7198","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-growth-regional-underdevelopment-brazil-case-para-brazilian-amazon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128176887000033#!","title":"National growth and regional (under)development in Brazil: The case of Par\u00e1 in the Brazilian Amazon","description":"Legal Amazon has one of the richest concentrations of natural resources in Brazil. It is composed of nine Brazilian states, among which Par\u00e1 stands out both for its considerable territorial dimension and undisputed economic potential. Its potential has boosted the country\u0027s growth through the implementation of national programs of sectoral interest, given that the main sectors explored in the state of Par\u00e1 have always been and continue to be the mining and water sectors, which are structurally interconnected. The objective of this chapter is to explore the positive synergies that the implementation of these programs have brought to national growth, as well as to understand how the characteristics of investors, the purpose of investments, and the way in which they are carried out have led to significant negative trade-offs for regional and local development.","author":["Iorio, M.","Monni, S."],"organization":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Roma Tre"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7199","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-consumption-income-distribution-international-policies-mitigating-social","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128176887000045#!","title":"Energy consumption and income distribution. International policies for mitigating social exclusion","description":"The shifted research gaze in energy security studies leads to formulation of new question: is it possible to talk not only about objective indicators of material deprivation and poverty caused by the lack of energy security but take into account indicators from sociocultural dimension? By analyzing solely objective processes and considering economic and political reasons as well as consequences of energy security do we not forget to analyze less visible but not less important aspects of norms, values, and power relations, for example, how energy security is related to social exclusion? Social exclusion in this chapter is defined as process in which the minimum quality of life is not available for the individual or conditions that increase insecurity, shame, psychological discomfort, lack of confidence, and lack of self-respect and dignity. The ambition of this chapter is to contribute to consistency of theoretical discussion by tackling energy security to social exclusion as well as by setting methodological guidelines for the assessment of energy security impact on social exclusion. Based on various theories and research models, a methodological framework is being laid down that would encompass such questions as: how public interest is recognized and represented in energy security policy; how (and if at all) the interest of smaller social groups (environmentalists, pensioners, poor, etc.) is defined and represented; whether energy security policy acknowledges interest of poor, deprived, and disenfranchised individuals or addresses solely to active and powerful (from consumption point of view) individuals; how existing energy security policy treats or fosters to feel vulnerable groups?","author":["Genys, D."],"organization":["Energy Security Research Center at Vytautas Magnus University"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7200","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-does-energy-security-mean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128176887000057#!","title":"What does energy security mean?","description":"This chapter introduces the meaning of energy security. It starts by presenting different definitions of energy security. It then discusses different perspectives of energy security by looking from the point of view of energy importers, exporters, transit countries, and military. By the end of the chapter, the main energy security challenges, risks, and vulnerabilities are discussed in order to problematize energy security and better grasp the interconnectedness of the concept. The chapter ends with a discussion of the effects of climate change and renewables for energy security.","author":["Jakstas, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7201","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/weather-risk-energy-consumption-poland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128176887000069","title":"Weather risk and energy consumption in Poland","description":"Recent research on risk diversification is characterized by a strict dependence of risk on the natural environment. At present, the relationship between humans and the environment is the most important subject of consideration, and any changes taking place in the environment are the subject of an increased interest in it. Indeed, the concept of risk and decision-making in conditions of uncertainty about future events is still important, but in the mainstream, the relationship of risk with the environment in which humans live and treating the risk from the point of view of the global perspective becomes more important. Contemporary risk management is therefore characterized by increased social awareness and multilayered issues, while at the same time, the research is interdisciplinary. Despite this awareness, it has not yet been possible to develop a single risk research concept or a universal definition of risk. We can safely say that it is just the opposite. Risk research has to a large extent become an area of formulating contradictory research paradigms and contradictory goals and assessments. This does not mean, however, that in a few years this will not lead to positive solutions in this area, both for the benefit of humans and the environment in which they live.","author":["Mentel, G.","Nakonieczny, J."],"organization":["Rzeszow University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7202","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/promotion-renewable-energy-morocco","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128176887000136#!","title":"Promotion of renewable energy in Morocco","description":"This chapter of the book analyses the problems of renewable and fossil-based energy consumption and focuses on the potential of renewable sources in Morocco. Particular emphasis is put on the promotion of renewable energy technologies. Morocco implements energy efficiency programs in parallel with the Wind promotion plan and Morocco Solar plan, which is one of the largest projects in the world. Morocco has high potential in exploiting wave-wind renewable energy. However, the implementation of the renewable energy faces some obstacles and barriers. The investigation shows that Morocco faces a lack of financing sources and risk implementing small projects, social economic problems, a lack of transparency, and lobbyism. In light ofpublic apathy, acceptance of renewable energy in the community might be a challenge.","author":["\u0160imelyt\u0117, A."],"organization":["Vilnius Gediminas Technical University"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7204","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/agent-based-model-predict-fish-collisions-tidal-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811931821X","title":"An agent-based model to predict fish collisions with tidal stream turbines","description":"Interest in marine tidal turbines, particularly in coastal waters, raises concerns about collisions between marine wildlife and underwater turbine blades. Prediction methods for collisions are necessary to evaluate possible consequences for marine animal populations. Existing collision risk models, based on analytical solutions, assume simplistic non-behavioural traits. This paper seeks to advance these collision models to represent real behaviours of marine species by extending an existing numerical Agent-Based Model (ABM) to include predictions of collisions.  The ABM successfully reproduced the results of the Collision Risk Model [1]. The ABM offers the advantage that the distribution of marine animals around the turbine does not need to be specified a priori, but arises from the swimming behaviours of the individuals within the model.  The ABM was applied to predict the impact of different swimming behaviours on collision rates for migrating silver eels passing a tidal turbine in Strangford Narrows. Just 1.1% of eels passing the Narrows were predicted to collide with the turbines. Different vertical swimming behaviours influenced the number of eels leaving the estuary and the number of predicted collisions. Other behaviours (e.g. active turbine avoidance) could be included in the ABM making this a valuable method for assessing turbine interactions.  Highlights:    A collision risk model for marine animals and underwater turbines was added to an agent-based model of fish movement.    Agent-based model results were comparable to an analytical collision risk model in benchmark tests.      In a real world test, turbine collision rates were predicted to be relatively low (\u0026lt;1.1%).      Including diel behaviours for eels in the ABM affected the likelihood of collision.","author":["Rossington, K.","Benson, T."],"organization":["HR Wallingford Ltd"],"originationDate":"2019-11-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.481399000000","-5.600767000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7205","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-transformation-towards-sustainability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/book\/9780128176887\/energy-transformation-towards-sustainability","title":"Energy Transformation Towards Sustainability","description":"Energy Transformation towards Sustainability explores how researchers, businesses and policymakers can explore and usefully improve energy systems and energy consumption behavior, both to reflect the reality of climate change and related environmental degradation and to adapt to the expanding periphery of renewable energy technologies. It introduces the reader to a suite of potential policy pathways to the necessary transformation in societal energy consumption, usage and behavior. Solutions discussed include energy efficiency, energy security, the role of political leadership, green public policy, and the transition to renewable energy sources.  International contributions address the range and depth of current research from a position of advocacy for \u2018energy stewardship\u2019 as the driver of this transformation. Case studies illustrate the range of various countries to diminish energy use. Finally, policy avenues are covered in depth.","author":["Tvaronavi\u010dien\u0117, M.","\u015alusarczyk, B."],"organization":["Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","Cz\u0119stochowa University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7206","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-acoustic-telemetry-high-resolution-sablefish-movement-informing-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8962600","title":"Using acoustic telemetry for high-resolution sablefish movement informing potential interactions with a tidal turbine","description":"As the MHK industry moves forward to the commercial phase, knowledge of potential environmental effects need to be documented and established. At present, the potential for fish interactions and subsequent injury or mortality are a significant concern with instream turbines. Sensors, methodologies, and analyses need to be developed to detect strike or near-miss events. These data will reduce uncertainty of the likelihood of such events and provide information to regulators to make informed decisions on permitting and possible mitigation measures if needed. Acoustic telemetry is a primary method for studying fine-scale fish movements because it can remotely track fish in three dimensions with accuracy. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has proven effective for fish passage estimates and fine-scale movement in river impoundments and near dams. Leveraging the success of previous JSATS applications and applying it to the marine environment, juvenile sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) were tagged and tracked using a fixed-position receiver array in a marine tidal channel for the first time. Applying this technology to future installations of MHK turbines will provide information on fish avoidance and evasion behavior as well as blade strike and potential injury and mortality.","author":["Staines, G.","Deng, Z.","Li, X.","Martinez, J.","Kohn, N.","Harker-Klimes, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.080000000000","-123.044000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7207","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/large-scale-physical-response-tidal-system-energy-extraction-its-significance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/4302360","title":"Large-scale physical response of the tidal system to energy extraction and its significance for informing environmental and ecological impact assessment","description":"The impact of harvesting tidal energy on the underlying tidal hydrodynamics is examined. Understanding of both the near-and far-field physical response of the tidal system is necessary in order to inform environmental and ecological impact assessment. A number of numerical model test cases are presented which provide first stage indications of the potential response of the system.","author":["Couch, S.","Bryden, I."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2007-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7208","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlantic-canadas-tidal-coastlines-geomorphology-multiple-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-35137-3_18","title":"Atlantic Canada\u0027s Tidal Coastlines: Geomorphology and Multiple Resources","description":"Coastlines in Atlantic Canada are influenced by microtidal, mesotidal, macrotidal, and hypertidal regimes. Although the hypertidal inner Bay of Fundy has attracted the most attention from geomorphologists and visitors, all atlantic tidal environments are marked by interesting and distinctive coastscapes, influenced by pre-existing topography, coastal bedrock lithology and Quaternary sediment, sea ice activity, and subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal vegetation. The hypertidal-macrotidal Bay of Fundy of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia is marked by extensive tidal flats and channels. Saltmarshes and barrier islands characterize the mesotidal Gulf of St. Lawrence coastlines of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Tides and sea ice influence mesotidal-upper microtidal coastlines of Newfoundland and Labrador. In addition to their geomorphic significance, atlantic Canadian tidal coastlines also are valuable resources from multiple ecological and socio-economic viewpoints. Subtidal and intertidal areas support a variety of organisms and ecological communities. Saltmarshes are marked by sequences of communities conditioned by salinity and terrestrial input. Tide-dominated coastlines have been occupied by humans since shortly after deglaciation, and tidal activity has significant impacts on human coastal utilization. Interest in exploiting tidal energy remains high, but must be balanced against potential ecological impacts. Coastal tourism is a significant economic driver in Atlantic Canada, with tidal coastlines representing major attractions.","author":["Catto, N."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"originationDate":"2020-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.924873000000","-67.230101000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7596","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-risk-assessment-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00609\/full","title":"Integrated Risk Assessment for the Blue Economy","description":"With the anticipated boom in the \u2018blue economy\u2019 and associated increases in industrialization across the world\u2019s oceans, new and complex risks are being introduced to ocean ecosystems. As a result, conservation and resource management increasingly look to factor in potential interactions among the social, ecological and economic components of these systems. Investigation of these interactions requires interdisciplinary frameworks that incorporate methods and insights from across the social and biophysical sciences. Risk assessment methods, which have been developed across numerous disciplines and applied to various real-world settings and problems, provide a unique connection point for cross-disciplinary engagement. However, research on risk is often conducted in distinct spheres by experts whose focus is on narrow sources or outcomes of risk. Movement toward a more integrated treatment of risk to ensure a balanced approach to developing and managing ocean resources requires cross-disciplinary engagement and understanding. Here, we provide a primer on risk assessment intended to encourage the development and implementation of integrated risk assessment processes in the emerging blue economy. First, we summarize the dominant framework for risk in the ecological\/biophysical sciences. Then, we discuss six key insights from the long history of risk research in the social sciences that can inform integrated assessments of risk: (1) consider the subjective nature of risk, (2) understand individual social and cultural influences on risk perceptions, (3) include diverse expertise, (4) consider the social scales of analysis, (5) incorporate quantitative and qualitative approaches, and (6) understand interactions and feedbacks within systems. Finally, we show how these insights can be incorporated into risk assessment and management, and apply them to a case study of whale entanglements in fishing gear off the United States west coast.","author":["Hodgson, E.","Essington, T.","Samhouri, J.","Allison, E.","Bennet, N.","Bostrom, A.","Cullen, A.","Kasperski, S.","Levin, P.","Poe, M."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","University of Washington","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","WorldFish","The Nature Conservancy"],"originationDate":"2019-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7597","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/successful-blue-economy-examples-emphasis-international-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00261\/full","title":"Successful Blue Economy Examples With an Emphasis on International Perspectives","description":"Careful definition and illustrative case studies are fundamental work in developing a Blue Economy. As blue research expands with the world increasingly understanding its importance, policy makers and research institutions worldwide concerned with ocean and coastal regions are demanding further and improved analysis of the Blue Economy. Particularly, in terms of the management connotation, data access, monitoring, and product development, countries are making decisions according to their own needs. As a consequence of this lack of consensus, further dialogue including this cases analysis of the blue economy is even more necessary. This paper consists of four chapters: (I) Understanding the concept of Blue Economy, (II) Defining Blue economy theoretical cases, (III) Introducing Blue economy application cases and (IV) Providing an outlook for the future. Chapters (II) and (III) summarizes all the case studies into nine aspects, each aiming to represent different aspects of the blue economy. This paper is a result of knowledge and experience collected from across the global ocean observing community, and is only made possible with encouragement, support and help of all members. Despite the blue economy being a relatively new concept, we have demonstrated our promising exploration in a number of areas. We put forward proposals for the development of the blue economy, including shouldering global responsibilities to protect marine ecological environment, strengthening international communication and sharing development achievements, and promoting the establishment of global blue partnerships. However, there is clearly much room for further development in terms of the scope and depth of our collective understanding and analysis.","author":["Wenhai, L.","Cusack, C.","Baker, M.","Tao, W.","Mingbao, C.","Paige, K.","Xiaofan, Z.","Levin, L.","Escobar, E.","Amon, D.","Yue, Y.","Reitz, A.","Neves, A.","O\u0027Rourke, E.","Mannarini, G.","Pearlman, J.","Tinker, J.","Horsburgh, K.","Lehodey, P.","Pouliquen, S.","Dale, T.","Peng, Z.","Yufeng, Y."],"organization":["University of Southampton","Ocean University of China","Scripps Institution of Oceanography","National Autonomous University of Mexico","GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","University of Bologna","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer (IUEM)","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7605","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/militarized-marine-protected-areas-overseas-territories-conserving-biodiversity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569118308019","title":"Militarized marine protected areas in overseas territories: Conserving biodiversity, geopolitical positioning, and securing resources in the 21st century","description":"Under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Aichi biodiversity targets, nations have committed to conserving 10% of the oceans within their territories by 2020. Over the past decade, this goal has driven the establishment of many large marine protected areas (MPAs), several of which surround overseas island territories with current or historical military involvement, ranging from World War 2 battle sites to testing areas for the \u201cABCs\u201d of atomic, biological, and chemical weapons during the cold war. For countries with significant overseas territories, such as the USA, France, and the UK, these remote possessions provide an opportunity to achieve biodiversity conservation objectives over large spatial scales. They also provide a strategic footprint for regional maritime spheres of influence, as well as possible future energy and mineral resources. Building on insights from terrestrial \u201cmilitarized\u201d protected areas, and drawing on archival and contemporary sources, this paper examines the multiple motivations behind designating very large MPAs in overseas territories, from protecting biodiversity to more long-term geopolitical, security, and resource-oriented motivations.","author":["De Santo, E."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7606","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flume-experiments-impact-cross-flow-turbine-erodible-bed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0960148120302706","title":"Flume experiments on the impact of a cross-flow turbine on an erodible bed","description":"Understanding the effect of tidal turbines on local erosion of the estuarine bed is crucial for design and maintenance of turbines with stable foundations and assessment of their environmental impacts. This report describes the results of flume experiments on clear-water scour caused by a single cross-flow turbine in steady flow conditions. The turbine investigated is a Momentum Reversal Lift (MRL) turbine originally designed in collaboration with the University of Exeter. Results show that the turbine can cause significant bed scour. particularly when it was not spinning and in a particular orientation of blades. This is opposite to the previous findings for axial flow turbines. The bottom plate of the turbine, although increasing scour depth, was found to increase the turbine performance and reduce adverse effects on the downstream flow. The findings highlight the importance of regular monitoring and taking immediate repair actions for a tidal installation.","author":["Ebrahimi, M.","Duncan, S.","Belmont, M.","Kripakaran, P.","Tabor, G.","Moon, I.","Djordjevi\u0107, S."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2020-02-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7607","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-retirement-pathway-potential-effects-underwater-noise-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8962841","title":"A Risk Retirement Pathway for Potential Effects of Underwater Noise and Electromagnetic Fields for Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"Commercial marine renewable energy (MRE) developments can take extended periods of time to progress, in part due to complicated permitting processes that require expensive data collection and data review. Much of this delay is associated with uncertainty around potential effects of MRE on marine animals and habitats, leading regulators and stakeholders to believe that significant risks may exist. This paper acknowledges the state of scientific knowledge around MRE environmental effects and puts forward a process for risk retirement associated with early MRE developments, with a focus on the potential effects from underwater noise from wave and tidal devices, as well as potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from export power cables on marine animals and habitats. This process was developed as part of the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) OES-Environmental task.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7801","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distribution-invasive-caprella-mutica-schurin-1935-native-caprella-linearis-linnaeus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticinvasions.net\/2016\/issue4.html","title":"Distribution of the invasive Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 and native Caprella linearis (Linnaeus, 1767) on artificial hard substrates in the North Sea: separation by habitat","description":"Studying offshore natural and artificial hard substrates in the southern North Sea (51\u00baN\u201357\u00baN\/1\u00baW\u20139\u00baE), the invasive introduced Japanese skeleton shrimp Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 was found to co-exist with the native Caprella linearis (Linnaeus, 1767) only on near-shore locations that had an intertidal zone (e.g., wind farm foundations). In contrast, on far offshore and strictly subtidal locations, such as shipwrecks and rocky reefs, only C. linearis was found. Based on these exploratory observations, we hypothesised that artificial structures that are only subtidal are inhabited exclusively by C. linearis, and never by C. mutica. To test this hypothesis and understand factors driving each species\u2019 habitat preferences, habitat suitability models were constructed using generalised additive models, based on samples collected in 2013\u20132015 from offshore gas platforms, buoys, shipwrecks, and rocky reefs and combined with data from other published and unpublished surveys (2001\u20132014). The models showed that the presence of C. mutica is explained by the availability of intertidal and floating hard substrates, suspended particulate matter density (SPM), mean annual sea surface temperature, salinity, and current velocity. The C. linearis model included subtidal hard substrates, SPM, salinity, temperature, and current velocity. The modelled distributions showed a significant difference, demonstrating that C. linearis\u2019 habitat preference does not fully overlap with that of C. mutica. Thus, the native and alien Caprella species are likely to be able to co-exist in the North Sea.","author":["Coolen, J.","Lengkeek, W.","Degraer, S.","Kerckhof, F.","Kirkwood, R.","Lindeboom, H."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Bureau Waardenburg bv","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2016-08-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Coolen_etal_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7802","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabed-recovery-following-protective-burial-subsea-cables-observations-continental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801818303020?via%3Dihub","title":"Seabed recovery following protective burial of subsea cables - Observations from the continental margin","description":"Subsea communication and power cables are critical infrastructure whose protection is paramount, especially on the continental shelf where fishing and ships\u2019 anchors cause \u223c70% of cable faults. Protection is often afforded by cable burial and this paper deals mainly with physical seabed recovery from that process.  Varied sedimentary environments and different modes of cable burial mean that recovery is site-specific. Repeated seabed surveys show restoration is fastest where cables are buried by ploughing in zones of high sediment supply and energetic waves\/currents such as on the inner to middle continental shelf (\u223c0\u201380\u202fm water depth - WD). There, recovery can take weeks to 1\u20132yr. As sediment supply and wave\/current activity reduce offshore, recovery from ploughing on the outer shelf (\u223c80\u2013130\u202fm WD) is typically longer than in shallower depths. Recovery from water-jetted trenching, which can be more disturbing than ploughing, can take \u22655yr. On the upper continental slope (130\u20132000m WD), trenches infill after \u223c8yr where sediment supply is high, but \u226515yr where supply is low.  Surveys also suggest that benthic communities recover at rates similar to physical restoration. With few exceptions, the physical presence of a cable and the disturbance caused by its burial have little effect on the benthos studied.","author":["Kraus, C.","Carter, L."],"organization":["Victoria University of Wellington"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/7806","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-effects-artificial-structures-deployed-tidal-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/pbr\/12\/3\/12_B120304\/_article","title":"Benthic effects of artificial structures deployed in a tidal estuary","description":"There has been increased enthusiasm to mitigate the negative effects of fossil fuel consumption through the use of cleaner sources of energy, like marine renewable energy (MRE). Concerns about MRE deployments have motivated research on the ecological effects of these new man-made structures in marine environments. We assessed the extent to which soft-sediment habitats are influenced by the presence of artificial structures deployed in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, USA. Grain size analyses confirmed artificial structures altered the sediment distribution around them with larger grain sizes detected closer to the structures. Infaunal abundances were higher closer to the artificial structures; however, these differences did not result in statistically significant effects on diversity or richness in relation to distance from the structures, nor were they sufficient to cause statistically significant changes in infaunal communities as compared to reference areas. This study provided additional evidence that artificial structures alter their physical environment, but in our study detected differences were less than those observed between the two different regions of the estuary and any effects on infauna were localized and smaller than differences between different regions of the estuary. Conducting these studies in an Oregon estuary provided a good proxy for estimating potential effects of in-stream tidal energy deployments in the Pacific Northwest while also demonstrating the importance of site-specific research.","author":["Mendoza, M.","Henkel, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.617734000000","-124.030580000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8006","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-impact-wave-farm-nearshore-sediment-transport","sourceURL":"https:\/\/icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org\/icce\/index.php\/icce\/article\/view\/6770","title":"Modelling of the Impact of a Wave Farm on Nearshore Sediment Transport","description":"This paper presents the results from an integrated modelling system investigating the effects of a wave farm on nearshore sediment transport. Wave Hub project is a large scale demonstration site for the development of the operation of arrays of wave energy generation devices located at the southwest coast of the UK where multiple field measurements took place. The two-way coupled SWAN and ROMS models with nested modelling system were set up at the Wave Hub site and run with and without a wave farm. The model results show that the presence of the wave farm has significant impacts on the nearshore circulation, bed shear stresses and sediment transport. The morphological changes are also altered by the wave farm. The study is the key element for the wave resource characterization and environmental impact assessment of the wave farm.","author":["Gonzalez, R.","Zou, Q.","Pan, S."],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Maine","Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2012-10-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.347030000000","-5.620440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8202","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wecanet-first-open-pan-european-network-marine-renewable-energy-focus-wave-energy-cost","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/11\/6\/1249","title":"WECANet: The First Open Pan-European Network for Marine Renewable Energy with a Focus on Wave Energy-COST Action CA17105","description":"Growing energy demand has increased interest in marine renewable energy resources (i.e., wave energy, which is harvested through wave energy converter (WEC) arrays. However, the wave energy industry is currently at a significant juncture in its development, facing a number of challenges which require that research re-focuses on a holistic techno-economic perspective, where the economics considers the full life cycle costs of the technology. It also requires development of WECs suitable for niche markets, because in Europe there are inequalities regarding wave energy resources, wave energy companies, national programs and investments. As a result, in Europe there are leading and non-leading countries in wave energy technology. The sector also needs to increase confidence of potential investors by reducing (non-)technological risks. This can be achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by involving engineers, economists, environmental scientists, lawyers, regulators and policy experts. Consequently, the wave energy sector needs to receive the necessary attention compared to other more advanced and commercial offshore energy technologies (e.g., offshore wind). The formation of the first open pan-European network with an interdisciplinary approach will contribute to large-scale WEC array deployment by dealing with the current bottlenecks. The WECANet (Wave Energy Converter Array Network) European COST Action, introduced in September 2018 and presented in this paper, aims at a collaborative and inclusive approach, as it provides a strong networking and collaboration platform that also creates the space for dialogue between all stakeholders in wave energy. An important characteristic of the Action is that participation is open to all parties interested and active in the development of wave energy. Previous activities organised by WECANet core group members have resulted in a number of joint European projects and scientific publications. WECANet\u2019s main target is the equal research, training, networking, collaboration and funding opportunities for all researchers and professionals, regardless of age, gender and country in order to obtain understanding of the main challenges governing the development of the wave energy sector.","author":["Stratigaki, V."],"organization":["Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stratigaki2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8203","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-geographical-potential-co-use-marine-space-based-operational-boundaries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18304615","title":"Assessment of the geographical potential for co-use of marine space, based on operational boundaries for Blue Growth sectors","description":"The worlds\u2019 oceans and seas have tremendous potential to contribute to the provision of food, feed, energy and natural resources. The emerging concepts of \u201cBlue Growth\u201d and \u201cBlue Economy\u201d have put the development of new marine industries on the political agenda. As marine industries expand, spatial interconnections and industry boundaries are being drawn and the potential for the combined use of marine space is being explored. The aim of this paper is to provide a single source document that summarizes the probable boundaries of marine growth industries, namely aquaculture; offshore wind energy with fixed foundations; floating offshore wind energy; tidal and wave energy; marine biotechnology, seabed mining; and tourism and recreation, based on depth and distance from the shore. This is an important first step in developing a single source document for marine industry boundaries that will help marine spatial planners and researchers develop innovative industry combinations to foster growth in the marine sector. This paper explores marine industry overlaps in four basins: European Atlantic, Baltic\/North Sea, Mediterranean\/Black Sea and the Caribbean\/ Gulf of Mexico. By describing the geographical characteristics of different sea basins, this paper helps to focus marine governance strategies for stimulating combinations of marine industries towards the most promising areas. The methodology developed in this paper was also used to generate 72 country-specific maps and corresponding tables to support marine spatial planning processes at a national level.","author":["van den Burg, S.","Aguilar-Manjarrez, J.","Jenness, J.","Torrie, M."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8205","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-multi-use-potentials-euro-mediterranean-sea-space","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969718342049","title":"Exploring Multi-Use potentials in the Euro-Mediterranean sea space","description":"European seas are experiencing rapid development. The anthropogenic demand for marine resources and space exerts the need for novel concepts for sustainable resource exploitation and smart space allocation. Multi-Use (MU) is an emerging concept to overcome spatial claims and support Blue Growth, however its actual potentials and current status of implementation in different sea basins is to a large extent unexplored. An analytical framework using a mixed method approach is proposed for the identification and analysis of MU potentialities in eight EU countries of the Euro-Mediterranean sea basin. The paper addresses opportunities and challenges of ten existing and potential MU combinations driven by three maritime sectors: tourism, renewable energy and Oil \u0026amp; Gas industry. Opportunities and challenges for MU development were presented in terms of drivers, added values, barriers and impacts. Results show that highest potential for MU development are related to tourism-driven MU combinations (e.g. pescatourism), but also emerging MU potentials exist related to Floating Offshore Wind energy and aquaculture (Gulf of Lion) and the re-use of Oil \u0026amp; Gas decommissioned platforms (Northern-Central Adriatic Sea). Findings were discussed for their geospatial distribution and their policy, socio-economic, technical and environmental boundary conditions. Recommendations on actions to foster MU development in the Euro-Mediterranean sea space are provided.","author":["Depellegrin, D.","Venier, C.","Kyriazi, Z.","Vassilopoulou, V.","Castellani, C.","Ramieri, E.","Bocci, M.","Fernandez, J.","Barbanti, A."],"organization":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)"],"originationDate":"2019-02-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.000000000000","15.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8207","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vertical-migrations-fish-schools-determine-overlap-mobile-tidal-stream-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13582","title":"Vertical migrations of fish schools determine overlap with a mobile tidal stream marine renewable energy device","description":"Large increases in the generation of electricity using marine renewable energy (MRE) are planned, and assessment of the environmental impacts of novel MRE devices, such as kites, are urgently needed. A first step in this assessment is to quantify overlap in space and time between MRE devices and prey species of top predators such as small pelagic fish.  Here, we quantify how the distribution of fish schools overlaps with the operational depth (20\u201360 m) and tidal current speeds (\u22651.2\u20132.4 m\/s) used by tidal kites, and the physical processes driving overlap.  Fish schools undertake diel vertical migrations driven by the depth of light penetration into the water column, controlled by the supply of solar radiation and water column light absorption and scattering, which in turn depends on the cross\u2010sectional area of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Fish schools were found shallower in the morning and evening and deeper in the middle of the day when solar radiation is greatest, with the deepest depths reached during predictable bimonthly periods of lower current speeds and lower cross\u2010sectional area of SPM.  Potential kite operations overlap with fish schools for a mean of 5% of the time that schools are present (maximum for a day is 36%). This represents a mean of 6% of the potential kite operating time (maximum for a day is 44%). These were both highest during a new moon spring tide and transitions between neap and spring tides.  Synthesis and applications. Overlap of fish school depth distribution with tidal kite operation is reasonably predictable, and so the timing of operations could be adapted to avoid potential negative interactions. If all interaction between fish schools was to be avoided, the loss of operational time for tidal kites would be 6%. This information could also be used in planning the operating depths of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices to avoid or minimize overlap with fish schools and their predators by developers, and for environmental licencing and management authorities to gauge potential ecological impacts of different MRE device designs and operating characteristics.","author":["Whitton, T.","Jackson, S.","Hiddink, J.","Scoulding, B.","Bowers, D.","Powell, B.","Jackson, T.","Gimenez, L.","Davies, A."],"organization":["Bangor University","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.318575000000","-4.920990000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Whitton_et_al-2020-Journal_of_Applied_Ecology.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8210","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-tidal-energy-schemes-exemplar-case-study-strait","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/20464177.2009.11020217","title":"Environmental impact assessment for tidal energy schemes: an exemplar case study of the Strait of Messina","description":"Tidal currents and ranges in the Mediterranean basin are generally low from a tidal energy perspective. The narrows through the Strait of Messina are an exception, exhibiting intensive tidal currents that have the potential for the economic exploitation. Maximum current velocities at spring peak tides through the Strait vary between 1.8m\/s to more than 3m\/s. Selection of suitable locations for tidal energy extraction for the exploitation of these natural tidal phenomenon is not, however, a simple process. Constraints must be satisfied, subject to basic criteria dependent upon local factors, technology limitation and economic consideration. In addition, the impact of large scale extraction on the underlying hydrodynamics, environment and ecology within the Strait has to be assessed and evaluated.  This paper is a desk-based case study to show how a tidal resource may be environmentally assessed for energy extraction, using the Strait of Messina as an exemplar case","author":["El-Geziry, T.","Bryden, G.","Couch, S."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.245885000000","15.651455000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 10:56:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8211","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-review-marine-turtle-entanglement-anthropogenic-debris-baseline-further-action","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v34\/p431-448\/","title":"A global review of marine turtle entanglement in anthropogenic debris: a baseline for further action","description":"Entanglement in anthropogenic debris poses a threat to marine wildlife. Although this is recognised as a cause of marine turtle mortality, there remain quantitative knowledge gaps on entanglement rates and population implications. We provide a global summary of this issue in this taxon using a mixed methods approach, including a literature review and expert opinions from conservation scientists and practitioners worldwide. The literature review yielded 23 reports of marine turtle entanglement in anthropogenic debris, which included records for 6 species, in all ocean basins. Our experts reported the occurrence of marine turtles found entangled across all species, life stages and ocean basins, with suggestions of particular vulnerability in pelagic juvenile life stages. Numbers of stranded turtles encountered by our 106 respondents were in the thousands per year, with 5.5% of turtles encountered entangled; 90.6% of these dead. Of our experts questioned, 84% consider that this issue could be causing population level effects in some areas. Lost or discarded fishing materials, known as \u2018ghost gear\u2019, contributed to the majority of reported entanglements with debris from land-based sources in the distinct minority. Surveyed experts rated entanglement a greater threat to marine turtles than oil pollution, climate change and direct exploitation but less of a threat than plastic ingestion and fisheries bycatch. The challenges, research needs and priority actions facing marine turtle entanglement are discussed as pathways to begin to resolve and further understand the issue. Collaboration among stakeholder groups such as strandings networks, the fisheries sector and the scientific community will facilitate the development of mitigating actions.","author":["Duncan, E.","Botterell, Z.","Broderick, A.","Galloway, T.","Lindeque, P.","Nuno, A.","Godley, B."],"organization":["University of Exeter","Plymouth Marine Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2017-12-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:52:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Duncan-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8212","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tackling-ghost-nets-local-solutions-global-issue-northern-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1442-8903.2010.00525.x","title":"Tackling \u0027ghost nets\u0027: Local solutions to a global issue in northern Australia","description":"We describe the inception and development of the Carpentaria Ghost Nets Programme, located across the Gulf of Carpentaria, which spans north Queensland and the Northern Territory. The program has grown from a small grass\u2010roots idea addressing issues around marine debris to become an internationally acknowledged project headed by the Northern Gulf Resource Management Group. This program, involving more than 18 Indigenous communities and over 90 Indigenous rangers, has become a way of building bridges across cultures and communities for a shared, common interest in land and sea protection. By incorporating traditional values and approaches to managing an international issue at a local scale, we have worked with local communities to increase pride and ownership on country whilst providing transferrable job skills. Success of this program ultimately depends upon the continued active engagements of the Indigenous communities and ranger groups. The project aims to address the fundamental issue of tackling the ghost nets problem at its source through cross\u2010cultural interactions between rangers and fishermen, increasing public, political and economic awareness, and ultimately reducing the incidental and intentional loss of fishing nets that act as ghost nets and result in tremendous biological, cultural and economic impacts. By putting in place long term management measures to ensure monitoring efforts, we can track ghost net debris arrival and changes through time, providing information to policy and cultural changes at regional and international scales.","author":["Gunn, R.","Hardesty, B.","Butler, J."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-17.465758000000","139.857447000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8213","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technical-mitigation-reduce-marine-mammal-bycatch-entanglement-commercial-fishing-gear","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11160-019-09550-6","title":"Technical mitigation to reduce marine mammal bycatch and entanglement in commercial fishing gear: lessons learnt and future directions","description":"Fisheries bycatch is one of the biggest threats to marine mammal populations. A literature review was undertaken to provide a comprehensive assessment and synopsis of gear modifications and technical devices to reduce marine mammal bycatch in commercial trawl, purse seine, longline, gillnet and pot\/trap fisheries. Successfully implemented mitigation measures include acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) which reduced the bycatch of some small cetacean species in gillnets, appropriately designed exclusion devices which reduced pinniped bycatch in some trawl fisheries, and various pot\/trap guard designs that reduced marine mammal entrapment. However, substantial development and research of mitigation options is required to address the bycatch of a range of species in many fisheries. No reliably effective technical solutions to reduce small cetacean bycatch in trawl nets are available, although loud pingers have shown potential. There are currently no technical options that effectively reduce marine mammal interactions in longline fisheries, although development of catch and hook protection devices is promising. Solutions are also needed for species, particularly pinnipeds and small cetaceans, that are not deterred by pingers and continue to be caught in static gillnets. Large whale entanglements in static gear, particularly buoy lines for pots\/traps, needs urgent attention although there is encouraging research on rope-less pot\/trap systems and identification of rope colours that are more detectable to whale species. Future mitigation development and deployment requires rigorous scientific testing to determine if significant bycatch reduction has been achieved, as well as consideration of potentially conflicting mitigation outcomes if multiple species are impacted by a fishery.","author":["Hamilton, S.","Baker, G."],"organization":["University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8214","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enhancing-visibility-fishing-ropes-reduce-right-whale-entanglements","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Enhancing-the-Visibility-of-Fishing-Ropes-to-Reduce-Kraus-Fasick\/d9b649a937a562d010c2a9ab6aad0332d4b1f4aa","title":"Enhancing the Visibility of Fishing Ropes to Reduce Right Whale Entanglements","description":"To reduce or eliminate the problem of right whale entanglements in fishing gear, scientists and gear developers have considered the feasibility of enhancing ropes and nets to improve their detection by whales. We conducted laboratory studies which showed that right whale visual sensitivity is tuned to perceive red and orange as high contrast \u201cblack\u201d against the ambient blue\/green oceanic background light. To determine whether changing the color of the ropes alters the distance at which whales can detect them, we conducted field trials in Cape Cod Bay in the spring of 2013. Rope-mimics were placed in front of right whales that were skim-feeding at the surface, so that changes in behavior (respiration, mouth closures, submergence times, and turning angles) and the distance of that change from the rope mimic (distance of detection) could be documented. Rope mimics were made from rigid PVC pipe, weighted at one end, and attached to a float at the other end, so each whale encountered the equivalent of a vertical buoy line as it swam near the surface. Color selection for the rope mimics included black, green, red, and orange (the first two mimic existing fishing rope colors). A total of 101 encounters between whales and the rope mimics were documented, and analysis indicates that red and orange colored rope mimics were detected by right whales at significantly greater distances than green ones. This suggests that changing commercial fishing rope color to red and\/or orange may enhance the whale\u2019s ability to visually avoid entanglements in the wild. Field trials of orange ropes by a group of Maine lobstermen indicate that switching rope colors in that industry is feasible.","author":["Kraus, S.","Fasick, J.","Werner, T.","McFarron, P."],"organization":["New England Aquarium","University of South Florida","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kraus_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8409","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-policy-interventions-marine-social-ecological-systems-case-study-sekisei","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-15-1133-2_2","title":"Mapping the Policy Interventions on Marine Social-Ecological Systems: Case Study of Sekisei Lagoon, Southwest Japan","description":"Using a case of the Sekisei Lagoon, Okinawa Prefecture, the southeastern tip of Japanese archipelago, this chapter discussed the interrelationships among the sectoral policy interventions by various marine-related ministries, and the whole structure of the integrated ocean policy. First, we developed the Social-Ecological Systems (SES) Schematic, which summarized the main ecosystem structures, functions, use types, and the stakeholders relating to the Sekisei Lagoon. Then, sectoral policy interventions by various ministries were overlaid onto the SES schematic to graphically show their interrelationships. We found that the ecosystem structure and functions used by one sector is closely connected to other structures and functions, which are then used by other sectors. In other words, all the stakeholders in the social system are closely interlinked at the ecological system level. Secondly, all in all, sectoral policy interventions by various ministries are covering almost all part of the Sekisei Lagoon SES, and therefore, the total coordination of the sectoral policy interventions and the creation of the synergy effects are required. In this process, the cabinet office and the local government will play the important roles. Finally, this SES schematic can be used as a boundary object to facilitate the knowledge exchanges among various stakeholders including the policy makers, practitioners, and researchers, to share the common understandings of the current situation, and to cocreate the policy interventions for the sustainable uses of Sekisei Lagoon.","author":["Makino, M.","Hori, M.","Nanami, A.","Hori, J.","Tajima, H."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.206130000000","123.985744000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8603","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-carbon-audit-tidal-array-equipped-innovative-power-take","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Miguel_Santos-Herran\/publication\/339201376_Energy_and_carbon_audit_of_a_tidal_array_equipped_with_an_innovative_power_take-off\/links\/5e43c830299bf1cdb9211159\/Energy-and-carbon-audit-of-a-tidal-array-equipped-with-an-innovative-power-take-off.pdf","title":"Energy and carbon audit of a tidal array equipped with an innovative power take-off","description":"If wave and tidal energy devices are to become a significant contributor to the electricity generation mix, their environmental impact and energy and carbon footprints need to be added to the traditional technoeconomic assessment. This paper presents the life cycle carbon and energy study of an array of ten tidal stream turbines equipped with the innovative power take-off developed, built and tested under the European H2020 project TiPA. A \u2018cradle-to-grave\u2019 evaluation was performed, taking account of all energy inputs and CO2 emissions in the fabrication, transport, installation, lifetime maintenance and decommissioning (including recycling). The calculated energy and carbon intensities were at 445 kJ\/kWh and 29.2 g CO2\/kWh, respectively. Under relatively conservative assumptions, the energy payback period for the simulated array was calculated at 30 months, while the carbon payback period was 25 months. The obtained results on intensities and payback periods were found to be competitive with those of existing studies on alternative marine energy concepts, and low relative to the conventional nuclear or fossil-fuelled generation. Given the early developmental stage of the technology, these results are promising, and could be further improved by considering alternatives to steel as a structural material or by improving the environmental performance of the foundation element.","author":["Santos-Herran, M.","Medina-L\u00f3pez, E.","Entwistle, L.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2019-01-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8604","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/demonstrating-concept-multi-use-too-soon-north-sea-barriers-opportunities-stakeholder","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08920753.2020.1728206","title":"Is Demonstrating the Concept of Multi-Use Too Soon for the North Sea? Barriers and Opportunities from a Stakeholder Perspective","description":"Multi-use (MU) has been promoted as a viable approach to the effective planning and mitigation of user-conflicts in the marine realm. Despite several research and pilot projects demonstrating the approach\u2019s feasibility and benefits, commercially viable MU applications remain patchy and few. Further, MU is neither systematically applied nor purposively planned for even in the imminent event of incompatible and conflicting use of marine space. This paper seeks to identify barriers and opportunities for mainstreaming MU based on desktop study and iterative stakeholder consultation. The findings reveal that the MU concept was frequently framed as \u2018co-location\u2019 or \u2018co-existence\u2019 and aimed toward mitigating conflict among users. Practice was ahead of theory with little attention to synergistic and efficiency aspects. Barriers for MU application include shortcomings in legislation, sectoral thinking, and burdensome administrative procedures. The main opportunity lies in creating a conducive policy environment where MU risks and transaction costs become low and competitive, respectively. Solutions at the sea basin and national level, upon which further MU application can be anchored, are proposed.","author":["Onyango, V.","Papaioannou, E.","Schupp, M.","Zaucha, J.","Przedzymirska, J.","Lukic, I.","Varona, M.","Schultz-Zehden, A.","Giannelos, I.","Lakamp, R.","van de Velde, I."],"organization":["SUBMARINER Network for Blue Growth EEIG","University of Gda\u0144sk","University of Azores"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8606","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/relative-impacts-multiple-human-stressors-estuaries-coastal-waters-north-sea-baltic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969719353082","title":"Relative impacts of multiple human stressors in estuaries and coastal waters in the North Sea\u2013Baltic Sea transition zone","description":"The objectives of this study are 1) to map the potential cumulative impacts of multiple human activities and stressors on the ecosystems in the transition zone between the North Sea and Baltic Sea, for Danish waters 2) to analyse differences in stressor contribution between the European Union\u2019s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, off-shore waters) and Water Framework Directive (WFD, coastal waters), and 3) to assess the local relative importance of stressors for 14 areas along a land-sea gradient, from inner fjords or coastal areas to offshore waters. The mapping of cumulative impacts is anchored in 35 datasets describing a broad range of human stressors and 47 ecosystem components ranging from phytoplankton over benthic communities to fish, seabirds and marine mammals, which we combined by means of a widely used spatial human impact model. Ranking of the stressor impacts for the entire study area revealed that the top five stressors are: \u2018Nutrients\u2019, \u2018Climate anomalies\u2019, \u2018Non-indigenous species\u2019, \u2018Noise\u2019 and \u2018Contaminants\u2019. The gradient studies showed that some stressors (e.g. \u2018Nutrients\u2019, \u2018Shipping\u2019 and \u2018Physical modification\u2019) have a relatively higher impact within the fjord\/estuarine systems whilst others (e.g. \u2018Fisheries\u2019, \u2018Contaminants\u2019 and \u2018Noise\u2019) have relatively higher impact in the open waters. Beyond mapping of cumulative human impacts, we discuss how the maps can be used as an analytical tool to inform ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning, using the MSFD and WFD as examples.","author":["Andersen, J.","Al-Hamdani, Z.","Harvey, E.","Kallenbach, E.","Murray, C.","Stock, A."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","Columbia University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.807720000000","10.235834000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Andersenetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8806","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/medeas-new-modeling-framework-integrating-global-biophysical-socioeconomic-constraints","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlehtml\/2020\/ee\/c9ee02627d","title":"MEDEAS: a new modeling framework integrating global biophysical and socioeconomic constraints","description":"A diversity of integrated assessment models (IAMs) coexists due to the different approaches developed to deal with the complex interactions, high uncertainties and knowledge gaps within the environment and human societies. This paper describes the open-source MEDEAS modeling framework, which has been developed with the aim of informing decision-making to achieve the transition to sustainable energy systems with a focus on biophysical, economic, social and technological restrictions and tackling some of the limitations identified in the current IAMs. MEDEAS models include the following relevant characteristics: representation of biophysical constraints to energy availability; modeling of the mineral and energy investments for the energy transition, allowing a dynamic assessment of the potential mineral scarcities and computation of the net energy available to society; consistent representation of climate change damages with climate assessments by natural scientists; integration of detailed sectoral economic structure (input\u2013output analysis) within a system dynamics approach; energy shifts driven by physical scarcity; and a rich set of socioeconomic and environmental impact indicators. The potentialities and novel insights that this framework brings are illustrated by the simulation of four variants of current trends with the MEDEAS-world model: the consideration of alternative plausible assumptions and methods, combined with the feedback-rich structure of the model, reveal dynamics and implications absent in classical models. Our results suggest that the continuation of current trends will drive significant biophysical scarcities and impacts which will most likely derive in regionalization (priority to security concerns and trade barriers), conflict, and ultimately, a severe global crisis which may lead to the collapse of our modern civilization. Despite depicting a much more worrying future than conventional projections of current trends, we however believe it is a more realistic counterfactual scenario that will allow the design of improved alternative sustainable pathways in future work.","author":["Capellan-Perez, I.","de Blas, I.","Nieto, J.","de Castro, C.","Miguel, L.","Carpintero, O.","Mediavilla, M.","Lobejon, L.","Ferreras-Alonso, F.","Rodrigo, P.","Frechoso, F.","Alvarez-Antelo, D."],"organization":["University of Valladolid"],"originationDate":"2020-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Capellanetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8808","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hybrid-multi-objective-evolutionary-based-multi-criteria-decision-making-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339473723_A_hybrid_multi-objective_evolutionary-based_and_multi-criteria_decision_making_approach_for_cooperative_marine_spatial_planning_MSP","title":"A Hybrid Multi-Objective Evolutionary-Based and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Cooperative Marine Spatial Planning (MSP)","description":"Over the last decades, the more the population grew, the more the demand increased for marine space uses. Hence, the increasing demand has led to conflicts due to the overlapping of various human activities (e.g., renewable energy equipment, aquaculture, fishing, etc.) occurred for economic development, social objectives, and environmental protection purposes (European Commission of Maritime Affairs, 2017). To urgently address these potential conflicts, a planning approach is required to analyze and allocate the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas [1]. This planning process is usually called Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), an ecosystem-based spatial organization process that aims at allocating marine spatial zones to multiple actors to ensure that human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable manner [2].  The goal of this contribution is twofold: 1) Proposing a practical description of MSP and a comprehensive review of related articles, and 2) Developing a spatial decision support system to allocate maritime space to multiple actors, in which actors interact\/negotiate and seek compromises, in order to reach an agreement despite their potentially conflicting objectives\/constraints","author":["Basirati, M.","Billot, R.","Meyer, P.","Mohammadi, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8815","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-ecosystem-service-assessments-support-participatory-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120300314","title":"Using ecosystem service assessments to support participatory marine spatial planning","description":"With growing interest in ocean uses for sustainable economic development, there is an increasing need for cross-sectoral marine spatial planning to balance different resource uses and conservation requirements. Ecosystem service assessments can provide the evidence to inform marine spatial planning decisions. Existing case studies suggest that these assessments can also have positive effects on the engagement of marine stakeholders in management and planning processes. Stakeholder engagement is a central element in marine spatial planning and other area-based management approaches. However, in a marine context, engagement is often difficult due to the lack of clear boundaries in the ocean, traditionally sectoral marine management and limited understanding of marine ecosystems. The study presented here investigated ecosystem service assessments as a tool for improving marine stakeholder engagement. Stakeholder experiences with ecosystem service assessments in six marine management and planning case studies were analysed to identify why, how and under what conditions ecosystem service assessments can support effective engagement. The findings show that under the right conditions, ecosystem service assessments can provide an inclusive and integrative platform for engagement, enable a better understanding of marine ecosystems, human-ecosystem interactions and management contexts, and support better stakeholder relationships. Stakeholder participation also improves the evidence base for ecosystem service assessments. Thus, involving stakeholders in ecosystem service assessments can improve marine spatial planning decisions and lead to better management and conservation outcomes for the ocean.","author":["Friedrich, L.","Glegg, G.","Fletcher, S.","Dodds, W.","Philippe, M.","Bailly, D."],"organization":["University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2020-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.236587000000","-4.241815000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8816","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analytical-framework-af-analysing-multi-use-mu-european-sea-basins","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sites.dundee.ac.uk\/muses\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/70\/2017\/06\/MUSES-AF-Version-10_22.pdf","title":"Analytical Framework (AF) \u2013 Analysing Multi-Use (MU) in the European Sea Basins","description":"The purpose of this document is to establish a framework for the analysis of Multi-Use (MU) in the sea basin context, which will provide the project consortium with the practical research tools necessary to examine theoretical understanding and practical experience related to MU. This framework will guide further analyses and also feed into Work Package (WP) 3 - Case Study Analysis. For this specific purpose, this analytical framework (AF) will be considered in the preparation of the Case Study Methodology (D3.1), aiming at maximizing the degree of commonality between the two scales of analysis (Sea Basin scale and local scale).  The analytical framework is intended to guide the process of information and data gathering and stakeholder engagement, providing the needed degree of homogeneity to the analysis of different Sea Basins. The framework should be interpreted as a flexible tool, and it may be modified and adapted through the implementation process, according to the emerging needs. In the event of changes or additions to the framework described herein being encountered, a technical note will be prepared by the WP2 leader, describing the amendments to the methodology. After WP2 completion, a revised version of this framework will be prepared, incorporating all changes.","author":["Zaucha, J.","Bocci, M.","Depellegrin, D.","Lukic, I.","Buck, B.","Schupp, M.","Cana, M.","Kovacheva, A.","Buchanan, B.","Karachle, P."],"organization":["MUSES - Multi-Use in European Seas","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.666134000000","-4.188545000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zaucha_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/8817","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analyzing-energy-options-small-scale-grid-communities-canadian-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652619341903","title":"Analyzing energy options for small-scale off-grid communities: A Canadian case study","description":"Recent studies have shown that Canada will not achieve its 2030 emission reduction targets outlined in the Paris Agreement. Canadian energy decision makers are now at a crossroad between making sound fiscal decisions and ramping up efforts to meet emission reduction commitments. Approximately 195,000 people are living in off-grid Canadian communities, with most of these communities relying on fossil-fuel based energy generation. Hybrid renewable energy systems provide a novel solution to address the high costs of off-grid energy and Canada\u2019s emission reduction targets. To address the competing stakeholder priorities in off-grid energy planning (e.g., economic, environmental, and system performance), the authors of this paper employed a generalizable combinatorial-based alternative ranking method. Alternative energy technology combinations were simulated to calculate key performance indicator values. The framework allows decision makers to identify the most feasible energy system based on their priorities. A case study was performed with the developed framework for a small off-grid community in British Columbia, Canada. The results show that feasibility of energy system configurations vary greatly based on differing decision-making priorities. The case study also confirmed that hybrid renewable energy systems have better environmental performance compared to their fossil fuel counter parts, but at a significantly higher cost. The study further confirms that the balance between environmental and economic performance of off-grid energy systems can be improved through proper component sizing, management practices, and the integration of energy storage.","author":["Prabatha, T.","Hager, J.","Carneiro, B.","Hewage, K.","Sadiq, R."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2020-03-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.564824000000","-106.956663000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9014","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electric-magnetic-senses-marine-animals-potential-behavioral-effects-electromagnetic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113619306944","title":"Electric and magnetic senses in marine animals, and potential behavioral effects of electromagnetic surveys","description":"Electromagnetic surveys generate electromagnetic fields to map petroleum deposits under the seabed with unknown consequences for marine animals. The electric and magnetic fields induced by electromagnetic surveys can be detected by many marine animals, and the generated fields may potentially affect the behavior of perceptive animals. Animals using magnetic cues for migration or local orientation, especially during a restricted time-window, risk being affected by electromagnetic surveys. In electrosensitive animals, anthropogenic electric fields could disrupt a range of behaviors. The lack of studies on effects of the electromagnetic fields induced by electromagnetic surveys on the behavior of magneto- and electrosensitive animals is a reason for concern. Here, we review the use of electric and magnetic fields among marine animals, present data on survey generated and natural electromagnetic fields, and discuss potential effects of electromagnetic surveys on the behavior of marine animals.","author":["Nyqvist, D.","Durif, C.","Gullikstad Johnsen, M.","De Jong, K.","Nesse Forland, T.","Doks\u00e6ter Sivle, L."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute of Marine Research","The University of Troms\u00f8"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Cetaceans","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9015","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mesocosm-comparison-laboratory-based-site-edna-solutions-detection-quantification","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/edn3.61","title":"A mesocosm comparison of laboratory-based and on-site eDNA solutions for detection and quantification of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in marine ecosystems","description":"Environmental effects monitoring in marine ecosystems are challenging, particularly in dynamic macrotidal settings like the Bay of Fundy. Environmental DNA provides a useful tool for determining species presence in such challenging places to access and sample. Moreover, recent studies showing a link between eDNA concentration and fish density\/biomass reveal the great promise for eDNA tools to improve biodiversity assessments in marine environments. Three mesocosm experiments were conducted to assess the accuracy and precision of a handheld point\u2010of\u2010need (PoN) tool for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay for eDNA detection of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) versus conventional laboratory\u2010based eDNA techniques. The first of these experiments determined that striped bass eDNA was reliably detected using either of the laboratory\u2010based or PoN platforms, with some variation observed in the estimates of eDNA concentrations derived from each. Next, a time series experiment established that eDNA in water samples collected within a 24\u2010hrs period of exposure to striped bass was reliably and consistently detectable with either platform. Our final experiment found that the relationship between eDNA concentrations and manipulated striped bass stocking densities was significant and positive based on results from each of the laboratory\u2010based or PoN platforms. Our results validate and advance eDNA approaches toward environmental monitoring efforts and demonstrate the potential for real\u2010time eDNA tools to quantify and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of species\u2010at\u2010risk in an open ocean environment.","author":["Skinner, M.","Murdoch, M.","Loeza-Quintana, T.","Crookes, S.","Hanner, R."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Stantec Consulting","University of Guelph"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.636772000000","-63.592010000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Skinner_et_al-2020-Environmental_DNA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9212","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-modelling-wave-energy-resources-assessment-wave-energy-extraction-large","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117302417","title":"Numerical modelling of wave energy resources and assessment of wave energy extraction by large scale wave farms","description":"This study reports the practicalities of applying a numerical model to assess the wave energy extraction at proposed development sites in Orkney Waters, Scotland. A state-of-the-art phase averaged spectral wave model, MIKE 21 Spectral Wave, in association with the wave-structure interaction software tool WAMIT, has been employed to study the impact of energy extraction by large arrays of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) on the wave height alteration in the neighbourhood of WEC arrays. Two generic types of WEC, one representing surface attenuators (deployed in deep water) and other representing Oscillating Wave Surge Converters (deployed in shallow waters) are used for numerical modelling. The power extraction performance of the WECs are initially modelled using WAMIT and validated with data from literature. As MIKE 21 SW has limited ability in modelling complete dynamics of a moving structure, each WEC has been modelled as a generic structure but with appropriate reflection, transmission and energy absorption properties derived from WAMIT, and this methodology is found to have worked well. In total there are 198 attenuators and 120 Oscillating Wave Surge Converters are constructed within the numerical model at potential energy locations in Orkney Waters, and the wave-WECs array interactions for the year 2010 have been simulated. The results suggest that the wave farm will have an impact on the wave climate immediately in the lee of the array, although the magnitude of these effects decreases monotonically with distance from the farm.","author":["Venugopal, V.","Nemalidinne, R.","V\u00f6gler, A."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.045212500000","-3.450200800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9213","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-adcp-observations-3d-model-simulations-turbulence-tidal-energy-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148117302537","title":"Comparison of ADCP observations and 3D model simulations of turbulence at a tidal energy site","description":"Field measurement of turbulence in strong tidal currents is difficult and expensive, but the tidal energy industry needs to accurately quantify turbulence for adequate resource characterisation and device design. Models that can predict such turbulence could reduce measurement costs. We compare a Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) simulation with acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements from a highly-energetic tidal site. This comparison shows the extent to which turbulence can be quantified by ROMS, using the conventional k -  \u03b5 turbulence closure model. Both model and observations covered the same time period, encompassing two spring-neap cycles. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) density was calculated from measurements using the variance method; turbulent dissipation, \u03b5, was calculated using the structure function method. Measurements show that wave action dominates turbulent fluctuations in the upper half of the water column; comparing results for deeper water, however, shows very strong agreement. A best fit between ROMS and ADCP results for mean velocity yields R2 = 0.98; for TKE, R2 is 0.84 when strongly wave-dominated times are excluded. Dissipation agrees less well: although time series of \u03b5 are well-correlated at similar depths, ROMS estimates a greater magnitude of dissipation than is measured, by a factor of up to 4.8.","author":["Togneri, M.","Lewis, M.","Neill, S.","Masters, I."],"organization":["Swansea University","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.300718000000","-4.729125800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Togneri-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9214","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-retirement-decreasing-uncertainty-informing-consenting-processes-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/3\/172","title":"Risk Retirement\u2014Decreasing Uncertainty and Informing Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) is under development in many coastal nations, adding to the portfolio of low carbon energy sources that power national electricity grids as well as off-grid uses in isolated areas and at sea. Progress in establishing the MRE industry, largely wave and tidal energy, has been slowed in part due to uncertainty about environmental risks of these devices, including harm to marine animals and habitats, and the associated concerns of regulators and stakeholders. A process for risk retirement was developed to organize and apply knowledge in a strategic manner that considered whether specific environmental effects are likely to cause harm. The risk retirement process was tested against two key MRE stressors: effects of underwater noise from operational MRE devices on marine animals, and effects of electromagnetic fields from MRE electrical export cables on marine animals. The effects of installation of MRE devices were not accounted for in this analysis. Applying the risk retirement process could decrease the need for costly investigations of each potential effect at every new MRE project site and help move the industry beyond current barriers.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-2020-Risk-Retirement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9607","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/brims-tidal-array-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/lot\/Brims_Tidal\/Environmental_Statement\/","title":"Brims Tidal Array Environmental Statement","description":"Brims Tidal Array Limited (BTAL) is proposing to develop a tidal array, known as the Brims Tidal Array Project (the Project), of up to 200 megawatts (MW) of generating capacity within the Pentland Firth. The key driver for the Project is the development of renewable sources of energy, which is critical for combatting global climate change, and which contributes to improved energy sustainability and security of supply in Scotland. This document is the Environmental Statement (ES) for the Project and focuses on the offshore aspects of the Project.  Volume 2A (Ch. 1-9) is available here.  Volume 2B (Ch. 10-14) is available here.  Volume 2C (Ch. 15-24) is available here.","author":["OpenHydro","SSE Renewables"],"organization":["Brims Tidal Array Ltd"],"originationDate":"2016-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.770602000000","-3.181373000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brims-ES-2A-2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brims-ES-2B-2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brims-ES-2C-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/9608","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-development-through-regulator","sourceURL":"","title":"Managing Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development through Regulator Engagement, Data Transferability","description":"With only a few wave and tidal devices in the water and no long-term post-installation datasets available, there continue to be uncertainties around risks to marine animals and habitats from the deployment and operation of marine renewable energy (MRE) systems. Based on these uncertainties and lack of familiarity with MRE devices, regulators and stakeholders continue to perceive a wide array of potential environmental interactions as risky and require considerable monitoring in order to permit or license a project. The MRE industry is struggling with the high cost of baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring, as well as long timelines for obtaining permits, leading to uncertainty and risk for financing projects. In order to move towards commercial development of MRE projects, there is a need to distinguish among environmental risks and to manage them. Risks due to uncertainty can likely be reduced and perhaps retired with the collection of additional data, while actual risks to animals and habitats can be avoided or mitigated. Interactions that continue to be uncertain, yet are perceived to be potentially risky, can become the focus of proportional monitoring programs, with the goal of better understanding and minimizing those risks.","author":["Freeman, M.","Copping, A.","Gorton, A.","Dreyer, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/10188","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/concurrent-legacy-impacts-establishing-marine-energy-sector-scotland-computable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/strathprints.strath.ac.uk\/67733\/","title":"Concurrent and legacy impacts from establishing a marine energy sector in Scotland: a computable general equilibrium analysis","description":"For both environmental and energy security reasons, there is a growing recognition that existing fossil fuel technology cannot continue to be as heavily used as in the past and there is a growing movement towards generation technologies which operate with low, or zero, carbon emissions. This includes renewable technologies, such as hydro, on- and off-shore wind, and marine (wave and tidal) devices. The use of wind technology to generate electricity has grown rapidly across the UK in the last decade. However, other renewable technologies, such as marine, have also received both financial support and political interest and the first generation of economically viable devices is now close to market.","author":["Allan, G.","Stallard, T.","Swales, K.","Turner, K."],"organization":["University of Manchester","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2006-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.751886000000","-2.396112000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/11164","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/prospective-development-large-scale-tidal-current-turbine-array-example-numerical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261920301331","title":"Prospective of development of large-scale tidal current turbine array: An example numerical investigation of Zhejiang, China","description":"Despite the rapid development of tidal current energy, understanding of its potential environmental impacts is still far from complete, especially for the region with considerable input of freshwater and sediment. As the large-scale tidal energy stations were deployed in Canada, the UK, China, Netherlands, France, and the US, concerns about its harm to the environment are growing. To address such issues, the Zhejiang area, one of the top tidal sites in the world, is taken as an example and a three-dimensional two-way-nested model was constructed. The embedded array of 5 turbines, 50 turbines, and 200 turbines are estimated to produce an average power of 0.9 MW, 7.8 MW, and 22.1 MW, respectively. The results show that currents are decelerated significantly downstream of the array, while accelerations are observed in the neighboring channel. Moreover, significant increases in tidal elevation are found in the small basins characterized by both deep water and great velocity deficits. Modifications to sediment transport are predicted through changes in the bed shear stress. Notably, disturbance from the turbines unlikely changes the locations of sediment erosion and deposition. However, considerable reductions in bed shear stress extending over 10 km downstream could potentially slow down the sediment transport rates. The presence of the turbine array also induces a more noticeable effect in the areas with more benign hydrodynamic conditions. Especially in the coastal waters, the relatively small bed shear stresses decrease greatly in percentage, reaching up to 40%.","author":["Deng, G.","Zhang, Z.","Li, Y.","Liu, H.","Xu, W.","Pan, Y."],"organization":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University","University of Michigan"],"originationDate":"2020-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.935494000000","122.030485500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/11165","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/diversity-abundance-size-structure-fishes-invertebrates-captured-intertidal-fishing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ojs.library.dal.ca\/nsis\/article\/view\/nsis50-2dadswell%2Cspares%2Cpotter%2Cporter\/0","title":"Diversity, abundance and size structure of fishes and invertebrates captured by an intertidal fishing weir at Bramber, Minas Basin, Nova Scotia","description":"Capturing fish using a weir or trap on the intertidal flats of the Bay of Fundy was developed by native Mi\u2019kamaq who later taught the method to the European settlers. Between 1800-1910 fish weirs were a significant part of the important American shad fishery in the inner Bay of Fundy before the collapse of the northwest Atlantic population from pollution and damming of major spawning rivers in the United States. Weirs remain an important segment of the Minas Basin fisheries but now the largest commercial catches consist of Atlantic herring, gaspereau and flounders. Studies on the fishes captured in Minas Basin weirs were published in 1852, 1924, 1984 and 2014, but all lacked a sampling intensity which would fully describe the diversity, abundance and size structure of the catch. An intertidal weir at Bramber, Minas Basin was surveyed during April-July, 2017 where catches were examined at each low tide. The weir was constructed on the intertidal flat during early April after Minas Basin cleared of drift ice. During the study period mean daily tide range was 10.46 m with a maximum spring tide range of 13.72 m. A total of eight neap and eight spring tide cycles were observed. Daily water temperature of Minas Basin was 8.0 C\u00b0 during late May and increased to a maximum of 21.4 C\u00b0 in late July. Fish and invertebrate collections began on April 10 and continued daily until July 22 when water temperatures in the trap became too warm for by-catch species to survive (+25 C\u00b0). During the study period an estimated total of 674,402 fishes consisting of 45 species were captured and of these 57,950 were measured. The most abundant fishes observed were gaspereau (alewife and blueback herring 51.9%), rainbow smelt (13.9%), Atlantic herring (13.0%) and tomcod (10.1%). Other commonly captured fishes were American shad, skate (little and winter), winter flounder, windowpane flounder, striped bass, mackerel and Atlantic sturgeon. A total of 18,511 invertebrates were captured and counted. The most abundant were long-fin squid (13.8%) and crustaceans (rock crab, lady crab; 84.0%).","author":["Dadswell, M.","Spares, A.","Porter, E.","Porter, D."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.205326500000","-64.807152200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/11361","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-wave-tidal-energy-systems-review-current-methodological-practice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/5\/1604","title":"Life Cycle Assessment on Wave and Tidal Energy Systems: A Review of Current Methodological Practice","description":"Recent decades have witnessed wave and tidal energy technology receiving considerable attention because of their low carbon emissions during electricity production. However, indirect emissions from their entire life cycle should not be ignored. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) has been widely applied as a useful approach to systematically evaluate the environmental performance of wave and tidal energy technologies. This study reviews recent LCA studies on wave and tidal energy systems for stakeholders to understand current status of methodological practice and associated inherent limitations and reveal future research needs for application of LCA on wave and tidal technologies. The conformance of the selected LCAs to ISO 14040 (2006) and 14044 (2006) are critically analyzed in strict accordance with the ISO stepwise methodologies, namely, goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis, as well as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Our systematically screening of these studies indicates that few of the selected studies are of strict conformance with ISO 14040 and 14044 standards, which makes the results unreliable and thus further reduces the confidence of interested stakeholders. Further, our review indicates that current LCA practice on wave and tidal energies is lacking consideration of temporal variations, which should be addressed in future research, as it causes inaccuracy and uncertainties.","author":["Zhang, X.","Zhang, L.","Yuan, Y.","Zhai, Q."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zhangetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/13487","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-international-european-scots-law-governing-marine-litter-integration-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120300296","title":"Analysis of international, European and Scot\u0027s law governing marine litter and integration of policy within regional marine plans","description":"Within recent years, the issue of marine litter has become increasingly relevant to the citizens of Scotland. Inputs from shipping and fishing activities with additional contributions from society\u0027s throw away lifestyle has inundated healthy seas, endangered wildlife and degraded the health of the oceans. International, European and Scot\u0027s law governing the marine environment exists on a legally and non-legally binding basis, with the strictest of regulations concerning marine litter more commonly found on a non-legally binding basis. A global response is necessary to curb the issue but despite commitments to protect the marine environment, many States that have committed to reducing environmental pollution via international treaties are lagging on their promises. The introduction of marine planning to reduce conflict between users and the marine environment has the potential to address marine litter and to uphold commitments for healthy seas under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. This paper, using a scientific literature-based analysis, evaluates international, European and Scottish environmental law that addresses aspects of marine litter, including inputs, types of marine litter and the outcomes of parties found guilty of contributing to the issue. Integration of these policies within regional marine plans utilising local knowledge has become the first step in tackling this ubiquitous problem, as well as increasing awareness of policies and marine planning amongst the public. A survey was carried out in Scotland to establish awareness levels on these topics: awareness of marine litter (100%), marine planning (34%) and regional marine plans (33%). Raising public awareness of marine planning will aid its effectiveness in reducing the presence and impact of marine litter.","author":["Sheridan, H.","Johnson, K.","Capper, A."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.581518000000","-4.122627000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/13488","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-future-pressures-impacts-portuguese-maritime-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720303739","title":"Mapping the future: Pressures and impacts in the Portuguese maritime spatial planning","description":"Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) is bringing new challenges to planning and management in the marine realm, namely on the environmental assessment of the new plans and projects. Portugal is developing its first MSP instrument, PSOEM (Plano de Situa\u00e7\u00e3o do Ordenamento do Espa\u00e7o Mar\u00edtimo), since 2015 and published it on December 2019. This paper focuses on a particular stage of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of PSOEM regarding the assessment of the activities\/uses that may significantly affect Natura 2000 marine network during the Plan\u0027s implementation in the Mainland subdivision. Over the years, progress has been made in researching and assessing the environmental impacts of maritime activities\/uses. However, its application to practice raised several challenges and limitations. The methodological approach presented in this paper was developed to overcome knowledge, data and time constraints. Some of the limitations are a consequence of the MSP approach itself adopted in Portugal, namely the low technical detail on future uses and activities, which is required and desirable at this level of planning. Others relate with the lack of spatially explicit data on marine habitats and species distribution preserved under Natura 2000 network, which is not fully established in the marine environment. The adopted methodology started with the characterization and mapping of the conservation values and the pressures arising from the potential activities\/uses. It followed with the assessment of their impacts and finally with the identification of mitigation measures, which were then adopted by the PSOEM as good practices. As new knowledge is generated and more information is collected, this tailor-made approach can be easily adapted and improved to keep supporting decision-making throughout PSOEM\u0027s implementation. The method can be easily adapted and transferred to other contexts, not only within the Portuguese maritime area, and could be made available to stakeholders that wish to invest in blue growth.","author":["Fernandes, M.","Sousa, L.","Quintela, A.","Marques, M.","Reis, J.","Simao, A.","Castro, A.","Marqu\u00e9s, J.","Alves, F."],"organization":["University of Aveiro"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.315985000000","-8.151199000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/13683","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-caribbean-island-montserrat-lessons-data-limited-small-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/csp2.158","title":"Marine spatial planning on the Caribbean island of Montserrat: Lessons for data-limited small islands","description":"As human use of the oceans increases, marine spatial planning (MSP) is being more widely adopted to achieve improved environmental, economic, and social outcomes. However, there is a lack of practical guidance for stakeholder driven, scientifically informed MSP processes in small island and data\u2010limited contexts. Here, we present an overview of MSP on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, with a focus on the scientific and technical input that helped inform the process. Montserrat presents an interesting case study of MSP in the small island context as it has ocean uses that are common to many islands, namely small\u2010scale fisheries and tourism, but the marine environment has been heavily impacted due to volcanic activity. We detail the methods for data collection and analysis and the decision\u2010making process that contributed to a marine spatial plan. We highlight aspects of the process that may be useful for other small islands embarking on MSP, and lessons learned regarding scientific support, including the need for on\u2010site scientific support and guidance throughout MSP, the importance of setting clear objectives, working within data limitations and making data accessible, and choosing and using appropriate decision support tools.","author":["Flower, J.","Ramdeen, R.","Estep, A.","Thomas, L.","Francis, S.","Goldberg, G.","Johnson, A.","McClintock, W.","Mendes, S.","Mengerink, K.","O\u0027Garro, M.","Rogers, L.","Zischka, U.","Lester, S."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Florida State University","Waitt Institute","Montserrat National Trust","Government of Montserrat: Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and the Environment"],"originationDate":"2020-03-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["16.724818000000","-62.185060000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/13684","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-planning-french-law-towards-integrated-process","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/1452\/1\/012045\/meta","title":"Offshore Renewable Energy Planning in French Law: towards an integrated process?","description":"The production potential of offshore renewable energy meets the objectives of energy and climate policy at international and European level. Under French law, the necessary planning for the development of the offshore renewable energies is carried out within the framework of energy law. This situation, which was not entirely satisfactory in terms of participation and respect for the marine environment, has led to legal developments. In particular, the planning method chosen should be improved through the implementation of MSP. The purpose of this article is to present the planning of offshore renewable energies under French law and to analyze its relevance.","author":["Boillet. N."],"organization":["Brest Navel"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.793139700000","2.591840700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/13685","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aligning-marine-spatial-conservation-priorities-functional-connectivity-across","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/csp2.156","title":"Aligning marine spatial conservation priorities with functional connectivity across maritime jurisdictions","description":"Globally, maritime boundaries on oceans form the basis of governance and management of natural resources, yet the fish, and other marine resources neither conform nor confine to these artificial boundaries. As goods and services from marine life continue to retrogress under the intense human exploitation and changing global environment, resilience could be supported through establishment of a functionally connected network of marine reserves across maritime jurisdictions. While the establishment of protected areas within the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) is expanding, mechanisms that would allow governments to conserve marine areas beyond national jurisdictions are currently inadequate. Consequently, implementing marine reserves is largely confined within territorial waters, high connectivity among contiguous maritime zones notwithstanding. As the global focus shifts toward achieving sustainable development goals for the oceans, there is a need for region\u2010specific approaches to area\u2010based biodiversity conservation that extends the scope of protection to areas in the high seas beyond the EEZ. Using simulations of functional connectivity and seafloor geomorphology, we present and apply in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region a contextual approach to regional marine conservation planning to inform a more effective regional marine conservation across maritime zones.","author":["Maina, J.","Gamoyo, M.","Adams, V.","D\u0027agata, S.","Bosire, J.","Francis, J.","Waruinge, D."],"organization":["Macquarie University","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mainaetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/20636","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/participatory-processes-twenty-first-century-social-knowledge-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rowman.com\/isbn\/9781786612847","title":"Participatory Processes as Twenty-First-Century Social Knowledge Technology","description":"In this chapter we outline the metaphor and narrative work of participatory processes as they contribute to social knowledge in highly contested multi-use and multiuser marine spaces. By adopting a sociotheoretic approach, we can provide multiple layers of contextualization to establish the conditions in which participatory processes have emerged, explore their distinguishing characteristics as diverse and independent knowledge-generating entities, and consider their wider influences.","author":["Heron, E.","Heron, R.","Logie, J.","Greenaway, A.","Allen, W.","Blackett, P.","Davies, K.","Glavovic, B.","Hikuroa, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-04-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.784941000000","171.194402000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/20638","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/governance-management-systems-mediterranean-marine-coastal-biosphere-reserves","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-28014-7_4","title":"Governance and Management Systems in Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Biosphere Reserves","description":"Recent studies in UNESCO World Heritage sites and Biosphere Reserves (BRs) identified gaps regarding the effectiveness of planning, governance, and management. The objective of a study carried out is to develop innovative approaches of evidence-based governance in UNESCO-designated marine protected areas in the Mediterranean Basin. Three different types of Biosphere Reserves have been selected for the present chapter: the Tuscan Islands Archipelago in Italy; the Terres de l\u2019Ebre Delta in Spain; and the marine and coastal area of Gouraya in Algeria. Current and future evidence in the BRs differ and require actions related to the local realities and challenges. The Terres de l\u2019Ebre BR is step by step implementing the new strategies and processes. The Tuscan Island BR has already prepared the frameworks and participatory instruments which await implementation. The Gouraya BR through the National Park established conservation and development functions, but for its realization it still seeks an increase of awareness and commitments of the authorities as well as management tools and funds. The \u201cevidence-based governance and management system\u201d is considered an integrated approach adequately involving the three dimensions top-down, bottom-up, and outside-in. It is an instrument to improve effectiveness of management and to involve the local communities and stakeholders in the decision processes in Biosphere Reserves.","author":["Alfare, L.","Ruoss, E.","Boumaour, A."],"organization":["National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.768193000000","10.222236000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/24499","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/local-voices-renewable-energy-projects-performative-role-regulatory-process-major","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13549839.2018.1449821","title":"Local voices on renewable energy projects: the performative role of the regulatory process for major offshore infrastructure in England and Wales","description":"There is currently a considerable emphasis on delivering major renewable energy infrastructure projects. Such projects will have impacts on local communities; some impacts may be perceived as positive but others will be viewed more negatively. Any just regulatory process for considering and permitting such infrastructure will need to heed the concerns that local communities voice. But what counts as a local voice? In this paper it is argued that the regulatory process plays a performative role, constructing what counts as a local voice. Furthermore, this has consequences for how regulatory deliberations proceed and the outcomes of regulatory processes. The empirical basis for this argument is a study of major offshore renewable energy infrastructure in England and Wales and the way that it is regulated through a specific regime \u2013 the Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIPs) regime established by the Planning Act 2008. Through a detailed study of eight projects that have passed through the regime, the analysis unfolds the way that the voices of local residents, local businesses, local NGOs and local authorities are constructed in the key boundary object of the Examining Authority\u2019s report; it then draws out the implications for the mitigation measures that are negotiated. The research suggests that what counts as a local voice is constrained by how the performative role of the NSIPs regulatory regime differentiates between interests and suggests that new ways of giving voice to local people are required.","author":["Rydin, Y.","Natarajan, L.","Lee, M.","Lock, S."],"organization":["University College London"],"originationDate":"2018-03-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.048842000000","-1.446250000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Local-voices-on-renewable-energy-projects.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/24696","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/model-disentangling-dependencies-impacts-among-human-activities-marine-ecosystem","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-020-01260-1","title":"A Model for Disentangling Dependencies and Impacts among Human Activities and Marine Ecosystem Services","description":"Understanding and communicating the links among human activities and marine ecosystem services are fundamental for ecosystem-based management, which aims at attaining ecological, economic and social sustainability in the use of our seas. Relationships are typically complex and may differ between geographic areas. Here, an assessment model that combines available quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative information, rooted in the DAPSIR (Driver\u2014Activity\u2014Pressure\u2014State\u2014Impact\u2014Response) framework and assessment requirements of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive, is developed and applied. Focusing on Swedish marine waters, major human activities at sea are evaluated in relation to their dependencies and impacts on the status of marine ecosystem services. This case study is a consensus assessment based on evaluation of available literature and data. By relating degrees of dependencies and impacts to values of different economic sectors, discrepancies among sectors with respect to their impact versus their monetary value can be identified. In our case, commercial fishing depends on and influences a wide range of ecosystem services, while other sectors, such as shipping, depend little on marine ecosystem services. At the extreme end of the range, pressures from human activities in the past, such as historical nutrient emissions, still have prominent influence on ecosystem services today, entailing considerable losses. Marine tourism and commercial fishing show similar dependencies on ecosystem services, but tourism has a clearly lower impact on ecosystem services and a higher monetary value. The model may serve as a useful tool for communicating and guiding priorities in integrated environmental management and maritime spatial planning.","author":["Bryhn, A.","Kraufvelin, P.","Bergstr\u00f6m, U.","Vretborn, M.","Bergstr\u00f6m, L."],"organization":["Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.920000000000","15.090000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bryhn-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/24697","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/prioritized-research-development-deployment-demonstration-rddd-needs-marine-other","sourceURL":"","title":"Prioritized Research, Development, Deployment and Demonstration (RDD\u0026D) Needs: Marine and Other Hydrokinetic Renewable Energy","description":"Through engaging a national set of stakeholders, EPRI identified and prioritized research, development, deployment, and demonstration (RDD\u0026amp;D) needs for the emerging marine and other hydrokinetic renewable (MHK) energy technology sector. Eighteen (18) topic RDD\u0026amp;D needs areas were identified. The prioritization resulted in the following top three topics:    Testing (development including experimental through pilot demonstration)  Environmental Issues (which will require device testing and deployed projects)  Standards","author":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"organization":["Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2008-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EPRI.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/29544","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-level-rise-nearshore-fisheries-fishing-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08920759109362152","title":"Sea-level rise, nearshore fisheries, and the fishing industry","description":"Global meteorological conditions may be changing, and sea levels over the next centuries could rise at rates usually measured over millennia. As a result, fish habitats, fishery yields, and the industry\u0027s shoreside infrastructure could change dramatically. This article (1) summarizes predicted sea\u2010level changes; (2) forecasts possible short\u2010 and long\u2010term effects on fish habitats, valued estuarine and coastal species, and fishing industry sectors; and (3) recommends specific actions to maintain a viable fishing industry. Lacking applicable research results, most effects are extrapolated from professional opinions and related research on other coastal industries or features. Emphasis is on the United States\u2019 Atlantic Coast.  Predicted impacts should change over time. Some short\u2010term changes could be beneficial as new habitats are created for estuarine species, but the long\u2010term implications on most sectors, especially shoreside industries, are more negative than positive. Potential impacts should inspire harvesting and processing sectors to participate in remedial planning, where assistance is available from coastal managers.  Recommendations address deficiencies in natural resource management strategies, development policies, short\u2010 and long\u2010term waterfront plans, decision\u2010making protocols for actions such as wetland permits, and priorities for remedial action.","author":["Bigford, T."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"1991-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.578680200000","-79.285034700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/29545","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/signature-ocean-warming-global-fisheries-catch","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12156","title":"Signature of ocean warming in global fisheries catch","description":"Marine fishes and invertebrates respond to ocean warming through distribution shifts, generally to higher latitudes and deeper waters. Consequently, fisheries should be affected by \u2018tropicalization\u2019 of catch (increasing dominance of warm-water species). However, a signature of such climate-change effects on global fisheries catch has so far not been detected. Here we report such an index, the mean temperature of the catch (MTC), that is calculated from the average inferred temperature preference of exploited species weighted by their annual catch. Our results show that, after accounting for the effects of fishing and large-scale oceanographic variability, global MTC increased at a rate of 0.19 degrees Celsius per decade between 1970 and 2006, and non-tropical MTC increased at a rate of 0.23 degrees Celsius per decade. In tropical areas, MTC increased initially because of the reduction in the proportion of subtropical species catches, but subsequently stabilized as scope for further tropicalization of communities became limited. Changes in MTC in 52 large marine ecosystems, covering the majority of the world\u2019s coastal and shelf areas, are significantly and positively related to regional changes in sea surface temperature. This study shows that ocean warming has already affected global fisheries in the past four decades, highlighting the immediate need to develop adaptation plans to minimize the effect of such warming on the economy and food security of coastal communities, particularly in tropical regions.","author":["Cheung, W.","Watson, R.","Pauly, D."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2013-05-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/29546","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-managing-human-threats-coastal-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.04496.x","title":"Understanding and Managing Human Threats to the Coastal Marine Environment","description":"Coastal marine habitats at the interface of land and sea are subject to threats from human activities in both realms. Researchers have attempted to quantify how these various threats impact different coastal ecosystems, and more recently have focused on understanding the cumulative impact from multiple threats. Here, the top threats to coastal marine ecosystems and recent efforts to understand their relative importance, ecosystem\u2010level impacts, cumulative effects, and how they can best be managed and mitigated, are briefly reviewed. Results of threat analysis and rankings will differ depending on the conservation target (e.g., vulnerable species, pristine ecosystems, mitigatable threats), scale of interest (local, regional, or global), whether externalities are considered, and the types of management tools available (e.g., marine\u2010protected areas versus ecosystem\u2010based management). Considering the cumulative effect of multiple threats has only just begun and depends on spatial analysis to predict overlapping threats and a better understanding of multiple\u2010stressor effects and interactions. Emerging conservation practices that hold substantial promise for protecting coastal marine systems include multisector approaches, such as ecosystem\u2010based management (EBM), that account for ecosystem service valuation; comprehensive spatial management, such as ocean zoning; and regulatory mechanisms that encourage or require cross\u2010sector goal setting and evaluation. In all cases, these efforts require a combination of public and private initiatives for success. The state of our ecological understanding, public awareness, and policy initiatives make the time ripe for advancing coastal marine management and improving our stewardship of coastal and marine ecosystems.","author":["Crain, C.","Halpern, B.","Beck, M.","Kappel, C."],"organization":["University of California Santa Cruz","The Nature Conservancy"],"originationDate":"2009-04-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.150619000000","-129.831688400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/29547","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-acidification-other-co2-problem","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163834","title":"Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem","description":"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), primarily from human fossil fuel combustion, reduces ocean pH and causes wholesale shifts in seawater carbonate chemistry. The process of ocean acidification is well documented in field data, and the rate will accelerate over this century unless future CO2 emissions are curbed dramatically. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Many calcifying species exhibit reduced calcification and growth rates in laboratory experiments under high-CO2 conditions. Ocean acidification also causes an increase in carbon fixation rates in some photosynthetic organisms (both calcifying and noncalcifying). The potential for marine organisms to adapt to increasing CO2 and broader implications for ocean ecosystems are not well known; both are high priorities for future research. Although ocean pH has varied in the geological past, paleo-events may be only imperfect analogs to current conditions.","author":["Doney, S.","Fabry, V.","Feely, R.","Kleypas, J."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","California State University","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Center for Atmospheric Research"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38043","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-counts-north-caithness-cliffs-spa-2015-2016-marine-renewable-casework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-research-report-965-seabird-counts-north-caithness-cliffs-spa-2015-and-2016-marine-renewable","title":"Seabird Counts at North Caithness Cliffs SPA in 2015 and 2016 for Marine Renewable Casework","description":"Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) commissioned this survey to provide up-to-date population estimates for complete colony counts at North Caithness Cliffs Special Protection Area (SPA). Several sites identified for renewable energy generation from offshore wind, tidal and wave energy are located along the east coast of Scotland or within the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters. As part of the application process Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA), including appropriate assessment (AA), are required. The HRA and EIA processes require up-to-date population estimates to permit accurate assessment of the impacts of any development on the SPA qualifying features and other sensitive species. However, the lack of recent counts, particularly for colonies such as North Caithness Cliffs SPA, has increased uncertainty within these assessments. The foraging ranges of seabird qualifying features of the SPA overlap with several wave and tidal lease areas in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters.  Complete colony counts were undertaken in 2013 for the North Caithness Cliffs SPA, however, due to methodological issues, the results were considered unreliable. The most recent reliable counts for the SPA were undertaken in 1999 and 2000 (\u0027Seabird 2000\u0027). Previously, a full census for these sites was completed in 1986 (The \u2018Seabird Colonies Register\u2019). SNH\u2019s recently published trend note (https:\/\/www.snh.gov.uk\/docs\/B1163280.pdf) has highlighted the declines of many seabird species in Scotland, therefore there is an urgency to establish current population estimates and condition status for the SPA. Without up-to-date estimates of population size the risk of inaccurate future impact modelling undertaken as part of the application process is increased.  Up-to-date counts will therefore enable SNH to provide better advice on marine and terrestrial developments to both regulators, such as Marine Scotland, and to individual project developers. The results of the counts will be included within the fourth national seabird census (\u2018Seabirds Count\u2019). They will also contribute towards SNH\u2019s Site Condition Monitoring (SCM) which is undertaken on a six yearly cycle. The third cycle commenced in 2014.","author":["Swann, B."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.679795000000","-3.176826000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report-No-965.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38044","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-counts-st-abbs-head-fast-castle-spa-2016-marine-renewables-casework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-research-report-964-seabird-counts-st-abbs-head-fast-castle-spa-2016-marine-renewables-casework","title":"Seabird counts at St Abb\u0027s Head to Fast Castle SPA in 2016 for Marine Renewables Casework","description":"Seabirds between St. Abb\u0027s Head and Fast Castle Head were counted in June 2016. This was the first complete count of The St Abb\u0027s Head to Fast Castle Special Protection Area for more than a decade. The numbers of birds located in each of the standard Seabird Monitoring Programme count sections that comprise the SPA are presented and compared with historic counts and national trends. Northern Fulmar, European Shag and Black-legged kittiwake were found to have declined significantly since seabird 2000, with smaller declines exhibited by common Guillemot, Razorbill and Herring gull. Guillemot and Razorbill were still more numerous than they were in 1987 however. The SPA previously held a small number of breeding puffin but none were found in this survey. Generally the declining seabirds in the SPA showed greater declines than the national average, and those that were increasing showed smaller increases.","author":["Swann, B."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.922827000000","-2.170901000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report-No-964.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38045","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-counts-east-caithness-cliffs-spa-marine-renewable-casework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/snh-commissioned-report-902-seabird-counts-east-caithness-cliffs-spa-marine-renewable-casework","title":"Seabird Counts at East Caithness Cliffs SPA for Marine Renewable Casework","description":"Seabirds breeding at East Caithness Cliffs Special Protection Area were last counted in 1999. Since then, major changes have been seen in many seabird populations across Scotland.  Plans for major offshore wind farm developments off the Caithness coast have now received consent. It is important to have up-to-date information on the current status of the East Caithness seabird populations to support post-consent monitoring.  This report presents the results of seabird colony counts carried out in 2015.","author":["Swann, B."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.436474000000","-3.044512000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report-No-902.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38046","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-potential-use-sonar-observe-underwater-behaviour-diving-birds-near-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/A_Review_of_the_Potential_Use_of_Sonar_t.html?id=sWTRzQEACAAJ","title":"A review of the potential use of sonar to observe the underwater behaviour of diving birds near tidal energy devices","description":"Understanding the underwater behaviour of diving birds, in the vicinity of tidal turbines, is central to quantifying the risk, if any, of collision between such species and the rotating blades. This report considers both the scientific literature and some early, unpublished, trials of sonar use, to assess the potential applicability of underwater sonar systems in recording and describing such behaviour in these hostile environments.","author":["RPS group"],"organization":["RPS group","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report-051.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38255","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-climate-change-coastal-marine-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x","title":"The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems","description":"Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well understood, and much climate\u2010related research has focused on potential shifts in distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few \u2018leverage species\u2019 may result in sweeping community\u2010level changes. Finally, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate\u2010induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the community\u2010level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations\u2019 ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and living systems will respond.","author":["Harley, C.","Hughes, A.","Hultgren, K.","Miner, B.","Sorte, C.","Thornber, C.","Rodriguez, L.","Tomanek, L.","Williams, S."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","University of California Davis","University of Rhode Island","California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)"],"originationDate":"2006-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38453","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/linking-climate-change-biological-invasions-ocean-warming-facilitates-nonindigenous","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/99\/24\/15497.short","title":"Linking climate change and biological invasions: Ocean warming facilitates nonindigenous species invasions","description":"The spread of exotic species and climate change are among the most serious global environmental threats. Each independently causes considerable ecological damage, yet few data are available to assess whether changing climate might facilitate invasions by favoring introduced over native species. Here, we compare our long-term record of weekly sessile marine invertebrate recruitment with interannual variation in water temperature to assess the likely effect of climate change on the success and spread of introduced species. For the three most abundant introduced species of ascidian (sea squirt), the timing of the initiation of recruitment was strongly negatively correlated with winter water temperature, indicating that invaders arrived earlier in the season in years with warmer winters. Total recruitment of introduced species during the following summer also was positively correlated with winter water temperature. In contrast, the magnitude of native ascidian recruitment was negatively correlated with winter temperature (more recruitment in colder years) and the timing of native recruitment was unaffected. In manipulative laboratory experiments, two introduced compound ascidians grew faster than a native species, but only at temperatures near the maximum observed in summer. These data suggest that the greatest effects of climate change on biotic communities may be due to changing maximum and minimum temperatures rather than annual means. By giving introduced species an earlier start, and increasing the magnitude of their growth and recruitment relative to natives, global warming may facilitate a shift to dominance by nonnative species, accelerating the homogenization of the global biota.","author":["Stachowicz, J.","Terwin, J.","Whitlatch, R.","Osman, R."],"organization":["University of California Davis"],"originationDate":"2002-11-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38652","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seaweed-communities-retreat-ocean-warming","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096098221101030X","title":"Seaweed Communities in Retreat from Ocean Warming","description":"In recent decades, global climate change has caused profound biological changes across the planet. However, there is a great disparity in the strength of evidence among different ecosystems and between hemispheres: changes on land have been well documented through long-term studies, but similar direct evidence for impacts of warming is virtually absent from the oceans, where only a few studies on individual species of intertidal invertebrates, plankton, and commercially important fish in the North Atlantic and North Pacific exist. This disparity of evidence is precarious for biological conservation because of the critical role of the marine realm in regulating the Earth\u0027s environmental and ecological functions, and the associated socioeconomic well-being of humans. We interrogated a database of \u0026gt;20,000 herbarium records of macroalgae collected in Australia since the 1940s and documented changes in communities and geographical distribution limits in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans, consistent with rapid warming over the past five decades. We show that continued warming might drive potentially hundreds of species toward and beyond the edge of the Australian continent where sustained retreat is impossible. The potential for global extinctions is profound considering the many endemic seaweeds and seaweed-dependent marine organisms in temperate Australia.","author":["Wernberg, T.","Russell, B.","Thomsen, M.","Gurgel, C.","Bradshaw, C.","Poloczanska, E.","Connell, S."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","University of Adelaide","Aarhus University","South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2011-11-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["-26.177228800000","133.417011900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38653","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estuarine-response-river-flow-sea-level-rise-under-future-climate-change-human","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771414002303","title":"Estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise under future climate change and human development","description":"Understanding the response of river flow and estuarine hydrodynamics to climate change, land-use\/land-cover change (LULC), and sea-level rise is essential to managing water resources and stress on living organisms under these changing conditions. This paper presents a modeling study using a watershed hydrology model and an estuarine hydrodynamic model, in a one-way coupling, to investigate the estuarine hydrodynamic response to sea-level rise and change in river flow due to the effect of future climate and LULC changes in the Snohomish River estuary, Washington, USA. A set of hydrodynamic variables, including salinity intrusion points, average water depth, and salinity of the inundated area, were used to quantify the estuarine response to river flow and sea-level rise. Model results suggest that salinity intrusion points in the Snohomish River estuary and the average salinity of the inundated areas are a nonlinear function of river flow, although the average water depth in the inundated area is approximately linear with river flow. Future climate changes will shift salinity intrusion points further upstream under low flow conditions and further downstream under high flow conditions. In contrast, under the future LULC change scenario, the salinity intrusion point will shift downstream under both low and high flow conditions, compared to present conditions. The model results also suggest that the average water depth in the inundated areas increases linearly with sea-level rise but at a slower rate, and the average salinity in the inundated areas increases linearly with sea-level rise; however, the response of salinity intrusion points in the river to sea-level rise is strongly nonlinear.","author":["Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Voisin, N.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.919790200000","-122.262953000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38655","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/insight-shark-magnetic-field-perception-empirical-observations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11459-8","title":"Insight into shark magnetic field perception from empirical observations","description":"Elasmobranch fishes are among a broad range of taxa believed to gain positional information and navigate using the earth\u2019s magnetic field, yet in sharks, much remains uncertain regarding the sensory receptors and pathways involved, or the exact nature of perceived stimuli. Captive sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus were conditioned to respond to presentation of a magnetic stimulus by seeking out a target in anticipation of reward (food). Sharks in the study demonstrated strong responses to magnetic stimuli, making significantly more approaches to the target (p\u2009=\u2009\u0026lt;\u20090.01) during stimulus activation (S+) than before or after activation (S\u2212). Sharks exposed to reversible magnetosensory impairment were less capable of discriminating changes to the local magnetic field, with no difference seen in approaches to the target under the S+ and S\u2212 conditions (p\u2009=\u20090.375). We provide quantified detection and discrimination thresholds of magnetic stimuli presented, and quantify associated transient electrical artefacts. We show that the likelihood of such artefacts serving as the stimulus for observed behavioural responses was low. These impairment experiments support hypotheses that magnetic field perception in sharks is not solely performed via the electrosensory system, and that putative magnetoreceptor structures may be located in the naso-olfactory capsules of sharks.","author":["Anderson, J.","Clegg, T.","Veras, L.","Holland, K."],"organization":["University of Hawaii","Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPEL)"],"originationDate":"2017-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38851","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biological-effects-hypomagnetic-field-analytical-review-experiments-theories","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5487043\/","title":"Biological effects of the hypomagnetic field: An analytical review of experiments and theories","description":"During interplanetary flights in the near future, a human organism will be exposed to prolonged periods of a hypomagnetic field that is 10,000 times weaker than that of Earth\u2019s. Attenuation of the geomagnetic field occurs in buildings with steel walls and in buildings with steel reinforcement. It cannot be ruled out also that a zero magnetic field might be interesting in biomedical studies and therapy. Further research in the area of hypomagnetic field effects, as shown in this article, is capable of shedding light on a fundamental problem in biophysics\u2014the problem of primary magnetoreception. This review contains, currently, the most extensive bibliography on the biological effects of hypomagnetic field. This includes both a review of known experimental results and the putative mechanisms of magnetoreception and their explanatory power with respect to the hypomagnetic field effects. We show that the measured correlations of the HMF effect with HMF magnitude and inhomogeneity and type and duration of exposure are statistically absent. This suggests that there is no general biophysical MF target similar for different organisms. This also suggests that magnetoreception is not necessarily associated with evolutionary developed specific magnetoreceptors in migrating animals and magnetotactic bacteria. Independently, there is nonspecific magnetoreception that is common for all organisms, manifests itself in very different biological observables as mostly random reactions, and is a result of MF interaction with magnetic moments at a physical level\u2014moments that are present everywhere in macromolecules and proteins and can sometimes transfer the magnetic signal at the level of downstream biochemical events. The corresponding universal mechanism of magnetoreception that has been given further theoretical analysis allows one to determine the parameters of magnetic moments involved in magnetoreception\u2014their gyromagnetic ratio and thermal relaxation time\u2014and so to better understand the nature of MF targets in organisms.","author":["Binhi, V.","Prato, F."],"organization":["Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU)"],"originationDate":"2017-06-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/38852","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-field-effect-melanophores-european-whitefish-coregonus-lavaretus-linnaeus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/11250003.2016.1272644?scroll=top\u0026needAccess=true","title":"Magnetic field effect on melanophores of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) and vendace Coregonus albula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Salmonidae) during early embryogenesis","description":"The effects of a magnetic field (1, 3 and 5 mT), applied during short- (1, 3, 5, 30 and 60 minutes) and long-term (from the beginning of embryogenesis) exposure, on melanophores of the European whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus and vendace, Coregonus albula, were investigated. Short-term magnetic field exposure effects on the behaviour of melanophores at the stage when the eye and body pigment on whitefish and vendace were distinctly visible in the embryos. The short-term embryo exposure to the magnetic fields induced the pigment of the body cells to move to the central parts of the cells. In the control, we did not observe displacement of the pigment within the melanophores. The long-term exposure to the magnetic field was found to delay the pigment appearance in the eyeballs and on the body of embryos of both investigated species. The number of melanophores in the body of embryos exposed to the magnetic fields was lower than that in the control. The pigment showed an increasing tendency to concentrate in individual embryonic and larval cells with increasing magnetic field strength. Melanophore index in embryos and larvae of whitefish and vendace was found to differ significantly between the control and all the magnetic field treatments.  Our results can be extrapolated to other organisms and will allow us to broaden the knowledge on pigment cell magnetoreception in vertebrates.","author":["Brysiewicz, A.","Formicki, K.","Ta\u0144ski, A.","Wesolowski, P."],"organization":["Institute of Technology and Life Sciences"],"originationDate":"2017-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/39047","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-reef-design-affects-benthic-secondary-productivity-provision-functional","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ece3.6047","title":"Artificial reef design affects benthic secondary productivity and provision of functional habitat","description":"Novel hard substratum, introduced through offshore developments, can provide habitat for marine species and thereby function as an artificial reef. To predict the ecological consequences of deploying offshore infrastructure, and sustainably manage the installation of new structures, interactions between artificial reefs and marine ecosystem functions and services must be understood. This requires quantitative data on the relationships between secondary productivity and artificial reef design, across all trophic levels. Benthic secondary productivity is, however, one of the least studied processes on artificial reefs.  In this study, we show that productivity rates of a common suspension feeder, Flustra foliacea (Linnaeus 1758), were 2.4 times higher on artificial reefs constructed from \u201ccomplex\u201d blocks than on reefs constructed from \u201csimple\u201d blocks, which had a smaller surface area.  Productivity rates were highest on external areas of reefs. Productivity rates decreased by 1.56%, per cm distance into the reef on complex reefs and 2.93% per cm into the reef on simple block reefs. The differences in productivity rates between reefs constructed from simple and complex blocks are assumed to reflect different current regimes and food supply between the external and internal reef areas, according to reef type.  Synthesis and applications. Our results show that artificial reef design can affect secondary productivity at low trophic levels. We demonstrate that the incorporation of voids into reef blocks can lead to a greater proportion of the structure serving as functional habitat for benthic species. By including such modifications into the design of artificial reefs, it may be possible to increase the overall productivity capacity of artificial structures.","author":["Rouse, S.","Porter, J.","Wilding, T."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.527979000000","-5.471315000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/rouse-et-al-2019a.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/39048","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/volume-based-assessment-erosion-patterns-around-hydrodynamic-transparent-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/16\/3089","title":"Volume-Based Assessment of Erosion Patterns around a Hydrodynamic Transparent Offshore Structure","description":"The present article presents results of a laboratory study on the assessment of erosion patterns around a hydrodynamic transparent offshore foundation exposed to combined waves and currents. The model tests were conducted under irregular, long-crested waves in a scale of 1:30 in a wave-current basin. A terrestrial 3D laser scanner was used to acquire data of the sediment surface around the foundation structure. Tests have been conducted systematically varying from wave- to current-dominated conditions. Different volume analyzing methods are introduced, which can be related for any offshore or coastal structure to disclose physical processes in complex erosion patterns. Empirical formulations are proposed for the quantification of spatially eroded sediment volumes and scour depths in the near-field and vicinity of the structure. Findings from the present study agree well with in-situ data stemming from the field. Contrasting spatial erosion development between experimental and in-situ data determines a stable maximum of erosion intensity at a distance of 1.25 A, 1.25 times the structure\u2019s footprint A, as well as a global scour extent of 2.1\u20132.7 A within the present study and about 2.7\u20132.8 A from the field. By this means, a structure-induced environmental footprint as a measure for erosion of sediment affecting marine habitat is quantified.","author":["Welzel, M.","Schendel, A.","Schlurmann, T.","Hildebrandt, A."],"organization":["Leibniz Universit\u00e4t Hannover"],"originationDate":"2019-08-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welzel-et-al-19.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40593","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pulse-trawl-fishing-characteristics-electrical-stimulation-effect-behaviour-injuries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/73\/6\/1557\/2458917","title":"Pulse trawl fishing: characteristics of the electrical stimulation and the effect on behaviour and injuries of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)","description":"In the North Sea flatfish fishery, electric pulse trawls have been introduced to replace the conventional mechanical method. Pulse trawls reduce the fuel consumption, reduce adverse impact on the ecosystem but cause injuries in gadoids. We describe the design and electrical properties of pulse trawls currently in use and study the behavioural response and injuries in cod exposed to electrical pulses under controlled conditions. Pulse trawls operate at an average power of 0.7 kW m\u22121 beam length and a duty cycle of \u223c2%. The electric field is heterogeneous with highest field strength occurring close to the conductors. Cod were exposed to three different pulse types for a range of field strengths, frequencies, and duty cycles. Two size classes were tested representing cod that escape through the meshes (11\u201317 cm) and market-sized cod that are retained in the net (34\u201356 cm). Cod exposed to a field strength of \u226537 V m\u22121 responded by moderate-to-strong muscular contractions. Some of the large cod (n = 260) developed haemorrhages and fractures in the spine, and haemal and neural arches in the tail part of the body. The probability of injuries increased with field strength and decreased when frequency was increased from 100 to 180 Hz. None of the small cod (n = 132) were injured and all survived. The field strength at the lateral boundaries of the trawl was too low to inflict injuries in cod.","author":["de Haan, D.","Fosseidengen, J.","Fjelldal, P.","Brugraff, D.","Rijnsdorp, D."],"organization":["IMARES - Wageningen UR","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.025531600000","-1.592747200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40787","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetite-defines-vertebrate-magnetoreceptor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/35018561","title":"Magnetite defines a vertebrate magnetoreceptor","description":"The key behavioural, physiological and anatomical components of a magnetite-based magnetic sense have been demonstrated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Candidate receptor cells located within a discrete sub-layer of the olfactory lamellae contained iron-rich crystals that were similar in size and shape to magnetite crystals extracted from salmon. Here we show that these crystals, which mapped to individual receptors using confocal and atomic force microscopy, are magnetic, as they are uniquely associated with dipoles detected by magnetic force microscopy. Analysis of their magnetic properties identifies the crystals as single-domain magnetite. In addition, three-dimensional reconstruction of the candidate receptors using confocal and atomic force microscopy imaging confirm that several magnetic crystals are arranged in a chain of about 1 \u00b5m within the receptor, and that the receptor is a multi-lobed single cell. These results are consistent with a magnetite-based detection mechanism, as 1-\u00b5m chains of single-domain magnetite crystals are highly suitable for the behavioural and physiological responses to magnetic intensity previously reported in the trout.","author":["Diebel, C.","Proksch, R.","Green, C.","Neilson, P.","Walker, M."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2000-07-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40981","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-static-magnetic-field-hatching-success-growth-mortality-yolk-sac-absorption","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S004896971832922X?via%3Dihub","title":"Effect of static magnetic field on the hatching success, growth, mortality, and yolk-sac absorption of larval Northern pike Esox lucius","description":"The effect of anthropogenic magnetic field on water ecosystems has been constantly growing as a result of an increasing number of underwater cables transferring electric current. Northern pike were subjected to a static magnetic field (emitted by DC cables) of 10 milliteslas (mT) during the embryonic phase and in the first six days post-hatching (DPH), in the period when larvae of this species in the natural environment are attached to artificial substrate. No statistically significant effect of a magnetic field was recorded on the hatching success (87.1% in the magnetic field and 83.3% in the control) or on larvae mortality (54.5% in magnetic field and 54.3% in control). The size of larvae at hatching (9.84 mm SL in a magnetic field and 9.86 mm SL in a control) and their growth rate during the first six days of life (0.52 mm\u00b7day\u22121 in a magnetic field and 0.53 mm\u00b7day\u22121 in a control) were also almost the same \u2013 no statistically significant differences. A significant effect of a magnetic field, however, was observed on the time of hatching (one day earlier in a magnetic field than in a control), yolk-sac size on 1 DPH (smaller in a magnetic field), and yolk-sac absorption time (faster in a magnetic field). Faster yolk-sac absorption time in a magnetic field was interpreted as an indication of increased metabolic rate. Even if some negative consequences may be expected as a result of shorter time until first feeding, the actual risk for increased Northern pike larvae mortality due to those factors seems to be negligible. Although it cannot be excluded that higher than 10 mT magnetic field values are hazardous for fish larvae, such values do not occur in the natural environment (e.g. along underwater cables).","author":["Fey, D.","Greszkiewicz, M.","Otremba, Z.","Andrulewicz, E."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2019-01-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40982","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetoreception-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jfb.13998","title":"Magnetoreception in fish","description":"Magnetoreception is the ability of organisms to perceive magnetic fields in the surrounding environment and changes in its properties such as field direction, intensity and gradient, where the effect on organisms can manifest as an array of reactions. As the magnetic sense is found in many taxa, both evolutionarily young and old, it can be assumed that magnetoreception came into existence as one of the first sensory systems. Many studies on the effect of magnetic fields on fishes have considered both fishes that migrate for long distances and those that are more or less sedentary. Research has focused on tracing the perception of the geomagnetic field by fishes and understanding magnetic fields that are smaller and larger than the ambient Earth\u0027s geomagnetic field. The question of the effect of magnetic fields of values higher than the Earth\u0027s is gaining importance with the increasing effect of anthropogenic magnetic and electromagnetic fields in aquatic ecosystems. This review draws together the results of studies on the effect and reception of natural and human\u2010generated magnetic fields on fishes at various stages of ontogeny, chronologically arranged from gametes, through embryonic development, embryonic and larval motor function, directional reactions of embryos and larvae, orientation of fishes, to the mechanisms of magnetic field reception. The present state of knowledge indicates a common nature of effect on various ontogenetic stages of fishes. However, understanding of the mechanisms of magnetic sense in fishes and its relevance for ecological outcomes highlights that further progress requires more detailed research.","author":["Formicki, K.","Korzelecka-Orkisz, A.","Ta\u0144ski, A."],"organization":["West Pomeranian University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2019-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40983","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-electromagnetic-fields-emf-influence-behaviour-bottom-dwelling-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-60793-x","title":"Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF) influence the behaviour of bottom-dwelling marine species","description":"Many marine animals have evolved sensory abilities to use electric and magnetic cues in essential aspects of life history, such as to detect prey, predators and mates as well as to orientate and migrate. Potential disruption of vital cues by human activities must be understood in order to mitigate potential negative influences. Cable deployments in coastal waters are increasing worldwide, in capacity and number, owing to growing demands for electrical power and telecommunications. Increasingly, the local electromagnetic environment used by electro- and magneto-sensitive species will be altered. We quantified biologically relevant behavioural responses of the presumed, magneto-receptive American lobster and the electro-sensitive Little skate to electromagnetic field (EMF) emissions of a subsea high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cable for domestic electricity supply. We demonstrate a striking increase in exploratory\/foraging behaviour in skates in response to EMF and a more subtle exploratory response in lobsters. In addition, by directly measuring both the magnetic and electric field components of the EMF emitted by HVDC cables we found that there were DC and unexpectedly AC components. Modelling, restricted to the DC component, showed good agreement with measured results. Our cross-disciplinary study highlights the need to integrate an understanding of the natural and anthropogenic EMF environment together with the responses of sensitive animals when planning future cable deployments and predicting their environmental effects.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Gill, A.","Sigray, P.","He, H.","King, J."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40984","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-hypomagnetic-conditions-reversed-geomagnetic-field-calcium-dependent-proteases","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S0001433817070040","title":"Effects of Hypomagnetic Conditions and Reversed Geomagnetic Field on Calcium-Dependent Proteases of Invertebrates and Fish","description":"The effects of hypomagnetic conditions and the reversal of the geomagnetic field (GMF) on intracellular Ca2+-dependent proteases (calpains) of fish and invertebrates have been studied in vivo and in vitro. It is found that the intravital exposure of examined animals to hypomagnetic conditions leads to a significant decrease in its calpain activity. The activity of preparations of calcium-dependent proteases was tested in separate experiments. It is shown that preparations of Ca2+-dependent proteases from invertebrates and fish are also inactivated substantially under effect of hypomagnetic conditions. The ambiguous results obtained in the experiments with a reversed GMF do not make it possible to discuss the biological response of calcium-dependent proteases to the reversal of the GMF.","author":["Kantserova, N.","Krylov, V.","Lysenko, L.","Ushakova, N.","Nemova, N."],"organization":["Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40985","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-multi-hydrophone-drifter-porpoise-detection-software-monitoring-atlantic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholar.acadiau.ca\/islandora\/object\/theses:2633","title":"Application of a multi-hydrophone drifter and porpoise detection software for monitoring Atlantic harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) activity in and near Minas Passage","description":"The environmental effects monitoring program for tidal energy development at the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy test facility in Minas Passage requires examination of the effects on marine life, and includes Atlantic harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758). All prior passive acoustic studies of porpoises in Minas Passage have used stationary, bottom-moored acoustic recorders (CPODs and icListenHF). Flow noise and noise associated with moorings and mobile sediments were identified as major issues for the acoustic detection of porpoises. The present study employed a custom designed drifting hydrophone (icListenHF) array to mitigate the effects of flow noise and moorings on passive acoustic harbour porpoise monitoring. The drifting array was deployed for a 5-7 hour drift on each of six days during 12th-27th June 2017. Harbour porpoise presence and behaviour, detected using the newly developed Coda click detector, was assessed in Minas Passage and adjacent areas. The effects of short-duration anthropogenic noise from fishing vessels and other boat traffic were found to have no observable effect on porpoise presence. The multi-hydrophone array detected porpoise clicks generated both above and below 15 m. Spatio-temporal and current speed patterns in porpoise activity were observed, with porpoise activity being lowest in Minas Basin, during early afternoon (1500-1700 UTC), and when current speed was \u0026lt;1m\/s. The Coda detector was effective in identifying three behavioural modes in the harbour porpoise inter-click interval data. These were classified as feeding, searching and navigation trains. A novel finding was patterned clusters of clicks in most feeding trains and in 25% of search trains. This study will serve to inform future use of drifting hydrophone arrays for assessing harbour porpoise presence, abundance and behaviour in Minas Passage and, potentially, at high flow sites elsewhere.","author":["Adams, M."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.348650000000","-64.405629000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40986","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biogenic-magnetite-basis-magnetic-field-detection-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0303264781900605","title":"Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals","description":"Bacteria, sharks, honey bees, and homing pigeons as well as other organisms seem to detect the direction of the earth\u0027s magnetic field. Indirect but reproducible evidence suggests that the bees and birds can also respond to very minute changes in its intensity. The mechanisms behind this sensitivity are not known. Naturally magnetic, biologically precipitated magnetite (Fe3O4) has been found in chitons, magnetotactic bacteria, honey bees, homing pigeons, and dolphins. Its mineralization in localized areas may be associated with the ability of these animals to respond to the direction and intensity of the earth\u0027s magnetic field. The presence of large numbers (\u223c108) of superparamagnetic magnetite crystals in honey bees and similar numbers of single-domain magnetite grains in pigeons suggests that there may be at least two basic types of ferrimagnetic magnetoreceptive organelles. Theoretical calculations show that ferrimagnetic organs using either type of grain when integrated by the nervous system are capable of accounting for even the most extreme magnetic field sensitivities reported. Indirect evidence suggests that organic magnetite may be a common biological component, and may account for the results of numerous high field and electromagnetic experiments on animals.","author":["Kirschvink, J.","Gould, J."],"organization":["Princeton University"],"originationDate":"1980-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40987","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/particle-size-considerations-magnetite-based-magnetoreceptors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4613-0313-8_11","title":"Particle-Size Considerations for Magnetite-Based Magnetoreceptors","description":"The presence of a magnetic influence upon behavior now appears to be a fairly common trait among a wide variety of organisms, as outlined and discussed elsewhere in this volume. In a broad manner, these behavioral responses can be grouped into two categories, the first of which involves the use of a relatively insensitive \u201ccompass\u201d to obtain directional (north\/south) information, and a more sensitive system involved in the \u201cmap\u201d sense of vertebrates and the time cue of insects.","author":["Kirschvink, J.","Walker, M."],"organization":["California Institute of Technology","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"1985-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40988","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-magnetic-fields-activity-proteinases-glycosidases-intestine-crucian-carp","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1134\/S1062359015010070","title":"The effect of magnetic fields on the activity of proteinases and glycosidases in the intestine of the crucian carp Carassius carassius","description":"It has been demonstrated by the example of the crucian carp (Carassius carassius) that a 1-hour stay of fish in a combined magnetic field with resonance parameters for calcium ions decreases the proteolytic and amylolytic activities of their intestinal enzymes. It has been found that a 1-hour exposure to a combined magnetic field with resonance parameters for potassium ions has almost no effect on the activity of proteinases, but it decreases the amylolytic activity. It has been noted that the activity of proteases and glycosidases is lower under hypomagnetic conditions. Upon the inversion of the vertical component of the geomagnetic field, the proteolytic activity of the intestinal mucosa in C. carassius decreases, while the amylolytic activity becomes higher compared to the control. Possible effects of magnetic fields on the activity of digestive hydrolases in fish are discussed.","author":["Kuz\u0027mina, V.","Ushakova, N.","Krylov, V."],"organization":["Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2014-01-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/40989","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/performance-passive-acoustic-linear-array-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8878272","title":"Performance of a passive acoustic linear array in a tidal channel","description":"Baseline ambient sound level assessment is important in quantifying anthropogenic noise contributions. Static acoustical sensing in high-flow conditions is complicated by pseudosound, or flow noise, caused by turbulent flow on the surface of a hydrophone. Signal processing methods are used to identify and suppress flow noise at low frequencies ( \u0026lt; 500 Hz) in data collected on a four-element horizontal hydrophone array in Minas Passage, a tidal channel in the Bay of Fundy, in October 2016. Spectral slope analysis is used to identify the frequencies at which the flow noise and ambient noise contributions to the recorded signal are equal, between 180 and 275 Hz for current speeds of 0.1 to 2.6 m\/s, respectively. The maximum frequencies at which flow noise is observed, between 100 and 125 Hz over the same current speed range, are determined using analysis of the spatial coherence. The array\u2019s performance in the Minas Passage is quantified by an empirical relationship between flow speed and the spectral critical frequencies of the coherent output from the linear array. Coherent averaging (broadside beamforming) is demonstrated as a potential flow noise suppression technique, improving low-frequency passive acoustic monitoring in a high-energy tidal channel.","author":["Auvinen, M.","Barclay, D.","Coffin, M."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","GeoSpectrum Technologies, Inc."],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.348362000000","-64.370276000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/41183","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-fishes-invertebrates-living-vicinity-energized-unenergized-submarine-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jre\/2017\/8727164\/","title":"A Comparison of Fishes and Invertebrates Living in the Vicinity of Energized and Unenergized Submarine Power Cables and Natural Sea Floor off Southern California, USA","description":"Increasing reliance on deep-water renewable energy has increased concerns about the effects of the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by submarine power cables on aquatic organisms. Off southern California, we conducted surveys of marine organisms living around energized and unenergized submarine power cables and nearby sea floor during 2012\u20132014 at depths between 76 and 213\u2009m. In general, EMFs declined to background levels about one meter from the cable. We found no statistical difference in species composition between the fish assemblages along the energized and unenergized cables. The natural habitat community statistically differed from both energized and unenergized cable communities. Within species (or species groups), we found no differences in densities between energized and unenergized cables. Total fish densities were significantly higher around the cables than over the natural habitat. We found that invertebrate communities were structured by habitat type and depth and, similar to the fishes, there was no statistical difference between the energized and unenergized cables. Individually, the densities of four invertebrate species or species groups (Metridium farcimen, Luidia spp., unidentified black Crinoidea, and Urticina spp.) differed between energized and unenergized cables, but this difference was not significant across all depth strata. The invertebrate community inhabiting the natural habitat strongly differed from the energized and unenergized cable community exhibiting the fewest species and individuals.","author":["Love, M.","Nishimoto, M.","Snook, L.","Schroeder, D.","Bull, A."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2017-10-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.057094800000","-118.670998800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/41184","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ambient-noise-urbanized-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2013PhDT.......269B\/abstract","title":"Ambient noise in an urbanized tidal channel","description":"In coastal environments, when topographic and bathymetric constrictions are combined with large tidal amplitudes, strong currents (\u0026gt; 2 m\/s) can occur. Because such environments are relatively rare and difficult to study, until recently, they have received little attention from the scientific community. However, in recent years, interest in developing tidal hydrokinetic power projects in these environments has motivated studies to improve this understanding. In order to support an analysis of the acoustic effects of tidal power generation, a multi-year study was conducted at a proposed project site in Puget Sound (WA) are analyzed at a site where peak currents exceeded 3.5 m\/s. From these analyses, three noise sources are shown to dominate the observed variability in ambient noise between 0.02-30 kHz: anthropogenic noise from vessel traffic, sediment-generated noise during periods of strong currents, and flow-noise resulting from turbulence advected over the hydrophones. To assess the contribution of vessel traffic noise, one calendar year of Automatic Identification System (AIS) ship-traffic data was paired with hydrophone recordings. The study region included inland waters of the Salish Sea within a 20 km radius of the hydrophone deployment site in northern Admiralty Inlet. The variability in spectra and hourly, daily, and monthly ambient noise statistics for unweighted broadband and M-weighted sound pressure levels is driven largely by vessel traffic. Within the one-year study period, at least one AIS transmitting vessel is present in the study area 90% of the time and over 1,363 unique vessels are recorded. A noise budget for vessels equipped with AIS transponders identifies cargo ships, tugs, and passenger vessels as the largest contributors to noise levels. A simple model to predict received levels at the site based on an incoherent summation of noise from different vessel types yields a cumulative probability density function of broadband sound pressure levels that shows good agreement with 85% of the temporal data. Bed stresses associated with currents can produce propagating ambient noise by mobilizing sediments. The strength of the tidal currents in northern Admiralty Inlet produces bed stresses in excess of 20 Pa. Significant increases in noise levels at frequencies from 4-30 kHz, with more modest increases noted from 1-4 kHz, are attributed to mobilized sediments. Sediment-generated noise during strong currents masks background noise from other sources, including vessel traffic. Inversions of the acoustic spectra for equivalent grain sizes are consistent with qualitative observations of the seabed composition. Bed stress calculations using log layer, Reynolds stress, and inertial dissipation techniques generally agree well and are used to estimate the shear stresses at which noise levels increase for different grain sizes. Ambient noise levels in one-third octave bands with center frequencies from 1 kHz to 25 kHz are dominated by sediment-generated noise and can be accurately predicted using the near-bed current velocity above a critical threshold. When turbulence is advected over a pressure sensitive transducer, the turbulent pressure fluctuations can be measured as noise, though these pressure fluctuations are not propagating sound and should not be interpreted as ambient noise. Based on measurements in both Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound and the Chacao Channel, Chile, two models are developed for flow-noise. The first model combined measurements of mean current velocities and turbulence and agrees well with data from both sites. The second model uses scaling arguments to model the flow-noise based solely on the mean current velocity. This model agrees well with the data from the Chacao Channel but performs poorly in Admiralty Inlet, a difference attributed to differences turbulence production mechanisms. At both sites, the spectral slope of flow noise follows a f-3.2 dependence, suggesting partial cancellation of the pressure fluctuations when the turbulent scales are on order of, or smaller than, the characteristic size of the hydrophone. At both sites, flow-noise levels can exceed ambient noise levels during slack currents by more than 50 dB at 20 Hz and flow-noise is measured at frequencies greater than 500 Hz. In Admiralty Inlet, the use of a compact flow shield is shown to reduce flow-noise levels by up to 30 dB. Below 1 kHz, the dominant source of ambient noise is vessel traffic, though during periods of strong currents, the propagating noise from vessels can be difficult to identify because of flow-noise. At frequencies above 1 kHz, during periods of strong currents, the dominant source of ambient noise is bedload transport. Observation of this higher frequency sound is not affected by flow-noise, which is limited to lower frequencies in northern Admiralty Inlet. These results are combined with marine species hearing thresholds, a turbine source spectrum, and a simple propagation model to roughly quantify the probability of marine animals detecting the sound of operating turbines against ambient noise. The results suggest that the likely detection range of operating turbines is limited to less than 1 km under most conditions. The sound produced by operating tidal turbines at the proposed demonstration-scale tidal power project is not likely to have any significant behavioral effect at greater range. Finally, the ambient statistics at the site are also combined with a sound propagation model and vocalization characteristics of Southern Resident killer whales to determine the effective range for passive acoustic monitoring techniques at the proposed project location. Due to the frequency overlap between sediment-generated noise and killer whale vocalizations, during peak currents the detection range for vocalizations is reduced by up to 90% when compared to slack current noise levels. Although the reduction in detection range is significant, this analysis suggests that passive acoustic monitoring will still be effective at ranges greater than the typical range at which killer whales can detect the turbines. These results of these two detection studies will inform the design of post-installation monitoring plans to quantify noise production by operating turbines and the associated environmental changes. This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of ambient noise measurements in an energetic coastal environment and advances the understanding of noise sources unique to these environments, such as sediment-generated noise and flow-noise. The improved understanding of these noise sources will aid in the interpretation of acoustic measurements in other energetic environments. Furthermore, as uncertainties in sound produced by tidal turbines and marine animal behavioral responses to this sound are reduced, the foundation laid by this research will allow the acoustic impacts of tidal hydrokinetic power projects to be quantified.","author":["Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.952763000000","-122.600550000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/41185","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biofouling-lessons-nature","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rsta.2011.0502","title":"Biofouling: lessons from nature","description":"Biofouling is generally undesirable for many applications. An overview of the medical, marine and industrial fields susceptible to fouling is presented. Two types of fouling include biofouling from organism colonization and inorganic fouling from non-living particles. Nature offers many solutions to control fouling through various physical and chemical control mechanisms. Examples include low drag, low adhesion, wettability (water repellency and attraction), microtexture, grooming, sloughing, various miscellaneous behaviours and chemical secretions. A survey of nature\u0027s flora and fauna was taken in order to discover new antifouling methods that could be mimicked for engineering applications. Antifouling methods currently employed, ranging from coatings to cleaning techniques, are described. New antifouling methods will presumably incorporate a combination of physical and chemical controls.","author":["Bixler, G.","Bhushan, B."],"organization":["Ohio State University"],"originationDate":"2012-05-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/41186","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/changes-fish-assemblage-after-coral-bleaching-event","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v245\/p205-212\/","title":"Changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event","description":"Large-scale bleaching events are major disturbances to coral health and community structure, but may also affect other coral reef taxa, such as fishes. In 1997-1998, wide-spread coral bleaching and mortality occurred across the Great Barrier Reef, caused by increases in sea surface temperatures resulting from El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation. As part of this event, in February-March 1998, there was extensive bleaching within One Tree Island lagoon (southern Great Barrier Reef), such that almost 12 mo later there was a significant reduction of live coral cover at some sites. We monitored the distribution of adults and recruitment of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) to sites within One Tree Island in 1993-1995 and in 1999. Fish species that normally associate with live corals showed relatively lower recruitment at bleached sites compared to the same sites pre-bleaching or to recovered sites and, as a result, species diversity and assemblage structure of recruits changed. Compared to 1993\/1995 densities, adult Pomacentrus wardi, P. moluccensis and Chrysiptera rollandi densities dropped at bleached sites, but not at unbleached sites. While P. moluccensis directly associate with live corals, the other 2 species do not. This study has demonstrated that indirect effects of bleaching can include changes in assemblage structure of reef fish adults and recruits.","author":["Booth, D.","Beretta, G."],"organization":["University of Technology Sydney","University of Sydney"],"originationDate":"2002-12-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["-23.507699000000","152.091354000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/41187","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-monitoring-underwater-noise-proposed-deployment-site-tidal-stream-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/icoe\/icoe-2012\/document\/long-term-monitoring-of-underwater-noise-at-a-proposed-deployment-site-of-a-tidal-stream-device\/","title":"Long Term Monitoring of Underwater Noise at a Proposed Deployment Site of a Tidal Stream Device","description":"Tidal streams provide a sustainable, green and predictable energy resource. However, devices designed to extract this energy have the potential to impact upon the natural environment through a variety of interactions. One of these interactions concerns underwater noise. The potential for environmental impact due to device related noise has not been fully understood.  Before assessing device related noise disturbance on marine life, it is essential to analyse the mechanics of ambient noise at the high energy sites where devices are likely to be deployed.  This paper focuses on a high energy flow channel subject to tidal streams of up to 4 m.s-1. Using the \u0022drifting methodology\u0022, underwater background noise has been monitored through tidal cycles of different seasons and tides. Analysis shows that this site is subject to biologic, physical and anthropogenic noise sources that contribute differently, and for some periodically, to the overall ambient noise. A distinct increase of 30 dB re1\u00b5Parms above 8 kHz during spring tide has also been observed and is investigated.  The paper shows the relationship between current velocities, the tidal height and the background noise at different times of the year. This will be useful when evaluating the impact of noise on marine life.","author":["Broudic, M.","Croft, T.","Willis, M.","Masters, I.","Sei-Him, C."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2012-10-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.852386000000","-5.384479000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/41188","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benchmarking-sensor-fusion-capabilities-integrated-instrumentation-package","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166917300760","title":"Benchmarking sensor fusion capabilities of an integrated instrumentation package","description":"Quantifying and mitigating environmental risks presented by marine energy conversion systems requires a variety of sensors (active acoustic, passive acoustic, and optical). The operation of these sensors must satisfy three directives to be effective: (1) do not alter the environment through operation of sensors; (2) capture rare events; and (3) do not accrue unmanageable volumes of low-value data. This requires integrating sensors into a single package, rather than operating them independently. The Adaptable Monitoring Package is an integrated instrumentation package that combines a multibeam sonar, acoustic camera, current profiler, optical cameras, and an array of hydrophones. The capabilities and limitations of the AMP sensors were benchmarked using cooperative targets, and real-time target tracking and detection was used to detect opportunistic targets (e.g., diving birds, seals). During an initial deployment, automatic detection of opportunistic targets achieved a 58% true positive rate and a 99% true negative rate (100% corresponding to an ideal system in both cases). In post-processing, target tracking data were used to evaluate automatic target classification capabilities using a k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Results suggest that real-time target classification should be possible and enable integrated instrumentation systems to meet the monitoring needs of marine energy deployments.","author":["Cotter, E.","Murphy, P.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.079537000000","-123.044744000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42734","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-marine-constructions-propagators-moon-jellyfish-dispersal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa75d9","title":"Offshore marine constructions as propagators of moon jellyfish dispersal","description":"We have studied the influence of offshore marine constructions on the moon jellyfish population in the Adriatic sea, where the newly set up substrates enable the formation of a new population based in the formerly unpopulated open waters. Our five-year long computer simulation uses a high resolution coupled bio-physical individual-based model to track the dispersal of the offspring from subpopulations originating from offshore and shore-based sources. According to our study, the platforms enhance connectivity between subpopulations of jellyfish polyps, help sustain existing shore-based subpopulations, contribute to jellyfish blooms in some areas, and play an important role in establishing connection with the rest of the Mediterranean, in addition to representing substantial amounts of available substrate. This is an aspect that is usually overlooked when evaluating the ecological impact of existing and future wind farms, oil and gas platforms, etc. Our approach could serve as a role model in future studies of ecological impacts of planned offshore constructions.","author":["Vodopivec, M.","Peliz, \u00c1 .","Malej, A."],"organization":["Universidade de Lisboa"],"originationDate":"2017-07-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.050532000000","15.350575000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vodopivec_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42735","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/building-confidence-projections-responses-living-marine-resources-climate-change","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/73\/5\/1283\/2240697","title":"Building confidence in projections of the responses of living marine resources to climate change","description":"The Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlights that climate change and ocean acidification are challenging the sustainable management of living marine resources (LMRs). Formal and systematic treatment of uncertainty in existing LMR projections, however, is lacking. We synthesize knowledge of how to address different sources of uncertainty by drawing from climate model intercomparison efforts. We suggest an ensemble of available models and projections, informed by observations, as a starting point to quantify uncertainties. Such an ensemble must be paired with analysis of the dominant uncertainties over different spatial scales, time horizons, and metrics. We use two examples: (i) global and regional projections of Sea Surface Temperature and (ii) projection of changes in potential catch of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in the 21st century, to illustrate this ensemble model approach to explore different types of uncertainties. Further effort should prioritize understanding dominant, undersampled dimensions of uncertainty, as well as the strategic collection of observations to quantify, and ultimately reduce, uncertainties. Our proposed framework will improve our understanding of future changes in LMR and the resulting risk of impacts to ecosystems and the societies under changing ocean conditions.","author":["Cheung, W.","Fr\u00f6licher, T.","Asch, R.","Jones, M.","Pinsky, M.","Reygondeau, G.","Rodgers, K.","Rykaczewski, R.","Sarmiento, J.","Stock, C.","Watson, J."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","ETH Zurich","Princeton University","Rutgers University","University of South Carolina","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Stockholm University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42736","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-gradient-sampling-design-environmental-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023%2FA%3A1005752603707","title":"Evaluation of a gradient sampling design for environmental impact assessment","description":"Before-After Control Impact (BACI) sampling designs are commonly used in environmental impact assessment and are considered the most effective for detecting changes due to anthropogenic disturbances. These designs handle local spatial variability through randomized placement of samples into a treatment stratum and a control stratum. When a contaminant disperses with distance from a point source it is suggested that a \u2019gradient\u2018 design will be more sensitive to change than randomized placement of samples. This requires allocating samples according to distance, rather than by random placement within randomly placed blocks. In this paper gradient versus random sampling designs were compared using data from an oil field in the North Sea. The gradient sampling design was more powerful than a randomized CI sampling design.","author":["Ellis, J.","Schneider, D."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"originationDate":"1997-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.212183000000","3.539850000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42737","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/where-ecological-gaps-remain-modelers-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2019.00424\/full","title":"Where the Ecological Gaps Remain, a Modelers\u0027 Perspective","description":"Humans have observed the natural world and how people interact with it for millennia. Over the past century, synthesis and expansion of that understanding has occurred under the banner of the \u201cnew\u201d discipline of ecology. The mechanisms considered operate in and between many different scales\u2014from the individual and short time frames, up through populations, communities, land\/seascapes and ecosystems. Whereas, some of these scales have been more readily studied than others\u2014particularly the population to regional landscape scales\u2014over the course of the past 20 years new unifying insights have been possible via the application of ideas from new perspectives, such as the fields of complexity and network theory. At any sufficiently large gathering (and with sufficient lubrication) discussions over whether ecologists will ever uncover unifying laws and what they may look like still persist. Any pessimism expressed tends to grow from acknowledgment that gaping holes still exist in our understanding of the natural world and its functioning, especially at the smallest and grandest scales. Conceptualization of some fundamental ideas, such as evolution, are also undergoing review as global change presents levels of directional pressure on ecosystems not previously seen in recorded history. New sensor and monitoring technologies are opening up new data streams at volumes that can seem overwhelming but also provide an opportunity for a profusion of new discoveries by marrying data across scales in volumes hitherto infeasible. As with so many aspects of science and life, now is an exciting time to be an ecologist.","author":["Fulton, E.","Blanchard, J.","Melbourne-Thomas, J.","Plag\u00e1nyi, \u00c9.","Tulloch, V."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2019-11-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fulton_et_al-2019-Frontiers_in_Ecology_and_Evolution.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42738","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-energy-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/Wave+and+Tidal+Energy-p-9781119014447","title":"Wave and Tidal Energy","description":"Wave and Tidal Energy provides a comprehensive and self-contained review of the developing marine renewable energy sector, drawing from the latest research and from the experience of device testing. The book has a twofold objective: to provide an overview of wave and tidal energy suitable for newcomers to the field and to serve as a reference text for advanced study and practice.  Including detail on key issues such as resource characterisation, wave and tidal technology, power systems, numerical and physical modelling, environmental impact and policy. The book also includes an up-to-date review of developments worldwide and case studies of selected projects.  Key features:    A comprehensive and self-contained text covering all aspects of the multidisciplinary fields of wave and tidal energy.  Draws upon the latest research in wave and tidal energy and the experience of leading practitioners in numerical and laboratory modelling.  Regional developments worldwide are reviewed and representative projects are presented as case studies.","author":["Greaves, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42739","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-model-approach-engaging-stakeholder-modellers-complex-environmental-problems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901114002342","title":"A multi-model approach to engaging stakeholder and modellers in complex environmental problems","description":"Models are increasingly used to support decision-making in the management of natural resources. They can provide system understanding, learning, a platform for stakeholder engagement, projections of system behaviour and an environment for virtual testing of alternative management strategies. However, rarely is a single numerical model suitable for all these purposes. Our experience is that a suite of models of different size, complexity and scope can be more effective and can better address the needs of environmental management projects. Models of different complexity can address different needs, but can also be combined as a flexibly sculpted tool kit \u2013 as they require very different development effort they can be deployed at different stages during a project. Using rapidly deployed qualitative, or simple quantitative, models stakeholders can be exposed to models very early in the project, eliciting feedback on appropriate model content and familiarity with the modelling process without affecting the development of more complex, resource intensive, models aimed at answering core management questions. This early and continuous stakeholder exposure to models provides flexibility in addressing specific novel questions as they arise during project development, as well as an opportunity for developing skills and changing both modellers and stakeholders\u2019 attitudes, as is often needed when facing complex problems.  Using an example where we used five different model types in an effort to inform policy-making around regional multiple use management in north-western Australia, we describe (i) how each model type can be used, (ii) the different roles the models cover, and (iii) how they fit into a full decision making process and stakeholder engagement. We conclude by summarising the lessons we learnt.","author":["Fulton, E.","Boschetti, F.","Sporcic, M.","Jones, T.","Little, L.","Dambacher, J.","Gray, R.","Scott, R.","Gorton, R."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","University of Western Australia","Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42740","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vulnerability-coral-reef-fisheries-loss-structural-complexity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960982214003182?via%3Dihub","title":"Vulnerability of Coral Reef Fisheries to a Loss of Structural Complexity","description":"Coral reefs face a diverse array of threats, from eutrophication and overfishing to climate change. As live corals are lost and their skeletons eroded, the structural complexity of reefs declines. This may have important consequences for the survival and growth of reef fish because complex habitats mediate predator-prey interactions and influence competition through the provision of prey refugia. A positive correlation exists between structural complexity and reef fish abundance and diversity in both temperate and tropical ecosystems. However, it is not clear how the diversity of available refugia interacts with individual predator-prey relationships to explain emergent properties at the community scale. Furthermore, we do not yet have the ability to predict how habitat loss might affect the productivity of whole reef communities and the fisheries they support. Using data from an unfished reserve in The Bahamas, we find that structural complexity is associated not only with increased fish biomass and abundance, but also with nonlinearities in the size spectra of fish, implying disproportionately high abundances of certain size classes. By developing a size spectrum food web model that links the vulnerability of prey to predation with the structural complexity of a reef, we show that these nonlinearities can be explained by size-structured prey refugia that reduce mortality rates and alter growth rates in different parts of the size spectrum. Fitting the model with data from a structurally complex habitat, we predict that a loss of complexity could cause more than a 3-fold reduction in fishery productivity.","author":["Rogers, A.","Blanchard, J.","Mumby, P."],"organization":["University of Queensland","University of Exeter","University of Sheffield"],"originationDate":"2014-05-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.487988000000","-76.839961000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42741","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cautions-using-after-control-impact-design-environmental-effects-monitoring-programs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.facetsjournal.com\/doi\/10.1139\/facets-2016-0058","title":"Cautions on using the Before-After-Control-Impact design in environmental effects monitoring programs","description":"Often the Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) design is suggested as being a statistically powerful experimental design in environmental impact studies. If the timing and location of the impact are known and adequate pre-data are collected, the BACI design is considered optimal to help isolate the effect of the development from natural variability. This paper presents 9 years of results from a long-term BACI experiment tested using a range of statistical models and post-impact monitoring designs. To explore suboptimal designs that are often utilized in environmental effects monitoring, the same data were also explored assuming either no control system was available (Before-After only), or that no pre-impact data were available (Control-Impact only). The results of the BACI design were robust to the statistical model used, and the BACI design was able to detect effects from the impact that the two suboptimal designs failed to detect. However, the BACI design demonstrated different conclusions depending on the number and configuration of post-impact years included in the analysis. Our results reinforce the idea that caution should be employed when using, or interpreting results from, a BACI design in an environmental impact study, but demonstrate that a well-designed BACI remains one of the best models for environmental effects monitoring programs.","author":["Smokorowski, K.","Randall, R."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2017-03-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/facets-2016-0058.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42938","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-processes-beach-erosion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/books\/details?id=5yVSAQAAMAAJ\u0026rdid=book-5yVSAQAAMAAJ\u0026rdot=1","title":"Coastal processes and beach erosion","description":"Today, with few exceptions, streams are adding little material to the beaches; present loss of material from the beaches is essentially a permanent loss. The dominant erosive force is wind-generated wave action; the dominant zone extends from the 50-foot contour to shore. Wave period, length, height, and steepness are important in determining the effect of waves on beaches. Changes in these parameters can be computed for great distances from the fetch area. Short, storm waves drag material from the beach and deposit it in deep water; long swells push offshore material back onto the beach.   Waves breaking on the beach at an angle generate an alongshore current. The velocity of this littoral current increases as the wave period increases, the angle of the wave with short increases, and the slope of the beach flattens. Wave generated by constant trade winds move more than 5 million cubic yards per year along the shore; on most shores the movement is less than 1 million cubic yards per year. Alongshore energy is correlated to sand transport, and from this correlation, it is possible to predict alongshore drift from the incident wave patter. Sand in suspension can be measured in the surf zone, thus aiding the measurement of littoral transport.  The New Jersey shore, 120 miles long and broken by ten inlets, is examined as a field laboratory of shore processes. This shore at the north end is sheltered by Long Island from northeast wave action. Consisting of a nearly continuous series of barrier islands backed by lagoons, the shore has a tide range of about 5 feet, and is subject to attack by northeasters and hurricanes. Wave analyses, based on weather hindcasts for Sandy hook and Cape May, show essentially the same energy pattern at the two points, and that wave energy is greater from the north except in the shadow of Long Island.   Measurements of accretion near Cape May and at Sandy hook indicate long-term rates of drift; successive surveys of eroding shores indicate rates of erosion. Much of the eroded material in the form of silt and clay is lost permanently to deep water; and much of the remaining littoral drift is washed inside the inlets by the flood tides. Understanding the shore processes and their results makes possible the formulation of practical solutions. Temporary solutions involve placing of new sand and the use of groins and seawalls. Long-term solutions will involve control of the inlets with jetties of better design and arrangements for sand bypassing.","author":["Caldwell, J."],"organization":["US Army Corps of Engineers"],"originationDate":"1967-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.025354000000","-74.039728000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42939","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-variation-diel-vertical-migration-zooplankton-adcp-backscatter-time-series","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967063709001976","title":"Seasonal variation of diel vertical migration of zooplankton from ADCP backscatter time series data in the Lazarev Sea, Antarctica","description":"Ten-month time series of mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) and vertical velocity obtained from three moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) deployed from February until December 2005 at 64\u00b0S, 66.5\u00b0S and 69\u00b0S along the Greenwich Meridian were used to analyse the diel vertical zooplankton migration (DVM) and its seasonality and regional variability in the Lazarev Sea. The estimated MVBS exhibited distinct patterns of DVM at all three mooring sites. Between February and October, the timing of the DVM and the residence time of zooplankton at depth were clearly governed by the day\u2013night rhythm. Mean daily cycles of the ADCP-derived vertical velocity were calculated for successive months and showed maximum ascent and descent velocities of 16 and \u201315 mm s\u22121. However, a change of the MVBS pattern occurred in late spring\/early austral summer (October\/November), when the zooplankton communities ceased their synchronous vertical migration at all three mooring sites. Elevated MVBS values were then concentrated in the uppermost layers (\u0026lt;50 m) at 66.5\u00b0S. This period coincided with the decay of sea ice coverage at 64\u00b0S and 66.5\u00b0S between early November and mid-December. Elevated chlorophyll concentrations, which were measured at the end of the deployment, extended from 67\u00b0S to 65\u00b0S and indicated a phytoplankton bloom in the upper 50 m. Thus, we propose that the increased food supply associated with an ice edge bloom caused the zooplankton communities to cease their DVM in favour of feeding.","author":["Cisewski, B.","Strass, V.","Rhein, M.","Kr\u00e4gefsky, S."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-67.742089000000","5.506759000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42942","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temporal-variability-zooplankton-biomass-adcp-backscatter-time-series-data-bermuda","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967063706003323","title":"Temporal variability of zooplankton biomass from ADCP backscatter time series data at the Bermuda Testbed Mooring site","description":"Temporal variability of acoustically estimated zooplankton biomass at the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM) site in the Sargasso Sea (at 31\u00b043\u2032N, 64\u00b010\u2032W) is described for time scales from less than an hour to the seasonal cycle primarily using data obtained between August 1996 and November 2000, and from May 10 to November 13, 2003. Concurrent high frequency BTM observations of meteorological, physical, and bio-optical variables are used to interpret processes contributing to the zooplankton variability. Zooplankton biomass estimates are derived from regressions of backscatter intensity data measured with an upward looking 153-kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and zooplankton net tow data collected near the BTM site as part of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS). Our data show clear event-scale variations. Peaks are associated with annual spring blooms involving mixed layer shoaling and in some cases passages of mesoscale eddy features. Biomass peaks are often coincident with maxima seen in BTM chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (inferred phytoplankton biomass). Some storm events do not appear to manifest in significant perturbations of zooplankton distributions; however, Hurricane Fabian (2003) greatly impacted these distributions. Estimates of zooplankton biomass and relative vertical velocity show the vertical structure of daily migration patterns. Seasonal variations in migration patterns are also evident, with diel changes in zooplankton biomass most pronounced in spring and least pronounced in winter. In summary, our high temporal resolution time series of estimated zooplankton biomass in the open ocean provide information on scales inaccessible through conventional monthly ship-based sampling. These data have implications for upper ocean ecology and the vertical transport of carbon and nitrogen through the diel migration of zooplankton.","author":["Jiang, S.","Dickey, T.","Steinberg, D.","Madin, L."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","College of William and Mary","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2007-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.368883000000","-64.801863000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42944","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/classification-sound-scattering-layers-using-swimming-speed-estimated-acoustic-doppler","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12562-013-0683-9","title":"Classification of sound-scattering layers using swimming speed estimated by acoustic Doppler current profiler","description":"There are various techniques for identifying fish species, including the multi-frequency method, in situ target strength characteristics, and digital image processing methods. Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) are able to determine multiple current fields simultaneously and have been used to observe the swimming speed and behavior patterns of shoals of pelagic fish under natural conditions. In this study, we evaluated a classification method that can be used to determine the swimming velocity of both the sound-scattering layer and pelagic fish shoals using an ADCP (153.6 kHz) and a scientific echosounder (38, 200 kHz). To calculate the actual swimming speed of the fish shoals, the mean swimming velocity vectors of each stratified bin must be compared with the mean surrounding three-dimensional (3D) current velocity vectors. We found the average 3D swimming velocity of the sound-scattering layer to be characterized by a deviation of \u0026gt;5.3 cm\/s from the surrounding current field. The average 3D swimming velocity of Pacific saury Cololabis saira was calculated to be 91.3 cm\/s, while that of lanternfish Diaphus theta was 28.1 cm\/s. These swimming speeds correspond to 4.19- and 4.26-fold the body length, respectively. Thus, the use of ADCP swimming velocity data can be expected to be a valuable species identification method for various fishes distributed in a given survey area.","author":["Lee, K.","Mukai, T.","Lee, D.","Iida, K."],"organization":["Hokkaido University"],"originationDate":"2013-11-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.271977000000","140.345286000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42945","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-fish-movement-using-adcp","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4743187","title":"Monitoring fish movement using an ADCP","description":"An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, ADCP, can detect the presence of fish in water using the backscatter intensity. The Doppler profiler does not, however, make a point measurement; rather, measurement is made by averaging multiple beams and assuming that the current velocity is uniform between the distinct sample locations. As a result, individual fish speed cannot be measured. However, data are presented that demonstrate that the ADCP can measure the swimming speed of large fish schools. Fish speed and direction were measured for Norwegian spring herring. Observed speeds were 0\u201340 cm sec\u22121. Diel vertical migrations were observed with Norwegian herring ascending to the surface at dusk, and descending to greater depth at dawn. The accuracy and precision of an ADCP is a complex function of many variables (i.e., frequency, pulse length, transducer characteristics, backscatter strength, type and distribution of scatters). The other problems to be considered are sampling criteria and calibration. These sampling problems are explored for the case of ADCP measurements of fish movement.","author":["Patro, R.","Zedel, L.","Spanu-Tollefsen, C."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"originationDate":"2000-11-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42946","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-site-characterisation-fall-warness-emec-uk","sourceURL":"","title":"Tidal energy site characterisation at the Fall of Warness, EMEC, UK","description":"This report seeks to provide  introduction to the ReDAPT project, to set the individual work-packages in context - thus highlighting the level of inter-dependency between project partners\u2019 activities - and to provide a summary of the main findings of the University of Edinburgh\u2019s field measurement campaign and subsequent data analysis. Section 2 provides an introduction to the field of site characterisation for tidal energy sites. Section 3 reports on the analysis conducted from site measurements for the EMEC Fall of Warness test site specifically. Section 4 discusses the integration and operation of sensor systems and outlines lessons-learned and recommendations for future site surveys.","author":["Sellar, B.","Sutherland, D."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2016-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.192837000000","-2.785010000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ReDAPT-Project-v4.0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/42947","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introduction-special-issue-continental-shelf-research-application-acoustics-sediment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434312002191?via%3Dihub","title":"Introduction to the Special Issue of Continental Shelf Research on \u0027The application of acoustics to sediment transport processes\u0027","description":"Sediment dynamics in coastal waters has relevance to a broad spectrum of marine science and engineering. Through the processes of accretion, erosion and transport, sediments define our coastlines, marine habitats, and nearshore recreation zones. Seabed sediments critically affect the stability of marine structures, shoreline protection and development, and navigation in coastal waters. Sediments act as reservoirs for nutrients and contaminants and as regulators of light transmission, thereby impacting significantly on water chemistry and primary production. Thus, predicting sediment transport, erosion and deposition is of great practical importance on a global scale, but is also very challenging. The challenge is associated in part with the complex and often non-linear interactions among combined forcing by waves and currents, the dynamic response of the bed, and sediment size and type, as well as the fundamental role of turbulence. Part of the challenge has also been the absence, historically, of suitable technologies for making the comprehensive measurements needed to adequately test or validate the models.  To measure and predict sediment movement requires a detailed understanding of the fundamental physical processes that lead to the transport of sediments. The processes can be thought of as dynamic interactions between: (i) the seabed morphology; (ii) the sediment field; and (iii) the hydrodynamics. These three components relate to each other in complex ways, being mutually interactive and interdependent with feedback; this interaction has been coined the \u2018Sediment triad\u2019. To advance our understanding of sediment transport, we need therefore to obtain simultaneous co-located measurements of these three components, in differing sedimentary and hydrodynamic environments and under a range of forcing conditions.  The vision two to three decades ago was that acoustics would offer distinct advantages over optical methods, particularly in the high turbidity conditions encountered during active transport conditions in coastal and continental shelf environments and that it may provide simultaneous measurements of all three components of the sediment triad. Acoustics was considered to have the potential to measure non-intrusively, with high temporal\u2013spatial resolution, co-located profiles of suspended sediment particle size, concentration, the three orthogonal components of flow and bedforms, at intra-wave, intra-ripple and turbulent scales. Much of this potential has been realised.  Initially, single frequency acoustic backscatter systems (ABS), were deployed; these required independent estimates of particle size, to obtain suspended sediment concentration. These were followed by multi-frequency ABS, which coupled with developing theoretical works on scattering and inversion methodologies, provided profiles of concentration and particle size. To assess bedforms, high spatial resolution sector scanners were developed; these provided images of the bed features. In more recent years, these have been superseded by two-dimensional and three-dimensional profilers, which provide a direct measure of the local bed topography. Coupled with these developments have been advances in the utilisation of coherent Doppler technology, leading to systems capable of near-bed profiling of turbulent and intra-wave hydrodynamic processes. Integrated together, these complementary acoustic technologies provide direct access to the fundamental processes composing the sediment triad.  In this Special Issue of Continental Shelf Research, the aim has been to bring together papers which reflect progress in the application of acoustics to sediment transport dynamics. The papers cover turbulent, intra-wave and wave group processes, network data-driven approaches, reformulations of inversions, sediment scattering properties, discrimination of sand and clays and horizontal suspension profiling. By no means does this Special Issue cover all applications of acoustics to sediment transport. However, it does provide an overview of the contemporary use of acoustic devices, by coastal and estuarine scientists, for the study of the dynamic processes of sediment transport.  Finally, looking towards the future, there is still much work to be undertaken. Bedload sediment transport is still difficult to measure, particularly in wave-dominated environments, and acoustics will almost certainly have a role to play. The use of acoustics for estimating sediment concentration in flocculating suspensions is still problematic and requires fundamental studies on the interaction of sound with aggregated fine-grained particles, before quantitative inversions can be formulated. The requirement to examine boundary layer processes in even more detail necessitates further developments in the temporal\u2013spatial resolution of acoustic instrumentation. In most circumstances, bedforms, hydrodynamic and sediment processes are three dimensional. Therefore, the one-dimensional vertical profiles generated using present acoustic systems are limited and the next generation of acoustic technology should expand capabilities into the other spatial dimensions. We look forward to these developments over the coming years.","author":["Thorne, P.","Hay, A."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2012-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43146","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electroreception-marine-fishes-chondrichthyans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jfb.14068","title":"Electroreception in marine fishes: chondrichthyans","description":"Electroreception in marine fishes occurs across a variety of taxa and is best understood in the chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras). Here, we present an up\u2010to\u2010date review of what is known about the biology of passive electroreception and we consider how electroreceptive fishes might respond to electric and magnetic stimuli in a changing marine environment. We briefly describe the history and discovery of electroreception in marine Chondrichthyes, the current understanding of the passive mode, the morphological adaptations of receptors across phylogeny and habitat, the physiological function of the peripheral and central nervous system components, and the behaviours mediated by electroreception. Additionally, whole genome sequencing, genetic screening and molecular studies promise to yield new insights into the evolution, distribution, and function of electroreceptors across different environments. This review complements that of electroreception in freshwater fishes in this special issue, which provides a comprehensive state of knowledge regarding the evolution of electroreception. We conclude that despite our improved understanding of passive electroreception, several outstanding gaps remain which limits our full comprehension of this sensory modality. Of particular concern is how electroreceptive fishes will respond and adapt to a marine environment that is being increasingly altered by anthropogenic electric and magnetic fields.","author":["Newton, K.","Gill, A.","Kajiura, S."],"organization":["Washington University in St. Louis","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2019-06-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43340","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reduction-power-system-magnetic-field-configuration-twist","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/634190","title":"Reduction of Power System Magnetic Field by Configuration Twist","description":"The low-frequency magnetic field in the vicinity of helical three-conductor arrangements carrying symmetric three-phase alternating current is studied by analytical numerical and experimental methods. New approximate and simple closed-form expressions are derived for all three components of the three-dimensional field vector as function of current, distance, pitch and conductor spacing. Comparison is made with numerical results. Measurements on an experimental helical arrangement have also been performed for verification.","author":["Pettersson, P.","Schonborg, N."],"organization":["Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"1997-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43341","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electrical-fishing-brown-shrimp-crangon-crangon-i-laboratory-experiments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783604002814","title":"On electrical fishing for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon): I. Laboratory experiments","description":"The fishery for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) in the North Sea is carried out by more than 600 vessels with total annual brown shrimp landings of around 20,000 t. Due to the small mesh size used, the catches also contain large amounts of unwanted by-catch. To find ways of reducing this by-catch, experiments were carried out with electric pulses. The basic idea was to selectively invoke a startle response with shrimp without stimulating any by-catch species. A selective groundrope could then be used in combination with electric pulses to obtain catch separation.  As a preparation for sea trials, laboratory experiments were carried out. The pulse generators were tested for their basic characteristics. Experiments were carried out with fish and invertebrate species that are frequently caught in the brown shrimp fishery. The effect of pulse amplitude and frequency in relation to ambient parameters on the response of these animals was tested. To assess the effect of the pulses on these animals, survival experiments were carried out. The main conclusion was that shrimps react strongly to the pulses and most of the other species regularly caught in shrimp trawls do not, so selective electro-fishing has potential. The survival tests indicated that the pulses have no effect on the survival and general behaviour of the animals that have been in the electric field.","author":["Polet, H.","Delanghe, F.","Verschoore, R."],"organization":["Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2005-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43347","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/permanent-magnets-reduce-bycatch-benthic-sharks-ocean-trap-fishery","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0165783618301966","title":"Permanent magnets reduce bycatch of benthic sharks in an ocean trap fishery","description":"Sharks and rays are often caught as bycatch by commercial fisheries, and high incidences of bycatch are partially to blame for the declines in many populations of elasmobranchs. In an effort to reduce rates of bycatch, researchers have tested various deterrents that could benefit fisheries. Permanent magnets are one promising form of bycatch reduction device, yet their efficacy has only been tested for hook-and-line fisheries with variable results. Here, we examined the potential benefits of permanent magnets on an ocean fish trap fishery targeting snapper (Pagrus auratus) where more than 10% of the total catch is comprised of unwanted elasmobranchs and the presence of elasmobranchs reduces the catch of target species. Over 1000 fish traps were deployed in a fishery-dependent survey in New South Wales, Australia. Standardised catch rates indicate that the incorporation of magnets into fish traps significantly reduced incidences of elasmobranch bycatch (mainly Brachaelurus waddi) by over a third, while increasing the amount of target fish caught by an equivalent amount. Together these results suggest that magnets can be used as an effective bycatch reduction device that reduces incidences of elasmobranch bycatch while increasing the profitability of fish traps for fishermen. Future studies should aim to replicate these results in areas where different species of elasmobranchs occur.","author":["Richards, R.","Raoult, V.","Powler, D.","Gaston, T."],"organization":["University of Newcastle"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.831150000000","150.052361700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aversive-responses-captive-sandbar-sharks-carcharhinus-plumbeus-strong-magnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jfb.13064","title":"Aversive responses of captive sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus to strong magnetic fields","description":"This experimental study focused on the possible deterrent effect of permanent magnets on adult sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus. Results showed that the presence of a magnetic field significantly reduced the number of approaches of conditioned C. plumbeus towards a target indicating that adult C. plumbeus can be deterred by strong magnetic fields. These data, therefore, confirm that the use of magnetic devices to reduce shark by\u2010catch is a promising avenue.","author":["Siegenthaler, A.","Niemantsverdriet, P.","Laterveer, M.","Heitk\u00f6nig, I."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2016-06-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.928158000000","4.444026000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43350","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-balancing-marine-mammal-man-made-noise-reduces-foraging-success-seals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.lboro.ac.uk\/articles\/Risk_balancing_by_a_marine_mammal_man-made_noise_reduces_the_foraging_success_of_seals_Abstract_\/11968107\/1","title":"Risk balancing by a marine mammal: man-made noise reduces the foraging success of seals","description":"Foraging theory predicts that individuals should attempt to maximise their energy gain by foraging in patches with high food densities. However, animals faced with a choice between a rewarding food patch which has a high degree of risk associated with it, and one that is both less rewarding but less dangerous, should exhibit foraging decisions that reflect both the degree of risk involved, and the energetic advantage. Sounds from anthropogenic sources can affect marine mammal foraging behaviour, yet evidence of the effects on foraging success in these species is lacking. Here, we measure the influence of anthropogenic sounds (pile driving, a tidal turbine, and a silent control) on grey seal behaviour within a simulated foraging scenario and investigate the influence of food availability and perceived risk. Seals were given access to two underwater \u0027food patches\u0027 in an experimental pool where fish were delivered at controlled rates to simulate a low reward (LR) and a high reward (HR) food patch. Acoustic playbacks were made using an underwater speaker above one of the food patches (randomised during the study), and three foraging metrics (foraging duration, foraging effort allocation between the LR and HR food patches, and foraging success) were measured. Foraging success was highest during silent controls and was similar regardless of speaker location (LR or HR food patch). Under the tidal turbine and pile driving treatments, foraging success was similar to the controls when the speaker was located at the HR food patch but was significantly reduced (~16-28% lower) when the speaker was located at the LR food patch. The results suggest that the foraging decisions by the seals reflect a risk\/profit balancing approach. In response to a perceived risk associated with the anthropogenic sounds, seals apparently showed avoidance of the sounds when the energetic rewards were low (speaker at LR food patch) but not when the rewards were high (speaker at HR prey patch).","author":["Hastie, G.","Lepper, P.","McKnight, C.","Milne, R.","Russell, D.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Loughborough University"],"originationDate":"2019-09-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/hastieetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43351","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/determining-safety-range-electrical-pulses-two-benthic-invertebrates-brown-shrimp","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/72\/3\/973\/691591","title":"Determining the safety range of electrical pulses for two benthic invertebrates: brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) and ragworm (Alitta virens S.)","description":"Pulse trawling is currently the most promising alternative for conventional beam trawls targeting sole and shrimp, meeting both the fisher\u0027s aspirations and the need for more environmentally friendly fishing techniques. Before electrotrawling can be further developed and implemented on a wider scale, however, more information is needed about the effects of electrical pulses on marine organisms. The organisms used in the present experiments were brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) and king ragworm (Alita virens S.) as model species for crustaceans and polychaetes, respectively. These animals were exposed to a homogeneously distributed electrical field with varying values of the following parameters: frequency (5\u2013200 Hz), electrical field strength (150\u2013200 V m\u22121), pulse polarity, pulse shape, pulse duration (0.25\u20131 ms), and exposure time (1\u20135 s). The goal of this study was to determine the range of safe pulses and thereby also to evaluate the effect of the pulses already being used on commercial electrotrawls. Behaviour during and shortly after exposure, 14-d mortality rates, and gross and histological examination were used to evaluate possible effects. The vast majority of shrimp demonstrated a tail flip response when exposed to electric pulses depending on the frequency, whereas ragworm demonstrated a squirming reaction, independent of the frequency. No significant increase in mortality or injuries was encountered for either species within the range of pulse parameters tested. Examination of the hepatopancreas of shrimp exposed to 200 V m\u22121 revealed a significantly higher severity of an intranuclear baculoform virus infection. These data reveal a lack of irreversible lesions in ragworm and shrimp as a direct consequence of exposure to electric pulses administered in the laboratory. Despite these promising results, other indirect effects cannot be ruled out and further research hence is warranted.","author":["Soetaert, M.","Chiers, K.","Polet, H.","Verschueren, B.","Decostere, A."],"organization":["Ghent University","Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)"],"originationDate":"2014-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43352","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/genotoxic-cytotoxic-effects-50-hz-1-mt-electromagnetic-field-larval-rainbow-trout","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166445X18308981","title":"Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor)","description":"The aim of this research was to assess genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in aquatic animals exposed to 50\u2009Hz 1\u2009m\u2009T electromagnetic field (EMF). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at early stages of development were exposed to EMF for 40 days, whereas marine benthic invertebrates \u2013 the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor and the Baltic clam Limecola balthica \u2013 for 12 days. To define genotoxicity and cytotoxicity responses in selected animals, assays of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral blood erythrocytes of O. mykiss, coelomocytes of H. diversicolor and gill cells of L. balthica were performed. Induction of formation of micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB), nuclear buds on filament cells (NBf) and cells with blebbed nuclei (BL) were assessed as genotoxicity endpoints, and 8-shaped nuclei, fragmented (Fr), apoptotic (Ap) and binucleated (BN) cells as cytotoxicity endpoints. Exposure to EMF affected all studied species but with varying degrees. The strongest responses to EMF treatment were elicited in L. balthica, in which six out of the total eight analyzed geno- and cytotoxicity endpoints were significantly elevated. Significantly induced frequencies of MN were detected in O. mykiss and H. diversicolor cells, NBf and BL only in gill cells of L. balthica, and NB in analyzed tissues of all the test species. As cytotoxicity endpoints, a significant elevation in frequencies of cells with 8-shaped nuclei was found in O. mykiss and L. balthica, while Ap and BN was observed only in L. balthica. EMF exposure did not induce any significant cytotoxic activity in H. diversicolor coelomocytes. The present study is the first to reveal the genotoxic and cytotoxic activity of 1\u2009m\u2009T EMF in aquatic animals, and, consequently, the first one to report the adverse effect of this factor on common marine invertebrates and early life stages of fish.","author":["Stankevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117, M.","Jakubowska, M.","Pa\u017eusien\u0117, J.","Makaras, T.","Otremba, Z.","Urban-Malinga, B.","Fey, D.","Greszkiewicz, M.","Sauliut\u0117, G.","Bar\u0161ien\u0117, J.","Andrulewicz, E."],"organization":["The Nature Research Centre (Gamtos tyrimu centras)","National Marine Fisheries Research Institute","Gdynia Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43353","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vector-sensor-based-acoustic-characterization-system-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/3\/187","title":"A Vector Sensor-Based Acoustic Characterization System for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"NoiseSpotter is a passive acoustic monitoring system that characterizes, classifies, and geo-locates anthropogenic and natural sounds in near real time. It was developed with the primary goal of supporting the evaluation of potential acoustic effects of offshore renewable energy projects. The system consists of a compact array of three acoustic vector sensors, which measures acoustic pressure and the three-dimensional particle velocity vector associated with the propagation of an acoustic wave, thereby inherently providing bearing information to an underwater source of sound. By utilizing an array of three vector sensors, the application of beamforming techniques can provide sound source localization, allowing for characterization of the acoustic signature of specific underwater acoustic sources. Here, performance characteristics of the system are presented, using data from controlled acoustic transmissions in a quiet environment and ambient noise measurements in an energetic tidal channel in the presence of non-acoustic flow noise. Data quality is demonstrated by the ability to reduce non-acoustic flow noise contamination, while system utility is shown by the ability to characterize and localize sources of sound in the underwater environment.","author":["Raghukumar, K.","Chang, G.","Spada, F.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Raghukumaretal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/43548","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cognitive-magnetosensory-ecology-yellow-stingray-urobatis-jamaicensis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fau.digital.flvc.org\/islandora\/object\/fau%3A38039","title":"Cognitive and magnetosensory ecology of the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis","description":"Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) migrate across a wide range of spatiotemporal scales, display philopatry, seasonal residency, and maintain home ranges. Many animals use the Earth\u2019s magnetic field to orient and navigate between habitats. The geomagnetic field provides a variety of sensory cues to magnetically sensitive species, which could potentially use the polarity, or intensity and inclination angle of the field, to derive a sense of direction, or location, during migration. Magnetoreception has never been unequivocally demonstrated in any elasmobranch species and the cognitive abilities of these fishes are poorly studied. This project used behavioral conditioning assays that paired magnetic and reinforcement stimuli in order to elicit behavioral responses. The specific goals were to determine if the yellow stingray, Urobatis jamaicensis, could detect magnetic fields, to quantify the nature of the magnetic stimuli it could detect, and to quantify the learning and memory capabilities of this species. The results supported the original hypotheses and demonstrated that the yellow stingray could: discriminate between magnetic and non-magnetic objects; detect and discriminate between changes in geomagnetic field strength and inclination angle; and use geomagnetic field polarity to solve a navigational task. The yellow stingray learned behavioral tasks faster and retained the memories of learned associations longer than any batoid (skate or ray) to date. The data also suggest that this species can classify magnetic field stimuli into categories and learn similar behavioral tasks with increased efficiency, which indicate behavioral flexibility. These data support the idea that cartilaginous fishes use the geomagnetic field as an environmental cue to derive a sense of location and direction during migrations. Future studies should investigate the mechanism, physiological threshold, and sensitivity range of the elasmobranch magnetic sense in order to understand the effects of anthropogenic activities and environmental change on the migratory ability of these fishes.","author":["Newton, K."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45677","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/records-entangled-gannets-sula-bassana-helgoland-german-bight","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0025326X87800243","title":"Records of entangled gannets (Sula bassana) at Helgoland, German Bight","description":"The Gannet is a visitor to the area of the isle of Helgoland. As a \u2018plunge-diver\u2019 it is endangered by drifting plastic-debris and \u2018ghost-nets\u2019. Of 23 Gannets found dead on Helgoland beaches between 1976 and 1985, 3 (=13%) were entangled in net fragments. Over the same period 5 other specimens entangled in fishing gear were found alive and set free. Without human assistance these animals would have died within a few days. If these birds are added to the dead victims, then 29% of the observed mortality was caused by plastic-debris and fishing gear.  In 1984 and 1985 313 observtions of Gannets were registered in the area of Helgoland, including 8 records (=2.6%) of flying birds entangled in fragments of fishing gear. Multiple countings of the same individuals in the total of 313 observations makes the percentage of living Gannets entangled in fragments of fishing gear definitely higher than 2.6%.","author":["Schrey, E.","Vauk, G."],"organization":["Institute of Avian Research \u0027Vogelwarte Helgoland\u0027"],"originationDate":"1987-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.182421000000","7.883167000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45678","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fatally-entangled-right-whales-can-die-extremely-slowly","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/4098947","title":"Fatally entangled right whales can die extremely slowly","description":"Unlike smaller marine mammals that lack the mass and power to break free from serious entanglements in fixed fishing gear, right whales can do so, but they are not always rope free. The remaining rope can gradually constrict one or more body parts and the resulting debilitation and ultimate death can take many months. Thus the practices that lead to these mortalities need to be viewed not only as a conflict between the cultural and socioeconomic value of a fishery versus a potential species extinction process, but also in terms of an extreme animal welfare issue.","author":["Moore, M.","Bogomolni, A.","Bowman, R.","Hamilton, P.","Harry, C.","Knowlton, A.","Landry, S.","Rotstein, D.","Touhey, K."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","New England Aquarium","Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies","University of Tennessee"],"originationDate":"2006-09-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45680","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/entanglement-australian-sea-lions-new-zealand-fur-seals-lost-fishing-gear-other-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0025326X04000086","title":"Entanglement of Australian sea lions and New Zealand fur seals in lost fishing gear and other marine debris before and after Government and industry attempts to reduce the problem","description":"In recent years, Australian governments and fishing industry associations have developed guiding principles aimed at reducing the impact of fishing on non-target species and the benthos and increasing community awareness of their efforts. To determine whether they reduced seal entanglement in lost fishing gear and other marine debris, we analysed Australian sea lion and New Zealand fur seal entanglement data collected from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Contrary to our expectations, we found that entanglement rates did not decrease in recent years. The Australian sea lion entanglement rate (1.3% in 2002) and the New Zealand fur seal entanglement rate (0.9% in 2002) are the third and fourth highest reported for any seal species. Australian sea lions were most frequently entangled in monofilament gillnet that most likely originated from the shark fishery, which operates in the region where sea lions forage\u2013\u2013south and east of Kangaroo Island. In contrast, New Zealand fur seals were most commonly entangled in loops of packing tape and trawl net fragments suspected to be from regional rock lobster and trawl fisheries. Based on recent entanglement studies, we estimate that 1478 seals die from entanglement each year in Australia. We discuss remedies such as education programs and government incentives that may reduce entanglements.","author":["Page, B.","McKenzie, J.","McIntosh, R.","Baylis, A.","Morrissey, A.","Calvert, N.","Haase, T.","Berris, M.","Dowie, D.","Shaughnessy, P.","Goldsworthy, S."],"organization":["La Trobe University","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2004-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-35.787820000000","137.127760000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45681","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-review-shark-ray-entanglement-anthropogenic-marine-debris","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v39\/p173-190","title":"Global review of shark and ray entanglement in anthropogenic marine debris","description":"Numerous marine taxa become entangled in anthropogenic marine debris, including cartilaginous fishes (class: Chondrichthyes, e.g. elasmobranchs [sharks, skates and rays], holocephalans [chimaeras]). Here we review research that has been conducted on the susceptibility of these taxa to entanglement in marine debris by conducting a systematic literature review complemented by novel data collection from the social media site Twitter. Our literature review yielded 47 published elasmobranch entanglement events (N = 557 animals) in 26 scientific papers, with 16 different families and 34 species in all 3 major ocean basins affected. The most common entangling objects were ghost fishing gear (74% of animals) followed by polypropylene strapping bands (11% of animals), with other entangling materials such as circular plastic debris, polythene bags and rubber tyres comprising 1% of total entangled animals. Most cases were from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans (49 and 46%, respectively), with a bias towards the USA (44% of animals), the UK (30% of animals) and South Africa (10% of animals). While investigating Twitter, we found 74 cases of elasmobranch entanglement, representing 14 families and 26 species. On Twitter, ghost fishing gear was again the most common entangling material (94.9% of animals), with the majority of entanglement records originating from the Atlantic Ocean (89.4% of total entangled animals). Entanglement in marine debris is symptomatic of a degraded marine environment and is a clear animal welfare issue. Our evidence suggests, however, that this issue is likely a far lesser threat to this taxon than direct or indirect take in marine fisheries. We highlight a relative paucity of scientific data on this subject and recommend a standardisation of reporting in an attempt to accurately quantify elasmobranch entanglement risks and locate interaction hotspots.","author":["Parton, K.","Galloway, T.","Godley, B."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2019-07-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ESR-39.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45682","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/apparent-survival-north-atlantic-right-whales-after-entanglement-fishing-gear","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0006320715300306","title":"Apparent survival of North Atlantic right whales after entanglement in fishing gear","description":"The impacts of human activities on cryptic marine species can be difficult to assess. The North Atlantic right whale is an endangered species numbering just over 500 individuals. Entanglement in fishing gear is one documented source of injury and mortality, but population-level effects have been difficult to quantify. We used documented entanglements, long-term population studies and mark-recapture statistical techniques to evaluate the effect of these events on North Atlantic right whale survival. Estimates were based on 50 individuals observed carrying entangling gear between 1995 and 2008, and compared to 459 others that were never observed with gear during the same period. Entangled adults had low initial apparent survival (0.749, 95% CI: 0.601\u20130.855), but those that survived the first year achieved a survival rate (0.952, 95% CI: 0.907\u20130.977) that was more comparable to unaffected adult females (0.961, 95% CI: 0.941\u20130.974) and males (0.986, 95% CI: 0.975\u20130.993). Juveniles had a post-entanglement survival rate that was comparable to the initial survival of entangled adults (0.733, 95% CI: 0.532\u20130.869) and lower than un-impacted juveniles (0.978, 95% CI: 0.969\u20130.985). Of three entanglement characteristics examined, health impacts were most predictive of subsequent survival, but the entanglement configuration and the resulting injuries also appeared to affect outcome. When the entanglement configuration was assessed as high risk, human intervention (disentanglement) improved the survival outcome. This is the first mark\u2013recapture estimate of entanglement survival for any whale species. The results indicate the need for continued mitigation efforts for this species, as well as for a better understanding of entanglement impacts in other baleen whale populations.","author":["Robbins, J.","Knowlton, A.","Landry, S."],"organization":["Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies","New England Aquarium"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45684","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-sources-effects-abandoned-lost-discarded-fishing-gear-marine-turtles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/cobi.12355","title":"Understanding the sources and effects of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear on marine turtles in northern Australia","description":"Globally, 6.4 million tons of fishing gear are lost in the oceans annually. This gear (i.e., ghost nets), whether accidently lost, abandoned, or deliberately discarded, threatens marine wildlife as it drifts with prevailing currents and continues to entangle marine organisms indiscriminately. Northern Australia has some of the highest densities of ghost nets in the world, with up to 3 tons washing ashore per kilometer of shoreline annually. This region supports globally significant populations of internationally threatened marine fauna, including 6 of the 7 extant marine turtles. We examined the threat ghost nets pose to marine turtles and assessed whether nets associated with particular fisheries are linked with turtle entanglement by analyzing the capture rates of turtles and potential source fisheries from nearly 9000 nets found on Australia\u0027s northern coast. Nets with relatively larger mesh and smaller twine sizes (e.g., pelagic drift nets) had the highest probability of entanglement for marine turtles. Net size was important; larger nets appeared to attract turtles, which further increased their catch rates. Our results point to issues with trawl and drift\u2010net fisheries, the former due to the large number of nets and fragments found and the latter due to the very high catch rates resulting from the net design. Catch rates for fine\u2010mesh gill nets can reach as high as 4 turtles\/100 m of net length. We estimated that the total number of turtles caught by the 8690 ghost nets we sampled was between 4866 and 14,600, assuming nets drift for 1 year. Ghost nets continue to accumulate on Australia\u0027s northern shore due to both legal and illegal fishing; over 13,000 nets have been removed since 2005. This is an important and ongoing transboundary threat to biodiversity in the region that requires attention from the countries surrounding the Arafura and Timor Seas.","author":["Wilcox, C.","Heathcote, G.","Goldberg, J.","Gunn, R.","Peel, D.","Hardesty, B."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2014-08-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["-11.616881000000","133.310819000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:51:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45687","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-marine-energy-converters-iec-ts-62600-402019","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/publication\/31031","title":"Acoustic characterization of marine energy converters - IEC TS 62600-40:2019","description":"IEC TS 62600-40:2019 provides uniform methodologies to consistently characterize the sound produced by the operation of marine energy converters that generate electricity, including wave, current, and ocean thermal energy conversion. This document does not include the characterization of sound associated with installation, maintenance, or decommissioning of these converters, nor does it establish thresholds for determining environmental impacts. Characterization refers to received levels of sound at particular ranges, depths, and orientations to a marine energy converter.","author":["International Electrotechnical Commission"],"organization":["International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45688","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-noise-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/10564\/ocean-noise-and-marine-mammals","title":"Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals","description":"For the 119 species of marine mammals, as well as for some other aquatic animals, sound is the primary means of learning about the environment and of communicating, navigating, and foraging. The possibility that human-generated noise could harm marine mammals or significantly interfere with their normal activities is an issue of increasing concern. Noise and its potential impacts have been regulated since the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Public awareness of the issue escalated in 1990s when researchers began using high-intensity sound to measure ocean climate changes. More recently, the stranding of beaked whales in proximity to Navy sonar use has again put the issue in the spotlight.","author":["National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45689","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-impact-flow-driven-turbine-power-plants-great-wind-driven-ocean-currents","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41560-020-0580-2","title":"Modelling the impact of flow-driven turbine power plants on great wind-driven ocean currents and the assessment of their energy potential","description":"The persistence in the strength and direction of western boundary great ocean currents suggests that flow-driven turbines implemented in these currents have great potential for energy exploitation. However, technological developments in the design and installation of power-generating plants in the ocean are tied to our capacity to accurately identify the most favourable sites and provide practical assessments of the potentially recoverable energy. Here we use a global eddy-resolving ocean model to demonstrate that large ocean power plants may exert feedback on oceanic circulation that results in highly unpredictable changes in ocean currents. Regionally, these changes can drastically modify the path of the current. In extreme cases this corresponds to a decrease in the available power by more than 80% from initial expectations.","author":["Barnier, B.","Domina, A.","Gulev, S.","Molines, J.","Maitre, T.","Penduff, T.","Le Sommer, J.","Brasseur, P.","Brodeau, L.","Colombo, P."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes","Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45690","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-effects-tidal-turbines-water-mass-transport-lagrangian-barycentric-method","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-15-2081-5_14","title":"Evaluating the Effects of Tidal Turbines on Water-Mass Transport with the Lagrangian Barycentric Method","description":"Characterising circulation pathways in tidal stream energy sites is fundamental to evaluate the effects of turbines power extraction on the transport of water-mass and associated particles. The Lagrangian residual currents are commonly considered to assess the displacement of water particles over the tidal period. The associated circulation is, however, characterised by a strong dispersion as water particles may follow different trajectories depending on the release time during a tidal cycle. In order to obtain a synthetic cartography of the Lagrangian Residual Circulation (LRC), Salomon et al. (1988) proposed an original method allocating the residual currents at the barycentre of particle trajectories. This Lagrangian barycentric method was here applied to the Fromveur Strait (western Brittany)\u2014a region with strong potential for turbine farm implementation along the coast of France. A high-resolution depth-averaged numerical model computed the tidal circulation driven by the principal lunar semi-diurnal constituent M2. The initial particle positions were taken at the 14,026 nodes of the unstructured computational grid surrounding the area of interest with a spatial resolution below 50 m. In the strait, the LRC was characterised by a strong asymmetry between (i) a prominent north-eastern pathway with residual currents up to 0.45 ms\u22121 and (ii) a southward circulation. Both upstream and downstream of the strait, we exhibited furthermore prominent cyclonic and anti-cyclonic recirculations. A close correlation was found between the north eddy and a prominent sand bank. We simulated finally the forces induced by a series of horizontal-axis turbines as an additional bed friction sink term at the scale of the tidal farm. The extraction of tidal stream energy modified the magnitude and direction of the LRC along the current stream emerging from the strait with (i) a tendency for surrounding eddies to get closer to the tidal stream energy site and (ii) potential effects on nearby sandbanks.","author":["Guillou, N.","Chapalain, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-02-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/45896","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bibliographical-atlas-biofouling-along-french-coasts-context-offshore-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.france-energies-marines.org\/en\/report\/atlas-bibliographique-du-biofouling-des-facades-maritimes-francaises-dans-un-contexte-denergies-marines-renouvelables\/","title":"Bibliographical Atlas of Biofouling Along the French Coasts in the Context of Offshore Renewable Energy","description":"This atlas was produced as part of the ABIOP project on Accounting for BIOfouling through established Protocols of quantification. The primary objective of this 18-month project, launched in March 2017, is to improve the knowledge and monitoring of biofouling in order to increase the reliability of the input data required to correctly dimension and maintain Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) systems.\n\nThe primary objective of this atlas is to summarise the knowledge acquired on biofouling, and more generally on the communities of organisms living on the hard substrates available today in mainland and overseas France, with a view to foreseeing the problems generated by this phenomenon in the ORE context.\n\nThis atlas is based on an exhaustive as possible literature review, including A-ranked scientific articles, reports (internships, monitoring, studies), and publications presenting the results of studies conducted in French waters aimed at characterising biofouling and\/or assemblages on hard substrates in the subtidal zone. This knowledge review provides readers with the available data on biofouling and on potential colonists. The availability of data from the analysed documents was mapped and the key information extracted and summarised in a short paragraph.\n\nThe atlas is organised into four sections (each relating to a different biogeographical area) and also includes background information to introduce the issues raised by biofouling for the offshore renewable energy sector, as well as a user guide. This document is thus designed as an illustrated, tailored review (scope of engineering) gathering the currently available knowledge on biofouling along the French coastline.","author":["Quillienn, N.","Lejart, M.","Damblans, G."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","French National Research Agency (ANR)"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 03:16:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47248","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/farr-point-wave-farm-development-request-scoping-opinion","sourceURL":"","title":"The Farr Point Wave Farm Development: Request for Scoping Opinion","description":"In September 2009 The Crown Estate announced the first marine energy leasing round in the UK for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Strategic Area. This established a competitive process for lease applications which PWP entered into. In March 2010, the Crown Estate announced that a series of \u2018Agreements for Lease1 \u2019 (AFLs) had been awarded to wave and tidal developers. The leases were awarded to nine companies, covering eleven sites, to develop up to 1.6 GW of marine energy.  Pelamis Wave Power (PWP) was successful in securing an AFL for the phased development of a wave energy project off Farr Point on the north coast of Sutherland. Phase 1 of the Farr Point Wave Farm project could connect up to 15MW of capacity by 2014 and constitute an early major milestone for the marine energy sector. Achieving such a timescale would place the UK, Scotland and Sutherland at the forefront of this emerging global industry.  PWP is aiming for this to be the first phase of a larger project, which will see the installation of up to 50MW capacity by 2020. This is the maximum amount covered by the existing AfL. However, such future phases, beyond the initial 15MW will be subject to separate planning applications, as and when required and are not included within this Scoping Report.  This Scoping Report has been produced to provide an overview of the technology and proposals to develop Phase 1 at Farr Point. This document also provides an initial high-level screening of the potential key impacts and opportunities likely to be associated with the development along with proposed methods for assessing these impacts and opportunities. The regulatory context is outlined along with PWP\u2019s proposed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) method and community and stakeholder engagement and communication strategy. A Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is also presented which will inform the structure and scope of the project Navigational Risk Assessment (NRA) which will be undertaken in parallel with the wider EIA work (refer to Appendix I). Additionally, a preliminary screening of the potential effects upon Natura Interests is included (refer to Appendix II) which will be developed throughout the EIA process. This Scoping Report has been informed by the responses received following the issue of an initial Project Description Document2 to key stakeholders along with a series of preliminary stakeholder meetings (refer to Appendix III).","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Pelamis Wave Power"],"originationDate":"2011-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.622950000000","-4.289600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 10:46:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Farr-Point-Scoping.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47442","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-transferability-collection-consistency-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1491572","title":"Data Transferability and Collection Consistency in Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Concerns about the potential effects of tidal turbines and wave energy devices on the marine environment continue to slow siting and permitting\/consenting of single devices and arrays worldwide. While research studies and early results from post-installation monitoring over the past decade have informed interactions between marine renewable energy (MRE) devices, marine animals, and habitats, regulators still demonstrate considerable reluctance to accelerate the permitting\/consenting process for devices and arrays. Furthermore, the MRE industry is struggling with the high costs of baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring, as well as long timelines for obtaining permits, which leads to uncertainty and risk related to project financing. Regulators require assessment and monitoring information to allow them to carry out the necessary analyses to describe, permit\/consent, and manage the environmental risks associated with new MRE technologies and new uses of ocean space. One way to reduce risks to the industry and the environment and to allow for acceleration of the permitting\/consenting process could be to transfer learning, analyses, and data sets from one country to another, among projects, and across jurisdictional boundaries. In addition, data are collected around early-stage MRE devices using many different methods, instruments, and measurement scales. If similar parameters and accessible methods of data collection were used for baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring around all early-stage devices and MRE developments, the results would be more readily comparable. This comparability would lead to a decrease in scientific uncertainty and support a common understanding of the risk of MRE devices to the marine environment. This in turn would facilitate more efficient and shorter permitting\/consenting processes, which would decrease the financial risk for MRE project development. As a means of addressing the concept of transferring data (information, learning, analyses, and data sets) among projects and collecting data consistently, Annex IV has developed a data transferability process that has been socialized with the MRE community, which includes regulators, industry, developers, consultants, and researchers.  The data transferability process consists of five components:    A Data Transferability Framework brings together data sets in an organized fashion, compares the applicability of each data set for use on other projects, and guides the process of data transfer  A Data Collection Consistency Table provides preferred measurement methods or processes, reporting units, and the most common methods of analysis or interpretation and use of data  A Monitoring Data Sets Discoverability Matrix allows a practitioner to discover data sets based on the approach presented in the Framework  Best Management Practices (BMPs) include five BMPs related to data transferability and collection consistency  An Implementation Plan presents an approach for implementing and applying the data transferability process.   This report documents the background and development of the data transferability process and associated components and summarizes the next steps needed to successfully implement and apply the data transferability process.","author":["Copping, A.","Gorton, A.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Data-Transferability-and-Collection-Consistency.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47444","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-review-cumulative-pressure-impact-assessments-marine-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2016.00153\/full","title":"A Global Review of Cumulative Pressure and Impact Assessments in Marine Environments","description":"Ever more extensive use of marine space by human activities and greater demands for marine natural resources has led to increases in both duration and spatial extent of pressures on the marine environment. In parallel, the global crisis of decreasing biodiversity and loss of habitats has revitalized scientific research on human impacts and lead to methodological development of cumulative pressure and impact assessments (CPIA). In Europe alone, almost 20 CPIAs have been published in the past 10 years and some more in other sea regions of the world. In this review, we have analyzed 40 recent marine CPIAs and focused on their methodological approaches. We were especially interested in uncovering methodological similarities, identifying best practices and analysing whether the CPIAs have addressed the recent criticism. The review results showed surprisingly similar methodological approaches in half of the studies, raising hopes for finding coherence in international assessment efforts. Although the CPIA methods showed relatively few innovative approaches for addressing the major caveats of previous CPIAs, the most recent studies indicate that improved approaches may be soon found.","author":["Korpinen, S.","Andersen, J."],"organization":["Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)"],"originationDate":"2016-08-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:25:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47445","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-managing-geotechnical-risks-design-build-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.trb.org\/Main\/Blurbs\/178145.aspx","title":"Guidelines for Managing Geotechnical Risks in Design\u2013Build Projects","description":"This report is designed to help public agencies in managing geotechnical risk on highway construction projects that are delivered using design\u2013build. The guidelines provide five strategies for aligning the DOT\u2019s and its design\u2013builder\u2019s perception of geotechnical risk as well as 25 geotechnical risk management tools that can be used to implement the strategies on typical design\u2013build projects. The report will be of immediate interest to agencies and consultants for identifying and evaluating opportunities to measurably reduce the levels of geotechnical uncertainty before contract award, as well as equitably distributing the remaining risk between the parties during contract execution so that there is a positive impact on project cost and schedule.","author":["Gransberg, D.","Loulakis, M.","Touran, A.","Gad, G.","McLain, K.","Sweitzer, S.","Pittenger, D.","Nova, I.","Pereira, R.","Pinto-Nunez, M."],"organization":["National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine"],"originationDate":"2018-09-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47446","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protocol-mitigation-marine-mammal-disturbance-injury-emec-test-sites","sourceURL":"","title":"Protocol for mitigation of marine mammal disturbance and injury at EMEC test sites","description":"This document provides the Marine Mammal Recording SOP074, Protocol for mitigation of marine mammal disturbance and injury at EMEC test sites.  Purpose: To provide a consistent methodology for mitigating against disturbance and injury, including observing and recording marine mammals, when undertaking site operations at the EMEC test facilities. This method requires clear communication channels to be maintained between the observer and the marine operations lead.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/marine_mammal_recording_sop074.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47840","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/navier-stokes-modelling-fluid-flow-related-sediment-transport-near-field-oscillating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-15-2081-5_11","title":"Navier-Stokes Modelling of Fluid Flow and Related Sediment Transport in the Near Field of an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter","description":"The fluid dynamics around and inside an OWC-type wave energy device is studied using Direct Numerical Simulations of the multiphase air-water two-dimensional vertical Navier-Stokes equations. A schematic rectangular shaped OWC device placed against the vertical ending wall of the numerical rectilinear wave flume is considered. Owing to numerical constraints, reduced scale simulations are carried out with a focus on the near field of the device over a couple of wavelengths. The power take-off system is simply modelled by an opening through the roof of the device. A parametric study on incident wave period is performed to determine the fluid-structure interactions. Beyond the efficiency predictions, which agree fairly well with different values found in the literature, specific behaviours related with an enhancement of free-surface non-linearities around the resonance frequency are observed. Water flow vorticity is found mainly produced in the vicinity of the end of the semi-immersed frontal wall of the device. Significant energy dissipation results from shear-layer and vorticity associated with the air flow passing through the turbine opening. A one-dimensional vertical analytical model is used to compute the instantaneous bottom shear stress and the induced-bedload sediment transport rate which appears impacted by OWC device.","author":["Rameliarison, V.","Astruc, D.","Chapalain, G."],"organization":["Technop\u00f4le Brest-Iroise"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/47841","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-hydrodynamic-impacts-performances-commercial-scale-turbine-arrays-strait","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/3\/223","title":"Potential Hydrodynamic Impacts and Performances of Commercial-Scale Turbine Arrays in the Strait of Larantuka, Indonesia","description":"The Strait of Larantuka, with highly energetic tidal stream currents reaching speeds of up to 3\u20134 m\/s, is a promising site for renewable electricity production from the ocean. This paper presents the results of an assessment regarding the potential hydrodynamic impacts, wake characteristics, and the performances of large scale turbine arrays in the strait. A high-resolution, three-dimensional baroclinic model is developed using the FLOW module of the Delft3D modeling system to simulate tidal currents. The energy of currents is assumed to be extracted by horizontal-axis tidal turbines, which can harness strong bi-directional flow, positioned on sequential rows and alternating downstream arrangements. Enhanced momentum sinks are used to represent the influence of energy extraction by the tidal turbines. Four different array layouts with rated capacities of up to 35 MW are considered. We find that, in the Strait of Larantuka, array layout significantly affects the flow conditions and the power output, mainly due to the geometric blockage effect of the bounded channel. With respect to undisturbed flow conditions in the strait, decreases in current speeds of up to about 0.6 m\/s, alongside increases in the order of 80% near-shore are observed. While operating efficiency rates of turbines reaching around 50%\u201360% resulted during the spring tide in the arrays with smaller rated capacities, the power output of the devices was negligible during the neap tide.","author":["Orhan, K.","Mayerle, R."],"organization":["Kiel University"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-8.320000000000","123.020000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Orhan2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/48035","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-expected-shoreline-impact-marine-energy-farms-operating-different-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/3\/228","title":"An Overview of the Expected Shoreline Impact of the Marine Energy Farms Operating in Different Coastal Environments","description":"The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of the possible implications involving the influence of a generic marine energy farm on the nearshore processes. Several case studies covering various European coastal areas are considered for illustration purposes. These include different nearshore areas, such as the Portuguese coast, Sardinia Island or a coastal sector close to the Danube Delta in the Black Sea. For the case studies related to the Portuguese coast, it is noted that a marine energy farm may reduce the velocity of the longshore currents, with a complete attenuation of the current velocity for some case studies in the coastal area from Leixoes region being observed. For the area located close to the Danube Delta, it is estimated that in the proposed configuration, a marine energy farm would provide an efficient protection against the wave action, but it will have a relatively negligible impact on the longshore currents. Summarizing the results, we can conclude that a marine energy farm seems to be beneficial for coastal protection, even in the case of the enclosed areas, such as the Mediterranean or Black seas, where the erosion generated by the wave action represents a real problem.","author":["Raileanu, A.","Onea, F.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.000000000000","-10.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Raileanuetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/48038","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ricore-project-development-risk-profiling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5a655e8fc\u0026appId=PPGMS","title":"RiCORE Project Development of Risk Profiling","description":"The main aim of the RiCORE project is to ensure the successful development of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) in the EU Member States by reducing the cost and time taken to consent projects of low environmental risk through the development of a risk based approach to the consenting of projects which standardises the assessment of key components of environmental risk from ORE deployment.  The starting point will be the \u201cSurvey, Deploy and Monitor Licensing Policy Guidance\u201d (SDM) that was pioneered by Marine Scotland1 , and the project will look separately at the potential utility of a risk based approach to reduce time and cost when securing consents during both pre- consent surveying and post- deployment monitoring. The SDM policy is a tool to provide regulators and developers with an efficient risk-based approach for taking forward wave and tidal energy proposals, facilitating a phased\/staged development approach (avoiding sensitive environments).  This deliverable aims to contribute to the further development of the Survey, Deploy and Monitor (SDM) policy guidance, pioneered by Marine Scotland, acting as a guide for users wishing to apply a risk based approach at a Member State level. For this, a review and further development of the three main pillars on which this approach is based has been undertaken: (i) environmental sensitivity of the site, (ii) the risk profile of the technology and (iii) the scale of the proposed project.  Section 3 reviews the approach undertaken in Scotland for environmental sensitivity assessment with a view to informing consideration of those aspects other Member States may wish to further develop.  Section 4 address the identification of the main impact pathways of MRE developments over the marine environment based on the technology identification undertaken by Deliverable 3.2 (Mascarenhas et al., 2015). 1 https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/Licensing\/marine\/Applications\/SDM ricore-project.eu 7  Section 5 refine or improve the parameters used to describe the scale of the project introducing the physical scale of the project (area of occupation and generation capacity) and the duration of the project parameters.  Section 6 develops the methodology for the overall assessment of the risk posed by a project, based on assessments of environmental sensitivity, project scale, and technology risk according to the proposal undertaken in previous sections.","author":["Bald, J.","Menchaca, I.","Bennet, F.","Mascarenhas, P."],"organization":["AZTI","Marine Scotland Science","E-CUBE Strategy Consultants"],"originationDate":"2016-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:30:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/48042","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-neural-networks-automated-detection-marine-mammal-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/bd768c3717050c45a2cd3dbc5aac832b\/1?cbl=2041939\u0026pq-origsite=gscholar","title":"Deep neural networks for automated detection of marine mammal species","description":"Deep neural networks have advanced the field of detection and classification and allowed for effective identification of signals in challenging data sets. Numerous time-critical conservation needs may benefit from these methods. We developed and empirically studied a variety of deep neural networks to detect the vocalizations of endangered North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). We compared the performance of these deep architectures to that of traditional detection algorithms for the primary vocalization produced by this species, the upcall. We show that deep-learning architectures are capable of producing false-positive rates that are orders of magnitude lower than alternative algorithms while substantially increasing the ability to detect calls. We demonstrate that a deep neural network trained with recordings from a single geographic region recorded over a span of days is capable of generalizing well to data from multiple years and across the species\u2019 range, and that the low false positives make the output of the algorithm amenable to quality control for verification. The deep neural networks we developed are relatively easy to implement with existing software, and may provide new insights applicable to the conservation of endangered species.","author":["Shiu, Y.","Palmer, K.","Roch, M.","Fleishman, E.","Liu, X.","Nosal, E.","Helble, T.","Cholewiak, D.","Gillespie, D.","Klinck, H."],"organization":["Cornell University","San Diego State University","Colorado State University","University of Hawaii","US Department of the Navy","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/shiu_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54418","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-energy-marine-spatial-planning-southern-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421520301749","title":"Blue energy and marine spatial planning in Southern Europe","description":"The 2050 target of the European Union to decarbonize the economy by 80\u201390% will undoubtedly see marine renewable energies playing a key role. The deployment of offshore facilities within the framework of Blue Growth creates tension as competition for other uses of the sea intensifies as economic exploitation of marine resources increases. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is being applied in different Member States, mainly in the North Sea basin, as a way of easing tensions while promoting blue energy. The southernmost marine areas of the continent also have considerable energy potential that, as yet, has not been exploited due to the limitations imposed by a narrow and steep continental shelf, not to mention legal and administrative barriers. MSP processes currently being developed by the application of Directive 2014\/89\/EU present an opportunity to resolve these conflicts and promote sustainable use of MRE sources in southern Europe. This paper analyzes the marine spatial planning process of five southern European countries - Spain, Greece, Italy, Malta and Portugal - with the aim of determining the degree to which they are incorporating blue energy policies.","author":["Garc\u00eda, P.","Ruiz, J.","Sanabria, J."],"organization":["University of Cadiz"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.007290000000","-3.358359000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54419","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/novel-approach-cumulative-impacts-assessment-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901119311372","title":"A novel approach for cumulative impacts assessment for marine spatial planning","description":"The assessment of the cumulative impacts of multiple human activities is an increasingly important yet complex part of managing the marine environment. Despite this, as yet, there is no consistent approach to considering these in assessments and\/or management (e.g. environmental impact assessment, marine spatial planning). Current and previous approaches to the assessment of cumulative impacts have limitations and shortcomings e.g. double counting of impacts or avoiding, complicating and confounding impacts, which need to be addressed to allow for pragmatic decisions to be made. Here, an innovative, practical approach to marine CIA is presented that considers the three dimensional nature of the marine environment, and the spatial and temporal effects-footprints likely to occur during the lifetime of a development. The new approach is tested within a GIS platform and shows an effective visual representation for decision makers, managers and policy makers on which to base their decisions. While showing potential, the approach indicates the need to incorporate temporal data and assessing temporal trends. Despite this limitation, the tool markedly improves on previous approaches due to the national and practical application, and the incorporation of 3D nature of pressures and receptors.","author":["Lonsdale, J.","Nicholson, R.","Judd, A.","Elliot, M.","Clarke, C."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.959245000000","-1.956659000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54420","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/transposition-directive-establishing-framework-maritime-spatial-planning-polish-legal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19303276","title":"Transposition of the directive establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning into the Polish legal order (main aspects and key solutions)","description":"Directive 2014\/89\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning, adopted on the July 23, 2014, imposes on the coastal EU Member States an obligation to develop spatial development plans of marine areas, in conformity with the objectives and guidelines set therein. March 31, 2021 is the deadline for the directive implementation, however States were expected to adopt the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to develop the plans by September 18, 2016.  This paper presents the Polish legislation concerning maritime spatial planning and is also an attempt to asses the solutions adopted so far by the Polish legislator as well as indicate possible consequences of the taken legislative decisions, taking into account the whole legal system and the possibility of judicial review of adopted spatial development plans of sea areas.","author":["Bakowski, T.","Nawrot, J."],"organization":["University of Gda\u0144sk"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.571662000000","18.959634000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54421","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/addressing-transdisciplinary-participation-issues-cope-rapid-changes-shifting-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X20302463","title":"Addressing transdisciplinary and participation issues to cope with rapid changes shifting marine social ecological systems","description":"This special section is derived from an international transdisciplinary Conference (OCEANEXT) held in 2016. It aimed at contributing to explore new initiatives mixing up scientific expertise and a participatory approach of stakeholders. This conference also ended the COSELMAR project (2013\u20132017), having brought together almost 170 researchers and resulted in 360 publications and communications. In this special issue, a panel of few communications were converted into peer-reviewed contributions focusing on the need for effective monitoring ahead of potential outbreaks to enhance the adaptive conditions for coastal communities and for more participation of stakeholders in the governance of social ecological marine systems. These few examples witness that transdisciplinary research on marine social ecological systems brings sound outputs, if researchers are willing to go out of their disciplinary comfort zone so as to collaborate with other disciplines and if they are able to change the way research is done within society. As a result, funding big integrating projects such as COSELMAR is essential in a marine realm constantly facing new challenges.","author":["Guillotreau, P.","Trouillet, B.","Mahevas, S.","Pardo, S."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54422","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/welfare-economics-wicked-problems-coastal-marine-governance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19303951","title":"Welfare economics and wicked problems in coastal and marine governance","description":"Coastal and marine governance has been characterised as a \u2018wicked\u2019 problem due to difficulties in definition, uncertainty, and conflicting perspectives and values. Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA), which is an application of welfare economics, \u0027tames\u0027 such problems by assuming away many of these complexities. This article reviews the simplifying assumptions underlying SCBA in four major areas. First, welfare-economics and SCBA assume a utilitarian, consequentialist frame and a clear problem delineation, whereas wicked problems are difficult to define and delineate. Second, welfare economics can deal with risk and uncertainty as long as all policy alternatives, states of nature, and success criteria are known, whereas for wicked problems it is not known with certainty which alternatives are to be evaluated and by which criteria, and which states of nature are possible. Third, welfare economics can deal with a variety of perceptions as long as the legitimacy of each perception is uncontested, whereas in wicked problems some stakeholders\u0027 or experts\u0027 views are contested by others. Fourth, welfare economics can deal with a variety of preferences and hence conflicting interests, as long as all values are individual and substitutable, whereas in wicked problems some values cannot be substituted as they represent \u2018sacred\u2019 values such as religion and identity. Despite its limitations, however, the explicit definition of the assumptions behind SCBA make it a helpful benchmark to determine what makes a given problem in coastal and marine governance wicked.","author":["Groeneveld, R."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54423","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/drawing-national-blue-product-space-its-evolution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19304142#!","title":"The drawing of a national blue product space and its evolution","description":"As countries transition to a blue economy to increase the long-term benefits of the sustainable use of marine resources, the different pathways toward the blue growth engine depend on identifying profitable ocean-related sectors and activities that offer advantages when competing with other countries. The ability to identify and establish the processes of blue product exports can be viewed as an essential part of a long-term strategy aimed at supporting blue growth and sustainable development. This paper proposes a method for defining a blue product space based on the product space model introduced by Hidalgo et al. in 2007, which is used to draw and analyze export strengths and the evolution of different countries with respect to a list of blue products. Although this descriptive analysis addresses only a small part of the overall concept of blue economy\/growth, the method can identify blue products that may be competitive or potentially competitive in the world market by analyzing product export performance. An example from China is used to clarify the method of drawing the blue product space and analyzing its evolution, which is followed by a discussion of the method\u0027s limitations and possible contributions to policymakers and stakeholders when formulating blue industry policies.","author":["Qi, X.","Zhao, B.","Zhang, J.","Xiao, W."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/54424","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/making-sense-electrical-sense-crayfish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jeb.biologists.org\/content\/213\/4\/651.abstract","title":"Making sense of electrical sense in crayfish","description":"The five sensory modalities of humans are also found in a wide range of invertebrates. Other vertebrates have evolved additional special senses, such as the magnetic sense, which are also found in some invertebrates. However, there remain a few sensory abilities that curiously appear to be found in either vertebrates or invertebrates, but not both. For example, electrosensitivity \u2014 the ability to detect electric fields in water \u2014 which should benefit vertebrates and invertebrates alike, is apparently only used by vertebrates. However, recent reports suggest that some invertebrates could have an electric sense. Here we examine that possibility further and demonstrate a behavioural threshold to low-level electrical fields in two freshwater invertebrates. The responses are not low enough for them to detect the Earth\u0027s magnetic field as some other electroreceptive species can do, but sufficiently low for them to use in navigation or prey and predator detection. This finding challenges the current view of the sensory world of aquatic invertebrates and has implications for the evolution of this ability.","author":["Patullo, B.","Macmillan, D."],"organization":["University of Melbourne"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/57142","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-field-discrimination-learning-memory-yellow-stingray-urobatis-jamaicensis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10071-017-1084-8","title":"Magnetic field discrimination, learning, and memory in the yellow stingray (Urobatis jamaicensis)","description":"Elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) have been hypothesized to use the geomagnetic field as a cue for orienting and navigating across a wide range of spatial scales. Magnetoreception has been demonstrated in many invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, including elasmobranchs, but this sensory modality and the cognitive abilities of cartilaginous fishes are poorly studied. Wild caught yellow stingrays, Urobatis jamaicensis (N = 8), underwent conditioning to associate a magnetic stimulus with a food reward in order to elicit foraging behaviors. Behavioral conditioning consisted of burying magnets and non-magnetic controls at random locations within a test arena and feeding stingrays as they passed over the hidden magnets. The location of the magnets and controls was changed for each trial, and all confounding sensory cues were eliminated. The stingrays learned to discriminate the magnetic stimuli within a mean of 12.6 \u00b1 0.7 SE training sessions of four trials per session. Memory probes were conducted at intervals between 90 and 180 days post-learning criterion, and six of eight stingrays completed the probes with a \u226575% success rate and minimum latency to complete the task. These results show the fastest rate of learning and longest memory window for any batoid (skate or ray) to date. This study demonstrates that yellow stingrays, and possibly other elasmobranchs, can use a magnetic stimulus as a geographic marker for the location of resources and is an important step toward understanding whether these fishes use geomagnetic cues during spatial navigation tasks in the natural environment.","author":["Newton, K.","Kajiura, S."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2017-03-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["26.376540000000","-80.103102000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/57336","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/molecular-tuning-electroreception-sharks-skates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-018-0160-9?token=+CTq7hzVnBn\/P6NfqXZTXzdmqDus+tbYwMMAjR7fPdzLFi53hDiv75pC0JIKSS5i\u0026referrer_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0160-9.epdf%3Fshared_access_token%3DGO3OqRiXxQ5WlEQzBeohxtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PRQ4VJjtce_-AhwIXMU1hQNJX8U3ktsD08xRgoJZjBJH0gXHFScgv9r38icI3IBBgtOcd4DBKJjfcGNpey5hwt2vteq7lfPJB3Dlz37yWtJ1uszXj2-FLDhG6DGNZURoM%3D","title":"Molecular tuning of electroreception in sharks and skates","description":"Ancient cartilaginous vertebrates, such as sharks, skates and rays, possess specialized electrosensory organs that detect weak electric fields and relay this information to the central nervous system. Sharks exploit this sensory modality for predation, whereas skates may also use it to detect signals from conspecifics. Here we analyse shark and skate electrosensory cells to determine whether discrete physiological properties could contribute to behaviourally relevant sensory tuning. We show that sharks and skates use a similar low threshold voltage-gated calcium channel to initiate cellular activity but use distinct potassium channels to modulate this activity. Electrosensory cells from sharks express specially adapted voltage-gated potassium channels that support large, repetitive membrane voltage spikes capable of driving near-maximal vesicular release from elaborate ribbon synapses. By contrast, skates use a calcium-activated potassium channel to produce small, tunable membrane voltage oscillations that elicit stimulus-dependent vesicular release. We propose that these sensory adaptations support amplified indiscriminate signal detection in sharks compared with selective frequency detection in skates, potentially reflecting the electroreceptive requirements of these elasmobranch species. Our findings demonstrate how sensory systems adapt to suit the lifestyle or environmental niche of an animal through discrete molecular and biophysical modifications.","author":["Bellono, N.","Leitch, D.","Julius, D."],"organization":["Harvard University"],"originationDate":"2018-05-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59075","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/speaking-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-increase-their-call-amplitude-response-vessel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/1.3040028","title":"Speaking up: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise","description":"This study investigated the effects of anthropogenic sound exposure on the vocal behavior of free-ranging killer whales. Endangered Southern Resident killer whales inhabit areas including the urban coastal waters of Puget Sound near Seattle, WA, where anthropogenic sounds are ubiquitous, particularly those from motorized vessels. A calibrated recording system was used to measure killer whale call source levels and background noise levels (1\u201340kHz). Results show that whales increased their call amplitude by 1dB for every 1dB increase in background noise levels. Furthermore, nearby vessel counts were positively correlated with these observed background noise levels.","author":["Holt, M.","Noren, D.","Veirs, V.","Emmons, C.","Veirs, S."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59076","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-vessel-noise-vocal-behavior-belugas-st-lawrence-river-estuary-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00782.x","title":"The effect of vessel noise on the vocal behavior of belugas in the St. Lawrence River estuary, Canada","description":"During June\u2010July 1991, we monitored the vocal behavior of belugas before, during, and after exposure to noise from a small motorboat and a ferry to determine if there were any consistent patterns in their vocal behavior when exposed to these two familiar, but different sources of potential disturbance. Vocal responses were observed in all trials and were more persistent when whales were exposed to the ferry than to the small boat. These included (1) a progressive reduction in calling rate from 3.4\u201310.5 calls\/whale\/min to 0.0 or \u0026lt;1.0 calls\/whale\/min while vessels were approaching; (2) brief increases in the emission of falling tonal calls and the theree pulsed\u2010tone call types; (3) at distances \u0026lt;1 km, an increase in the repetition of specific calls, and (4) a shift in frequency bands used by vocalizing animals from a mean frequency of 3.6 kHz prior to exposure to noise to frequencies of 5.2\u20108.8 kHz when vessels were close to the whales.","author":["Lesage, V.","Barrette, C.","Kingsley, M.","Sjare, B."],"organization":["Laval University"],"originationDate":"2006-08-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.112807000000","-69.677299000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59077","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/importance-particle-motion-fishes-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/1.5021594","title":"The importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates","description":"This paper considers the importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates and the steps that need to be taken to improve knowledge of its effects. It is aimed at scientists investigating the impacts of sounds on fishes and invertebrates but it is also relevant to regulators, those preparing environmental impact assessments, and to industries creating underwater sounds. The overall aim of this paper is to ensure that proper attention is paid to particle motion as a stimulus when evaluating the effects of sound upon aquatic life. Directions are suggested for future research and planning that, if implemented, will provide a better scientific basis for dealing with the impact of underwater sounds on marine ecosystems and for regulating those human activities that generate such sounds. The paper includes background material on underwater acoustics, focusing on particle motion; the importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates; and sound propagation through both water and the substrate. Consideration is then given to the data gaps that must be filled in order to better understand the interactions between particle motion and aquatic animals. Finally, suggestions are provided on how to increase the understanding of particle motion and its relevance to aquatic animals.","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Loughine Limited"],"originationDate":"2018-01-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59078","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-synthesis-effects-electric-magnetic-fields-emitted-submarine-power-cables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113619307706","title":"A current synthesis on the effects of electric and magnetic fields emitted by submarine power cables on invertebrates","description":"Submarine power cables produce both magnetic and electric fields.  Marine invertebrate species inhabit the benthic or sediment compartment where cables emissions would be the strongest.  Studies are scarce and invertebrate sensitivity to both natural and artificial sources of magnetic and electric fields is poorly documented.  Marine invertebrates should prioritised in future research studies according to their proximity to the cable and the duration of their exposure.","author":["Albert, L.","Deschamps, F.","Jolivet, A.","Olivier, F.","Chauvaud, L.","Chauvaud, S."],"organization":["Museum National d\u0027Histoire Naturelle"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59273","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modern-energy-conversion-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B978012814645300002X","title":"Modern energy conversion technologies","description":"Human beings are the only species able to harness energy for their use from different natural sources known as fuel. Hydrocarbon-based fossil fuels are considered a prime source of energy due to their high energy density and the availability of mature energy-conversion technologies. However, as the sources of fossil fuels are becoming depleted due to excessive exploration and use, the need to upgrade energy-conversion efficiency has become vital. Moreover, reducing greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuel energy conversion is also an issue. On the other hand, although renewable energy resources are plentiful and environmentally friendly, there is a lack of capable technology to harness and convert renewable energy to ensure its efficient and cost-effective application. This chapter aims to introduce readers to the available energy-conversion technologies for extracting energy from fossil fuels as well as from renewable energy sources. Unconventional technologies like waste-to-energy, magneto-hydrodynamics, and thermionic energy conversion are also discussed. A brief treatment regarding energy efficiency is also included to focus its profound importance in modern energy industry to ensure best energy utilization.","author":["Islam, M.","Hasanuzzaman, M.","Pandey, A.","Rahim, N."],"organization":["University of Malaya"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59274","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/world-energy-policies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128146453000080","title":"World energy policies","description":"This chapter shed light on the current energy policy globally through its overview on renewable energy (RE) policies implementation. North America, Europe, and Asia are the regions chosen as the observational studies on its RE policies landscape. Crafting the energy policies is imperative to ensure the global energy security supply, and demand is achievable while heightening the energy efficiency, new technologies transfer, positive RE global competitiveness, and taxation framework. Government engagement and their roles are essential in flourishing the enacted energy policies. Several initiatives and subsidies have been discussed accordingly covering the feed-in tariff scheme, net energy metering, carbon taxes, and monetary incentives to the RE producers\/investors. Through the literature, various policy outlines on the RE have been deployed successfully depending on their respective national policy context. The significance of policies has created many benefits to stakeholders such as RE market growth, environmental impact minimization, and fossil fuel subsidies reduction. However, some of the unanticipated impacts also been highlighted for further policy studies such as uncertain payment timeline, which affected RE investors.","author":["Ilham, N.","Hasanuzzaman, M.","Mamun, M."],"organization":["University of Malaya"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59468","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-systems-annual-report-2019","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/documents\/49568-oes-annual-report-2019.pdf\/","title":"Ocean Energy Systems Annual Report 2019","description":"Ocean Energy Systems (OES) is the short name for the Technology Collaboration Programme on Ocean Energy Systems under the International Energy Agency (IEA). The OES connects organisations and individuals working in the ocean energy sector to accelerate the viability, uptake and acceptance of ocean energy systems in an environmentally acceptable manner. The work of the OES covers all forms of energy generation in which sea water forms the motive power through its physical and chemical properties, i.e. wave, tidal range, tidal and ocean currents, ocean thermal energy conversion and salinity gradients. This Annual Report presents an overview of progress made by the OES, including summaries of new, ongoing and recent projects, as well as updated country reviews prepared by the Delegates.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 10:39:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/59662","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatio-temporal-assessment-climate-change-impact-wave-energy-resources-using-various","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/3\/768","title":"Spatio-temporal assessment of climate change impact on wave energy resources using various time dependent criteria","description":"The wave energy resources in the Indian Ocean can be considered as a potential alternative to fossil fuels. However, the wave energy resources are subject to short-term fluctuations and long-term changes due to climate change. Hence, considering sustainable development goals, it is necessary to assess both short-term (intra-annual) variation and long-term change. For this purpose, the simulated wave characteristics were utilized, and the wave power and its variation and change were analyzed in the whole domain and nearshore areas. The short-term fluctuation was investigated in terms of monthly and seasonal variations and the future change was discussed based on absolute and relative changes. Both analyses show that the Southern Indian Ocean, despite experiencing extreme events and having higher wave energy potential, is more stable in terms of both short and long-term variation and change. The assessment of the total and exploitable storages of wave energy and their future change revealed the higher potential and higher stability of the nearshores of the Southern Indian Ocean. It can be concluded that based on various factors, the south of Sri Lanka, Horn of Africa, southeast Africa, south of Madagascar and Reunion and Mauritius islands are the most suitable areas for wave energy extraction.","author":["Kamranzad, B.","Lavidas, G.","Takara, K."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology","Kyoto University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.155525000000","81.655872000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/kamranzad-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/60049","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-different-type-fish-around-tidal-oceanic-current-turbines-water-tank","sourceURL":"","title":"Monitoring Different Type of Fish Around Tidal and Oceanic Current Turbines in Water Tank","description":"Tidal and oceanic currents are promising marine renewable energy. However, there is a concern about potential effects on marine environment and organisms to install such kind of device in the ocean. In particular, collision with marine species and turbines is still unknown and this collision risk is a great concern among regulators and developers. If we attempt to install the device at a site where fishery is major industry, regulators and developers need to negotiate with local fishermen in advance, moreover they need to cautious it during operation. Therefore, several experiments were conducted in terms of collision risk. Taya [1] and Zhang et al. [6] carried out for an experiment with just one type of fish. Based on their research, another type of fish is examined in this research to show different behaviour around turbines.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Zhou, J.","Park, S.","Kitazawa, D."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-310.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/61208","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-environmental-effects-facilitate-marine-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"","title":"Managing Environmental Effects to Facilitate Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"The marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is in the early stages of commercial development. In addition to the challenges of deploying and maintaining devices under harsh ocean conditions and transporting electricity to shore, concerns around potential environmental effects continue to slow permitting (consenting) processes. Regulators and stakeholders perceive a wide array of potential environmental interactions as risky and highly uncertain, and request that considerable baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring be carried out in order to permit or license a project. The MRE industry is struggling with the high cost of baseline assessments and post-installation monitoring, as well as extended timelines for obtaining permits, leading to uncertainty and risk for financing projects. As a means to mitigate this uncertainty and risk, regulators in the US have been engaged to ensure that they understand the underlying science that drives these challenges and to explore the feasibility of transferring learning and information from early MRE projects and analogous industry interactions to inform potential environmental effects and permitting for new MRE projects. The ability to use data and information from one project or location to another can aid theindustry by reducing the high costs of environmental monitoring and accelerating permitting processes for future projects. This paper presents findings of a regulator survey and other engagements with regulators, provides insight into the process of data transferability, suggests a framework for data transferability and collection consistency, and details efforts to engage the research community in furthering this process.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A.","Dreyer, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Arizona State University"],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-323.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/61595","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/no-evidence-long-term-displacement-key-wildlife-species-wave-tidal-energy-testing","sourceURL":"","title":"No evidence of long-term displacement of key wildlife species from wave and tidal energy testing","description":"There is a regulatory need to understand the potential for marine renewable energy developments to significantly impact the marine environment and a site\u2019s integrity. To increase certainty, it is necessary to identify whether marine renewable energy devices have any impact on the abundance and distribution on wildlife in the vicinity. The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC), in Orkney, Scotland, has completed an extensive wildlife observation programme to collect surface-visible wildlife observation data since the site\u2019s inception. Following the observation programme, an in-depth analysis has been undertaken to understand species displacement relative to the operational status of devices. The analysis has been completed on observational data from both EMEC\u2019s wave and tidal test sites. The data analysis utilised statistical package MRSea to quantify any spatially-explicit change attributable to marine renewable energy devices. The results from the analysis demonstrated a change in distribution and, in some cases, abundance with installation works, but typically the density recovered during the operational phase of the development. The study found little evidence to suggest that there are any long-term effects on seabirds or marine mammals associated with the installation and operation of marine renewable energy devices and it is anticipated that they will continue to use the waters around such devices when operational.","author":["Long, C."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.330560000000","-3.070556000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:17:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-354.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/64299","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/creating-regulatory-certainty-pathway-success-nova-scotia-canada","sourceURL":"","title":"Creating Regulatory Certainty: A Pathway to Success in Nova Scotia, Canada","description":"Nova Scotia, Canada is home to one of the largest and most accessible tidal energy resources globally in the Bay of Fundy. Nova Scotia has been focused on the development and success of this tidal resource for over a decade. Harnessing this resource and creating a new industry requires dedication and commitment to the industry. The government of Nova Scotia remains committed to developing the tidal industry and being an international leader by creating a regulatory pathway for this industry in Nova Scotia.  In Nova Scotia, the ocean is our competitive advantage and we envision making the most of this advantage. Nova Scotia is home to the highest number of ocean technology companies in North America. We have over 400 PhD\u2019s in ocean related disciplines, equating to over 251 high qualified persons (HQP\u2019s) for the tidal industry alone. Our local academic institutions are collaborating with others across Atlantic Canada through the Ocean Frontier Institute, and Acadia\u2019s Tidal Energy Institute. The Centre for Ocean Ventures and Entrepreneurship (COVE) will offer a unique innovation centre for ocean industries and academics. Our industry leaders are currently developing an ocean supercluster to accelerate the growth of our ocean technology, companies, and expertise for the economic growth and benefit of Nova Scotia with potential funding awarded from the Canadian government. In Nova Scotia, we are doubling down on our strengths and securing our place as leaders in ocean technology and innovation. Marine renewable energy is an important part of our ocean advantage.  In 2012, the Province introduced its Marine Renewable Energy Strategy [1], which outlines a high-level plan to continue research, development, and regulatory efforts to get the most out of this resource. Specifically, the Strategy articulates a phased and adaptive approach to reaching commercialization of the marine renewable energy sector.   Nova Scotia, along with federal and private sector investments have developed the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (\u2018FORCE\u2019)\u2014Canada\u2019s leading test centre for in-stream tidal energy\u2014 where 5 berth holders are able to demonstrate technology and answer challenges of an emerging industry. Nova Scotia has also awarded three Community Feed-in-tariffs for small-scale community development of tidal technology.   Nova Scotia is now preparing for the next phase of marine renewable energy for up to 50 MW within the Bay of Fundy over the next five years. The Province has recently amended and passed its Marine Renewable-energy Act [2]. This sectorspecific legislation was developed in advance of commercialscale deployments to ensure the safe, sustainable, and responsible growth of the industry that both respects and benefits Nova Scotians. Recent amendments to the Act include a demonstration permit. The permits will allow projects up to five megawatts in size, and give companies the ability to sell the electricity they generate. A total of 10 megawatts will be available through this permit and developers will be provided with a guaranteed power purchase agreement for 15 years. This will make it easier for developers to assess innovative, lower-cost tidal energy technologies and bring them to market faster. Our work is laying a road for success developing the technology to produce environmentally sustainable and competitively-priced electricity from the ocean.  The next phase of marine renewable energy development will focus on achieving the goals in our Strategy, and building upon them. These goals include reducing the cost of energy to ensure tidal is competitive with other sources of renewable energy, continue to collaborate and build partnerships, supply chain capacity development, public education, research and continuing to seek and provide funding and investment opportunities. This presentation outlines the process the Province of Nova Scotia and its partners have undergone to support the development of the tidal industry and create regulatory certainty for the growing in-stream tidal energy industry.","author":["Farwell, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.721153100000","-71.833028700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-386.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/64300","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advancing-energy-policy-lessons-integration-social-sciences-humanities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-99097-2","title":"Advancing Energy Policy: Lessons on the integration of Social Sciences and Humanities","description":"This open access book advocates for the Social Sciences and Humanities to be more involved in energy policymaking. It forms part of the European platform for energy-related Social Sciences and Humanities\u2019 activities, and works on the premise that crossing disciplines is essential. All of its contributions are highly interdisciplinary, with each chapter grounded in at least three different Social Sciences and Humanities disciplines. These varying perspectives come together to cover an array of issues relevant to the energy transition, including: energy poverty, justice, political ecology, governance, behaviours, imaginaries, systems approaches, modelling, as well as the particular challenges faced by interdisciplinary work. As a whole, the book presents new ideas for future energy policy, particularly at the European level. It is a valuable resource for energy researchers interested in interdisciplinary and society-relevant perspectives. Those working outside the Social Sciences and Humanities will find this book an accessible way of learning more about how these subjects can constructively contribute to energy policy.  Chapters:    Mobilising the Energy-Related Social Sciences and Humanities (pgs. 1-11) - C. Foulds \u0026amp; R. Robison  Plugging the Gap Between Energy Policy and the Lived Experience of Energy Poverty: Five Principles for a Multidisciplinary Approach (pgs. 15-29) - L. Middlemiss, R. Gillard, V. Pellicer, \u0026amp; K. Straver  Shaping Blue Growth: Social Sciences at the Nexus Between Marine Renewables and Energy Policy (pgs. 31-46) - S. Kerr, L. Watts, R. Brennan, R. Howell, M. Graziano, A. O\u2019Hagan, D.van der Horst, S. Weir, G. Wright, \u0026amp; B. Wynne  Looking for Perspectives! EU Energy Policy in Context (pgs. 47-59) - A. \u00c5berg, J. H\u00f6ffken, \u0026amp; S. Lidstr\u00f6m  Achieving Data Synergy: The Socio-Technical Process of Handling Data (pgs. 63-81) - S. Higginson, M. Topouzi, C. Andrade-Cabrera, C. O\u2019Dwyer, S. Darby, \u0026amp; D. Finn  Building Governance and Energy Efficiency: Mapping the Interdisciplinary Challenge (pgs. 83-96) - F. McCarthy, S. Bright, \u0026amp; T. Fawcett  Crossing Borders: Social Sciences and Humanities Perspectives on European Energy Systems Integration (pgs. 97-110) - A. Silvast, R. Bolton, V. Lagendijk, \u0026amp; K. Szulecki  A Complementary Understanding of Residential Energy Demand, Consumption and Services (pgs. 111-127) -  R. Hiteva, M. Ives, M. Weijnen, \u0026amp; I. Nikolic  Imaginaries and Practices: Learning from \u2018ENERGISE\u2019 About the Integration of Social Sciences with the EU Energy Union (pgs. 131-144) - A. Genus, F. Fahy, G. Goggins, M. Iskandarova, \u0026amp; S. Laakso  Challenges Ahead: Understanding, Assessing, Anticipating and Governing Foreseeable Societal Tensions to Support Accelerated Low-Carbon Transitions in Europe (pgs. 145-161) - B. Turnheim, J. Wesseling, B. Truffer, H. Rohracher, L. Carvalho, \u0026amp; C. Binder  Towards a Political Ecology of EU Energy Policy (pgs. 163-175) - G. Bridge, S. Barca, B. \u00d6zkaynak, E. Turhan, \u0026amp; R. Wyeth","author":["Foulds, C.","Robison, R."],"organization":["Anglia Ruskin University (ARU)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/71060","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/eco-wave-power-changing-world-one-wave-time","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ecowavepower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/EWP_Q2_2019_financial_report.pdf","title":"Eco Wave Power: Changing the World One Wave at a Time","description":"Interim report for the period 1 January - 30 June, 2019. Status report for Jaffa Port, Gibraltar, and Manzanillo projects.","author":["Andersson, M.","Jacobson, E.","Leb, D.","Braverman, I."],"organization":["Eco Wave Power"],"originationDate":"2019-08-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.125050000000","-5.340128000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 08:56:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Andersson_et_al_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/71062","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/eco-wave-power-wave-energy-power-station-jaffa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ecowavepower.com\/israel\/","title":"Eco Wave Power Wave Energy Power Station Jaffa","description":"Eco Wave Power (EWP) has replaced its off-grid R\u0026amp;D wave energy power station in Jaffa Port, Israel to a 100KW grid-connected power station. The project was funded by the Israel Ministry of Energy and in collaboration with EDF Renewables IL (Israel subsidiary of the French national electric company) with whom the company has entered into a joint venture collaboration. This is the EWP Jaffa Station is the first grid connected wave energy power station in Israel.","author":["Eden Lagnado"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-02-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.050395000000","34.748176000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 04:02:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/73574","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-public-policies-technological-innovation-renewable-energy-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32479\/ijeep.8864","title":"Impact of Public Policies on the Technological Innovation in the Renewable Energy Sector","description":"The challenges posed by climate change require that the society reconsider its patterns of production and energy consumption, which is why the innovation in the renewable energy sector is fundamental. For this reason, the participation of the State through actions that promote research, development and dissemination of the technologies in this sector is essential to overcome the technical and economic barriers it faces. This research analyzes the impact of six public policy instruments implemented to promote the technological development of the renewable energy sector: economic instruments, regulatory instruments, policy support, research, information and adaptation, and voluntary approaches; differentiating both among groups of countries according to their level of income as well as among energy sources. Through the implementation of a negative binomial model in a panel data panel setting ranging from 1970 to 2012, the results corroborate the positive impact of the implementation of public policy strategies on the innovative activity of the renewable energy sector. However, the effectiveness of the instruments varies according to the level of the wealth of the country and the energy source analysed. These results can add public policy inputs to promote innovative activity in the sector.","author":["S\u00e1nchez, S.","Segovia, M.","L\u00f3pez, L."],"organization":["Universidad de Monterrey"],"originationDate":"2019-12-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/pub-pol-renewable-energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/75314","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proposed-guidelines-preliminary-assessments-physical-impacts-wave-energy-deployments","sourceURL":"","title":"Proposed guidelines for preliminary assessments of the physical impacts of wave energy deployments","description":"To support development of the wave energy industry in Australia, we present guidance for assessing the influence of arrays of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) on the hydrodynamic attributes of the surrounding ocean, as a means for providing a first level impact assessment for proposed wave energy deployments. These guidelines have been developed as part of the ARENA and CSIRO-funded Australian Wave Energy Atlas Project (AWavEA). A wave energy project cycle typically consists of four stages: Preliminary evaluation; Feasibility study; Project design; and Implementation and operation. The guidelines presented in this paper aim to support preliminary assessments of the suitability of a proposed site to deployment of wave energy converters.  A series of idealised simulations of WEC array installations using SNL-SWAN was performed to underpin development of the guidelines, under a range of conditions (device types, array sizes and configurations, wave climate conditions, bed slope, distance offshore). Results are generalised via empirical equations to represent the zone of impact (area, cross-shore distance, and longshore width).   These equations provide a basic tool to inform design of more detailed modelling and monitoring assessments of the environment adjacent to proposed wave energy developments.","author":["Hemer, M.","McInnes, K.","O\u0027Grady, J.","Hoeke, R.","Contardo, S."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-505.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/75315","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dynamic-sandbanks-close-proximity-sites-interest-tidal-current-power-extraction","sourceURL":"","title":"Dynamic sandbanks in close proximity to sites of interest for tidal current power extraction","description":"A validated numerical model of tidal flows and sediment transport around the Alderney South Banks was used to investigate the potential effects of large (300 MW) tidal turbine arrays at different locations in Alderney territorial waters. Two methods were used, firstly looking at hydrodynamic changes only and secondly modelling sediment transport over a non-erodible bed. The baseline hydrodynamic model was validated relative to ADCP velocity data collected in the immediate vicinity of the sandbank. Real-world sand transport rates were inferred from sand-wave migrations and agree favourably with sediment transport residuals calculated from model outputs. Outputs from the sediment model reproduced realistic morphological behaviours over the bank. Seventeen different locations were considered; most did not result in significant hydrodynamic changes over the South Banks, however three array locations were singled out as requiring extra caution if development were to occur. The results provide a means of optimizing.","author":["Blunden, L.","Haynes, S.","Bahaj, A."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.703592000000","-2.182317000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-502.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/77442","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-tidal-stream-energy-converters-bay-fundy-canada","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring of Tidal In-stream Energy Converters in the Bay of Fundy, Canada: Challenges and Research Needs","description":"This paper discusses environmental effects monitoring methods being employed in projects planned for Canada\u2019s Bay of Fundy and describes the decision-making processes employed by the author in designing EEMPs for multiple project developers. The methods and technologies used in EEMPs are discussed along with the limitations of the various sensor technologies. Finally, opportunities to advance environmental monitoring capabilities through research and development activities are identified.","author":["Chandler, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.955887100000","-69.749106000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 05:59:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-504.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/77636","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annex-iv-state-science-sharing-what-we-know-about-environmental-effects-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"Annex IV State of the Science-sharing what we know about environmental effects of marine renewable energy development internationally","description":"Early deployments of wave and tidal energy projects are providing information on environmental effects of the devices, moorings, and power cables; these data will help inform later deployments and guide regulatory decisions as the industry moves towards the commercial scale. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about many potential interactions of devices and systems with the marine environment that concern regulators and stakeholders. Overall risks to the marine environment have been investigated from single marine renewable energy (MRE) devices, and larger arrays. Annex IV, an initiative under the Ocean Energy Systems, has produced a report on the State of the Science for Environmental Effects of MRE development. The final report was published in April 2016 and is available online at https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-thescience- 2016 . Research and monitoring results since the report publication have been added to the overall picture of potential environmental effects. Effects highlights and significant findings will be discussed, including a look at many of the interactions of MRE devices with marine animals and habitats that are slowing permitting (consenting) processes. This paper will also look at the overall risk from MRE devices, and how we can move forward in the face of considerable scientific uncertainty.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:00:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-542.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/77637","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-system-marine-environmental-technical-monitoring","sourceURL":"","title":"Automated System for Marine Environmental and Technical Monitoring","description":"Efficient Network International (Singapore) Pte Ltd, together with its partners, OceanPixel Pte Ltd (Singapore) and Aquatera Ltd (United Kingdom), is working on a project, \u201cAutomated System for Marine Environmental and Technical Monitoring\u201d, with initial application around tidal turbine monitoring. The solution comprises of an automated remote data collection and transmission system with cloud-based data storage and processing and with archival system of reports for future reference.  Various sensors (flow sensors, proximity sensors) will be integrated into a camera system (with custom image processing applied) giving the system situational awareness (e.g., collision detection and prediction, etc.) With the advent of the new automated system, sensor data can be remotely transmitted from the project site into a cloud-based server for storage and processing. With this development, there will be significant improvements in how data is gathered, analyzed (either automatically or semi-automatically), transmitted and stored.  Ultimately, this Project will result in significant cost savings for marine energy industry whilst helping reduce scientific uncertainty regarding the greatest environmental challenges facing the emerging global ocean energy sector.","author":["Corpuz, F.","Ng, C.","Catanyag, M.","Sekar, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:01:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AWTEC2018-543.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/86908","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/system-stereo-video-measurement-sub-tidal-organisms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/dc43\/cc091073dfae33c06b1d3271f1f2889dbc6c.pdf","title":"A System for Stereo-Video Measurement of Sub-Tidal Organisms","description":"The in situ estimation of the length of marine biological specimens or features by Scuba divers is complicated by the magnifying properties of water and the underwater environment. In this paper we describe the development and preliminary testing of an underwater stereo-video system which is designed to make accurate and precise measurements of the lengths of marine subjects. The results of 640 measurements of 16 plastic silhouettes of fish are presented. The initial results demonstrate the ability of the system to make accurate and repeatable measurements of length when the orientation of the subject to the stereo-video cameras is less than 75 degrees.","author":["Harvey, E.","Shortis, M."],"organization":["University of Otago","University of Melbourne"],"originationDate":"1995-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/86909","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/calibration-stability-underwater-stereo-video-system-implications-measurement-accuracy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/fd0e\/92683db45d2a7c8d1941ce45159649867a9b.pdf","title":"Calibration Stability of an Underwater Stereo Video System: Implications for Measurement Accuracy and Precision","description":"Assessment of population structure is often used to detect and analyse the impact on marine fauna of environmental factors or commercial fishing. A primary tool in the characterisation of population structure is the distribution of the lengths of a large sample of individual specimens of a particular species. Rather than use relatively unreliable visual estimates by SCUBA divers, an under-water stereo video system has been developed to improve the accuracy of the measurement of lengths of highly indicative species such as reef fish. In common with any system used for accurate measurements, calibration of the camera system is of paramount importance to realise the maximum possible accuracy from the system. Further, the determination of the relative orientation of the two cameras is vital to the correct estimation of fish lengths. Also at issue is the stability of the calibrations and relative orientation of the cameras during deployments to capture video sequences of marine life, as any variations will inevitably lead to systematic errors and therefore inaccuracies in the measured lengths. This paper describes a series of experiments concerning the determination and testing of camera calibration, relative orientation and stability of the underwater stereo video system. The strategy for the integrated determination of calibration and orientation is described. Variations in calibration and orientation parameters are quantified in terms of magnitude and significance. Finally, the detected variations are analysed for the propagated effects on object space accuracy.","author":["Harvey, E.","Shortis, M."],"organization":["University of Otago","University of Melbourne"],"originationDate":"1998-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/91746","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-life-cycle-carbon-dioxide-emissions-embodied-energy-four-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/es900125e","title":"Comparison of Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Embodied Energy in Four Renewable Electricity Generation Technologies in New Zealand","description":"In order to make the best choice between renewable energy technologies, it is important to be able to compare these technologies on the basis of their sustainability, which may include a variety of social, environmental, and economic indicators. This study examined the comparative sustainability of four renewable electricity technologies in terms of their life cycle CO2 emissions and embodied energy, from construction to decommissioning and including maintenance (periodic component replacement plus machinery use), using life cycle analysis. The models developed were based on case studies of power plants in New Zealand, comprising geothermal, large-scale hydroelectric, tidal (a proposed scheme), and wind-farm electricity generation. The comparative results showed that tidal power generation was associated with 1.8 g of CO2\/kWh, wind with 3.0 g of CO2\/kWh, hydroelectric with 4.6 g of CO2\/kWh, and geothermal with 5.6 g of CO2\/kWh (not including fugitive emissions), and that tidal power generation was associated with 42.3 kJ\/kWh, wind with 70.2 kJ\/kWh, hydroelectric with 55.0 kJ\/kWh, and geothermal with 94.6 kJ\/kWh. Other environmental indicators, as well as social and economic indicators, should be applied to gain a complete picture of the technologies studied.","author":["Rule, B.","Worth, Z.","Boyle, C."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2009-07-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["-44.170688000000","170.577514000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/93877","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-multi-use-offshore-platform-combining-wind-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801817305243","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of a multi-use offshore platform: Combining wind and wave energy production","description":"Due to increasing demand in the use of ocean space for energy and food production, multi-purpose use of marine areas is under concern. Here, a novel semi-submersible floating platform, which unites wave and wind energy converters, is investigated in terms of environmental sustainability. LCA is a methodology, to assess environmental burdens of a product\/function including all the phases it experiences, which makes it a perfect tool to determine environmental burdens of renewable energy systems due to their considerably lower impacts during operation. In this study, LCA of an energy farm, constituted of multi-use offshore platforms was executed. Results showed manufacturing of the platform is the main source of pollution. In the manufacturing phase; fixed, moving and mooring parts are the main contributors and the WECs make a minor contribution. Material consumption is the main source for burdens during the life cycle of the system hence recycling ratios considered at the end of life scenarios affect the overall results. Implementation of multi-use floating concept to different locations gives various results changing with the capacity factor and the distances. The comparison between semi-submersible system and the spar platform ended up with comparable results both in terms of environmental burdens and material consumption.","author":["Elginoz, N.","Bas, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-11-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.553379000000","-4.347129000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/93878","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/first-life-cycle-impact-considerations-two-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8558855","title":"First Life Cycle Impact Considerations of Two Wave Energy Converters","description":"The work presents two different revolutionary devices for the utilization of a new entry of renewable energy sources: sea wave. The first technology is based on linear generators, able to directly converts a linear motion into electrical output, limiting to minimum the chain of energy conversion. The other solution is based on a mechanical motion converter, coupled with alternators. The scope of this paper is to compare the two different systems designed by University of Palermo, through Life Cycle Assessment, in order to evaluate the global effects of the two systems to the environment.","author":["Curto, D.","Neugebauer, S.","Viola, A.","Traverso, M.","Franzitta, V.","Trapanese, M."],"organization":["RWTH Aachen University (Rheinisch-Westf\u00e4lische Technische Hochschule Aachen)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/93879","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-buoy-rope-drum-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/11\/9\/2432","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of a Buoy-Rope-Drum Wave Energy Converter","description":"This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) study for a buoy-rope-drum (BRD) wave energy converter (WEC), so as to understand the environmental performance of the BRD WEC by eco-labeling its life cycle stages and processes. The BRD WEC was developed by a research group at Shandong University (Weihai). The WEC consists of three main functional modules including buoy, generator and mooring modules. The designed rated power capacity is 10 kW. The LCA modeling is based on data collected from actual design, prototype manufacturing, installation and onsite sea test. Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis and life cycle impact analysis (LCIA) were conducted. The analyses show that the most significant environmental impact contributor is identified to be the manufacturing stage of the BRD WEC due to consumption of energy and materials. Potential improvement approaches are proposed in the discussion. The LCI and LCIA assessment results are then benchmarked with results from reported LCA studies of other WECs, tidal energy converters, as well as offshore wind and solar PV systems. This study presents the energy and carbon intensities and paybacks with 387 kJ\/kWh, 89 gCO2\/kWh, 26 months and 23 months respectively. The results show that the energy and carbon intensities of the BRD WEC are slightly larger than, however comparable, in comparison with the referenced WECs, tidal, offshore wind and solar PV systems. A sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying the capacity factor from 20\u201350%. The energy and carbon intensities could reach as much as 968 kJ\/kWh and 222 gCO2\/kWh respectively while the capacity factor decreasing to 20%. Limitations for this study and scope of future work are discussed in the conclusion.","author":["Zhai, Q.","Zhu, L.","Lu, S."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2018-09-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-02 07:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zhaietal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/103346","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emission-based-economic-dispatch-context-energy-hub-concept-considering-tidal-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jemat.org\/article_101566.html","title":"Emission based economic dispatch in the context of energy hub concept considering tidal power plants","description":"Energy hubs connect multi energy carriers at the input port to various loads at the output port. The present study investigates the optimal operation of the energy hub as a centralized unit. In this paper, the main objective function is exhibited by the minimization of the total operation cost subject to a set of constraints. The cost function comprises two parts, namely the different energy carriers cost and the production cost of the environmental pollutants caused by each carrier. The constraints involved in operation problem of the energy hub include power balance, limitations of energy storages and converters. Well-known Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is used to tackle the proposed optimization model. Tidal power plant as a new renewable energy resource is also considered in the input port of the energy hub. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the model, the proposed model is examined on a test system. Considering the production cost of the environmental pollutants makes the problem to be more realistic. As a result, it is recommended to consider the emission cost in the energy hub operation problem.","author":["Ezzati, S.","Shourkaei, H.","Faghihi, F.","Soleymani, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/103347","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effective-integration-integrative-capacity-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40152-020-00167-1","title":"Effective integration and integrative capacity in marine spatial planning","description":"Ecosystem-based management, spatial orientation, a multilevel policy framework and integration have all been identified as essential components of effective marine spatial planning (MSP). Integration has been noted by researchers and through international forums as being essential to achieve effective oceans governance. However, integrated policy approaches are the most difficult policies to design, develop and implement. They require a holistic rather than sectoral focus; horizontal and vertical jurisdictional support and coordination; and the involvement of a diverse group of stakeholders including industry, NGOs, and local communities. Integrated policies are prone to failure but if \u201cintegrative capacity\u201d exists, integration in MSP can contribute to its success. This paper examines the role of integration within MSP and suggests a framework for determining effective integration and \u201cintegrative capacity\u201d. It refers to different marine spatial planning examples which demonstrate that integrative capacity can contribute to the success, failure and longevity of MSP and ecosystem-based management.","author":["Vince, J.","Day, J."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","James Cook University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/103348","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/science-support-ecologically-sound-decommissioning-strategies-offshore-man-made","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/77\/3\/1075\/5820932","title":"Science in support of ecologically sound decommissioning strategies for offshore man-made structures: taking stock of current knowledge and considering future challenges","description":"The blue growth agenda has spurred an accelerating exploitation and continued development of the coastal and marine environment. This is also driven by the increasing need to generate renewable energy. In most cases, this has resulted in a large number of man-made structures (MMSs) across several soft sediment environments. The nature of these structures ranges from oil and gas installations to harbour walls, anchored buoys, pipelines and offshore wind farms. These structures host fouling communities that are often new to offshore regions, potentially serving as stepping stones for range-expanding (non-indigenous) species and providing habitat and shelter for a variety of marine species. The altered local biodiversity also affects biological and biogeochemical processes from the water column to the seafloor, either directly (e.g. scouring, organic matter export from piles) or indirectly (e.g. closure or displacement of fisheries) and, hence, ecosystem functioning at various spatial and temporal scales. A proper understanding of the effects of artificial hard substrate and the consequences of its removal (e.g. through decommissioning) to marine biodiversity has yet to develop to maturity. This themed article set contributes to the scientific knowledge base on the impacts of MMSs on marine ecosystems with the specific aim to fertilize and facilitate an evidence-based debate over decommissioning. This discussion will become ever more vital to inform marine spatial planning and future policy decisions on the use and protection of marine resources.","author":["Birchenough, S.","Degraer, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Birchenoughetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/103349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interdisciplinary-science-support-north-sea-marine-management-lessons-learned-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10750-019-04109-9","title":"Interdisciplinary science to support North Sea marine management: lessons learned and future demands","description":"The expected increase of maritime activities in the North Sea and the growing awareness of its natural environmental value require enhanced science-based environmental advice for more efficient and effective marine management. The North Sea Open Science Conference organised by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences and the Belgian Biodiversity Platform in 2016 aimed to take stock of the present-day scientific knowledge on the North Sea ecosystem, its interactions with human activities and its management. The conference was structured along three themes: (1) \u2018the scientific backbone of the North Sea ecosystem: adequacy of the knowledge base?\u2019, (2) \u2018A new era in environmental monitoring and assessment: what is at stake?\u2019, and (3) \u2018Sustainability: one for all, all for one?\u2019. Focusing on \u2018open science\u2019, we welcomed about 200 participants from around the North Sea with different backgrounds and interests in environmental sciences. The participants were challenged to reflect on current and future challenges for the North Sea management and, in particular, to explore possible nature-friendly solutions for addressing these challenges during a series of introductory oral (69) and poster (59) presentations, and World Caf\u00e9 and Fish Bowl participatory sessions. The participants agreed on six main actions to (1) provide a solid scientific base for marine management decisions; (2) develop society-driven research; (3) increase interdisciplinary science; (4) recognise the need for system knowledge; (5) improve communication, knowledge exchange, and collective implementation of scientific knowledge; and (6) build integrated knowledge bases. For each of these, concrete action points were identified, and this review gives the most important and relevant ones for creating the knowledge base and managerial framework for a sustainable North Sea.","author":["Degraer, S.","Van Lancker, V.","Van Dijk, T.","Birchenough, S.","De Witte, B.","Elliot, M.","Le Bot, S.","Reiss, H.","Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Van Gaever, S.","Balian, E.","Cox, D.","Hernandez, F.","Lacroix, G.","Lindeboom, H.","Reubens, J.","Soetaert, K."],"organization":["Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","Deltares (NL)","University of Illinois","Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (IVLO)","University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105284","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/when-good-animals-love-bad-habitats-ecological-traps-conservation-animal-populations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2004.00417.x","title":"When Good Animals Love Bad Habitats: Ecological Traps and the Conservation of Animal Populations","description":"The concept of the ecological trap, a low\u2010quality habitat that animals prefer over other available habitats of higher quality, has appeared in the ecological literature irregularly for over 30 years, but the topic has received relatively little attention, and evidence for traps remains largely anecdotal. Recently, however, the ecological trap concept has been the subject of a flurry of theoretical activity that is likely to raise its profile substantially, particularly in conservation biology. Ecological trap theory suggests that, under most circumstances, the presence of a trap in a landscape will drive a local population to extinction. A number of empirical studies, almost all of birds, suggest the existence of traps and demonstrate the difficulties of recognizing them in the field. Evidence for ecological traps has primarily been found in habitats modified by human activities, either directly (e.g., through the mowing of grassland birds\u0027 nests) or indirectly (e.g., via human\u2010mediated invasion of exotic species), but some studies suggest that traps may occur even in relatively pristine areas. Taken together, these theoretical and empirical results suggest that traps may be relatively common in rapidly changing landscapes. It is therefore important for conservation biologists to be able to identify traps and differentiate them from sinks. Commonly employed approaches for population modeling, which tend to assume a source\u2010sink framework and do not consider habitat selection explicitly, may introduce faulty assumptions that mask the effects of ecological traps and lead to overly optimistic predictions about population persistence. Given the potentially dire consequences of ecological traps and the accumulating evidence for their existence, greater attention from the community of conservation biologists is warranted. In particular, it is important for conservation biologists and managers to incorporate into conservation planning an explicit understanding of the relationship between habitat selection and habitat quality.","author":["Battin, J."],"organization":["Northern Arizona University"],"originationDate":"2004-12-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105285","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-effective-adaptive-management-post-consent-monitoring-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rgu-repository.worktribe.com\/output\/246382\/guidance-on-effective-adaptive-management-and-post-consent-monitoring-strategies","title":"Guidance on effective adaptive management and post-consent monitoring strategies","description":"This report considers policy approaches and scientific methods of relevance to post-consent monitoring. The aim is to help decision makers become better informed by cost-effectively reducing the scientific uncertainties associated with the impacts of offshore renewable energy on biodiversity. This comes as part of the RiCORE project, which aimed to promote the use of offshore renewable energy projects in the EU by streamlining consenting processes.","author":["Bennet, F.","Culloch, R.","Tait, A."],"organization":["Robert Gordon University"],"originationDate":"2016-06-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bennet-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105286","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-species-vary-behavioural-response-drone-census","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-18202-3","title":"Seabird species vary in behavioural response to drone census","description":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an opportunity to rapidly census wildlife in remote areas while removing some of the hazards. However, wildlife may respond negatively to the UAVs, thereby skewing counts. We surveyed four species of Arctic cliff-nesting seabirds (glaucous gull Larus hyperboreus, Iceland gull Larus glaucoides, common murre Uria aalge and thick-billed murre Uria lomvia) using a UAV and compared censusing techniques to ground photography. An average of 8.5% of murres flew off in response to the UAV, but \u0026gt;99% of those birds were non-breeders. We were unable to detect any impact of the UAV on breeding success of murres, except at a site where aerial predators were abundant and several birds lost their eggs to predators following UAV flights. Furthermore, we found little evidence for habituation by murres to the UAV. Most gulls flew off in response to the UAV, but returned to the nest within five minutes. Counts of gull nests and adults were similar between UAV and ground photography, however the UAV detected up to 52.4% more chicks because chicks were camouflaged and invisible to ground observers. UAVs provide a less hazardous and potentially more accurate method for surveying wildlife. We provide some simple recommendations for their use.","author":["Brisson-Curadeau, E.","Bird, D.","Burke, C.","Fifield, D.","Pace, P.","Sherley, R.","Elliot, K."],"organization":["McGill University","Memorial University of Newfoundland","Environment Canada","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2017-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Seabird-species-drone-census.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105287","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-world-fisheries-aquaculture-2018-meeting-sustainable-development-goals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/i9540en\/i9540en.pdf","title":"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals","description":"The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 highlights the critical importance of fisheries and aquaculture for the food, nutrition and employment of millions of people, many of whom struggle to maintain reasonable livelihoods. Total fish production in 2016 reached an all-time high of 171 million tonnes, of which 88 percent was utilized for direct human consumption, thanks to relatively stable capture fisheries production, reduced wastage and continued aquaculture growth. This production resulted in a record-high per capita consumption of 20.3 kg in 2016. Since 1961 the annual global growth in fish consumption has been twice as high as population growth, demonstrating that the fisheries sector is crucial in meeting FAO\u2019s goal of a world without hunger and malnutrition. While annual growth of aquaculture has declined in recent years, significant double-digit growth is still recorded in some countries, particularly in Africa and Asia. The sector\u2019s contribution to economic growth and the fight against poverty is growing. Strengthened demand and higher prices increased the value of global fish exports in 2017 to USD 152 billion, 54 percent originating from developing countries.  The fisheries and aquaculture sector is not without challenges, however, including the need to reduce the percentage of fish stocks fished beyond biological sustainability, currently 33.1 percent; to ensure that biosecurity and animal disease challenges are tackled successfully; and to maintain complete and accurate national statistics in support of policy development and implementation. These and other challenges engendered FAO\u2019s Blue Growth Initiative, an innovative, integrated and multisectoral approach to the management of aquatic resources aimed at maximizing the ecosystem goods and services obtained from the use of oceans, inland waters and wetlands, while also providing social and economic benefits.  The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture is the only publication of its kind, providing technical insight and factual information on a sector increasingly recognized as crucial for societal success. In addition to reporting major trends and patterns observed in global fisheries and aquaculture, this edition scans the horizon for new and upcoming areas that need to be considered if we are to manage aquatic resources sustainably into the future, including cooperation through regional fisheries bodies and advances such as blockchain technology, to ensure that in delivering the SDGs we tackle the root causes of poverty and hunger while building a fairer society that leaves no one behind.","author":["Food and Agriculture Organization"],"organization":["United Nations (UN)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FAO_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105288","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/great-cormorants-phalacrocorax-carbo-can-detect-auditory-cues-while-diving","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00114-017-1467-3","title":"Great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) can detect auditory cues while diving","description":"In-air hearing in birds has been thoroughly investigated. Sound provides birds with auditory information for species and individual recognition from their complex vocalizations, as well as cues while foraging and for avoiding predators. Some 10% of existing species of birds obtain their food under the water surface. Whether some of these birds make use of acoustic cues while underwater is unknown. An interesting species in this respect is the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), being one of the most effective marine predators and relying on the aquatic environment for food year round. Here, its underwater hearing abilities were investigated using psychophysics, where the bird learned to detect the presence or absence of a tone while submerged. The greatest sensitivity was found at 2 kHz, with an underwater hearing threshold of 71 dB re 1 \u03bcPa rms. The great cormorant is better at hearing underwater than expected, and the hearing thresholds are comparable to seals and toothed whales in the frequency band 1\u20134 kHz. This opens up the possibility of cormorants and other aquatic birds having special adaptations for underwater hearing and making use of underwater acoustic cues from, e.g., conspecifics, their surroundings, as well as prey and predators.","author":["Hansen, K.","Maxwell, A.","Siebert, U.","Larsen, O.","Wahlberg, M."],"organization":["University of Southern Denmark"],"originationDate":"2017-05-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105289","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-ambient-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acousticstoday.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/UNDERWATER-AMBIENT-NOISE-Peter-H.-Dahl.pdf","title":"Underwater Ambient Noise","description":"Underwater ambient noise, long an important area of study in underwater acoustics and acoustical oceanography, has recently entered the forefront of public awareness. A renewed emphasis on its study is driven in part by basic questions concerning the relation between anthropogenic noise and the ecology of marine mammals. For example, there is concern about the degree to which marine mammals are possibly habituating to, or otherwise being affected by increasing anthropogenic noise contributions. Natural ambient noise has always provided the background noise limitation on the use of sound by marine mammals, but now ambient noise contains a significant anthropogenic component.  Here we provide a brief overview and perspective on the subject of underwater ambient noise, of interest to a diverse set of behavioral, biological and physical science professionals involved in its analysis. In addition, this article may also serve as an introduction of the subject to those involved in the analysis of human community noise, and motivate a useful information exchange. That said, we state up front that this article is neither comprehensive nor exhaustive on the topics presented.  We quote directly from the National Research Council\u2019s 2003 report, Ocean Noise and Marine Mammals1 to define ambient noise as \u201cThe noise associated with the background din emanating from a myriad of unidentified sources. Its distinguishing features are that it is due to multiple sources, individual sources are not identified (although the type of noise source\u2014e.g., shipping, wind\u2014may be known), and no one source dominates the received field.\u201d This definition excludes the anthropogenic noise due to individual sources more localized in both time and space. Such sources are, for example, close shipping, sonars, seismic air guns, and pile driving and dredging devices. Suffice to say that an understanding of such noise sources including their potential impacts on marine mammals requires an understanding of the background, ambient noise conditions.  This article begins with a restatement of some important definitions relating to the use of decibel notation in both the air and underwater noise communities. Next, underwater ambient noise is described in terms of its spectrum, or frequency content. This is a useful and informative summary of underwater noise, but here we can only briefly allude to the noise field\u2019s variation in time, space and angle of arrival (angular intensity distribution). The major anthropogenic and natural constituents of the spectrum are itemized, and two spectra, corresponding to nominal high and low ambient noise levels, are introduced to illustrate the dynamic range of underwater ambient noise. These spectra are then compared with several examples of field measurements, and some historical trends in field measurements are mentioned.  Finally, an interesting perspective is gained by a brief examination of ambient noise as we might experience it in air, including a familiar impact concept, speech intelligibility. For this, measurements of noise originating from highway traffic that also exemplifies time variation and contributions from multiple sources, which is common in underwater ambient noise, are used. Of course, discussion of sound in air and in an underwater environment has frequently led to confusion, so we tread carefully, using genuinely comparable physical units. The intent here is to provide some background to understand the effects of noise on marine mammals by comparing sound in air and water, and the ambient noise in the two environments.","author":["Dahl, P.","Miller, J.","Cato, D.","Andrew, R."],"organization":["University of Washington","University of Rhode Island","Sydney Institute of Marine Science"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dahletal2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105483","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-tidal-energy-report-scottish-government","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Mammals and Tidal Energy: Report to Scottish Government","description":"The work presented under the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) theme falls in to three tasks;    MRE 1.1 \u2013 Fine scale marine mammal behaviour around tidal energy devices.  MRE 1.2 \u2013 Harbour seal movement modelling.  MRE 1.3 \u2013 Estimating collision risk using available information.   This annual report only considers MRE 1.1 as MRE 1.2 and 1.3 have been completed and are available here: https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/reports\/.  MRE 1.1     This task aims to monitor the behaviour of marine mammals in the vicinity of an operational tidal turbine. A monitoring system utilising a combination of Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), Active Acoustic Monitoring (AAM) and video cameras was deployed to identify marine mammal species using the areas around the turbine and to construct 3D tracks of their movements.  The environmental monitoring system was successfully installed on the Turbine Support Structure (TSS) at Nigg on 3 October 2016 with deployment of the TSS at the site on 24 October 2016. Following the installation of the Atlantis Turbine in February 2017, initial commissioning of the monitoring system revealed a communications failure with all of the sensors. This was corrected during shore-based maintenance of the turbine in the summer of 2017.  The Atlantis turbine was successfully re-deployed in mid-October 2017 and a second period of monitoring system commissioning was conducted. Power to the monitoring system turbine became available on 18 October and initial communications tests established that the PAM system was fully functional. However, no communications could be established with the video camera systems or the Gemini multibeam sonars. Plans to recover the platform with the sonars are currently being developed.  Since commissioning, the PAM system has been operating stably for 95.7 % of the time. From the start of data collection up to the end of 31 December 2017 (~ ten weeks) a total of 11 dolphin and 199 porpoise encounters were made. This equates to a mean of 2.8 porpoise encounters and 0.2 dolphin encounters per day.  A key output from the PAM data analyses will be the 3D locations of echolocation clicks in relation to the turbine. Echolocation click localisation techniques are currently being refined using the data collected. An important aspect of 3D localisation is to calibrate the array by pinging it with a sound source from a known location; trials to do this are being planned and will be used to improve localisation accuracy.  To examine fine scale movement of seals in a wider spatial context, 24 harbour seals were caught and tagged in the Inner Sound during two field efforts between 26 September and 3 October 2016, and between 2 and 13 April 2017. These data aim to provide real time locations of seals to base stations on shore each time a seal surfaces, providing supporting evidence to determine if a collision occurs between a seal and a turbine.  In total 115,100 locations were recorded from the tagged seals during the two tagging deployments. Seals spent a total of 16 % of their time in the Inner Sound, with a relatively low number of locations (195) recorded within the MeyGen lease area. Only three seals were recorded at the surface within 100 m of any of the turbines; the closest surface location to any of the turbines was 35.15 m.","author":["Hastie, G.","Evers, C.","Gillespie, D.","Irving, P.","Onoufriou, J.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE1-annual-rep-yr3-V5.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105484","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-characterization-sound-produced-marine-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-53536-4_14","title":"Challenges to Characterization of Sound Produced by Marine Energy Converters","description":"The acoustic characteristics of marine energy converters are of interest to those attempting to quantify their environmental effects at larger scale. Such efforts are complicated by the time variation in marine energy converter sound caused by changes in the environmental forcing and converter operation, the difficulty of identifying marine energy converter sound amidst background noise from a range of sources, and the potential masking of marine energy converter sound by non-propagating flow-noise. This chapter discusses each of these challenges and proposes potential solutions to overcome them in a cost-effective manner.","author":["Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105485","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-tidal-energy-annual-report-scottish-government","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Mammals and Tidal Energy: Annual Report to Scottish Government","description":"The work presented under the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) theme falls in to three tasks;    MRE 1.1 \u2013 Fine scale marine mammal behaviour around tidal energy devices.  MRE 1.2 \u2013 Harbour seal movement modelling.  MRE 1.3 \u2013 Estimating collision risk using available information.   This annual report only considers MRE 1.1 as MRE 1.2 and 1.3 have been completed and are available here: https:\/\/www.smru.st-andrews.ac.uk\/reports\/.  MRE 1.1     This task aims to monitor the behaviour of marine mammals in the vicinity of an operational tidal turbine. A monitoring system utilising a combination of Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), Active Acoustic Monitoring (AAM) and video cameras was deployed on a MeyGen turbine in the Pentland Firth to identify marine mammal species using the areas around the turbine and to construct 3D tracks of their movements.  After initial deployment on 24th October 2016, power to the turbine did not become available until 18th October 2017 when initial communications tests established that the PAM system was fully functional. However, no communications could be established with the video cameras or the Gemini multibeam sonars.  The sonar platform was recovered by SIMEC Atlantis Energy on 23rd July 2018 during planned operations to recover two other turbines. Subsequent inspection and fault diagnosis was undertaken by SMRU personnel at Nigg Energy Park on 7th August 2018. A number of possible failure points were identified including minor damage to the umbilical cable from the TSS, severe corrosion of the Hydrobond connectors used to attach the umbilical cable to the junction box, and water ingress in the junction box.  Since commissioning in October 2017, the PAM system has been operating stably for 95.3% of the time. The turbine was removed for maintenance from 22nd September 2018 to 18th December 2018, with PAM data collection resuming on the 19th December 2018.  The PAM system remains operational with routine checks and data archiving continuing. As agreed in the Steering Group meeting on 19th September 2018, monthly reporting was discontinued following the September 2018 report. Data collected following 31st January 2019 will not be manually processed for detections.  From the start of data collection up to the end of 31st January 2019 (~ 13 months monitoring), a total of 27 dolphin and 571 harbour porpoise encounters (\u2265 30 clicks) were made. This equates to a mean of 1.6 (SD = 1.0) porpoise encounters and 0.1 (SD = 0.2) dolphin encounters per day.  A key output from the PAM data analyses will be the 3D locations of echolocation clicks in relation to the position and operational status of the turbine. Field trials to calibrate 3D localisation algorithms were conducted on 6th August 2018. This involved pinging the PAM array with a sound source from a vessel at known locations and depths. Data collected in these trials have been useful with the ongoing refinement of the PAMGuard localisation algorithms.  24 harbour seals had previously been tagged in the Inner Sound to quantify the movements of seals in a wider spatial context. A further 16 harbour seals were tagged between 16th and 24th April 2018. Of these, 12 transmitted location data and 12 transmitted high resolution dive data.  Of the tags deployed in 2018, 504 days of data were collected which included 53,484 GPS locations. Tagged seals spent ~12% of their time within the Inner Sound and ~0.001% within the MeyGen lease area. A total of 3 GPS locations were recorded within 50m of a turbine and the closest GPS location was 37m from a turbine.","author":["Palmer, L.","Gillespie, D.","Macaulay, J.","Onoufriou, J.","Sparling, C.","Thomson, D.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2019-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE1-yr4_annual-rep_web.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105486","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-approach-assessing-marine-seismic-impacts-lessons-learnt-gippsland-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569117306051#!","title":"An integrated approach to assessing marine seismic impacts: Lessons learnt from the Gippsland Marine Environmental Monitoring project","description":"Marine seismic surveys are a fundamental tool for geological research, including the exploration of offshore oil and gas resources, but the sound generated during these surveys represents a source of noise pollution in the marine environment. Recent evidence has shown that seismic surveys may negatively affect some cetaceans, fish and invertebrates, although the magnitude of these impacts remains uncertain. This paper applies a case study on marine seismic impacts (the Gippsland Marine Environmental Monitoring (GMEM) project) to the critical assessment of the advantages and challenges of field-based methods in the context of future research and management priorities. We found that an interdisciplinary approach, using both conventional (e.g. dredging) and innovative (e.g. autonomous imagery) experimental components, make for more robust interpretations and also provide a failsafe in case of limited suitable data (e.g. equipment issues related to image acquisition). Field observational studies provide an unparalleled capability to undertake ecologically realistic research, although their practical challenges must be considered during research planning. We also note the need for appropriate environmental baselines and accessible time-series data to account for spatiotemporal variability of environmental and biological parameters that may mask effects, as well as the need for a standardised technique in sound monitoring and equipment calibration to ensure accuracy and comparability among studies.","author":["Przeslawski, R.","Brooke, B.","Carroll, A.","Fellows, M."],"organization":["Geoscience Australia"],"originationDate":"2018-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105487","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-ship-noise-increases-stress-right-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rspb.2011.2429","title":"Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales","description":"Baleen whales (Mysticeti) communicate using low-frequency acoustic signals. These long-wavelength sounds can be detected over hundreds of kilometres, potentially allowing contact over large distances. Low-frequency noise from large ships (20\u2013200 Hz) overlaps acoustic signals used by baleen whales, and increased levels of underwater noise have been documented in areas with high shipping traffic. Reported responses of whales to increased noise include: habitat displacement, behavioural changes and alterations in the intensity, frequency and intervals of calls. However, it has been unclear whether exposure to noise results in physiological responses that may lead to significant consequences for individuals or populations. Here, we show that reduced ship traffic in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, following the events of 11 September 2001, resulted in a 6 dB decrease in underwater noise with a significant reduction below 150 Hz. This noise reduction was associated with decreased baseline levels of stress-related faecal hormone metabolites (glucocorticoids) in North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis). This is the first evidence that exposure to low-frequency ship noise may be associated with chronic stress in whales, and has implications for all baleen whales in heavy ship traffic areas, and for recovery of this endangered right whale population.","author":["Rolland, R.","Parks, S.","Hunt, K.","Castellote, M.","Corkeron, P.","Nowacek, D.","Wasser, S.","Kraus, S."],"organization":["Duke University","Pennsylvania State University","New England Aquarium","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Cornell University","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.790000000000","-66.330000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105489","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iso-184052017-underwater-acoustics-terminology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/62406.html","title":"ISO 18405:2017 Underwater acoustics-Terminology","description":"ISO 18405:2017 defines terms and expressions used in the field of underwater acoustics, including natural, biological and anthropogenic (i.e. man-made) sound. It includes the generation, propagation and reception of underwater sound and its scattering, including reflection, in the underwater environment including the seabed (or sea bottom), sea surface and biological organisms. It also includes all aspects of the effects of underwater sound on the underwater environment, humans and aquatic life. The properties of underwater acoustical systems are excluded.","author":["ISO\/TC 43\/SC 3"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105490","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dynamic-habitat-corridors-marine-predators-intensive-use-coastal-channel-harbour-seals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00265-016-2219-7","title":"Dynamic habitat corridors for marine predators; intensive use of a coastal channel by harbour seals is modulated by tidal currents","description":"Previous studies have found that predators utilise habitat corridors to ambush prey moving through them. In the marine environment, coastal channels effectively act as habitat corridors for prey movements, and sightings of predators in such areas suggest that they may target these for foraging. Unlike terrestrial systems where the underlying habitat structure is generally static, corridors in marine systems are in episodic flux due to water movements created by tidal processes. Although these hydrographic features can be highly complex, there is generally a predictable underlying cyclic tidal pattern to their structure. For marine predators that must find prey that is often patchy and widely distributed, the underlying temporal predictability in potential foraging opportunities in marine corridors may be important drivers in their use. Here, we used data from land-based sightings and 19 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) tagged with high-resolution GPS telemetry to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution patterns of seals in a narrow tidal channel. These seals showed a striking pattern in their distribution; all seals spent a high proportion of their time around the narrowest point of the channel. There was also a distinctive tidal pattern in the use of the channel; sightings of seals in the water peaked during the flood tide and were at a minimum during the ebb tide. This pattern is likely to be related to prey availability and\/or foraging efficiency driven by the underlying tidal pattern in the water movements through the channel.","author":["Hastie, G.","Russell, D.","Benjamins, S.","Moss, S.","Wilson, B.","Thomson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2016-10-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.224009000000","-5.657877000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105491","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/broadband-echosounder-measurements-frequency-response-fishes-euphausiids-gulf-alaska","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/75\/3\/1131\/4626990","title":"Broadband echosounder measurements of the frequency response of fishes and euphausiids in the Gulf of Alaska","description":"Broadband acoustic scattering techniques are not widely used in fisheries acoustics, but this may change due to the recent commercial availability of a broadband echosounder system operating at frequencies commonly used in fisheries surveys. A four-channel (15\u2013150 kHz) broadband echosounder was used to investigate the potential of broadband methods to improve species discrimination during a walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) survey in the Gulf of Alaska. Narrowband echosounders combined with mid-water and bottom trawls were used to identify aggregations of interest for broadband measurements. Broadband frequency responses were measured for multiple pelagic and semi-demersal fishes as well as euphausiids. No clear patterns in the broadband frequency responses were identified that would aid in discrimination among the commonly encountered swimbladder-bearing species. The results are consistent with narrowband observations and suggest that both techniques face the same challenges when attempting to discriminate among acoustically similar species as frequency responses overlap within the measured bandwidth. However, examples are presented in which broadband frequency responses provide additional information about near-resonant scatterers. The benefits of broadband operations have not been fully realized and widespread adoption of broadband techniques and improved processing algorithms may yield improved acoustic-based species discrimination for use during fisheries surveys.","author":["Bassett, C.","De Robertis, A.","Wilson, C."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.000000000000","-152.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105492","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-acoustic-diversity-fish-aggregations-coral-reef-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783616300959","title":"Investigating acoustic diversity of fish aggregations in coral reef ecosystems from multifrequency fishery sonar surveys","description":"Remote species classification using fisheries acoustic techniques in coral reef ecosystems remains one of the greatest hurdles in developing informative metrics and indicators required for ecosystem management. We reviewed long-term marine ecosystem acoustic surveys that have been carried out in the US Caribbean covering various coral reef habitat types and evaluated metrics that may be helpful in classifying multifrequency acoustic signatures of fish aggregations to taxonomic groups. We found that the energetic properties across frequencies, in particular the mean and the maximum volume backscattering coefficient, provided the majority of the discriminating power in separating schools and aggregations into distinct groups. To a lesser extent, school shape and geometry helped isolate a distinctive group of reef fishes based on shoaling behaviour. Schools and aggregations were clustered into five distinct groups. The use of underwater video surveys from a Remote Operating Vehicle (ROV) conducted in the proximity of the acoustic observations allowed us to associate the clusters with broad categories of species groups such as large predators, including fishery important species to small forage fishes. The remote classification methods described here are an important step toward improving marine ecosystem acoustics for the study and management of coral reef fish communities.","author":["Campanella, F.","Taylor, J."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Research Council of the National Academies (NRC)"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["18.000000000000","-65.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105493","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-pulse-compression-techniques-broadband-acoustic-scattering-live-individual","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.424056","title":"Application of pulse compression techniques to broadband acoustic scattering by live individual zooplankton","description":"Distinct frequency dependencies of the acoustic backscattering by zooplankton of different anatomical groups have been observed in our previous studies [, ICES J. Mar. Sci. 49, 97\u2013106 (1992); Stanton et al., ICES J. Mar. Sci. 51, 505\u2013512 (1994)]. Based mainly on the spectral information, scattering models have been proposed to describe the backscattering mechanisms of different zooplankton groups [, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 236\u2013253 (1998b)]. In this paper, an in-depth study of pulse compression (PC) techniques is presented to characterize the temporal, spectral, and statistical signatures of the acoustic backscattering by zooplankton of different gross anatomical classes. Data collected from various sources are analyzed and the results are consistent with our acoustic models. From compressed pulse (CP) outputs for all three different zooplankton groups, two major arrivals from different parts of the animal body can be identified: a primary and a secondary arrival. (1) Shrimplike animals (Euphausiids and decapod shrimp; near broadside incidence only): the primary one is from the front interface (interface closest to the transducer) of the animal and the secondary arrival is from the back interface; (2) gas-bearing animals (Siphonophores): the primary arrival is from the gas inclusion and the secondary arrival is from the body tissue (\u201clocal acoustic center of mass\u201d); and (3) elastic shelled animals (Gastropods): the primary one is from the front interface and the secondary arrival corresponds to the subsonic Lamb wave that circumnavigates the surface of the shell. Statistical analysis of these arrivals is used to successfully infer the size of the individual animals. In conjunction with different aspects of PC techniques explored in this paper, a concept of partial wave target strength (PWTS) is introduced to describe scattering by the different CP highlights. Furthermore, temporal gating of the CP output allows rejection of unwanted signals, improves the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the spectra of selected partial waves of interest, and provides a better understanding of the scattering mechanism of the animals. In addition, it is found that the averaged PWTS can be used to obtain a more quantitative scattering characterization for certain animals such as siphonophores.","author":["Chu, D.","Stanton, T."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"1998-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105494","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-wideband-echosounder-fisheries-marine-ecosystem-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/315827612_Evaluation_of_a_wideband_echosounder_for_fisheries_and_marine_ecosystem_science","title":"Evaluation of a wideband echosounder for fisheries and marine ecosystem science","description":"For more than a decade, the Simrad\u2013Kongsberg (Simrad) EK60 echosounder has been a worldwide standard for providing estimates of fish biomass and distributions, conducting ecosystem surveys, and observing the behaviours of aquatic organisms and their associations with oceanographic and seabed environments. However, components of EK60 general purpose transceivers (GPTs) are no longer commercially available, the GPT-control and data acquisition software, ER60, is no longer developed, and both have been recently superseded by the more advanced Simrad EK80 echosounder system. To facilitate a rapid and successful transition to the operational use of EK80, it is necessary to ensure the continuation of accurate and precise measurements used in time-series for stock assessments and marine ecosystem research.  At recent meetings of the USA\u2013Norway Science Bilateral on Fisheries and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Fisheries Acoustic Science and Technology Working Group, scientists discussed the terms of reference for conducting an EK80 workshop. NOAA\u2019s Southwest Fisheries Science Center in San Diego, California, USA was chosen as the location for the workshop because of its state-of-the-art Ocean Technology Development Tank and access to ship time on board NOAA\u2019s FSV \u201cReuben Lasker\u201d. The EK80 workshop was scheduled in two phases: laboratory tank experiments conducted during 6\u20139 and 12\u201316 September 2016 and field experiments conducted during 19\u201323 September 2016. Workshop participants were from the USA, Norway, France, and Australia.  This workshop report provides technical results and recommendations that are necessary to expedite the operational use of EK80 in standardized surveys and to improve scientific information for the conservation and management of living marine resources. As more is learned about the EK80 wideband transceiver (WBT), its firmware and software will be refined by the manufacturer (Lars Andersen, Simrad, pers. comm.). Accordingly, commercial analysis software will be revised (Briony Hutton, Echoview [https:\/\/www.echoview.com\/], and Rolf Korneliussen, Large Scale Survey System [LSSS; https:\/\/cmr.no\/projects\/10396\/lsss\/], pers. comms.). Recommended settings and algorithms for data collection and analysis will be collaboratively optimized for research and operational surveys. This report documents the state of the technology as of September 2016. There will likely be future EK80 workshops with updated reports","author":["Demer, D.","Andersen, L.","Bassett, C.","Berger, L.","Chu, D.","Condiotty, J.","Cutter, G.","Hutton, B.","Korneliussen, R.","Le Bouffant, N.","Macaulay, G.","Michaels, W.","Murfin, D.","Pobitzer, A.","Renfree, J.","Sessions, T.","Stierhoff, K.","Thompson, C."],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)","International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Demeretal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105495","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effective-fisheries-management-instrumental-improving-fish-stock-status","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/117\/4\/2218.short","title":"Effective fisheries management instrumental in improving fish stock status","description":"Marine fish stocks are an important part of the world food system and are particularly important for many of the poorest people of the world. Most existing analyses suggest overfishing is increasing, and there is widespread concern that fish stocks are decreasing throughout most of the world. We assembled trends in abundance and harvest rate of stocks that are scientifically assessed, constituting half of the reported global marine fish catch. For these stocks, on average, abundance is increasing and is at proposed target levels. Compared with regions that are intensively managed, regions with less-developed fisheries management have, on average, 3-fold greater harvest rates and half the abundance as assessed stocks. Available evidence suggests that the regions without assessments of abundance have little fisheries management, and stocks are in poor shape. Increased application of area-appropriate fisheries science recommendations and management tools are still needed for sustaining fisheries in places where they are lacking.","author":["Hilborn, R.","Amoroso, R.","Anderson, C.","Baum, J.","Branch, T.","Costello, C.","de Moor, C.","Faraj, A.","Hively, D.","et al."],"organization":["University of Washington","University of Victoria","University of California Santa Barbara","University of Cape Town"],"originationDate":"2020-01-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105496","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-processing-technique-estimate-signal-noise-ratio-remove-echosounder-background","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/64\/6\/1282\/616894","title":"A post-processing technique to estimate the signal-to-noise ratio and remove echosounder background noise","description":"A simple and effective post-processing technique to estimate echosounder background-noise levels and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) during active pinging is developed. Similar to other methods of noise estimation during active pinging, this method assumes that some portion of the sampled acoustic signal is dominated by background noise, with a negligible contribution from the backscattered transmit signal. If this assumption is met, the method will provide robust and accurate estimates of background noise equivalent to that measured by the receiver if the transmitter were disabled. It provides repeated noise estimates over short intervals of time without user intervention, which is beneficial in cases where background noise changes over time. In situations where background noise is dominant in a portion of the recorded signal, it is straightforward to make first-order corrections for the effects of noise and to estimate the SNR to evaluate the effects of background noise on acoustic measurements. Noise correction and signal-to-noise-based thresholds have the potential to improve inferences from acoustic measurements in lower signal-to-noise situations, such as when surveying from noisy vessels, using multifrequency techniques, surveying at longer ranges, and when working with weak acoustic targets such as invertebrates and fish lacking swimbladders.","author":["De Robertis, A.","Higginbottom, I."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2007-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105497","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-application-empirical-multifrequency-method-backscatter-classification","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/full\/10.1139\/F10-075#.Xp8lA8hKhPZ","title":"Development and application of an empirical multifrequency method for backscatter classification","description":"We evaluated the feasibility of identifying major acoustic scatters in North Pacific ecosystems based on empirical measurements of relative frequency response. Acoustic measurements in areas where trawl catches were dominated by single taxa indicated that it might be possible to discern among key groups of scatterers such as fish with gas-filled swimbladders, euphausiids, myctophids, and jellyfish. To establish if walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), a key species in the ecosystem, can be separated reliably from other groups under prevailing conditions, we developed a method based on the normal deviate (or Z score) to identify backscatter consistent with the pollock relative frequency response. We evaluated the performance of the method by comparing it with the traditional method of species identification (i.e., directed trawl catches and subjective interpretation of echograms) during five large-scale acoustic surveys of the eastern Bering Sea. Pollock abundance estimates employing the multifrequency method were highly correlated with those using the traditional method, which indicates that the multifrequency method performs well in this situation. In this environment, multifrequency methods will allow more inferences to be drawn when direct sampling of organisms is limited and will also complement existing abundance surveys by improving species classification and providing information about key nontarget species.","author":["De Robertis, A.","McKelvey, D.","Ressler, P."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.840342000000","-149.097571000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105691","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fm-slide-chirp-signals-technique-significantly-improving-signal-noise-performance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783600001697","title":"FM slide (chirp) signals: a technique for significantly improving the signal-to-noise performance in hydroacoustic assessment systems","description":"Nearly all acoustic systems used for fisheries and biological oceanographic studies have to date used systems that transmit short CW tone pulses. One of the characteristics of this type of system is that the user of the system is forced to trade-off spatial resolution with ability to minimize the adverse effects of noise. This paper describes the application of a different type of signal, the FM slide or chirp, for fisheries and oceanographic acoustic assessment. These systems have the characteristic that the signal parameters can be selected to provide both good spatial resolution and good noise immunity. The basic theory of FM slides as well as some of the factors that must be considered when implementing this signal type in actual systems are described. Laboratory measurements and field results are presented that show the potential advantage of the FM slide or chirp signals over the more conventional CW tone pulse.","author":["Ehrenberg, J.","Torkelson, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2000-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105692","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/classification-trees-species-identification-fish-school-echotraces","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/66\/6\/1073\/691837","title":"Classification trees for species identification of fish-school echotraces","description":"Acoustic surveys provide valuable information on the abundance and distribution of many fish species, but are particularly effective for schooling pelagic fish of commercial importance. However, despite recent advances in multifrequency processing, the technique still requires some subjective judgement when allocating the acoustic data, fish-school echotraces, to particular species\u2014the so-called \u201cscrutiny process\u201d. This is assisted by \u201cground truth\u201d trawling and operator experience of relating trawl data to echotraces of particular fish schools. In this paper, a method to identify species based on \u201cclassification trees\u201d is applied to data from a component of the International North Sea Herring Acoustic Survey. Classification trees may be considered as a variant of decision trees, and have properties that are intuitive to biologists, because they are similar to the keys used for the biological identification of species. The method described here incorporates a multifrequency fish-school filter, image analysis to isolate fish-school echotraces, and finally, a classification-tree system using the multifrequency information from the ground-truthed echotraces that can be translated into a processing tool for objective species allocation. The classification-tree system is compared with the traditional method of expert-based scrutiny. Unlike the latter, however, a measure of uncertainty is attributed to the classification-tree approach and this could be propagated through the acoustic-survey estimation procedure as a component of the total uncertainty in the abundance estimate.","author":["Fernandes, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/fernandes2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105693","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pamguard-semiautomated-open-source-software-real-time-acoustic-detection-localization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.4808713","title":"PAMGUARD: Semiautomated, open source software for real-time acoustic detection and localization of cetaceans","description":"PAMGUARD is open\u2010source, platform\u2010independent software to address the needs of developers and users of Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) systems. For the PAM operator\u2014marine mammal biologist, manager, or mitigator\u2014PAMGUARD provides a flexible and easy\u2010to\u2010use suite of detection, localization, data management, and display modules. These provide a standard interface across different platforms with the flexibility to allow multiple detectors to be added, removed, and configured according to the species of interest and the hardware configuration on a particular project. For developers of PAM systems, an Application Programming Interface (API) has been developed which contains standard classes for the efficient handling of many types of data, interfaces to acquisition hardware and to databases, and a GUI framework for data display. PAMGUARD replicates and exceeds the capabilities of earlier real time monitoring programs such as the IFAW Logger Suite and Ishmael. Ongoing developments include improved real\u2010time location and automated species classification.","author":["Gillespie, D.","Mellinger, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105694","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimation-reef-fish-length-divers-stereo-video-first-comparison-accuracy-precision","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783601003563","title":"Estimation of reef fish length by divers and by stereo-video: A first comparison of the accuracy and precision in the field on living fish under operational conditions","description":"Using simultaneous measurements from an underwater stereo-video system the accuracy and precision of length estimates of reef fish made by three experienced diver scientists under field conditions is determined. The trial showed that under optimal conditions the divers\u2019 estimates were very accurate  but lacked precision . The effects of the low precision are then demonstrated by using these field estimates to model the theoretical statistical power of the scientific divers to detect changes in the mean length of three species of fish from New Zealand coastal waters. The results suggest that the experienced diver scientists would have a much lower statistical power than stereo-video measurements to detect changes in the mean length, especially where low numbers of fish are recorded or where a research program aims to detect a change in the mean length of a fish population of 30% or less.","author":["Harvey, E.","Fletcher, D.","Shortis, M."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","University of Otago","University of Melbourne"],"originationDate":"2002-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-44.623073700000","167.714550700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105695","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-approaches-remote-species-identification-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1046\/j.1365-2419.2000.00143.x","title":"Acoustic approaches to remote species identification: a review","description":"Noninvasive species identification remains a long\u2010term goal of fishers, researchers, and resource managers who use sound to locate, map, and count aquatic organisms. Since the first biological applications of underwater acoustics, four approaches have been used singly or in combination to survey marine and freshwater environments: passive sonar; prior knowledge and direct sampling; echo statistics from high\u2010frequency measures; and matching models to low\u2010frequency measures. Echo amplitudes or targets measured using any sonar equipment are variable signals. Variability in reflected sound is influenced by physical factors associated with the transmission of sound through a compressible fluid, and by biological factors associated with the location, reflective properties, and behaviour of a target. The current trend in acoustic target identification is to increase the amount of information collected through increases in frequency bandwidth or in the number of acoustic beams. Exclusive use of acoustics to identify aquatic organisms reliably will require a set of statistical metrics that discriminate among a wide range of similar body types at any packing density, and incorporation of these algorithms in routine data processing.","author":["Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Michigan"],"originationDate":"2000-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105696","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scientific-echosounder-review-stream-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-09\/John%20Horne%20Presentation%20Scientific%20Echosounder%20Review%20for%20In-Stream%20Tidal%20Turbines.pdf","title":"Scientific Echosounder Review for In-Stream Tidal Turbines","description":"Scientific-grade echosounders are a standard tool in fisheries science and have been used for monitoring the interactions of fish with tidal energy turbines in various high flow environments around the world. Some of the physical features of the Minas Passage present unique challenges in using echosounders for monitoring in this environment (e.g., entrained air and suspended sediment in the water column), but have helped to identify hydroacoustic technologies that are better suited than others for achieving monitoring goals. John Horne\u2019s report and presentation will present a overview of echosounders and associated software that are currently available for monitoring fish in high-flow environments, and identify those that are prime candidates for monitoring tidal energy turbines in the Minas Passage.","author":["Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Horne2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105697","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/determining-representative-ranges-point-sensors-distributed-networks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-018-6689-0","title":"Determining representative ranges of point sensors in distributed networks","description":"Distributed networks of stationary instruments provide high temporal scope (i.e., range\/resolution) observations but are spatially limited as a set of point measurements. Measurement similarity between points typically decays with distance, which is used to set interpolation distances. The importance of analyzing spatiotemporal data at equivalent spatial and temporal scales has been identified but no standard procedure is used to interpolate space using temporally-indexed observations. Using concurrent mobile and stationary active acoustic, fish density data from a tidal energy site in Puget Sound, WA, USA, six methods are compared to estimate the range at which stationary measurements can be spatially interpolated. Four methods estimate the representative range of the mean using autocorrelation or paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Accuracy of resulting sensor density estimates was modeled as departures from interpolated linear and aerial estimates. Two methods were used to estimate representative range of the variance by comparing theoretical spectra or by determining equivalent spatial and temporal scales. Representative ranges of means extended from 30.57 to 403.9 m. Estimation error (i.e., standard deviation) ranges of linearly interpolated or aerially extrapolated values ranged from 42.5 to 82.3%. Representative ranges using variance measurements differed by a factor of approximately two (scale equivalence = 648.7 m, theoretical = 1388.1 m). A six-step decision tree is presented to guide identification of monitoring variables and choice of method to calculate representative ranges in distributed networks. This approach is applicable for networks of any size, in aquatic or terrestrial environments, and monitoring the mean or variance of any quantity.","author":["Horne, J.","Jacques, D."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.180000000000","-122.730000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105698","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-paired-visual-passive-acoustic-surveys-estimate-passive-acoustic-detection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.4973415","title":"Using paired visual and passive acoustic surveys to estimate passive acoustic detection parameters for harbor porpoise abundance estimates","description":"Passive acoustic monitoring is a promising approach for monitoring long-term trends in harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) abundance. Before passive acoustic monitoring can be implemented to estimate harbor porpoise abundance, information about the detectability of harbor porpoise is needed to convert recorded numbers of echolocation clicks to harbor porpoise densities. In the present study, paired data from a grid of nine passive acoustic click detectors (C-PODs, Chelonia Ltd., United Kingdom) and three days of simultaneous aerial line-transect visual surveys were collected over a 370 km2 study area. The focus of the study was estimating the effective detection area of the passive acoustic sensors, which was defined as the product of the sound production rate of individual animals and the area within which those sounds are detected by the passive acoustic sensors. Visually estimated porpoise densities were used as informative priors in a Bayesian model to solve for the effective detection area for individual harbor porpoises. This model-based approach resulted in a posterior distribution of the effective detection area of individual harbor porpoises consistent with previously published values. This technique is a viable alternative for estimating the effective detection area of passive acoustic sensors when other experimental approaches are not feasible.","author":["Jacobson, E.","Forney, K.","Barlow, J."],"organization":["Scripps Institution of Oceanography","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.922088000000","-121.927214000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105699","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wideband-15-260-khz-acoustic-volume-backscattering-spectra-northern-krill","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/74\/8\/2249\/4096423","title":"Wideband (15\u2013260\u2009kHz) acoustic volume backscattering spectra of Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus)","description":"Measurements of acoustic backscatter made over a wide frequency band have the potential for improved classification relative to traditional narrowband methods, by characterizing more fully the frequency response of scatterers. In January 2014, five wideband transceivers [Simrad EK80 Wideband Transceivers (WBTs)] and split-beam transducers with nominal centre frequencies of 18, 38, 70, 120, and 200 kHz were used to collect acoustic data spanning a nearly continuous 15\u2013260 kHz bandwidth. The acoustic samples were from ca. 2 m below the surface to the seabed in an area along the US continental shelf break. Bottom trawls and zooplankton nets were also used to sample scatterers contributing to selected features of the acoustic backscatter. Measurements of frequency-dependent volume backscattering strength (i.e. volume backscattering spectra) from aggregations of euphausiids (mostly Northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica) clearly resolved the transition from Rayleigh to geometric scattering, consistent with modelled backscatter from the type and length of animals sampled with bongo nets. Volume backscattering spectra from aggregations dominated by butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus) revealed a frequency response that was suggestive of superimposed scattering by soft tissue and bone. Backscatter predicted by Kirchhoff ray mode models of butterfish corresponded to trends in the measured spectra, supporting the assumption that acoustic scattering by butterfish is dominated by soft tissue and vertebrae.","author":["Jech, J.","Lawson, G.","Lavery, A."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.000000000000","-70.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jechetal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105700","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/target-tracking-using-sonars-marine-life-monitoring-around-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322759553_Target_Tracking_using_Sonars_for_Marine_Life_Monitoring_around_Tidal_Turbines","title":"Target Tracking using Sonars for Marine Life Monitoring around Tidal Turbines","description":"The authoritative report, presented by Tritech\u2019s senior software engineer, Dr Pauline Jepp, at the European Wave and Energy Conference, details the effectiveness of the SeaTec software in providing real time detection, tracking and visualisation of mammals and fish around tidal turbines.  The specialist software interfaces seamlessly with Tritech\u2019s high-frequency sonar technology and is particularly useful in aggressive environments where both automatic monitoring is required and\/or detailed post-hoc analysis will be performed. The software provides a reliable and cost effective solution in situations where round-the-clock, real-time environmental monitoring is required to satisfy regulatory requirements.  Development and testing of the software was undertaken in conjunction with SMRU, The Sea Mammal Research Unit in St Andrews who are world-leaders in the field of marine ecology research.","author":["Jepp, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105894","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/precautionary-principle-environmental-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ehp.niehs.nih.gov\/doi\/abs\/10.1289\/ehp.01109871","title":"The Precautionary Principle in Environmental Science","description":"Environmental scientists play a key role in society\u0027s responses to environmental problems, and many of the studies they perform are intended ultimately to affect policy. The precautionary principle, proposed as a new guideline in environmental decision making, has four central components: taking preventative action in the face of uncertainty; shifting the burden of proof to the proponents of an activity; exploring a wide range of alternative to possibly harmful actions; and increasing public participation in decision making. In this paper we examine the implications of the precautionary principle for environmental scientists, whose work often involves studying highly complex, poorly understood systems, while at the same time facing conflicting pressures from those who seek to balance economic growth methodologies of science and to consider ways that, without compromising integrity and objectivity, research can be more or less helpful to those who would act with precaution. We argue that a shift to more precautionary policies creates opportunities and challenges for scientists to think differently about the ways they conduct studies and communicate results. There is a complicated feedback relation between the discoveries of science and the setting of policy. While maintaining their objectivity and focus on understanding the world, environmental scientists should be aware of the policy uses of their work and of their social responsibility to do science that protects human health and the environment. The precautionary principle highlights this tight, challenging linkage between science and policy.","author":["Kriebel, D.","Tickner, J.","Epstein, P.","Lemons, J.","Levins, R.","Loechler, E.","Quinn, M.","Rudel, R.","Schettler, T.","Stoto, M."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts","University of New England","Harvard University","Boston University","George Washington University Law School"],"originationDate":"2001-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/KriebelEtAl_2001.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/105895","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/d62-environmental-impact-report-h2020-project-powerkite","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.qub.ac.uk\/files\/163621443\/Powerkite_report_D6.2_Public_Final.pdf","title":"D6.2 Environmental Impact Report of the H2020 project PowerKite","description":"This report is a deliverable of the Powerkite project, a Horizon 2020 project funded by the European Union\u2019s research and innovation programme. The Powerkite\u2019s project main objective was to design, build and deploy a power take-off (PTO) system for the novel tidal energy concept Deep Green referred to in this document as the \u2018kite\u2019 and as part of Work Package (WP) 6, gaining a better understanding of the potential environmental interactions of the device.  The environmental impact report D6.2 is the final report for WP 6 Environmental Impacts and describes the results of the environmental data collected as part of WP 2 detailed in deliverable D2.10, during the project. This report provides details on the noise measurements, the Collision Risk Model (CRM), the development of the sonar system to visualise animal movement as well as the benthic surveys.","author":["Kregting, L.","Schmitt, P.","Lieber, L.","Culloch, R.","Horne, N.","Smyth, D."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2018-12-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.481578000000","-5.583644000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D6.2_public.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/106089","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-habitat-selection-behavior-population-dynamics-source-sink-systems-ecological","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12192.x","title":"The role of habitat selection behavior in population dynamics: source\u2013sink systems and ecological traps","description":"Ecological traps, poor\u2010quality habitat that nonetheless attract individuals, have been observed in both natural and human\u2010altered settings. Until recently, ecological traps were considered a kind of source\u2013sink system, but source\u2013sink theory does not model maladaptive habitat choice, and therefore cannot accurately represent ecological traps or predict their population\u2010level consequences. Although recent models of ecological traps addressed this problem, they used patch\u2010based models containing only two habitats that were very different from one another, but were internally homogeneous. These sorts of patch models may not apply to many real populations, and using them for populations in landscapes with mosaic or gradient habitat structures may be misleading. I developed models that treat source\u2013sink dynamics and ecological traps as special cases of a single process, in which the attractiveness and quality of the habitat are separate variables that can be either positively or negatively related, and in which habitat quality varies continuously throughout the landscape. As expected, sinks are less detrimental to populations than ecological traps, in which preferential use of poor habitat elevates extinction risk. Furthermore, ecological traps may be undetected, and may even appear to be sources, when population sizes are large, but may still prevent recovery in spite of the availability of high\u2010quality habitat when populations drop below threshold levels. Conservation biologists do not routinely consider the possibility that apparent sinks are actually traps, but since traps should be associated with the rapidly changing and novel habitat characteristics primarily produced by human activities, ecological traps should be considered an important and potentially widespread conservation concern.","author":["Kristan, W."],"organization":["California State University"],"originationDate":"2003-10-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/106090","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-institutional-review-national-consenting-processes","sourceURL":"","title":"Legal and institutional review of national consenting processes","description":"The present deliverable aims to consolidate up-to-date information on the structure of consenting processes in RiCORE project partner countries: France, Portugal, Spain, Ireland and United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland). A summary of the different elements of consenting for Marine Renewables is presented in section 4 \u2018Review of national consenting processes for offshore renewable energy\u2019. For each country, consenting processes are reviewed and analysed on the basis of five parameters: occupation of maritime space, licence to generate\/supply electricity, terrestrial planning, environmental assessment and monitoring and public participation. The report addresses the institutional aspects applicable to each parameter. The objective of this review is to provide an overall \u2018picture\u2019 highlighting fragmentation or integration in the consenting systems in operation in these countries. The report then goes onto highlight possible difficulties for each countries studied and best practices within consenting processes. The information contained in the deliverable is primarily based on relevant data collected during a number of RiCORE workshops and as well as other EU projects e.g. SOWFIA. The report also includes information from academic literature, licensing manuals, EIA Guidance documents (in France, Germany and UK), Environmental Statements and EIA consent decisions (where available).","author":["Le Li\u00e8vre, C.","O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["University College Cork","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2015-11-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/LE-LIEVRE-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/106091","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/visual-fields-common-guillemots-uria-aalge-atlantic-puffins-fratercula-arctica","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ibi.12297","title":"The visual fields of Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) and Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica): foraging, vigilance and collision vulnerability","description":"Significant differences in avian visual fields are found between closely related species that differ in their foraging technique. We report marked differences in the visual fields of two auk species. In air, Common Guillemots Uria aalge have relatively narrow binocular fields typical of those found in non\u2010passerine predatory birds. Atlantic Puffins Fratercula arctica have much broader binocular fields similar to those that have hitherto been recorded in passerines and in a penguin. In water, visual fields narrow considerably and binocularity in the direction of the bill is probably abolished in both auk species. Although perceptual challenges associated with foraging are similar in both species during the breeding season, when they are piscivorous, Puffins (but not Guillemots) face more exacting perceptual challenges when foraging at other times, when they take a high proportion of small invertebrate prey. Capturing this prey probably requires more accurate, visually guided bill placement and we argue that this is met by the Puffin\u0027s broader binocular field, which is retained upon immersion; its upward orientation may enable prey to be seen in silhouette. These visual field configurations have potentially important consequences that render these birds vulnerable to collision with human artefacts underwater, but not in air. They also have consequences for vigilance behaviour.","author":["Martin, G.","Wanless, S."],"organization":["University of Birmingham"],"originationDate":"2015-07-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/106092","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vision-foraging-technique-great-cormorants-phalacrocorax-carbo-pursuit-or-close","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2008.00808.x","title":"Vision and the foraging technique of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo): pursuit or close-quarter foraging?","description":"Predatory diving birds, such as cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), have been generally regarded as visually guided pursuit foragers. However, due to their poor visual resolution underwater, it has recently been hypothesized that Great Cormorants do not in fact employ a pursuit\u2010dive foraging technique. They appear capable of detecting typical prey only at short distances, and primarily use a foraging technique in which prey may be detected only at close quarters or flushed from a substratum or hiding place. In birds, visual field parameters, such as the position and extent of the region of binocular vision, and how these are altered by eye movements, appear to be determined primarily by feeding ecology. Therefore, to understand further the feeding technique of Great Cormorants we have determined retinal visual fields and eye movement amplitudes using an ophthalmoscopic reflex technique. We show that visual fields and eye movements in cormorants exhibit close similarity with those of other birds, such as herons (Ardeidae) and hornbills (Bucerotidae), which forage terrestrially typically using a close\u2010quarter prey detection or flushing technique and\/or which need to examine items held in the bill before ingestion. We argue that this visual field topography and associated eye movements is a general characteristic of birds whose foraging requires the detection of nearby mobile prey items from within a wide arc around the head, accurate capture of that prey using the bill, and visual examination of the caught prey held in the bill. This supports the idea that cormorants, although visually guided predators, are not primarily pursuit predators, and that their visual fields exhibit convergence towards a set of characteristics that meet the perceptual challenges of close\u2010quarter prey detection or flush foraging in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.","author":["Martin, G.","White, C.","Butler, P."],"organization":["University of Birmingham"],"originationDate":"2008-07-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/106093","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/particle-motion-missing-link-underwater-acoustic-ecology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12544","title":"Particle motion: the missing link in underwater acoustic ecology","description":"Sound waves in water have both a pressure and a particle\u2010motion component, yet few studies of underwater acoustic ecology have measured the particle\u2010motion component of sound. While mammal hearing is based on detection of sound pressure, fish and invertebrates (i.e. most aquatic animals) primarily sense sound using particle motion. Particle motion can be calculated indirectly from sound pressure measurements under certain conditions, but these conditions are rarely met in the shelf\u2010sea and shallow\u2010water habitats that most aquatic organisms inhabit. Direct measurements of particle motion have been hampered by the availability of instrumentation and a lack of guidance on data analysis methods.  Here, we provide an introduction to the topic of underwater particle motion, including the physics and physiology of particle\u2010motion reception. We include a simple computer program for users to determine whether they are working in conditions where measurement of particle motion may be relevant. We discuss instruments that can be used to measure particle motion and the types of analysis appropriate for data collected. A supplemental tutorial and template computer code in matlab will allow users to analyse impulsive, continuous and fluctuating sounds from both pressure and particle\u2010motion recordings.  A growing body of research is investigating the role of sound in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and the ways in which sound influences animal behaviour, physiology and development. This work has particular urgency for policymakers and environmental managers, who have a responsibility to assess and mitigate the risks posed by rising levels of anthropogenic noise in aquatic ecosystems. As this paper makes clear, because many aquatic animals senses sound using particle motion, this component of the sound field must be addressed if acoustic habitats are to be managed effectively.","author":["Nedelec, S.","Campbell, J.","Radford, A.","Simpson, S.","Merchant, N."],"organization":["University of Bristol","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/106094","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/population-trend-worlds-monitored-seabirds-1950-2010","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0129342","title":"Population Trend of the World\u0027s Monitored Seabirds, 1950-2010","description":"Seabird population changes are good indicators of long-term and large-scale change in marine ecosystems, and important because of their many impacts on marine ecosystems. We assessed the population trend of the world\u2019s monitored seabirds (1950\u20132010) by compiling a global database of seabird population size records and applying multivariate autoregressive state-space (MARSS) modeling to estimate the overall population trend of the portion of the population with sufficient data (i.e., at least five records). This monitored population represented approximately 19% of the global seabird population. We found the monitored portion of the global seabird population to have declined overall by 69.7% between 1950 and 2010. This declining trend may reflect the global seabird population trend, given the large and apparently representative sample. Furthermore, the largest declines were observed in families containing wide-ranging pelagic species, suggesting that pan-global populations may be more at risk than shorter-ranging coastal populations.","author":["Paleczny, M.","Hammill, E.","Karpouzi, V.","Pauly, D."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2015-06-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Palecznyetal_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107451","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-variation-foraging-behaviour-marine-top-predator-phoca-vitulina-determined","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3357409\/","title":"Spatial Variation in Foraging Behaviour of a Marine Top Predator (Phoca vitulina) Determined by a Large-Scale Satellite Tagging Program","description":"The harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) is a widespread marine predator in Northern Hemisphere waters. British populations have been subject to rapid declines in recent years. Food supply or inter-specific competition may be implicated but basic ecological data are lacking and there are few studies of harbour seal foraging distribution and habits. In this study, satellite tagging conducted at the major seal haul outs around the British Isles showed both that seal movements were highly variable among individuals and that foraging strategy appears to be specialized within particular regions. We investigated whether these apparent differences could be explained by individual level factors: by modelling measures of trip duration and distance travelled as a function of size, sex and body condition. However, these were not found to be good predictors of foraging trip duration or distance, which instead was best predicted by tagging region, time of year and inter-trip duration. Therefore, we propose that local habitat conditions and the constraints they impose are the major determinants of foraging movements. Specifically the distance to profitable feeding grounds from suitable haul-out locations may dictate foraging strategy and behaviour. Accounting for proximity to productive foraging resources is likely to be an important component of understanding population processes. Despite more extensive offshore movements than expected, there was also marked fidelity to the local haul-out region with limited connectivity between study regions. These empirical observations of regional exchange at short time scales demonstrates the value of large scale electronic tagging programs for robust characterization of at-sea foraging behaviour at a wide spatial scale.","author":["Sharples, R.","Moss, S.","Patterson, T.","Hammond, P."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2012-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.239437000000","-1.457771000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107452","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-evolutionary-traps","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0169534702025806?via%3Dihub","title":"Ecological and evolutionary traps","description":"Organisms often rely on environmental cues to make behavioral and life-history decisions. However, in environments that have been altered suddenly by humans, formerly reliable cues might no longer be associated with adaptive outcomes. In such cases, organisms can become \u2018trapped\u2019 by their evolutionary responses to the cues and experience reduced survival or reproduction. Ecological traps occur when organisms make poor habitat choices based on cues that correlated formerly with habitat quality. Ecological traps are part of a broader phenomenon, evolutionary traps, involving a dissociation between cues that organisms use to make any behavioral or life-history decision and outcomes normally associated with that decision. A trap can lead to extinction if a population falls below a critical size threshold before adaptation to the novel environment occurs. Conservation and management protocols must be designed in light of, rather than in spite of, the behavioral mechanisms and evolutionary history of populations and species to avoid \u2018trapping\u2019 them.","author":["Schlaepfer, M.","Runge, M.","Sherman, P."],"organization":["Cornell University","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2002-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107453","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/communicating-uncertainty-about-facts-numbers-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsos.181870","title":"Communicating uncertainty about facts, numbers and science","description":"Uncertainty is an inherent part of knowledge, and yet in an era of contested expertise, many shy away from openly communicating their uncertainty about what they know, fearful of their audience\u0027s reaction. But what effect does communication of such epistemic uncertainty have? Empirical research is widely scattered across many disciplines. This interdisciplinary review structures and summarizes current practice and research across domains, combining a statistical and psychological perspective. This informs a framework for uncertainty communication in which we identify three objects of uncertainty\u2014facts, numbers and science\u2014and two levels of uncertainty: direct and indirect. An examination of current practices provides a scale of nine expressions of direct uncertainty. We discuss attempts to codify indirect uncertainty in terms of quality of the underlying evidence. We review the limited literature about the effects of communicating epistemic uncertainty on cognition, affect, trust and decision-making. While there is some evidence that communicating epistemic uncertainty does not necessarily affect audiences negatively, impact can vary between individuals and communication formats. Case studies in economic statistics and climate change illustrate our framework in action. We conclude with advice to guide both communicators and future researchers in this important but so far rather neglected field.","author":["van der Bles, A.","van der Linden, S.","Freeman, A.","Mitchell, J.","Galvao, A.","Zaval, L.","Spiegelhalter, D."],"organization":["University of Warwick","Columbia University","University of Cambridge"],"originationDate":"2019-05-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/rsos.181870.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107454","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/beyond-nimbyism-project-summary-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchportal.bath.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/beyond-nimbyism-project-summary-report","title":"Beyond Nimbyism: Project Summary Report","description":"Key tasks: The project had four main parts. 1) A review of literatures in key subject areas; 2) the production of a conceptual framework of public engagement with renewable energy technologies 3) analysis of how public engagement is conceived by networks of actors in the renewable energy sector and in the media 4) Case studies of specific renewable energy projects and the engagement activities involved in each of these.","author":["Devine-Wright, P.","Burningham, K.","Barnett, J.","Devine-Wright, H.","Walker, G.","Infield, D.","Evans, B.","Howes, Y.","Evans, F.","Cass, N.","Theobald, K.","Parks, J.","Barton, J.","Thrush, D.","Speller, G."],"organization":["University of Manchester","Lancaster University","University of Strathclyde","Loughborough University","Economic and Social Research Council"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.104750300000","-2.066533000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Devineetal2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107648","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-socioeconomic-issues-opportunities-emerging-tidal-energy-industry-nova","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1946\/12301","title":"Understanding socioeconomic issues and opportunities of an emerging tidal energy industry in Nova Scotia","description":"The global issue of climate change has necessitated a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and consequently, an increase in the development of clean energy solutions. The province of Nova Scotia is seeking to secure a green energy supply, which includes plans to develop a tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) industry. This master\u2019s thesis explores the socioeconomic issues and opportunities of TISEC development in Nova Scotia. Data was collected through a comprehensive state-of-knowledge review of socioeconomic issues associated with TISEC (and other renewable energy technologies) on a provincial, national, and international scale by highlighting research, regulatory frameworks, and projects. Best practices, case studies and tools are discussed as they relate to socioeconomic benefits and community development. Four specific components of TISEC development are addressed: 1) technology, supply chain, and workforce development; 2) policy, assessment, and stakeholder processes; 3) financing and funding; and 4) community benefits and economic development. A gap analysis on the Nova Scotia TISEC context outlines the current state, gaps, and possible actions as it relates to research, legislation, and practices to date. Several issues are identified, including the need for: a) a strategic plan for the development and deployment of TISEC devices that is consistent with the Marine Renewable Energy Technology Roadmap (developed by Natural Resource Canada); b) jurisdictional and regulatory clarity; c) streamlining of the evaluation, permitting, and decommissioning process; d) community buy-in to projects and protecting lower income Nova Scotians from energy rate increases; and e) clarity on how benefits to the community will be incorporated into development agreements.","author":["Drake, C."],"organization":["University of Akureyri"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.380435000000","-62.807428000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107649","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-platform-studies-meygen-tidal-energy-site-using-uavs-measure-animal","sourceURL":"","title":"Multi-platform studies of the MeyGen tidal energy site \u2013 using UAVs to measure animal distributions and hydrodynamic features","description":"Top predators are known to forage in tidal stream sites. High flow speeds, upwelling or shear may enhance prey availability and foraging efficiency. We need to measure the distribution of animals to understand potential animal interactions with tidal stream energy developments.  Our studies have focused on the MeyGen tidal energy site in the Pentland Firth, UK. The FLOWBEC seabed platform was deployed in 2015 to collect baseline measurements on hydrodynamics (ADCP \u0026amp; ADV), prey and turbulence (EK60) and predator-prey interactions (multibeam sonar).","author":["Williamson, B.","Fraser, S.","McIlvenny, J.","Couto, A.","Chapman, J.","Wade, H.","Martin, J.","Wilson, J.","Evans, T.","Hunter, D.","Fenn, S.","Culloch, R.","Tait, A.","Chimienti, M.","Edwards, E.","Williamson, L.","Davies, I.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Aberdeen","Scottish Natural Heritage","Marine Scotland Science","Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.715464000000","-3.115258000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:33:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MASTS-MeyGen-UAVs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107650","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/difficulties-implementing-social-impact-assessment-china-methodological-considerations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/019592559090011N","title":"Difficulties in implementing social impact assessment in China: Methodological considerations","description":"SIA (Social Impact Assessment), both as a field of study and as an integral part of the planning process, has gained much wider acceptance and credibility in recent years in the West. Yet its implementation in the developing world should not be assumed automatic. This is because social planning in those regions has its own unique methodological assumptions and requirements. China is a case in point. This paper discusses the difficulties in implementing SIA in China under three broad areas: SIA and the planning process; its value assumptions; and its interdisciplinary characteristics. The problems are further illustrated by two case studies: the international airport plan in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in southern China, and the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangzi River in central China.","author":["Ip, D."],"organization":["University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"1990-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.250000000000","103.164900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107651","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-impact-assessment-public-participation-china-case-study-land-requisition","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925507000443?via%3Dihub","title":"Social impact assessment and public participation in China: A case study of land requisition in Guangzhou","description":"This study examines the current prospects for and obstacles facing the implementation of social impact assessment (SIA) and participatory planning in the People\u0027s Republic of China. During the past two decades, rapid urbanisation and the conversion of rural land for urban development have led to numerous social conflicts and tensions between the Chinese government and its people. SIA and public participation in development decisions have received increasing attention from the Chinese authorities as possible ways to tackle the problem. Based on a Guangzhou case study, this paper argues that the assessment and mitigation of adverse impacts on the community from urban development have been carried out with different objectives, core values and principles when compared with those in Western societies. It concludes that the poor prospects of SIA and collaborative planning in China lie not only in the weak framework for environmental legislation, but also in all institutions concerning state\u2013society relations, the socialist governing ideology and traditional Chinese culture.","author":["Tang, B.","Wong, S.","Lau, M."],"organization":["University of Hong Kong"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["23.124607600000","112.667374400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107652","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-application-social-impact-assessment-integrated-coastal-zone-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569112001251","title":"The potential application of social impact assessment in integrated coastal zone management","description":"Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) would be significantly enhanced if there was greater connection to the field of social impact assessment (SIA). SIA is the process of managing the social issues of planned interventions (projects, policies, plans, and programs). SIA can also be used to consider the effects of gradual landscape change. Key concepts in SIA that are applicable to ICZM include: sense of place and place attachment, islandness, cumulative effects, social carrying capacity, not in my backyard (NIMBY) responses, resilience and vulnerability, corporate social responsibility, social legitimacy, social license to operate, seachange communities and second home ownership. SIA incorporates stakeholder analysis, public participation and community engagement not only to predict the impacts of planned interventions or policy changes, but also to develop effective adaptive management and enhancement strategies. The paper presents a general case outlining the potential use of SIA in ICZM, with reference to the Wadden Sea Region where applicable. Important lessons (aphorisms, frankisms) from SIA are highlighted.","author":["Vanclay, F."],"organization":["University of Groningen"],"originationDate":"2012-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.809601400000","2.393479600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107653","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-biology-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/gp\/book\/9780412580802","title":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","description":"Provides a thorough introduction to the biology of fishes, covering basic diversity, biology and physiology. Detailed coverage of environmental aspects relating to fish biology is a key feature of this book which will be of great use to students and individuals in fish biology, fisheries, aquaculture and environmental sciences.","author":["Jobling, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1994-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107654","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/species-identification-deep-water-using-multiple-acoustic-frequencies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/f02-076#.XqBtCmhKhPa","title":"Species identification in deep water using multiple acoustic frequencies","description":"Multifrequency 12, 38, and 120 kHz acoustics were used to identify the dominant fish groups around a deepwater (\u0026gt;600 m) seamount (a known spawning site for orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus) by amplitude mixing of the frequencies. This method showed three distinct acoustic groupings that corresponded to three groups of fishes based on size and swimbladder type: myctophids of total length less than 10 cm, morids and macrourids with lengths \u0026gt;30 cm, and orange roughy with a mean standard length of 36 cm. These three groups were the dominant groups caught in the demersal and pelagic trawls in the study area. A simple model of swimbladder resonance at depth of large and small gas-filled bladder fish groups is in agreement with our experimental observations. Traditionally, demersal and pelagic trawling is used to identify fish species in acoustic records. However, orange roughy are rarely caught in mid-water owing to net avoidance. Using three frequencies, these groups could be distinguished directly over their entire vertical extent from the acoustic records. This reduces a major source of positive bias uncertainty (factor range of 2.0\u00966.4) in the orange roughy biomass estimates.","author":["Kloser, R.","Ryan, T.","Sakov, P.","Williams, A.","Koslow, J."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2002-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.233000000000","148.756700000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107655","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-removal-echo-integration-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/57\/4\/1204\/647303","title":"Measurement and removal of echo integration noise","description":"Pushing scientific echo sounders to the limit involves the consideration of \u201cnoise\u201d, which is inherently frequency dependent and which also depends on bottom depth. Here, noise is quantified by measurement with a standard echo sounder, the SIMRAD EK500, at 18, 38, 120 and 200 kHz. The use of empirical relationships of noise as a function of range to reduce echo integration is described in general, and illustrated in particular, for data collected on the stock of Norwegian spring spawning herring (Clupea harengus) when wintering in the Vestfjord system.","author":["Korneliussen, R."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2000-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/korneliussen2000.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107656","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-static-acoustic-monitoring-laboratory-detection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-the-marine-biological-association-of-the-united-kingdom\/article\/harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-static-acoustic-monitoring-laboratory-detection-thresholds-of-tpods-are-reflected-in-field-sensitivity\/7E584FF4EB143284C438831D6B320468","title":"Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) static acoustic monitoring: laboratory detection thresholds of T-PODs are reflected in field sensitivity","description":"The T-POD (Timing POrpoise Detector) is a self-contained acoustic data logger used for detecting and monitoring the presence of echolocation clicks of small cetaceans. It has become a standard tool in environmental impact assessments and monitoring programmes. Yet, little is known about the variability in sensitivity and detection range of T-PODs. In this study the field performance of ten v3 T-PODs was compared to detection thresholds measured in a tank. The T-POD thresholds ranged from 123 to 132 dB re 1\u03bcPa (pp). The detection thresholds of the ten individual T-PODs were different and the differences increased over time. The more sensitive a T-POD was in the laboratory (i.e. the lower the threshold) the more clicks were recorded by it in the field. Threshold correlated differently to the five analysed T-POD parameters (encounters, encounter duration, waiting time, porpoise positive minutes, clicks per porpoise positive minute). This study demonstrates that individual threshold calibrations of T-PODs are necessary to obtain comparable results when monitoring odontocetes with this tool. Regression equations for relationships between T-POD detection thresholds and study parameters obtained during field trials may allow comparisons of T-PODs with different detection thresholds.","author":["Kyhn, L.","Tougaard, J.","Teilmann, J.","Wahlberg, M.","Jorgensen, P.","Bech, N."],"organization":["National Environmental Research Institute (NERI)","Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107657","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/echolocation-clicks-animal-density-acoustic-sampling-harbor-porpoises-static-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.3662070","title":"From echolocation clicks to animal density\u2014Acoustic sampling of harbor porpoises with static dataloggers","description":"Monitoring abundance and population trends of small odontocetes is notoriously difficult and labor intensive. There is a need to develop alternative methods to the traditional visual line transect surveys, especially for low density areas. Here, the prospect of obtaining robust density estimates for porpoises by passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is demonstrated by combining rigorous application of methods adapted from distance sampling to PAM. Acoustic dataloggers (T-PODs) were deployed in an area where harbor porpoises concurrently were tracked visually. Probability of detection was estimated in a mark\u2013recapture approach, where a visual sighting constituted a \u201cmark\u201d and a simultaneous acoustic detection a \u201crecapture.\u201d As a distance could be assigned to each visual observation, a detection function was estimated. Effective detection radius of T-PODs ranged from 22 to 104 m depending on T-POD type, T-POD sensitivity, train classification settings, and snapshot duration. The T-POD density estimates corresponded to the visual densities derived concurrently for the same period. With more dataloggers, located according to a systematic design, density estimates would be obtainable for a larger area. This provides a method suitable for monitoring in areas with densities too low for visual surveys to be practically feasible, e.g., the endangered harbor porpoise population in the Baltic.","author":["Kyhn, L.","Tougaard, J.","Thomas, L.","Duve, L.","Stenback, J.","Amundin, M.","Desportes, G.","Teilmann, J."],"organization":["Aarhus University","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.617021000000","10.597586000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107658","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/similarities-between-line-fishing-baited-stereo-video-estimations-length-frequency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0045973","title":"Similarities between Line Fishing and Baited Stereo-Video Estimations of Length-Frequency: Novel Application of Kernel Density Estimates","description":"Age structure data is essential for single species stock assessments but length-frequency data can provide complementary information. In south-western Australia, the majority of these data for exploited species are derived from line caught fish. However, baited remote underwater stereo-video systems (stereo-BRUVS) surveys have also been found to provide accurate length measurements. Given that line fishing tends to be biased towards larger fish, we predicted that, stereo-BRUVS would yield length-frequency data with a smaller mean length and skewed towards smaller fish than that collected by fisheries-independent line fishing. To assess the biases and selectivity of stereo-BRUVS and line fishing we compared the length-frequencies obtained for three commonly fished species, using a novel application of the Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) method and the established Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov (KS) test. The shape of the length-frequency distribution obtained for the labrid Choerodon rubescens by stereo-BRUVS and line fishing did not differ significantly, but, as predicted, the mean length estimated from stereo-BRUVS was 17% smaller. Contrary to our predictions, the mean length and shape of the length-frequency distribution for the epinephelid Epinephelides armatus did not differ significantly between line fishing and stereo-BRUVS. For the sparid Pagrus auratus, the length frequency distribution derived from the stereo-BRUVS method was bi-modal, while that from line fishing was uni-modal. However, the location of the first modal length class for P. auratus observed by each sampling method was similar. No differences were found between the results of the KS and KDE tests, however, KDE provided a data-driven method for approximating length-frequency data to a probability function and a useful way of describing and testing any differences between length-frequency samples. This study found the overall size selectivity of line fishing and stereo-BRUVS were unexpectedly similar.","author":["Langlois, T.","Fitzpatrick, B.","Fairclough, D.","Wakefield, C.","Hesp, S.","McLean, D.","Harvey, E.","Meeuwig, J."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","Murdoch University"],"originationDate":"2012-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Langloisetal2012.PDF"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107659","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurements-acoustic-scattering-zooplankton-oceanic-microstructure-using-broadband","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/67\/2\/379\/694151","title":"Measurements of acoustic scattering from zooplankton and oceanic microstructure using a broadband echosounder","description":"In principle, measurements of high-frequency acoustic scattering from oceanic microstructure and zooplankton across a broad range of frequencies can reduce the ambiguities typically associated with the interpretation of acoustic scattering at a single frequency or a limited number of discrete narrowband frequencies. With this motivation, a high-frequency broadband scattering system has been developed for investigating zooplankton and microstructure, involving custom modifications of a commercially available system, with almost complete acoustic coverage spanning the frequency range 150\u2013600 kHz. This frequency range spans the Rayleigh-to-geometric scattering transition for some zooplankton, as well as the diffusive roll-off in the spectrum for scattering from turbulent temperature microstructure. The system has been used to measure scattering from zooplankton and microstructure in regions of non-linear internal waves. The broadband capabilities of the system provide a continuous frequency response of the scattering over a wide frequency band, and improved range resolution and signal-to-noise ratios through pulse-compression signal-processing techniques. System specifications and calibration procedures are outlined and the system performance is assessed. The results point to the utility of high-frequency broadband scattering techniques in the detection, classification, and under certain circumstances, quantification of zooplankton and microstructure.","author":["Lavery, A.","Chu, D.","Moum, J."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2010-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Laveryetal2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107660","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/determining-dominant-scatterers-sound-mixed-zooplankton-populations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/1.2793613","title":"Determining dominant scatterers of sound in mixed zooplankton populations","description":"High-frequency acoustic scattering techniques have been used to investigate dominant scatterers in mixed zooplankton populations. Volume backscattering was measured in the Gulf of Maine at 43, 120, 200, and 420kHz. Zooplankton composition and size were determined using net and video sampling techniques, and water properties were determined using conductivity, temperature, and depth sensors. Dominant scatterers have been identified using recently developed scattering models for zooplankton and microstructure. Microstructure generally did not contribute to the scattering. At certain locations, gas-bearing zooplankton, that account for a small fraction of the total abundance and biomass, dominated the scattering at all frequencies. At these locations, acoustically inferred size agreed well with size determined from the net samples. Significant differences between the acoustic, net, and video estimates of abundance for these zooplankton are most likely due to limitations of the net and video techniques. No other type of biological scatterer ever dominated the scattering at all frequencies. Copepods, fluid-like zooplankton that account for most of the abundance and biomass, dominated at select locations only at the highest frequencies. At these locations, acoustically inferred abundance agreed well with net and video estimates. A general approach for the difficult problem of interpreting high-frequency acoustic scattering in mixed zooplankton populations is described.","author":["Lavery, A.","Wiebe, P.","Stanton, T.","Lawson, G.","Benfield, M.","Copley, N."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Stanford University","Louisiana State University"],"originationDate":"2007-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107661","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-image-based-system-estimating-mass-free-swimming-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0168169900001812","title":"An automatic image-based system for estimating the mass of free-swimming fish","description":"The component parts of an image analysis based system for estimating the mass of swimming fish have been developed and tested under a limited range of conditions. They comprise automatic techniques for identifying video frames, which contain good images of fish, for identifying the outline of the fish in 3D space, and for determining mass from linear measurements taken from this outline. The major challenges in developing these techniques have been the variable and complex nature of images collected in sea cages, and in identifying morphological models of salmon which are invariant with strain, maturity and culture conditions. Tests show that salmon mass can be estimated from linear dimensions with a mean error of less than 0.5% and that linear dimensions can be extracted automatically from stereo images with a mean error of less than 10%. Preliminary tests of the complete system used 60 images of 17 fish in the weight range 0.7 to 5.7 kg. The mean mass measurement error was 18% with a standard deviation of only 9%. Development of the algorithms is continuing.","author":["Lines, J.","Tillett, R.","Ross, L.","Chan, D.","Hockaday, S.","McFarlane, N."],"organization":["University of Stirling"],"originationDate":"2001-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107662","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-uavs-underwater-acoustics-sensor-deployment-platform","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/01431161.2016.1259686","title":"Evaluation of UAVs as an underwater acoustics sensor deployment platform","description":"Marine surveys carried out by Passive Acoustic Monitors conventionally use towed hydrophone arrays, which requires dedicated surface observation boats. This is a costly and slow process, which could be made cheaper and quicker by using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Presented in this paper are the initial findings from using UAVs to capture underwater acoustic signals from an acoustic test tank.","author":["Lloyd, S.","Lepper, P.","Pomeroy, S."],"organization":["Loughborough University"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107663","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/light-vision-aquatic-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-4612-3714-3_3","title":"Light and Vision in the Aquatic Environment","description":"The conditions for vision underwater are more exacting than on land. As the depth increases, the daylight gets progressively less bright, and that which remains comes mostly from above and is restricted to a narrow and variable band of the spectrum. Deeper than about 1,000 m in even the clearest water, there is not enough daylight for vision, and animals must produce their own light. At all depths, light is more strongly scattered than is usual on land, and it is principally for this reason that it would be unusual indeed to be able to see farther than 100 m through the water. Both air and water scatter, refract, and absorb light; but the effects are quantitively much greater in water, and it is often possible to recognize visual adaptations to the particular conditions for vision underwater, and several of these will be considered in this chapter. However, an animal is concerned with the real problems of finding food, finding mates, and avoiding getting eaten, and several optical problems may be involved at any one time. If we are to understand how an animal is adapted to the real world around it. an attempt must be made to take a more integrated view of the problems it encounters in its visual environment.","author":["Lythgoe, J."],"organization":["University of Bristol"],"originationDate":"1988-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107857","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-fish-monitoring-force-updated-report-processing-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/resources\/ea188b39d4994ac05c3d20cd36000d62\/Appendix4-2019-Marine-Fish-Monitoring-at-FORCE-Updated-Report-on-Processing-and-Analysis-UMaine.pdf","title":"Marine fish monitoring at FORCE: Updated report on processing and analysis","description":"This is a report of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Plan (EEMP) for sixteen hydroacoustic fish surveys conducted in Minas Passage between August 2011 through August 2017. Six surveys were led by Dr. Gary Melvin between August 2011 and May 2012 (herein \u201chistorical\u201d). The nine FORCE-funded surveys were conducted between May 2016 and August 2017 (herein \u201ccontemporary\u201d).  The four main objectives of this report are to:  1. provide FORCE personnel information relevant to understanding the historical and contemporary datasets, including technical guidance.  2. convey to FORCE a set of scripts that can be used to automate preparation of hydroacoustic data for analyses.  3. provide examples of data visualizations, including a case study example of drilling down into the data to gain insight into the summarized data.  4. provide a statistically rigorous analytical approach to quantifying the relationship between observed volume backscattering strength (Sv: proxy for fish density) and predictor variables (e.g., site, season, tide phase). This approach was designed and approved by a University of Maine statistician.","author":["McGarry, L.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.206294300000","-64.807172200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/mcgarryetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107858","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigation-vertical-distribution-movement-abundance-fish-vicinity-proposed-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-05\/Final_Report_03Dec2014_Melvin_and_Cochrane.pdf","title":"Investigation of the Vertical Distribution, Movement and Abundance of Fish in the Vicinity of Proposed Tidal Power Energy Conversion Devices","description":"The inner the Bay of Fundy, in particular Minas Passage, has been identified as one of the primary locations in eastern Canada for the installation of tidal in-stream energy conversion (TISEC) devices. The interaction of fish populations with TISEC devices and the long term impact of these interactions is a major source of uncertainty in the development of tidal energy. In addition, the prevalence and natural behaviour of fishes at many potential development sites, including Minas Passage, is poorly understood. Unfortunately, the physical characteristics of the Passage, water clarity, and tidal currents\/flow precludes effective use of many conventional fish monitoring tools such as video for close-in turbine interaction studies and the deployment of trawling gear. Conventional Simrad EK60 split-beam echosounding (120 kHz) was employed in Minas Passage during eight seasonally distributed 1 to 2 tidal cycle duration acoustic surveys to investigate fish spatial-temporal distributions and behaviours both in the FORCE turbine test sites near Black Rock and extending across the adjacent wider Passage. Split-beam surveys were complemented with a 2- D Simrad-Mesotech MS 2000 multi-beam (200 kHz) sonar and custom software for the extraction of relative volume backscatter, a still experimental but emerging fish detection technology (Melvin et al. 2003). Two new acoustic monitoring technologies, namely the CodaOctopus 3-D multi-beam sonar (375 kHz) for short range turbine interaction studies and the ASL bottom mounted echosounder (125 kHz) for long-term point site monitoring were also evaluated.  The best quality and most reliable Minas Passage fish data were obtained from the split-beam system. Extensive, calibrated split-beam results are presented in graphic and tabular form for both the acoustic volume backscatter (Sv) and target strength (TS) regimes. Briefly, backscatter levels in both the Channel and near the initial TISEC test site peaked strongly in June, the culmination of an upward trend initiating in March. These observations are consistent with the late spring - early summer influx of herring (mainly adult) and other seasonally transient species. August backscatter levels were measurably lower but subsequently rose modestly until November, consistent with the anticipated late summer and fall sea-going exodus of anadromous young-of-the-year springspawning species through the Channel. Backscatter levels declined during mid-winter prior to the influx of spring-spawning herring. This interpretation was also supported by the split-beam analysis of fish target strengths (TS\u2019s) with strongest mean TS\u2019s in May and August when migratory fish species may be moving though the Passage. Column biomass estimates ranged from \u0026lt; 1 to 7.5 tons\/km2 on employing a backscatter to biomass conversion appropriate to herring. Acoustic backscatter levels delineated seasonally complex and sometimes contrasting patterns of vertical fish distribution in the Channel and in the shallower test site area, patterns which appeared to be additionally influenced by diel fluctuations in ambient light levels and by tidal phase. Mid-water column fish concentrations observed at the test site could potentially interact with tidal turbines. Backscatter vs. depth data from these surveys should assist evaluation of potential fish stock interactions with future tidal turbine configurations. September 2010 observations of the in-place OpenHydro turbine by both survey systems revealed strong, seemingly buoyant acoustic wakes proceeding from the downstream side of the turbine although normal turbine operation was unlikely at this time.   Quantification of both the split-beam and multi-beam systems was seriously hampered by tidal turbulence generated backscatter (bubbles) affecting the top 10 - 20 m of the water column and frequently deeper. This effect was most prominent in the test site area except near slack tide.  2 Bubble cloud effects proved especially intractable in the MS 2000 multi-beam analysis in spite of custom tools employed to minimize their effect along with the effects of radiated vessel noise and cross instrument acoustic interference. When reliable multi-beam fish data could be extracted, results were generally consistent with those of the more noise immune split-beam system.  Sea tests of the CodaOctopus 3-D sonar and ASL Profiler were restricted to less turbulent waters than Minas Passage. The Coda sonar displayed a maximum detection range in the order of 30 m for acoustic test targets representative of individual adult herring \u2013 and, by inference, lesser ranges for many smaller fishes of interest in Minas Passage. While the Coda unit was suitably packaged for autonomous underwater deployment, such operation was characterized by high power consumption, critical operational adjustments, firmware signal processing of uncertain quantitative characteristics, and excessively high levels of real-time signal decimation. The system was also very costly for a high risk environment. These characteristics in combination appeared to make the Coda unit unsuited for the autonomous monitoring of fish stocks or for the monitoring of the full (OpenHydro) turbine aperture from a spatially remote bottom deployment. The unit might have some potential for short range turbine aperture observations if mounted on the turbine superstructure itself with remotely supplied power and high speed (fiber-optic), real-time data and control links to shore.  The ASL profiler, trial deployed on bottom in a high speed tidal channel in Passamaquoddy Bay, performed well, obtaining a continuous, low noise full water column (approx. 50 m) profile of fish backscatter including an apparent marine mammal detection. The unit is low cost, self-contained, and engineered for autonomous operation with sufficiently modest power requirements and ample data storage to make multi-month deployments feasible. While probably unsuited to close-range turbine aperture monitoring, such a unit, properly housed and protected, has potential for continuous, fixed-location, high vertical resolution monitoring of water column backscatter levels including transitory events in Minas Passage or elsewhere.","author":["Melvin, G.","Cocjhrane, N."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.206294300000","-64.807172200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/melvinetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/107859","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/video-acoustic-camera-techniques-studying-fish-under-ice-review-comparison","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11160-006-9011-0","title":"Video and acoustic camera techniques for studying fish under ice: a review and comparison","description":"Researchers attempting to study the presence, abundance, size, and behavior of fish species in northern and arctic climates during winter face many challenges, including the presence of thick ice cover, snow cover, and, sometimes, extremely low temperatures. This paper describes and compares the use of video and acoustic cameras for determining fish presence and behavior in lakes, rivers, and streams with ice cover. Methods are provided for determining fish density and size, identifying species, and measuring swimming speed and successful applications of previous surveys of fish under the ice are described. These include drilling ice holes, selecting batteries and generators, deploying pan and tilt cameras, and using paired colored lasers to determine fish size and habitat associations. We also discuss use of infrared and white light to enhance image-capturing capabilities, deployment of digital recording systems and time-lapse techniques, and the use of imaging software. Data are presented from initial surveys with video and acoustic cameras in the Sagavanirktok River Delta, Alaska, during late winter 2004. These surveys represent the first known successful application of a dual-frequency identification sonar (DIDSONTM) acoustic camera under the ice that achieved fish detection and sizing at camera ranges up to 16 m. Feasibility tests of video and acoustic cameras for determining fish size and density at various turbidity levels are also presented. Comparisons are made of the different techniques in terms of suitability for achieving various fisheries research objectives. This information is intended to assist researchers in choosing the equipment that best meets their study needs.","author":["Mueller, P.","Brown, R.","Hop, H.","Moulton, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Norwegian Polar Institute"],"originationDate":"2006-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["70.277525200000","-148.033544400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/108247","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-methods-socioeconomic-impacts-renewable-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/410\/1\/012087\/meta","title":"Measurement methods of socioeconomic impacts of renewable energy projects","description":"The development and operation of renewable energy projects can offer a variety of environmental, economic and social impacts for all associated stakeholders, thus assisting the procedure of social acceptance of such projects. In most cases importance is given to the measurement and assessment mainly of the environmental and economic impacts, leaving behind the investigation of social impacts, although they are an aspect that can enhance projects\u0027 acceptance throughout the lifecycle of the project (planning, construction, and operation). The present study reviews the work that has been done so far regarding the methods for measuring the social impacts created by renewable energy projects, with the aim of enhancing the understanding and facilitating further improvements in the specific field. In this context, the study a) examines all relevant terms as defined by previous literature, b) takes under consideration the importance of measuring social impacts, c) assesses the steps and guidelines involved in social impact measurement, d) investigates applied indicators, metrics and methods, and e) reviews the existing studies that focus on the measurement of socioeconomic impacts of renewable energy technologies and projects.","author":["Karytsas, S.","Mendrinos, D.","Karytsas, C."],"organization":["Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109991","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/handbook-research-green-economic-development-initiatives-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/book\/handbook-research-green-economic-development\/146951","title":"Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies","description":"Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing the world today, as it affects all sectors of life, be it global economics or human rights activism; timely action is required to avoid global catastrophe. Understanding the importance of climate change mitigation, renewable energies, clean technologies, and green development has become necessary for effective leadership.  The Handbook of Research on Green Economic Development Initiatives and Strategies provides the necessary information to reduce the climate change vulnerability of socio-economic systems in the most cost-effective manner. This handbook of research is ideal for policy makers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), government agencies, businesses, and professionals looking to temper the effects of climate change.","author":["Erdogdu, M.","Arun, T.","Ahmad, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-06-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109994","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/when-where-social-impact-assessment-required","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tba.co.nz\/pdf_papers\/When_and_Where_is_SIA_Required_19-5-12.pdf","title":"When and Where is Social Impact Assessment Required?","description":"The purpose of this paper is to identify those parts of the world where social impact assessment is required and what organizations, institutions and laws there are in place to carry out and enforce SIA practice. Some conclusions are drawn about expanding SIA practice. To accomplish this purpose we contacted practitioners in countries where large mineral, water, petroleum and construction related projects were likely to take place or countries with private sector companies doing the exploration and development. We asked the following questions:  1. Does your country, state, province or other governmental unit have legislation that requires Environmental Impact Assessments\u2014e.g., NEPA style legislation?  2. If they answered yes to the first question\u2026\u201d is there wording in the legislation to include the social impacts on the human environment or human communities?\u201d  3. Are there specific agencies or governmental organizations that have a specific requirement to do social impact assessment? If yes, which ones?  If there are specific requirements to do social impact assessment, how are the regulations or requirements enforced, e.g., terms of references, to obtain a permit or by legally enforceable legislation? Many countries now have some type of environmental policy legislation modeled after the original National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) legislation. We also received responses from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Community (EU), the Canadian International Development Administration (CIDA) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).","author":["Burdge, R.","Taylor, N."],"organization":["University of Illinois"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/burdgetaylor2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109995","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-social-impact-assessment-decision-making-tools-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/194c\/32f800771ab9139fd948f6b12b5284d536af.pdf","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment and Social Impact Assessment-Decision Making Tools for Project Appraisal in India","description":"In view of the fact that development is an ever growing process, its impact is also ever increasing, leading to rapid deterioration in environmental conditions and human health, Impact assessment thus ensures that the potential problems are foreseen and addressed at an early stage in the projects planning and design. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA) are used to predict the consequences of any development project; as such Impact Assessment provides regional approach to sustainable development. The impacts Assessment are thus a systematic process of identifying and mitigation impacts on individuals or society in consultation with the individuals or society in consultation with the individuals or society affected. This paper aims to integrate aspects of EIA and SIA and its practicable in India.","author":["Dutta, B.","Bandyopadhyay, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.358330000000","78.660193000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dutta2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109996","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emec-socio-economic-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/8._emec_socio-economic_report_rep659.pdf","title":"EMEC Socio-Economic Report","description":"In February 2016, the economist Steve Westbrook produced an economic impact assessment on behalf of Highlands and Islands Enterprise to assess the impact of the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) since its establishment to 2015, and the report was later updated to include impacts arising from 2016 to 2017. This document summarises Westbrook\u2019s findings to provide a socioeconomic look at EMEC\u2019s impact, in support for a Section 36 Consent for the Billia Croo test site.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.953833000000","-3.285100000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMEC2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109997","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proposed-impact-assessment-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/content\/dam\/themes\/environment\/conservation\/environmental-reviews\/technical-guide.pdf","title":"The Proposed Impact Assessment System","description":"A clean environment and a strong economy go hand in hand. The Government of Canada is putting in place better rules to protect our environment and grow the economy while rebuilding public trust in how decisions about resource development are made. The new legislation reflects values that are important to Canadians \u2014 including early, inclusive and meaningful public engagement; nation-to-nation, Inuit-Crown, and government-to-government partnerships with Indigenous peoples; the Government\u2019s commitments with respect to the rights of the Indigenous peoples; timely decisions based on the best available science and Indigenous knowledge; adhering to the principles of scientific integrity, honesty, objectivity, thoroughness and accuracy; and sustainability for present and future generations.  This guide provides a step-by-step outline of the proposed new impact assessment system that would be led by the new Impact Assessment Agency of Canada (the Agency). It includes new proposed legislative, regulatory and policy elements for each step of the process. Highlighted words throughout the guide draw attention to some key legislative provisions but are not intended to capture all aspects of the proposed new Act1 .","author":["Government of Canada"],"organization":["Government of Canada"],"originationDate":"2018-08-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.875736000000","-105.843521000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/canada2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109998","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implementation-environmental-impact-assessment-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S1464333213500099","title":"IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CHINA","description":"The paper describes major developments of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in China since 2003 when its EIA law became effective, with emphasis on those aspects not sufficiently touched upon by most researchers so far. These range from threshold-based categorization, evolution in scoping, expansion and upgrading of a series of technical guidelines for EIA, addition of water and soil conservation plan to EIA, public consultation and social impact assessment to interaction with other major means of environmental management in China (i.e. total pollution load control, discharge permit and cleaner production). Based on a literature review, exchanges with EIA practitioners and the author\u0027s daily work on EIA, it is found that EIA in China has evolved into a fairly comprehensive and technically adequate system. The biggest problem lies in its poor enforcement and implementation, which is the focus of this paper. By examining each practical step in reviewing, enforcing and implementing EIA, the paper evaluates EIA\u0027s role in optimizing decision-making (e.g. by alternative analysis), EIA implementation and its supervision piloted in China, underlying technical, procedural and institutional issues and concerns, and the disconnect between project EIA and plan\/regional EIA, both with regards to theory and practice. The main reasons for weak EIA enforcement and implementation are discussed, which include the political system and incentive mechanisms, institutional arrangements, and regulatory and methodological shortcomings. Based on the analysis, recommendations are made for improving enforcement and implementation of EIA in China.","author":["Ren, X."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.829893000000","103.846388000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/109999","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/imaging-marine-fauna-tritech-gemini-720i-sonar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40857-016-0076-1","title":"Imaging Marine Fauna with a Tritech Gemini 720i Sonar","description":"Multibeam sonar systems are increasingly used to detect, quantify and monitor behaviour of marine fauna. Over ranges of tens to hundreds of metres, animals can be detected as targets. However, at shorter ranges (typically \u0026lt;10m) and in good conditions, high-frequency (\u0026gt;1kHz) sonar systems can provide high-quality images earning the term \u2018acoustic cameras\u2019 and have become particularly advantageous for discriminating and counting fish. However, limitations of power and the significant increase in attenuation with frequency limit the achievable range of such acoustic cameras. Systems that operate at frequencies between those of mapping and fisheries sonar (typically \u0026lt;400kHz) and acoustic cameras (\u22481MHz) are often used for short-range navigation and to evaluate underwater structures. While these systems produce images at reduced resolution compared to acoustic cameras, they may also be capable of distinguishing features of marine fauna and do so at greater ranges. This study utilised a Tritech Gemini 720i imaging sonar to produce images from 14 species of fauna at close range. It assessed some simple morphological parameters, such as length and breadth, and highlighted the possibilities of using these to categorise targets. It also provided a coarse description of issues associated with using such a system for monitoring marine animals.","author":["Parsons, M.","Fenny, E.","Lucke, K.","Osterrieder, S.","Jenkins, G.","Saunders, B.","Jepp, P.","Parnum, I."],"organization":["Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2017-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/110193","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-sharks-gemini-imaging-sonar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espace.curtin.edu.au\/handle\/20.500.11937\/21670","title":"Detection of sharks with the Gemini imaging sonar","description":"Limiting environmental impacts of marine industrial operations and mitigating hazardous encounters between humans and marine fauna have become increasingly important as anthropogenic activity expands. To this end, significant effort has been made to develop sonar imaging of fauna and to increase detection and identification ranges. A Tritech Gemini imaging sonar was used to observe sharks of 1.4 to 2.7 m length, at ranges from 1 to 50 m, in various water depths \u226415 m. Within 5 m, shark shape, length and swimming action were readily discernible. However, as range increased, knowledge of movement patterns was required to discriminate a \u0027shark-like\u0027 object, before the shark became purely an acoustic target at greater ranges, where visual confirmation of the target was necessary for identification. Once the seafloor is ensonified by the acoustic beam, seafloor backscatter can dominate the image and mask shark detection. The results presented concur with other active acoustic detection studies that, for a given frequency and noise level, maximum detection and identification ranges are reliant on system source level, beam pattern, bathymetry, and target size and acoustic reflectivity.","author":["Parsons, M.","Parnum, I.","Allen, K.","McCauley, R.","Erbe, C."],"organization":["Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Parsonsetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/110387","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-performance-passive-acoustic-monitoring-technologies-porpoise-detection-high","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jcaa.caa-aca.ca\/index.php\/jcaa\/article\/view\/2768","title":"Assessing the Performance of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Technologies for Porpoise Detection in a High Flow Tidal Energy Test Site","description":"Current interests in harnessing tidal energy from Minas Passage, a high flow (up to 6 m\/s) channel in the upper Bay of Fundy, require examination of potential effects of tidal turbines on the environment, including impacts on commonly occurring harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758).  To collect baseline data on porpoise presence in the FORCE turbine test site in Minas Passage, two Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) technologies were used: the C-POD (porpoise click logger, Chelonia Ltd) and the icListenHF (digital hydrophone, Ocean Sonics). Prior multi-year PAM studies in the Minas Passage involved C-POD hydrophones housed within streamlined SUB buoys suspended 3m above the seafloor.  During high flows, these SUB buoys experienced high variability in tilt. In addition, high-flow induced noise in the Minas Passage exceeded the C-POD\u2019s maximum recordable clicks per minute and thus under-detected harbour porpoise click trains, an effect referred to as lost time. To increase detection efficiency, changes to mooring design and the use of acoustic shrouds were tested.  The housing of hydrophones (two icListenHFs and two C-PODs) in a stationary bottom moored platform (i.e. minimal instrument tilt) was shown to reduce the detection of non-target noise and thus reduce time lost. To minimize pseudonoise, various shroud setups were tested before deployment and the best performing shroud (20 ppi, 1.27cm thick acoustic foam) selected for field deployment. The shroud did not significantly reduce pseudonoise within the bandwidth of harbour porpoise clicks (120 kHz to 140 kHz). The icListenHF raw audio data were used to validate C-POD harbour porpoise clicks. A comparison of the performance of both technologies showed that the icListenHF recorded five times the number of C-POD Detection Positive Minutes. We recommend that bottom mounted platforms fitted with cabled digital HF hydrophones be used for monitoring harbour porpoise in and near the FORCE test site.","author":["Porskamp, P.","Broome, J.","Sanderson, B.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.206294300000","-64.807172200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/110388","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/board-real-time-preprocessing-system-optical-remote-sensing-imagery","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/18\/5\/1328","title":"On-Board, Real-Time Preprocessing System for Optical Remote-Sensing Imagery","description":"With the development of remote-sensing technology, optical remote-sensing imagery processing has played an important role in many application fields, such as geological exploration and natural disaster prevention. However, relative radiation correction and geometric correction are key steps in preprocessing because raw image data without preprocessing will cause poor performance during application. Traditionally, remote-sensing data are downlinked to the ground station, preprocessed, and distributed to users. This process generates long delays, which is a major bottleneck in real-time applications for remote-sensing data. Therefore, on-board, real-time image preprocessing is greatly desired. In this paper, a real-time processing architecture for on-board imagery preprocessing is proposed. First, a hierarchical optimization and mapping method is proposed to realize the preprocessing algorithm in a hardware structure, which can effectively reduce the computation burden of on-board processing. Second, a co-processing system using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and a digital signal processor (DSP; altogether, FPGA-DSP) based on optimization is designed to realize real-time preprocessing. The experimental results demonstrate the potential application of our system to an on-board processor, for which resources and power consumption are limited.","author":["Qi, B.","Shi, H.","Zhuang, Y.","Chen, H.","Chen, L."],"organization":["Beijing Institute of Technology","Tsinghua University"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Qietal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/110389","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/performance-characteristics-noisespotter-acoustic-monitoring-localization-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-29425-MS","title":"Performance Characteristics of the NoiseSpotter: An Acoustic Monitoring and Localization System","description":"In support of monitoring technologies to evaluate the potential environmental effects of offshore energy devices, this project attempts to ultimately improve upon traditional acoustic sensing techniques by developing a cost-effective compact array of acoustic vector sensors that characterizes, classifies, and provides accurate location information for anthropogenic and natural sounds. The NoiseSpotter consists of three acoustic vector sensors arranged in a three-dimensional array deployed as a seafloor mooring. Each vector sensor measures acoustic pressure and the three-dimensional particle velocity vector associated with the propagation of an acoustic wave, thereby inherently providing bearing information to an underwater source of sound. Here, performance characteristics of the NoiseSpotter are presented, along with an analysis of its abilities as an operational passive acoustic monitoring system to characterize sources of sound. Data are presented from controlled acoustic transmissions in a quiet environment and an energetic tidal channel in the presence of non-acoustic flow noise. NoiseSpotter performance is demonstrated through its modular design, ease of deployment\/recovery, ability to remove signal contamination by flow noise and the ability to geolocate acoustic sources of interest.","author":["Raghukumar, K.","Chang, G.","Spada, F.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2019-05-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/110390","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-assessment-c-pod-performance-detecting-echolocation-click-trains-bottlenose","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/mms.12146","title":"Field assessment of C-POD performance in detecting echolocation click trains of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)","description":"We evaluated the performance of dolphin echolocation detectors (C\u2010PODs) in the New River, North Carolina, by ground\u2010truthing echolocation detections with digital acoustic recordings. We deployed C\u2010PODs at three sites for a total of 204 monitoring hours. We also performed detection range trials at two sites where water depths ranged from 1.0 to 4.5 m. We used Detection Positive Minutes (DPMs), minutes of C\u2010POD recordings that contained at least one echolocation click train, to indicate the presence of at least one dolphin. The C\u2010PODs performed well in detecting dolphin click trains, although all units performed conservatively by failing to detect some echolocation events and therefore underestimated the true occurrence of dolphins. C\u2010PODs reported only a small number of false detections, as indicated by low false positive rates ranging between 1% and 4% for individual units. Overall, C\u2010PODs performed with a high accuracy (72%\u201391%) and detected echolocation at a distance of at least 933 m. We conclude that C\u2010PODs hold considerable promise in future monitoring studies of this species, but recommend a careful study design especially in complex, coastal environments.","author":["Roberts, B.","Read, A."],"organization":["Duke University"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.573912000000","-77.373738000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112322","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-cultural-values-mapping-decision-support-tool-climate-change-adaptation","sourceURL":"","title":"Social and Cultural Values Mapping as a decision-support tool for climate change adaptation","description":"Planning, adaptive action and emergency preparedness can help reduce the damage done by rising sea levels, storms, coastal erosion and other impacts of climate change. The damage caused by climate changes affects more than geographical features and infrastructure; it also affects all of the values that people attach to the physical environment. However, adaptation plans and strategies are typically developed using scientific and economic data that capture only physical value while ignoring the associated social and cultural values.  To make comprehensive plans that can help people and societies cope with climate changes, we need a method to document and display human values attached to the physical landscape so that these can be taken into account. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to display and analyze these social and cultural values that are attached to geographic space. GIS can also be used to bring various knowledge fields together, displaying the social knowledge and values of residents together with scientific data on the predicted impacts of climate change. Maps that show both kinds of knowledge are tools that can assist local governments in planning and prioritizing effective adaptation strategies. In addition, the process of collective map building reassures people that their knowledge and values are respected. This helps develop trust and collaboration in governance, which are essential for effective community-level climate change adaptation.  Governments and community groups on small islands such as Prince Edward Island are the vanguard of climate change adaptation because small islands are among the most vulnerable places on the planet to the effects of climate change. These jurisdictions will need tools that help them to improve their resilience, develop adaptation mechanisms, and communicate their needs to national and international governing bodies.  In this paper we report on a pilot study of social and cultural values mapping performed on Prince Edward Island in January - March 2010. We conclude that this methodology has potential as a tool to support decision-making for climate change adaptation, and it can be implemented and modified as required by a variety of stakeholders.","author":["Novaczek, I.","MacFadyen, J.","Bardati, D.","MacEachern, K."],"organization":["University of Prince Edward Island","University of Prince Edward Island"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.429333000000","-63.406558000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/novaczek2011_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112516","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/making-difference-social-assessment-policy-praxis-its-emergence-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt9qctvc","title":"Making a Difference?: Social Assessment Policy and Praxis and its Emergence in China","description":"Social assessment for projects in China is an important emerging field. This collection of essays - from authors whose formative work has influenced the policies that shape practice in development-affected communities - locates recent Chinese experience of the development of social assessment practices (including in displacement and resettlement) in a historical and comparative perspective. Contributors - social scientists employed by international development banks, national government agencies, and sub-contracting groups - examine projects from a practitioner\u0027s perspective. Real-life experiences are presented as case-specific praxis, theoretically informed insight, and pragmatic lessons-learned, grounded in the history of this field of development practice. They reflect on work where economic determinism reigns supreme, yet project failure or success often hinges upon sociopolitical and cultural factors.","author":["Price, S.","Robinson, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.023869000000","106.135955000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112517","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-impact-assessment-guidance-assessing-managing-social-impacts-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:355365","title":"Social Impact Assessment: Guidance for assessing and managing the social impacts of projects","description":"The purpose of this Guidance Note is to provide advice to various stakeholders about what is expected in good practice social impact assessment (SIA) and social impact management processes, especially in relation to project development. Project development refers to dams, mines, oil and gas drilling, factories, ports, airports, pipelines, electricity transmission corridors, roads, railway lines and other infrastructure including large-scale agriculture, forestry and aquaculture projects. This Guidance Note builds on IAIA\u2019s (2003) International Principles for Social Impact Assessment. While the International Principles outline the overarching understandings of the SIA field, including the expected values of the profession, this document seeks to provide advice on good practice in the undertaking and appraisal of SIAs and the adaptive management of projects to address the social issues. As a statement of good and sometimes leading practice, not all the information in this document will necessarily be applicable in every situation \u2013 people utilising this information will need to establish for themselves what is appropriate in each particular context.","author":["Vanclay, F.","Esteves, A.","Aucamp, I.","Franks, D."],"organization":["University of Groningen","University of Queensland","International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vanclayetal2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112518","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-oceans-climate-policy-any-green-new-deal-needs-splash-blue","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/conl.12716","title":"Integrating oceans into climate policy: Any green new deal needs a splash of blue","description":"Recent warnings from scientists suggest there is limited time to enact policies to avert wide\u2010ranging ecological and social damage from climate change. In the United States, discussions about comprehensive national policies to avert climate change have begun, with \u201cGreen New Deal\u201d proposals and climate plans put forth by members of Congress and presidential candidates. Oceans are largely absent or separate from these nascent policy proposals. Here, we highlight a policy framework to develop terrestrial and ocean\u2010integrated policies that can complement and enhance terrestrial\u2010focused initiatives focused on four specific sectors: 1) energy; 2) transportation; 3) food security; and 4) habitat restoration. Given political friction and constrained budgets, an integrated policy framework offers greater potential to achieve a portfolio of mitigation and adaptation goals in a cost\u2010effective manner, beyond what could be realized with marine or terrestrial policy solutions alone.","author":["Dundas, S.","Levine, A.","Lewison, R.","Doerr, A.","White, C.","Galloway, A.","Garza, C.","Spalding, A.","Stier, A.","White, J."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","San Diego State University","California Polytechnic State University (San Luis Obispo)","University of Oregon","California State University Monterey Bay","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of Washington","Northwest Fisheries Science Center","Smithsonian Institution","University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:02:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dundas-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112525","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-scattering-oceanic-turbulence","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1029\/2002GL016733","title":"Sound scattering from oceanic turbulence","description":"The first near coincident measurements of acoustic backscatter and temperature\/velocity microstructure confirm theoretical predictions that oceanic turbulence scatters sound. Not only are acoustic backscatter at 307 kHz and turbulent microstructure unambiguously correlated on a patch\u2010by\u2010patch basis, but measured scattering amplitudes agree with theoretical predictions for scattering from turbulent microstructure. Nearby plankton net\u2010hauls indicate that there were far too few zooplankton in the turbulent regions to account for the scattering intensity. At an acoustic frequency of 307 kHz, backscatter from salinity microstructure can be as strong as \u2010 or stronger than \u2010 the signal from a zooplankton scattering layer. There are two important consequences of these strong scattering results. First, they suggest the feasibility of using acoustics to remotely sense oceanic turbulence. Second, they could easily confound acoustic zooplankton biomass estimates in turbulent regions.","author":["Ross, T.","Lueck, R."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2003-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.572400000000","-127.658600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112526","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-forward-look-ocean-energy-environmental-research-strategy-uk-2017","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orjip.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/ORJIP%20Ocean%20Energy%20Forward%20Look%203%20FINAL.pdf","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy: The Forward Look; an Ocean Energy Environmental Research Strategy for the UK [2017]","description":"The Offshore Renewables Joint industry Programme Ocean Energy (ORJIP Ocean Energy) was first funded in 2015 by The Crown Estate (TCE), Marine Scotland and Welsh Government (the Sponsors) as the result of recognition amongst many in the industry (developers, regulators, their advisors and the research community) that a coordinated, strategic approach would help de-risk and accelerate the consenting of wave and tidal current projects in the UK. ORJIP Ocean Energy was designed to bring together industry, funders and researchers so that the sectors\u201f Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) consenting risks could be addressed in a timely manner and on a strategic basis. The Secretariat role was funded for an initial pilot phase, lasting approximately 15 months to June 2016. With the addition of funders Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and Natural Resources Wales (NRW), the first official phase of the project was run from June 2016 to June 2017. The Secretariat function is run by Aquatera and delivery partners MarineSpace and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC). The first key task of the Secretariat during the pilot phase was to produce a published report outlining the strategic research priorities that would form the focus of ORJIP Ocean Energy.  The first version of this report, entitled the Forward Look, was published in July 2015. The second version of the Forward Look was published in February 2016. The third iteration of the Forward Look is presented here. This version of the Forward Look has also been updated to include the priority consenting EIA\/HRA issues for tidal lagoon developments following the ORJIP Ocean Energy workshop1 held on 3 May, 2017 in Bristol during which stakeholders were consulted to identify and consolidate issues and priority research areas for the tidal lagoon sector.  The ORJIP OE Programme Brief gives a full description of the ORJIP OE Project including aims and objectives. It is available (along with the Forward Look) on the ORJIP Ocean Energy website at the link below: https:\/\/www.orjip.org.uk\/documents","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Marine Scotland Science","Natural Resources Wales","Scottish Natural Heritage","The Crown Estate","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2017-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-2017-The-Forward-Look.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112527","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-performance-c-pods-soundtrappamguard-detecting-acoustic-activity-harbor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/2.0000288","title":"Comparing the performance of C-PODs and SoundTrap\/PAMGUARD in detecting the acoustic activity of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","description":"The C-POD logger is a widely used instrument for passive acoustic monitoring of harbor porpoises, but the absence of a continuous recording in this device makes it difficult to verify its performance. An alternative but more labor-intensive approach is to use a wideband sound recorder and off-line detection software. Here we compare the performance of the C-POD with that of a HF SoundTrap recorder analysed with PAMGUARD software. Seven deployments were made with C-PODs and SoundTraps in the Danish Great and Little Belts between June and November, 2015. There was a positive but generally poor correlation between PAMGUARD and C-POD detections, with the C-PODs detecting only about 21-94% of the click trains detected by PAMGUARD based on the broadband recordings. The main explanation behind this poor correspondence is likely that PAMGUARD performs classification on single clicks, whereas the C-POD classifies groups of clicks (\u2018trains\u2019) collectively. Such poor correlation between two common methods can have severe implications for conclusions reached in effect and abundance studies.","author":["Sarnocinska, J.","Tougaard, J.","Johnson, M.","Madsen, P.","Wahlberg, M."],"organization":["University of Southern Denmark","Aarhus University","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2016-07-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112528","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-classification-coexisting-taxa-coastal-ecosystem","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0165783615001964","title":"Acoustic classification of coexisting taxa in a coastal ecosystem","description":"Classifying coexisting taxa in a coastal ecosystem remains an analytic challenge due to the difficulty in verifying species compositions within backscatter data. Multifrequency measurements (38, 70, 120, 200 kHz) were combined with midwater trawls and zooplankton MultiNet tows in Hood Canal, WA, to classify backscatter dominated by single fish species (Pacific Herring, Pacific Hake) or major zooplankton taxa (euphausiids, copepods). Backscatter was categorized into aggregations, single targets, and layers based on morphology. Aggregations and single targets were identified in raw volume backscattering strength (Sv), while layers were classified using differences in mean volume backscattering strength (\u0394MVBSi-j = MVBSi \u2013 MVBSj, where i and j denote frequency in kHz). Based on a subset of trawl-validated in situ acoustic measurements, backscatter with \u221216 dB \u0026lt; \u0394MVBS200-38 \u2264 2 dB were classified as fish, and 2 dB \u0026lt; \u0394MVBS200-38 \u0026lt; 30 dB as zooplankton. Backscatter identified as fish were further classified to hake when \u0394MVBS120-38 \u0026lt; \u22124.8 dB, and herring when \u0394MVBS120-38 \u2265 \u22124.8 dB. The classification method was evaluated using a second set of trawl-validated acoustic data, resulting in classification accuracy of fish or zooplankton ranging from 95% to 100%. At the species level, misclassifications of herring and hake were both \u223c13%. Removal of aggregations and single targets before calculating \u0394MVBS values minimized the possibility of mixed species backscatter within layers. This classification technique provides an approach to separate coexisting aggregations of dominant taxa which are common in mid- and low-latitude coastal ecosystems.","author":["Sato, M.","Horne, J.","Parker-Stetter, S.","Keister, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2015-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112529","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combined-acoustic-optical-instrument-industry-managed-fisheries-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7003233","title":"A combined acoustic and optical instrument for industry managed fisheries studies","description":"The design of an existing in-house scientific instrument was used as a basis to create a new model suitable for deployment onto a fishing industry vessel, with a reduced need for specialized technical support. Some of the planned developmental goals were met directly, whilst others resulted in intermediate problems that required remedial action in order to deliver the desired outcome. The developmental goals and outcomes are presented, along with the range of intermediate issues and the methods used to resolve them.","author":["Underwood, M.","Sherlock, M.","Marouchos, A.","Cordell, J.","Kloser, R.","Ryan, T."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112530","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fisheries-acoustics-theory-practice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/book\/10.1002\/9780470995303","title":"Fisheries Acoustics: Theory and Practice","description":"Living resources of the sea and fresh water have long been an important source of food and economic activity. With fish stocks continuing to be over-exploited, there is a clear focus on fisheries management, to which acoustic methods can and do make an important contribution.  The second edition of this widely used book covers the many technological developments which have occurred since the first edition; highly sophisticated sonar and computer processing equipment offer great new opportunities and Fisheries Acoustic, 2e provides the reader with a better understanding of how to interpret acoustic observations and put them to practical use.    Well known and respected authors  Emphasis on practical acoustic methods  Detailed coverage of a commercially and environmentally important subject   A vital tool for fisheries scientists, fisheries oceanographers, environmental biologists, ecologists, population biologists, fish biologists, and marine biologists. All those involved with design and use of acoustic equipment. Libraries in research establishments, government stations and universities where fisheries science is studied or taught will find this a welcome addition to their shelves.","author":["Simmonds, J.","MacLennan, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2005-08-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112724","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resonance-classification-mixed-assemblages-fish-swimbladders-using-modified-commercial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/10.1139\/f2012-013#.XqNAw2hKhPY","title":"Resonance classification of mixed assemblages of fish with swimbladders using a modified commercial broadband acoustic echosounder at 1\u20136 kHz","description":"Recently developed broadband acoustic methods were used to study mixed assemblages of fish spanning a wide range of lengths and species. Through a combination of resonance classification and pulse-compression signal processing, which provides for high-range resolution, a modified commercial broadband echosounder was demonstrated to provide quantitative information on the spatial distribution of the individual size classes within an assemblage. In essence, this system spectrally resolves the different size classes of fish that are otherwise not resolved spatially. This method reveals new insights into biological processes, such as predator\u2013prey interactions, that are not obtainable through the use of a conventional narrowband high-frequency echosounder or previous broadband systems. A recent study at sea with this system revealed aggregations containing bladdered fish 15\u201330 cm in length (Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis)) and a variety of species of smaller fish 2\u20135 cm in length. These observations infer that the smaller 2\u20135 cm fish can be colocated in the same aggregations as their predator, the larger silver hake, as well as pre-spawning herring. While this technological advancement provides more information, there remain challenges in interpreting the echo spectra in terms of meaningful biological quantities such as size distribution and species composition.","author":["Stanton, T.","Sellers, C.","Jech, J."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2012-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112725","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approaching-birds-drones-first-experiments-ethical-guidelines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2014.0754","title":"Approaching birds with drones: first experiments and ethical guidelines","description":"Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly called drones, are being increasingly used in ecological research, in particular to approach sensitive wildlife in inaccessible areas. Impact studies leading to recommendations for best practices are urgently needed. We tested the impact of drone colour, speed and flight angle on the behavioural responses of mallards Anas platyrhynchos in a semi-captive situation, and of wild flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and common greenshanks (Tringa nebularia) in a wetland area. We performed 204 approach flights with a quadricopter drone, and during 80% of those we could approach unaffected birds to within 4 m. Approach speed, drone colour and repeated flights had no measurable impact on bird behaviour, yet they reacted more to drones approaching vertically. We recommend launching drones farther than 100 m from the birds and adjusting approach distance according to species. Our study is a first step towards a sound use of drones for wildlife research. Further studies should assess the impacts of different drones on other taxa, and monitor physiological indicators of stress in animals exposed to drones according to group sizes and reproductive status.","author":["Vas, E.","Lescroel, A.","Duriez, O.","Boguszewski, G.","Gre\u00b4millet, D."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 Paul Val\u00e9ry"],"originationDate":"2015-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.620600000000","4.067300000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112726","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/action-cameras-bringing-aquatic-fisheries-research-view","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/03632415.2015.1082472","title":"Action Cameras: Bringing Aquatic and Fisheries Research into View","description":"Digital action cameras (ACs) are increasingly being utilized for aquatic research purposes due to their cost effectiveness, versatility, high-resolution imagery, and durability. Here we review the advantages of AC technology in research, with particular emphases on (a) research videography (both in the field and the laboratory), (b) animal-borne studies, and (c) outreach and education purposes. We also review some of the limitations of this technology as represented by environmental factors (e.g., depth, turbidity) and deployment considerations (e.g., lens choices, imaging settings, battery life). As AC technologies evolve in response to growing public interest in their application versatility, researchers are indirectly reaping the rewards, with technological advances that are innovative, cost-effective, and can withstand frequent use in dynamic and rugged field conditions. With such a diversity of options available, future usefulness of ACs in research will only be limited by the creativity of the scientists using them.","author":["Struthers, D.","Danylchuk, A.","Wilson, A.","Cooke, S."],"organization":["Carleton University","University of Massachusetts"],"originationDate":"2015-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112727","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurements-near-surface-bubble-plumes-open-ocean-implications-high-frequency-sonar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.1621008","title":"Measurements of near-surface bubble plumes in the open ocean with implications for high-frequency sonar performance","description":"This study examines near-surface bubble data obtained with a self-contained 200-kHz inverted echo-sounder deployed at Ocean Station Papa (NE Pacific, 1400 km west of Vancouver Is.) over an 81-day period in the spring of 1996. The instrument operated continuously, recording calibrated volume scattering profiles from near-surface bubbles with 3-s and 30-cm resolution. The data show the frequent occurrence of bubbles organized into vertical, plume-like structures, presumably drawn downwards by turbulence and other near-surface circulations. Average bubble plume penetrations of up to 15 m were observed, with maximum penetrations up to 25 m. Within the plumes, the backscatter cross section exhibited an exponential decay with depth, with e-folding scale in the range 0.5 to 3 m, increasing proportionally to the square of average plume depth. Using standard models for bubble scattering, and incorporating recent acoustic resonator measurements of bubble-size distributions along with actual bubble plume data, high-frequency near-surface sonar performance models were developed. These models show that on a ping-to-ping basis the bubble plume structures can induce significant spatial variations in the reverberation level and path-integrated extinction losses to near-surface targets.","author":["Trevorrow, M."],"organization":["Defence Research \u0026 Development Canada (DRDC)"],"originationDate":"2003-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112728","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-observatories-initiative","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/the-ocean-observatories-initiative","title":"The Ocean Observatories Initiative","description":"The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is an integrated suite of instrumented platforms and discrete instruments that measure physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties from the seafloor to the sea surface. The OOI provides data to address large-scale scientific challenges such as coastal ocean dynamics, climate and ecosystem health, the global carbon cycle, and linkages among seafloor volcanism and life. The OOI Cyberinfrastructure currently serves over 250 terabytes of data from the arrays. These data are freely available to users worldwide, changing the way scientists and the broader community interact with the ocean, and permitting ocean research and inquiry at scales of centimeters to kilometers and seconds to decades.","author":["Smith, L.","Barth, J.","Kelley, D.","Plueddemnn, A.","Rodero, I.","Ulses, G.","Vardaro, M.","Weller, R."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Washington","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Rutgers University"],"originationDate":"2018-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smithetal2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112729","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flights-drones-over-sub-antarctic-seabirds-show-species-status-specific-behavioural","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00300-017-2187-z","title":"Flights of drones over sub-Antarctic seabirds show species- and status-specific behavioural and physiological responses","description":"Drones and unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly used in research on wildlife. Their wide applications can also give interesting insights into habitat use and population distribution. However, the disturbance they might be responsible for, on species and especially in protected areas has yet to be investigated. We assessed and compared the behavioural response of 11 southern seabird species at the Crozet Islands, Southern Indian Ocean, to drone approaches at specific altitudes. We first show that the behavioural response differed between species depending on the altitude of the drone approach. At 50 m of altitude, only one of the studied species showed a detectable reaction, whereas at 10 m, most species showed strong behavioural postures of stress. Adult penguins breeding in large colonies, and some albatross species showed little behavioural response even when the drone was as close as 3 m, whereas other species such as giant petrels or cormorants appeared highly sensitive to drone approaches. Among King Penguins, although incubating adults showed little signs of behavioural stress, non-breeding adults and fledglings in cr\u00e8ches exhibited strong behavioural responses to the drone approach. Monitoring heart rate allowed us to investigate the link between behavioural and physiological response to that specific potential stressor in king penguins. Whereas we confirmed the expected link between physiological and behavioural response in chicks, breeding adults showed no behavioural sign of stress but had a significant increase in heart rate, the relative increase being higher than in chicks. All together these results have important implications for the conservation of species and should be helpful for future legislations on the use of drones.","author":["Weimerskirch, H.","Prudor, A.","Schull, Q."],"organization":["University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)"],"originationDate":"2017-08-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-46.417886000000","51.737361000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112730","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimation-fish-activity-costs-using-underwater-video-cameras","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01417.x","title":"Estimation of fish activity costs using underwater video cameras","description":"Swimming speed and activity costs of dace (Phoxinus eos \u00d7 P. neogaeus) were estimated in the field using underwater video cameras. Activity costs were estimated by converting swimming speeds and the number of movements into swimming costs. Average swimming speed ranged from 6.7 to 12.2 cm.s\u22121 across 2 h periods and varied significantly among dates and time of day. The time spent swimming by dace ranged from 616 to 17 640 s 2 h\u22121. Activity costs per 2h period ranged from 2.1 to 4O.2J 2h\u22121 and were strongly correlated to the time spent swimming. Daily activity cost estimated using the cameras averaged 128.9J day\u22121 and was equivalent to 1.7 times the standard metabolic rate. Activity cost predicted using a bioenergetic model in conjunction with independent estimates of consumption and growth rates averaged 138.8J day\u22121. This study indicated that swimming characteristics and activity costs of dace varied significantly both within and among days. These analyses also indicated that equally valid activity costs for fish in the field can be estimated using video cameras and the difference between Consumption and growth rates.","author":["Trudel, M.","Boisclair, D."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"],"originationDate":"1996-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112731","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/processing-multibeam-water-column-image-data-automated-bubbleseep-detection-repeated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/lom3.10138","title":"Processing of multibeam water column image data for automated bubble\/seep detection and repeated mapping","description":"Water Column Imaging Multibeam Echosounder Systems (MBES) are effective and sensitive tools for investigating free gas (bubble) release and its rise through the water column. The main advantages of MBES are the detection range and lateral coverage in the water column and at the seafloor; furthermore, they are becoming increasingly available on research vessels worldwide. However, high noise levels and systematic artefacts due to side\u2010lobe induced signal interference degrade MBES Water Column Images (WCIs) and hampered automated bubble detection and related gas seepage investigations. We present a new technique advancing automated detection of bubble streams and moving toward a quantitative gas\u2010release assessment. It is shown that bubble streams can be detected reliably by their spatio\u2010temporal behavior even when they are discontinuous in WCI data. Using assumptions about the bubble rising trajectories, bubble release spots at the seafloor can be traced even if the source location is obscured by acoustic noise or unwanted acoustic targets. A map with acoustic response and source locations of bubbles being released can be produced and serves as a starting point for more detailed quantitative analyses. The efficiency of the method has been assessed at a methane seep site in the Dutch North Sea. Multiple survey lines are merged to a detailed acoustic map of the area. Processed results are in good agreement with manual investigations of the WCI data as well as ROV\u2010based video analysis.","author":["Urban, P.","Koser, K.","Greinert, J."],"organization":["GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112732","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-bubble-size-distributions-acoustical-backscatter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1175\/1520-0426(1992)009%3C0630%3ATMOBSD%3E2.0.CO%3B2","title":"The Measurement of Bubble-Size Distributions by Acoustical Backscatter","description":"A multifrequency acoustical-backscatter technique is described for determining the size distribution of bubbles with radii between 8 and 130 \u00b5m. The method makes use of the resonance in the microbubbles and operates at six frequencies ranging from 28 to 400 kHz. It has the advantage that vertical profiles of the bubble-size distribution can be obtained for extended periods without need for in situ instrumentation. Algorithms have been developed for real-time calculation, including correction for wave orbital displacement, bubble attenuation of the transmitted pulse, and other effects.","author":["Vagle, S.","Farmer, D."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"1992-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112733","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accounting-biological-physical-sources-acoustic-backscatter-improves-estimates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrcresearchpress.com\/doi\/full\/10.1139\/F08-047#.XqNMJ2hKhPZ","title":"Accounting for biological and physical sources of acoustic backscatter improves estimates of zooplankton biomass","description":"To convert measurements of backscattered acoustic energy to estimates of abundance and taxonomic information about the zooplankton community, all of the scattering processes in the water column need to be identified and their scattering contributions quantified. Zooplankton populations in the eastern edge of Wilkinson Basin in the Gulf of Maine in the Northwest Atlantic were surveyed in October 1997. Net tow samples at different depths, temperature and salinity profiles, and multiple frequency acoustic backscatter measurements from the upper 200 m of the water column were collected. Zooplankton samples were identified, enumerated, and measured. Temperature and salinity profiles were used to estimate the amount of turbulent microstructure in the water column. These data sets were used with theoretical acoustic scattering models to calculate the contributions of both biological and physical scatterers to the overall measured scattering level. The output of these predictions shows that the dominant source of acoustic backscatter varies with depth and acoustic frequency in this region. By quantifying the contributions from multiple scattering sources, acoustic backscatter becomes a better measure of net-collected zooplankton biomass.","author":["Warren, J.","Wiebe, P."],"organization":["Stony Brook University","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2008-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.666724000000","-71.907792300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112734","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-stereo-camera-trap","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211122015000043","title":"An underwater stereo-camera trap","description":"This paper describes the design and deployment of a new type of underwater stereo camera capable of triggering when animals are present in the field of view. Unobtrusive evaluation of the camera view field for potential targets is achieved using far-red illumination invisible to most fishes. The triggered camera (TrigCam) system is designed to be low cost by incorporating off-the-shelf commercial camera and computer components. It also incorporates several novel software and hardware developments such as the Cannon Hackers Development Kit which provides a high degree of control over the cameras, and a Raspberry Pi computer-on-board module for low-power, cost-efficient computing. The innovative triggering algorithm for fine control of the size and intensity of targets necessary to trigger an image is described in detail. Stereo image analysis provides estimates of fish size, position, and orientation to provide quantitative data from images. Test field deployments demonstrate operational capacity and illustrate potential applications for sampling marine organisms through example descriptions of analytical methods, including the trigger process and stereo image analysis. The TrigCam is intended to be an open source project to encourage continued development within the marine research community, with design information available through internet posts.","author":["Williams, K.","De Robertis, A.","Berkowitz, Z.","Rooper, C.","Towler, R."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112736","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-fish-detection-using-deep-learning-water-power-applications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/8947884","title":"Underwater Fish Detection using Deep Learning for Water Power Applications","description":"Clean energy from oceans and rivers is becoming a reality with the development of new technologies like tidal and instream turbines that generate electricity from naturally flowing water. These new technologies are being monitored for effects on fish and other wildlife using underwater video. Methods for automated analysis of underwater video are needed to lower the costs of analysis and improve accuracy. A deep learning model, YOLO, was trained to recognize fish in underwater video using three very different datasets recorded at real-world water power sites. Training and testing with examples from all three datasets resulted in a mean average precision (mAP) score of 0.5392. To test how well a model could generalize to new datasets, the model was trained using examples from only two of the datasets and then tested on examples from all three datasets. The resulting model could not recognize fish in the dataset that was not part of the training set. The mAP scores on the other two datasets that were included in the training set were higher than the scores achieved by the model trained on all three datasets. These results indicate that different methods are needed in order to produce a trained model that can generalize to new data sets such as those encountered in real world applications.","author":["Xu, W.","Matzner, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2018-12-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112930","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/yolov3-incremental-improvement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.02767","title":"YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement","description":"We present some updates to YOLO! We made a bunch of little design changes to make it better. We also trained this new network that\u0027s pretty swell. It\u0027s a little bigger than last time but more accurate. It\u0027s still fast though, don\u0027t worry. At 320x320 YOLOv3 runs in 22 ms at 28.2 mAP, as accurate as SSD but three times faster. When we look at the old .5 IOU mAP detection metric YOLOv3 is quite good. It achieves 57.9 mAP@50 in 51 ms on a Titan X, compared to 57.5 mAP@50 in 198 ms by RetinaNet, similar performance but 3.8x faster.","author":["Redmon, J.","Farhadi, A."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2018-04-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Redmonetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112931","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-resource-conservation-fisheries-management-ensuring-fishermen","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eprints.cmfri.org.in\/13414\/","title":"Marine spatial planning for resource conservation, fisheries management and for ensuring fishermen security-global perspectives and Indian initiatives","description":"Internationally, marine spatial planning (MSP) is an integral part of the decision-making protocol for setting up activities in the marine zone, be it the establishment of industries, exploration and mining for oil and minerals, deciding of surface transport, ensuring national security, exploitation of living and non-living resources, or conservation and management of resources and ecosystems. Satellite-based technologies like remote sensing and geographic information system are two powerful tools that provide a common platform to present information on different activities from the marine zone. This would enable the planners and policymakers to interpret the interaction between various factors and derive judicious decisions on the allocation of space and resources to different segments or activities in marine zone. This article reviews how MSP is being used as a decisionsupport tool in various countries for the peaceful coexistence of different stakeholders in the marine zone. It also discusses initiatives in India along with a reminder on the responsibility of the country as a signatory of international organizations to give importance on developing MSP for the conservation of resources as well as marine ecosystems.","author":["Dineshbabu, A.","Thomas, S.","Rohit, P.","Maheswarudu, G."],"organization":["Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI)"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112932","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conclusions-benefits-lessons-learned-future-challenges-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X08000730?via%3Dihub","title":"Conclusions: Benefits, lessons learned, and future challenges of marine spatial planning","description":"This article summarizes briefly the principal conclusions from papers presented in this special issue on marine spatial planning. It identifies potential economic, ecological, and administrative benefits (and costs) that might be realized from the implementation of MSP. Finally, the article summarize lessons learned and identifies future challenges and directions for MSP, including the development of international guidelines for its implementation.","author":["Ehler, C."],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"originationDate":"2008-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/112933","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-potential-spatial-temporal-conflicts-washingtons-marine-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16302512?via%3Dihub","title":"Assessing potential spatial and temporal conflicts in Washington\u0027s marine waters","description":"This paper uses spatial, temporal, and use-intensity data for 27 major marine uses in Washington waters to feature a method for assessing potential use conflicts in a variety of scenarios. The study represents a first step towards quantifying potential conflicts within Washington\u2019s Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) study area by using a cumulative analysis to highlight high- and low-use intensity areas and the novel Marine Potential Conflict Index (MPCI), which incorporates space, time, and intensity of use, to quantify pairwise potential conflicts between uses. About 10% of pairs of uses do not overlap spatially and are likely compatible with one another. Temporally, the number of uses peaks in July and August and falls during January and February. Additionally, the MPCI identified three important use types with a substantial degree of potential conflict: commercial fishing, tribal fishing, and shipping. External data were used in three cases to ground-truth the analysis, as a limited test of its utility in managing any potential conflict. This article assesses the extent of Washington\u2019s existing marine uses along spatial, temporal, and intensity axes, and more broadly provides a straightforward way to examine potential conflicts between marine uses.","author":["Freeman, M.","Whiting, L.","Kelley, R."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2016-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.697050000000","-120.370870000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/115829","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/race-water-offshore-renewable-energy-assessing-cumulative-combination-impacts-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jel\/article\/32\/1\/83\/5651111","title":"The Race to the Water for Offshore Renewable Energy: Assessing Cumulative and In-combination Impacts for Offshore Renewable Energy Developments","description":"Wind, wave and tidal energy are widely regarded as being the \u2018good guys\u2019 in energy production for their carbon neutral qualities. However, lurking in the shadow of this good reputation is the uncertainty about the impacts that this new technology will have on the marine environment. It could cause a potential conflict between carbon-neutral energy production and the protection of habitats, and the prevention of biodiversity loss. This article presents empirical data collected from three case studies in England and Scotland. This research indicates that the disjointed nature of the consenting processes for offshore renewables does not encourage full assessment of the cumulative impacts of offshore renewable developments as required by European Union environmental impact assessment legislation. The article identifies elements of the consenting processes, which fail to provide a full assessment of cumulative and in-combination impacts, and recommends changes to these processes in England and Scotland.","author":["Caine, C."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119307","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/australias-oceans-policy-past-present-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X15000494?via%3Dihub","title":"Australia\u0027s Oceans Policy: Past, present and future","description":"Australia has a large and diverse marine jurisdiction. A federal division of responsibilities matched with complex intergovernmental arrangements shapes management of this jurisdiction. This paper first outlines Australia\u05f3s ocean governance arrangements and then reviews attempts to establish a national Australian Oceans Policy in the late 1990s. Notwithstanding attempts to implement an integrated policy framework across jurisdictions and sectors this ambitious policy framework has not met its original aspirations. However some new approaches have been introduced into a range of ocean sectors. The paper explores twenty plus years of oceans policy development and implementation and identifies key future challenges in implementing national oceans policy.","author":["Vince, J.","Smith, A.","Sainsbury, K.","Cresswell, I.","Smith, D.","Howard, M."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-27.991063000000","133.296718000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119308","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-coastal-tourism-recreation-pentland-firth-orkney-waters-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/datafiles\/misc\/PFOW_marine_and_coastal_tourism_report\/PFOW%20report%20V2%20-%20FINAL.pdf","title":"Marine and Coastal Tourism and Recreation in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters: A Case Study","description":"This pilot study on marine and coastal tourism and recreation in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) area is part of a larger study on marine and coastal tourism and recreation being carried out for all of Scotland. This pilot study has been carried out to fulfil two key aims:    To provide information on marine tourism and recreation activities to inform preparation of the PFOW pilot Marine Spatial Plan. A key output from the work will be more comprehensive and accurate spatial mapping of marine recreation provision and activity, an understanding of the economic importance of the sector, and better information about the interaction between tourism and recreation and other policy areas and sectors.  To test the approach being developed for the national survey of marine tourism and recreation. The pilot provides an excellent opportunity to test and refine the methodology that underpins the national survey. While the PFOW work will focus around stakeholder and user workshops rather than an online survey, this will allow the team to better understand any methodological issues, challenges and opportunities and to address these as the PFOW work progresses, and subsequently in the national survey methodology.   This case study involved the following stages:    Developing a comprehensive list of stakeholders in the region  Collating existing information on marine and coastal tourism and recreation  Holding workshops to gather spatial information from participants and to engage them in planning challenges relevant to the area  Gathering additional data and spatial information through targeted contacts  Trialling the questionnaire to be used for the national study  Summarising data collected to contribute to the Draft MSP  Collating any lessons learned for the national study","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.000122000000","-3.087262000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aquatera2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119309","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guide-evaluating-marine-spatial-plans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000227779","title":"A Guide to Evaluating Marine Spatial Plans","description":"While the marine community has often talked about the importance of \u201cmarine governance\u201d or \u201cmarine ecosystem-based management\u201d, it is only during the past 10-12 years that these concepts have been turned into operational activities some of which have become known as \u201cmarine spatial planning\u201d or MSP. Pioneered in Western Europe through the efforts of the United Kingdom, belgium, the Nether-lands, and Germany, MSP activities have spread to about 40 coun-tries throughout the world. Nine countries now have government-approved marine spatial plans covering their exclusive economic zones or territorial seas, and several of these are in their second or third generation of plan development and implementation.  But how do we know if these plans are \u201csuccessful\u201d? And what does \u201csuccess\u201d mean? How do we measure it? Are the plans achieving their goals and objectives. Do the plans have political and public support? Have they achieved real results?While the idea of MSP is still in its early life stage and many tangible results could take 5-15 years to be realized, it\u2019s not too early to think about evaluating the results of MSP.  This new guide from IOC\u2019s Marine Spatial Planning Initiative is an attempt to advance thinking within the international MSP community about undertaking this important step toward monitoring and evalu-ating the performance of marine spatial plans","author":["Ehler, C."],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ehler2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119310","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-context-convention-biological-diversity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cbd.int\/doc\/publications\/cbd-ts-68-en.pdf","title":"Marine Spatial Planning in the Context of the Convention on Biological Diversity","description":"Recently in June 2012, world leaders at the Rio + 20 Conference in Rio de Janeiro recognized the crucial role of biodiversity in ensuring sustainable development and called for greater efforts to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).  In the outcome document of Rio+20, entitled \u201cThe Future We Want\u201d, world leaders reaffirmed the importance of area-based conservation measures, including marine protected areas, as a tool for the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components. They noted Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, which states that by 2020, 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas \u2013 especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services \u2013 are to be conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures. Much of the success in this effort from a biodiversity perspective will depend on the degree to which these protected areas are situated within a broader, multi-sectoral planning context.  Area-based planning and management processes have been important environmental and resources management tools for many decades. They provide effective frameworks to consider environmental, social, cultural, institutional, and economic variables within a common bio-geographic context \u2013 bringing what are at times competing interests together to form a common management vision. Marine spatial planning represents an important step to improving collaboration amongst multiple users of the marine environment towards a shared vision and outcomes. Understanding successes and challenges in marine spatial planning and scaling up these experiences to large marine areas and trans-boundary regions are therefore essential to effective achievement of the Aichi targets on marine and coastal biodiversity.  As such, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, in its tenth meeting, requested the Executive Secretary to compile and synthesize available information in collaboration with Parties, other Governments and relevant organizations on their experiences and use of marine spatial planning, in particular on ecological, economic, social, cultural and other principles used to guide such planning and the use of areabased management tools. In response to this request, the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the Global Environment Facility prepared this publication in collaboration with the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. We welcome this collaboration, and hope this publication will provide useful information to countries, organizations and many diverse users of the marine environment in finding their pathways towards our common goals of the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity.","author":["Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD)"],"organization":["United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)","United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 10:48:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/cbd2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119311","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-values-victorias-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/veac.vic.gov.au\/investigations-assessments\/previous-assessments\/investigation\/assessment-of-the-values-of-victoria-s-marine-environment","title":"Assessment of the Values of Victoria\u0027s Marine Environment","description":"In March 2018 the Victorian government asked VEAC to assess the values of Victoria\u2019s marine environment. The assessment will inform a statewide marine and coastal policy and support development of the proposed marine spatial planning framework. The assessment encompasses all State coastal waters, bays and estuaries including the Gippsland Lakes. The purpose of the assessment is to:  \u2022 identify current environmental, economic, social and cultural values of Victoria\u0027s marine environment, including their spatial distribution where relevant  \u2022 identify current and likely future threats to these values  \u2022 provide independent advice on future patterns, trends and direction related to existing and emerging uses  \u2022 determine a process to systematically classify data and an approach to describe social and economic values and uses of Victoria\u0027s marine waters  \u2022 provide an inventory of available knowledge and data on existing values, uses and threats and advise on any significant gaps.  Although the terms of reference did not require formal public consultation, VEAC has directly engaged with key technical and sector experts including government departments and public authorities, researchers and data custodians, Traditional Owners, industry associations, marine conservation groups and marine user groups.","author":["Victorian Environmental Assessment Council"],"organization":["Victorian Environmental Assessment Council","Victorian Environmental Assessment Council"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.581904000000","145.489325200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/VEAC2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119312","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-winding-road-precaution-principle-practice-biodiversity-conservation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/view\/9781845427023.00022.xml","title":"A Long and Winding Road? Precaution from Principle to Practice in Biodiversity Conservation","description":"Biodiversity includes the diversity of genes, species and ecosystems on earth, but here for convenience I focus on species loss and ecosystem degradation. At least \ufb01ve times since life evolved on Earth, mass extinction events have taken place, involving the extinction of vast numbers of species (Futuyma, 1998). Perhaps over 95 per cent of all species that have lived on earth are now extinct (Rosenzweig, 1995), and a \u2018background\u2019 level of extinction is to be expected regardless of human activities (Macleod, 2002). Today, however, relevant indices point to our being on the cusp of the sixth great extinction event, this one distinguished by the fact that it is caused primarily by human activities (Leakey and Lewin, 1995). Around one in eight of the world\u2019s bird species, a quarter of its mammals, and one in three amphibians are threatened with extinction (Baillie, Hilton-Taylor and Stuart, 2004). The extent and rapidity of anthropogenically-induced recent and threatened extinctions far outstrips the rate of evolution of new species and threatens fundamental ecosystem processes which maintain all life on earth. Many would view the extinction of other species as alarming per se. However, threats to biodiversity are also threats to humans: to the provision of materials and services for life, health, security and wellbeing. Biodiversity provides food, medicine, fuel and building materials. Biodiverse ecosystems help \ufb01lter water, control \ufb02ooding, regulate climate, decompose waste, generate soil and pollinate crops.","author":["Cooney, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-07-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119313","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-hydropower-license-igiugig-hydrokinetic-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Assessment for Hydropower License: Igiugig Hydrokinetic Project","description":"The purpose of the proposed Igiugig Project is two-fold: (1) to evaluate the technical, economic, and environmental viability of Ocean Renewable Power Company\u2019s (ORPC\u2019s) design and the energy generation potential at the proposed project site in the Kvichak River; and (2) to provide a new source of hydroelectric power. Therefore, under the provisions of the Federal Power Act (FPA), the Commission must decide whether to issue a license to the IVC for the project and what conditions should be placed on any license issued. In deciding whether to issue a license for a hydroelectric project, the Commission must determine that the project would be best adapted to a comprehensive plan for improving or developing a waterway. In addition to the power and developmental purposes for which licenses are issued (such as flood control, irrigation, or water supply), the Commission must give equal consideration to the purposes of: (1) energy conservation; (2) the protection of, mitigation of damage to, and 8 enhancement of, fish and wildlife resources; (3) the protection of recreational opportunities; and (4) the preservation of other aspects of environmental quality.  Issuing a pilot project license for the Igiugig Project would allow the IVC to generate electricity during its proposed 10-year license term, making electrical power from a renewable resource available to its customers. IVC\u2019s proposed monitoring programs would also provide important information on any unanticipated environmental effects of such riverine hydrokinetic energy developments, which could assist with the evaluation of similar projects.  This environmental assessment (EA) evaluates the environmental and economic effects of constructing and operating the proposed project: (1) as proposed by the applicant, and (2) with staff\u2019s recommended measures. Staff also considers the effects of the no-action alternative. The primary issues that are addressed include potential effects on fisheries resources, navigation, and cultural resources.","author":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.314679500000","-173.679178500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 08:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ferc2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119314","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conservation-biodiversity-international-law","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.e-elgar.com\/shop\/gbp\/conservation-biodiversity-and-international-law-9781781001974.html","title":"Conservation, Biodiversity and International Law","description":"This important and timely book provides a rigorous overview of the defining issues presently facing conservation at international level. The author provides detailed coverage of topics ranging from the classification of species right through to access and benefit sharing, drawing on his personal experience at intergovernmental level. Each question is examined through the prism of dozens of treaties and hundreds of decisions and resolutions of the key multilateral regimes, and the law in each area is supplemented by the necessary considerations of science, politics and philosophy \u2013 providing much-needed context for the reader.","author":["Gillespie, A."],"organization":["University of Waikato"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119315","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-ecological-thresholds-regulating-human-activity-effective-conservation-or","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320713003297","title":"Identifying ecological thresholds for regulating human activity: Effective conservation or wishful thinking?","description":"Increasingly, conservation professionals and regulatory agencies are attempting to identify ecological thresholds that define a point at which populations or communities demonstrate a marked response to human disturbance. Such thresholds may serve as the foundation for recognizing and then imposing limits on the levels of disturbance or types of land use. Although an intuitive concept, I argue that there are numerous scientific and practical limitations to applying ecological thresholds to conservation decision making. First, the concept is limited by the lack of a clear and universally accepted definition. Often, a threshold is defined as the point at which a population demonstrates a nonlinear ecological or biological response to some critical level of disturbance. Alternative definitions are premised on different trajectories of response or a direct recognition of conservation risks when prioritising socioeconomic values. Second, there is no clear or consistent method for identifying ecological thresholds including the appropriate response variables. Third, there is little evidence to suggest that ecological thresholds generalize to other species or populations; this limits the efficiency of thresholds as a decision making tool. Fourth, even where ecological thresholds are identified for the purpose of regulation or conservation planning, there are few examples of effective implementation. In comparison, regulatory limits are premised on the ecological response of populations to disturbance, but also consider the socioeconomic realities of conservation decision making including the risk associated with greater levels of development. Limits can be identified through participatory decision making processes that allow a consideration of potential future conditions within the context of current ecological and economic circumstances. When followed with long-term monitoring, regulatory limits can improve existing or provide new avenues for conservation planning and regulation.","author":["Johnson, C."],"organization":["University of Northern British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2013-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119316","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-feasibility-implementing-risk-based-approach-mre-consenting-compatibility-natura","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rgu-repository.worktribe.com\/output\/246374\/legal-feasibility-of-implementing-a-risk-based-approach-to-mre-consenting-and-compatibility-with-natura-2000-network","title":"Legal feasibility of implementing a risk-based approach to MRE consenting and compatibility with Natura 2000 network","description":"The consenting of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) projects has been cited as one of the main non-technological barriers to the commercial development of this sector due to the current uncertainties regarding the environmental effects created by ORE technologies. Uncertainties primarily stem from a lack or poor level of knowledge about both the baseline conditions of the receiving environment and the impacts of technologies on each individual environmental receptor. In some instances, the key issue may be getting the scientific information to the decision and policy makers. These factors can be exacerbated by under-developed Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guidance and the difficulties in how to comprehend unknowns in regulatory frameworks for ORE.  To address these non-technological hurdles, the objective of the RiCORE project is to promote the deployment of ORE in the European Union (EU) by reducing the time and cost taken to consent ORE projects through the development of a risk-based approach to consenting processes. A risk-based approach to consenting and determining what information is required to support the process, e.g. environmental survey data, is an element of Adaptive Management (AM): a structured process that enables learning by doing and adaptation based on what is learned. The goal of AM is to reduce scientific uncertainty. A risk-based approach is any approach that seeks to inform decision making through an understanding of the scientific uncertainties and associated consequences in terms of likelihood and magnitude of potential impact. The Survey Deploy and Monitor (SDM) policy implemented by Marine Scotland is an example of a risk-based approach with respect to project consenting and AM adopts a risk-based approach to reducing scientific uncertainties.  This deliverable will identify the key components of an AM approach and the underlying legal and institutional challenges that may affect its implementation. The ricore-project.eu 6 literature would appear to utilise the term AM more than risk-based management and consequently the former is used most frequently in this report whilst the latter is the focus of the RiCORE project. This deliverable aims to assist regulators and developers with the design and implementation of an AM approach that can progress ORE projects towards commercial scale development.","author":["Le Li\u00e8vre, C.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Culloch, R.","Bennet, F.","Broadbent, I."],"organization":["University College Cork","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-06-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/lievreetal2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119510","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-experiences-offshore-wind-industry-can-aid-development-wave-energy-sector-lessons","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/ISOPE-I-12-015","title":"How Experiences of the Offshore Wind Industry Can Aid Development of the Wave Energy Sector: Lessons Learnt From EIA Studies","description":"The development of wave energy conversion has reached the pre-commercialization stage; with many developers ready for full-scale grid-connected deployment. In many cases developers are required to produce an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to be granted permission for development of a site. This paper examines the differences and commonalities between EIA studies from the well-developed offshore wind (OW) industry and the less-developed wave energy sector, to highlight lessons learnt for OW that can be applied to wave energy developments.","author":["Magagna, D.","Greaves, D.","Conley, D.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Holmes, B.","Witt, M.","Simas, T.","Olivares, C.","Mouslim, H.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Sundberg, J.","Rousseau, N."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University College Cork","University of Exeter","Hidromod","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Uppsala University","European Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119511","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/consent-granted-scottish-ministers-construct-operate-meygen-tidal-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/uk-scotland-24100811","title":"Consent granted by the Scottish ministers to construct and operate the Meygen tidal energy project electricity generating station in the Inner Sound, Pentland Firth","description":"The Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, which is targeted at projects which are likely to have significant effects on the environment, identifies projects which require an environmental impact assessment (\u2018EIA\u2019) to be undertaken. The Company identified the proposed Development as one requiring an environmental statement in terms of the Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000.","author":["Marine Scotland Science"],"organization":["Scottish Government","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2013-01-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.716039300000","-3.675217300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/scottishgov2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119512","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/indicator-based-adaptive-management-framework-its-development-data-limited-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16307527","title":"An indicator-based adaptive management framework and its development for data-limited fisheries in Belize","description":"Decisions regarding the selection and implementation of management strategies that constrain fishing pressure can be among the most difficult choices that fisheries managers and stakeholders must make. These types of decisions often need to be confronted in a data-limited context, where few if any management measures are currently in place or fisheries are managed independent of adequate scientific advice. This situation can sometimes create a high risk of overfishing and potential loss of economic and social benefits. To address this situation, simple model-free indicator-based frameworks have the potential to be effective decision-making platforms for fisheries where quantitative estimates of biomass and fishing mortality based reference points are lacking. In this paper, a multi-indicator framework is developed that enables decision-makers to proceed with management decisions in data-limited situations. Model-free indicators are calculated using trends in observed data, rather than stock assessment derived estimates of biomass and fishing mortality. The framework developed is adaptive so that adjustments to catch or effort are recursive and can respond to changing environments, socioeconomic conditions, and fishing practices. Using stakeholder-defined objectives as a foundation, indicators and reference points of fishery performance are chosen that can be evaluated easily by undertaking analyses of available data. Indicators from multiple data streams are used so that uncertainty in one indicator can be hedged through careful interpretation and corroboration of information from alternative indicators. During the adaptive management cycle, managers and stakeholders evaluate each indicator against the associated reference points to determine performance measures, interpret the results using scientific and local knowledge, and adjust fishery management tactics accordingly using pre-defined harvest control rules. The framework facilitates the interpretation of situations in which performance measures suggest divergent stock abundance or productivity levels. A case study is presented on this framework\u0027s development for conch and lobster fisheries of Belize.","author":["McDonald, G.","Harford, B.","Arrivillaga, A.","Babcock, E.","Carcamo, R.","Foley, J.","Fujita, R.","Gedamke, T.","Gibson, J.","Karr, K.","Robinson, J.","Wilson, J."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","University of Miami","Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)","Wildlife Conservation Society","The Nature Conservancy"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119513","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecosystem-approach-precautionary-principle","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.e-elgar.com\/shop\/gbp\/biodiversity-and-nature-protection-law-9781783474240.html","title":"The ecosystem approach and the precautionary principle","description":"The ecosystem approach can be considered the landmark regulatory strategy of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other biodiversity-related conventions. But legal scholarship is surprisingly thin with regard to the status and implications of the ecosystem approach. This chapter discusses the evolution of the ecosystem approach under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and analyses its interrelated components, including its interplay with the precautionary principle and its role in ensuring mutual supportiveness among biodiversity-related conventions, as well as with international human rights law. The chapter concludes by identifying overarching legal questions for future research.","author":["Morgera, E."],"organization":["University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119514","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/forward-look-ocean-energy-environmental-research-strategy-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orjip.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/ORJIP%20Ocean%20Energy%20Forward%20Look%203%20FINAL.pdf","title":"The Forward Look; an Ocean Energy Environmental Research Strategy for the UK","description":"The Offshore Renewables Joint industry Programme Ocean Energy (ORJIP Ocean Energy) was first funded in 2015 by The Crown Estate (TCE), Marine Scotland and Welsh Government (the Sponsors) as the result of recognition amongst many in the industry (developers, regulators, their advisors and the research community) that a coordinated, strategic approach would help de-risk and accelerate the consenting of wave and tidal current projects in the UK. ORJIP Ocean Energy was designed to bring together industry, funders and researchers so that the sectors\u201f Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) consenting risks could be addressed in a timely manner and on a strategic basis. The Secretariat role was funded for an initial pilot phase, lasting approximately 15 months to June 2016. With the addition of funders Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and Natural Resources Wales (NRW), the first official phase of the project was run from June 2016 to June 2017. The Secretariat function is run by Aquatera and delivery partners MarineSpace and the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC).  The first key task of the Secretariat during the pilot phase was to produce a published report outlining the strategic research priorities that would form the focus of ORJIP Ocean Energy. The first version of this report, entitled the Forward Look, was published in July 2015. The second version of the Forward Look was published in February 2016. The third iteration of the Forward Look is presented here. This version of the Forward Look has also been updated to include the priority consenting EIA\/HRA issues for tidal lagoon developments following the ORJIP Ocean Energy workshop1 held on 3 May, 2017 in Bristol during which stakeholders were consulted to identify and consolidate issues and priority research areas for the tidal lagoon sector.  The ORJIP OE Programme Brief gives a full description of the ORJIP OE Project including aims and objectives.","author":["Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Marine Scotland Science","Natural Resources Wales","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2017-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/aquateraetal2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/119709","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fine-scale-spatial-variability-influence-environmental-cycles-occurrence-dolphins","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-38900-4","title":"Fine scale spatial variability in the influence of environmental cycles on the occurrence of dolphins at coastal sites","description":"Environmental cycles often influence the presence of animals, creating patterns at different temporal scales, which may mean that their effects overlap and\/or interact. Interactions between diel and seasonal cycles have been reported to influence fish behaviour but little is known about such interactions in marine top predators. Here, we studied the combined effect of seasonal, tidal and diel cycles on the occurrence of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) within a Marine Protected Area in Scotland. Our analyses were based on echolocation detections from passive acoustic devices (CPODs) deployed at three coastal sites between 2010 and 2016. We described patterns of dolphins\u2019 occurrence using circular statistics and then used generalised additive mixed models to explore the relative importance of each cycle and any interactions between them. We found site-specific cyclical patterns of presence that remained constant across years. There was a highly significant interaction between seasonal and diel cycles at two sites around deep channels, where occurrence was diurnal in summer but became nocturnal in autumn. The study demonstrates the highly plastic behaviour of bottlenose dolphins and shows a previously unreported behaviour that has management implications for this and other marine protected areas.","author":["Fernandez-Betelu, O.","Graham, I.","Cornulier, T.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2019-02-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.690238000000","-3.986306000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121447","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-license-application-pacwave-south-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacwaveenergy.org\/final-license-application\/","title":"Final License Application  for the PacWave South Project","description":"Oregon State University (OSU) is filing this license application with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to authorize the construction and operation of the proposed PacWave South (Project; formerly known as Pacific Marine Energy Center South Energy Test Site [PMEC-SETS]), a grid-connected wave energy test facility. The Project would be located in the Pacific Ocean, approximately 6 nautical miles off the coast of Newport, Oregon on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) and would occupy an area of approximately 2 square nautical miles (1,695 acres). The Project would support up to 20 commercial-scale wave energy converters (WECs) and transfer power to a grid connection point with the Central Lincoln People\u2019s Utility District (CLPUD) in Lincoln County, Oregon. With this application, OSU is seeking a 25-year FERC license authorizing construction and operation of the PacWave South Project with an installed capacity not to exceed 20 megawatts (MW) at any time under the FERC license term. As a grid-connected test facility, PacWave South would provide developers of WECs the opportunity to:Optimize WECs and arrays to increase their energy capture, improve their survivability and reliability, and decrease their levelized cost of energy;Refine deployment, recovery, operations, and maintenance procedures;Collect interconnection and grid synchronization data; andGather information about potential environmental effects, and economic and social benefitsAs such, the primary purpose of the proposed Project is to serve as a facility to allow clients to test full-scale WECs, with generation and transmittal of power to the grid being a secondary Project purpose. The Project has also been designed to specifically support the mission, vision, and goals of the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office to improve performance, lower costs, and accelerate deployment of innovative technologies for clean, domestic power generation from resources such as hydropower, waves, and tidal technologies. Testing conducted at PacWave South would advance the development of WEC technologies, and thus further the nation\u2019s efforts to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, diversify its energy supply, provide cost-competitive electricity to key coastal regions, and stimulate revitalization of key sectors of the economy.Several appendices included in this application provide key environmental information and are listed below.Appendix A. Draft Biological AssessmentAppendix B. Bird and Bat Conservation StrategyAppendix C. Terrestrial Habitat Characterization Report and Wetland Delineation ReportAppendix C1. Terrestrial Habitat Characterization ReportAppendix C2.  Wetlands and Waterbodies Delineation ReportAppendix D. PacWave Site Characterization ReportBenthicCrabsMarine MammalsSeabirdsAcousticsAppendix E. Navigation Safety Risk AssessmentAppendix F. Operations and Management PlanAppendix G. Emergency Response and Recovery PlanAppendix H. Monitoring PlansAppendix I. Protection, Mitigation, and Enhancement MeasuresAppendix J. Adaptive Management FrameworkAppendix K. Habitat Mitigation Plan Developed for ODFWAppendix L. ConsultationAppendix M. Geophysical and Geotechnical Survey ReportsAppendix N. NMFS MMPA Letter of Concurrence Dated May 30, 2019Appendix O. Archaeological Assessment of Submerged Cultural Resources in the PacWave South Project Area","author":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.634885000000","-124.113765000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Cetaceans","Environmental Impact Assessment","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:58:37","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Final-License-Application-for-the-Pac-Wave-South-Project.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave_Site_Characterization_Acoustics.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave_Site_Characterization_Benthic.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave_Site_Characterization_Crabs.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave_Site_Characterization_Marine_Mammals.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave_Site_Characterization_Seabirds.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Protection_Mitigation_and_Enhancement_Measures.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-A.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-B.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-C.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-C1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-C2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-D.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-E.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-F.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-G.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-H.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-I.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-J.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-K.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-L.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-M.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-N.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave-Appendix-O.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121448","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/design-operational-management-strategies-achieving-fishery-ecosystem-objectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/57\/3\/731\/635993","title":"Design of operational management strategies for achieving fishery ecosystem objectives","description":"Ecosystem objectives in fisheries management usually flow from high-level national policies or strategies and international agreements. Consequently they are often broadly stated and hence are difficult to incorporate directly in management plans. Predicting the results of any management action is very uncertain because the dynamics of ecosystems are complex and poorly understood. Methods to design and evaluate operational management strategies have advanced considerably in the past decade. These management-strategy-evaluation (MSE) methods rely on simulation testing of the whole management process using performance measures derived from operational objectives. The MSE approach involves selecting (operational) management objectives, specifying performance measures, specifying alternative management strategies, and evaluating these using simulation. The MSE framework emphasizes the identification and modelling of uncertainties, and propagates these through to their effects on the performance measures. The framework is outlined and illustrated by three ecosystem-related applications: management of benthic habitats and broad fish community composition; by-catch of species of high conservation value; and food-chain interactions and dependencies. Challenges to be overcome before broader ecosystem-related objectives can be fully handled are discussed briefly.","author":["Sainsbury, K.","Punt, A.","Smith, A."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2000-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sainsburyetal2000.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121642","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implementing-precautionary-principle","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.e-elgar.com\/shop\/gbp\/implementing-the-precautionary-principle-9781845427023.html","title":"Implementing the Precautionary Principle","description":"This challenging book takes a broad and thought-provoking look at the precautionary principle and its implementation, or potential implementation, in a number of fields. In particular, it explores the challenges faced by public decision-making processes when applying the precautionary principle, including its role in risk management and risk assessment. Frameworks for improved decision-making are considered, followed by a detailed analysis of prospective applications of the precautionary principle in a number of emerging fields including: nanotechnology, climate change, natural resource management and public health policy. The analysis is both coherent and interdisciplinary, employing perspectives from law, the social sciences and public policy with a view to improving both the legitimacy and effectiveness of public policy at national and international levels.","author":["Fisher, E.","Jones, J.","von Schomberg, R."],"organization":["University of Oxford","Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121643","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analyzing-precautionary-regulation-do-precaution-science-innovation-go-together","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/risa.12246","title":"Analyzing Precautionary Regulation: Do Precaution, Science, and Innovation Go Together?","description":"In this article we argue that the precautionary principle, as applied to the regulation of science and technology, cannot be considered in any general manner inconsistent with the norms and methods of scientific knowledge generation and justification. Moreover, it does not necessarily curtail scientific\u2010technological innovation. Our argument flows from a differentiated view of what precaution in regulation means. We first characterize several of the most relevant interpretations given to the precautionary principle in academic debate and regulatory practice. We then use examples of actual precaution\u2010based regulation to show that, even though science can have varying functions in different circumstances and frames, all of those interpretations recur to scientific method and knowledge, and tend to imply innovation in methods, products, and processes. In fact, the interplay of regulation and innovation in precautionary policy, at least in the case of the interpretations of precaution that our analysis takes into account, could be understood as a way of reconciling the two fundamental science and technology policy functions of promotion and control.","author":["Todt, O.","Lujan, J."],"organization":["Universitat de les Illes Balears (University of the Balearic Islands)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Todt_Lujan_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121644","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/precautionary-principle-uncertainty-paradox","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13669870500175063","title":"The Precautionary Principle and the Uncertainty Paradox","description":"In this article, it is argued that uncertainty and risk are intermingled and that this has severe consequences for risk regulation. First, uncertainty and risk are considered in the context of the precautionary principle from a theoretical point of view. On the basis of an interdisciplinary reflection, it is concluded that a paradox can be observed. Subsequently it will be investigated how this so\u2010called uncertainty paradox works out in practice. This will be done by analysis of the Pfizer case, situated at the EU level. In this case, that related to the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in the production of meat, the precautionary principle was used as policy and legal principle. The analysis will detail the regulatory complexities that result from the contradictions in precautionary thinking. In conclusion suggestions will be advanced for regulatory reform in the broader sense, including the role of experts, and an interdisciplinary research agenda will be proposed.","author":["van Asselt, M.","Vos, E."],"organization":["Maastricht University"],"originationDate":"2006-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121645","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-project-rite-proposed-monitoring-plans-rite-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/53b4fc62-dd91-4b62-8bae-942960aeeb07.filesusr.com\/ugd\/75818c_b108cccbf99b4c759ce5c5f50285d3e1.pdf","title":"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Project (RITE) Proposed Monitoring Plans RITE Monitoring of Environmental Effects","description":"Since the filing of the Draft Pilot License Application (DLA) in November 2008, Verdant Power has made significant technological advancements on the Gen5 machine and has subsequently reconfigured the development of the proposed Pilot Project to be consistent with technology goals as  well as project financing requirements. Verdant Power is now proposing a phased approach to developing the Pilot Project, as further described below. This phased development will facilitate both testing the effectiveness of the Gen5 machines and assessing potential environmental effects associated with a full build out.","author":["Verdant Power"],"organization":["Verdant Power","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.764031000000","-73.944512000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 07:01:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verdant2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121646","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/addendum-verdant-power-rite-draft-license-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/53b4fc62-dd91-4b62-8bae-942960aeeb07.filesusr.com\/ugd\/75818c_6ca576becd3d445db00aa6b39d4f3ab3.pdf","title":"Addendum to Verdant Power RITE Draft License Application","description":"Addendum to Verdant Power RITE Draft License Application","author":["Verdant Power"],"organization":["Verdant Power","Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.763121000000","-73.944855000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verdant_Power_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121647","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptive-management-renewable-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.iiasa.ac.at\/id\/eprint\/2752\/","title":"Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources","description":"The author challenges the traditional approach to dealing with uncertainty in the management of such renewable resources as fish and wildlife. He argues that scientific understanding will come from the experience of management as an ongoing, adaptive, and experimental process, rather than through basic research or the development of ecological theory.  The opening chapters review approaches to formulating management objectives as well as models for understanding how policy choices affect the attainment of these objectives. Subsequent chapters present various statistical methods for understanding the dynamics of uncertainty in managed fish and wildlife populations and for seeking optimum harvest policies in the face of uncertainty. The book concludes with a look at prospects for adaptive management of complex systems, emphasizing such human factors involved in decision making as risk aversion and conflicting objectives as well as biophysical factors. Throughout the text dynamic models and Bayesian statistical theory are used as tools for understanding the behavior of managed systems. These tools are illustrated with simple graphs and plots of data from representative cases.  This text\/reference will serve researchers, graduate students, and resource managers who formulate harvest policies and study the dynamics of harvest populations, as well as analysts (modelers, statisticians, and stock assessment experts) who are concerned with the practice of policy design.","author":["Walters, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1986-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121648","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-rich-information-poor-syndrome-water-quality-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2FBF01867251","title":"The \u0027data-rich but information-poor\u0027 syndrome in water quality monitoring","description":"Water quality monitoring conducted routinely over time at fixed sites has been a part of most water quality management efforts for many years. It has been assumed that such monitoring plays a major role in management. However, the lack of routine data analysis, and reporting of information derived from such analysis, points up the fact that the exact nature of the role of routine, fixed-station monitoring is poorly defined.  There is a need to very clearly define this role in the design of such systems if routine monitoring is to efficiently and effectively meet the information expectations placed on it. Design of routine monitoring systems will therefore have to consider not only the where, what, and when of sampling, but also why. A framework for including the \u201cwhy\u201d of monitoring in the design process is proposed and experience with using the framework in New Zealand is discussed.","author":["Ward, R.","Loftis, J.","McBride, G."],"organization":["Colorado State University"],"originationDate":"1986-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.853875000000","170.222697000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:03:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121649","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterisation-underwater-operational-sound-tidal-stream-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/10.0001124","title":"Characterisation of underwater operational sound of a tidal stream turbine","description":"The underwater sound emitted during the operation of the Atlantis AR1500 turbine, a 1.5\u2009MW three bladed horizontal axis tidal-stream turbine, was measured in the Pentland Firth, Scotland. Most sound was concentrated in the lower frequencies, ranging from 50 to 1000\u2009Hz. Within 20\u2009m of the turbine, third-octave band sound pressure levels were elevated by up to 40\u2009dB relative to ambient conditions. In comparison, ambient noise at these frequencies fluctuated by about 5\u201310\u2009dB between different tidal states. At the maximum recording distance of 2300\u2009m from the turbine, median sound pressure levels when the turbine was operational were still over 5\u2009dB higher than ambient noise levels alone. A higher frequency, tonal signal was observed at 20\u2009000\u2009Hz. This signal component appears at a constant level whenever the turbine is operational and did not change with turbine rotation rate. It is most likely produced by the turbine\u0027s generator. This study highlights the importance of empirical measurements of turbine underwater sound. It illustrates the utility and challenges of using drifting hydrophone systems to spatially map operational turbine signal levels with reduced flow noise artefacts when recording in high flow environments.","author":["Risch, D.","van Geel, N.","Gillespie, D.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.664348000000","-3.151736000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:36:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121650","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptive-management-natural-resources-framework-issues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479710003737","title":"Adaptive management of natural resources-framework and issues","description":"Adaptive management, an approach for simultaneously managing and learning about natural resources, has been around for several decades. Interest in adaptive decision making has grown steadily over that time, and by now many in natural resources conservation claim that adaptive management is the approach they use in meeting their resource management responsibilities. Yet there remains considerable ambiguity about what adaptive management actually is, and how it is to be implemented by practitioners. The objective of this paper is to present a framework and conditions for adaptive decision making, and discuss some important challenges in its application. Adaptive management is described as a two-phase process of deliberative and iterative phases, which are implemented sequentially over the timeframe of an application. Key elements, processes, and issues in adaptive decision making are highlighted in terms of this framework. Special emphasis is given to the question of geographic scale, the difficulties presented by non-stationarity, and organizational challenges in implementing adaptive management.","author":["Williams, B."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121651","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-active-adaptive-management-approaches-example","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479710003713","title":"Passive and active adaptive management: Approaches and an example","description":"Adaptive management is a framework for resource conservation that promotes iterative learning-based decision making. Yet there remains considerable confusion about what adaptive management entails, and how to actually make resource decisions adaptively. A key but somewhat ambiguous distinction in adaptive management is between active and passive forms of adaptive decision making. The objective of this paper is to illustrate some approaches to active and passive adaptive management with a simple example involving the drawdown of water impoundments on a wildlife refuge. The approaches are illustrated for the drawdown example, and contrasted in terms of objectives, costs, and potential learning rates. Some key challenges to the actual practice of AM are discussed, and tradeoffs between implementation costs and long-term benefits are highlighted.","author":["Williams, B."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121652","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptive-management-more-talk-real-action","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007%2Fs00267-013-0205-7","title":"Adaptive Management: From More Talk to Real Action","description":"The challenges currently facing resource managers are large-scale and complex, and demand new approaches to balance development and conservation goals. One approach that shows considerable promise for addressing these challenges is adaptive management, which by now is broadly seen as a natural, intuitive, and potentially effective way to address decision-making in the face of uncertainties. Yet the concept of adaptive management continues to evolve, and its record of success remains limited. In this article, we present an operational framework for adaptive decision-making, and describe the challenges and opportunities in applying it to real-world problems. We discuss the key elements required for adaptive decision-making, and their integration into an iterative process that highlights and distinguishes technical and social learning. We illustrate the elements and processes of the framework with some successful on-the-ground examples of natural resource management. Finally, we address some of the difficulties in applying learning-based management, and finish with a discussion of future directions and strategic challenges.","author":["Williams, B.","Brown, E."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121653","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptive-management-us-department-interior-technical-guide","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.er.usgs.gov\/publication\/70194537","title":"Adaptive management: The U.S. Department of the Interior technical guide","description":"The purpose of this technical guide is to present an operational definition of adaptive management, identify the conditions in which adaptive management should be considered, and describe the process of using adaptive management for managing natural resources. The guide is not an exhaustive discussion of adaptive management, nor does it include detailed specifications for individual projects. However, it should aid U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) managers and practitioners in determining when and how to apply adaptive management. Adaptive management is framed within the context of structured decision making, with an emphasis on uncertainty about resource responses to management actions and the value of reducing that uncertainty to improve management. Though learning plays a key role in adaptive management, it is seen here as a means to an end, namely good management, and not an end in itself. The operational definition used in the guide is adopted from the National Research Council, which characterizes adaptive management as an iterative learning process producing improved understanding and improved management over time: Adaptive management [is a decision process that] promotes flexible decision making that can be adjusted in the face of uncertainties as outcomes from management actions and other events become better understood. Careful monitoring of these outcomes both advances scientific understanding and helps adjust policies or operations as part of an iterative learning process. Adaptive management also recognizes the importance of natural variability in contributing to ecological resilience and productivity. It is not a \u2018trial and error\u2019 process, but rather emphasizes learning while doing. Adaptive management does not represent an end in itself, but rather a means to more effective decisions and enhanced benefits. Its true measure is in how well it helps meet environmental, social, and economic goals, increases scientific knowledge, and reduces tensions among stakeholders. Adaptive management as defined here involves ongoing, real-time learning and knowledge creation, both in a substantive sense and in terms of the adaptive process itself. It is described in what follows in a series of 9 steps, as summarized in section 4.1, involving stakeholder involvement, management objectives, management alternatives, predictive models, monitoring plans, decision making, monitoring responses to management, assessment, and adjustment to management actions. An adaptive approach actively engages stakeholders in all phases of a project over its timeframe, facilitating mutual learning and reinforcing the commitment to learning-based management. Adaptive management in DOI is implemented within a legal context that includes statutory authorities such as the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Endangered Species Act, and the Federal Advisory Committee Act. For many important problems now facing the resource management community, adaptive management holds great promise in reducing the uncertainties that limit the effective management of natural resource systems. For many conservation and management problems, utilizing management itself in an experimental context may be the only feasible way to gain the system understanding needed to improve management. Though it is commonly thought that an adaptive approach can produce results quickly at low cost, the opposite is more likely to be true. An initial investment of time and effort will increase the likelihood of better decision making and resource stewardship in the future, but patience, flexibility, and support are needed over the life of an adaptive management project. For these reasons it is important to carefully consider the potential use of an adaptive approach, and to engage in careful planning and evaluation when adaptive management is used.","author":["Williams, B.","Szaro, R.","Shapiro, C."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williams-et-al-2009-DOI-Technical-Guide.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121654","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implementation-birds-habitats-directives-estuaries-coastal-zones","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/nature\/natura2000\/management\/docs\/guidance_doc.pdf","title":"The implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives in estuaries and coastal zones","description":"This document provides sector specific guidance on the implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives in estuaries and coastal zones. The guidance has benefitted from discussions held in the context of a specific working group with representatives from Member States, stakeholder organisations and environmental NGOs.  Its development followed a request of the ports and maritime services sector. Ports, especially in Western Europe, are often situated in or near estuaries. These are dynamic and highly productive ecosystems and in many cases designated Natura 2000 sites. Estuaries provide the necessary shelter and suitable conditions for maritime access to ports.  Ports fulfil a strategic role in the development and realisation of global trade and they periodically need to expand. Previously not subject to many environmental requirements, the application and interpretation of environmental legislation, including the EU nature directives, has presented new challenges to the sector which, in recent years, has sometimes resulted in delays in port development projects.  Ports play an essential role in economic development and seek legal certainty as a prerequisite for new development projects. The European Port\u2019s policy, as formulated by the European Commission, has recommended reviewing legal constraints that may hinder development projects (\u2018fast track procedure\u2019). The present guidance document provides a number of recommendations and elements of good practice to enhance port development and management in or near Natura 2000 sites.  Some key recommendations are:  \u2022 The design of plans or projects should always be based on mutually beneficial strategies with a view to achieving dual goals of both Natura 2000 conservation objectives and socio-economic objectives, according to the \u2018working with nature\u2019 concept.  \u2022 Damage prevention or avoidance measures should always be preferred to compensation measures.  \u2022 Pre-assessments to evaluate the potential for impact of a plan or project on Natura 2000 sites should always be foreseen. This is necessary in order to decide whether a plan or project is likely to have significant effects on a Natura 2000 site and whether an \u2018appropriate assessment\u2019 in the sense of Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive is required.  \u2022 Thorough and timely stakeholder consultation is always recommended in order to prevent the raising of objections during the project permitting process.  \u2022 Maintenance of ports and navigational access should be dealt with in the context of integrated management plans for the entire waterway or the affected Natura 2000 site. Capital dredging operations should be designed as a part of sustainable dredging and sediment management schemes.  \u2022 In case of any remaining minor scientific uncertainty with regard to the effects of a plan or project or the related mitigation or compensatory measures, the measures should include a pre-defined and validated scheme to monitor the actual impacts and a framework to adapt the mitigation and compensation measures to the actual impacts.","author":["European Commission"],"organization":["European Commission","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EU2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121655","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/management-plan-achieving-its-objectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/portals.iucn.org\/library\/node\/8079","title":"Is the management plan achieving its objectives?","description":"This book documents, for the first time in a single text, the multi-disciplinary task of managing protected areas. An applied text, it presents numerous case studies and snapshots that demonstrate the stunning variety of Australian protected areas. It focuses on the conservation future of Australia\u0027s outstanding natural and cultural heritage, which is displayed in reserves such as Kosciuszko, Kakadu, Shark Bay, South West Tasmania, and the Great Barrier Reef.   The book has three parts: Part A explains the environmental, social, political, and historical context of management. Part B examines in depth the main principles and practices of such management. These chapters cover a variety of areas: using, obtaining, and managing information; planning, administration; economics; natural heritage; cultural heritage; threatening processes; incidents; tourism and visitor management; working with the community; indigenous people and protected areas; conservation at a landscape scale; and managing for the future. Part C is a summary of information on the protected areas in each Australian state and territory.   This innovative book will help students and practitioners improve the management of protected areas in Australia and elsewhere, Of value to anyone with an active interest in the conservation and improved management of protected areas, the book will interest and assist park neighbors, park visitors, rural communities, politicians, conservationists, and indigenous peoples. It will also be of benefit to protected area managers around the world, given that generic issues faced by Australian managers are common to most other areas. Recognizing this, the book has been endorsed as a joint IUCN (The World Conservation Union) initiative.","author":["Worboys, G.","Lockwood, M.","De Lacy, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2001-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/121849","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-target-classification","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.oceanbestpractices.org\/handle\/11329\/622","title":"Acoustic target classification","description":"Species identification is \u201cthe grand challenge\u201d (MacLennan and Holliday, 1996) for acoustic methods used to estimate fish abundance (Simmonds and MacLennan, 2005). Acoustic survey methods are continuously improved to increase the accuracy of acoustic classification and thereby reduce the uncertainty of abundance estimates.  Most commonly, single-frequency acoustic data are classified using echogram features and biological samples. First, the echogram data are scrutinized (analysed, corrected, and classified) e.g. by checking for errors, removing noise, thresholding, and setting analysis depth layers. Then, target features are delineated by lines, rectangles, or polygons and ascribed to species using expert knowledge resulting from relevant biological and oceanographic samples. In most surveys, the aim is to identify echoes from one or two species, with other echoes considered less important. Acoustic target classification can be improved by using multifrequency data and exploiting its inherent information.  The target audiences for this report are:    users who conduct surveys and derive abundance estimates;  those who understand what can and cannot be done using existing and modified processing tools, but may not be familiar with the theory underlying acoustic target classification methods;  developers who use and modify existing tools and develop advanced tools;  those with advanced theoretical knowledge.","author":["Korneliussen, R."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:05:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-Report-344.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/123974","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-sector-2019-economic-benefits-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/MEW-State-of-the-Sector-Report-2019.pdf","title":"State of the Sector 2019: Economic Benefits for Wales","description":"The global resource potential for marine renewable energy is vast, and as yet, largely untapped. Theoretical estimates indicate that harnessing the incredible power of the sea could provide a clean, low carbon, sustainable electricity source to meet the demands of the entire planet.  With some of the best marine resources in the world, Wales is playing a vital role in this emerging global sector. And the benefits for Wales go far beyond the provision of clean energy. With the right support in place, Wales has the opportunity to be a global leader in an export market worth an estimated \u00a376 billion by 2050.  In January 2019, Marine Energy Wales carried out a survey of the marine energy industry in Wales. The aim of this survey was to understand the contribution of the marine energy industry to the Welsh economy and to update previous reports carried out in 2015 and 2017. This report summarises the findings of the survey and provides information on wave, tidal stream and tidal range energy projects currently under development in Wales","author":["Marine Energy Wales"],"organization":["Marine Energy Wales"],"originationDate":"2019-05-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 10:42:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW-State-of-the-Sector-Report-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/126677","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/precautionary-rights-duties-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/title\/12925","title":"Precautionary Rights and Duties of States","description":"Concluding that the precautionary principle embodies customary international law is one thing. Determining what this means is quite another. That challenge is met by this work, which resolves a number of crucial questions concerning the scope of this principle of international environmental law; the conditions triggering a right or duty to take precautionary action; the measures to be taken; the allocation of the burden of proof; and the role of socio-economic factors. These questions are dealt with one at a time through the charting and analysis of patterns and common denominators in the extensive (inter)national practice of states regarding the precautionary principle. The hard legal core of the principle is thus gradually exposed. In the process, a realistic and accessible account is given of how and to what extent this general principle can and does direct the actions of states in concrete instances. Ultimately, this work sets out what it takes to act in conformity with the precautionary principle under general international law, and will be of interest to anyone involved with international law and environmental protection.See Less","author":["Trouwborst, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/128801","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/executive-summary-iwc-scientific-committee-workshop-interactions-between-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iwc.int\/marine-renewable-energy-developments","title":"Executive Summary of the IWC Scientific Committee Workshop on Interactions Between Marine Renewable Projects and Cetaceans Worldwide","description":"This workshop met at the El Panama Hotel, Panama City, Panama June 8-10, 2012.  The Scientific Committee of the IWC has over the last few decades developed research programmes and workshops on environmental subjects. Recently it started to consider marine renewable energy developments noting that they are increasing rapidly worldwide and that baseline data on the impact of interactions with cetaceans are lacking. This workshop aimed to identify research needs and formulate recommendations for research, monitoring, conservation and management.  A variety of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) are being deployed around the world, with the highest concentrations in the northern hemisphere, especially in northern Europe. The three main forms of MREDs are wind farms, tidal-stream driven devices and wave energy converters. Each of these, as well as the supporting infrastructure, have potential for interaction with cetaceans during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The possible interactions include the impact of noise, collisions and entanglements in tethering lines.  The workshop considered in particular the current state of development of marine renewable energy in waters off Germany, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the United States. For the identification of the effects of construction and operation of wind farms, tidal devices and wave energy, the workshop drew on\/ used a background document based on the work of the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology.  The main recommendations from the workshop are:  1. Strategy to minimise risk Risks from both lethal and sub-lethal effects can be minimised via a series of actions: the collection, collation and analysis of appropriate baseline cetacean data and appropriate industrial data will allow the identification and quantification of threats and their potential implications for conservation objectives. All stakeholders need to be involved from the outset such that impacts from all factors are considered, ensuring that appropriate mitigation measures and associated monitoring programmes are developed. Suitable scientific evaluation and compliance mechanisms are needed to ensure that mitigation and monitoring are adequate.  2. Broad management Governments, managers and other stakeholders need to co-operate in strategic planning for MREDs taking into account the trans-boundary nature of cetaceans. Uncertainties over the level of impacts require a staged approach to developments taking into account lessons learned from other developments and other human activities that affect cetaceans, in order to be adequately precautionary.  3. \u201cFundamental\u201d research International collaboration will be required to determine population structure, status, distribution and procedures for assessing impacts. The Committee can assist with design and evaluation of population and impact assessments. While there are established methods for assessing lethal takes, data on the effects of (sub-lethal) stressors on cetaceans are also needed.  4. Evaluation of threats All lethal and non-lethal impacts of human activities should be considered in an integrated manner, e.g. using modelling approaches that take into account the cumulative impacts from all threats when evaluating whether conservation objectives are likely to be met. The Committee has considerable expertise in developing management frameworks and testing their performance against specified objectives.  5. Monitoring Monitoring should be designed carefully, to assess impacts against pre-determined conservation objectives and to measure the efficacy of any mitigation measures that are implemented.  6. Data sharing and the future role of the IWC Scientific Committee in the consideration of MREDs Improved information and data-sharing were identified as key, and the workshop encouraged the Committee to continue to act as a forum to review the development of MREDs and their implications SC\/64\/Rep6 Rev1 Revised 13\/8\/12 2 for cetaceans, including promoting the sharing of data. Countries were encouraged to help in this by providing appropriate information.","author":["International Whaling Commission"],"organization":["International Whaling Commission (IWC)","International Whaling Commission (IWC)"],"originationDate":"2012-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IWC2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/129768","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-environmental-assessment-sea-offshore-wind-marine-renewable-energy-northern","sourceURL":"","title":"Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Offshore Wind and Marine Renewable Energy in Northern Ireland","description":"This Environmental Report presents the results of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Offshore Wind and Marine Renewable Energy (wave and tidal) in Northern Ireland.  The Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI) has appointed AECOM and Metoc to undertake an SEA of the potential effects that the development of offshore wind and marine renewable energy (wave and tidal devices) would have on the coastline of Northern Ireland and territorial (12nm limit) marine environment. The results of the SEA, presented in this report, have been used by DETI to inform the development of its offshore wind and marine renewable energy Strategic Action Plan (SAP), which has been developed in parallel to this SEA.  The overall objective of the draft Plan is to optimise the contribution of offshore wind and marine renewable to Northern Ireland\u2019s proposed 40% renewable electricity target by 2020, enhance diversity and security of supply and reduce carbon emissions.","author":["Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment"],"organization":["AECOM"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.707694500000","-5.707170700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DETI_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/129769","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/partnership-wave-power-roadmaps","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ens.dk\/sites\/ens.dk\/files\/Forskning_og_udvikling\/wave_energy_technology_roadmap_2015.pdf","title":"Partnership for Wave Power - Roadmaps","description":"Technology roadmaps are tools that provide a framework for stimulating innovation in specific technology areas to achieve a long term vision, target or goal.  The aim of these roadmaps is to help the emerging wave energy sector in Denmark to develop cost-effective solutions to convert Wave Energy.  This Wave Energy Technology Roadmap is developed by the Partnership for Wave Power including nine Danish wave energy developers. It builds on to the strategy published by the Partnership in 2012, a document that describes the long term vision of the Danish Wave Energy sector: \u201cBy 2030 at the latest, wave energy technologies must provide a costeffective and sustainable electricity supply from offshore energy farms in Denmark\u201d.  For this to happen the funding agencies must consider support mechanisms that can attract private investments i.e. by creating artificial markets for small wave energy farms. The research, knowledge and experience emerging from such wave energy farms could become a shared public-private property administrated by the Partnership for Wave Power.  This Roadmap describes the challenges in engineering and cost and provides suggestions how to address these to enable the Danish wave power industry to progress.","author":["Nielsen, K.","Brodersen, H.","Steenstrup, P.","Pilgaard, H.","Marquis, L.","Friis-Madsen, E.","Kofoed, J."],"organization":["Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.014569400000","9.979658700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nielsen_et_al._2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/135756","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2018","sourceURL":"https:\/\/report2018.ocean-energy-systems.org\/","title":"OES Annual Report 2018","description":"Ocean Energy Systems (OES) is the short name for the Technology Collaboration Programme on Ocean Energy Systemsunder the International Energy Agency (IEA).  This Annual Report presents an overview of progress made by the OES, including summaries of new, ongoing and recent projects, as well as updated country reviews prepared by the Delegates.  Interest and outreach for new membership within OES continued in 2018. Australia re-joined the OES in August and the Commonwealth Scientific, and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) signed the Implementing Agreement on behalf of the Australian Government.  The OES is always looking for new members across the globe, and key representatives from potential new member countries are encouraged to attend meetings as Observers.  The OES has 25 members, which provide a broad international base of information, sharing experience and knowledge and further a diversified representation of interests: members are from governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. This is one of the benefits of joining OES: participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.  The OES international co-operation facilitates:  \u2022 Securing access to advanced R\u0026amp;D teams in the participating countries;  \u2022 Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing protocols for the testing of prototypes;  \u2022 Reducing national costs by collaborating internationally;  \u2022 Creating valuable international contacts between government, industry and science;  \u2022 Sharing information and networking.  This Executive Summary provides a brief summary of the OES Annual Report for the year 2018. It synthesizes the main achievements in the OES collaborative activities and presents relevant policies, R\u0026amp;D activities and deployments in the water by each OES member country. It also includes, as in previous years, an interview on a specific topic, this year about performance metrics on ocean energy: Two experts from Wave Energy Scotland (WES) and from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are invited to give their views on this topic based on the programmes being run by WES and by the Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) within DOE where a formalized technology evaluation or stage-gate process is applied to measure the success of the technology and its development.  OES has a close link with the International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE), held every two years, and leads a competitive process to select host country teams. In 2018, the 7th edition of ICOE was held in France gathering 200 exhibitors and more than 3500 visitors from 36 countries. In this report, OES also interviews the past and current Chair (2020) of the ICOE to hear about the benefits of this event for the international ocean energy industry","author":["Brito-Melo, A."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes2018_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/135757","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/inspire-support-requirement-marine-strategy-framework-directive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17303123?via%3Dihub","title":"INSPIRE: Support for and requirement of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive","description":"This paper documents how to apply INSPIRE Directive 2007\/2\/EC principles for efficient implementation of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008\/56\/EC (MSFD). It provides an overview of the different INSPIRE components, explains the relationship between the MSFD requirements and improves the understanding of distributed data management. The MSFD reporting cycle is analyzed in detail, identifying spatial data requirements and mapping them into the INSPIRE implementation roadmap. The study comprises a thorough analysis on MSFD requirements of data \u0026amp; information sharing from the initial assessment and monitoring programmes, applying INSPIRE data management.","author":["Abramic, A.","Gonzalez, D.","Bigagli, E.","Che-Bohnenstengel, A.","Smits, P."],"organization":["Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","European Commission","Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/135758","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/operationalizing-risk-based-cumulative-effect-assessments-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720316314?via%3Dihub","title":"Operationalizing risk-based cumulative effect assessments in the marine environment","description":"Ecosystem-based management requires an assessment of the cumulative effects of human pressures and environmental change. The operationalization and integration of cumulative effects assessments (CEA) into decision-making processes often lacks a comprehensive and transparent framework. A risk-based CEA framework that divides a CEA in risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation, could structure such complex analyses and facilitate the establishment of direct science-policy links. Here, we examine carefully the operationalization of such a risk-based CEA framework with the help of eleven contrasting case studies located in Europe, French Polynesia, and Canada. We show that the CEA framework used at local, sub-regional, and regional scales allowed for a consistent, coherent, and transparent comparison of complex assessments. From our analysis, we pinpoint four emerging issues that, if accurately addressed, can improve the take up of CEA outcomes by management: 1) framing of the CEA context and defining risk criteria; 2) describing the roles of scientists and decision-makers; 3) reducing and structuring complexity; and 4) communicating uncertainty. Moreover, with a set of customized tools we describe and analyze for each case study the nature and location of uncertainty as well as trade-offs regarding available knowledge and data used for the CEA. Ultimately, these tools aid decision-makers to recognize potential caveats and repercussions of management decisions. One key recommendation is to differentiate CEA processes and their context in relation to governance advice, marine spatial planning or regulatory advice. We conclude that future research needs to evaluate how effective management measures are in reducing the risk of cumulative effects. Changing governance structures takes time and is often difficult, but we postulate that well-framed and structured CEA can function as a strategic tool to integrate ecosystem considerations across multiple sectorial policies.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Coll, M.","Cormier, R.","Mazaris, A.","Pascual, M.","Loiseau, C.","Claudet, J.","Katsanevakis, S.","Gissi, E.","Evagelopoulos, A.","Rumes, B.","Degraer, S.","Ojaveer, H.","Moller, T.","Gimenez, J.","Piroddi, C.","Markantonatou, V.","Dimitriadis, C."],"organization":["Thunen Instititute","GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","Aristotle University of Thessaloniki","Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3)","University of the Aegean","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","University of Tartu","Technical University of Denmark (DTU)","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stelzenmulleretal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/137689","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implementing-marine-ecosystem-based-management-lessons-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/74\/7\/1990\/3958176","title":"Implementing marine ecosystem-based management: lessons from Australia","description":"Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is now widely accepted as the best means of managing the complex interactions in marine systems. However, progress towards implementing and operationalizing it has been slow. We take a pragmatic approach to EBM. Our simple definition is balancing human activities and environmental stewardship in a multiple-use context. In this paper, we present case studies on the development and implementation of EBM in Australia. The case studies (Australia\u2019s Ocean Policy, the Great Barrier Reef, New South Wales (NSW) marine estate, Gladstone Harbour, and South Australia and Spencer Gulf) span different spatial scales, from national to regional to local. They also cover different levels of governance or legislated mandate. We identify the key learnings, necessary components and future needs to support better implementation. These include requirements for clearly identified needs and objectives, stakeholder ownership, well defined governance frameworks, and scientific tools to deal with conflicts and trade-offs. Without all these components, multi-sector management will be difficult and there will be a tendency to maintain a focus on single sectors. While the need to manage individual sectors remains important and is often challenging, this alone will not necessarily ensure sustainable management of marine systems confronted by increasing cumulative impacts.","author":["Smith, D.","Fulton, E.","Apfel, P.","Cresswell, I.","Gillanders, B.","Haward, M.","Sainsbury, K.","Smith, A.","Vince, J.","Ward, T."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","University of Adelaide","South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/138076","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-report-2-tidal-technologies-overview","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sd-commission.org.uk\/data\/files\/publications\/TidalPowerUK2-Tidal_technologies_overview.pdf","title":"Research Report 2-Tidal technologies overview","description":"Entec UK Ltd. were commissioned as independent consultants by the Sustainable Development Commission (SDC) to produce this report, which explores the varied issues surrounding the generation of tidal power in the UK from the perspective of sustainable development. This report has been produced for the purpose of providing the SDC with a high-level overview of the main technological, environmental, economic and social issues relating to the UK\u2019s tidal energy potential. The SDC will use the information in this report (and reports from other consultants working on their tidal power project) as an evidence base for the preparation of a report (provisionally entitled \u2018Tidal Power in the UK\u2019) which will provide the basis for the SDC position on tidal power, and will inform its advocacy and advice to the UK Government, the Devolved Administrations and the South West Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) on this issue. The report is an overview of tidal energy in the UK, introducing key concepts and issues to the reader, and referring them to referenced information sources for more detailed analysis.  The technological, environmental, economic and social issues surrounding the generation of tidal power are multiple and interlinked. An attempt has been made in this report to unravel the complexities of the subject by presenting information in four clear sections which set out the key points and ideas in a coherent fashion. Following a general introduction to the concept of tidal power, which explores the different technologies available and their methods of action, wider issues surrounding the technologies, the environmental effects and the social and economic issues are set out in separate sections. The key points from each of these sections are summarised below. Sections use available information to differentiate between different tidal energy technologies, and to present the benefits and disbenefits of each technology type. The issues raised in each section are intended to relate to a generic technology type rather than to a specific device or proposed scheme. However, in some cases it has not been possible to avoid reliance on information from certain technologies or specific schemes as a result of a lack of general information.","author":["Entec"],"organization":["Entec"],"originationDate":"2007-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/entec2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/140201","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identification-marine-chemical-contaminants-released-sea-based-sources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/jrc\/en\/publication\/identification-marine-chemical-contaminants-released-sea-based-sources-review-focusing-regulatory","title":"Identification of marine chemical contaminants released from sea-based sources","description":"The monitoring of chemical contaminants, as required by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Descriptor 8, should allow for the seamless protection of the marine environment against chemical pollution. A list of priority substances (PS) at EU level is provided under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) for coastal and territorial waters. EU Member States may also identify in their coastal waters substances of national or local concern (River Basin Specific Pollutants, RBSP). The MSFD provisions foresee the consideration of contaminants that are not covered by the WFD, but entail a significant risk to, or via, the marine environment. A close collaboration with Regional Sea Conventions is crucial, as contaminants cross national and EU borders.  Chemical substances occurring in the marine environment might derive from specific seabased sources, such as shipping, mariculture, offshore oil and gas production, marine renewable energy devices, seabed mining, dredging of sediments, dumping of dredged material and historical dumping. This report consists of a scientific review of the literature to compile a list of marine specific contaminants potentially entering the marine environment from these sea-based sources. It also provides an overview of the environmental policy instruments and frameworks in place to oversee and regulate these substances within the EU.  The resulting list should support Member States in setting-up of monitoring approaches, including hotspots screening, and therefore, help guide the selection of relevant substances for MSFD Descriptor 8 implementation and also contribute to the work done in RSCs","author":["Tornero, V.","Hanke, G."],"organization":["European Commission","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Torneroetal2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/140202","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supporting-marine-information-system-maritime-spatial-planning-european-atlas-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569118301911?via%3Dihub","title":"A supporting marine information system for maritime spatial planning: The European Atlas of the Seas","description":"The European Atlas of the Seas is a web-based coastal and marine information system, originally aimed at the general public, but capable also of supporting non-specialist professionals in addressing environmental matters, human activities and management policies related to the sea. It is based on a combination of data (and metadata), which present a snapshot of both natural and socio-economic elements of coastal and marine regions in the European Union and its Outermost Regions. The first idea of a European Atlas of the Seas was set forward in 2007 with the launch of the Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union. Early work on the Atlas was conducted by the Directorate General for Maritime Affairs of the European Commission, while further development of system architecture, data collection, map services and descriptive text was assigned in 2013 to the Joint Research Centre, with the aim to offer new services and features, as well as the interaction with other available information tools. The present European Atlas of the Seas consists of background data layers designed to be displayed as map backdrop, as well as a number of thematic data layers, classified under 8 main categories: geography, nature, tourism, security and safety, people and employment, transport and energy, governance and European policies, fisheries and aquaculture. These can be used to compose customized maps, as user-defined ad hoc indicators, and to probe them with tools such as product-to-product correlations, or time series visualisation. Non-specialist professional users can use such analysis and interpretation capabilities to couple data into ecological and socio-economic indicators for a wide range of applications. The thematic map collection provided a common baseline that can be used by Member States of the European Union in getting started with the Maritime Spatial Planning Directive requirements. As this is seen as a pre-requisite for Blue Growth, the European Atlas of the Seas will help the sustainable use of marine ecosystem services and resources.","author":["Barale, V."],"organization":["European Commission"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barale2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/140204","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technical-guidance-monitoring-marine-strategy-framework-directive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/jrc\/en\/publication\/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports\/technical-guidance-monitoring-marine-stategy-framework-directive","title":"Technical guidance on monitoring for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive","description":"According to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), EU Member States must establish, by July 2014, monitoring programmes for the ongoing assessment of the environmental status of their marine waters on the basis of the indicative lists of elements set out in Annex III and the list set out in Annex V, and by reference to the environmental targets established pursuant to Article 10. This means that monitoring should provide data which support suitable indicators in order to assess if Good Environmental Status (GES) has been achieved or is maintained, to measure progress towards environmental targets and evaluate the effectiveness of measures to achieve or maintain GES. These programmes have to take into account an indicative list of characteristics, pressure and impacts but also be able to detect and assess emerging issues. They need to integrate existing monitoring programmes and result in assessments that are comparable within and between marine regions and\/or sub-regions. There are agreed key principles that monitoring programmes should follow. This includes that monitoring programmes should be adequate, coordinated, coherent and adaptive, they should produce interoperable data, link with assessments, take account of risk considerations, apply the precautionary principle and acknowledge differences in scientific understanding.","author":["Zampoukas, N.","Palialexis, A.","Duffek, A.","Graveland, J.","Giorgi, G.","Hagebro, C.","Hanke, G.","Korpinen, S.","Tasker, M.","Tornero, V.","Abaza, V.","Battaglia, P.","Caparis, M.","Dekeling, R.","Vega, M.","Haarich, M.","Katsanevakis, S.","Klein, H.","Kryzminski, W.","Laamanen, M.","Le Gac, J.","Leppanen, J.","Lips, U.","Maes, T.","Magaletti, E.","Malcolm, S.","Marqu\u00e9s, J.","Mihail, O.","Moxon, R.","O\u0027Brien, C.","Panagiotidis, P.","Penna, M.","Piroddi, C.","Probst, W.","Raicevich, S.","Trabucco, B.","Tunesi, L.","van der Graaf, S.","Weiss, A.","Wernersson, A.","Zevenboom, W."],"organization":["European Commission","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zampoukisetal2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/140399","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-sediment-transport-alteration-impacts-protected-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1059377-environmental-effects-sediment-transport-alteration-impacts-protected-species-edgartown-tidal-energy-project","title":"Environmental Effects of Sediment Transport Alteration and Impacts on Protected Species: Edgartown Tidal Energy Project","description":"The Islands of Martha\u0027s Vineyard and Nantucket are separated from the Massachusetts mainland by Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds; water between the two islands flows through Muskeget Channel. The towns of Edgartown (on Martha\u0027s Vineyard) and Nantucket recognize that they are vulnerable to power supply interruptions due to their position at the end of the power grid, and due to sea level rise and other consequences of climate change. The tidal energy flowing through Muskeget Channel has been identified by the Electric Power Research Institute as the strongest tidal resource in Massachusetts waters. The Town of Edgartown proposes to develop an initial 5 MW (nameplate) tidal energy project in Muskeget Channel. The project will consist of 14 tidal turbines with 13 providing electricity to Edgartown and one operated by the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth for research and development. Each turbine will be 90 feet long and 50 feet high. The electricity will be brought to shore by a submarine cable buried 8 feet below the seabed surface which will landfall in Edgartown either on Chappaquiddack or at Katama. Muskeget Channel is located between Martha\u0027s Vineyard and Nantucket. Its depth ranges between 40 and 160 feet in the deepest portion. It has strong currents where water is transferred between Nantucket Sound and the Atlantic Ocean continental shelf to the south. This makes it a treacherous passage for navigation. Current users of the channel are commercial and recreational fishing, and cruising boats. The US Coast Guard has indicated that the largest vessel passing through the channel is a commercial scallop dragger with a draft of about 10 feet. The tidal resource in the channel has been measured by the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth and the peak velocity flow is approximately 5 knots. The technology proposed is the helical Gorlov-type turbine positioned with a horizontal axis that is positively buoyant in the water column and held down by anchors. This is the same technology proposed by Ocean Renewable Power Company in the Western Passage and Cobscook Bay near Eastport Maine. The blades rotate in two directions capturing the tides energy both during flood and ebb tides. The turbines will be anchored to the bottom and suspended in the water column. Initial depth of the turbines is expected to be about 25 feet below the surface to avoid impacting navigation while also capturing the strongest currents. The Town of Edgartown was initially granted a Preliminary Permit by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on March 1, 2008, and has recently received a second permit valid through August 2014. The Preliminary Permit gives Edgartown the exclusive right to apply for a power generation license for power generated from the hydrokinetic energy in the water flowing in this area. Edgartown filed a Draft Pilot License Application with FERC on February 1, 2010 and an Expanded Environmental Notification Form with the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) Office at the same time. It expects to file a Final License Application in late 2013. Harris Miller Miller \u0026amp; Hanson (HMMH) of Burlington Massachusetts is acting as the Project Manager for the Town of Edgartown and collaborating with other partners of the project including the University of Massachusetts - Dartmouth\u0027s Marine Renewable Energy Center and the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center. HMMH was awarded a grant under the Department of Energy\u0027s Advanced Water Program to conduct marine science and hydrokinetic site-specific environmental studies for projects actively seeking a FERC License. HMMH, on behalf of the Town, is managing this comprehensive study of the marine environment in Muskeget Channel and potential impacts of the tidal project on indicator species and habitats. The University of Massachusetts School of Marine Science and Technology (SMAST) conducted oceanographic studies of tidal currents, tide level, benthic habitat, and potential for biofouling and foundation scouring. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, cooperating with SMAST, developed an oceanographic model to predict changes in sediment transport as a result of the proposed tidal energy project. Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies prepared background material on protected species - including whales, seals, and sea turtles - in the project area and implemented an initial tagging program to record location specific information on seals and sea turtles. HMMH communicated research plans and findings with local stakeholder groups, state and federal resource agency staff, and the ocean power industry. The information is being used to prepare environmental permit applications and obtain approvals for project construction.","author":["Barrett, S.","Hughes, P.","Samimy, R."],"organization":["Harris Miller Miller \u0026 Hanson Inc (HMMH)","University of Massachusetts","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2012-12-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.350113800000","-70.434401100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sediment Transport","Sea Turtles","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:19:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barrettetal2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/145423","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interdisciplinary-study-effect-marine-renewable-energy-testing-facility-underwater","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ore.exeter.ac.uk\/repository\/handle\/10871\/21032","title":"Interdisciplinary study into the effect of a marine renewable energy testing facility on the underwater sound in Falmouth Bay","description":"Wave energy has the potential to contribute considerably to the UK\u2019s energy mix. The marine environment is already subjected to many anthropogenic pressures. There is a need to develop the industry as sustainably as possible. A key concern is the potential for underwater noise to affect marine life.  A wave energy converter (WEC; BOLT Lifesaver, Fred Olsen Ltd.) was deployed at the Falmouth Bay marine renewable energy test site (FaBTest). The underwater sound levels were recorded at this site for a two week baseline period, a five-day installation period and intermittent operational and non-operational activity from March 2012 - November 2013. The recordings were also analysed for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) indicator third octave bands of 63-Hz and 125-Hz for shipping noise.  The median and modal sound levels in Falmouth Bay were found to be loudest in the frequency range 100 Hz - 1 kHz and affected by local shipping activity.  During installation activity, the sound levels were louder at all frequencies recorded as compared to similar periods with no installation activity, with a mean difference of 6.9 dB Hz-1 in the range 10 Hz to 48 kHz. Long term marine renewable energy construction projects may affect the MSFD indicator bands.  There was little overall difference in the average sound levels for the operational and non-operational periods as the median PSD levels were louder by an average of 0.04 dB Hz-1 during the operational activity as compared to the non-operational activity.  The results of this study indicate that the effect of a single WEC device on the overall sound levels in Falmouth Bay is relatively low considering the substantial presence of shipping in the area. However, in the immediate vicinity of the device (\u0026lt;200 m), the sound produced was found to be of significance to marine animals. It therefore requires considering in future deployments, particularly at a site with little anthropogenic activity","author":["Garrett, J."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2015-09-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.134149900000","-5.093409600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151793","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technological-field-technological-innovation-uk-marine-energy-technology-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1842\/30989","title":"Technological field: technological innovation in the UK marine energy technology sector","description":"The aim of this thesis is to develop an innovative theoretical understanding of technological innovation as a social phenomenon and to demonstrate the results of its application to the sector of UK\u0027s marine energy technology. Via a creative analysis and critique of various theoretical approaches to technology, I identify several key elements of a theory capable of understanding technological change, which I then develop based on the critical juxtaposition of the approaches of Pierre Bourdieu and Cornelius Castoriadis. Technological innovation is understood as the ultimate outcome of the relations of cooperation and competition formed by radically creative agents, capable of ex-nihilo creation, who participate in private and public institutions of a quasi-regulated technological field. After arguing in favour of applying a primarily subjectivist epistemology with objectivist elements, I present a research methodology based on semi-structured interviews. The results of the data analysis highlight several key features of technological change as it takes place within the technological field of UK\u0027s marine energy technology. Firstly, I present the ways the technological field influences the agents therein and helps them develop their craft. Secondly, I explore how the agents of the field use their craft as they create ex-nihilo. Thirdly I show the interactions between the technological field and other social institutions\/spaces such as the economic sector and the general public. Subsequently, I analyse the internal organization of the technological field and its impact upon the trajectories that technological innovation follows therein. Finally, I make the first tentative steps towards developing policy advice for the sector. I conclude that, as long as policy makers manage to develop a precise understanding of the technological field of marine energy technology, then they actually can design policy capable of positioning the technological innovations therein within a preferred path.","author":["Kampouris, M."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2016-06-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.855694000000","-1.868769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151794","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-agents-change-sustainable-development-wave-energy-highlands-islands-region","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.uhi.ac.uk\/en\/studentTheses\/the-role-of-agents-for-change-in-the-sustainable-development-of-w","title":"The role of agents for change in the sustainable development of wave energy in the Highlands and Islands region of Scotland","description":"With the Scottish Government\u2019s commitment to sourcing 100% of the national electricity demand from renewable sources by 2020, the potential of the marine environment around the Highlands and Islands Region of Scotland to add to Scotland\u2019s renewables portfolio has led to the expansion of the wave and tidal industries in recent years. Nevertheless, to date, there has been limited research conducted on the social systems around marine renewable energy development, excluding offshore wind. In answer to this deficit, this study explores the well-established concept of agents for change (AFCs), within the context of the rapidly emerging wave energy sector.   Two case studies, Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, and Orkney, were chosen based on their localities and the interest that they have garnered from wave energy developers due to their high energy marine environments. A grounded approach was taken to data collection and a social power analysis was conducted in order to find AFCs working within or closely with the wave energy industry that were not part of structured or hierarchical organisations. Emergent themes revealed the barriers that the AFCs faced, and the reasons behind their drive to establish wave energy in the case study sites.   The most noteworthy barrier to wave energy development at the case study sites and to the work that the agents for change were doing was in the form of a complex dynamic between financial investments in the sector, national grid, national energy policy, and the technology itself. Financial investment in the wave energy sector was found to be limited by the national grid infrastructure and the slow rate of technology advancement. In turn, technology developments and public investments in national grid infrastructure were restricted by the lack of private investment. These complexities were found to be exacerbated by the changeable nature of UK energy policy and the political climate around the Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014.   The AFCs were found to act as catalysts for the wave energy industry through their skills, perseverance and visionary approach to facilitating wave energy development despite significant barriers. The motivations of the AFCs are explored by examining their core beliefs and values. These were found to relate to their psychological dispositions of self-efficacy, self-determination, and optimism as well as their relationship with place.  The role of the AFCs in the projects that they were working on transformed as the projects progressed \u2013 shifting from visionary leaders and facilitators to advisors. These steps are described and compared to organisational change process models, namely Lewin (1958) and Kotter (1995) showing that these models can be applied outside of organisational change management. The results of this study contribute to understanding how individual AFCs operating outside of the formality of hierarchical organisations can play a role in the development of novel, marine energy technologies.","author":["Billing, S."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2016-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.208242800000","-7.753600100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151795","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/relational-development-site-appraisal-model-deployment-marine-energy-convertors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10399\/2759","title":"Relational development site appraisal model for the deployment of marine energy convertors in Scotland","description":"The use of GIS tools in marine spatial planning has become widespread. Such tools however often prescribe sterilized zones from a developer\u2019s perspective (e.g. protected areas) and use surrogate indicators of wave and tidal resource with these being used to suggest areas of likely commercial development. The work undertaken in this thesis follows a more dynamic approach which has developed software to model the development appraisal process for wave and tidal projects. This means the most economically feasible sites for development can be located, taking into account factors (such as cable costs) ignored where resolve parameters alone are used in marine spatial planning. Moreover the model developed enables contrasting scenarios for differing harvesting technologies, grid connection points, cable types, port facilities to be examined and for specific improvement plans for such infrastructure to be investigated.","author":["Wemyss, M."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2014-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.906848000000","-3.880928000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151989","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-performance-bottom-moored-unmanned-surface-vehicle-towed-passive-acoustic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/search.proquest.com\/openview\/9c689347057f936d072782e8ff9f1fca\/1.pdf?pq-origsite=gscholar\u0026cbl=18750\u0026diss=y","title":"Comparing the Performance of Bottom-Moored and Unmanned Surface Vehicle Towed Passive Acoustic Monitoring Platforms for Marine Mammal Detections","description":"Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a more effective method of monitoring cetaceans\u0027 distribution and abundance than conventional visual surveys. Cetaceans are highly vocally active and produce identifiable acoustic signals during echolocation and communication. Three different PAM platforms recorded data in overlapping time periods in the vicinity of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill site: bottom-moored buoys (EARS), Unmanned Surface Vehicle towed arrays (USV), and subsurface glider-mounted hydrophones. Detection rates of the EARS and USV were compared to investigate their efficiency in detecting marine mammals. Detection events were obtained using independent detectors for each platform and then compared by feeding data through a common detector. Results from both detectors and platforms were compared, and a comparable trend of detection rates was found. The purpose of this study is to aid in the development of cost-efficient PAM methodology for mitigation and environmental impact assessment purposes.","author":["Mahmud, S."],"organization":["University of Louisiana-Lafayette"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["28.000000000000","-88.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mahmud2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151990","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-performance-bottom-moored-unmanned-surface-vehicle-towed-passive-acoustic-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.5014365","title":"Comparing performance of bottom-moored and unmanned surface vehicle towed passive acoustic monitoring platforms for sperm whale detection","description":"Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a more efficient method of monitoring the distribution and abundance of deep-diving cetaceans than conventional visual surveys. Many species produce identifiable acoustic signals during echolocation and communication which makes it possible to identify and classify based on their acoustical cues. Three different PAM platforms recorded data in overlapping time periods in the vicinity of the 2010 oil spill site: unmanned surface vehicle towed array, bottom-moored buoys, and Seaglider-mounted hydrophone. The detection rate of unmanned surface vehicle towed array and bottom-moored buoys were compared for their efficiency in detecting marine mammals. Detection events were obtained using independent detectors for each platform and then compared by feeding data through a common detector. The results of this study aid in the development of cost-efficient PAM methodology for mitigation and environmental impact assessment purposes.","author":["Mahmud, S.","Sidorovskaia, N.","Li, K."],"organization":["University of Louisiana-Lafayette"],"originationDate":"2017-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151991","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/takes-marine-mammals-incidental-specified-activities-pile-placement-orpc-maines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2012\/03\/14\/2012-6196\/takes-of-marine-mammals-incidental-to-specified-activities-pile-placement-for-orpc-maines-cobscook","title":"Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Pile Placement for ORPC Maine\u0027s Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Pilot Project","description":"On November 2, 2011, NMFS received an application from ORPC requesting an IHA for the take, by Level B harassment, of small numbers of harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), gray seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) incidental to pile driving activities in Cobscook Bay, Maine. In accordance with the MMPA and implementing regulations, NMFS issued a notice in the Federal Register on January 19, 2012 (77 FR 2701), requesting comments from the public on the proposed IHA.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2012-03-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.905437800000","-67.135641200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/noaa2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/151992","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-anthropogenic-sound-understanding-potential-impacts-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2292\/21261","title":"Underwater Anthropogenic Sound: Understanding the potential impacts on the marine environment and the influence on crab larval behaviour","description":"There is a need to identify and better understand the impacts of underwater anthropogenic sound on the marine environment. For example, very few investigations concerning anthropogenic sound impacts on crustaceans have been published. Therefore, the research described in this thesis characterises potentially significant anthropogenic sound sources in New Zealand\u2019s coastal waters and begins to determine their influence on the settlement-stage larvae of estuarine crabs. Several field-based experiments established that common sources of underwater anthropogenic sound in New Zealand were of appropriate intensities and frequencies to mask, over large areas, the natural underwater sounds found from several habitats. Laboratory-based experiments showed some anthropogenic sounds influenced the natural settling behaviour of settlement-stage larvae in several species of estuarine crabs. Notably, turbine sound was found to delay metamorphosis beyond a silent control. The research also characterised the ambient underwater acoustics from one of the largest estuaries in the world. Subsequent comparisons found that the sound from an operating tidal turbine was of greater intensity across the frequency range 0.1 \u2013 20 kHz compared to the natural estuarine sound. The results also demonstrated that geometric spreading models are not accurate in shallow coastal waters and a simple model for the preliminary assessment of sound spreading was proposed based on field data. The findings presented in this thesis extend our knowledge of the role of natural underwater sound in mediating larval settlement in important coastal organisms. Specifically, this work demonstrated that anthropogenic sound may mask natural underwater sounds in estuaries and is likely to influence the patterns of settlement of estuarine crab larvae. Overall, the results raise concerns about potential long-term ecological impacts of anthropogenic sound in coastal marine habitats.","author":["Pine, M."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-36.000000000000","174.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/154322","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/double-loop-learning-adaptive-management-need-challenge-opportunity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-018-1107-5","title":"Double-Loop Learning in Adaptive Management: The Need, the Challenge, and the Opportunity","description":"Adaptive management addresses uncertainty about the processes influencing resource dynamics, as well as the elements of decision making itself. The use of management to reduce both kinds of uncertainty is known as double-loop learning. Though much work has been done on the theory and procedures to address structural uncertainty, there has been less progress in developing an explicit approach for institutional learning about decision elements. Our objective is to describe evidence-based learning about the decision elements, as a complement to the formal \u201clearning by doing\u201d framework for reducing structural uncertainties. Adaptive management is described as a multi-phase approach to management and learning, with a set-up phase of identifying stakeholders, objectives, and other decision elements; an iterative phase that uses these elements in an ongoing cycle of technical learning about system structure and management impacts; and an institutional learning phase involving the periodic reconsideration of the decision elements. We describe a framework for institutional learning that is complementary to that of technical learning, including uncertainty metrics, propagation of change, and mechanisms and consequences of change over time. Operational issues include ways to recognize when the decision elements should be revisited, which elements should be adjusted, and how alternatives can be identified and incorporated based on experience and management performance. We discuss the application of this framework in decision making for renewable natural resources. As important as it is to learn about the processes driving resource dynamics, learning about the elements of the decision architecture is equally, if not more, important.","author":["Williams, B.","Brown, E."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","The Wildlife Society"],"originationDate":"2018-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williams-Brown-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/154902","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-process-simulation-tidal-current-energy-resource","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1842\/4779","title":"Environmental impact assessment and process simulation of the tidal current energy resource in the Strait of Messina","description":"Interest in exploring renewable energy resources has increased globally, especially with recent worldwide intentions to maintain the global climate. Looking at the oceans as a vast sustainable clean energy resource to satisfy present high humankind energy demands has been strongly recommended. Several types of renewable energy resources exist in the oceans: waves, tides, thermal and salinity variations, currents, and offshore winds. Exploiting tidal currents is considered one of the most effective approaches to the generation of electricity. Tidal turbines are deployed beneath the sea surface to transfer the kinetic energy in tidal currents to mechanical energy suitable for ongoing conversion to electricity and subsequent transmission. However, choosing a suitable site to deploy these turbines is not a trivial process. Various constraints must be satisfied subject to basic criteria dependent upon local factors, technology limitation and economic consideration. In addition, an important issue to consider is taking care to harness energy from tidal currents with minimum possible impact on the surrounding environment. The present study justifies the nomination of the Strait of Messina as an exceptional tidal current energy resource within the Mediterranean Sea basin. The maximum tidal current velocity at spring peak tide through the Strait may exceed 3 m\/s. This mainly results from the tidal phase-difference (180\u00b0) between the northern (Tyrrhenian Sea) and southern (Ionian Sea) tips of the Strait, associated with a difference of 0.27 m in tidal wave amplitudes. In addition, the complex coastline configuration of the Strait plays an important role in enhancing tidal current velocities. Therefore, the Strait of Messina fulfils the basic criterion (2 m\/s tidal current velocity) to be considered as a valid tidal current energy resource. This massive tidal current energy resource is assessed in the present study. A detailed full desk-based Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is performed using the interactive matrix approach in order to investigate the anticipated environmental impacts on the marine ecosystem of the Strait of Messina resulting from the harnessing of energy from its tidal currents. Through the EIA study the different environmental components, both biotic and abiotic, which may be affected by the energy extraction process, are explained. In addition, the proposed key project activities are listed; the likelihood of occurrence and the magnitude of impact interaction with the environmental components are evaluated. The final judgment matrix guides to make a right decision on the proposed project. From the resulted matrix, the major impacts do not exceed 10% of the total anticipated effects. The positive point is that all the expected impacts, including the majors, can be controlled and minimised to the lowest possible limits by applying a good monitoring programme. The University of Edinburgh \u201cTidal Flow Development (TFD)\u201d numerical model is used to mimic the tidal environment of the Strait of Messina in different cases. The model successfully simulates the tidal flow regime within the Strait under some exceptional conditions. Modifications to the main numerical code and coefficients were necessary in the present research to adjust the model according to each case study. In the three different cases of simulation, using these exceptional coefficients, the model simulates the main tidal characteristics of the tidal flow within the Strait. According to the results of the numerical simulation process, tidal currents are more intensive close to the eastern coast of the Strait of Messina near to Punta Pezzo. This area is far from any ferry route between Italy and Sicily. The best location to deploy tidal turbines for the energy extraction process is therefore recommended to be within these surroundings. Finally, a physical (laboratory) model is used to simulate the flow regime within the Strait of Messina. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was applied in the flow-table tank at the University of Edinburgh. The physical model simulates the flow behaviour within the Strait of Messina to a satisfactory degree. The cyclonic and anti-cyclonic motions observed at the southern extremity of the Strait are also very well simulated. The results of the present study assure confidence in the use of tidal currents within the Strait of Messina as a renewable energy resource. The safety of the environment must be ensured by following environmental guidelines, respecting the energy extraction limits and by applying an effective monitoring programme. The later is strongly recommended to be an adaptive one in which higher environmental authorities are able to watch, revise and control the environmental team within the project. These authorities are also able to postpone the project in case of any severe environmental case. The simulation processes emphasize the effect of morphometry and topography in enhancing tidal currents in the Strait of Messina. Moreover, numerical simulation assures that the complex morphometry and bathymetry, in addition to the open boundaries of the Strait of Messina, are challenging issues for modellers in order to mimic the real tidal current resource in the case of the Strait of Messina. The study also strongly recommends applying a more effective numerical model than TFD to assess the tidal hydrodynamical environment before and after any proposed energy extraction process. This will certainly, with the EIA of the marine ecosystem, help to make a right decision about the proposed project in order to achieve the goal of using clean and clear renewable energy resources while maintaining both natural and hydrodynamical environments to the most possible safest degree.","author":["El-Geziry, T."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.245833000000","15.632500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/158773","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/market-analysis-report-pacific-marine-energy-center-south-energy-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/z029p530m","title":"Market Analysis Report for the Pacific Marine Energy Center South Energy Test Site","description":"The Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET) is working with the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to support their development of a full-scale, grid-connected ocean test center for wave energy converters (WECs): the South Energy Test Site (SETS) of the Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC) in Oregon. The primary goal of PMEC SETS is to advance understanding of the effects and capabilities of WEC devices in order to support industry to responsibly reap the benefits of this clean, renewable energy resource.  To move forward in the development of PMEC SETS, OWET commissioned Garrad Hassan America, Inc. (GL GH) to carry out a wave energy market analysis. The objective of this study is to identify potential end-users of the test center and their needs, based on current and future requirements of the wave energy industry. The findings detailed in this report will inform the infrastructure design and the services offered for PMEC SETS to be an integrated, standardized test center for wave energy developers.","author":["Hassan, G."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Wave Energy Trust (OWET)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 11:01:01","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hassan2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/159357","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pilot-study-integration-wildlife-impact-analysis-spatial-environmental-assessment-tool","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-30693-MS","title":"Pilot Study of Integration of Wildlife Impact Analysis into Spatial Environmental Assessment Tool for Marine Hydrokinetic Energy","description":"This study aimed to produce a pilot spatial model, building upon the existing quantitative Spatial Environmental Assessment Tool (SEAT), to evaluate risks associated with marine hydrokinetic energy (MHK) development within the Pacific Marine Energy Center South Energy Test Site, located off Newport, Oregon. The goal is to establish an approach for integrating natural resource sensitivities with changes in physical conditions caused by wave energy converter arrays to inform planning and impact assessment. To generate the model inputs, a benthic substrate proxy within the project area was defined as a \u0022sensitive resource\u0022 input (Receptor), using the Risk (R\u03c4) output points from the SEAT model to identify areas that could be impacted by the operation of a MHK device (Threshold). Risks were further investigated by overlaying federally designated Habitat of Potential Concern, Essential Fish Habitat, and critical habitat to identify sensitive benthic resources (Secondary Constraint) within the project area. The last iteration of the model focused on using nearshore habitats for threatened coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) outmigrating from rivers to demonstrate how a higher taxon could be incorporated into the pilot model by assigning risk based on proximity to the shoreline. This approach allows the analyst to weight the sensitivity of natural resources and place secondary constraints and ocean conditions into the assessment for an integrated picture and can accommodate multiple taxa, seasons, habitats, and locations. Overall, the results of the four models were dependent on the weighting and scale of the data. The outcomes of this study are meant to demonstrate ability to integrate models and are not based on particularly defensible criteria. More rigorous literature review and risk assessment process would be necessary to demonstrate the project specific risk of impacts from MHK devices. This type of modeling can inform resource management and planning, and ultimately assist in identifying priority impact issues and mitigation needs throughout project siting and development, which will reduce risk and cost to developers.","author":["Coates, S.","Lockhart, G.","Courbis, S.","Raghukumar, K.","McWilliams, S.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Ecology and Environment Inc","Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2020-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/161288","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/port-fairy-pilot-wave-energy-project-community-consultation-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bps.energy\/_media\/webapp\/documents\/BPS_CCP_092015_4_3.pdf","title":"The Port Fairy Pilot Wave Energy Project Community Consultation Plan","description":"BioPower Systems Pty Ltd (BPS) is implementing an ocean based trial of its bioWAVE1 technology near Port Fairy in Victoria (the Port Fairy Pilot Wave Energy Project or \u201cthe Project\u201d). The technology is unique and this is the first ocean trial of the technology.  BPS is confident that the project will have no adverse impacts on either the local environment or community, but recognises that there will be curiosity, questions and the potential for concerns and issues to arise.  The purpose of this Community Consultation Plan is to demonstrate BPS\u2019s approach to engage with the community, to demonstrate its willingness to be proactive and to meet industry standards and best practice. BPS will consult with and inform relevant communities and stakeholders, and carefully address any questions and concerns.  This plan outlines how the various stakeholder groups may be affected by the project and the processes to be undertaken to meet and monitor community consultation requirements.","author":["BioPower Systems"],"organization":["BioPower Systems","BioPower Systems"],"originationDate":"2015-09-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["-38.399229000000","142.183743000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/biopower2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/168237","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/position-paper-towards-north-sea-energy-system-integration-triple-helix-structure","sourceURL":"","title":"Position paper towards a North Sea Energy System Integration Triple-Helix structure","description":"One of the ENSEA targets is to initiate so called enabling (lighthouse) themes, i.e. joint activities that typically relate to triple helix conditions for integrated joint investment activity in and around the North Sea area. A clear example of such a theme is: \u201csetting up frameworks for energy cluster development and associated coordination and collaboration of various energy innovation related activities at the official level and\/or under the auspices of the energy triple-helix cluster organisations of the various North Sea regions.\u201d (see also European North Sea Energy Alliance \u2013 working together to create a sustainable and secure energy future, 2014, page 9).  In the following a first step will be taken, in the spirit of the above, to try to initiate with the help of others a triple-helix organisation structure covering the whole North Sea area. Although in various countries around the North Sea, local, regional and even state-level triple-helix energy organisations have been set up, they primarily have remained national, that is to say concentrated in one specific country. Clear examples are the ENSEA partners. At the same time a number of more international organisations, initiatives, stakeholder groups, networks etcetera have emerged lately with a clear focus on the North Sea area (see also next).","author":["Jepma, C.","Klinge, I.","Kalfsbeek, J."],"organization":["European North Sea Alliance"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.242689000000","-2.571893300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ensea2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/168431","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-impact-tidal-range-energy-species-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120301319","title":"Modelling the impact of tidal range energy on species communities","description":"Tidal energy has the potential to form a key component of the energy production in a number of countries, including the UK. Nonetheless, the deployment of tidal energy systems is associated with potential environmental impacts as prime resource sites often coincide with unique ecosystems inhabited by sensitive organisms. Previous studies have generally focused on the hydrodynamic impact of tidal energy schemes, i.e. how schemes alter the flow dynamics and sedimentary transport processes. Whilst these efforts are key in understanding environmental impacts, there is no straightforward step for translating sediment to faunal changes. Species distribution models offer methods to quantitatively predict certain possible impacts of tidal energy extraction. The River Severn is a distinguished candidate region for tidal energy in the UK featuring sites under stringent ecological protection regulations. We examine the impact of a proposed Severn tidal barrage on 14 species via the linking of hydrodynamic modelling to species distribution models. Through a selection of species that are linked via a simple food web system we extrapolate changes in prey species to the respective predator species. We show that species at lower trophic levels would be adversely affected by the barrage, but higher trophic level organisms increase in possible habitable area. Once food web relationships are acknowledged this increase in habitat area decreases, but is still net positive. Overall, all 14 species were affected, with most gaining in distribution area, and only four losing distribution area within the Severn Estuary. We conclude that a large-scale tidal barrage may have detrimental and complex impacts on species distribution, altering food web dynamics and altering food availability in the Severn Estuary. The methodology outlined herein can be transferred to the assessment and optimisation of prospective projects globally to aide in the sustainable introduction of the technology.","author":["Baker, A.","Craighead, R.","Jarvis, E.","Stenton, H.","Angeloudis, A.","Mackie, L.","Avdis, A.","Piggott, M.","Hill, J."],"organization":["University of York","Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.446057000000","-3.012879000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/170556","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-biodiversity-trade-offs-face-widespread-renewable-unconventional-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-64501-7","title":"Quantifying biodiversity trade-offs in the face of widespread renewable and unconventional energy development","description":"The challenge of balancing biodiversity protection with economic growth is epitomized by the development of renewable and unconventional energy, whose adoption is aimed at stemming the impacts of global climate change, yet has outpaced our understanding of biodiversity impacts. We evaluated the potential conflict between biodiversity protection and future electricity generation from renewable (wind farms, run-of-river hydro) and non-renewable (shale gas) sources in British Columbia (BC), Canada using three metrics: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, electricity cost, and overlap between future development and conservation priorities for several fish and wildlife groups - small-bodied vertebrates, large mammals, freshwater fish \u2013 and undisturbed landscapes. Sharp trade-offs in global versus regional biodiversity conservation exist for all energy technologies, and in BC they are currently smallest for wind energy: low GHG emissions, low-moderate overlap with top conservation priorities, and competitive energy cost. GHG emissions from shale gas are 1000 times higher than those from renewable sources, and run-of-river hydro has high overlap with conservation priorities for small-bodied vertebrates. When all species groups were considered simultaneously, run-of-river hydro had moderate overlap (0.56), while shale gas and onshore wind had low overlap with top conservation priorities (0.23 and 0.24, respectively). The unintended cost of distributed energy sources for regional biodiversity suggest that trade-offs based on more diverse metrics must be incorporated into energy planning.","author":["Popescu, V.","Munshaw, R.","Shackelford, N.","Montesino Pouzols, F.","Dubman, E.","Gibeau, P.","Horne, M.","Moilanen, A.","Palen, W."],"organization":["Ohio University","Simon Fraser University","University of Bucharest","University of Colorado Boulder","European Southern Observatory","University of Helsinki"],"originationDate":"2020-05-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.283468000000","-123.136642000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Terrestrial Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/170557","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-visual-records-marine-megafauna-around-offshore-anthropogenic-structures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2020.00230\/full","title":"Underwater Visual Records of Marine Megafauna Around Offshore Anthropogenic Structures","description":"In oceans and seas worldwide, an increasing number of end-of-life anthropogenic offshore structures (e.g., platforms, pipelines, manifolds, windfarms, etc.) are facing full or partial removal. As part of the decommissioning process, studies on potential importance of subsea infrastructure to marine megafauna (defined as: cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, large fish \u2013 such as sharks, rays, billfishes, and tuna, as well as marine reptiles, and seabirds) are lacking. Dedicated scientific Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) surveys around offshore installations are rare, but there is a wealth of archived industrial data and noteworthy species sightings posted publicly on various social media platforms. This study used routine, incidentally collected ROV (n = 73) and commercial diver (n = 9) video recordings spanning 1998\u20132019 globally. Data were gathered directly from industrial partners (n = 36) and the public domain (YouTube; n = 46) to provide an account of marine megafauna presence and potential feeding behavior in the near-visible vicinity of subsea anthropogenic structures. A total of 79 video clips and 3 still images of marine megafauna near offshore structures were examined, resulting in 67 individual sightings and 16 sub-sightings (in which an individual was recorded within the same day). At least 178 individuals were identified to a minimum of 17 species of marine megafauna, amounting to a total (combined) sighting duration of 01:09:35 (hh:mm:ss). Results demonstrated proximate presence of marine megafauna (many of which are threatened species) to anthropogenic structures, with most animals displaying foraging or interaction behaviors with the structures. Observations included the deepest (2,779 m) confirmed record of a sleeper shark (Somniosus spp.) and the first confirmed visual evidence of seals following pipelines. These ROV observations demonstrate a latent source of easily accessible information that can expand understanding of marine megafauna interactions with offshore anthropogenic infrastructure. Consequently, other workers in this field should be encouraged to re-analyze archived datasets, commence further collaborative research projects with industrial partners, and\/or expand Internet search terms to additional species assemblages, in a bid to quantitatively elucidate relationships between offshore infrastructure and marine species.","author":["Todd, V.","Lazar, L.","Williamson, L.","Peters, I.","Hoover, A.","Cox, S.","Todd, I.","Macreadie, P.","McLean, D."],"organization":["Ocean Science Consulting","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Deakin University","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/170753","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-alternative-developing-regions-case-study-michoacan-mexico","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S095965262032031X","title":"Is ocean energy an alternative in developing regions? A case study in Michoacan, Mexico","description":"In many parts of the world, renewable energy is being considered as an alternative to supply electricity to communities in developing regions. However, even though various technologies are becoming available, there are several socio-environmental constraints that impinge on the viability of ocean energy conversion projects in isolated communities. By assessing environmental restrictions and socioeconomic attributes where electric power may be produced from the ocean can be useful in prioritizing the locations (especially those isolated) where this alternative is more viable. This paper examines socio-economic and environmental factors that may affect the introduction of ocean energy harvesting in areas currently without electricity. Our findings reveal that: a) in the coastal area of the state of Michoac\u00e1n, southwest Mexico (at \u0026lt; 20 km from the coast and \u0026lt;100 m.a.s.l.), 153 human settlements with over 4,000 inhabitants lack electric power; 16 of these settlements are indigenous; b) economic activities are mostly fisheries and ecotourism; yet, marginalizaion is very high in the area; c) there are four protected areas with nesting sites for several marine turtle species (greater black, hawksbill, leatherback, and green); the \u201cDeep Pacific Sea\u201d natural protected area harbors great biodiversity; and d) electric power may be produced from ocean energy, especially waves, currents and thermal gradients. The infrastructure for grid connection and technical and logistical support is limited, and the topography near the coast is complex. However, our results indicate that the coastal region of Michoacan, has promising sources of ocean energy, especially for isolated settlements with limited, or no, electricity supply. The results show that waves and thermal gradients are viable options for energy generation in the area studied. Considering socioeconomic conditions and environmental restrictions, our observations suggest that, in particular, ocean energy projects might be successfully implemented in two locations on the coast of Michoacan, Future on-site studies into the environmental impact, the percepction and acceptance of society towards the new technologies and economic costs are necessary before implementing these new technologies.","author":["Hern\u00e1ndez-Fontes, J.","Martinez, M.","Wojtarowski, A.","Gonz\u00e1lez-Mendoza, J.","Landgrave, R.","Silva, R."],"organization":["Ciudad Universitaria","Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda UNAM","Universidade do Estado do Amazonas"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["18.225111000000","-103.225384000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/171333","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-dredging-locating-tidal-stream-energy-farm","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148119309590","title":"The influence of dredging for locating a tidal stream energy farm","description":"Development of third generation of Tidal Energy Converters (TECs) may boost the exploitation of the tidal stream energy resource in depth-limited regions. The hydrodynamic conditions of depth-limited tidal sites are highly influenced by changes in the bathymetric conditions, such as sedimentation and\/or dredging operations, which are typical of these regions. Consequently, significant variations in terms of magnitude and predominant flow direction can be present during the operating life of tidal farms, which may compromise their viability. The objective of this work is to explore the potential effects caused by dredging operations on the performance of tidal farms and to propose initial threshold values for key variables (flow magnitude and direction, operating hours of TECs), to ensure the techno-economic viability of tidal farms. For this purpose, three potential tidal sites in a shallow water estuary (Ribadeo, NW Spain), were used as case study. Significant variations were found between the pre- and post-dredging scenarios in terms of energy production, with annual variations exceeding 38%, for the tidal sites present in the region. In sum, the present study highlights the importance of considering the potential bathymetric changes in the decision-making process, when planning the installation of tidal farms in depth-limited regions.","author":["\u00c1lvarez, M.","Ramos, V.","Carballo, R.","Arean, N.","Torres, M.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Porto","University College Cork","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.533367000000","-7.035632000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/172686","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/structured-decision-making-case-studies-natural-resource-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu\/title\/structured-decision-making","title":"Structured Decision Making: Case Studies in Natural Resource Management","description":"When faced with complicated, potentially controversial decisions that affect our environment, many resource management agencies have come to realize the value of structured decision making (SDM)\u2014the systematic use of principles and tools of decision analysis. Few professionals, however, have extensive experience implementing SDM. Structured Decision Making provides key information to both current adopters of the method and those who are deploying it for the first time by demonstrating the formal use of decision analysis to support difficult, real-world natural resource management decisions. Drawing on case studies from multiple public agencies in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Mauritius, the editors present an overview of decision analysis, a classification of decision types, and a catalog of decision analysis methods. Dozens of detailed charts and maps help contextualize the material.  These case studies examine a rich variety of topics, including:    keeping forest birds free from disease  conserving imperiled freshwater mussels  managing water for oil sands mining  dealing with coastal wetlands in the face of sea-level rise  designing networks for prairie-dependent taxa  combatting invasive alpine shrubs  managing vernal pool habitats for obligate amphibian species  and much more   Aimed at decision makers tackling natural resource challenges in government agencies around the world, as well as advanced undergraduate and graduate students preparing to work in natural resource management, Structured Decision Making shows how SDM can be implemented to achieve optimal outcomes that integrate social values and scientific understanding.","author":["Smith, D."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/175196","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-converter-effects-wave-fields-evaluation-snl-swan-sensitivity-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1156934","title":"Wave Energy Converter Effects on Wave Fields: Evaluation of SNL-SWAN and Sensitivity Studies in Monterey Bay CA","description":"A modified version of an industry standard wave modeling tool was evaluated, optimized, and utilized to investigate model sensitivity to input parameters and wave energy converter (WEC) array deployment scenarios. Wave propagation was investigated downstream of the WECs to evaluate overall near- and far-field effects of WEC arrays. The sensitivity study illustrated that wave direction and WEC device type were most sensitive to the variation in the model parameters examined in this study. Generally, the changes in wave height were the primary alteration caused by the presence of a WEC array. Specifically, WEC device type and subsequently their size directly resulted in wave height variations; however, it is important to utilize ongoing laboratory studies and future field tests to determine the most appropriate power matrix values for a particular WEC device and configuration in order to improve modeling results.","author":["Roberts, J.","Chang, G.","Magalen, J.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.805831000000","-121.946290000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:26:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SAND2014-17460.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/189290","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/export-nation-year-uk-wind-wave-tidal-exports","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.renewableuk.com\/news\/405399\/Export-Nation---A-Year-in-UK-Wind-Wave-and-Tidal-Exports.htm","title":"Export Nation-A Year in UK Wind, Wave and Tidal Exports","description":"RenewableUK\u0027s Export Nation report examines the number of countries to which UK-based companies are exporting wind, wave and tidal energy products and expertise. Using a sample of companies, it explores the nature and value of the contracts, and offers a number of case studies.","author":["RenewableUK"],"organization":["RenewableUK","RenewableUK"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.570313000000","-2.455406000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Renewableuk2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/191608","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World complements and serves as an update to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. The report is over 300 pages long, includes 14 chapters, was written by 40 authors and contributors, and went through an extensive review process with over 60 international scientists and engineers from 11 countries. The report is part of an ongoing effort by OES-Environmental supported by the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) collaboration which operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).         Download the Full Report and Executive Summary  The Executive Summary provides a broad overview of the material in the full report.          Additional translations of the Executive Summary in other OES-Environmental languages are below:     Download the Executive Summary in Chinese here.   Download the Executive Summary in French here.  Download the Executive Summary in Japanese here.   Download the Executive Summary in Portuguese here.   Download the Executive Summary in Spanish here.          Individual Chapters  The 2020 State of the Science Report on the environmental effects of MRE development begins with a set of environmental questions that define investigations (Chapter 2) and continues with specific information about stressor\/receptor interactions of importance (Chapters 3\u20139), delves into technologies for monitoring interactions with marine animals (Chapter 10), addresses a series of management and planning measures that may assist with responsible MRE development (Chapters 11\u201313), and concludes with a potential path forward (Chapter 14).            Supplementary Material   Some of the chapters in the 2020 State of the Science Report contained more information and technical details than could be accommodated in the main report. These materials appear as supplementary materials, which are linked within the 2020 State of the Science Report itself and available for download on the 2020 State of the Science Report Supplementary Materials page.         Short Science Summaries  Two-page summaries of each 2020 State of the Science Report chapters, highlighting relevance to MRE, status of knowledge, remaining uncertainties, and recommendations.","author":["Copping, A.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Sediment Transport","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-19 01:36:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Report_final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Executive-Summary_Japanese.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Executive-Summary_final_hr.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Executive-Summary_Portuguese.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Executive-Summary_Chinese_final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Executive-Summary_Spanish_final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Executive-Summary_French_final_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/201262","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-1-MRE-OES","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1632879","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 1: Marine Renewable Energy and Ocean Energy Systems","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).\n\nThe 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 1: Marine Renewable Energy and Ocean Energy Systems here.\n\nMRE includes the harvesting of energy produced by ocean waves, tides, and currents, along with ocean temperature and salinity gradients, and the flow of large rivers (which use technologies similar to those that capture tidal energy). This report focuses on the potential environmental effects of the generation of power from waves using wave energy converters (WECs), tides using tidal turbines, and large rivers using river turbines. Lessons learned from other offshore industries, including offshore wind, oil and gas, and power and communication cables, are included, when appropriate.\n\nThe 2020 State of the Science report was produced by the Ocean Energy Systems (OES)-Environmental initiative (formerly Annex IV), under the International Energy Agency\u2019s OES-Environmental collaboration. Under OES-Environmental, 15 counties have collaborated to evaluate the \u201cstate of the science\u201d of the potential environmental effects of MRE development and to understand how these potential effects affect consenting\/permitting (hereafter consenting) of MRE devices.\n\nThe information reviewed and synthesized for this report relates to the potential risks that MRE devices pose to marine animals, habitats, and the environment and can be of value to MRE stakeholders including researchers, regulators, device and project developers, and others. The body of knowledge presented in this report can inform science-based decision-making for international regulators, and support developers in project siting, engineering design, operational strategies, and monitoring program design. Most particularly, this report should help the research community connect with the latest thinking about MRE interactions, find likely collaborators, and assist with adding to the growing body of knowledge. When used in conjunction with site-specific information, this report can help streamline the consenting of MRE devices. While most monitoring activity around MRE devices is limited to single devices or very small arrays, much of this research and monitoring will be useful as the industry grows. The information synthesized in the 2020 State of the Science report represents the state of knowledge derived from studies and monitoring, built on publicly available peer-reviewed scientific literature and reports published by researchers, developers, and government agencies, and seen through the lens of many of the best researchers in the field. The analyses and conclusions drawn in this report are not meant to take the place of site-specific analyses or studies used to make project siting decisions or to direct consenting actions.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 01:15:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-1_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/201263","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-2-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1632880","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 2: Marine Renewable Energy: Environmental Effects and Monitoring Strategies","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 2: Marine Renewable Energy: Environmental Effects and Monitoring Strategies here.  MRE is an emerging industry that has had a limited number of small deployments and no full-scale commercial deployment to date. As a result, the paucity of baseline and post-installation data continues to drive a level of uncertainty among regulators and stakeholders that increases the perception of risk for many potential interactions between MRE devices and marine animals, habitats, and the environment. This lack of data continues to confound our ability to differentiate between actual and perceived risks. Ultimately, the risk an MRE device may pose to marine animals, habitats, and the environment is a function of the attributes of the MRE device (static or dynamic), type of device (wave, tidal, or riverine), and the spatial scale of a particular installation (single device or array). Risk is defined as the interaction of the probability or likelihood of a deleterious outcome with the consequences if such an outcome occurs.  Over the past decade, our understanding of potential environmental effects across multiple scales has significantly increased as a result of our focus on two general categories of monitoring questions: (1) scientific questions that focus on the actions and interactions of organisms as they encounter devices in their natural habitat, and (2) questions related to the context and environment in which MRE devices are placed. These questions are being used to inform the design of robust monitoring programs, as well as mitigation measures if such measures are needed.  As the MRE industry advances and increased monitoring and data collection inform critical questions, the body of knowledge surrounding the potential environmental effects of MRE development will continue to grow, informing our perception of risk. It is possible that as more definitive data are collected, we may be able to retire or set a lower priority for certain risks. The evidence base for risk retirement will be informed by our growing knowledge about the nature of specific stressor-receptor interactions, thereby helping to determine which interactions have sufficient evidence to retire those risks, and where significant uncertainties remain. However, risk to marine animals, habitats, and the environment may remain and continue to present challenges to consenting commercial-scale development.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-2_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/201264","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-3-collision","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1632881","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines here.  Tidal and river energy devices may pose a risk of collision to marine mammals, fish, and seabirds. Factors that influence the likelihood of collision include the characteristics of the device, animal behavior, and the number of animals in the vicinity of the moving parts of devices. To date, there have been no observations of a marine mammal or seabird colliding with a turbine, and the limited number of interactions observed of fish in close proximity to a turbine have not resulted in obvious harm to the fish. It is expected that collisions, if they occur, will be very rare events, so that observing them in the fast-moving, often murky water will be very difficult. In addition, the likely consequences of a collision are not known, and could result in injuries from which the animal may recover, or may result in the death of the animal. There is limited evidence and understanding of how marine animals behave in the presence of underwater structures; it is difficult to determine how well marine mammals, fish, and seabirds may be able to sense, react to, and avoid an operating turbine. In the absence of this behavioral information, most progress in understanding collision risk focuses on understanding the presence of marine animals of interest in the vicinity of turbines, supported by computer modeling that simulates potential collisions.  Monitoring around deployed turbines, using underwater video and active acoustics such as echosounders and acoustic cameras, has provided increased understanding of the presence and some limited insight into the behavior of marine mammals. This is particularly true for the behavior of seals and porpoises relative to several types of bottom-mounted and floating turbines, as well as a tethered tidal kite. These data are being applied to collision risk and encounter risk models in supporting consenting applications. The consequences of marine mammals colliding with turbines has been explored using techniques including ramming dead animals with a simulated turbine and testing marine mammal tissue for damage using forces likely to be produced by turbines, resulting in the likely potential for a range of damages to occur. More information is needed to fully evaluate this risk to marine mammals, particularly as new designs and deployment locations are explored for MRE development.  To better understand the collision risk to fish, numerical models are being used to estimate the probability of fish encountering a turbine, the consequences of a fish colliding with a turbine blade, and ecological risks to the population if collisions occur. Laboratory studies have used a small turbine in a flume or tank to understand how fish may interact with the turbine, and some limited field studies around deployed turbines have been conducted. These studies have shown that many fish appear to actively avoid the turbine, while others swim unharmed through the turbine.  Concerns about seabirds colliding with operating turbines as they dive for food have focused on the presence of seabirds species in the areas where tidal turbines are planned, the specific manner in which the birds use these habitats, and some of the oceanographic processes that might make encounters with turbines likely.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Sparling, C.","Seitz, A.","Masden, E.","Smith, K."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Aquatera Ltd","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-3_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202616","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-4-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633082","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 4: Risk to Marine Animals from Underwater Noise Generated by Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 4: Risk to Marine Animals from Underwater Noise Generated by Marine Renewable Energy Devices here. Download the Chapter 4 Supplementary Material here.   Marine animals use sound in the ocean like terrestrial animals and humans use sight on land\u2014to communicate, navigate, find food, socialize, and evade predators. Anthropogenic noise in the marine environment has the potential to interfere with these activities. At high levels, underwater sound can cause physical harm. The amplitude, frequency, directionality, and propagation losses of the noise source, as well as prevailing ambient noise, must be taken into account when considering the risks to marine animals. Also of importance are the animals\u2019 hearing thresholds and their behavioral responses to the noise source.  Progress on quantifying the direct and indirect effects of underwater noise on marine animals has been complicated by the relatively small number of MRE devices that have been deployed. Confounding factors include difficulties associated with accurately measuring noise from MRE devices and the challenge of understanding how underwater noise affects the behavior of marine animals. However, international technical specifications have been developed that present a standardized approach for measuring noise from MRE devices. More significantly, the underwater noise emitted by several MRE devices has been characterized in the field and found to fall below regulatory action levels and guidance developed in the United States for protecting marine mammals and fish from harm due to underwater noise. A few studies have made progress toward establishing links between MRE device noise and animals\u2019 behavioral responses. A significant challenge remains in differentiating between MRE device noise and ambient noise.  Evidence suggests that underwater noise emitted from operational MRE devices is unlikely to significantly alter behavior or cause physical harm to marine animals. Therefore, the risk to marine animals from underwater noise generated by MRE devices can potentially be considered to not be significant for small numbers of devices.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Polagye, B.","Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-4_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202617","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-5-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633088","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 5:\u00a0Risk to Animals from Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by Electric Cables and Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 5: Risk to Animals from Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by Electric Cables and Marine Renewable Energy Devices here.   Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) occur naturally in the marine environment, while anthropogenic activities may create altered or additional sources of EMF, including those from MRE export cables. Cables are commonly buried, laid on the seafloor, or draped in the water column between devices in an array of floating MRE devices. EMF emissions are evaluated by measuring the magnetic and induced electrical fields emitted by cables and energized devices. Not all marine animals are able to detect EMFs; only a few marine species appear to have the sensory capabilities to sense and react to EMFs. The animals most likely to encounter and be affected by EMFs emitted from MRE systems are those that spend time in the vicinity of a source such as a power cable (most commonly sedentary benthic organisms), or those that spend a significant portion of their lives in the vicinity of an energized cable. Potential effects may include changes in marine animal behavior and movement in the vicinity of the EMF source, as well as long-term changes in growth or reproductive success. Laboratory and field studies have improved our understanding of the response of fish and invertebrates to EMFs, yet there is still little understanding of how pelagic species (e.g., pelagic sharks, marine mammals, fishes) might interact with and be affected by cables draped in the water column.   The evidence base to date suggests that the ecological impacts of EMFs emitted from power cables from single MRE devices or small arrays are likely to be limited. Field and laboratory studies suggest that marine animals living in the vicinity of MRE devices and export cables are not likely to be harmed by emitted EMFs.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Gill, A.","Desender, M."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-5_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202618","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-6-habitat-changes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633182","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 6: Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats Caused by Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).\n\nThe 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 6: Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats Caused by Marine Renewable Energy Devices here.\n\nThe deployment of MRE devices requires the installation of gravity foundations, pilings, or anchors that may alter benthic habitats, as well as mooring lines, transmission cables, and mechanical moving parts in the water column that may affect pelagic habitats. The presence of these structures on the seafloor or within the water column has the potential to alter animal presence or behavior, and may lead to artificial reef and reserve effects. Installation of power export cables to carry power to the shore can disturb and remove habitat over a long thin area. Scouring of sediments around anchors and foundations may also alter benthic habitats. Changes in benthic and pelagic habitats observed in other marine applications, such as offshore wind, oil and gas, navigation buoys, and power and communication cables, provide helpful analogs for evaluating MRE effects.\n\nNew habitats may be created for biofouling organisms, where MRE devices, foundations, and cables provide artificial surfaces to be colonized, and species may be attracted to underwater portions of MRE systems, creating de facto artificial reefs and marine protected areas. This attraction may boost fish populations because of a spillover effect that increases fishing opportunities in nearby areas. Overall, changes in habitat caused by MRE devices and arrays are likely to pose a low risk to animals and habitats if projects are sited to avoid rare or fragile habitats.\n\n \n\nThe Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 01:15:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-6_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202619","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-7-oceanographic-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633183","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 7:\u00a0Changes in Oceanographic Systems Associated with Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 7: Changes in Oceanographic Systems Associated with Marine Renewable Energy Devices here.  The movement of ocean water defines the physical and biological systems within which marine organisms and habitats exist. The deployment of MRE devices has the potential to affect oceanographic systems, causing changes in water circulation, wave heights, and current speeds, which in turn can affect sediment transport and water quality, within both nearfield and farfield environments around MRE devices. While a small number of MRE devices will not result in changes that are measurable relative to the natural variability of the system, larger-scale array deployments may have the potential to disrupt natural processes driven by tides, waves, and ocean currents, as indicated by numerical modeling efforts.  To date, few field studies have measured the effects on oceanographic systems of the small number of MRE devices deployed, because the potential changes are unlikely to be measurable. Laboratory flume studies are being used to understand wake recovery and turbulence due to tidal energy extraction, which can support our understanding of potential effects. Until large arrays are deployed and field measurements are collected, numerical models provide the greatest insight into the potential effects of MRE deployment on oceanographic systems. However, additional field data are needed to validate these models.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Whiting, J.","Chang, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Integral Consulting Inc","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-7_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202620","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-8-moorings","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633184","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 8:\u00a0Encounters of Marine Animals with Marine Renewable Energy Device Mooring Systems and Subsea Cables","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 8: Encounters of Marine Animals with Marine Renewable Energy Device Mooring Systems and Subsea Cables here.  Most wave energy converters (WECs) and floating tidal turbines must be anchored to the seafloor and use mooring lines to maintain their position within the water column or on the water surface. MRE arrays may include transmission cables for device interconnection or to connect to offshore substations. The mooring lines and cables associated with MRE device mooring systems have the potential to entangle or entrap large marine animals. The likelihood of an encounter between marine animals and MRE cables is a function of the line\/cable configuration and depth, as well as the animal\u2019s size and behavior. The species considered to be at risk of encounters with MRE mooring systems and subsea cables are large migratory baleen whales because of their migratory patterns and feeding behaviors. These concerns are raised because of the entanglement of marine mammals with fishing gear and lines. However, MRE cables and lines do not have loose ends or sufficient slack to create an entangling loop.  There is a lack of empirical data and focused studies about entanglement risks associated with MRE device moorings and subsea cables. However, the relative spatial scales of the MRE devices and associated mooring components, water depth, and size of marine animals indicate a low likelihood of encounter and entrapment, because the mooring lines occupy a very small cross section of the water column.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Garavelli, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-8_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202814","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-9-social-economic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633195","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 9: Social and Economic Data Collection for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 9: Social and Economic Data Collection for Marine Renewable Energy here. Download the Chapter 9 Supplementary Material here.  The potential social and economic impacts of MRE development (including impacts on communities, employment, infrastructure and services, and regional commerce) must be considered during consenting processes and for strategic planning purposes. Social and economic information that is collected consistently and comparably over time is needed to understand baseline and long-term assessments, social changes (such as social structures, schools, housing, services, etc.), and economic changes (such as employment, wages, local supply chain, etc.).  There is a lack of certainty about the social and economic benefits and adverse effects of MRE development that would profit from the development of standardized processes for data collection. While there will be variability in the requirements among nations, some standardization and best practices are needed. Two levels of assessment and data collection for social and economic data are needed: (1) strategic-level activities and measures that meet objectives of local, national, and regional policy, which generally fall to governments; and (2) project-level activities and measures that meet objectives on a local scale, such as within a municipality or community, that should be carried out by MRE project developers.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-9_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202815","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-10-environmental-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633202","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 10: Environmental Monitoring Technologies and Techniques for Detecting Interactions of Marine Animals with Turbines","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 10: Environmental Monitoring Technologies and Techniques for Detecting Interactions of Marine Animals with Turbines here. Download the Chapter 10 Supplementary Material here.  The interaction of marine animals, particularly marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds, with tidal and river turbines remains the least understood aspect of potential MRE effects, and has been hampered by the inability to observe these interactions. The ability to observe these potential interactions includes the need to design monitoring equipment that can survive in harsh marine environments, and the ability to manage power to operate instruments and data acquisition systems.  The most common instruments employed to observe interactions of marine animals with MRE devices are passive and active acoustic instruments and optical cameras. Passive acoustic monitoring instruments use hydrophones to characterize the underwater soundscape in the vicinity of an MRE device, as well as to detect vocalizing marine mammals. Active acoustic systems generate sound and record the return signal to visualize objects. Active acoustics are used to develop high-resolution imagery of underwater environments for monitoring purposes and are also used to quantify fish abundance and distribution. Optical cameras are used to monitor the distribution of marine animals in the vicinity of an MRE device and to determine species, individual animal size, and abundance. Groups of sensors can be integrated into monitoring platforms, which may be deployed autonomously, relying on battery power, or cabled to the shore for power and data transfer. Onboard automated data processing may be used to pre-process the data and decrease the volume of data to be analyzed and to provide near real-time results.  Currently, no commercially available \u201cfit for purpose\u201d instrumentation packages have been developed to monitor for interactions between marine animals and MRE devices, but several research platforms are in use and undergoing development worldwide. Simple robust environmental monitoring packages are needed to monitor around active MRE projects, because many consenting decisions are contingent upon the data collected from monitoring activities.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Hasselman, D.","Barclay, D.","Cavagnaro, R.","Chandler, C.","Cotter, E.","Gillespie, D.","Hastie, G.","Horne, J.","Joslin, J.","Long, C.","McGarry, L.","Mueller, R.","Sparling, C.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Dalhousie University","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","SMRU Consulting","University of St Andrews","University of Washington","Sustainable Marine"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-10_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202816","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-11-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633204","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 11: Marine Spatial Planning and Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 11: Marine Spatial Planning and Marine Renewable Energy here. Download the Chapter 11 Supplementary Material here.  The growth of MRE will result in the increasing use of marine space and the potential for conflict with existing ocean uses, both of which can be addressed, in part, through implementation of marine spatial planning (MSP). MSP seeks to manage competing marine uses while balancing environmental, social, and economic interests to support sustainable development of the oceans. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines MSP as \u201ca public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas to achieve ecological, economic, and social objectives that are usually specified through a political process.\u201d The successful implementation of MSP has the potential to increase transparency and certainty for industry, improve environmental protection, reduce sectoral conflicts, and provide opportunities for synergies.  Approaches to MSP vary by country and sometimes within countries. The 15 nations making up the OES-Environmental initiative were surveyed about their MSP practices in relation to MRE development. Their practices varied widely from intentional inclusion of MRE in MSP processes, to application of MSP principles without a formal MSP plan, to the lack of MSP used in MRE development. Many countries have developed and implemented tools to support MSP at a variety of scales, including spatial management tools and tools based on geospatial data organized into geographic information systems. Public involvement in MSP also varies among countries; some countries encourage public and stakeholder participation at early development stages, while other countries involve the public at later stages or to a lesser extent. This variability can be attributed to factors such as differing policy drivers, government priorities, and government operational challenges.     The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["University College Cork","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-11_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202817","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-12-adaptive-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633206","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 12: Adaptive Management Related to Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 12: Adaptive Management Related to Marine Renewable Energy here. Download the Chapter 12 Supplementary Material here.  The potential impacts of MRE development on marine animals, habitats, and the environment remain uncertain. Adaptive management (AM) has the potential to support the sustainable development of the MRE industry by enabling projects to be deployed incrementally despite uncertainty and to assist in closing knowledge gaps through rigorous monitoring and review. AM is an iterative process, also referred to as \u201clearning by doing,\u201d that seeks to reduce scientific uncertainty and improve management through periodic review of decisions in response to the knowledge gained from monitoring. AM offers a complementary approach to the precautionary principle and an opportunity to learn from monitoring and mitigation programs. Successful adoption of AM requires that monitoring approaches be question-driven, with the questions directly connected to thresholds\/triggers to avoid unacceptable impacts. However, few of these thresholds are currently available within MRE regulatory processes. In addition, implementation guidance is needed to support a common understanding of AM and guide the design of AM plans for commercial development of MRE arrays.  AM has been used to guide the implementation of MRE monitoring programs. If information from routine monitoring shows that the level of an effect or change is likely to cause an unacceptable impact, corrective actions can be taken. Conversely, if monitoring information indicates that risks have been overestimated, monitoring and mitigation requirements may be reduced in subsequent management decisions. To date, AM approaches have primarily been implemented to reduce uncertainty surrounding the nearfield effects of single or limited numbers of MRE devices. As the industry moves toward commercial development of MRE arrays, AM may be useful in evaluating changes in response to installation and operation of multiple devices.       The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Le Li\u00e8vre, C."],"organization":["University College Cork","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-12_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202818","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-13-risk-retirement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633208","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 13: Risk Retirement and Data Transferability for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 13: Risk Retirement and Data Transferability for Marine Renewable Energy here.  Risk retirement is a process of facilitating the consenting of small numbers of MRE devices, whereby each potential risk does not need to be fully investigated for every project. Rather, MRE developers can rely on what is known from already-consented projects, from related research studies, or from findings from analogous offshore industries, through a process called data transferability. Risk retirement does not take the place of any existing regulatory processes, nor does it replace the need for all data collection before or after MRE device deployment. Regulators may request additional data collection to verify risk retirement findings and add to the growing knowledge base.  By cautiously applying existing learning, analyses, and monitoring data sets from one country to another, among projects, and across jurisdictional boundaries, regulatory requirements may be satisfied, thereby subsequently reducing costs to the MRE industry over time.  As a means of facilitating the consenting of a small number of MRE devices, a risk retirement pathway has been developed so that the potential risks of specific stressor-receptor interactions can be evaluated to determine the risk to the marine environment. Preliminary evidence for the risk of underwater noise and EMF from small numbers of MRE devices indicate that these stressors could be retired. As larger MRE arrays are developed, these stressors may need to be reassessed.       The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-13_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/202819","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2020-chapter-14-summary-path-forward","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1633209","title":"2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 14: Summary and Path Forward","description":"The OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World builds on and serves as an update and a complement to the 2013 Final Report for Phase 1 of OES-Environmental and the 2016 State of the Science Report. Its content reflects the most current and pertinent published information about interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices and associated infrastructure with the animals and habitats that make up the marine environment. It has been developed and reviewed by over 60 international experts and scientists from around the world as part of an ongoing effort supported by the OES collaboration that operates within the International Technology Cooperation Framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The 2020 State of the Science Report consists of 14 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 14: Summary and Path Forward here.  In the four years since the publication of the 2016 State of the Science report, our understanding of several stressor-receptor interactions has increased as a result of additional MRE deployments and monitoring efforts, research studies in the laboratory and in the field, and modeling studies. As such, the risk to marine animals from underwater noise generated from MRE devices, along with electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by export cables and MRE devices, may be candidates for retirement, because the evidence bases for these stressor-receptor interactions indicate that the actual risk to marine animals is low for single or small numbers of devices. The risk of marine mammals and fish colliding with moving parts of tidal and river turbines continues to be the greatest concern for regulators and stakeholders.  The body of knowledge about the potential effects of MRE development can be used to help streamline consenting processes and support the responsible development of MRE through the implementation of strategies such as marine spatial planning, adaptive management, and risk retirement. How these management strategies may support consenting and management of MRE project needs to be considered through the following lenses:    Data collection, analysis, and reporting for consenting must be proportionate to the size of the MRE project and the likely risk to marine animals and habitats. While some site-specific data collection will be required to meet consenting requirements, knowledge of stressor-receptor relationships and likely risk from already-consented projects, analogous industries, and research studies can be relied upon to support proportionate consenting.  Both marine spatial planning (MSP) and adaptive management (AM) can play critical roles in assessing whether sufficient evidence has been gathered to evaluate potential risks of MRE development to the marine environment. MSP can help facilitate the coordinated and environmentally informed siting of MRE developments within the marine sector, leaning on the evidence base to support management decisions. The \u201clearning by doing\u201d approach of AM supports iterative learning and expansion of the evidence base from each subsequent project, resulting in proportionate monitoring and mitigation requirements.  Knowledge gained from consented MRE deployments, along with lessons learned from analogous offshore industries and research projects, can be evaluated to determine their applicability to inform consenting at new MRE sites. Data transferability, within the risk retirement pathway, aims to make the routine transfer of evidence more efficient.  A fully data-supported risk retirement process can help determine which interactions have sufficient evidence and where significant uncertainties remain. By retiring specific issues for a small number of MRE devices, the focus can be directed toward examining more challenging stressor-receptor relationships, such as collision risk for marine mammals around turbines.        The Short Science Summary for the chapter is available here.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2020-State-of-the-Science-Ch-14_final_hr.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/203207","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2020-benefits-effects","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Benefits and Effects","description":"Technologies that harvest energy from the movement of water in oceans and large rivers are under development around the world. Marine renewable energy (MRE) devices are designed to take advantage of tidal currents, fast flowing rivers, and waves, as well as ocean currents and natural gradients of temperature and salinity in ocean waters. The potential benefits that MRE can bring to nations and stakeholders are driving research studies, development of engineering systems, and experimental deployments of wave energy converters, as well as tidal and river turbines, in coastal areas. These studies, trials, and experiments are the leading edge of the development of an international MRE industry that is adding to the renewable energy portfolio of many nations. As this development occurs, it is essential that MRE projects not harm valuable and often fragile marine populations, habitats, and systems in the oceans. The responsible development of the MRE industry is informed by science-based understanding of the potential effects of MRE installations worldwide.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:15:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Benefits-Effects-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/203208","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-collision-risk-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Collision Risk","description":"The presence of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices\u00e2\u0080\u0094particularly the rotating blades of tidal and river turbines\u00e2\u0080\u0094is thought to pose a risk to marine animals. Animals might come into close contact with turbine blades in the course of their natural movements, because they are attracted to the device for purposes of feeding, shelter, or out of curiosity, or because they are not strong enough to avoid currents that might sweep them into the blades.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Collision-Risk-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/203209","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-underwater-noise-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Underwater Noise","description":"Animals use sound in the marine environment like humans and animals use light (sight) on land. Underwater sound allows animals to communicate, navigate, interact, forage, and avoid predation. The extent to which marine animals detect and produce sound varies by species and may range across frequencies and sound levels. Marine animals are already subject to sources of anthropogenic noise under water; the addition of sound from marine renewable energy (MRE) devices could induce stress, behavioral changes (such as avoidance), a range of physical injuries, and a temporary or permanent reduction in hearing ability that can mask other sounds. The propagation of sound from MRE devices dissipates with distance from the device, depending on specific ocean conditions and the level of sound generated by each device. Construction activities at sea can create loud underwater noise, while noise from operational MRE devices is much quieter.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Underwater-Noise-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/203210","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-electromagnetic-fields-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Electromagnetic Fields","description":"Certain marine animals, such as certain elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays, etc.), marine mammals, crustaceans, sea turtles, and other fish species, can sense electromagnetic fields (EMFs). These species use EMFs to navigate, orient, and hunt for prey. Cables from operational marine renewable energy (MRE) devices can add EMFs to the environment, on top of other anthropogenic sources such as underwater telecom or power cables, while also adding to the Earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s natural field. MRE devices can potentially alter the ambient EMF field, which may disrupt the animals\u00e2\u0080\u0099 ability to detect natural signatures, potentially affecting their survival, reproductive success, or migratory patterns. With the advent of larger MRE developments, the intensity and range of the emissions may increase.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Electromagnetic-Fields-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/203211","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-changes-benthic-pelagic-habitat","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats","description":"Most marine renewable energy (MRE) devices must be attached to the seafloor in some way, either by gravity foundations, pilings, or anchors, and many will also have transmission cables on the seabed, and mooring lines, as well as the devices themselves in the water column. Physical changes in benthic and pelagic habitats have the potential to alter where species live and how common they are at a site, and they may lead to habitat loss, provide opportunities for non-native species to become established, alter ecological patterns, modify ecosystem functions and the services the ecosystem provides, and affect the behavior of many marine organisms.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Changes-Benthic-Pelagic-Habitats-SSS_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/203212","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-changes-oceanographic-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary: Changes in Oceanographic Systems","description":"The tides, waves, currents, and water circulation make up the oceanographic processes that control the marine environment by determining the concentrations of dissolved gases and nutrients, transporting sediment, and supporting habitats and water quality that allow marine organisms and ecosystems to stay healthy. Harnessing energy from the movement of water with marine renewable energy (MRE) devices has the potential to affect these processes by changing the natural flow patterns around devices, decreasing wave heights, or removing energy from the system.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Changes-Oceanographic-Systems-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205143","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-entanglement-risk-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Entanglement Risk","description":"Most marine renewable energy (MRE) devices are attached to the seabed with mooring lines or anchors, which allow them to maintain their position within the water column or on the sea surface. In an array, cables are also used to carry power from multiple devices to a single power export cable installed on the seabed. The potential for these lines and cables to become a hazard for marine animals that may become entangled or entrapped in them is uncertain but has been raised by stakeholders. Greater understanding of the entanglement risk to marine animals is needed to evaluate how this issue may affect consenting processes for MRE development.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Entanglement-Risk-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205144","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-social-economic-data-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary: Social and Economic Data","description":"The social and economic effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) must be considered in consenting\/permitting (hereafter consenting) applications, as well as\u00a0strategic planning processes. MRE may cause benefits or adverse effects on economies, communities, jobs, wages, revenues, social services, and community well-being. Information is needed to estimate baseline and long-term impacts and\u00a0to assess social and economic changes at the local and regional scale.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Social-Economic-Data-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205145","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2020-environmental-monitoring","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Environmental Monitoring","description":"The interaction of marine animals with tidal and river turbines remains the least understood aspect of potential marine renewable energy (MRE) effects and has been hampered by the inability to observe these interactions. These challenges require the design of monitoring equipment that can survive in harsh marine environments, and the ability to manage power to operate instruments and onboard data acquisition systems.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:15:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Environmental-Monitoring-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205146","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-marine-spatial-planning-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary: Marine Spatial Planning","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) is an approach to managing marine activities with competing industries to balance environmental, social, and economic interests. All MSP processes try to reflect key principles that are science- or evidence-based, integrated, adaptive, strategic, and participatory. These principles can present challenges for implementation because in general each activity is managed individually, with limited consideration of other economic activities occurring in the same space or their potential effects on the receiving environment individually or cumulatively. Failure to take a more holistic approach to planning can result in conflicts between different marine users and potential effects on the marine environment.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Marine-Spatial-Planning-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205147","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2020-adaptive-management","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Adaptive Management","description":"Uncertainty surrounding the potential impacts of marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies on sensitive marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes means that even robust baseline environmental information cannot comprehensively address all pre-deployment knowledge gaps. Tools and practical approaches are needed to help with the sustainable development of the industry. Adaptive management (AM) enables MRE projects to be deployed gradually, despite uncertainty, in a way that prevents unacceptable harm to the marine environment.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Adaptive-Management-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205148","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-risk-retirement-data-transferability","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary: Risk Retirement and Data Transferability","description":"Risk retirement is the process whereby each potential risk need not be fully investigated for every small marine renewable energy (MRE) project. Rather, MRE developers and regulators may rely on what is known from already consented\/permitted (hereafter consented) projects, from related research studies, or from findings from analogous offshore industries. Risk retirement does not take the place of any existing regulatory processes, nor does it completely replace the need for all data collection before and after MRE device deployment; these data are needed to verify risk retirement findings and add to the overall knowledge base. When larger arrays of MRE devices are planned, or when new information comes to light, these risks can be revisited and new decisions about the level of risk down-scoping or retirement can be made.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:15:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Risk-Retirement-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/205149","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-path-forward-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2020: Path Forward","description":"The path forward for the consenting\/permitting (here after consenting only) of\u00a0marine renewable energy (MRE) devices requires a common understanding among regulators, developers, and other stakeholders of the risk associated with each interaction of MRE devices and systems (stressors) with marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem functions (receptors). Through the integration and assessment of all the information gathered through the 2020 OES-Environmental process, a series of graphical representations of risk, at this point in time, have been developed.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:16:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Path-Forward-SSS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/207467","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/equal-value-can-major-severn-tidal-power-scheme-be-compatible-enhancing-natura-2000","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/14-severn-tidal-power-compensation-measures-for-impacts-on-habitats","title":"Equal Value: Can a major Severn Tidal Power scheme be compatible with enhancing the Natura 2000 Biodiversity Network?","description":"This study attempts to answer whether additional and novel compensation measures could be put in place to enhance the overall coherence of the Natura 2000 network and \/ or the conservation status of species and habitats within it.","author":["Sustainable Development Commission"],"organization":["UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)","UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2010-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.220845800000","-5.540841000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sustainable-Development-Commission-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/208047","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-retirement-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Risk Retirement for Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Over the last couple of decades scientists, engineers, regulators, developers, and other stakeholders have examined and identified six key environmental interactions, or potential risks, for the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry: animals colliding with turbines; effects of underwater noise from the operation of MRE devices on marine animals; effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) from power cables on marine animals; changes in seabed or water column habitats from installation and operation of MRE systems; displacement or barrier effects from MRE arrays that may keep animals from critical habitats, and; changes in circulation and sediment transport from MRE device operation (Kropp 2013; Copping et al. 2016; Copping and Grear 2018). Uncertainty remains about these potential interactions between MRE devices and the marine environment, which has led to scrutiny from regulators and other stakeholders that has created barriers to consenting\/permitting (hereafter \u201cconsenting\u201d) MRE devices and high costs for environmental monitoring. However, there is a growing body of knowledge that can aid the advancement of the MRE industry in the face of such challenges.   To help the MRE industry move forward, OES-Environmental has developed a process for facilitating consenting for small numbers of MRE devices so that each potential risk may not need to be investigated for every project. This process, called \u201crisk retirement,\u201d helps determine which interactions of MRE devices and the marine environment are low risk and may be \u201cretired,\u201d and which need further data collection and research, or new mitigation measures to increase understanding and limit impacts.   To aid in the determination of a risk being retired, OES-Environmental has put forth a risk retirement pathway. The pathway begins with describing an MRE project and potential environmental interactions, then progresses through five stages to determine if the risk can be retired or if more information or mitigation is needed. The five stages are as follows:    Define risk: Determine if a likely\/plausible risk exists for a particular project.  Examine existing data: Determine whether sufficient data exists to demonstrate whether the risk is acceptable.  Collect additional data: Collect additional data to determine whether the risk is acceptable.  Apply existing mitigation: Apply existing mitigation measures to determine whether the risk can be mitigated.  Test novel mitigation: Test novel mitigation measures to determine whether the risk can be mitigated.    The risk retirement process has been discussed with and found to be largely supported by the MRE community including developers, regulators, researchers, consultants, and other stakeholders. This report explains the concept of risk retirement, documents outreach and engagement efforts to gather feedback and test the concept, and examines future steps to increase the ability to retire risks throughout the MRE industry. Successful implementation of the risk retirement process within the international MRE community will accomplish the following:    Reduce the amount of uncertainty regarding environmental effects of MRE deployments and add to the existing knowledge base;  Facilitate consenting processes for both regulators and developers to reduce time and costs;  Promote public understanding and acceptance of MRE projects; and  Allow for resources to be dedicated to interactions that require further exploration and understanding.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Overhus, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Sediment Transport","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:29:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Risk_Retirement_for_Environmental_Effects_of_Marine_Renewable_Energy_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/208048","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enabling-power-sea-opportunities-expanded-ocean-observations-through-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy20osti\/74459.pdf","title":"Enabling Power at Sea: Opportunities for Expanded Ocean Observations through Marine Renewable Energy Integration","description":"The blue economy is a dynamic and rapidly growing movement that captures the interplay between economic, social, and ecological sustainability of the ocean and encompasses numerous maritime sectors and activities (e.g., commerce and trade; living resources; renewable energy; minerals, materials, and freshwater; and ocean health and data). The demand for ocean data to inform scientific, risk reduction, and national security needs is leading to a large increase in the number of deployed ocean observation and monitoring systems, most of which require increased power. Because ocean observation systems are often placed in remote locations, they primarily rely on energy storage (or in some cases in situ energy generation) to power instruments and equipment, which imposes limits on sampling rates, deployment times, and spatiotemporal resolution of data. The U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office is exploring the potential for marine renewable energy (MRE) devices (largely wave and tidal energy converters) to provide power to support multiple blue economy opportunities. A portion of these opportunities focus on power at sea markets for providing power in off-grid and offshore locations to support a variety of ocean-based activities, including ocean observation and navigation, underwater vehicle charging, marine aquaculture, marine algae farming, and seawater mining. Initially, research has focused on better understanding how and where MRE can provide a consistent source of reliable power to extend ocean observing missions, including operation of autonomous underwater vehicles. Online surveys as well as phone and in-person interviews were conducted with experts in the field of ocean observing systems and observatories to gather end-user requirements, determine energy needs, identify opportunities for codevelopment, and pinpoint constraints for MRE to meet those needs. The surveys and interviews provided feedback on the potential for powering devices and vehicles using MRE, including identifying common themes and challenges that will inform foundational research and development steps needed to advance the integration of MRE with ocean observing systems. In most cases, additional power generation on the order of watts was identified as significantly beneficial to enhancing ocean observations capabilities.","author":["Green, R.","Copping, A.","Cavagnaro, R.","Rose, D.","Overhus, D.","Jenne, S."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2019-10-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.612943200000","-122.482147500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/209982","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/european-environmental-regulation-marine-renewable-energies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/reel.12317","title":"The European environmental regulation of marine renewable energies","description":"The marine renewable energy (MRE) industry is growing exponentially in the European Union (EU) due to, among other factors, its potential contribution to mitigating climate change. However, there are negative environmental effects associated with the development of MRE that could compromise the protection of the marine ecosystems. In this context, the EU requires environmental protection and sustainable growth for the development of MRE. This article identifies and analyses the main features of the legal framework provided by the EU secondary law instruments regulating the protection of the environment against the impacts of MRE and explores options to strengthen such protection. It argues that the fragmented and sectoral legal framework is theoretically capable of protecting the environment against the impacts of MRE, but needs to be further developed, coordinated and specified to ensure protection in practice. The article also highlights that the consideration of MRE as projects subject to compulsory environmental impact assessment (EIA) under the EIA Directive and the consideration of key environmental obligations during the EIA process could strengthen the ability of the legal framework to provide protection.","author":["Soria-Rodr\u00edguez, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-01-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/217523","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advances-experimental-medicine-biology-effects-noise-aquatic-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-7311-5","title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life","description":"These proceedings are the extended abstracts of the papers presented at the 2010 Second International Meeting on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life that took place in August in Cork, Ireland. The meeting brought together 248 scientists, regulators, and representatives from industry and environmental groups, representing 21 countries from all continents, to hear papers and discuss a broad range of topics focused on underwater sound and its effects on organisms living in the aquatic environment. This meeting followed from the immensely successful first conference that took place in 2007 in Nyborg, Denmark. The Cork meeting was, if anything, more successful than the first meeting in bringing people with different interests and experiences together and in allowing them to get to know one another, learn about new findings, and interact very successfully.  The basis for the first two meetings, and the third which will be held in Europe in August 2013, arises from concern that has been growing since at least the early 1990s. Humans are adding substantial noise to the aquatic environment, and this noise might have an impact on the quality of life, and even the survival, of aquatic organisms. While the original concern focused on marine mammals, this has changed in more recent years to the point where equal emphasis is now being placed upon fish and, most recently, on invertebrates. Indeed, while fish and marine mammals were well represented in Nyborg, with no representation of invertebrates, we are most pleased that a number of outstanding papers were presented in Cork on invertebrates.  The Cork conference was packed with papers; so many that we extended the idea, first tested at Nyborg, of having groups of rapid-fire presentations in the evening. These were as successful in arousing interest and provoking comment as the longer presentations given at the conference. We can have no doubt that the subject of underwater noise and its impact has come of age and that a community of people with strong interest in this topic has now been formed. We are planning to hold this community together in the period leading up to our next conference.  Book Contents:    Introduction     Noise and Marine Life: Progress From Nyborg to Cork in Science and Technology to Inform Decision Making   Listening Backward: Early Days of Marine Bioacoustics      Sound Detection by Aquatic Animals     Effects of Underwater Noise on Marine Mammals   Psychophysical Studies of Auditory Masking in Marine Mammals: Key Concepts and New Directions   On the Relationship Between Environmental Noise, Critical Ratios, and Comodulation Masking Release in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)   Direct Measurements of Subjective Loudness in a Bottlenose Dolphin   High Auditory Time Resolution in Bottlenose Dolphins Is Effective Protection Against Reverberation   Frequency Selectivity in the Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory System   Auditory Brain Stem Responses Associated with Echolocation in an Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)   Hearing, Noise, and Echolocating Odontocetes   Evoked Potential Audiometry in Aquatic Mammals   Prediction of a Mysticete Audiogram via Finite Element Analysis of the Middle Ear   Reverse Engineering the Cetacean Ear to Extract Audiograms   Validation of a Vibroacoustic Finite Element Model Using Bottlenose Dolphin Experiments   Acoustic Function in the Peripheral Auditory System of Cuvier\u2019s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)   Auditory Evoked Potential Measurement of Hearing Sensitivity in Pinnipeds   Hearing in Birds: What Changes From Air to Water   Amphibious Hearing in Sea Turtles   Hearing Capabilities of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) Throughout Ontogeny   Are Sharks Even Bothered by a Noisy Environment?   Optimal Auditory Sensitivity Under Variable Background Noise Conditions: A Theoretical Model   A Critical Reevaluation of the Role of Acoustic Pressure in Source Localization by Fish   Vibration of the Otoliths in a Teleost   Hearing Sensitivity of the Painted Goby, Pomatoschistus pictus   Acoustic Communication in Pomatoschistus spp.: A Comparison Between Closely Related Species   Importance of Hearing for Survival of Danio rerio (Zebrafish) in an Experimental Predator\/Prey Environment   Lateral Line Canal Morphology and Noise Reduction   Potential for Sound Sensitivity in Cephalopods   Listening in Noise   Discovery of Sound in the Sea: An Online Resource      Sound Production by Aquatic Animals     Whistles of Bottlenose Dolphins: Group Repertoires and Geographic Variations in Brazilian Waters   Detection and Classification of Vocalizations for the Study of Marine Mammal Distributions in the Chukchi Sea   Acoustic Ecology and Behavior of Minke Whales in the Hawaiian and Marianas Islands: Localization, Abundance Estimation, and Characterization of Minke Whale \u201cBoings\u201d   What You See Is Not What You Hear: The Relationship Between Odontocete Echolocation Click Production and Hearing   Sound Production and Reception in Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)   Nocturnal Acoustic Activity in the Shallow Waters of the WWF-Miramare Natural Marine Reserve (Trieste, Italy)   Acoustic Ecology of the California Mantis Shrimp (Hemisquilla californiensis)   Influence of Turbidity on the Incidence of Sound Production in Atlantic Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina   Propagation of Lusitanian Toadfish Sounds in Estuarine Shallow Waters   Sound Production in Some Physostomous Fish Species and Effects of Biological Sounds on Fish   Is Biological Sound Production Important in the Deep Sea?   Unusual and Unexpected Biological Noisemakers in the Irish Sea and St. George\u2019s Channel      Physiological Effects of Sounds     Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: From Animal Models to Human Trials   Auditory Effects of Underwater Noise in Odontocetes   Implementation of Acoustic Dosimeters With Recoverable Month-Long GPS\/TDR Tags to Interpret Controlled-Exposure Experiments for Large Whales   Marine Mammal Auditory System Noise Impacts: Evidence and Incidence   Effect of Broadband Sounds on the Auditory Evoked Potential Thresholds in the Beluga Whale   The ESME Workbench: Simulating the Impact of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals   Using EarLab to Study Masking Due to Anthropogenic Sound   Portable Auditory Evoked Potential System to Assess Odontocete Hearing   Barotrauma in Fish and Barotrauma Metrics   Assessment of Barotrauma Injury and Cumulative Sound Exposure Level in Salmon After Exposure to Impulsive Sound   Shipboard Assessment of Hearing Sensitivity of Tropical Fishes Immediately After Exposure to Seismic Air Gun Emissions at Scott Reef   A Lack of Correlation Between Air Gun Signal Pressure Waveforms and Fish Hearing Damage   Effects of Short-and Long-Term Exposure to Boat Noise on Cortisol Levels in Juvenile Fish   Potential Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Boat Noise on the Growth, Survival, and Nutrient Retention in Juvenile Fish   Predicting Hearing Loss in Fishes   Effects of Pile-Driving Noise on Oncorhynchus mykiss (Steelhead Trout)      Anthropogenic Sounds and Behavior     Controlled Exposure Study of Dolphins and Sea Lions to Midfrequency Sonarlike Signals   A Direct Comparison of Bottlenose Dolphin and Common Dolphin Behavior During Seismic Surveys When Air Guns Are and Are Not Being Utilized   Behavioral Reactions of Harbor Porpoise to Pile-Driving Noise   Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)   Evaluating the Effects of Offshore Pile Driving on Phocoena phocoena (Harbor Porpoises) by Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring   Effects of Underwater Explosions on Presence and Habitat Use of Harbor Porpoises in the German Baltic Sea   Behavioral-Response Studies: Problems With Statistical Power   Detection and Tracking of Whales Using a Shipborne, 360\u00b0 Thermal-Imaging System   Distribution of Bowhead Whale Calls Near an Oil Production Island With Fluctuating Underwater Sound   Assessment of the Effect of Natural and Anthropogenic Aquatic Noise on Vaquita (Phocoena sinus) Through a Numerical Simulation   Impacts of Anthropogenic Sounds on Phocoena phocoena (Harbor Porpoise)   Changes in Vocal Behavior of North Atlantic Right Whales in Increased Noise   Acoustic Compensation to Shipping and Air Gun Noise by Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus)   Long-Term Monitoring of Anthropogenic Noise and Its Relationship to Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Distribution in the Cres\u2013Lo\u0161inj Archipelago, Northern Adriatic, Croatia   Does Vessel Noise Affect the Use of Sound by Foraging Orcinus orca (Killer Whales)?   Do Silent Ships See More Fish? Comparison of a Noise-Reduced and a Conventional Research Vessel in Alaska   Behavioral Observations of Baleen Whales in Proximity of a Modern Fishing Vessel   Assessing Effects of an Acoustic Marine Geophysical Survey on the Locomotive Behavior of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus   Acoustic Monitoring of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Cook Inlet, Alaska   Soundscape of a Nearshore Coral Reef Near an Urban Center   Gap Durations in Ambient Noise Impact the Communication Range of Harp Seals: A Pilot Study   Importance of Underwater Sounds for Migration of Fish and Aquatic Mammals   Behavioral Responses of Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin) to Recreational Boat Sounds   Assessing Disturbance From Under-Ice Noise on Fishes in Boreal Lakes   Impacts of River-Based Air Gun Seismic Activity on Northern Fishes   Effects of Underwater Noise on Larval settlement   Does Vessel Noise Change the Calling Rate and Intensity of Soniferous Fishes?   Behavioral Responses of Captive Herring to Sonar Signals (1-1.6 kHz) of a Naval Frigate Throughout a Yearly Cycle   Acoustic Tagging: A Suitable Method for the Study of Natural Herring Behavior Around Spawning?   Effects of Pile Driving on the Behavior of Cod and Sole   A Novel Field Study Setup to Investigate the Behavior of Fish Related to Sound   Do Ocean-Based Wind Farms Alter the Migration Pattern in the Endangered European Silver Eel (Anguilla anguilla) Due to Noise Disturbance?   Effects of Vessel Engine Noise on the Acoustic Signaling Behavior of Dascyllus albisella (Hawaiian Damselfish)   Distribution and Potential Impact of Boat Noise on Fish Sound Production From an Autonomous Acoustic Array in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico   Cichlid Courtship Acoustics: Signals and Noise Influence Reproductive Behavior   Using Catch Statistics to Investigate Effects of Seismic Activity on Fish Catch Rates   Effects of Sounds From Seismic Air Guns on Fish Behavior and Catch Rates      Population Effects     A Bioenergetics Approach to Developing a Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance Model   Energetic Cost of Behaviors Performed in Response to Vessel Disturbance: One Link in the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance Model      Anthropogenic Sound Sources and their Measurement     A Common Sense Approach to Source Metrics   Underwater Sounds From Unattenuated and Attenuated Marine Pile Driving   What is the Source Level of Pile-Driving Noise in Water?   Ground Roll Waves as a Potential Influence on Fish: Measurement and Analysis Techniques   Assessment of Cumulative Sound Exposure Levels for Marine Piling Events   Modeling the Propagation of Transient Sounds in Very Shallow Water Using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Calculations   Proximate Measurements of Acoustic Emissions Associated with the Installation and Operation of an Exploration Jackup Drilling Rig in the North Sea   Measurement of Underwater Noise Arising From Marine Aggregate Operations   Svein Vaage Broadband Air Gun Study   Cetacean Hearing-Damage Zones Around a Seismic Source   Modeling Cumulative Sound Exposure Over Large Areas, Multiple Sources, and Long Durations   Sound-Recording Systems for Measuring Sound Levels During Seismic Surveys   First Description of the Sound Pressure and Particle Velocity Components of the Ambient Noise and Boat Noise Recorded at the WWF-Miramare Natural Marine Reserve, Trieste, Italy   Underwater Particle Acceleration Induced by a Wind Turbine in the Baltic Sea   Is the Ocean Really Getting Louder?      Science, Regulation and Sound Exposure Criteria     The Complexity of Noise Impact Assessments: From Birdsong to Fish Behavior   Extrapolating Beyond Chinchillas: Behavioral Response Ambiguity Through the Lens of Variable Human Responses to Moderate Wind Farm Noise   Underwater Noise Effects From Wave Energy Devices on Marine Mammals: A Possible Approach   Physical Biologists and Biological Physicists: Combining Biology and Physics in Research on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life   \u201cSo, Am I Correct in My Understanding That a Decibel Is the Same as a Hertz?\u201d: The Quest for Informed, Objective Environmental Impact Analysis of Marine Anthropogenic Noise   Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation: Effect on a Noise Budget   Development and Implementation of Criteria for Exposure of Western Gray Whales to Oil and Gas Industry Noise   Strategic Assessment of the Risk Posed to Marine Mammals by the Use of Air Guns in the Antarctic: Concepts, Methods, Results, and Controversies   Establishing a Safety Zone for Marine Mammals Due to Underwater Blasting   The Marine Mammal Protection Act: A Regulatory Approach to Identifying and Minimizing Acoustic-Related Impacts on Marine Mammals   Noise-Related Stress and Cumulative Impact Assessment   Interim Criteria for Injury to Fish From Pile-Driving Activities: Recent Experiences   Marine Mammal Acoustics Exposure Analysis Models Used in US Navy Environmental Impact Statements   Status of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s Guidelines for Assessing Impacts of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals   Regulatory Assessments of the Effects of Noise: Moving From Threshold Shift and Injury to Behavior   United States Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement: Filling Data Gaps to Better Understand the Effects of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Life   Regulation of Sound in the Ocean: Recent and Future Possible Changes   Marine Bioacoustics and the Regulation of Fisheries   Update From the OEER Association on Research Findings Associated With the Assessment of the Impacts of Seismic Exploration on Marine Invertebrates   Managing Underwater Noise in European Waters: Implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive      Monitoring, Management and Migration     Acoustic-Based Cetacean Detection in Irish Waters   Real-Time Monitoring of Noise in Cetacean Acoustic Niches   What Does Ecosystem Acoustics Reveal About Marine Mammals in the Bering Sea?   Ship Traffic Noise Distribution in the Strait of Gibraltar: An Exemplary Case for Monitoring Global Ocean Noise Using Real-Time Technology Now Available for Understanding the Effects of Noise on Marine Life   Are There Technological Alternatives to Air Guns for Oil and Gas Exploration to Reduce Potential Noise Impacts on Cetaceans?   Modeling Cumulative Sound Exposure Along a Seismic Line to Assess the Risk of Seismic Research Surveys on Marine Mammals in the Antarctic Treaty Area   North Atlantic Treaty Organization Marine Mammal Risk Mitigation Principles and Guidelines   Mitigating Impacts of Underwater Noise From Dredging on Beluga Whales in Cook Inlet, Alaska   Exploration and Production Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Programme: Research Progress and Applications   Managing Anthropogenic Underwater Noise in the Northwest Territories, Canada   SIRENA \u201910: Beyond the Mediterranean   Planning Is Critical to Ensure Effective Mitigation of Naval Activities   Standardizing Protected Species Observer Requirements in the United States   Using Passive Acoustics to Monitor the Presence of Marine Mammals During Naval Exercises   Development of a National Database and Standards for Protected Species Observer Data in the United States   Coordinated Management of Anthropogenic Noise From Offshore Construction Off Sakhalin Island for Protection of the Western Gray Whale      Workshops and Concluding Remarks     Workshop One: Risk Analysis   Workshop Two: Long-Term and Cumulative Effects of Acoustic Exposure Along With Other Stressors   Workshop Three: Approaches to Behavioral Analysis of Responses to High-Energy Acoustic Sources   Workshop Four: International Regulatory Issues   Summing Up","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Loughine Limited"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/219274","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-differences-marine-spatial-data-resolution-robustness-north-sea-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120301162","title":"Evaluating differences in marine spatial data resolution and robustness: A North Sea case study","description":"Seabed substrates have the capacity to support a variety of marine communities. However, habitats provided by natural substrates are increasingly modified and supplemented by man-made structures. These provide hard surfaces suitable for colonisation by sedentary and\/or non-migratory organisms, and may contribute to an interconnected system of benefit to diverse marine populations. Robust assessment of the influence of such structures is, therefore, a necessary consideration for their long-term management. The challenge of compiling and manipulating data for input to two North Sea models is described. Source data were processed and gridded at three different spatial resolutions to investigate the effect of scale on spatial relationships. Choice of grid size was found to exacerbate existing uncertainty in location and extent of features, influencing interpretation of their spatial distributions at the different scales examined. The small spatial footprint of man-made structures, compared with natural substrates, may lead to underestimation of the influence of the former at coarser model scales. Choices must be made between data availability, spatial resolution and accuracy, modelling and analysis requirements, to identify robust approaches to reliable outcomes. Model sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are recommended for application in data-limited situations. Greater openness and cooperation in data-sharing is required for robust scientific modelling to underpin decision-making in the marine environment.","author":["Posen, P.","Hyder, K.","Alves, M.","Taylor, N.","Lynam, C."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.000000000000","2.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/219275","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-stated-preference-valuation-offshore-environment-support-marine-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479720304540","title":"Using stated preference valuation in the offshore environment to support marine planning","description":"This study presents valuations of components of marine natural capital that have hitherto been overlooked by the valuation literature. Using a discrete choice experiment, it values a set of ecosystem services linked to seabed natural capital in the UK section of the North Sea. The study focuses on offshore seabed habitats, using Good Environmental Status as a measure of seabed health, thus linking directly to management targets under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. It considers how changing pressures on seabed habitats could affect marine industries and other ecosystems through trade-offs with (1) the contribution that exploitation of these habitats makes to the maritime cultural heritage; and (2) changes to the health of seabird populations. For seabed habitats and seabirds, the elicited values mainly represent non-use values for changes in the condition of natural capital assets. For maritime cultural heritage the valuation refers to the changed provision of this cultural ecosystem service. Results show that the public in England hold significant, strongly correlated, values for changes in the condition of offshore seabeds and seabird populations. Projected losses in maritime cultural heritage are found to lead to expected welfare decreases. Implications of these findings for marine planning and decision-making are discussed.","author":["B\u00f6rger, T.","Hooper, T.","Austen, M.","Marcone, O.","Rendon, O."],"organization":["University of Stirling","Plymouth Marine Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.242689000000","-1.868769000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/224118","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/critical-analysis-hybrid-renewable-energy-modeling-tools-emerging-opportunity-include","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032119308962","title":"A critical analysis on hybrid renewable energy modeling tools: An emerging opportunity to include social indicators to optimise systems in small communities","description":"The arrival of different renewable energy and storage technologies with lower costs is helping smaller communities to gain access to affordable electricity resources through energy systems fed from heterogeneous generation resources. With the growing popularity of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES), a novel kind of end-user software tool has also emerged to help planners optimize such energy installations. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of research articles that warn about the need for considering social indicators such as job creation and social acceptance when designing HRESs in addition to the usual considerations of economical, technical, and environmental criteria. Consequently, the design of HRESs could also be optimized by adding such new social parameters. Mainly, this article presents a complete review of the most popular tools for designing HRESs, and the main conclusion of this survey is that these tools do not consider social factors which is a real opportunity to boost the capabilities of such software packages. Also, this research provides valuable information for the developers of HRES optimization tools, providing them, on the one hand, with insights about the advantages of including social parameters during technology assessment and, on the other hand, with a guide to help them with selecting the most pertinent tool at each case, allowing designers to make the most of the socio-demographic structures and obtain more advantages from local renewable resources.","author":["Cuesta, M.","Castillo-Calzadilla, T.","Borges, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/224120","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-perceptions-tidal-energy-can-you-predict-social-acceptability-across-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X20303791#!","title":"Public perceptions of tidal energy: Can you predict social acceptability across coastal communities in England?","description":"Early consideration of potential societal issues faced by the nascent tidal industry is important to facilitate public engagement and potentially avoid levels of conflict that have arisen within other renewable energy sectors; general expressions of public support (as reported in national-scale attitude surveys) do not always translate into approval for local developments. It is a very appealing idea that the likely response of different types of communities to marine energy developments can be mapped and used to support planning. This study examined the attitudes of 963 people in South West England to hypothetical local tidal energy projects, analysing the results both by geographic location and according to the coastal community typology developed for England by the Marine Management Organisation. With the exception of age, demographic variables had little influence on the level of opposition to tidal energy, which instead was affected more by factors such as attitudes towards tidal energy in general (in particular its likely environmental impact), activities undertaken at the coast, and place attachment. These significant factors are typically not captured by the national census data used to determine community types. Any predictions about the acceptability of energy projects made as a result of community mapping based on demographic variables will not be a substitute for thorough public engagement and consultation, which should centre on the implications of tidal developments for the environment.","author":["Hooper, T.","Hattam, C.","Edwards-Jones, A.","Beaumont, N."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.013443000000","-4.204429000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/224121","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-legal-framework-malaysia-way-forward","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Legal Framework in Malaysia: A Way Forward","description":"Being a nation that is surrounded by seas, Malaysia is seen to have the potential to harness energy from the sea. At present, renewable energy is already considered to be an important focus within the country\u2019s low emissions strategy particularly through the enforcement of the Renewable Energy Act 2011. However, the scope of this Act is inadequate to include energy from the sea as it is confined only to eligible renewable energy sources under the feed-in tariff scheme. The objective of this paper is to highlight the legal and regulatory requirements governing marine renewable energy development in Malaysia particularly in sustainably capturing tidal and wave potential. As an alternative, this paper explores the viability of ocean energy as another source of renewable energy. The paper adopts a doctrinal approach and suggests some measures within the law and policy which when considered would help towards the development of marine renewable energy. The authors recommend for Malaysia to adopt the Nova Scotia\u2019s legal framework. This model could well be applied provided that there is a strong political will and policy drivers to achieve the national objectives in accelerating renewable energy sector, particularly from marine sources.","author":["Ghazali, F.","Mustafa, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["4.105005000000","107.259338000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ghazalietal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/233971","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-42-review-consenting-processes-wave-energy-spain-portugal-focusing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/358695148_DELIVERABLE_42_Review_of_consenting_processes_for_wave_energy_in_Spain_and_Portugal_focusing_on_risk-based_approach_and_Adaptive_Management","title":"WESE Deliverable 4.2 Review of consenting processes for wave energy in Spain and Portugal focusing on risk-based approach and Adaptive Management","description":"In a new industry such as MRE, there may be interactions between devices and marine animals or habitats that regulators or stakeholders perceive as risky. In many instances, this perception of risk is due to the high degree of uncertainty that results from a paucity of data collected in the ocean. Because of this uncertainty, regulators continue to perceive MRE interactions to be of high risk and may take a precautionary approach during the consenting process of MRE devices and systems, requesting extensive pre and post-installation data to determine the significance and potential adverse environmental effects.  Consequently, this uncertainty about the potential environmental effects of MRE devices is one of the non-technological barrier to the progress of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry that has been identified in the framework of the consenting procedures by the MRE industry sector, scientific community, etc.  One attempt to overcome this barrier is to integrate a risk-based approach as an element of Adaptive Management (AM) to these consenting procedures.  Thus, the aim of the present deliverable is to generate the necessary knowledge base to further evaluate the extent to which a risk-based approach can be incorporated in the current consenting procedures of wave energy projects in the particular case of Spain and Portugal that will be undertaken under Task 4.3 of the WESE project. For this purpose, two main tasks have been undertaken in the present deliverable:  a) A review of the consenting processes of MRE projects in Spain and Portugal.  b) An introduction to the general considerations of a risk-based approach and AM","author":["Bald, J.","Apolonia, M."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2020-03-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.870565000000","-3.534141000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:07:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/baldetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/233972","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-41-stakeholder-database","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357932598_Deliverable_41_Stakeholder_database","title":"WESE Deliverable 4.1 Stakeholder Database","description":"The present deliverable analyses the list of national Spanish and Portuguese key stakeholders contacts that has been identified and classified. The stakeholders\u2019 database includes project developers and promoters (license applicants and specialist consultants), policy makers and regulators, consenting and surveying service providers (including technology providers, Environment Impact assessment practitioners, consenting and surveying consultants), energy companies, academic experts (both in science and policy) and representatives of appropriate lobby and pressure groups. This information will be used in the context of the Work Package 4 for the early engagement with national regulators, developers (including those involved as partners and in charge of the projects under study herein) and wider marine users in the project. This task is essential for the understanding of the real barriers that survey requirements and consenting presents to marine renewable energy development. The Deliverable is divided in three sections. Section one and two describes the list of stakeholders by group, roles and sector in Spain and Portugal respectively. Section three shows the same information but with merged data between Spain and Portugal.","author":["Galsparsoro, I.","Mentxaka, I.","Apolonia, M.","Marina, D.","Etxaniz, P.","de Miguel, B.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","IDOM","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2019-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.870565000000","-3.534141000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:09:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Galparsoroetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/233973","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-21-monitoring-plans-noise-electromagnetic-fields-seabed-integrity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357932651_Deliverable_21_Monitoring_plans_for_Noise_Electromagnetic_Fields_and_Seabed_Integrity","title":"WESE Deliverable 2.1 Monitoring plans for Noise, Electromagnetic Fields and Seabed Integrity","description":"In the WESE project scope, Work Package 2 aims to collect, process, analyse and share environmental data collected in sites where Wave Energy Converters (WEC) are operating in real sea conditions in Spanish and Portuguese coastal waters, representing different types of technology, sites and, therefore, types of marine environment (onshore, nearshore and offshore) that can potentially be affected by wave energy projects: (i) Idom-Oceantec MARMOK-A-5, installed in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) in Spain; (ii) Wave Roller (AW-Energy), installed in Peniche (Portugal) and (iii) Mutriku Wave Power Plant, in operation in Spain.  Data will be collected for three of the priority areas of research: 1) risk to marine animals from sound generated by wave devices, 2) changes in physical systems (energy removal) and 3) effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by the energy transfer cables.  Consequently, the aim of the present deliverable is to present the specific monitoring plans developed for noise (Section 5), EMF (Section 6) and seabed integrity monitoring (Section 7), covering the main types of technology location described in Section 3: onshore (Mutriku Wave Power Plant), nearshore (WaveRoller) and offshore (Idom-Oceantec MARMOK-A-5).","author":["Vinagre, P.","Cruz E.","Chainho, P.","Ruiz, P.","Felis, I.","Muxika, I.","Bald, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2019-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.312640000000","-2.377133000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Changes in Flow","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:28:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vinagreetal2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/240347","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-energy-towards-air-pollution-climate-change-mitigation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479719316962","title":"Sustainable energy towards air pollution and climate change mitigation","description":"This is an evidence from a high-income economy in Southeast Asia and a support for scientific planning of the energy sector in ensuring air pollution and climate change mitigation. A comparative analysis of the energy options for electricity generation in the nation was made considering availability, cost and greenhouse gases emission \u2013 CO2, N2O and CH4, using a two-stage method comprising multi-objective optimization and TOPSIS. The renewable (RE) and non-renewable energy (NRE) options available were assessed through the lifecycle approach to determine the lifecycle greenhouse gas emission (LCGHG) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) per MWh of electricity. Considering historical electricity consumption, annual GDP and population growth from 1965, energy consumption for the year 2035 was forecasted using support vector machine regressor in Weka. Future plans in energy diversification pathways were examined through various scenario multi-objective optimizations with a constraint on resource availability and energy target using genetic algorithm in MATLAB. The outputs were ranked using TOPSIS method. Results showed that greenhouse gases emission could be reduced by 10.3 percent compared to business as usual scenario while the energy mix could attain 10 percent renewable energy in the grid at a relatively lower generation cost.","author":["Rasak Adedeji, A.","Zaini, F.","Mathew, S.","Dagar, L.","Iskandar Petra, M.","De Silva, L."],"organization":["Universiti Brunei Darussalam"],"originationDate":"2020-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["4.475986000000","114.598543000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249427","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-effects-tidal-stream-marine-renewable-energy-seabirds-conceptual-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X2030432X","title":"Assessing the effects of tidal stream marine renewable energy on seabirds: A conceptual framework","description":"We are at a crossroads where many nation states, including the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK), are committing to increased electricity production from \u201cgreen energy\u201d, of which tidal stream marine renewable energy is one such resource. However, many questions remain regarding the effects of tidal energy devices on marine wildlife, including seabirds, of which the UK has internationally important numbers. Guidelines are lacking on how best to use both well-established and novel survey methods to assess seabird use of tidal flow areas, leading to a data-rich but information poor (DRIP) situation. This review provides a conceptual framework for assessing the effects of tidal stream energy devices on seabirds, summarises current knowledge and highlights knowledge gaps. Finally, recommendations are given for how best to pursue knowledge on this topic.","author":["Isaksson, N.","Masden, E.","Williamson, B.","Costagliola-Ray, M.","Slingsby, J.","Houghton, J.","Wilson, J."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249621","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-blue-green-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534719303209","title":"How \u0027Blue\u0027 Is \u0027Green\u0027 Energy?","description":"Often perceived as environmentally benign, \u2018green\u2019 renewable energy technologies have ecological costs that are often overlooked, especially those occurring below the waterline. After briefly discussing the impacts of hydropower on freshwater and marine organisms, we focus this review on the impacts of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) on underwater marine organisms, particularly offshore wind farms and marine energy converters (e.g., tidal turbines). We consider both cumulative impacts and synergistic interactions with other anthropogenic pressures, using offshore wind farms and the Taiwanese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis taiwanensis) as an example. While MREDs undoubtedly can help mitigate climate change, variability in the sensitivity of different species and ecosystems means that rigorous case-by-case assessments are needed to fully comprehend the consequences of MRED use.","author":["Wright, A.","Araujo-Wang, C.","Wang, J.","Ross, P.","Tougaard, J.","Winkler, R.","Marquez, M.","Robertson, F.","Williams, K.","Reeves, R."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","George Mason University","Trent University","Aarhus University","Curtin University","Simon Fraser University","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249819","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-recommendations-environmental-compliance-marine-renewable-energy-avoiding","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-30798-MS","title":"Challenges and Recommendations for Environmental Compliance for Marine Renewable Energy: Avoiding Issues Early for Efficient Permitting and Practicable Mitigation","description":"Marine renewable energy is a relatively new phenomenon that is becoming cost-competitive with traditional sources of energy. Marine hydrokinetic energy (MHK), as it moves to commercial scale, will be subject to myriad laws and regulations associated with wildlife impacts and efforts to avoid unsustainable adverse effects. At the same time that MHK is developing in this arena in the U.S., regulations and policies are changing, creating a moving target and affecting already established industries, such as oil and gas. To ensure that MHK can be cost-effective and to reduce risks of delays and impracticable project adjustments and mitigation in the U.S., early consideration of laws governing wildlife and how they are applied will be key. Planning to address wildlife priorities associated with statutory needs and industry\/stakeholder goals can drive development of technology, engineering choices, siting, planning, mitigation, and adaptive management practices. Other marine industries have been recently affected by U.S. wildlife laws. For example, offshore wind is experiencing delay on the U.S. East Coast in part due to challenges with environmental statutory requirements and agency concerns about impacts. In oil and gas, it is unclear how new regulatory requirements, such as the Incidental Take Regulation pending for geophysical surveys in the Gulf of Mexico will affect the industry. MHK and other marine energy industries can leverage proactive planning and agency engagement to reduce risks of delays and costs that could significantly affect proposed projects.","author":["Courbis, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249823","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/taking-animals-perspective-regarding-anthropogenic-underwater-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534720301324","title":"Taking the Animals\u0027 Perspective Regarding Anthropogenic Underwater Sound","description":"Anthropogenic (man-made) sound has the potential to harm marine biota. Increasing concerns about these effects have led to regulation and mitigation, despite there being few data on which to base environmental management, especially for fishes and invertebrates. We argue that regulation and mitigation should always be developed by looking at potential effects from the perspectives of the animals and ecosystems exposed to the sounds. We contend that there is currently a need for far more data on which to base regulation and mitigation, as well as for deciding on future research priorities. This will require a process whereby regulators and researchers come together to identify and implement a strategy that links key scientific and regulatory questions.","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A.","Thomsen, F."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Loughine Limited","Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249825","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/foraging-seabirds-respond-intermittent-meteorological-event-coastal-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sora.unm.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/48_1_125-131.pdf","title":"Foraging seabirds respond to an intermittent meteorological event in a coastal environment","description":"Temporal variations in the numbers of foraging seabirds usually coincide with concurrent variations in physical processes influencing prey availability. Responses to periodic tidal currents are commonly reported, with certain tidal states being favoured. By contrast, responses to intermittent meteorological events have rarely been reported, even though wind-driven exchanges of water masses or intrusion of estuarine plumes could have similar consequences. As large-scale offshore constructions (e.g., aquaculture, coastal defences, ports and marine renewable energy installations) and climate variations alter periodic tidal currents and intermittent meteorological events, respectively, quantifying responses to these physical processes can identify potential impacts on seabird communities. This study quantifies responses of foraging seabirds to physical processes in the Ria de Vigo, northwestern Spain. The numbers of foraging European Shags Phalacrocorax aristotellis and Yellow-legged Gulls Larus michahellis showed no response to variations in tidal current direction and speed. By contrast, both species increased in number during an estuarine plume intrusion (the Western Iberian Buoyant Plume: WIBP) following an extreme river discharge event and a period of southerly winds. These increases in numbers may be explained by the temporary combination of marine and brackish-water fauna, increasing prey biomass. The frequency of extreme river discharge events is likely to decrease in northwestern Spain. If WIBP intrusions consistently enhance prey availability, observations of large numbers of foraging seabirds using the ria could become rarer.","author":["Waggitt, J.","Torres, R.","Fraser, S."],"organization":["Bangor University","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","NAFC Marine Centre"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.235612000000","-8.873539000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249830","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/summary-workshop-passive-acoustic-monitoring-high-flow-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/Pathway%20Workshop%203%20Passive%20Acoustic%20Monitoring%20Final%20Report.pdf","title":"Summary of workshop: Passive acoustic monitoring in high flow environments","description":"The Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA) has a mandate to enable sustainable development of Nova Scotia\u2019s energy resources by facilitating and funding collaborative research and development. It has supported numerous tidal energy R\u0026amp;D projects over the years and is now leading the Pathway Program in collaboration with the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) with funding from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Mines (DEM). The Pathway Program is a coordinated R\u0026amp;D program that will define, test, and validate environmental effects monitoring (EEM) solutions for the instream tidal energy industry to meet regulatory requirements. The program will increase the understanding of environmental impacts from instream tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and improve the understanding of fish and marine mammal interaction with instream tidal energy devices. The program will also improve data processing and analyses, so that results can be reported to regulators and disseminated to the public in a timely manner.  The main objectives of the program are to:     define a Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) approved solution for the tidal energy industry,  apply machine learning to data analysis to reduce reporting time and compliance costs,  minimize initial capital costs to developers,  develop regional capability to manage, process, analyze and report EEM data, and  develop intellectual property that regional companies can exploit commercially in multiple marine industries, both regionally and globally.   To conduct this program successfully, OERA and FORCE are assessing different types of monitoring technology that can gather robust data to inform regulatory requirements. To complete this assessment, OERA and FORCE are consulting with experts through a series of workshops to gather information on the effectiveness of different technology in high-flow environments to collect the required monitoring data.  The third workshop under the Pathway Program was focused on \u201cPassive acoustic monitoring in high flow environments\u201d and was the first international workshop within the program. The Pathway Program contracted the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) to facilitate the workshop development, delivery, and information-gathering. This report summarizes the outcomes of the workshop discussion and any insights gathered during the workshop that will support the successful delivery of the Pathway Program. The workshop was held as a virtual workshop on April 30, 2020.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pathway-PAM-Workshop-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249831","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/activity-footprints-pressures-footprints-effects-footprints-walking-pathway","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X20303192","title":"Activity-footprints, pressures-footprints and effects-footprints-Walking the pathway to determining and managing human impacts in the sea","description":"Determining the overall effects of human activities on the estuaries, seas and coasts, as a precursor to marine management, requires quantifying three aspects. These are: (a) the area in which the human activities take place, (b) the area covered by the pressures generated by the activities on the prevailing habitats and species, in which pressures are defined as the mechanisms of change, and (c) the area over which any adverse effects occur. These features can be respectively termed the activities-footprints, the pressures-footprints and the effects-footprints. The latter in turn incorporates both the effects on the natural system and the effects on ecosystem services from which society extracts goods and benefits. This viewpoint article explains the rationale behind this typology and proposes definitions for each of these three types of footprints.","author":["Elliott, M.","Borja, A.","Cormier, R."],"organization":["University of Hull","AZTI","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:07:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249832","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-carbon-audit-offshore-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1243\/09576509jpe483","title":"Energy and carbon audit of an offshore wave energy converter","description":"The world\u0027s first commercial wave farm will feature the \u2018Pelamis\u2019 wave energy converter developed by Ocean Power Delivery. With potential for the manufacture of significant numbers of such devices, there is a need to assess their environmental impact and, in particular, their life cycle energy and carbon dioxide (CO2) performance.  The current paper presents an analysis of the life cycle energy use and CO2 emissions associated with the first generation of Pelamis converters. With relatively conservative assumptions, the study shows that at 293 kJ\/kWh and 22.8 gCO2\/kWh the respective energy and carbon intensities are comparable with large wind turbines and very low relative to fossil-fuelled generation. The energy payback period is approximately 20 months and the CO2 payback is around 13 months.  Material use is identified as the primary contributor to the embodied energy and carbon with shipping (including maintenance) accounting for 42 per cent. Improving the Pelamis\u0027 environmental performance could be achieved by increasing structural efficiency, partial replacement of the steel structure with alternative materials, particularly concrete, and the use of fuel-efficient shipping.","author":["Parker, R.P.","Harrison, G.","Chick, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 08:21:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/carbon_audit_WEC_parker.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249834","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/full-life-cycle-assessment-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6136075","title":"Full life cycle assessment of a wave energy converter","description":"The Pelamis wave energy converter is emerging as one of the most promising devices to harness the available power in the waves. This study examines the environmental impacts of the device, presenting the results as a set of impact potentials, and demonstrating that it performs well in comparison to other renewable energy converters and fossil-fuelled generators.","author":["Thomson, R.","Harrison, G.","Chick, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2012-01-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249835","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.research.ed.ac.uk\/portal\/en\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-in-the-marine-renewable-energy-sector(c7a1a262-91e1-4b38-b7af-cb2090ece5a6).html","title":"Life Cycle Assessment in the Marine Renewable Energy Sector","description":"Reliable figures for the life cycle impacts of power generation are needed to inform developments of the energy system and enable market trading of environmental credits. Marine energy is likely to form a significant part of the future energy mix in the UK and the Pelamis wave energy converter is emerging as one of the most promising devices in this sector. This study examines the environmental impacts of the Pelamis. By comparison with the results of an earlier carbon and energy audit for the same device, the implications of practitioner decisions on LCA results are investigated, specifically with regards to the allocation method for dealing with materials recycling.","author":["Thomson, R.","Harrison, G.","Chick, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2011-10-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249836","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-network-analysis-understand-public-policy-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S030142151300709X","title":"Using network analysis to understand public policy for wave energy","description":"The UK\u2032s wave energy sector is at a pre-commercial stage transitioning from prototype\/demonstration towards a revenue supported industry. A host of advantages that could be realised through successful commercialisation include; the potential to generate 40\u201350 TWh\/yr, \u00a33.7bn of export, and 10,000+ jobs by 2020 (with tidal). Despite this, criticisms have been made about the lack of; coordination between funding bodies, communication between stakeholders and overly centralised actors. Although the value of strong problem solving networks has been noted, problems arise in validating the presence, nature and value of relationships as well as identification of tacit and informal linkages. Here network analysis is used to validate these criticisms and provide insight into sector activities. It is shown that although high levels of interaction are occurring overall, there are wide disparities. Prime movers are clearly present and less mature developers are isolated from the system as it develops norms and practices. This, combined with government fund gating has led to a Matthew effect whereby some have access to finance and are shaping institutional norms while others struggle. Although convergence is expected, a lack of public sector coordination, transparency of decision making and comparability between devices has reduced both investor and stakeholder legitimacy.","author":["Vantoch-Wood, A.","Connor, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.386532000000","-1.692987000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249837","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-wavestar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6844034","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of the Wavestar","description":"This case study will quantify the energy use, the carbon caused by Green House Gases and the sum of the costs for the entire life cycle (Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)), using the WaveStar as the wave energy case study device. Life Cycle covers all stages in a product\u0027s life from Cradle to grave; the extraction of raw materials from the earth and ends with their ultimate disposal when all materials are returned to the earth. Phases of the life cycle for WaveStar were compiled and the inputs and outputs for the given stage in the life cycle were quantified. Inventory analysis involved data collection and calculation procedures to quantify relevant inputs and outputs of a product system. Results were compared to similar studies for other ocean renewable as well as conventional fossil fuel sources. Results indicated that LCC of wave energy is comparable to offshore wind, but much higher hat onshore wind and other competing fossil fuels.","author":["Dalton, G.","Madden, D.","Daly, M."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2014-06-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249849","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-carbon-life-cycle-assessment-tidal-power-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544212004033","title":"An energy and carbon life cycle assessment of tidal power case study","description":"Under the Kyoto Protocol many countries have targets to reduce carbon emissions and increase renewable energy production. In order to do this effectively the impact and efficacy of differing schemes must be determined. One option for producing electricity is through the use of a tidal barrage. The largest potential barrage scheme considered in the UK is the Cardiff\u2013Weston barrage scheme in the Severn estuary. The scheme would be a single, renewable installation and is predicted to constitute 4% of the UK electricity supply. Therefore a carbon and energy assessment was completed on the Cardiff\u2013Weston Severn barrage scheme. The assessment shows that the energy and carbon intensity of the Severn barrage is small in comparison to the National Grid mix and that, given reasonable assumptions, the Severn barrage can contribute to meeting the UK carbon reduction target. Importantly, the operation stage was identified as both the most energy and carbon intense by a large margin. This is a notable finding as preceding studies have tended to dismiss the consequences of the barrage operation as minimal or nil. Whilst these findings are for the Cardiff\u2013Weston barrage, the implications will be similar for tidal barrages in other sites in the UK and globally.","author":["Kelly, K.","McManus, M.","Hammond, G."],"organization":["University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 08:48:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249867","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/boem-ferc-guidelines-regulation-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-projects-ocs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/mms080309.pdf","title":"BOEM \/ FERC Guidelines on Regulation of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Projects on the OCS","description":"The staffs of the U.S. Department of the Interior\u0027s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission or FERC) are issuing these guidelines as part of an ongoing effort to clarify jurisdictional responsibilities for marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) projects on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). This document replaces the guidelines provided on August 4, 2009. The goal is to develop a cohesive, streamlined process that will help accelerate the development of MHK (i.e., wave, tidal, and ocean current) energy projects, consistent with the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the U.S. Department of the Interior and FERC (executed April 9, 2009, see Attachment A - Memorandum of Understanding Between the Department of the Interior and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, April 9, 2009).\n\nAs recognized by the MOU, BOEM has jurisdiction to issue leases on the OCS for MHK projects, and FERC has jurisdiction to issue licenses for these same projects. This document is designed to provide information to applicants and stakeholders about the responsibilities of each agency and how to best navigate the process of obtaining an MHK lease and license on the OCS. It uses a format of frequently asked questions (FAQs) to address regulatory issues. The FAQs are divided into the following topic areas: introduction, general requirements and definitions, procedures for obtaining a lease and license, municipalities and competition, lease and license terms, financial assurance requirements, fee structures, hybrid project considerations, straddle project considerations, and contact information.\n\nThese guidelines are intended to explain and provide more detail about the roles of BOEM and FERC in authorizing the use of the OCS for MHK activities. At this time, little information relating to design, construction, and operations requirements, or to inspection and compliance procedures, is included. Such information will be developed as MHK projects are authorized, and subsequently may be incorporated, as appropriate. This document is not a substitute for the statutes and regulations governing BOEM renewable energy leases and FERC licenses. It is not intended to be a rule or regulation. BOEM and FERC may later promulgate regulations, if necessary. Further, this guidance is not designed or intended to anticipate every possible scenario that could arise in developing MHK projects on the OCS. For specific guidance, prospective lessees, licensees, and other participants should rely on relevant statutes and regulations, and information and instructions provided by agency contacts, supplemented as necessary with your own source for legal advice.\n\nThese guidelines may receive additional revisions periodically, as warranted by statute and regulation or policy changes as lessons are learned during MHK development on the OCS. The dates of any revisions will be annotated in this document. The most current version is available on https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/renewable-energy and https:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/.\n\nThe 2020 version is available here.","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2012-07-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-22 05:11:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249868","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/white-paper-licensing-hydrokinetic-pilot-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/white_paper.pdf","title":"White Paper on Licensing Hydrokinetic Pilot Projects","description":"The staff of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission is issuing this guidance as part of the Commission\u2019s ongoing effort to support the advancement and orderly development of innovative hydrokinetic technologies. Hydrokinetic projects generate electricity from the motion of waves or the unimpounded flow of tides, ocean currents, or inland waterways. Pilot projects are small, short-term, removable, and carefully-monitored projects intended to test technologies, sites, or both. Some hydrokinetic pilot projects may be appropriate for expedited license application processing under the Commission\u2019s existing regulations.  Hydrokinetic pilot project licensing procedures were proposed in a whitepaper on August 31, 2007 and at a technical conference in Portland, Oregon on October 2, 2007. The Commission and staff received oral comments at the conference and written comments thereafter. This whitepaper uses a format of frequently asked questions (FAQs) to address the issues raised in the comments. The FAQs are divided into the following topic areas: general information; coordination with federal, state, and local resource agencies, Indian tribes, nongovernmental organizations, and members of the public; information needs; monitoring, performance standards, and modification\/shutdown\/removal; preliminary permit\/pilot project license\/commercial build-out; and next steps. This paper also provides the criteria for using pilot project licensing procedures, step-by-step pilot project licensing guidance, application information needs, and standard license articles.  This document may be periodically revised as policies change and lessons are learned during pilot project development. The dates of any revisions are annotated in this document. The most current version is available on the Hydrokinetic Pilot Project Licensing Process Web Page located at www.ferc.gov.","author":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2008-04-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FERC_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249890","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-patterns-sediment-dynamics-hypertidal-estuary-influenced-tidal-power-station","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-coastal-research\/volume-95\/issue-sp1\/SI95-293.1\/Tidal-Patterns-and-Sediment-Dynamics-in-a-Hypertidal-Estuary-Influenced\/10.2112\/SI95-293.1.short","title":"Tidal Patterns and Sediment Dynamics in a Hypertidal Estuary Influenced by a Tidal Power Station","description":"The Rance estuary is a relatively small low-inflow steep-sided ria, located in the Brittany coast of northern France, with a maximum spring tidal range of 13.5 m at the mouth. Taking advantage of this hypertidal regime, the first and largest operational tidal power station in the world was built at the estuary mouth and is in operation since the 1960s. Despite a well-known effect of the plant on the damping of estuarine water levels, little attention has been given to the propagation of the tidal wave along the estuary. Moreover, net siltation has been reported by several observations, but there is no specific knowledge on the role of the plant on sedimentation. In this study, tidal wave patterns and sediment dynamics are analyzed in this particular man-engineered system. A numerical model, based on a two-dimensional depth-averaged approach is implemented to predict the tide propagation and tidal currents along the estuary. Numerical results are analyzed and discussed to highlight the role of the plant on the transformation of the tidal wave in the estuary and its possible consequences on sediment dynamics and morphological evolution.","author":["Rtimi, R.","Sottolichio, A.","Tassi, P."],"organization":["University of Bordeaux"],"originationDate":"2020-05-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.616487100000","-2.030027800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:22:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249891","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-stakeholder-knowledge-through-modular-cooperative-participatory-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2212041620300681","title":"Integrating stakeholder knowledge through modular cooperative participatory processes for marine spatial planning outcomes (CORPORATES)","description":"Management of the sea is increasingly complex, riddled with uncertainty and necessitates involvement from researchers across disciplines and stakeholders from multiple policy and practice sectors. This article discusses \u201cThe Cooperative Participatory Evaluation of Renewable Technologies on Ecosystem Services\u201d (CORPORATES) research project, which developed an innovative and practical method of linking ecological processes, ecosystem services and benefits. The research was conducted in the context of licensing decisions for offshore wind farms in the North Sea (Scotland, UK).  A set of linked, modular participatory processes were developed to foster cross-sector stakeholder engagement. It employed an exchange of ecological, legal, social, economic and cultural knowledge around marine ecosystem services. Workshop exercises included participatory mapping, benefit identification, and developing an understanding of linkages between ecosystem services, benefits, stakeholders\u2019 activities and policy drivers through co-development of conceptual systems maps of the study area.  The participatory exercises fostered meaningful dialogue across sectors and an ability to participate equally, despite initial differences in knowledge about ecosystem services. The development of conceptual systems maps facilitated productive discussion about trade-offs in relation to different policies. Reflective discussion identifies ways in which the developed processes could be integrated into future decision making.  An assessment of the approach revealed that it operationalised a post normal science framework in terms of process oversight, multiple knowledge claims, and managing uncertainty. It developed a process that linked understanding of ecosystem functioning with the creation and implementation of policy thereby creating an ecosystem approach to marine spatial planning and licensing decisions, as required by law.  This approach has extensive transferability to situations where stakeholder engagement is required to develop policy and provide feedback as part of a decision-making process. It is an engagement, outreach tool for communities and can help teach methods and processes for stakeholder engagement which enable new insights.","author":["Slater, A.","Irvine, K.","Byg, A.","Davies, I.","Gubbins, M.","Kafas, A.","Kenter, J.","MacDonald, A.","Murray, R.","Potts, T.","Tweddle, J.","Wright, K.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","James Hutton Institute","Marine Scotland Science","University of York"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249892","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-cumulative-impacts-coastal-ecosystem-services-british-columbia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0220092","title":"Mapping cumulative impacts to coastal ecosystem services in British Columbia","description":"Ecosystem services are impacted through restricting service supply, through limiting people from accessing services, and by affecting the quality of services. We map cumulative impacts to 8 different ecosystem services in coastal British Columbia using InVEST models, spatial data, and expert elicitation to quantify risk to each service from anthropogenic activities. We find that impact to service access and quality as well as impact to service supply results in greater severity of impact and a greater diversity of causal processes of impact than only considering impact to service supply. This suggests that limiting access to services and impacts to service quality may be important and understanding these kinds of impacts may complement our knowledge of impacts to biophysical systems that produce services. Some ecosystem services are at greater risk from climate stressors while others face greater risk from local activities. Prominent causal pathways of impact include limiting access and affecting quality. Mapping cumulative impacts to ecosystem services can yield rich insights, including highlighting areas of high impact and understanding causes of impact, and should be an essential management tool to help maintain the flow of services we benefit from.","author":["Singh, G.","Eddy, I.","Halpern, B.","Neslo, R.","Satterfield, T.","Chan, K."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland","University of British Columbia","University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2020-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Singh-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249897","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-sector-2020-economic-benefits-wales","sourceURL":"","title":"State of the Sector 2020: Economic Benefits for Wales","description":"Developing marine renewable energy offers Wales a realistic opportunity to deliver a low carbon economy and reduce carbon emissions in response to the Climate Emergency declaration by Welsh Government in 2019. However, the benefits for Wales go far beyond clean energy.  Wales is working hard to gain the early mover advantage and, with ongoing support, can continue to position itself as a global leader for the marine energy sector; an export market worth an estimated \u00a376 billion by 2050.  We are already seeing the benefits that marine renewable energy can bring including highly-skilled employment in coastal regions, regeneration and growth of rural economies and ports, and export opportunities. An increase in work prospects could also attract more young people back to rural areas.  The marine energy sector also provides opportunity for existing local supply chain companies to diversify into a new industry, retaining jobs, upskilling staff and building resilience. By supporting local supply chain companies, value from investments can be kept locally in Wales.  In the last year a number of exciting developments have taken place in the sector, with projects progressing, new entrants emerging and ground-breaking research being concluded. This Marine Energy Wales: 2020 State of the Sector report details these positive changes in the industry and looks forward to what the next decade has to offer. This report summarises the findings of our industry survey and provides information on wave, tidal stream, tidal range, and floating offshore wind energy projects currently under development in Wales.","author":["Marine Energy Wales"],"organization":["Marine Energy Wales"],"originationDate":"2020-07-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.394169000000","-3.617343000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW-State-Of-The-Sector-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249898","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hawaii-clean-energy-final-programmatic-environmental-impact-statement-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energy.hawaii.gov\/information-center\/project-development-center-tools\/project-permitting-assistance-and-resources\/peis\/","title":"Hawai\u0027i Clean Energy Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement - Summary","description":"The Hawai\u2018i Clean Energy Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) analyzes the potential environmental impacts, and best management practices that could minimize or prevent those potential environmental impacts, associated with 31 clean energy technologies and activities grouped into five categories: (1) Energy Efficiency, (2) Distributed Renewable Energy Technologies, (3) Utility-Scale Renewable Energy Technologies, (4) Alternative Transportation Fuels and Modes, and (5) Electrical Transmission and Distribution. The information in the PEIS could help DOE, the public, other Federal and State agencies, Native Hawaiian and other organizations, and future energy developers better understand and plan for greater use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Hawai\u2018i. The full PEIS is available here.\n\nA short overview of the Hawai\u0027i Clean Energy PEIS is presented in this Fact Sheet.","author":["U.S. Department of Energy"],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.987326000000","-156.225649000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 02:19:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Final-PEIS-Summary_Sept2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249899","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cavitation-observations-underwater-radiated-noise-measurements-full-scale-predictions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801820305473","title":"Cavitation observations, underwater radiated noise measurements and full-scale predictions of the Hydro-Spinna turbine","description":"The development of marine current turbines has progressed rapidly with prototypes and full scale devices being deployed in sea. With research focusing on the hydrodynamic and design aspects of the technologies used, little is known of the impact of marine current turbine operation on marine life and environment. This paper looks at the underwater radiated noise (URN) produced from the operation of a novel tidal turbine, the Hydro-Spinna. URN measurements were taken from a 280 mm diameter model tested in Newcastle University. The model results were extrapolated to predict the full scale URN level for three turbine diameters of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m and compared to the fish reaction level acoustic level provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) as a reference. Analysis showed an increase in noise level with turbine diameters and that for all diameters, the highest noise levels were observed at Tip Speed Ratio = 1 where the thrust on the turbine is at its maximum. The noise levels predicted for the Hydro-Spinna at this off-design condition is above the ICES threshold, it was found that at optimal operating conditions the noise level would be below the threshold.","author":["Rosli, R.","Shi, W.","Aktas, B.","Norman, R.","Atlar, M."],"organization":["University of Strathclyde","Newcastle University"],"originationDate":"2020-08-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249900","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-auditory-masking-management-underwater-anthropogenic-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/10.0001218","title":"Assessing auditory masking for management of underwater anthropogenic noise","description":"Masking is often assessed by quantifying changes, due to increasing noise, to an animal\u0027s communication or listening range. While the methods used to measure communication or listening ranges are functionally similar if used for vocalizations, they differ in their approaches: communication range is focused on the sender\u0027s call, while the listening range is centered on the listener\u0027s ability to perceive any signal. How these two methods differ in their use and output is important for management recommendations. Therefore it was investigated how these two methods may alter the conclusions of masking assessments based on Atlantic cod calls in the presence of a commercial air gun array. The two methods diverged with increasing distance from the masking noise source with maximum effects lasting longer between air gun pulses in terms of communication range than listening range. Reductions in the cod\u0027s communication ranges were sensitive to fluctuations in the call\u0027s source level. That instability was not observed for the listening range. Overall, changes to the cod\u0027s communication range were more conservative but very sensitive to the call source level. A high level of confidence in the call is therefore required, while confidence in the receiver\u0027s audiogram and soundscape is required for the listening range method.","author":["Pine, M.","Nikolich, K.","Martin, B.","Juanes, F."],"organization":["University of Victoria","JASCO Applied Sciences","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249902","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-fish-turbine-interactions-using-vemcos-new-high-residency-acoustic","sourceURL":"","title":"Quantifying fish-turbine interactions using VEMCO\u0027s new high residency acoustic electronic tagging technology","description":"The lack of credible scientific data on the potential effects of instream tidal power is delaying the decision-making process on a technology that shows promise for reducing carbon emissions, and for which Canada could become a global leader in the production of infrastructure. It remains unclear if fishes that occupy Canada\u2019s leading tidal energy test site will be negatively affected by turbine installations. Detection of effects on individuals are critical for listed endangered species (i.e. inner Bay of Fundy [iBoF] Atlantic Salmon) where the loss of one individual may have a negative impact on the population. Other more abundant fishes such as Alewife, Striped Bass and Atlantic Sturgeon need impacts evaluated at the population level, as losses of a few individuals are not likely to have a negative effect at the population level.  We used new, innovative Nova Scotian produced High Residency fish tracking technology from VEMCO to determine the spatial and temporal overlap, and interactions of Atlantic Salmon (two life-stages, smolts and kelts, Species At Risk Act [SARA] listed \u201cendangered\u201d iBoF population), Alewife, Striped Bass (COSEWIC designated \u201cEndangered\u201d; COSEWIC 2010) and Atlantic Sturgeon (COSEWIC designated \u201cThreatened\u201d; COSEWIC 2011), with the FORCE test site in Minas Passage.  The main objectives of this study, in stepwise order, were to:  1. Compare the detection efficiency of traditional acoustic tagging technology (coded 69 kHz) versus new HR technology (180 kHz) in Minas Passage where flows and acoustic noise are high;  2. Test and refine a surgical tag implantation procedure for Alewife, as we did not have prior knowledge of post-tagging survival;  3. Determine temporal movements of tagged fishes within the Minas Passage and FORCE test site area using new high residency acoustic tagging technology developed by a Nova Scotia company, VEMCO (Bedford, NS);  4. Assess potential risk of fish-turbine overlap at the FORCE test site","author":["McLean, M.","Sanderson, B.","Lilly, J.","Tsitrin, E.","Stokesbury, M."],"organization":["Acadia University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.360236000000","-64.414853000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/VEMCO_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249905","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-potential-autonomous-submarine-gliders-ecosystem-monitoring-across-multiple","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211122014000267","title":"Assessing the potential of autonomous submarine gliders for ecosystem monitoring across multiple trophic levels (plankton to cetaceans) and pollutants in shallow shelf seas","description":"A combination of scientific, economic, technological and policy drivers is behind a recent upsurge in the use of marine autonomous systems (and accompanying miniaturized sensors) for environmental mapping and monitoring. Increased spatial\u2013temporal resolution and coverage of data, at reduced cost, is particularly vital for effective spatial management of highly dynamic and heterogeneous shelf environments. This proof-of-concept study involves integration of a novel combination of sensors onto buoyancy-driven submarine gliders, in order to assess their suitability for ecosystem monitoring in shelf waters at a variety of trophic levels. Two shallow-water Slocum gliders were equipped with CTD and fluorometer to measure physical properties and chlorophyll, respectively. One glider was also equipped with a single-frequency echosounder to collect information on zooplankton and fish distribution. The other glider carried a Passive Acoustic Monitoring system to detect and record cetacean vocalizations, and a passive sampler to detect chemical contaminants in the water column. The two gliders were deployed together off southwest UK in autumn 2013, and targeted a known tidal-mixing front west of the Isles of Scilly. The gliders\u2019 mission took about 40 days, with each glider travelling distances of \u0026gt;1000 km and undertaking \u0026gt;2500 dives to depths of up to 100 m. Controlling glider flight and alignment of the two glider trajectories proved to be particularly challenging due to strong tidal flows. However, the gliders continued to collect data in poor weather when an accompanying research vessel was unable to operate. In addition, all glider sensors generated useful data, with particularly interesting initial results relating to subsurface chlorophyll maxima and numerous fish\/cetacean detections within the water column. The broader implications of this study for marine ecosystem monitoring with submarine gliders are discussed.","author":["Suberg, L.","Wynn, R.","van der Kooij, J.","Fernand, L.","Fielding, S.","Guihen, D.","Gillespie, D.","Johnson, M.","Gkikopoulou, K.","Allan, I.","Vrana, B.","Miller, P.","Smeed, D.","Jones, A."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","University of Adelaide"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249910","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/structured-indicator-pool-operationalize-expert-based-ecosystem-service-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569119309408","title":"A structured indicator pool to operationalize expert-based ecosystem service assessments for marine spatial planning","description":"There is growing evidence that the ecosystem service (ES) concept can provide valuable input to marine spatial planning (MSP), by highlighting which ecosystem goods and services can be produced from a planning area. ES link the underlying ecosystem processes and functions to the benefits humans can receive from ecosystems (the ecosystem cascade). In this study, we argue that the ecosystem cascade can be used to structure the stock-taking and future scenario analysis in MSP.  However, indicators, which are needed for measuring ES, have often been applied in various ways to the different steps of the cascade. Here, we apply a consistent approach to sorting indicators into the cascade. The indicators are presented in an indicator pool that can be used to filter them based on the cascade steps, several quality criteria, and themes. The pool consists of 772 indicators, of which 735 were analyzed. In total, 252 analyzed indicators belong to the provisioning services, 314 indicators to the regulating services and 169 to the cultural services. The indicator pool offers a suitable starting point to select indicators for ES assessments within MSP. Using indicators at the different cascade steps allows the assessment of i) the ecosystem components generating the services and ii) the impacts on ES and their beneficiaries when changes occur in the provision of the services due to planning or management decisions.","author":["von Thenen, M.","Frederiksen, P.","Hansen, H.","Schiele, K."],"organization":["Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnem\u00fcnde (IOW)","Aarhus University","Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/vonthenenetal2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249912","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/makah-bay-offshore-wave-energy-pilot-project-application-license-minor-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project: Application for License for Minor Project and Preliminary Draft Environmental Assessment","description":"AquaEnergy Group, Ltd. (AquaEnergy) proposes to develop and operate the Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project (Makah Bay Project). The project will be located in the Pacific Ocean in Makah Bay, Clallam County, near the city of Neah Bay, Washington. The land portion part of the project is the property of the Makah Indian Nation. Part or all of the aquatic portion of the project is within Washington State waters, the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS), and the Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge. The Makah Bay Project, which is supported by a consortium of public and private agencies, the Makah Indian Nation, and a major university, does not occupy any federally-owned land, though the OCNMS is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS).  AquaEnergy is following the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) alternative licensing procedures and is filing this preliminary draft environmental assessment (PDEA) with a final application for an original license. This is the first wave energy or tidal project in the nation required to undergo the FERC licensing process.  This PDEA analyzes the effects of development and operation of the project. In addition to the Proposed Action, we consider alternatives, including a no-action alternative. Based on our analysis, we recommend licensing the Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project as proposed by AquaEnergy. We conclude that issuing an original license for the project, with the environmental measures that we propose, would not be a major federal action significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. The Energy Policy Act of 2005, which was signed into law on August 8, 2005, promotes the development of cleaner and productive use of domestic energy sources as well as the diversification in energy supplies through greater use of alternative and renewable fuels. Given the national energy demands, supply limitations, and energy development goals, we recommend that development of new ocean technologies by AquaEnergy be encouraged and promoted to increase domestic energy production, especially from clean renewable sources.","author":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["Aqua Energy Group Ltd","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2006-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.323900000000","-124.681900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 11:02:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Preliminary-Draft-Environmental-Assessment-2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249916","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-hydropower-license-makah-bay-offshore-wave-energy-pilot","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Assessment for Hydropower License: Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project","description":"On November 8, 2006, AquaEnergy Group, Ltd. (AquaEnergy) filed an application for a minor license to construct and operate the Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project (Makah Bay Project or project). The 1.0-megawatt (MW) ocean wave energy conversion project consisting of four wave energy conversion buoys (AquaBuOYs or buoys), a submarine transmission line, and a shore station, would be located in Makah Bay of the Pacific Ocean, about 1.9 nautical miles offshore of Waatch Point in Clallam County, Washington. The project would occupy about one acre of land on the Makah Indian Reservation and about seven acres of lands, collectively, of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (Sanctuary) administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and state-owned aquatic lands administered by the Washington Department of Natural Resources. The project would generate an average of about 1,500 megawatt-hours (MWh) of energy annually.  On May 2, 2007, Finavera Renewables Ocean Energy, Ltd. (Finavera) filed a letter informing the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) that they officially changed their name from AquaEnergy to Finavera.  In this EA, we assess the environmental and economic effects of constructing, operating, and maintaining the project under the following alternatives: (1) the applicant\u2019s proposal (Proposed Action); (2) the applicant\u2019s proposal with our recommended measures (Staff Alternative); and (3) the Staff Alternative with mandatory conditions submitted by NOAA\u2019s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) (Staff Alternative with Mandatory Conditions). We also consider the effects of the no-action alternative. Important issues that are addressed in this EA include project effects on marine resources, aesthetics, cultural resources, recreation, ocean uses, and land uses.","author":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2007-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.323900000000","-124.681900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 11:02:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental-Assessment-2007.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Figure-1-EA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249917","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-seabed-survey-makah-bay","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Assessment Seabed Survey: Makah Bay","description":"This document describes the results of a seabed survey conducted on behalf of AquaEnergy Group, Ltd. as part of the environmental assessment process for the Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project. The survey includes bathymetry and seafloor geology.","author":["Thales GeoSolutions, Inc."],"organization":["Aqua Energy Group Ltd"],"originationDate":"2002-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.323900000000","-124.681900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 11:02:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thales-2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249918","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/makah-bay-offshore-wave-energy-pilot-project-current-measurements","sourceURL":"","title":"Makah Bay Offshore Wave Energy Pilot Project: Current Measurements","description":"In 2002, AquaEnergy Group Ltd. contacted Evans-Hamilton, Inc. to conduct current measurements for three months during winter, deploy and recover a wave measuring buoy, and collect bottom sediment samples for analysis of grain size at locations within their intended project demonstration site located within Makah Bay, Washington. The purpose of their demonstration project was to install and test the hardware and efficiency of buoys designed to convert motion induced by waves into electricity. The purpose of the current and wave measurements were to confirm and describe these conditions at the site, both for system design purposes, and for environmental permitting. The purpose of the sediment samples was to understand the bottom sediment conditions, and assess the potential for sediment resuspension and scouring around the buoy anchors and electrical cable to shore.   In late October 2002 the three current meters and one wave measuring buoy were installed, an eight sediment samples collected. The wave measuring buoy was recovered in February 2003, and one current meter was recovered in March 2003. Two current meters were lost, although one meter was last known to be at its deployed site, but buried by sediment.   The results of the current measurements and sediment laboratory results are presented in this report. Wave height information has been included for comparison to the current measurements.","author":["Evans-Hamilton, Inc."],"organization":["Aqua Energy Group Ltd"],"originationDate":"2006-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.323900000000","-124.681900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 11:03:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Evans-Hamilton-2006-Sediment-and-Current.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249928","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approach-mid-atlantic-ocean-action-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/oil-gas-energy\/approach-mid-atlantic-regional-ocean-action-plan","title":"Approach to the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Action Plan","description":"The purpose of this document is to propose an approach to the Mid-Atlantic Ocean Action Plan (OAP). The Mid-Atlantic Regional Planning Body (MidA RPB or RPB) deliberated on and approved this approach at its in-person meeting on January 21-22, 2015 in New York, New York. Appended to this document is a draft OAP outline that was discussed at the RPB meeting, although a decision about that draft outline was not sought at that time. The MidA RPB expects the draft outline to be modified as work proceeds and the RPB learns more about the MidAtlantic ocean ecosystem, ocean uses, and various tools available for planning.","author":["Mid-Atlantic Regional Planning Body"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2015-01-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.416039000000","-73.770214000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Approach-to-Mid-Atlantic-Regional-Ocean-Action-Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249929","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/information-guidelines-renewable-energy-construction-operations-plan-cop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/about-boem\/COP%20Guidelines.pdf","title":"Information Guidelines for a Renewable Energy Construction and Operations Plan (COP)","description":"This document provides guidance on the information requirements for a Construction and Operations Plan (COP) for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) renewable energy activities on a commercial lease, as required by 30 CFR part 585. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is providing these guidelines to clarify the information that it would find helpful in reviewing COP submittals. Specifically, the purpose of this document is to provide guidance on survey requirements, project-specific information, and information to meet the requirements of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and other applicable laws and regulations.  This document is intended to provide guidance to the regulated community and is not intended to set information or data standards or prescribe additional requirements. Rather, the purpose of this document is to further explain the applicable provisions of BOEM\u2019s renewable energy regulations, found at 30 CFR part 585, and provide examples of documentation that may be submitted to help BOEM evaluate whether the requirements found in the regulations have been met.","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/COP-Guidelines.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249934","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-providing-information-fisheries-social-economic-conditions-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/about-boem\/regulations-guidance\/guidance-portal","title":"Guidelines for Providing Information on Fisheries Social and Economic Conditions for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","description":"As part of its approval of plans for the siting of a facility, structure, or cable proposed for a renewable energy project on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) requires information on social and economic conditions, including recreational and commercial fishing activities, such as fishing seasons, locations, and types of fisheries, that could be affected by the lessee\u2019s proposed activities (see: 30 CFR 585.611(b)(7) for a Site Assessment Plan (SAP); 30 CFR 585.627(a)(7) for a Construction and Operations Plan (COP); and 30 CFR 585.646(b)(7) for a General Activities Plan (GAP)). This information will assist BOEM in complying with the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) (43 U.S.C. \u00a7 1337(8)(p)), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other relevant laws. If the necessary information is not submitted in a SAP, COP, or GAP, this may result in delay, disapproval, or additional terms and conditions of approval of a plan. BOEM recommends the lessee develop a fisheries engagement strategy, including a fisheries communication plan, to acquire data to meet the information requirements for SAPs, COPs, and GAPs.  Effective communication is the foundation for fisheries-related best management practices. In addition to helping to satisfy regulatory requirements, information acquired through a fisheries communication plan will allow a lessee to fully consider the impacts of construction and operation of its proposed facilities on fishing resources in designing its project, formulating mitigation measures as needed, and monitoring their effectiveness.  These guidelines provide recommendations for complying with information requirements outlined in the regulatory provisions listed above. BOEM provides recommendations for conducting and reporting the results of other baseline collection studies, including fishery resources and benthic habitats, in separate guidelines (https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/renewable-energy\/national-and-regional-guidelines-renewable-energy-activities).  These guidelines may be updated periodically based upon public feedback and evaluation by BOEM staff.","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.269864000000","-63.166907000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guidelines-for-Providing-Information-on-Fisheries-Social-and-Economic-Conditions-AOCS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249939","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pmec-nets-annual-operations-monitoring-report-2013","sourceURL":"","title":"PMEC-NETS Annual Operations and Monitoring Report 2013","description":"This Annual Operations and Monitoring Report summarizes the 2013 operational and environmental monitoring activities associated with the Pacific Marine Energy Center\u2019s North Energy Test Site, located off the coast of Newport, Oregon.","author":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)"],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)"],"originationDate":"2013-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.634885000000","-124.113765000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:48:07","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PMEC_North_Energy_Test_Site_2013_Annual_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249940","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pmec-nets-annual-operations-monitoring-report-2014","sourceURL":"","title":"PMEC-NETS Annual Operations and Monitoring Report 2014","description":"This Annual Operations and Monitoring Report summarizes the 2014 operational and environmental monitoring activities associated with the Pacific Marine Energy Center North Energy Test Site, located off the coast of Newport, Oregon.","author":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)"],"organization":["Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)"],"originationDate":"2015-02-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.634885000000","-124.113765000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:45:11","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PMEC_North_Energy_Test_Site_2014_Annual_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/249941","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatiotemporal-drivers-seabird-distribution-pacific-marine-energy-center-newport-or","sourceURL":"","title":"Spatiotemporal drivers of seabird distribution at the Pacific Marine Energy Center off Newport, OR","description":"The central Oregon coast was selected as an ideal site for wave energy development and establishment of the Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC). PMEC will consist of two nearshore sites, one north (NETS) and one south (SETS) of the Yaquina River, Oregon. Our study aims to assess how the development of wave energy sites might impact marine birds. We used vessel-based strip transect surveys to detect spatial and temporal patterns of seabirds during 28 surveys of NETS and SETS from 2013-2015. We also conducted 29 surveys along the Newport Hydrographic Line (NHL) (2006-2009, 2013-2015), a cross-shelf oceanographic sampling line that extends 40 km west of NETS. We collected in situ measurements of surface conductivity, temperature and fluorescence to test correlations between spatial variables and seabird abundance. Common murres (Uria aalge) were the most abundant resident species (70%) while sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus) were the most abundant migratory species (78%). We identified 7 focal species (common murres, sooty shearwaters, Brandt\u2019s and pelagic cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus and pelagicus), western gull (Larus occidentalis), Cassin\u2019s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), and red-necked phalaropes (Phalaropus lobatus), 5 foraging niches and 3 species of interest for analysis. e used non-metric multidimensional scaling ordinations to assess seasonal shifts in the seabird community at a focal species and foraging group level. Both ordinations depicted strong seasonal gradients with distinct seasonal communities. Focal species were also driven by a distance to shore gradient, while foraging niches were more influenced by foraging type (diving versus surface feeding). The shoreward shift or outward dispersal of species appears driven by a combination of factors, including the diffusion of nearshore concentration of murres and cormorants on Yaquina Head post chick fledging, and the inshore movement of migratory species with the onset of upwelling and greater prey abundance. We employed generalized additive mixed models for the focal species, and tested for correlations with in situ data (salinity, temperature and fluorescence), depth, substrate, season, and a random \u2018site\u2019 effect. We identified correlations between several species and measured oceanographic variables, which indicated species\u2019 selection of specific water masses. With Inverse Distance Weighted maps we detected high use zones by sooty shearwaters and common murres outside of both site boundaries, except during the spring and summer, when murres occur densely within the NETS. None of our observed species of concern (brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis), black footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigiripes) and marbled murrelets, (Brachyramphus marmoratus)) were detected within either site boundary. Rather, pelicans and murrelets were observed inshore of the SETS and south of the NETS, and albatrosses were all detected west of the sites. We observed overall low abundance of focal species within the sites, relative to adjacent areas, although the whole study area appears to be productive foraging habitat used by many species. As a baseline characterization of the seabird community off Newport, this work can help inform citing and permitting processes of similar wave energy test facilities and provide a platform for continued monitoring of seabirds in the area.","author":["Porquez, J."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2016-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.634885000000","-124.113765000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:41:57","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PorquezJessicaM2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/251585","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-multi-purpose-platforms-blue-growth-technological-environmental-socio","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720317691","title":"Offshore multi-purpose platforms for a Blue Growth: A technological, environmental and socio-economic review","description":"\u201cBlue Growth\u201d and \u201cBlue Economy\u201d is defined by the World Bank as: \u201cthe sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods and jobs, while preserving the health of ocean ecosystem\u201d. Multi-purpose platforms (MPPs) can be defined as offshore platforms serving the needs of multiple offshore industries (energy and aquaculture), aim at exploiting the synergies and managing the tensions arising when closely co-locating systems from these industries.  Despite a number of previous projects aimed at assessing, from a multidisciplinary point of view, the feasibility of multipurpose platforms, it is here shown that the state-of-the-art has focused mainly on single-purpose devices, and adopting a single discipline (either economic, or social, or technological, or environmental) approach. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to provide a multidisciplinary state of the art review on, whenever possible, multi-purpose platforms, complementing it with single-purpose and\/or single discipline literature reviews when not possible. Synoptic tables are provided, giving an overview of the multi-purpose platform concepts investigated, the numerical approaches adopted, and a comprehensive snapshot classifying the references discussed by industry (offshore renewables, aquaculture, both) and by aspect (technological, environmental, socio-economic). The majority of the multi-purpose platform concepts proposed are integrating only multiple offshore renewable energy devices (e.g. hybrid wind-wave), with only few integrating also aquaculture systems. MPPs have significant potential in economizing CAPEX and operational costs for the offshore energy and aquaculture industry by means of concerted spatial planning and sharing of infrastructure.","author":["Abhinav, K.","Collu, M.","Benjamins, S.","Cai, H.","Hughes, A.","Jiang, B.","Jude, S.","Leithead, W.","Lin, C.","Liu, H.","Recalde-Camacho, L.","Serpetti, N.","Sun, K.","Wilson, B.","Yue, H.","Zhou, B."],"organization":["University of Strathclyde","Zhejiang University","National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)","Harbin Engineering University","Cranfield University"],"originationDate":"2020-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/251598","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-transferability-effectiveness-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Data Transferability Effectiveness Report","description":"Data transferability is the practice of using existing, relevant data or research to fulfill or reduce the permitting requirements of a new project. The limitations and requirements for data transferability have been described and defined iteratively throughout the data transferability process developed by OES-Environmental (formerly Annex IV). Not all data is transferable, and not all permit requirements can be fulfilled or reduced with transferred data. However, the possibility of transferring data could speed up permitting processes, reduce requirements for developers, and reduce the costs and financial risks for investors due to permitting unknowns. Data transferability can help the MRE industry begin to make a splash and contribute to numerous plans for carbon reduction and energy independence worldwide.  This report describes the data transferability concept and process developed by OES-Environmental to support the MRE industry, along with the feedback that has been received throughout the development process. The aim of the report is to describe the effectiveness of the data transferability implementation strategy and to detail future work in alignment with existing goals.","author":["Copping, A.","Freeman, M.","Gorton, A.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DataTransferabilityEffectivenessReport_PNNL-29194.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/251600","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-hydropower-license-pacwave-south-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.gov\/nepa\/doeea-2117-oregon-state-university-pacwave-south-hydrokinetic-project-offshore-newport-oregon","title":"Environmental Assessment for Hydropower License: PacWave South Project","description":"The purposes of the proposed PacWave South Project include: (1) to test the operation of grid-connected wave energy conversion (WEC) devices; (2) to refine the deployment, recovery, operations, and maintenance procedures for WEC devices; (3) to collect interconnection and grid synchronization data; (4) to gather information about environmental, economic, and socioeconomic effects; and (5) to provide a source of hydroelectric power. Therefore, under the provisions of the Federal Power Act (FPA), the Commission must decide whether to issue an original license to OSU for the PacWave South Project and what conditions should be placed on any license issued. In deciding whether to issue a license for a hydroelectric project, the Commission must determine that the project would be best adapted to a comprehensive plan for improving or developing a waterway. In addition to the power and developmental purposes for which licenses are issued (such as flood control, irrigation, and water supply), the Commission must give equal consideration to the purposes of: (1) energy conservation; (2) the protection of, mitigation of damage to, and enhancement of fish and wildlife resources; (3) the protection of recreational opportunities; and (4) the preservation of other aspects of environmental quality.  The Commission issuing a license, BOEM issuing a research lease, and DOE providing funding for the PacWave South Project would allow OSU to test WECs and generate electricity at the project for the term of the license, making electric power from a renewable resource available to Central Lincoln People\u2019s Utility District (CLPUD). OSU\u2019s proposed monitoring plans would also provide important information on any unanticipated environmental effects of such wave energy developments, which could assist with the evaluation of similar projects.  This EA has been prepared pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 to assess the effects associated with construction and operation of the proposed project and alternatives to the proposed project. In this EA, staff evaluates the effects of OSU\u2019s proposed action and recommends conditions for any license issued. In addition to OSU\u2019s proposed action, the EA considers: (1) OSU\u2019s proposal with additional Commission staff-recommended measures (staff alternative); and (2) a noaction alternative.","author":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.634885000000","-124.113765000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:57:54","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PacWave_South_Environmental_Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/251601","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survey-analysis-surficial-geology-geophysics-pacific-marine-energy-center-south-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Survey and Analysis of the Surficial Geology and Geophysics in the Pacific Marine Energy Center - South Energy Test Site area and Associated Cable Routes in the Vicinity of Seal Rock, Oregon","description":"Geophysical surveys were conducted in June, 2014 in the area offshore of Seal Rock Oregon for the purpose of characterizing potential renewable energy installation sites and cable routes from the shore seaward to the South Energy Test Site (SETS). The geophysical surveys included 1) a high\u2010resolution chirp multibeam sonar survey producing detailed bathymetry and backscatter coverage of the SETS area and potential cable routes; 2) A chirp sub bottom survey; 3) a boomer seismic survey; 4) a magnetic survey. The survey area can be characterized as a fold\u2010thrust belt associated with the Cascadia Subduction Zone, and locally dominated by the N\u2010S trending Seal Rock Anticline, which bring Miocene age rock to the surface in the inshore parts of the study area. The older rocks are intruded and modified by the Columbia River Basalt group flows that crop out onshore at Seal Rock. West of the Anticline, the western flank dips westward into a N\u2010S trending basin bounded to the west by the Stonewall Anticline. The SETS area is located in the synclinal sedimentary basin that lies between these two major structures. The major rock outcropping in the area is the probable Miocene Astoria Formation\/Nye Formation rocks of the Seal Rock Anticline. A pass through the anticline axis is formed by a paleo\u2010channel likely linked to Beaver Creek. Initial desktop investigations suggested that the Beaver Creek paleo\u2010channel might offer a burial option for a cable through the extensive rock outcrops of the exposed and eroded anticline. Initial sub bottom surveys suggested that this pass was very thinly covered with sand, likely insufficient for cable burial. Other routes were investigated south of the southward plunging anticline. These additional routes avoided the major hard\u2010rock outcrops, but encountered outcrops of gravel and probable Pleistocene paleo landforms including paleo\u2010channels, paleo topography both exposed and shallowly buried, and paleo subaerial aeolian dunes. Analysis of potential cable routes using the surface and subsurface geophysical data includes mapping of subsurface paleo\u2010topographic and physiographic features to find the simplest routes to the SETS area.","author":["Goldfinger, C.","Romsos, C.","Black, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2014-12-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.634885000000","-124.113765000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 08:59:54","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Goldfinger_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/251602","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-benthic-habitats-marine-renewable-energy-sites-using-multibeam-echosounder","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.onepetro.org\/conference-paper\/OTC-30733-MS","title":"Mapping of Benthic Habitats at Marine Renewable Energy Sites Using Multibeam Echosounder and Sediment Profile Imaging Technologies","description":"Abstract Objectives\/Scope  The goal of this work was to develop a consistent and semi-automated seafloor survey method for generating high-resolution, benthic habitat maps for environmental assessments and monitoring of marine renewable energy sites. Sediment profile and plan view imaging (SPI\/PV) technology was combined with multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter methods to demonstrate a rapid, cost-effective benthic mapping protocol. A key technical innovation of this project was the development of an image processing platform that automatically measures key features from the images.  Methods  Multibeam echosounder (MBES) acoustic and SPI\/PV surveys were conducted at three coastal areas off the U.S. west coast, including the PacWave South energy test site off of Newport, Oregon. Point data on physical and biological sediment conditions obtained from the SPI\/PV imagery were used to efficiently ground-truth the high-resolution MBES bathymetry and backscatter mosaics. The SPI camera is an optical corer that obtains an undisturbed 21 by 15 cm, high-resolution, cross-sectional image of the sediment\u2013water interface and upper sediment column. The plan view camera attached to the SPI camera frame captures a downward looking view of the seabed immediately before the SPI image is obtained. As part of this project, we developed a computer vision image processing platform (iSPI) that uses deep convolutional neural networks and other approaches to automatically identify and measure key features in the images, such as grain size and surface relief.  Results  Detailed benthic habitat maps were generated using this mapping approach for three different marine settings. The sites mapped included a silt-dominated embayment; a sloping, nearshore, transitional very fine to coarse sand bottom; and a medium, sand-dominated continental shelf marine energy test site. In each case, acoustic and imaging surveys were completed in less than week, and detailed benthic habitat maps were generated within 60 days. The results were placed within the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) habitat mapping framework, and various combinations of the bathymetry, backscatter, and SPI and PV data were used to generate CMECS component maps.  Novel Information  This project developed and demonstrated a repeatable and cost-effective approach for efficiently mapping benthic habitat conditions over broad areas of the seafloor by combining state-of-the-art acoustic and imaging techniques. The primary survey tools used in this project have been used previously in both the offshore renewable (wind) and oil and gas sectors to map and monitor benthic environments. This project\u0027s innovations include 1) the focused use of high-resolution SPI\/PV imagery to ground-truth acoustic mosaics, and 2) the development of a computer automated image analysis processing tool that both streamlines and standardizes the generation of data from the imagery and makes the data extraction process more cost-effective and repeatable.","author":["Revelas, E.","Sackmann, B.","Maher, N.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.639712000000","-124.090068000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 09:04:15","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/251808","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-biofouling-european-database-marine-renewable-energy-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/7\/495","title":"Marine Biofouling: A European Database for the Marine Renewable Energy Sector","description":"Biofouling is a major problem shared among all maritime sectors employing submerged structures where it leads to substantially increased costs and lowered operational lifespans if poorly addressed. Insight into the ongoing processes at the relevant marine locations is key to effective management of biofouling. Of specific concern for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector is the fact that information on biofouling composition and magnitude across geographies is dispersed throughout published papers and consulting reports. To enable rapid access to relevant key biofouling events the present work describes a European biofouling database to support the MRE sector and other maritime industries. The database compiles in one document qualitative and quantitative data for challenging biofouling groups, including non-native species associated with MRE and related marine equipment, in different European Ecoregions. It provides information on the occurrence of fouling species and data on key biofouling parameters, such as biofouling thickness and weight. The database aims to aid the MRE sector and offshore industries in understanding which biofouling communities their devices are more susceptible to at a given site, to facilitate informed decisions. In addition, the biofouling mapping is useful for the development of biosecurity risk management plans as well as academic research.","author":["Vinagre, P.","Simas, T.","Cruz, E.","Pinori, E.","Svenson, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Cawthron Institute"],"originationDate":"2020-07-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vinagre-et-al-2020-Marine-Biofouling-Database.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/254136","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reinventing-marine-spatial-planning-critical-review-initiatives-worldwide","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1523908X.2020.1751605","title":"Reinventing marine spatial planning: a critical review of initiatives worldwide","description":"Although marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly being applied worldwide, it appears to be based on an ambiguity that has arisen from its dichotomous role of ensuring both conservation and development. This elusive ideal hints at a possible discrepancy between theory and practice. This paper explores the hypothesis that beyond a performative narrative, MSP is actually better described as a variety of devices which fulfil other roles and converge in terms of planning type. To test this hypothesis, this paper analyses the content of past and present MSP initiatives from around the world. The findings show that these initiatives view MSP either as a strategic sectoral spatial planning tool or strategic planning tool, brought in to complement existing initiatives. Furthermore, these two approaches can actually be seen to converge in the type of planning used, through the role attributed to spatial aspects, and more specifically in the place given to zoning. There are two key implications of these findings: the need to open up theoretical debates more broadly to different disciplinary perspectives on MSP; and the need for crucial choices to be made to ensure that MSP does not become an illusion behind which other agendas lie.","author":["Trouillet, B."],"organization":["Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/254330","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-seafloor-habitat-map-inform-marine-spatial-planning-management-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128149607000105","title":"An integrated seafloor habitat map to inform marine spatial planning and management: a case study from Long Island Sound (Northwest Atlantic)","description":"Long Island Sound (LIS) is a large estuary on the Atlantic coast of the highly developed northeast United States. However, limited spatially comprehensive habitat information has been available at sufficient resolution to inform planning and management of conflicting uses. A pilot project was conducted at a site with diverse topography and sediment characteristics in central LIS. The aim of the study was to develop methodologies to characterize the variety of benthic habitats and infaunal and epifaunal communities. This information was then used to produce habitat maps to inform stakeholders and decision-makers.  Backscatter was processed using supervised segmentation with final acoustic \u201chabitat\u201d patches defined by sediment grain size, bathymetry, slope, and a topographic roughness index. Ecological attributes were determined using diversity indices and multivariate and image analyses of species composition data collected seasonally via grab samples, photography, and video. Some community dominants exhibited stability across seasons while others were seasonal in occurrence. Linkages between species and community distributions to seafloor characteristics occurred across multiple spatial scales. An integrated habitat map synthesized the general characteristics of seafloor habitats and associated species to provide a first order visualization of this complex subtidal landscape.","author":["Zajac, R.","Stefaniak, L.","Babb, I.","Conroy, C.","Penna, S.","Chadi, D.","Auster, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.025654500000","-75.157121000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/254331","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-uses-maritime-surveillance-data-marine-spatial-planning-review-scientific","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19308930","title":"Exploring uses of maritime surveillance data for marine spatial planning: A review of scientific literature","description":"Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has become of key interest in many countries around the world in the last decade, leading to an increased need to inform the historical spatial and temporal footprint of maritime activities. If this knowledge was still recently considered a blind spot, recent developments of maritime surveillance systems (e.g. AIS, VTS, VMS) have allowed to fill some of these gaps by generating significant amounts of spatial data on ships at sea. In this paper, the use of these maritime surveillance data for planning purposes is explored through the lens of the international scientific literature. A first set of 2030 articles dealing with maritime surveillance data and collected through the Web of Science collection was explored to determine the type of data used, the maritime activities addressed and the main objective of each paper (technical developments, safety and security, environmental protection, MSP). This allowed to highlight the growing interest on maritime surveillance data in the scientific literature over the past decades, predominantly towards AIS data and shipping. Over the 2030 papers, only 63 dealt specifically with MSP. These were extracted and explored, allowing to highlight the potential of these data to feed in MSP processes, with a specific focus on fisheries. Nevertheless, the description of actual uses of surveillance-based information within MSP processes remained particularly rare. If this can be seen as a result of a science-policy delay, we suggest that it is mostly related to issues of accessibility, acceptance by economic stakeholders and appropriation by decision makers.","author":["Dupont, C.","Gourmelon, F.","Meur-Ferec, C.","Herpers, F.","Le Visage, C."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/254332","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/pacwave-south-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacwaveenergy.org\/","title":"PacWave South Test Site","description":"PacWave is an open ocean wave energy testing facility at Oregon State University. It consists of two sites, PacWave North and PacWave South.PacWave South is permitted and is currently open for operations. PacWave South offers pre-permitted, grid connected wave energy testing in a high-energy, open ocean environment. All necessary infrastructure including power\/data cables, and an onshore grid connection station (known as the Utility Connection and Monitoring Facility, or UCMF) is provided. The facility will be able to test up to 20 WECs, with a maximum power output of 20MW. The test site consists of four test berths, each with its own, dedicated, 5MW-rated power and data cable.The PacWave South facility has been developed in partnership with Oregon State University, U.S. Department of Energy, the State of Oregon, and local stakeholders. Information on the nearby PacWave North Test Site can be found on the metadata form here.","author":["Sean Ryan"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-09-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.566394000000","-124.229350000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Displacement","Noise","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","EMF","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Seabirds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 02:21:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/254545","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/transferable-predictive-models-benthic-communities-informs-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/csp2.251","title":"Transferable, predictive models of benthic communities informs marine spatial planning in a remote and data-poor region","description":"Systematic conservation planning requires spatial information on biodiversity. Such information is often unavailable, forcing spatial planning to rely on assumed relationships between species and environmental features. This problem is particularly acute in large, remote marine protected areas that are proliferating rapidly. Here, we use models to predict whether (a) macrobenthic biodiversity across four taxa (gorgonians, soft corals, hard corals, and sponges) with different life histories are congruent within seascape features through regional space; and (b) models generated in an intensively\u2010sampled area in one region can predict the occurrence of habitat\u2010forming macrobenthos in neighboring ones. All four taxa studied showed similar habitat preferences, but high variability in distributions among and within features suggesting factors other than simple geomorphology influence these regional biodiversity patterns. Nonetheless, models derived from one region accurately predicted the presence and absence of the same taxa hundreds of kilometers away. This transferability of models of species occurrences has the potential to deliver improved reserve design in data\u2010deficient regions.","author":["Bridge, T.","Huang, Z.","Przeslawski, R.","Tran, M.","Siwabessy, J.","Picard, K.","Reside, A.","Logan, M.","Nichol, S.","Caley, M."],"organization":["James Cook University","Geoscience Australia","University of Queensland","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","Queensland University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/254546","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/pacwave-north-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pacwaveenergy.org\/","title":"PacWave North Test Site","description":"PacWave North is an established site for wave energy testing consisting on a test site for stand alone, small-scale, prototype, and maritime market technologies. This site offers streamlined permitting (less than one year). Long term monitoring is in place with wave, metocean measurements, and habitat surveys.  Information on the nearby PacWave South Test Site can be found on the metadata form here.","author":["Sean Ryan"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-09-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.688391000000","-124.133920000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Noise","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Birds","Seabirds","Reptiles","Fish","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 02:25:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/261119","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-habitat-monitoring-approach-marine-hydrokinetic-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1638512-benthic-habitat-monitoring-approach-marine-hydrokinetic-sites","title":"A Benthic Habitat Monitoring Approach for Marine and Hydrokinetic Sites","description":"This final technical report summarizes the work completed as part of the Standardized and Cost-Effective Benthic Habitat Mapping and Monitoring Tools for MHK Environmental Assessments project funded by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE EE007826 to Integral Consulting Inc. The overall goal of this project was to demonstrate a consistent, repeatable, and semi-automated seafloor and sediment mapping approach for rapidly characterizing benthic physical and biological\/habitat conditions to support marine environmental assessments for marine and hydrokinetic energy sites. The approach evaluated combines sediment profile imaging and plan view (SPI\/PV) technology with multibeam echosounder surveys as an effective and low-cost benthic habitat mapping protocol. A key innovation was the development of a semi-automated computer vision system that standardizes the extraction of data from the SPI\/PV images. Other elements of the project were SPI camera hardware modifications, including the design and fabrication of a prototype \u201cpower\u201d SPI camera to improve camera prism penetration in firm substrates, and outreach to agency regulators and other stakeholders on this habitat mapping approach. This technical report consists of five main subsections that summarize: 1) the benthic mapping approach; 2) benthic mapping results from the three areas\u2019 surveys; 3) the development and performance of the image processing algorithms; 4) SPI camera hardware improvements and prototype testing; and 5) the regulatory outreach efforts.\u00ab less","author":["Revelas, G.","Sackmann, B.","Jones, C.","Maher, N."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.077698000000","-123.044047000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Revelas_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/261506","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/early-research-efforts-navys-wave-energy-test-site","sourceURL":"","title":"Early Research Efforts at the Navy\u0027s Wave Energy Test Site","description":"The United States\u2019 first grid-connected wave energy test site is being developed off the coast of the island of Oahu, in Hawaii. The site, known as the Hawaii Wave Energy Test Site (WETS), is located on the windward (east) side of the island at Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), at Kaneohe. The site infrastructure is being built by the US Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) as a means of examining the potential of wave energy to address the energy goals of the Navy. Through a cooperative effort between the Navy and the US Department of Energy (DOE), the site will host companies seeking to test their pre-commercial wave energy conversion (WEC) devices in an operational setting and advance their device technology readiness level. Now fully permitted and consisting of three berths, at water depths of 30m (in place), 60m, and 80m (cabled to shore in spring 2015), all within about 2 km of shore, the site will be capable of hosting point absorber and oscillating water column WEC devices up to a peak power of 1 MW.  This paper describes some of the early research efforts and findings at WETS.","author":["Cross, P.","Rocheleau, R.","Vega, L.","Li, N.","Cheung, K."],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2015-04-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791100000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Early-research-WETS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/265953","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-offshore-renewable-energy-governance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17304323","title":"Mapping offshore renewable energy governance","description":"This article has an empirical focus on energy transition using the emerging offshore renewable energy (ORE) industries in the context of global governance. First, it explores and assesses pertinent discussions on sustainability and transformation within energy systems and the marine space. Then, it studies potential policy linkages within ORE governance which, although relying on clearly defined objectives and targets (e.g. climate change mitigation, increased share of renewable energy, energy security), could translate into polycentricity and institutional complexity\/fragmentation. Previous research has focused on the technical, legal and policy challenges of deploying ORE technologies, however there is not any systematic review of who are its global governors. Certainly, the importance of the International Renewable Energy Agency and other renewable energy intergovernmental institutions has not been overlooked. Nevertheless, there are other international organisations whose mandate extends beyond renewable energy and several non-state actors who claim a role in ORE governance. This article puts forward a comprehensive analysis of the institutional architecture of global ORE governance with emphasis on the EU in order to shed a light on how ORE is being governed and who is involved. Results should advance knowledge on the scope, type and function of the institutions currently governing the exploration and exploitation of offshore renewable resources.  Highlights:    Policy and governance linkages between offshore renewables and other issue areas.  Polycentricity and fragmentation occur within ORE governance.  ORE is governed by state and non-state actors with overlapping functions.  Institutions dealing with wind or ocean energy exclusively are private-led.  Coordination needed among public institutions with ORE overlapping mandates.","author":["Guerra, F."],"organization":["University of Hull"],"originationDate":"2018-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/265955","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-does-cumulative-impacts-approach-support-maritime-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X16305453","title":"How does the cumulative impacts approach support Maritime Spatial Planning?","description":"Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) needs to incorporate spatial information on human impacts. As human activities and uses increase in marine and coastal waters around the world, pressures in ecosystems are also increasing, leading to multiple adverse effects on different species and habitats. The European Directive on MSP aims to achieve an integrated approach to marine governance, whilst securing and maintaining the healthy status of marine and coastal waters, in accordance with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The latter requires Member States to develop assessments not only on pressures and impacts, but also on the state of the marine environment and then take measures towards reaching a Good Environmental Status by 2020.  The Portuguese Maritime Spatial Plan \u2013 Plano de Ordenamento do Espa\u00e7o Mar\u00edtimo (POEM) was developed between 2009 and 2012. In 2014 a law establishing the Basis for the Spatial Planning and Management of the National Maritime Space was enacted and in 2015 the framework for the elaboration of a new national Maritime Spatial Plan, named Situation Plan, was established. Portugal will face, in the next five years, the challenge of planning and managing its marine space, whilst promoting its sustainable use and protection.  This study adapted a cumulative effects assessment model to understand how the impacts from multiple threats affect the marine and coastal ecosystems and, how this information can be used to improve the management process. Information was gathered on intensity and distribution of activities and uses for the Portuguese continental subdivision marine area, quantified and mapped their cumulative impacts in marine ecosystems, and overlapped with the POEM. Results show that impacts are spreading from the coast up to the Contiguous Zone. Higher scores appear in Transitional and Coastal Waters in the north (Viana do Castelo\/Figueira da Foz), centre (Peniche\/Set\u00fabal) and south (Lagos\/Faro). In some areas with higher ranks, statutes of nature conservation are already in place, but potential activities may still occur on top of existing ones. This study shows that the adapted model is a helpful tool to clarify ocean planning, identify areas of potential conflicts among users and support the decision making process.  Highlights:    A cumulative impacts model (CIM) is proposed to inform and improve MSP.  Ecosystems in Coastal and Transitional Waters are the most impacted.  Impacted ecosystems may be exposed to additional impacts from future activities.  CIM identifies potential conflicts; thus supporting the decision making process.","author":["Fernandes, M.","Esteves, T.","Oliveira, E.","Alves, F."],"organization":["University of Aveiro"],"originationDate":"2017-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/265956","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-requirements-tools-operationalize-marine-spatial-planning-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456911500201X","title":"Data requirements and tools to operationalize marine spatial planning in the United States","description":"The U.S. is adopting a Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) approach to address conflicting objectives of conservation and resource development and usage in marine spaces. At this time MSP remains primarily as a concept rather than a well-defined framework, however expanding anthropogenic impacts on coastal and marine areas reinforce the need to adopt an MSP approach to manage societal demands while preserving the marine environment. The development of theory and methods to implement MSP are on the rise across the nation to address coastal and marine environmental challenges. Critical components of marine spatial planning are (1) spatial data collection, (2) data management, (3) data analysis, and (4) decision support systems. Advances in geotechnology have increased access to spatial data enabling the development of decision support tools to organize, analyze, and inform the MSP process by projecting future scenarios. A review of the current literature reveals the available technological and methodological tools that are best suited for marine spatial planning, as well as suggests areas for further research in order to better inform this process in the U.S.","author":["Stamoulis, K.","Delevaux, J."],"organization":["Curtin University","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.000000000000","-99.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/266151","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maritime-ecosystem-based-management-practice-lessons-learned-application-generic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X16000373","title":"Maritime ecosystem-based management in practice: Lessons learned from the application of a generic spatial planning framework in Europe","description":"A generic framework (FW) for the monitoring and evaluation of spatially managed areas (here defined as marine areas subject to a planning and management regime) was developed and tested in nine marine areas of 13 European countries under the EU funded project MESMA (Monitoring and Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas). This paper describes the lessons learned in the use of the FW and draws conclusions for its future use and development. The selected case studies represented diverse spatial scales, management status and complexity, ranging from sub-national areas to entire national coastlines, and large offshore regions. The application of the FW consisted of seven steps: starting with (i) context setting and (ii) gathering of relevant ecosystem information, human activities and management goals; it continues with (iii) indicator selection and (iv) risk assessment; and the final steps considers the (v) analysis of findings and (vi) the evaluation of management effectiveness, to end up with (vii) the revision and proposal of adaptation to current management. The lessons learnt through the application of the FW in the case studies have proved the value of the FW. However, difficulties rose due to the diversity of the nature and the different stages of development in planning and management in the case study areas; as well as, limited knowledge on ecosystem functioning needed for its implementation. As a conclusion the FW allowed for a flexible and creative application and provided important gap analyses.  Highlights:    A framework for MSP was tested in cases from arctic areas to the Mediterranean.  The step by step approach was valuable even when available information was scars.  The required causal connection between objectives and indicators of state was useful.  The creativity required to test the flexible framework was an important gap analyses.","author":["Buhl-Mortensen, L.","Galparsoro, I.","Fern\u00e1ndez, T.","Johnson, K.","D\u0027Anna, G.","Badalamenti, F.","Garofalo, G.","Carlstr\u00f6m, J.","Piwowarczyk, J.","Rabaut, M.","Vanaverbeke, J.","Schipper, C.","van Dalfsen, J.","Vassilopoulou, V.","Issaris, Y.","van Hoof, L.","Pecceu, E.","Hostens, K.","Pace, M.","Knittweis, L.","Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Todorova, V.","Doncheva, V."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","AZTI","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)","Heriot-Watt University","Ghent University","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","Deltares (NL)","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","IMARES - Wageningen UR","Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO)","Thunen Instititute","Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","AquaBiota Water Research","Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAN)","Ministry for Sustainable Development, the Environment and Climate Change (MSDEC)","University of Malta"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:30:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/266152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-sustainable-implementation-maritime-spatial-planning-europe-peek-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18300460","title":"Towards sustainable implementation of maritime spatial planning in Europe: A peek into the potential of the Regional Sea Conventions playing a stronger role","description":"Traditional silo approaches to managing marine resources and anthropogenic activities are progressively being replaced by systemic and holistic ecosystem-based management. In Europe, authorities are increasingly realising the interconnected complexity and transboundary effects of maritime economic activities on each other and on the marine environment. Facilitating cross-border coordination and cooperation between neighbouring European Member States and their non-EU border countries on the implementation of maritime spatial planning (MSP) is essential in ensuring the sustainable management of the European marine environment. During the last decade, progressive efforts have been dedicated to coordinate national marine planning to ensure that there is a concerted, coherent and sustainable approach regarding the activities taking place in the European seas. The Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (2014\/89\/EU) states that regional coordination and cooperation between Member States is a requirement in the development and implementation of national maritime spatial plans, and specifically mentions the consideration of the Regional Sea Conventions (RSCs) that are in place in Europe. Through analysing the results of a small-scale survey under European MSP experts, the paper explores whether an increased involvement of the RSCs in regional cooperation on MSP is perceived as possible and\/or desirable. The paper considers the (potential) role of the RSCs in the cross-border coordination of major maritime economic activities, as well as in cross-border MSP projects taking place in the European sea basins. The paper pays specific attention to the desirability and perceived challenges of such an increased role for the RSCs.  Highlights:    Transboundary complexity of marine environment calls for ecosystem-based management.  Need for cross-border approach to sustainable, coordinated and coherent MSP.  Increased involvement of RSCs in European MSP might be possible\/desirable.  Limited environmental mandate is a barrier to increased RSCs\u0027 involvement in MSP.","author":["de Grunt, L.","Calado, H."],"organization":["University of Porto","Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/272136","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-available-models-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Review of Available Models for Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Development of marine renewable energy (MRE) has been hindered by the need for information about potential environmental effects. Monitoring of these effects, however, is expensive and it is not always clear how to efficiently collect data for a wide range of possible effects. Monitoring guidelines are needed for developers and regulators to use when planning and consenting MRE projects. Predictive modeling of environmental effects can help determine what needs to be monitored, while also estimating what effects might occur and their magnitude. Modeling for environmental effects of MRE is at different stages of maturity and applicability depending upon the type of impact being considered.    We reviewed models of six categories of stressors: collision risk, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields (EMFs), changes in habitat, displacement of marine species, and changes in oceanographic systems. Receptors were species or groups of species potentially affected by the stressors. Collision risk models are a developing field of modeling specific to MRE and are limited by insufficient data regarding avoidance or evasion and the outcomes of collisions, and by the challenges of monitoring animals very close to operating devices to derive such data. Underwater noise models are well-developed but applications to MRE remain few, with a limited understanding of the behavioral and long-term effects of noise on animals and populations. The physics of EMFs is well-understood, but we did not find any models for MRE or close analogs. As seen with the previously mentioned stressors, the effects of EMFs on physiology and behavior and how they affect populations over time are not well-understood.  Models of habitat changes have been developed for other purposes and can be used for MRE, but the few published studies are primarily theoretical, because of the lack of field testing and validation with MRE projects. Displacement of marine species has not yet been modeled. To model displacement, approaches used for the effects of underwater noise on populations and for changes in habitat could be adapted. This would require measuring the movement of animals relative to the presence of devices (for displacement) and distinguishing it from other drivers of behavior (noise, changes in habitat conditions). Hydrodynamic and wave models for predicting changes in oceanographic systems are well-developed, but their validation with data from active MRE projects is limited. These models frequently provide physical inputs to models of other stressors, so their accuracy is critical for overall estimates of stressor effects.  Most models require site-specific data for environmental parameters and species distribution. Physiological, behavioral or demographic data are best collected from the project site, but may be obtained from other sources when necessary. Monitoring of physical data is relatively straightforward, though consideration must be given to spatial coverage and time frames needed to adequately measure natural variability. Behavioral data for modeled species and linkages between stressors and effects on survival and reproduction present significant information gaps. Validation of MRE models is uncommon and mostly applied to baseline conditions because of the small number of operating MRE devices.  This review provides insight into the options available for modeling MRE-related stressors, the information needed to parameterize models, and development needs. The goal of strengthening the connection between models and monitoring is to work toward guidelines for effective and consistent monitoring, better use of monitoring data, and improved project evaluation. Common information needs among models for different stressors can strategically inform monitoring campaigns and create efficiencies for projects as a whole. Project characteristics should be compared to potential models because there is no universal set of models suitable for all MRE devices and locations. Modeling should be used iteratively with ongoing monitoring to characterize uncertainties and as a basis for consultation between developers and regulators.","author":["Buenau, K.","Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L.","Garcia Medina, G.","Hibler, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TFiT-2020-Modeling-Report_Buenau_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/282789","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotmer-mref-masts-workshop-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.masts.ac.uk\/media\/36930\/working-across-sector-groups_scotmer-masts-workshop_2019_final.pdf","title":"ScotMER and MREF MASTS Workshop Report","description":"Addressing the ecological implications of offshore renewable energy developments across receptor groups \u2013 shaping future marine energy research  Purpose: To identify the next steps in research required to understand the ecological implications of offshore renewable energy in the UK. This workshop will narrow down the key ecological pathways that link priority evidence gaps between receptor groups to focus research effort.  Key Questions    What ecological pathways do we need to focus on to have useful outputs for estimating and monitoring the ecological impacts of marine renewables across receptor groups?     Where are the key linkages between high priority research gaps on receptor evidence maps?   What pathways are feasible to parameterise, and what are the gaps?      What ecological models (whole or part) are currently available?     Where are the modelling gaps?      What research do we need to take forward to get pathways:     Modelled   Parameterised   Provide useful outputs for policy","author":["Scottish Government","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"organization":["Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"originationDate":"2019-10-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 11:00:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/working-across-sector-groups_scotmer-masts-workshop_2019_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/285496","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-demographic-parameters-sensitivity-analysis-inform-inputs-outputs-population","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/review-demographic-parameters-and-sensitivity-analysis-inform-inputs-and-outputs-population","title":"Review Of Demographic Parameters And Sensitivity Analysis To Inform Inputs And Outputs Of Population Consequences Of Disturbance Assessments For Marine Mammals","description":"The interim Population Consequence of Disturbance (iPCoD) is a framework that allows individual-level effects from disturbance to be scaled to population-level impacts. This approach is parameterised by published figures for specific UK populations or derived from the literature for a given species. The original iPCoD model was developed in 2013, with subsequent reviews of the recommended demographic input parameters in 2014 and 2017. This current report by SMRU Consulting establishes the most up-to-date information on five key species of UK marine mammal (harbour porpoise, bottlenose dolphin, minke whale, harbour seal and grey seal) for use in the iPCoD model.  The report also examines the sensitivity of model output to potential misspecification in the various input parameters that are obtained via expert elicitation. Two approaches were used in the sensitivity testing: the effect of changing the value of a single parameter independently of the others and the effect of adjusting all the demographic parameters systematically to compare scenarios with the same population trajectory but different combinations of demographic parameters. The observed sensitivity to misspecification is complex, however, in general, the demographic parameter most sensitive to this issue was pup\/calf survival. However, the sensitivities identified were only apparent at relatively high (and somewhat unrealistic) levels of impact, and therefore SMRU Consulting conclude that the metric of counterfactual of population size, which is presented in impact assessments, is robust to misspecification in demographic rates. Several criteria are still to be explored, such as the sensitivity of alternative output metrics, a wider range of impact scenarios and the effect of any density-dependence. Future directions and recommendations for the iPCoD approach are also suggested.  The updated demographic parameters will improve assessments, and will now be available in time for the upcoming ScotWind leasing round. Where the sensitivity analysis has identified sources of variability and uncertainty in outputs, this will aid interpretation of assessments by advisors and decision makers.  The project was undertaken by SMRU Consulting and funded by Scottish Government.","author":["Sinclair, R.","Sparling, C.","Harwood, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2020-07-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scottish-Marine-and-Freshwater-Science-Vol-11-No-14.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/285498","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regional-baselines-marine-mammal-knowledge-across-north-sea-atlantic-areas-scottish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/regional-baselines-marine-mammal-knowledge-across-north-sea-and-atlantic-areas-scottish","title":"Regional baselines for marine mammal knowledge across the North Sea and Atlantic areas of Scottish waters","description":"Offshore renewables have the potential to make a significant contribution to the Scottish Government\u2019s target to generate 50% of Scotland\u0027s overall energy consumption from renewable sources by 2030 and to have decarbonised the energy system almost completely by 2050. The offshore wind industry is set to expand substantially in Scotland and the rest of the UK over the next decade and beyond as both the Scottish and UK Governments strive for clean energy and climate change targets, and a green economic recovery.  In May 2018, Crown Estate Scotland unveiled proposals to lease the seabed to encourage a new generation of offshore wind projects in Scotland\u2019s waters, and ScotWind launched on 10 June 2020. To inform the spatial development of this leasing round, Marine Scotland, as Planning Authority for Scotland\u2019s Seas, is currently developing the Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind (SMP). This plan will identify sustainable options for future commercial scale offshore wind developments. ScotWind applications must be sited within finalised Plan Option Areas identified by the Adopted SMP. Any changes to leasing arrangements needed to reflect changes between the draft and Adopted Plan will be addressed in Crown Estate Scotland \u2018Post-Adoption Addendum to ScotWind Leasing\u2019 (to be published by Crown Estate Scotland shortly after the Adopted SMP becomes available).  The construction, operation and decommissioning of renewable energy devices, such as offshore wind farms, has the potential to impact sensitive marine species such as marine mammals, which are protected in Scotland under various pieces of legislation e.g. EU Habitats Directive, Marine (Scotland) Act 2010. A key requirement in understanding and mitigating any potential impacts on these animals is ascertaining how many individuals there are, which areas they use and when they are present.  This project, undertaken by SMRU Consulting and funded by the Scottish Government and Crown Estate Scotland, consolidates marine mammal abundance and distribution estimates derived from data collected by local, regional, national and international partners. Data sources include visual (aerial, land-based and vessel-based) surveys, static and towed acoustic monitoring and animal-borne telemetry. Data originate from published and unpublished sources. The report covers all species of marine mammal commonly occurring in Scottish waters (17 species in total) and will provide important baseline information to inform marine spatial planning in Scottish waters.  The report provides a thorough review of each data source used, before exploring all known abundance and distribution estimates available for each species. A further chapter provides up-to-date information on species vital rates (e.g. survival and reproduction) where known, to allow parameterisation of population models used in impact assessments. In the final chapter, all known density estimates of each species for each of the Scotwind Leasing Draft Plan Option (DPO sites) are aggregated. Five appendices accompany the report, detailing: i. summary of data sources used in the report, ii. summary tables of marine mammal vital rates for species, iii. the results of the SCANS surveys (in particular, SCANS III), iv. updated seal at-sea usage maps, and v. density estimates for each Draft Plan Option sites.  This work represents the most comprehensive review of its kind for marine mammal baseline information in Scottish waters, bringing together a diverse dataset from key sources to provide important geospatial and demographic information for cetaceans and seals. This information will be crucial in future licensing and consenting of marine renewable energy projects and to guide mitigation measures.","author":["Hague, E.","Sinclair, R.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2020-07-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hague_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/287816","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-science-panel-marbled-murrelet-underwater-noise-injury-threshold","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wsdot.wa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-10\/ENV-FW-MamuThresholds.pdf","title":"Environmental Science Panel for Marbled Murrelet Underwater Noise Injury Threshold","description":"The multi-disciplinary science panel for establishing an interim marbled murrelet underwater noise injury threshold was held on July 27\u201329, 2011, at the offices of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in Lacey, WA. The panel was convened by the U.S. Navy and USFWS to develop recommended interim criteria for evaluating onset of injury to the marbled murrelet from underwater sounds resulting from pile driving. A description of the issues that led to this panel and preliminary questions for the panel\u2019s consideration are included in Attachment 1 (Draft Issues\/Questions for Multi-Disciplinary Panel for Marbled Murrelet Injury Threshold). The panelists represented technical experts and scientists affiliated with federal agencies, academia, and consulting firms who have expertise in underwater acoustics (including pile driving acoustics); sound impacts on fish, marine mammals, and terrestrial and marine birds; and the life history and demography of the marbled murrelet. This report summarizes the presentations, highlights of the discussions, and recommendations developed by panelists at this meeting. The intent is to document the technical reports and other information that were evaluated by the panel, demonstrate the range and depth of technical discussions, and provide the rationale developed in support of the panel\u2019s recommendations. Outstanding issues related to data availability and potential refinements to the recommended interim criteria are also summarized. An overall summary of conclusions is presented at the end of the report. Additionally, references cited and attachments are included.","author":["Science Applications International Corporation"],"organization":["Washington Department of Transportation","Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2011-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.030688000000","-122.818310000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/murrelet-thresholds.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/288203","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-classification-biological-targets-tidal-channel-using-multibeam-sonar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/atot\/37\/8\/jtechD190222.xml","title":"Automatic Classification of Biological Targets in a Tidal Channel using a Multibeam Sonar","description":"Multibeam sonars are widely used for environmental monitoring of fauna at marine renewable energy sites. However, they can rapidly accrue vast volumes of data, which poses a challenge for data processing. Here, using data from a deployment in a tidal channel with peak currents of 1-2 m\/s, we demonstrate the data-reduction benefits of real-time automatic classification of targets detected and tracked in multibeam sonar data. First, we evaluate classification capabilities for three machine learning algorithms: random forests, support vector machines, and k-nearest neighbors. For each algorithm, a hill-climbing search optimizes a set of hand-engineered attributes that describe tracked targets. The random forest algorithm is found to be most effective \u2014 in post-processing, discriminating between biological and non-biological targets with a recall rate of 0.97 and a precision of 0.60. In addition, 89% of biological targets are correctly classified as either seals, diving birds, fish schools, or small targets. Model dependence on the volume of training data is evaluated. Second, a real-time implementation of the model is shown to distinguish between biological targets and non-biological targets with nearly the same performance as in post-processing. From this, we make general recommendations for implementing real-time classification of biological targets in multibeam sonar data and the transferability of trained models.","author":["Cotter, E.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/288228","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/adaptable-monitoring-package-development-deployment-lessons-learned-integrated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/8\/553","title":"Adaptable Monitoring Package Development and Deployment: Lessons Learned for Integrated Instrumentation at Marine Energy Sites","description":"Integrated instrumentation packages are an attractive option for environmental and ecological monitoring at marine energy sites, as they can support a range of sensors in a form factor compact enough for the operational constraints posed by energetic waves and currents. Here we present details of the architecture and performance for one such system\u2014the Adaptable Monitoring Package\u2014which supports active acoustic, passive acoustic, and optical sensing to quantify the physical environment and animal presence at marine energy sites. we describe cabled and autonomous deployments and contrast the relatively limited system capabilities in an autonomous operating mode with more expansive capabilities, including real-time data processing, afforded by shore power or in situ power harvesting from waves. Across these deployments, we describe sensor performance, outcomes for biological target classification algorithms using data from multibeam sonars and optical cameras, and the effectiveness of measures to limit biofouling and corrosion. On the basis of these experiences, we discuss the demonstrated requirements for integrated instrumentation, possible operational concepts for monitoring the environmental and ecological effects of marine energy converters using such systems, and the engineering trade-offs inherent in their development. Overall, we find that integrated instrumentation can provide powerful capabilities for observing rare events, managing the volume of data collected, and mitigating potential bias to marine animal behavior. These capabilities may be as relevant to the broader oceanographic community as they are to the emerging marine energy sector.","author":["Polagye, B.","Joslin, J.","Murphy, P.","Cotter, E.","Scott, M.","Gibbs, P.","Bassett, C.","Stewart, A."],"organization":["University of Washington","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/288422","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fundy-tidal-power-development-preliminary-evaluation-its-environmental-consequences","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu\/me_collection\/89\/","title":"Fundy Tidal Power Development: Preliminary Evaluation of Its Environmental Consequences to the Resources of the State of Maine","description":"In 1982, the Tidal Power Corporation of Nova Scotia announced that the production of tidal power in-the Bay of Fundy is economically feasible.  The Maine Legislature, concerned about the rise in sea level predicted by the Nova Scotians\u0027 scientists, instructed the Maine State Planning Office to examine the consequences of Fundy tidal power development on the coast of Maine. The State Planning Office subsequently contracted with the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in West Boothbay Harbor to review existing scientific knowledge of these consequences, and to identify wha~ further research is needed better to understand them and their impacts. The Planning Office also formed a review committee of seven State natural resource agencies to comment upon the Bigelow Laboratory\u0027s work.  This report is the result of that effort. It is intended as a basis for further discussion among State and federal officials, the general public, and members of the scientific community, so that Maine may take a reasoned and informed approach to tidal power development in the Bay of Fundy.","author":["Larsen, P.","Topinka, J.","Lerman, A.","Giese, G.","Anderson, F.","Rudolph, R.","Timson, B."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"1984-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.644065000000","-66.288413000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Larsenetal1984.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/288423","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scientific-issues-assessment-transboundary-effects-fundy-tidal-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-1408-1_2","title":"Scientific Issues in the Assessment of the Transboundary Effects of Fundy Tidal Power","description":"Over the past fifty years, several proposals have been advanced to harness the exceptionally high tides of the Bay of Fundy region for the generation of electricity. Each proposal, however, has been rejected on the grounds that it was uneconomical. Changes in the world energy supply, culminating with the Arab oil embargo in the 1970s, have however stimulated serious reconsideration of tidal powerpower2. That reconsideration has included examination of the environmental consequences of a large-scale tidal energy facility constructed in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia.","author":["Spiller, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1986-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.815776000000","-66.145590000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/297303","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-natural-social-scientists-need-each-other-effective-marine-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X2030638X","title":"What natural and social scientists need from each other for effective marine environmental assessment: Insights from collaborative research on the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project","description":"We propose actions to guide collaboration between \u2018natural\u2019 and \u2018social\u2019 science disciplines in marine environmental issues. Despite enthusiasm for interdisciplinarity on environmental issues, institutional and disciplinary barriers remain for interdisciplinary working in practice. This paper explores what natural and social scientists need from each other for more effective impact assessment in the marine environment. We reflect on collaboration between natural- (especially marine biology) and social scientists (especially environmental sociology) researching the Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project in Japan; including subsequent expansion of the research team and wider evaluation of project outcomes. We identify two areas of mutual support: community and stakeholder engagement on marine monitoring; and identification of points in regulatory\/policy processes where qualitative findings may gain traction alongside quantitative results. We suggest interdisciplinary collaboration for marine environmental research could be helped by making time to learn from each other within projects; and by working together more closely in the field.","author":["Mabon, L.","Kita, J.","Onchi, H.","Katano, T.","Kohno, H.","Huang, Y."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Marine Ecology Research Institute (MERI)","Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology","Robert Gordon University"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/304076","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-test-site-kaneohe-hi","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Energy Test Site, Kaneohe, HI","description":"This presentation reviews the status of research at the Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) as of June 2014.","author":["De Visser, A.","Vega, L."],"organization":["Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)"],"originationDate":"2014-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DeVisser-and-Vega-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/304271","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-resource-characterization-us-navys-wave-energy-test-site-hawaii","sourceURL":"","title":"Wave Energy Resource Characterization at the US Navy\u0027s Wave Energy Test Site, Hawaii","description":"The US Navy\u2019s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) is the first such grid-connected facility in the United States. It is located off Marine Corps Base Hawaii at Kaneohe on the windward (east) side of Oahu. The Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) has funded the infrastructure, including moorings, cables to shore, and onshore office space and grid interconnection hardware, as well as the environmental assessments required for site development. The site consists of 3 berths at 30, 60, and 80 m water depth. Each berth includes a three-point mooring system for the connection of wave energy conversion (WEC) devices, as well as an undersea cable and junction box for transmission of power and data to shore. The prepermitted site is capable of hosting WEC devices up to 1-MW. Through a cooperative effort between NAVFAC and the Department of Energy (DOE), the site is hosting companies for the testing of their pre-commercial devices in an operational setting in order to advance their technology readiness level. The Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI), at the University of Hawaii (UH), is supporting DOE and Navy objectives at WETS in a variety of ways. In this paper, we present one such category of support \u2013 numerical wave forecasting and hindcasting.","author":["Li, N.","Cheung, K.","Cross, P.","Vega, L."],"organization":["University of Hawaii","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:46:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Li-et-al-2016-WETS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/304272","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-ecological-assessment-proposed-wave-energy-project-area-offshore-marine-corps","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Ecological Assessment of Proposed Wave Energy Project Area Offshore Marine Corps Base Hawaii","description":"The Office of Naval Research has been conducting tests of wave energy conversion buoys offshore Marine Corps Base Hawaii since 2003. Currently, the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) is interested in deploying new buoy designs in the same (approved) project area, but at greater depths and further offshore.  NAVFAV Engineering Service Center\u0027s (ESC) Scientific Diving Service group conducted marine ecological monitoring of the wave energy facility from October 2003 through October 2004. No adverse impacts to any marine natural resources were detected during the first year of monitoring. Nevertheless, periodic monitoring was continued between 2005 and 2007 and an updated survey was performed in May 2011. All the surveys were focused upon the resources over which the regulatory agencies had expressed concern. There resources were: threatened and endangered species, corals and coral reefs, fishery target species, and Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) and alien species.  In addition to the Navy\u0027s marine ecological surveys, multi-agency marine ecological surveys were performed at or near the project site in 2002, and 2004. This current report analyzed data from the 2005 to 2007 time period and the May 2011 surveys and then compared those findings with the initial first year monitoring effort and with the multi-agency surveys.  The key conclusions are as follows:    The findings of the Navy surveys are fully compatible with the findings of the multi-agency surveys.  There have been no detectable adverse impacts to any threatened or endangered species.  There have been no detectable adverse impacts to corals or coral reefs. In fact, the power cable supported greater densities of coral in May 2011 than the adjacent seafloor areas.   There have been no detectable adverse impacts to fishery target species or to EFH. The anchor base and associated equipment have increased habitat complexity and vertical relief, resulting in an increase in fin fish diversity and biomass.  No alien species have been detected on or adjacent to any of the equipment associated with the wave energy project. The equipment has not been an attractant to any alien species.  The anchor base, power cable and associated equipment should be left in place and should not be removed. This equipment is benefiting marine natural resources and serving as a modest artificial reef. Removal of the equipment would result in adverse impacts.","author":["Smith, S."],"organization":["Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)"],"originationDate":"2011-09-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:58:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Ecological-Assessment-of-Proposed-Wave-Energy-Project-Area-Offshore-Marine-Corps-Base-Hawaii.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/304466","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proposed-wave-energy-technology-project-environmental-assessment","sourceURL":"","title":"Proposed Wave Energy Technology Project Environmental Assessment","description":"This Environmental Assessment (EA) evaluates the potential environmental impacts of the proposed phased installation and operational testing of up to six Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) buoys off North Beach at Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH) Kaneohe Bay (the Proposed Action). The EA has been prepared in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 42 USC \u00a74321 et seq.; regulations promulgated by the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) (40 CFR \u00a7\u00a71500-1508); Chief of Naval Operations Instruction (OPNAVINST 5090.1B CH-2); and U.S. Marine Corps Order (MCO P5090.2A).  In addition to the Proposed Action, two alternatives were evaluated: No Action, where the wave energy technology test would not be implemented in Hawai\u2018i, and an alternative site at a location outside the entrance to Pearl Harbor, Hawai\u2018i.  The potential impacts of each alternative were analyzed for the following resources\/issues: shoreline physiography, oceanographic conditions, marine biological resources, terrestrial biological resources, land and marine resource use compatibility, cultural resources, infrastructure, recreation, public safety, and visual resources. The analyses indicate that there would be no impacts from the No Action alternative, and that the potential impacts from having the project at MCBH Kaneohe Bay or at the Pearl Harbor site would be similar and not significant for the following areas: coral and benthic communities, potential entanglement of marine life with the undersea cable, potential entrapment of marine mammals and sea turtles within the buoy, electromagnetic radiation, potential electrical leakage, installation and operational noise, and views. There would be only temporary impacts to recreation and public safety at North Beach, in areas not currently restricted by MCBH Kaneohe Bay in the vicinity of the buoy array. No cumulative impacts from the WET (Wave Energy Technology) test would occur.  The Navy has completed informal consultation under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service regarding threatened and endangered species at the project area off MCBH Kaneohe Bay. The Navy also consulted with the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO), native Hawaiian organizations, and some individuals known to attach religious and cultural significance to that part of the base. Informal consultation with SHPO was carried out under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its implementing regulations in 36 CFR Part 800.  Key appendices included in this report that address environmental impacts are:    Appendix D - Marine Natural Resources Insert for the WET EA. July 2002. Prepared by Steve Smith, PACDIV, Pearl Harbor, O\u2018ahu, Hawai\u2018i.  Appendix F - Wave Energy Technology (WET) Project Environmental Impacts of Selected Components. July 2002. Sound \u0026amp; Sea Technology.  Appendix H - Wave Energy Technology (WET) Marine Corps Base Hawaii Marine Environmental Assessment. May 2002. Marine Research Consultants.  Appendix I - Marine Public Safety and Recreational Uses Report for the Wave Energy Technology (WET) Test Environmental Assessment (EA). May 2002. Ocean Recreation Consultant, John Clark.  Appendix J - Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Buoy Impact on a Wave Field. May 2002. Sea Engineering Inc.","author":["US Department of the Navy"],"organization":["US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:58:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EA-Kaneohe-MCBH-Jan-2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/316267","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-marine-noise-pollution-mediterranean-fishes-invertebrates-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X20305683","title":"Effects of marine noise pollution on Mediterranean fishes and invertebrates: A review","description":"Marine noise pollution (MNP) can cause a multitude of impacts on many organisms, but information is often scattered and general outcomes difficult to assess. We have reviewed the literature on MNP impacts on Mediterranean fish and invertebrates. Both chronic and acute MNP produced by various human activities - e.g. maritime traffic, pile driving, air guns - were found to cause detectable effects on intra-specific communication, vital processes, physiology, behavioral patterns, health status and survival. These effects on individuals can extend to inducing population- and ecosystem-wide alterations, especially when MNP impacts functionally important species, such as keystone predators and habitat forming species. Curbing the threats of MNP in the Mediterranean Sea is a challenging task, but a variety of measures could be adopted to mitigate MNP impacts. Successful measures will require more accurate information on impacts and that effective management of MNP really becomes a priority in the policy makers\u0027 agenda.  Highlights    Marine noise is a widespread source of pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.  Noise pollution produces a multitude of impacts on marine fish and invertebrates.  Marine noise pollution affects from individuals to ecosystems.  We identify knowledge gaps and potential avenues for future research.  A variety of measures could be adopted to mitigate marine noise pollution.","author":["Di Franco, E.","Pierson, P.","Di lorio, L.","Calo, A.","Cottalorda, J.","Derijard, B.","Di Franco, A.","Galve, A.","Guibbolini, M.","Lebrun, J.","Micheli, F.","Priouzeau, F.","Risso-de Faverney, C.","Rossi, F.","Sabourault, C.","Spennato, G.","Verrando, P.","Guidetti, P."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u0027Azur","CHORUS Acoustics","Grenoble Institute of Technology","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo (University of Palermo)","Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn","Stanford University","National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences (CoNISMa)"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.220000000000","20.030000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/316462","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/importance-underwater-sounds-gadoid-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/1.5134683","title":"The importance of underwater sounds to gadoid fishes","description":"The codfish family includes more than 500 species that vary greatly in their abundance in areas like the North Sea and are widely fished. Gadoids (codfish) gather at particular locations to spawn, where they exhibit complex reproductive behavior with visual and acoustic displays. Calls have been described from seven species, including the Atlantic cod and haddock. They vocalize by means of a specialized apparatus, consisting of rapidly contracting striated muscles (the drumming muscles) attached to the gas-filled swim bladder. Several gadoids, such as the ling and the Greenland cod, possess drumming muscles and are likely to make sounds. Non-vocal gadoids, such as the poor cod, lack these muscles. It is suggested that the sonic apparatus was present in the early species of the gadoids, with some species having lost their sonic ability. Interestingly, silent gadoids are mainly small schooling fishes. Gadoid species are most sensitive to sounds from 30 to 500 Hz. Gadoid hearing can be masked by ambient sound but also by anthropogenic sounds, which may therefore adversely affect their reproduction, with potential effects upon discrete local stocks. Listening for gadoid sounds provides a reliable, non-invasive way of locating spawning sites, which can enhance the protection of reproducing fish from human impacts.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Picciulin, M."],"organization":["Ca\u0027 Foscari University of Venice"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/316466","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-responses-congested-sea-observational-study-coastal-nest-guarding-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/24750263.2019.1699611","title":"Behavioural responses in a congested sea: an observational study on a coastal nest-guarding fish","description":"The deleterious effects of anthropogenic noise on animal communication are nowadays recognised, not only in urban environments but also in terrestrial habitats and along coasts and in open waters. Yet, the assessment of short- and long-term exposure consequences of anthropogenic noise in marine organisms remains challenging, especially in fish and invertebrates. Males of the Mediterranean damselfish Chromis chromis vocalise and perform visual displays (multimodal communication) to attract mates. The frequency-range of courtship vocalisations overlaps with low-frequency noise generated by maritime activities, resulting in a reduced detection distance among conspecifics. We quantified the number of courtship-related visual displays performed by males living in areas with different levels of maritime traffic. We also tried to manipulate ambient noise in the field to test male short-term response to increased noise levels. Males living in busier areas (near to a harbour) performed significantly more visual displays than those living in less congested areas. When exposed to artificially-increased ambient noise level (playback of boat noise), males did not adjust the number of visual displays accordingly. Yet, we note how assessing the actual effect of maritime traffic in marine populations in their natural environments is particularly difficult, as the effects of boat noise cannot be easily disentangled from a variety of other intrinsic or environmental factors, discussed in the paper. We thus present suggestions to obtain more robust analyses of variations of courtship behaviours in territorial fishes. We hope this will facilitate a further understanding of the potential long-term effects of anthropogenic noise, whose analyses should be prioritised in the context of environmental impact assessment, resource management and biodiversity conservation.","author":["Mascolino, S.","Mariani, S.","Benvenuto, C."],"organization":["University College Dublin","University of Salford"],"originationDate":"2019-12-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.231000000000","9.042000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/318403","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-current-power-effects-nearby-sandbanks-case-study-race-alderney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rsta.2019.0503","title":"Tidal current power effects on nearby sandbanks: a case study in the Race of Alderney","description":"A validated numerical model of tidal flows and sediment transport around the Alderney South Banks was used to investigate the potential effects of large (300\u2009MW) tidal turbine arrays at different locations in Alderney territorial waters. Two methods were used, firstly looking at hydrodynamic changes only and secondly modelling sediment transport over a non-erodible bed. The baseline hydrodynamic model was validated relative to ADCP velocity data collected in the immediate vicinity of the sandbank. Real-world sand transport rates were inferred from sand-wave migrations and agree favourably with sediment transport residuals calculated from model outputs. Outputs from the sediment model reproduced realistic morphological behaviours over the bank. Seventeen different locations were considered; most did not result in significant hydrodynamic changes over the South Banks; however, three array locations were singled out as requiring extra caution if development were to occur. The results provide a case for optimizing the array locations for twin objectives of maximizing array power and minimizing impacts on the sandbanks.","author":["Blunden, L.","Haynes, S.","Bahaj, A."],"organization":["University of Southampton"],"originationDate":"2020-08-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.683300000000","-2.183300000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/320723","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-economic-impacts-500-mw-wave-power-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421512002170","title":"Modelling the economic impacts of 500 MW of wave power in Ireland","description":"This paper investigates the impacts of including 500 MW of wave power into Ireland\u2019s electricity generation portfolio in the year 2020. One year of detailed market simulations are undertaken to determine the impact on wholesale electricity prices, system operation costs and CO2 emissions with and without this installed wave power under a number carbon prices assumptions. In both scenarios (with and without wave energy), Ireland\u2019s installed renewable capacity is fixed such that 40% of Ireland\u2019s electricity in 2020 is from renewable source. The likely revenue a wave energy device would earn in the market is also investigated and compared with what is required to achieve 500 MW installed capacity. It is shown that in general the inclusion of wave energy has a negligible effect on wholesale electricity prices, reduces total system cost in Ireland and can increase CO2 emissions on the island of Ireland under certain carbon price assumptions. It is also shown the current REFIT for wave energy is adequate.","author":["Deane, J.","Dalton, G.","Gallachoir, B."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2012-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.086428000000","-7.848446000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/320724","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-social-benefits-wave-energy-conversion-marine-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2007\/00000041\/00000003\/art00006","title":"Economic and Social Benefits from Wave Energy Conversion Marine Technology","description":"This paper summarizes the energy resource, the energy conversion technology, and the economic and social benefits of using wave energy technology. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimates that the U.S. wave resource potential that could credibly be harnessed is about 6.5% of the 2004 U.S. national electricity energy demand (the total 2004 demand was about 4,000 TWh). Wave energy conversion (WEC) is an emerging technology; ten WEC devices have been tested to date in natural waters worldwide over the past 10 years. The economic opportunities are significant. A relatively minor investment by government in the public good today could stimulate a worldwide industry generating billions of dollars of economic output and employing thousands of people, while using an abundant and clean natural resource to meet our energy needs. Wave energy is potentially more easily assimilated into the grid (compared to wind and solar) because it may be more accurately predictable two to three days ahead and sold as firm power. Given proper care in siting, deployment, operations, maintenance and decommissioning, wave power promises to be one of the most environmentally benign electrical generation technologies. The primary barrier to the development and use of these technologies in the U.S. is the cumbersome regulatory process. We recommend and encourage the development of an effective regulatory system that fosters the application of this environmentally friendly electricity generation technology for our society.","author":["Bedard, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/347957","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-hydroacoustic-approaches-predict-fish-interactions-stream-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/FISH%20FINDER%20Final%20Report%2031-03-2020_0.pdf","title":"Integrating Hydroacoustic Approaches to Predict Fish Interactions with In-stream Tidal Turbines","description":"A key challenge facing the global marine renewable energy sector is the ability to effectively answer the critical question of the safety of in-steam tidal energy turbines for fish, a key component of the marine environment. Traditional fish sampling technologies, such as trawls, have limited application in high-flow environments. Novel approaches are required to provide the environmental data necessary to achieve public, regulatory, and industry confidence.  FORCE and its partners have been using hydroacoustics to collect information on fish use of the Minas Passage. Two data collection methods have been used: downward-looking, mobile surveys, and upward-looking, stationary surveys. The first method provides spatial coverage of the test site but only spans 24 hours at a time. Conversely, the upward-looking, stationary approach lacks spatial coverage but spans long periods of time (approximately 2 months). There is a need to understand the extent over which results from each survey type might be applied\u2014that is, how much time is represented by the results from a single mobile survey, and how much space is represented by the results from the stationary surveys.  The goal of this project was to use each of these two complementary methods to inform our understanding of the results from the other. Specifically, the mobile acoustic survey data were used to provide an estimate the spatial representative range of the stationary results. The stationary data were be used to estimate the temporal representative range of the 24- hour mobile survey results. Concurrent data collected by the two methods were also compared to assess the challenges associated with each survey type, and to confirm whether both methods provide similar findings.  This assessment utilized backscatter data from repeated passes of one of the mobile transects, and from 3 of the two-month deployments of the stationary platform. The spatial representative range of the stationary results could not be determined using data from the single transect. However, the stationary dataset revealed strong tidal and diel periodicities in volume backscatter (roughly proportional to fish density) at this site, with greater variation occurring at these small time scales than over course of the year. This finding reinforces the importance of 24-hr data collection periods in ongoing monitoring efforts. Collecting at least 24 hours of data at a time allows this tidal and diel variability to be quantified and kept separate from the longer-term trends that we seek to monitor. The temporal representative range of a 24-hr survey was determined to be approximately 3 days. At the 24-hour scale, water column backscatter was comparable across the two survey types, but at shorter time scales, it was not.  Data from both survey types were subject to contamination by backscatter from entrained air in the water column\u2014a common issue at tidal energy sites. All data had to be carefully scrutinized and cleaned, which was an extremely time-consuming process and highlights the need to develop more advanced backscatter classification tools.","author":["Viehman, H.","Hasselman, D.","Boucher, T.","Douglas, J.","Bennett, L."],"organization":["Echoview Software","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.373488000000","-64.452748000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viehman-et-al-2020-Fish-Interactions.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/350275","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evolving-ocean-energy-technologies-their-influence-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.thejot.net\/archive-issues\/?page_id=837\u0026show_article_preview=1162","title":"Evolving Ocean Energy Technologies and their Influence on Marine Spatial Planning","description":"On shore, offshore, and floating solar or wind electrical generation has been successfully demonstrated globally and is reaching for large-scale utility. Marine hydrokinetics (MHK), however, from ocean currents, salinity and thermal gradients, tides, and waves remain mostly untapped. Their dense energy but diffuse nature requires distributed systems of connected modules operating in harsh environments. Small quantity deployments provide electricity for aids to navigation, monitoring equipment, sustainable mariculture, and offshore operations. Saving precious land, more numerous connected module arrays can help to electrify islands, conventionally energy deficient regions, and off-grid applications. Several countries and islands have abundant marine renewable energy resources that greatly exceed local power needs. Some of their landfall and numerous seamounts support ocean energy operations. Coasts and shoals accommodate MHK device staging, servicing, and power equipment. Other highly populated continental areas have relatively low renewable power generation availability. Remotely produced energy must be conveyed to where it is needed. With fewer zoning consent issues than land-based renewables, marine hydrokinetic energy module arrays can directly transmit high density power through wire to existing coastal electric grid transfer stations and mainland population centres. The marine hydrokinetics industry is bound to deploy a larger quantity of modular structures at deeper sites.  Special wave energy converter (WEC) modules use wave energy to pump down oxygen to depths that stimulate web of life near ocean dead zones. Bio-compatible structural materials and coatings tolerate bio-growths without impeding mechanical functions. Shade-casting framing structures and lee side wave attenuation promote symbiotic habitat restoration. Most WEC developers aspire to technologies having least natural disturbance and true cost.","author":["Ames, F."],"organization":["Ocean Wave Energy Company"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ames-2020-MSP.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/352594","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/succession-epibenthic-communities-artificial-reefs-associated-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaa129\/5896251","title":"Succession in epibenthic communities on artificial reefs associated with marine renewable energy facilities within a tide-swept environment","description":"Although colonization of artificial structures by epibenthic communities is well-documented overall, our understanding of colonization processes is largely limited to low-energy environments. In this study, we monitored epibenthic colonization of different structures associated with a tidal energy test site located in a high-energy hydrodynamic environment. Using four years of image-based underwater surveys, we characterized changes through space and time in the taxonomic composition of epibenthic assemblages colonizing two kinds of artificial structures, as well as the surrounding natural habitat. Our results highlight that ecological successions followed similar trends across the two artificial habitats, but that different habitat-specific communities emerged at the end of our survey. Deployment of these artificial structures resulted in the addition of elevated and stable substrata in an environment where natural hard substrates are unstable and strongly exposed to sediment abrasion. Although epibenthic communities colonizing artificial habitats are unlikely to have reached a mature stage at the end of our survey, these supported structurally complex taxa facilitating an overall increase in local diversity. We were able to quantify how epibenthic communities can significantly vary over time in high-energy coastal environment, and our final survey suggests that the ecological succession was still in progress five years after the deployment of artificial reefs. Thus, maintaining long-term continuous survey of coastal artificial reef habitats will be key to better discriminate between long-term ecological successions and shorter-term variability.","author":["Taormina, B.","Percheron, A.","Marzloff, M.","Caisey, X.","Quillienn, N.","Lejart, M.","Desroy, N.","Dugornay, O.","Tancray, A.","Carlier, A."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2020-08-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.874070000000","-2.876378000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Taormina-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/364189","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-foraging-ecology-black-guillemots-cepphus-grylle-relation-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.uhi.ac.uk\/en\/studentTheses\/investigating-the-foraging-ecology-of-black-guillemots-cepphus-gr","title":"Investigating the foraging ecology of black guillemots Cepphus grylle in relation to tidal stream turbines and marine protected areas","description":"Tidal streams provide important foraging habitat for several species of marine top predator. This habitat is potentially vulnerable to alteration from the construction of tidal stream turbines. These turbines have been installed in the north of Scotland, with several hundred more planned. Tidal turbines may affect inshore habitat or prey distribution by shifting tidal flow patterns, altering benthic composition or by forming reefs. However, different species will be affected to varying extents based upon their ecological niche. The black guillemot Cepphus grylle, an inshore, diving seabird known for benthic foraging has been identified as a species vulnerable to tidal turbines due to its use of tidal streams. Additionally, the species has been designated as a feature of six Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) across Scotland. Both of these developments highlighted gaps in our knowledge of black guillemot foraging ecology, and the need to address the extent tidal stream turbines may affect, and MPAs will protect, black guillemots. The aim of this thesis is to investigate these knowledge gaps relating to black guillemot foraging ecology, with a particular focus on tidal stream use.  I related GPS tracking data to predictive habitat data and tidal models to investigate the foraging ecology of black guillemots at three colonies in Caithness and Orkney. Firstly, I addressed the overlap between foraging locations and the MeyGen tidal lease area within the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth. I found 9.5% of foraging locations overlapped with the lease area. Individuals mostly foraged parallel to the MeyGen area, associating with slower velocities and shallower depths than those occurring within the lease area. Tidal streams were found to be one of multiple foraging niches. These included relatively shallow (14m) kelp-dominated habitats, and habitats related to sand substrate with dense infaunal communities (20m). Use of these niches was dependent on colony specific availability, and surrounding depth profiles. Within these niches, individuals partitioned their foraging locations, and exhibited strong site fidelity. Some individuals displayed fidelity to tidal streams near the colony, while others travelled further (maximum 25 km) to alternative habitats not associated with tidal currents. The implications of different behaviours on chick provisioning and growth were investigated. I found diet to vary among nests, being either composed of: frequent feeds of diverse prey; or in-frequent feeds, of energy rich prey. These provisioning strategies did not influence chick growth. Varied foraging strategies are potentially driven by differing energetic benefits. I compared camera traps and visual observations as study techniques of chick diet and nest predation. Using these methods, additional sources of colony failure were identified, including adverse weather, and predators (both avian and terrestrial), which should be taken into account in surveys of nest success. Using ring recovery data, I investigated natal dispersal and philopatry across Britain and Ireland, as metapopulation dynamics may have implications for colony recovery. These properties were found to vary with latitude, potentially related to regional environmental conditions.  In relation to MPAs, the findings of this thesis have implications with regards to the habitats associated with foraging, and the distance birds will travel to use them. Regarding tidal turbines, most black guillemots did not forage in areas currently suitable for tidal stream turbine deployment, but narrow characteristics of depth and velocity were used by foraging individuals within tidal streams. Therefore, minor changes to environmental conditions caused by turbines may have large impacts for the birds that do specialise in foraging in areas of high tidal flow.     This thesis may be available by request from the author or university.","author":["Johnston, D."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2019-11-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/364190","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-project-ferc-no-p-12611-article-401-rmee-plan-amendments","sourceURL":"","title":"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Project FERC No. P-12611 Article 401 RMEE Plan Amendments","description":"Article 401 of the Pilot Project License for the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Project (FERC No. P-12611) specifically approved the six RITE Monitoring of Environmental Effects (RMEE) plans as shown on Table 1, and notes that they cannot be amended without Commission approval.  Following review and adaptive management consultation (see Appendix A), and agency concurrence (see Appendix B), Verdant requests Commission approval of the proposed modifications to the RMEE plans described in this document for implementation during the RITE Install B-1 Pilot Project in 2020.","author":["Verdant Power"],"organization":["Verdant Power"],"originationDate":"2019-07-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.761513000000","-73.948352000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 07:02:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RITE-Article-401-RMEE-Plan-Amendments.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/381197","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-underwater-video-data-collected-around-operating-tidal-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/research-report-1225-review-underwater-video-data-collected-around-operating-tidal-stream-turbines","title":"Review of underwater video data collected around operating tidal stream turbines","description":"One of the most significant barriers to sustainable commercial scale development of the tidal energy sector is the level of uncertainty around the potential environmental risk posed by operating tidal turbines to protected marine wildlife. In order to reduce this uncertainty and better understand near-field behaviour of ecological receptors around operating devices, significant effort is being put into strategic monitoring and research projects around the world to gather data around the first single devices and arrays.  Monitoring data are needed to validate predictive models that describe the behaviour of key species around tidal turbines, in order to improve and refine input parameters for better estimates of collision risk and avoidance. However, monitoring near-field behaviour of ecological receptors around operational turbines and detecting any potential collision events requires a range of different technologies and processes. A variety of approaches have been implemented around the world to date and it is not clear what has been successful and where technical and procedural improvements are required going forward.  The principal aim of this project was to review environmental monitoring data collected around operational tidal energy projects to date, focusing on underwater video, in order to establish what data exist and how this data can be used to:     Help ensure that experience to date with regards to the design and implementation of environmental monitoring programmes is captured and used to inform the development of proportionate future monitoring plans and to help reduce risk and costs wherever possible; and   Improve our understanding of the potential effects of such developments on ecological receptors.","author":["Hutchison, I.","Tait, C.","Sheehy, J.","Morgan, P."],"organization":["Scottish Natural Heritage","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Review_Underwater_video_data_NatureScot.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/385253","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/applying-two-active-acoustic-technologies-document-presence-large-marine-animal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/9\/704","title":"Applying Two Active Acoustic Technologies to Document Presence of Large Marine Animal Targets at a Marine Renewable Energy Site","description":"Coastal regions are highly used by humans. The growing marine renewable energy (MRE) industry will add to existing anthropogenic pressures in these regions. Regulatory bodies require animal risk assessment before new industrial activities can progress, and MRE is no exception. Preliminary data of marine mammal use of an MRE device deployment location could be informative to permitting. A combination of downlooking hydroacoustics using an echosounder and acoustic camera (imaging sonar) was used to provide a number of large targets (proxy for large fish and marine mammals) in an area of interest for MRE tidal turbine deployment in Western Passage, Maine, USA. Data were collected in May, June, August, and September of 2010 and 2011. Of the nine large targets confirmed to be animals, eight were porpoises and one was a shark. Few large targets were observed in May and June, with the majority (90%) being present in August and September of both years. The most large targets were observed when tidal current speed was less than 1 m\u00b7s\u22121. These data provide a preliminary assessment of large targets in a single location over sixteen 24-h surveys. The aforementioned methodology could be used for future pre- and post-installation assessments at MRE device deployment locations. Their use in concert with visual and passive acoustic monitoring can provide water depth usage by marine mammals, which is a metric that is difficult to assess with passive acoustic and visual techniques.","author":["Staines, G.","Zydlewski, G.","Viehman, H.","Kocik, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Maine","Echoview Software","University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"],"originationDate":"2020-09-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.944154000000","-67.025172000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:35:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Staines-et-al-2020-Active-Acoustics.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/387959","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-currentology-moroccan-facades-assessment-marine-energy-potential-fight-against","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.07.442","title":"Study of the currentology of Moroccan facades and assessment of the marine energy potential for the fight against the impact of climate changes","description":"Morocco has an exceptional maritime potential especially on its two 500-km Mediterranean and 300-km Atlantic coastlines. The assessment of this potential for marine currents, wind and temperature is largely necessary for the various activities related to the coastline: fishing, exploitation of aggregates, tourism, transport services, desalination and marine renewable energies.  Morocco is engaged in a policy of preservation of the environment, the fight against global warming and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. It is reviewing its \u0027electric mix\u0027 and promoting all renewable energies including marine energy.  The results of this study show clearly that Morocco can boast of the potential of its Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts, thanks to the strong winds that blow in the North Atlantic and around the city of Dakhla, at sea currents speeds in vicinity of the Strait of Gibraltar and the difference in temperature between the surface and deep sea.  We are particularly interested in the study of the behavior of the marine current, temperature and wind. This is based on monthly data provided by a credible website with free access and statistics from the MATLAB Software.","author":["Hariss, S.","Saifaoui, D.","Hilmi, K.","Lilane, A.","Jenkal, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-08-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.454507000000","-9.649528000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/387960","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tongan-socio-environmental-spatial-layers-marine-ecosystem-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.publish.csiro.au\/pc\/PC19032","title":"Tongan socio-environmental spatial layers for marine ecosystem management","description":"Environmental conditions and anthropogenic impacts are key influences on ecological processes and associated ecosystem services. Effective management of Tonga\u2019s marine ecosystems therefore depends on accurate and up-to-date knowledge of environmental and anthropogenic variables. Although many types of environmental and anthropogenic data are now available in global layers, they are often inaccessible to end users, particularly in developing countries with limited accessibility and analytical training. Furthermore, the resolution of many global layers might not be sufficient to make informed local decisions. Although the near-shore marine ecosystem of Tonga is extensive, the resources available for its management are limited, and little is known about its current ecological state. Here we provide a marine socio-environmental dataset covering Tonga\u2019s near-shore marine ecosystem as compiled from various global layers, remote sensing projects, local ministries, and the 2016 national census. The dataset consists of 11 environmental and 6 anthropogenic variables summarised in ecologically relevant ways, spatially overlaid across the near-shore marine ecosystem of Tonga. The environmental variables selected include bathymetry, coral reef density, distance from deep water, distance from land, distance from major terrestrial inputs, habitat, land area, net primary productivity, salinity, sea surface temperature and wave energy. The anthropogenic variables selected include fishing pressure, management status, distance to fish markets, distance from villages, population pressure and a socioeconomic development index based on population density, growth, mean age, mean education level and unemployment. We hope this extensive and accessible dataset will be a useful tool for future assessment and management of marine ecosystems in Tonga.","author":["Smallhorn-West, P.","Gordon, S.","Dempsey, A.","Purkis, S.","Malimali, S.","Halafihi, T.","Southgate, P.","Bridge, T.","Pressey, R.","Jones, G."],"organization":["James Cook University","WorldFish","The University of the Sunshine Coast (USC)","University of Miami"],"originationDate":"2020-08-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["-20.995349000000","-175.179386000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/387961","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-based-consenting-offshore-renewable-energy-projects-ricore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-43484-7_16","title":"Risk-Based Consenting of Offshore Renewable Energy Projects (RICORE)","description":"Consenting and environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures are two of the major non-technical barriers to the further expansion of offshore renewable energy (ORE). Risk-based consenting of offshore renewable energy (RiCORE) is a Horizon 2020 funded project which aims to promote the successful development of ORE in the European Union by developing an environmental risk-based approach to the consenting of ORE projects, where the level of survey requirement is based on the environmental sensitivity of the site, the risk profile of the technology and the scale of the proposed project. The project aims to provide guidance on how to potentially improve consenting processes to ensure cost-efficient delivery of the necessary surveys, clear and transparent reasoning for work undertaken, improving knowledge sharing and reducing the non-technical barriers to the development of the ORE sector. The output from RiCORE includes deliverables over six work packages including four expert workshops conducted with relevant stakeholders (regulators, industry and EIA practitioners). The first workshop considered the practices, methodologies and implementation of pre-consent surveys, post-consent and post-deployment monitoring. The second workshop examined the legal framework in place in the partner Member States (MS) to ensure that the framework developed will be applicable for roll out across these MS and further afield. Two further workshops have involved target stakeholders to develop and refine recommendations and discuss their effective implementation. This communication highlights the main findings and draft recommendations from the RiCORE project to date. For further information and associated deliverable reports visit https:\/\/ricore-project.eu.","author":["Bald, J.","Menchaca, I.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Le Li\u00e8vre, C.","Culloch, R.","Bennet, F.","Simas, T.","Mascarenhas, P."],"organization":["AZTI","University College Cork","Marine Scotland Science","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2020-06-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:06:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/387962","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-comprehensive-benefit-various-marine-exploitation-activities-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpol.2020.103924","title":"Evaluation of the comprehensive benefit of various marine exploitation activities in China","description":"With the continuous aggravation of marine exploitation, it is significant to maintain the sustainable development of the marine social economy and ecological environment. Seven typical types of marine exploitation activities in China were screened to evaluate their comprehensive benefits, with the aim of selecting the activities that are suitable for priority development. Concretely, an evaluation index system, including the economic benefit index, social benefit index, resource depletion index and environmental cost index, was established. The combined weight of each index was calculated by the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and a comprehensive benefit evaluation model was constructed for assessment. The results showed that marine secondary industry has the highest comprehensive benefit, followed by marine tertiary industry and marine primary industry. Specifically, the appropriate types of marine exploitation activities should be prioritized as follows: coastal industry (0.7370)\u0026gt;urban construction (0.7188)\u0026gt; offshore wind power (0.6968)\u0026gt;coastal tourism (0.6953)\u0026gt;sewage dumping (0.5973)\u0026gt;open mariculture (0.5822)\u0026gt;enclosed mariculture (0.4687).","author":["Liu, B.","Wang, J.","Xu, M.","Wang, Z.","Zhao, L."],"organization":["Nanjing University"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.391445000000","105.396104000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/387963","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/whale-optimization-algorithm-ship-path-optimization-large-scale-complex-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9044363","title":"Whale Optimization Algorithm for Ship Path Optimization in Large-Scale Complex Marine Environment","description":"With the formulation of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, marine pollution has received widespread attention from various countries. Green navigation is an important requirement for route planning, in which energy consumption is its primary focus. Ships are affected by complex marine meteorological environments, so it is difficult to plan a reasonable route. Some methods have been proposed to solve this problem, but there are some shortcomings, such as no consideration of the effect of wind direction, wind speed and wave. To solve this problem, we introduce a meta-heuristic whale optimization algorithm (WOA), which helps ships find a low-energy-consumption and safe route in a large-scale complex marine environment. The results of our simulation experiments indicate that WOA is more competitive than other state-of-the-art algorithms for route planning.","author":["Han, Q.","Yang, X.","Song, H.","Sui, S.","Zhang, H.","Yang, Z."],"organization":["Harbin Engineering University"],"originationDate":"2020-03-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/399684","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-responses-fish-current-based-hydrokinetic-turbine-under-multiple-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-020-08596-5","title":"Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions","description":"There is significant international interest in developing current-based marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies to capture the power of tidal energy. However, concerns have been raised regarding the ecological effects of these projects on fish, including the risk of blade collision and behavioral impacts such as the disruption of migratory behavior and food acquisition and displacement from preferred habitats. We conducted mobile hydroacoustic surveys to track fish as they approached a tidal turbine deployed in Cobscook Bay, Maine. There was a significant decline in fish numbers with decreasing distance to the turbine, beginning approximately 140 m from the turbine. Similar declines were not observed at control transects or when the turbine was not spinning. The decline in fish numbers appeared to be the result of horizontal displacement, not vertical, movements to avoid the turbine. Noise rather than visual cues or flow field disturbance seemed to be a likely explanation for the reduced number of fish near the turbine. This finding, combined with near-field blade collision studies indicating a low probability of encounter, suggests that a single turbine poses a low collision risk to pelagic fish and that a single turbine is likely to result in minimal behavioral responses by fish. However, the risk may be different with additional devices, which will become more relevant as commercial-scale MHK arrays come under consideration. Therefore, the risks associated with commercial-scale operations will ultimately have to be evaluated to fully understand the ecological impacts of MHK devices.","author":["Grippo, M.","Zydlewski, G.","Shen, H.","Goodwin, A."],"organization":["Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)","University of Maine","US Army Engineer Research and Development Center"],"originationDate":"2020-09-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.912991000000","-67.058220000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/401616","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/snapshot-risk-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"","title":"A Snapshot of Risk for Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"With only a few wave and tidal devices in the water and no long-term post-installation data sets available, there continue to be uncertainties around risks to marine animals and habitats from the deployment and operation of marine renewable energy (MRE) systems [1], [2]. Based on these uncertainties and lack of familiarity with MRE devices, regulators and stakeholders continue to perceive a wide array of potential environmental interactions as risky; and they continue to require extensive monitoring programs to permit or license a project. The financial burden of monitoring is difficult for MRE developers to support, and it is not clear whether the planned data collection efforts are necessarily aimed at the most important interactions that present the highest levels of risk to the marine environment. It appears that an important pathway toward commercial development of MRE projects should include a delineation and evaluation of these risks.","author":["Copping, A.","Kramer, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","HT Harvey and Associates"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-Kramer-2017-Snapshot-Risk.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/403936","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/plat-i-463-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"PLAT-I 4.63 Tidal Energy","description":"The PLAT-I (PLATform for Inshore energy) is a tidal energy converter, equipped with four SCHOTTEL Hydro SIT250 tidal turbines, that is installed at the Grand Passage, Nova Scotia. The device has been developed to access sheltered lower resource sites around the world in places such as Asia and South America where tidal and run of river energy can be directly competitive with expensive, unreliable, and dirty local electricity generation methods.The developer of PLAT-I is a Canadian subsidiary of Sustainable Marine, a UK-based company that provides design, build, operation and maintenance services for tidal energy projects.   PLAT-I\u2019s design has been developed through numerical modelling and scale model testing at the University of Edinburgh\u2019s FloWave test tank. Its trimaran design to provides low resistance and enhanced lateral and longitudinal stability. The mooring turret integrated into SME\u2019s proprietary design enables alignment with tide or river flow in any direction. The unique in the industry swing up turbine deployment modules (SDMs) allow access to the turbines above the surface of the water, and coupled with the low mass of the SCHOTTEL turbines allows blades and nacelle to be swapped out at site. The modular design can be broken down for shipping and road transportation allowing assembly close to installation site.","author":["Craig Chandler"],"organization":["Sustainable Marine"],"originationDate":"2020-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.269030000000","-66.339311200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:20:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/415336","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/testing-360-degree-imaging-technologies-improved-animal-detection-around-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/NSCC%20-%20Testing%20of%20360-degree%20imaging%20technologies%20-%20Final%20Report.pdf","title":"Testing 360 degree imaging technologies for improved animal detection around tidal energy installations","description":"This report provides an overview of an investigation in marine animal monitoring technology on floating tidal turbine platforms. Two different 360 degree cameras (Go Pro Fusion and Insta 360 One X) were compared to an acoustic camera (Aris Explorer 3000) to determine which system would be most suitable for marine animal monitoring around Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MRED). The 360 degree cameras were self-contained units that were mounted on Sustainable Marine Energy\u2019s PLAT-I. These deployments were conducted in Grand Passage, Nova Scotia, which is part of the Bay of Fundy. Data was collected away from the platform to compare and contrast the differences between the 360 degree and acoustic cameras. Due to a number of logistical challenges, data collection was limited and occurred mainly in the winter months. From the data collected, it is evident that marine life such as small fish and jellyfish are present around the platform but no larger marine fauna was observed during any of the data collection periods. The marine life was never observed to have interacted with the turbines or the platform itself. Successful deployments of the 360 degree cameras allowed simultaneous collection of upstream and downstream data, resulting in a more comprehensive assessment of marine animal interaction with the platform. There was not enough data to effectively compare the efficiency of the 360 degree camera compared to the acoustic camera in this environment, and the acoustic camera was not simultaneously deployed on the PLAT-I at the same time as the 360 degree cameras. Further field trials are recommended, that target deployments while the PLAT-I is fully operational, and with deployments taking place during each season. Technical limitations remain to stream live video data to the surface using these 360 degree cameras, posed by interfacing with off the shelf 360 degree camera models and transmission and storage of data volumes from the 360 degree video. Nonetheless, future modifications to these camera models, or alternative off-the-shelf camera models may make this feasible and cost effective. Logistics for transmission, storage and analysis of 360 degree video still require considerable effort to resolve to make this a routine method for renewable energy devices deployed in the marine environment to monitor marine animal\/turbine interactions.","author":["Pattison, L.","Serrick, A.","Brown, C."],"organization":["Nova Scotia Community College (NSCC)","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.267492000000","-66.339140000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:11:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NSCC-Report-Testing-360-degree-imaging-technologies.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/415533","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-identification-fish-other-aquatic-life-underwater-video","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/automated-identification-fish-and-other-aquatic-life-underwater-video","title":"Automated Identification of Fish and Other Aquatic Life in Underwater Video","description":"Marine Scotland tasked MarynSol to provide an overview of the current state of computer vision technologies for automated detection of aquatic life in underwater video, the objective being to provide a development route for a tool to analyse the large amount of historic video footage without the need for human supervision. This task was split into two parts: the first being a review of the literature of the current technologies and the second being a case study incorporating some of the more promising candidates for this problem space.There is considerable immediate potential to make use of such methods for the automated detection and identification of fish and other fauna in underwater video material collected in camera boxes attached to open ended trawl nets; during monitoring at tidal turbines and at wind turbine bases; and at video based fish counters and in the video validation of fish counters using other technology. It is hoped that such methods may well allow effective progress to be made with archived video material which various parties hold which is waiting for review. See corresponding fact sheet: Automated Image Analysis of Underwater Video for more information.","author":["Blowers, S.","Evans, J.","McNally, K."],"organization":["MarynSol Ltd","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2020-08-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-24 06:32:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Automated-Identification-of-Fish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/429656","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-system-development-marine-renewable-energy-usa-thorough-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10098-020-01870-7","title":"Legal system for the development of marine renewable energy in the USA: a thorough analysis","description":"Energy has gained great attention and extensive demand as an important element of the development of human society over the globe. As the representative of the traditional energy use, coal and oil have made a significant contribution to the economic take-off. However, their negative effects are becoming increasingly obvious simultaneously. On the one hand, the world is facing severe energy depletion crisis as the energy consumption increases. Eventually, the development and use of energy at large lead to a deteriorating environment. Facing these dual effects, States have begun to attach importance to the exploitation of renewable energy. Marine renewable energy (hereinafter MRE) has become the gateway to energy revolution based on its particular advantages. This paper pays attention to the American institutional framework and legal system for the development of MRE, along with its advantages, prerequisites, opportunities, and barriers, followed by various pertinent recommendations, as the U.S. is the leading country in this field. It is concluded that the U.S. has a comprehensive legal system for the development of MRE. However, it has to timely intersect with the opportunities and barriers in the light of the administrative or legal framework and enhance its institutional structure for the successful implementation as well as to be competitive for the attainment of required goals.","author":["Chang, Y.","Liu, H.","Liu, C.","Khan, M."],"organization":["Dalian Maritime University","Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2020-07-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.893512800000","-77.154660200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chang2020_Article_LegalSystemForTheDevelopmentOf.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/429657","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-regulation-protection-environment-development-marine-renewable-energy-eu","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/reel.12337","title":"The international regulation for the protection of the environment in the development of marine renewable energy in the EU","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies have been fostered in the European Union (EU) due to their potential contribution to achieving the EU\u2019s climate objectives and the decarbonization of the energy system. However, their development can pose severe environmental risks to marine ecosystems. Hence, the EU requires environmental protection and sustainable growth for the development of MRE in maritime spaces under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of EU Member States. This article analyses the main international law instruments for the protection of the environment against the impacts associated with the deployment of MRE in the EU. It argues that the international legal framework is theoretically capable of protecting the environment against the impacts of MRE, but that it needs to be further developed and specified to ensure exhaustive protection. However, it also highlights the important role of this framework to provide a basis for developing the framework at the EU secondary law level.","author":["Soria-Rodr\u00edguez, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/436227","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-homes-marine-life-habitat-potential-tidal-energy-project-benthic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113620303986?via%3Dihub","title":"Renewable energy homes for marine life: Habitat potential of a tidal energy project for benthic megafauna","description":"An increasing number of offshore structures are being deployed worldwide to meet the growing demand for renewable energy. Besides energy production, these structures can also provide new artificial habitats to a diversity of fish and crustacean species. This study characterises how concrete mattresses that stabilise the submarine power cable of a tidal energy test site can increase habitat capacity for benthic megafauna. A five-year monitoring, which relied on both visual counts and video-based surveys by divers, revealed that these mattresses provide a suitable habitat for 5 taxa of large crustaceans and fish. In particular, two commercially valuable species, i.e. the edible crab Cancer pagurus and the European lobster Homarus gammarus, showed a constant occupancy of these artificial habitats throughout the course of the project. The shape and the number of shelters available below individual mattresses largely determine potential for colonisation by mobile megafauna. Local physical characteristics of the implantation site (e.g. substratum type, topography, exposition to current etc.) significantly impact amount and type of shelters provided by the concrete mattresses. Thus, to characterise habitat potential of artificial structures, it is not only essential to consider (i) the design of the structures, but also to (ii) account for their interactions with local environmental conditions when deployed on the seafloor.","author":["Taormina, B.","Laurans, M.","Marzloff, M.","Dufournaud, N.","Lejart, M.","Desroy, N.","Leroy, D.","Martin, S.","Carlier, A."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.854629000000","-2.917782000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/436807","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-costs-climate-change-marine-predator-prey-population-distributions-2050","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/ece3.5973","title":"Ecological costs of climate change on marine predator\u2013prey population distributions by 2050","description":"Identifying and quantifying the effects of climate change that alter the habitat overlap of marine predators and their prey population distributions is of great importance for the sustainable management of populations. This study uses Bayesian joint models with integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) to predict future spatial density distributions in the form of common spatial trends of predator\u2013prey overlap in 2050 under the \u201cbusiness\u2010as\u2010usual, worst\u2010case\u201d climate change scenario. This was done for combinations of six mobile marine predator species (gray seal, harbor seal, harbor porpoise, common guillemot, black\u2010legged kittiwake, and northern gannet) and two of their common prey species (herring and sandeels). A range of five explanatory variables that cover both physical and biological aspects of critical marine habitat were used as follows: bottom temperature, stratification, depth\u2010averaged speed, net primary production, and maximum subsurface chlorophyll. Four different methods were explored to quantify relative ecological cost\/benefits of climate change to the common spatial trends of predator\u2013prey density distributions. All but one future joint model showed significant decreases in overall spatial percentage change. The most dramatic loss in predator\u2013prey population overlap was shown by harbor seals with large declines in the common spatial trend for both prey species. On the positive side, both gannets and guillemots are projected to have localized regions with increased overlap with sandeels. Most joint predator\u2013prey models showed large changes in centroid location, however the direction of change in centroids was not simply northwards, but mostly ranged from northwest to northeast. This approach can be very useful in informing the design of spatial management policies under climate change by using the potential differences in ecological costs to weigh up the trade\u2010offs in decisions involving issues of large\u2010scale spatial use of our oceans, such as marine protected areas, commercial fishing, and large\u2010scale marine renewable developments.","author":["Sadykova, D.","Scott, B.","De Dominicis, M.","Wakelin, S.","Wolf, J.","Sadykov, A."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2020-01-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/436808","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-natural-capital-value-marine-ecosystems-through-environmental-accounting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2020.108958","title":"Assessing natural capital value in marine ecosystems through an environmental accounting model: A case study in Southern Italy","description":"Coastal and marine natural capital stocks provide a bundle of ecosystem services vital to humans. The delivery of these benefits depends on the protection and sustainable management of natural capital through effective nature conservation strategies. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognized worldwide as important tools to protect biodiversity while ensuring the delivery of ecosystem services and promoting sustainable human activities. Following the results of a national project aimed at assessing the value of natural capital in the Italian MPAs, in this study we assessed the value of marine natural capital stocks in the Gulf of Naples and Campania Region (Southern Italy) based on a biophysical and trophodynamic accounting model. The assessment focused on four macro-habitats: sciaphilic hard bottom (SHB), photophilic hard bottom (PHB), soft bottom (SB), and Posidonia oceanica seagrass bed (PSB). The total biophysical value of natural capital stocks related to the total area of the Gulf of Naples and Campania Region was 5.70\u22c51020 sej and 3.10\u22c51021 sej, while the total economic value was 795.92 and 4323.16 M\u20ac. Although the SHB habitat only represents about 4% and 1% of the total marine area of the Gulf of Naples and Campania Region, it contributes by 28% and 7% to the total value of natural capital. These figures reflect the high convergence of natural input flows into the marine ecosystem for the generation of the SHB habitat, highlighting the importance of proper measures and actions for its protection. In addition, the calculated values of natural capital stocks were combined with the bionomic map of the Gulf of Naples and Campania Region to show the spatial distribution of natural capital value. The outcomes of this study can support local managers and policy makers in charge for implementing nature conservation strategies aimed at ensuring the sustainable use of marine resources.","author":["Buonocore, E.","Appolloni, L.","Russo, G.","Franzese, P."],"organization":["Parthenope University of Naples"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.684019000000","14.209929000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/436809","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-natural-capital-ecosystem-services-environmental-accounting-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2020.109029","title":"Marine natural capital and ecosystem services: An environmental accounting model","description":"Healthy, resilient, and diverse marine ecosystems are capable of generating the biotic and abiotic components of natural capital stocks interacting and providing a bundle of ecosystem services vital to human well-being. Increasing pressures and impacts of human activities on marine ecosystems cause habitat degradation and biodiversity loss, and, as a consequence, seriously affect their capacity to provide benefits to humans. Integrated approaches capable of combining ecological and socioeconomic aspects are much needed to protect natural capital stocks and ensure the delivery of ecosystem services. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) are important tools for conserving biodiversity while promoting sustainable human activities. In this study, an interdisciplinary approach to the assessment of natural capital and ecosystem services in marine ecosystems was adopted. In particular, the emergy and eco-exergy accounting methods were jointly used to account for the biophysical value of natural capital stocks in the Mediterranean MPA \u201cPunta Campanella\u201d, located in Southern Italy. The assessment focused on four main macro-habitats: sciaphilic hard bottom (coralligenous bioconstructions), photophilic hard bottom, soft bottom, and Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds. The habitat Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds showed the highest value of eco-exergy density (3.58\u2219106 kJ m\u22122) while the highest value of emergy density resulted for the sciaphilic hard bottom habitat (4.94\u22191012 sej m\u22122). The high eco-exergy value of Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds habitat is mainly due to the complex evolutionary history and high biomass density of the Posidonia oceanica seagrass. On the other hand, the high emergy value calculated for the sciaphilic hard bottom habitat reflects the high convergence of natural input flows for the generation of its biomass stocks and high biodiversity. In addition, to complement the biophysical assessment with an economic perspective, the emergy values of natural capital stocks were also converted into monetary units. The total value of natural capital stocks in the MPA resulted about 12 M\u20ac. Furthermore, a set of ecosystem services generated by Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and Coralligenous bioconstructions was identified and their economic value was estimated (3.05 M\u20ac and 0.62 M\u20ac, respectively). Finally, the value of natural capital and ecosystem services was also estimated by using a 3D bionomic map to consider the presence of Coralligenous bioconstructions and other habitats on cliffs characterizing the investigated MPA. This study highlighted the importance of Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and Coralligenous bioconstructions in terms of both natural capital stocks and delivery of ecosystem services, confirming the need for their protection and conservation in marine and coastal management. The biophysical and economic values of natural capital stocks and ecosystem services, together with their spatial distribution in the MPA, can support local managers and policy makers in implementing and developing nature conservation strategies while ensuring the sustainable use of marine resources.","author":["Buonocore, E.","Donnarumma, L.","Appolloni, L.","Miccio, A.","Russo, G.","Franzese, P."],"organization":["Parthenope University of Naples"],"originationDate":"2020-05-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.568866000000","14.324716000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/437003","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feeding-guild-indicator-assess-environmental-change-impacts-marine-ecosystem-structure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13662","title":"A feeding guild indicator to assess environmental change impacts on marine ecosystem structure and functioning","description":"Integrating food web indicators into ecological status assessments is central to developing effective management measures that can improve degraded ecosystems. This is because they can reveal how ecosystems respond to environmental change that cannot be inferred from studying habitat, species or assemblages alone. However, the substantial investment required to monitor food webs (e.g. via stomach contents analysis) and the lack of internationally agreed approaches to assessing them has hampered their development.  Inventories of trophic interactions have been collated world\u2010wide and across biomes, and can be applied to infer food web structure and energy flow. Here, we compile a new marine dataset containing 8,092 unique predator\u2013prey interactions from 415,294 fish stomachs. We demonstrate how feeding guilds (i.e. groupings based on diet and life stage) could be defined systematically and in a way that is conducive to their application internationally across ecosystems; and apply them to the North Sea fish assemblage to demonstrate their responsiveness to anthropogenic pressures.  We found evidence for seven distinct feeding guilds. Differences between guilds were related to predator size, which positively correlated with piscivory, phylogeny, with multiple size classes of a species often in the same guild, and habitat, as pelagic, benthic and shallow\u2010coastal foraging was apparent.  Guild biomasses were largely consistent through time at the North Sea\u2010level and spatially aggregated at the regional level with change relating to changes in resource availability, temperature, fishing and the biomass of other guilds. This suggests that fish biomass was partitioned across broad feeding and environmental niches, and changes over time were governed partly by guild carrying capacities, but also by a combination of covariates with contrasting patterns of change. Management of the North Sea ecosystem could therefore be adaptive and focused towards specific guilds and pressures in a given area.  Synthesis and applications. We propose a food web indicator which has been explicitly called for to inform policy via food web status assessment as part of the European Union\u0027s Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the indicator toolkit supporting The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North\u2010East Atlantic (the \u2018OSPAR Convention\u2019).","author":["Thompson, M.","Pontalier, H.","Spence, M.","Pinnegar, J.","Greenstreet, S.","Moriarty, M.","H\u00e9laou\u00ebt, P.","Lynam, C."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Marine Scotland Science","The Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK"],"originationDate":"2020-05-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/437004","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-hybrid-approach-evaluating-technology-risks-opportunities-energy-transition","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eist.2020.01.012","title":"A new hybrid approach for evaluating technology risks and opportunities in the energy transition in Ireland","description":"We combine energy systems optimization models (ESOM), multi-criteria assessment (MCA) and a stakeholder workshop to evaluate decarbonization risks, trade-offs and opportunities for Ireland. Using an ESOM of Ireland, we develop decarbonisation scenario ensembles with variations across multiple dimensions, including carbon budget and technology availability as informed by a stakeholder workshop. For these scenario ensembles, we quantify investment risk and technology robustness and use these new attributes to conduct an MCA of technology risks, trade-offs and opportunities. Results include an assessment of technology opportunities for two investor archetypes, i.e., risk minimizing and return maximizing, and a sensitivity analysis of the MCA weights using Monte Carlo simulation. This represents a new methodology which demonstrates a synthesis of insights into technology opportunities associated with Ireland\u2019s energy transition and their resilience across risk and economic criteria. By incorporating and displaying results for a diversity of perspectives, this work underlines the importance of transdisciplinary research.","author":["Sharma, T.","Gallachoir, B.","Rogan, F."],"organization":["The Chinese University of Hong Kong","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.021186000000","-7.992683000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:27:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/443764","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survival-strategies-molecular-responses-two-marine-mussels-gradual-burial-sediment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2020.151364","title":"Survival strategies and molecular responses of two marine mussels to gradual burial by sediment","description":"Increasing use of the marine environment and changes in weather extremes from climate change are altering patterns of sediment deposition on benthic habitats. There is a need to understand behavioural responses to such stressors, especially in sessile species that are of conservation, ecological or commercial interest. We investigated how two biogenic reef-forming, epifaunal mussels, Modiolus modiolus (horse mussel) and Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) responded to gradual burial by sediment. Here we used experiments to assess behavioural strategies for surviving modest, but regular sediment deposition regimes (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 cm d\u22121 of coarse, medium-fine or fine sediment for 2, 4, 8 or 16 days), that result in gradual burial. M. modiolus was only capable of maintaining contact with the sediment-water interface during slow rates of deposition for short durations (tested in fine sediment only). M. edulis, however, were capable of vertical migration through sediment in all experimental sedimentation rates, sediment fractions and durations, but the frequency of burial increased with increasing sedimentation rate and duration. In this study, the sediment fraction was not influential on the levels of burial observed in M. edulis. Inter-individual variation in the ability of M. edulis to vertically migrate was investigated to understand sub-lethal effects of exposure to sedimentation. In M. edulis a molecular approach was used to assess variation in the condition and protein turnover in tissues with different functional roles (gill, adductor and foot tissue). Concentrations of RNA in the muscular foot were positively associated with the frequency of burial and the total depth of burial, indicating that burial stimulates protein production, most likely associated with byssus production used in the burial escape response. These findings contribute to a better understanding of how mussels respond to, and survive gradual burial by sediment and provide insight into how ongoing changes in sediment dynamics may influence these ecologically and commercially important reef-building species. These findings can be used to assist in managing activities which may result in sedimentation around these important species.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Green, D.","Burrows, M.","Jackson, A.","Wilson, B.","Last, K."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Rhode Island","Cornwall College"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/443765","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholder-grounded-evaluation-seven-functions-model-technological-innovation-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rgu-repository.worktribe.com\/output\/947802","title":"A stakeholder-grounded evaluation of the seven functions model of technological innovation systems theory in UK offshore wind and marine renewables","description":"Technological innovation systems theory (TIS) provides a useful framework within which to consider energy transitions. The \u0022seven functions\u0022 framework allows researchers to examine the progress of emergence of new technologies, but has not hitherto been tested for completeness and validity with stakeholders in an energy transition. The emergence of offshore wind over the last twenty years in the UK has been a significant part of the UK\u0027s energy decarbonisation transition and has provided the industrial roots for this research. The research has critically evaluated the \u0022seven functions\u0022 model of TIS with stakeholders in the offshore renewable energy sector in the UK, with the aim of assessing whether each of the seven functions is necessary and whether together they are sufficient to explain the development of a TIS. This thesis has reviewed the literature to find that no canonical inventory of seven functions exists and it therefore develops one. Using interviews with more than thirty influential participants in the offshore renewables sector - including project and technology developers, policy makers, supply chain, support organisations and other stakeholders - the thesis examines whether the seven functions provide a \u0022necessary and sufficient\u0022 framework, to characterise the emergence of offshore wind and marine renewables (tidal stream and wave) in the UK since 2000. The research supports the seven existing functions and finds evidence for a new function, which is defined as \u0022relative value potential\u0022 (RVP). RVP considers the potential or actual value offered by an emergent technology, to consider whether it can demonstrate a roadmap to achieving an unsupported viability. TIS is far from unique in theories for understanding socio-technical transitions. This thesis also finds that the proposed new function offers some scope for a reconciliation of TIS and another leading theory in this space \u2013 Multi-Level Perspective. The thesis concludes by eliciting learnings from the emergence of offshore wind for the benefit of tidal stream and wave energy.","author":["Aldersey-Williams, J."],"organization":["Robert Gordon University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ALDERSEY-WILLIAMS-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/444348","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/subhub-community-demonstrator","sourceURL":"","title":"SubHub Community Demonstrator","description":"QED Naval\u2019s Subhub technology is a submersible, gravity based, foundation platform that can support and array of generic tidal turbines in either vertical axis turbine (VAT) or horizontal axis turbine (HAT) configuration.  Subhub aims to reduce the cost of deployment of tidal turbines by installing an array of tidal turbines in a single offshore operation using small, low cost support vessels.    The Subhub\u2019s ballast system provides an alternative to large, heavy-lift or specialised support vessels used to install and retrieve tidal turbines.  With its submerged stability characteristics, the SH-CD design includes neutral ballast tanks that are flooded to sink the structure and firmly anchor to the seabed during operation. Once fully ballasted on the seabed, Subhub can produce power on the first tide. The Subsea Manifold is essentially a remote control unit for the Subhub installation and retrieval operations. It is designed to be easily deployed and retrieved from the seabed where it lies most of its life in service. The manifold enables all the ballast and data systems to be connected directly into the Subhub. The Crossbeam supports an array of up to three tidal turbines.   The SubHub Community Demonstrator (SH-CD) is the smallest version in the Subhub range that supports up to three sub-100 kW turbines to provide a total power output between 150 \u2013 300 kW.  The SH-CD serves the community-scale market, typically remote island diesel replacement market, with enough energy to power a community of around 50 \u2013 80 homes. The SH-CD design was built in accordance with Det Norske Veritas Germany Lloyd\u2019s (DNV GL) standards and is currently situated within Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland for testing on the performance of its ballast system. To date these trials have demonstrated the Subhub\u2019s seamless installation and recovery process.","author":["Jeremy Smith"],"organization":["QED Naval Limited"],"originationDate":"2020-10-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.372795400000","-5.586307500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 03:34:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445700","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orientation-behavior-swimming-speed-atlantic-herring-larvae-clupea-harengus-situ","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119303673","title":"Orientation behavior and swimming speed of Atlantic herring larvae (Clupea harengus) in situ and in laboratory exposures to rotated artificial magnetic fields","description":"The dispersal of fish larvae during the early life stages plays an important role in recruitment. Together with oceanographic processes, larval orientation and swimming behavior significantly influences dispersal. However, currently there is no information of larval behavior in situ for most subpolar species. The Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) is an ecologically and commercially important component of the North Atlantic ecosystem. This species has sustained a large fishery for over a century, and its stocks have experienced both dramatic collapse and recovery. The Atlantic herring is highly migratory, making it challenging for researchers to determine with certainty the structure and discreteness of different herring stocks. In this context, studying the behavior of herring larvae at sea is crucial for a deeper understanding of their dispersal. However, to date information on the orientation behavior and swimming abilities of herring larvae in situ is missing. In this study, we coupled in situ observations and laboratory experiments to investigate whether herring larvae display orientation when swimming in situ, and which mechanisms\/cues they could use. We video recorded the orientation behavior of 208 herring larvae between 14 and 28 days post hatch (DPH) in the coastal Norwegian North Sea while they drifted in transparent behavioral chambers. We also tested the orientation of 136 larvae in a magnetic laboratory, in which they were deprived of any external cue and where we could modify the direction of the magnetic field. We report evidence that herring larvae have a significant preferred orientation direction to the southeast, which does not change between 14 and 28 DPH. Moreover, our results suggest that sunlight plays a key role as larvae had a highly significant orientation towards the sun during sunny weather, but they lost this ability, and exhibited lower precision in their orientation, under an overcast sky. We did not find evidence of magnetic compass orientation, indicating that the orientation direction of herring larvae is not magnetic, at least at this life history stage. Larvae swam at an average speed of 0.36\u20130.40 cm\/s and reached maximum speeds of 3\u20133.36 cm\/s. These results demonstrate that 14\u201328 DPH herring larvae are capable of orienting in situ. Possible implications of this orientation behavior for larval transport in Norwegian waters are also explored.","author":["Cresci, A.","Allan, B.","Shema, S.","Skiftesvik, A.","Browman, H."],"organization":["University of Miami","University of Otago"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["61.948554000000","3.706643000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445701","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-temporal-diving-behavior-non-breeding-common-murres-during-two-summers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119300322","title":"Spatial and temporal diving behavior of non-breeding common murres during two summers of contrasting ocean conditions","description":"Successful foraging of marine predators depends on environmental conditions, which also influence prey availability. Neutral or negative El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation ocean conditions during the summer of 2013 and strongly positive conditions during the summer of 2015 in the northern California Current System provided a case study to evaluate a marine predator\u0027s response to anomalously warm conditions. We used satellite transmitters with saltwater switches to track movements and estimate dive behavior among non-breeding common murres (Uria aalge) off Oregon prior to and during a marine heatwave. We quantified differences in space-use between years, applied linear mixed models to determine environmental influences (e.g. sea surface temperature, surface salinity, chlorophyll a, ocean depth, and calendar date) on dive frequency and dive duration, and contrasted dive activity between time of day, year, and sexes. The majority of birds dispersed away from capture locations, which were situated near the southern range limit of their population. In both years, murres used the Salish Sea and the Columbia River plume; however, murres spent more time foraging in the Columbia River plume and in continental slope habitat during the marine heatwave of 2015. During 2015, dive frequency was reduced, and dive durations were almost twice as long during daytime indicating deeper or more dispersed prey. Increased dive frequency was positively associated with temperature, chlorophyll a, and crepuscular periods. Cluster analysis of dive activity and the top-ranked predictive dive duration model revealed associations between longer-duration dives and decreased dive frequency, marine slope habitat, and cooler ocean temperatures. Murres were relatively inactive throughout the night and we found no sex differences in dive activity. Changes in common murre foraging tactics were associated with ocean warming and revealed selectivity in spatial and temporal use of foraging habitats. Productive marine features including the Columbia River plume provided refuge for murres during apparently poor ocean conditions associated with the marine heatwave. Identifying refuge areas used by highly mobile species experiencing varying ocean conditions is critical for adaptive marine spatial planning that can accommodate a changing ocean climate.","author":["Loredo, S.","Orben, R.","Suryan, R.","Lyons, D.","Adams, J.","Stephensen, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Audubon Society","US Geological Survey (USGS)","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.047144000000","-124.388342000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445702","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/growth-recovery-after-small-scale-disturbance-rapidly-expanding-invasive-seagrass-st","sourceURL":"","title":"Growth and recovery after small-scale disturbance of a rapidly-expanding invasive seagrass in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands","description":"Seagrass meadows evolved in the presence of disturbances and have a wide variance in recovery rate that largely follow a trajectory of re-colonization and succession to pre-disturbance levels. Invasive species may gain a foothold within native seagrass beds after space is opened by disturbances that reduce seagrass cover. Here we use shoot density monitoring data to describe growth of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea in Caribbean bays over a 5-year period and conduct a series of experiments using a combination of mesocosm, seagrass removal plots, and field measurements to quantify vegetative fragment survivorship and recovery after benthic disturbance. Shoot density increased rapidly in invaded bays, reaching average densities of approximately 600 shoots\/m2 within 5\u202fyears of establishment. Seagrass cover was estimated to recover to pre-disturbance level 17\u201331\u202fweeks after removal from vegetative propagation of neighboring plants outside the treatment plot. Mesocosm experiments found floating and settled fragments as small as 2\u202fcm in length and containing at least one vertical shoot survived the 4-day trial and increased in both length and biomass. Empirical evidence here demonstrates that H. stipulacea is highly resilient to small-scale disturbance which we suggest is having a transformative impact on Caribbean seagrass communities.","author":["Willette, D.","Chiquillo, K.","Cross, C.","Fong, P.","Kelley, T.","Toline, C.","Zweng, R.","Muthukrishnan, R."],"organization":["Loyola Marymount University","University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)","National Park Service","Indiana University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["18.333182000000","-64.728180000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445703","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-stereo-bruv-diver-operated-remote-stereo-video-transects-assessing-reef","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S002209811930139X","title":"A comparison of stereo-BRUV, diver operated and remote stereo-video transects for assessing reef fish assemblages","description":"Monitoring programs that aim to measure the diversity, abundance and biomass of fishes depend on accurate and reliable biological data to guide the development of robust management plans. It is important to implement an appropriate sampling technique that provides a comprehensive assessment, while reducing associated biases in the data collection process. We compared the sampling abilities of four different underwater stereo-video techniques; baited remote underwater stereo-video systems (BRUV), diver operated stereo-video (DOV), and two relatively new methodologies; slow towed stereo-video (STV) and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) fitted with a stereo-video. Comparisons were conducted in a temperate reef system along a single limestone ridge within Geographe Bay, Western Australia. More fish species and individuals were sampled by BRUVs, while transect based methods (DOV, STV, and ROV) were comparable. Combining BRUVs with a transect method resulted in a ~10% increase in observed diversity. BRUVs had a higher statistical power to detect change in comparison to the transect methods. This was due to the higher variability observed in transect methods that may sample greater habitat heterogeneity within a sample unit compared to BRUVs. Although differences did exist, data collected with the ROV was generally comparable to the other transect methods. We believe further research into ROV use is warranted as they provide a safer alternative to diver-based techniques and have the ability to extend into deeper-waters. We recommend that for fish diversity and abundance assessments a sampling strategy that combines BRUVs and a transect method should be adopted.","author":["Schramm, K.","Harvey, E.","Goetze, J.","Travers, M.","Warnock, B.","Saunders, B."],"organization":["Curtin University","Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445897","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-methodologies-marine-habitat-monitoring-research-assessment-species-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119301674","title":"Comparing methodologies in marine habitat monitoring research: An assessment of species-habitat relationships as revealed by baited and unbaited remote underwater video systems","description":"Remote underwater video systems (RUVS) are increasingly used in scientific studies to monitor marine ecosystems. RUVS can be deployed baited (BRUVS) or unbaited (UBRUVS) and allow for an estimation of the MaxN metric, a relative measure of species abundance. Recording species MaxN in a variety of marine habitats provides associations between species abundance and habitat type, known as \u2018species-habitat relationships\u2019. However, the introduction of bait in BRUVS could obscure such relationships by inadvertently attracting fish from neighbouring habitats. Here, we investigate the species-habitat relationships of seven temperate marine species: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), right-eyed flatfish (Pleuronectinae spp.), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris), two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens) and shore crab (Carcinus maenas) as revealed by BRUVS and UBRUVS. Video systems were deployed in coastal areas in the Western Baltic, with a cobble coverage ranging from 0% to 100%. Results show that all focal species responded to changes in cobble coverage, highlighting the importance of benthic habitat for a range of animals including benthopelagic species. Specifically, mean abundances of goldsinny wrasse and two-spotted goby were positively associated with cobble coverage, whilst right-eyed flatfish, herring, whiting and shore crab showed a negative association. Atlantic cod was found to be most abundant at intermediate cobble coverage between 65 and 70%, showing a unimodal trend with the mean abundance decreasing again at higher coverage. The relationships suggest that anthropogenic activities modifying benthic habitats, including extraction of material from the seabed and bottom trawling, likely change abundances of a range of marine species. Our comparative analysis suggests that both BRUVS and UBRUVS can identify previously documented species-habitat relationships. However, BRUVS demonstrated some superiority by confirming documented relationships for Atlantic cod and whiting, whilst UBRUVS failed to record any patterns for those species. Our data highlight the ability of BRUVS to identify changes in abundance across different habitats for a variety of species. Although the bait plume serves to attract organisms to the field of view, current results suggest that the use of BRUVS does not obscure species-habitat relationships in patchy coastal habitats. Therefore, future studies examining the importance of different marine areas may benefit from using BRUVS to quantify relationships between habitat variables and species abundance. Developing a better understanding of such relationships will be crucial in ensuring adequate management and protection of ecologically important marine habitats.","author":["Rhodes, N.","Wilms, T.","Baktoft, H.","Ramm, G.","Bertelsen, J.","Fl\u00e1vio, H.","St\u00f8ttrup, J.","Kruse, B.","Svendsen, J."],"organization":["Technical University of Denmark (DTU)","University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2020-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445898","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/migratory-diurnal-activity-north-atlantic-killer-whales-orcinus-orca-northern-norway","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119305532","title":"Migratory and diurnal activity of North Atlantic killer whales (Orcinus orca) off northern Norway","description":"Assessing the migratory behaviour of individual and groups of animals is key to understand the function of migration, its evolution, and how it is affected by environment and human activities. In the eastern North Atlantic, killer whales (Orcinus orca) presumably track herring stocks as they migrate between across the region. However, the detailed migratory and foraging behaviour of eastern North Atlantic killer whales is poorly understood. We report on the behaviour of 15 adult male killer whales equipped with Argos satellite transmitters during the winter of 2015\u20132016 along the coast of Troms, northern Norway. The animals were tracked for 8\u2013104 days (mean: 41 days), during which they migrated 302\u20137608 Km (mean: 2646 Km). The observed movement of killer whales south to 64.2\u00b0N along the Norwegian coast following NSS-herring to their spawning grounds is in agreement with previous studies. However, our study is the first to also document northern migration of three of the Norwegian killer whales into the Barents Sea region towards Novaya Zemlya Island about 900 km from the Norwegian coast approaching 77.0\u00b0N. Importantly, using a Bayesian state-space model, we offer new insights on killer whale searching and transit movements, as well as diurnal patterns in swimming speed, preferred foraging habitat and feeding behaviour. The 15 tagged killer whales spend 75.0% of the time in an area restricted search (ARS) mode (range: 55.2\u201395.2%), 3.9% of the time in a transit mode (range: 0.0\u201316.1%) and 21.1% (range: 4.8\u201336.3%) in uncertain mode. The restricted search behaviour peaked at the end of January and beginning of February, after which the killer whales gradually performing transit behaviour as they followed the migrating herring out of the region, or shifted to other prey items.","author":["Dietz, R.","Rikardsen, A.","Biuw, M.","Kleivane, L.","Noer, C.","Stalder, D.","van Beest, F.","Riget, F.","Sonne, C.","Hansen, M.","Strager, H.","Olsen, M."],"organization":["Aarhus University","The University of Troms\u00f8","University of Copenhagen","Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["70.058165000000","17.749541000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/445899","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/colonisation-wave-power-foundations-mobile-mega-macrofauna-12-year-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113620301239","title":"Colonisation of wave power foundations by mobile mega- and macrofauna \u2013 a 12 year study","description":"Environmental impacts from wave energy generators on the local mobile mega- and macrofauna community have been investigated in the Lysekil project by Uppsala University. Offshore renewable energy installations provide hard, artificial substrates, and as such, they could act as artificial reefs. Foundations with manufactured holes served as complex habitats and foundations without served as non-complex. In this long-term study, SCUBA surveys of mobile fauna in the years 2007, 2008 and 2016\u20132019 were analyzed. The results show a distinct reef effect on the foundations with significant greater species richness, total number of individuals, greater values of the Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index, and greater abundance of specific reef fauna. Complex foundations accommodated a greater abundance of brown crabs than non-complex foundations, other taxa did not show differences between the two foundation types. A successional increase of species richness, numbers of individuals and Shannon-Wiener biodiversity could be revealed from the first to the second survey period. Inter-annual variation was visible throughout all taxa and years.","author":["Bender, A.","Langhamer, O.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.269245000000","11.322375000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:00:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bender-et-al-2020-Colonisation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/446093","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/remote-video-methods-studying-juvenile-fish-populations-challenging-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119304319","title":"Remote video methods for studying juvenile fish populations in challenging environments","description":"Understanding the dynamics of juvenile fish populations is a key component to understanding variation in adult populations, however, juvenile fish are frequently found in a variety of structurally complex habitats which are often not easily sampled. The use of baited (BRUV) and unbaited (RUV) remote underwater stereo-video to study juvenile fish populations is uncommon and thus far, no study has directly compared the efficacy of these two methods solely for juvenile fish assemblages.  The macro-tidal Kimberley region in the north-west of Australia is challenging to sample using diver-based methods due to the strong currents and prevalence of saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). We sampled 60 Stereo-RUVs and 60 Stereo-BRUVs across four shallow-water (1-6 m) benthic habitats: coral, mangrove, macroalgae, and seagrass, to contrast the effect of the presence or absence of bait, deployment period, in-water visibility and tidally driven water speed on estimates of relative total abundance, species richness, and composition of the juvenile fish assemblage.  No difference was detected in the ability of stereo-BRUV or stereo-RUV to quantify the relative total abundance, species richness, or assemblage composition of juvenile fish. We also found little effect of in-water visibility or tidally driven water speed, likely as a result of stratifying our sampling to slack water periods.  We found that a deployment period of 10 min for Stereo-BRUVs and 15 min for Stereo-RUVs was optimum for sampling the juvenile fish assemblage across all four contrasting habitats. Since no statistical significance was observed between 10 and 15 min, we recommend that Stereo-RUVs deployed for 15 min during tidal slack water conditions are an optimum way to provide consistent results for comparisons of juvenile fish assemblage metrics across the benthic habitats studied within this region.  The controlled video methodologies described here provided an opportunity to access un-sampled juvenile fish habitats and assemblages where traditional diver-based methodologies are impossible. Applying these methods broadly can help to improve our understanding of the status of juvenile fish and infer the reproductive success and viability of their populations across a range of habitat and environments.","author":["Piggott, C.","Depczynski, M.","Gagliano, M.","Langlois, T."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","University of Sydney","The University of the Sunshine Coast (USC)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/446094","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effectiveness-common-benthic-macrofaunal-sampling-methodology-boulder-cobble-reefs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119304216","title":"Effectiveness of common benthic macrofaunal sampling methodology in boulder and cobble reefs","description":"Many rigorous methods have been developed to manipulate and sample rocky benthic species, but development of field methodology is less advanced for disturbance-prone rocky habitats e.g. cobbles and boulders. These habitats can have ecological and economic importance but research is complicated by their complex physical structure that necessitates causing disturbance when sampling, possibly resulting in mobile species being lost from samples. We used simulated\/controlled sampling conditions to determine the proportions of mobile species successfully captured or lost during sampling. Boulders and cobbles were lifted out of shallow water (i.e. \u201clittoral\u201d sampling) and sampled in simulated sublittoral conditions, targeting biota attached to the undersurfaces. Variation in sample losses associated with different methods was tested \u2013 sampling in shallow vs deep water and small vs large boulders\/cobbles. Different species and locations were also compared. Tests were done to determine contexts producing minimal losses and thus deserving prioritisation. Experiments were replicated in southern Australia and NE Baltic Sea. Large proportions of littoral amphipods and isopods were not successfully captured during sampling in most contexts (overall mean loss = 35%). This means lifting boulders from shallow water cannot accurately sample them. This finding is important especially for highly researched boulder or cobble associated invasive amphipods with large ecological impacts. Seventeen percent of littoral gastropods were lost from samples in both regions; in Australia greater proportions were occasionally lost when sampling larger boulders. Chitons and one gastropod (Theodoxus fluviatilis) could be sampled from shallow water with consistently high reliability. During sublittoral sampling, mean sample loss was 13% with no significant interspecific variability. Boulder\/cobble size and water depth rarely caused influence. The results reveal sampling contexts where more sophisticated methods may be used for highly accurate abundance measurements in recent research programmes of ecological restoration and conservation of rare species involving marine but also freshwater habitats.","author":["Liversage, K.","Pajusalu, J."],"organization":["University of Tartu"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/446095","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-invasive-foundation-species-diversity-due-increased-habitat-availability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022098119302448","title":"The effect of an invasive foundation species on diversity is due to increased habitat availability","description":"Both foundation species and introduced species have exceptional influence on community diversity and structure, though they have historically been thought to have opposite effects. However, when introduced species can provide novel habitat within a community, their benefit to the community as a foundation species may outweigh their cost as an invader. The magnitude or direction of species interactions can depend on the environment, thus the net effect of introduced foundation species can vary across different environmental factors. A settlement tile experiment was conducted on the fouling communities of California harbors to determine whether the effects of a widespread invasive bryozoan, Watersipora subtorquata, vary between two locations in its California range, Alamitos Bay and Bodega Harbor. Treatments with live and dead colonies and two sizes of blank tiles were used to evaluate the effects of colony structure and available bare substrate on both mobile and sessile species in the community. Though mobile invertebrate communities in each location across treatments were not significantly dissimilar to each other, communities on large tiles were significantly dissimilar to other communities in each location. Mobile species richness was greatest on live colony and small tiles in Bodega, but greatest on dead colony and large tiles in Alamitos. Both the diversity and community structure of sessile invertebrates across treatments differed significantly between regions. Diversity was greatest on dead colony tiles in Alamitos, where communities were more dissimilar across treatments, but was greatest on live W. subtorquata tiles in Bodega where communities were less dissimilar across treatments. These results highlight the potential for W. subtorquata to have location-dependent net effects on the community throughout its invasive range as a foundation species.","author":["Scott, Z.","ter Horst, C."],"organization":["California State University"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.309700000000","-123.085069000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/459638","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-rows-tidal-stream-turbines-overtides-m2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-15-2081-5_13","title":"Assessing the Impact of Rows of Tidal-Stream Turbines on the Overtides of the M2","description":"Flood-ebb asymmetry of a tidal flow has important implications for net sediment transport and the potential extractable resource. The asymmetry of the tide in U.K. waters may be understood through the interaction of the M2 (principal lunar) and M4 (first even overtide of the M2) tidal constituents. The interaction of the M2 tide with a tidal-stream turbine will alter the M4 tide, both augmenting and reducing the M4 amplitude, leading to an alteration of flood-ebb asymmetry. In this chapter the impact of a row of tidal-stream turbines on the overtides of the M2 has been investigated through a numerical modelling study. Further, the way that additional turbines alter the way the turbines impact the shallow-water tides individually is explored. The results of the modelling show that when deployed in a row, on average, the peak velocity deficit and change to the current magnitude asymmetry (CMA) per turbine was less than were it deployed alone. The difference between the per turbine impact of turbines in a row and that of an individual turbine grew as the number of turbines in the row, and therefore the row blockage, increased. Additionally, the total area of the model domain experiencing a change to the M2 current and CMA \u0026gt; 1% increased with the addition of turbines to the row, for a row blockage \u0026gt;~10%, but remained similar to the single turbine case for lower blockage values. The implication of the change to the CMA by a turbine in a row for the asymmetry in energy conversion for its lateral neighbours was small as the turbines do not lie within the area of effect of their neighbours. However, the per turbine energy conversion increased as the number of turbines and row blockage increased, in line with theory.","author":["Potter, D.","Ili\u0107, S.","Folkard, A."],"organization":["Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/460026","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-green-project-holyhead-deep-volume-1-operations-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/holyhead-deep\/","title":"Deep Green Project Holyhead Deep: Volume 1 Operations Report","description":"Project and Export Cable Route \u2013 Offshore Survey  Bibby HydroMap were commissioned by Xodus Group in June 2015 to carry out a geophysical and environmental survey at Holyhead Deep, Holyhead, Wales. CMACS Ltd were subcontracted by Bibby HydroMap to assist on the environmental study.  The survey was required to investigate the seabed and sub-surface conditions in order to plan any subsequent geotechnical investigations and assist with the design and placement of tidal generation units and associated foundation structures including an export subsea cable linked to a land based substation facility and a transformer positioned on the seabed.  The survey was carried out between 9 June and 5 July 2015.  The main objectives of the surveys were as follows:  Geophysical Survey:    To provide detail of the seabed conditions and bathymetry of the area  To identify any debris, potential hazards and obstructions  To identify any cable\/ pipeline crossings as well as the presence of any existing subsea structures within the survey area  To identify the presence of any points of archaeological and cultural heritage interest  To produce laterally continuous interpretation of subsoil conditions where possible within the uppermost 5m below seabed  Integrate the above data to optimise the installation of the subsea structures, cable route layout and planning of future geotechnical investigations   Environmental Survey:    To document the seabed environment, habitats and species of conservational interest  To ensure that all potential seabed biotopes and their distribution are sufficiently sampled in order to produce final habitat and biotope maps   In order to meet these objectives, multibeam bathymetry, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling and magnetometer data were acquired on site.  During the latter stages of the survey, an additional \u2018Route Development Area\u2019 survey was requested by the Client. This was undertaken within the inner section of the route bend between KP2.500 and KP4.500, across an area of approximately 0.58 km\u00b2. Bathymetry and backscatter data were acquired at this location, with the backscatter data used for seabed features interpretation.  This Volume, Volume 1, is the Operations Report, which details the operational parameters, locations, times and techniques utilised during the survey carried out by MV Chartwell and MV Eagle. Volume 2, presents the preliminary results of the survey undertaken within the PDA and proposed export cable route. The preliminary Results Report encompasses the geophysical survey; the Environmental survey, provided by CMACS, will be included in the Final Report.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Rider, D.","Davenport, T."],"organization":["Bibby HydroMap","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.325422000000","-4.762923000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 10:55:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hawkins-et-al-2015-Volume-1-Operations-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/460027","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-green-project-holyhead-deep-volume-2-results-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/holyhead-deep\/","title":"Deep Green Project Holyhead Deep: Volume 2 Results Report","description":"Project and Export Cable Route \u2013 Offshore Survey  Bibby HydroMap were commissioned by Xodus Group in June 2015 to carry out a geophysical and environmental survey at Holyhead Deep, Holyhead, Wales. CMACS Ltd were subcontracted by Bibby HydroMap to assist on the environmental study.  The survey was required to investigate the seabed and sub-surface conditions in order to plan any subsequent geotechnical investigations and assist with the design and placement of tidal generation units and associated foundation structures including an export subsea cable linked to a land based substation facility and a transformer positioned on the seabed.  The survey was carried out between 9 June and 5 July 2015.  The main objectives of the surveys were as follows:  Geophysical Survey:    To provide detail of the seabed conditions and bathymetry of the area  To identify any debris, potential hazards and obstructions  To identify any cable\/ pipeline crossings as well as the presence of any existing subsea structures within the survey area  To identify the presence of any points of archaeological and cultural heritage interest  To produce laterally continuous interpretation of subsoil conditions where possible within the uppermost 5m below seabed   Integrate the above data to optimise the installation of the subsea structures, cable route layout and planning of future geotechnical investigations  Environmental Survey:    To document the seabed environment, habitats and species of conservational interest  To ensure that all potential seabed biotopes and their distribution are sufficiently sampled in order to produce final habitat and biotope maps   In order to meet these objectives, multibeam bathymetry, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling and magnetometer data were acquired on site.  During the latter stages of the survey, an additional \u2018Route Development Area\u2019 survey was requested by the Client. This was undertaken within the inner section of the route bend between KP2.500 and KP4.500, across an area of approximately 0.58 km\u00b2. Bathymetry and backscatter data were acquired at this location, with the backscatter data used for seabed features interpretation.  Volume 1 is the Operations Report, which details the operational parameters, locations, times and techniques utilised during the survey carried out by MV Chartwell and MV Eagle. This volume, Volume 2, presents the preliminary results of the survey undertaken within the PDA and proposed export cable route. The preliminary Results Report encompasses the geophysical survey; the Environmental survey, provided by CMACS, will be included in the final report.","author":["Trindade, L."],"organization":["Bibby HydroMap","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2015-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.325422000000","-4.762923000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 10:56:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trindade-2015-Volume-2-Results-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/460028","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-green-project-holyhead-deep-habitat-assessment-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/holyhead-deep\/","title":"Deep Green Project Holyhead Deep: Habitat Assessment Report","description":"The Deep Green Project proposed for Holyhead Deep is a tidal power project under development by Minesto Ltd. The Project will consist of three tidal generation units anchored to the seabed along with infrastructure such as an export cable to transfer power to shore and a subsea transformer.  As part of the application for consent to install the Project, an environmental impact assessment is required, which in turn needs characterisation data of the seabed to inform the assessment. Xodus Group on behalf of Minesto have contracted CMACS Ltd to carry out benthic characterisation surveys in the project development area (PDA) and associated cable route corridor (CRC).  This report provides an initial assessment of the habitats and biotopes present in the survey area (see Figure 1) using images of the seabed taken during the drop down camera survey. A later Environmental Baseline Report will characterise the sediments and infauna (from grab samples), and refine the biotope classifications based on that data and the information presented here.","author":["Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS)"],"organization":["Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS)","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2015-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.325422000000","-4.762923000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 10:56:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CMACS-2015-Deep-Green-Habitat-Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/460029","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-green-project-holyhead-deep-benthic-technical-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/holyhead-deep\/","title":"Deep Green Project Holyhead Deep: Benthic Technical Report","description":"The Deep Green Project proposed by Minesto Ltd. is a tidal power project to be located in the Holyhead Deep approximately 6km west of Holy Island, Anglesey. The Project will consist of three tidal generation units anchored to the seabed along with infrastructure such as an export cable to transfer power to shore and a subsea transformer. The Project Development Area (PDA) and associated export cable, which is planned to be located within a cable route corridor (CRC) area and make landfall at Penrhos Beach, are displayed in Figure 1.   As part of the application for consent to install the Project, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. Xodus Group on behalf of Minesto Ltd. has contracted the Centre for Marine \u0026amp; Coastal Studies Ltd. (CMACS) to characterise the main benthic habitats and sediments of the PDA and the CRC to inform this assessment.","author":["Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS)"],"organization":["Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS)","Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.325422000000","-4.762923000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 10:56:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CMACS-2015-Deep-Green-Benthic.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/464282","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/runde-miljosenter-north-atlantic-seabird-seminar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rundecentre.no\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Report_NA_Seabird_seminar.pdf","title":"Runde Milj\u00f8senter: North Atlantic Seabird Seminar","description":"The report is an account of the summaries, presentations and discussions that took place at the International Seabird Seminar in Fosnav\u00e5g 20th and 21st of April 2015.   Many populations of seabirds have been declining at Runde over the last years. Almost all the species of seabirds except the Gannet, Great skua and White-tailed Eagle have decreased. Kittiwakes, Shags and Fulmars have been especially hard hit over the last 20 years, but this situation is not unique for Runde or Norway, the same tendency is happening in the UK, in Iceland and in the whole of the North East Atlantic. Although the causes for this development are multiple and complex, most speakers agreed on the following points:   1) There seems to be one common denominator, which applies to all the seabird colonies that have been discussed in this seminar: the key here is the temperature of the sea. A slight temperature increase of the average sea temperature has had hugely negative consequences for the seabird colonies in Norway, UK and Iceland. The change in temperature influences the plankton communities (ecosystemic shift in plankton communities) which, in turn, influence the many fish species which the seabirds are living off in the breeding season, especially Sandeels in Scotland, The Faeroe Islands and in South- West Iceland. There was also a general agreement about the relevance of what is called \u201ctop down effect\u201d with the influence from predators such as Atlantic mackerel, Sea mammals, American Mink, White- tailed Eagle etc.  2) (What can we do?) Temperature and climate change are difficult to do much about in the short term, so in this case, it is important to do something about all the other parameters on which it is possible to take remedial action. Some of the relevant parameters are:    Bycatch of seabirds in modern fisheries  More long term and restricted fishery conservation  Marine Protected Areas  Reduction in plastic pollution and other environmental pollutants etc.   3) There was a general agreement about the usefulness of arranging meetings such as this seminar where researchers from different countries and from different disciplines come together to exchange ideas and talk face to face about a focused topic. All the speakers seemed to concur on that point. An example that shows the feasibility of such multidisciplinary exchanges was demonstrated in the discussion between Sandeel expert Tore Johannes and Puffin expert Sarah Wanless, when they talked about how it could be possible that Puffins in the Faeroes apparently live off Sandeels in the winter, when the Sandeels \u201caccording to the book\u201d should be buried in the sand. (See the discussion in Appendix 1. S 42-44).  A set of very interesting findings was also reported from Iceland: Firstly: The realization that Europe\u2019s biggest Puffin colony at the Westman Islands is going through some of the same declines as seabirds in Runde and Norway. This is a development that apparently has happened over the last 10-15 years. The reason for this is that the Sandeels have almost disappeared from the Westman Islands and the southern part of Iceland, a situation driven by the increasing temperature in the sea.  Secondly: Very interesting results were presented by Dr. Erpur Sn\u00e6r Hansen when he showed a time-line series of Puffin hunting in Iceland and the Westman Islands since the 1800\u2019s. In this material he demonstrated a similar decline in Puffin populations in the 1920s and 1930s (collapse in 1931) co-ordinated with similar increases in seatemperature as we see today (collapse in 2004). His data also suggests a much earlier period with declines in Puffins as expected (collapse in 1891). This might indicate a cyclical change in sea temperature, although the decline in the 1920-30s was less extreme than what is experienced today. The Seabird experts from the UK were generally more explicit than the Icelanders and Norwegians in mentioning anthropogenic climate change as a significant driver behind the increased temperatures in the North Sea, and seabird declines caused by this. (For a more detailed and extensive summary and conclusion see pages 29-34).","author":["Hundeide, M."],"organization":["Runde Environmental Centre","BirdLife International"],"originationDate":"2015-09-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.399073100000","5.657625500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hundeide-2015-Runde-Environmental-Center.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/464283","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/runde-environmental-centre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.runde.no\/","title":"Runde Environmental Centre","description":"The Runde Environmental Centre (REC) is an international research station that provides an infrastructure for monitoring, conducting research on the environment and promoting sustainable technology for fisheries and energy production.  Situated on Runde island, Norway, Runde Environmental Centre was opened in 2008 and offers a range of facilities including an exhibition space, a laboratory and meeting places for courses. Research at the Runde Environmental Centre marine station spans several disciplines, including meteorology, oceanography, marine pollution, seabird monitoring, marine biology, rocky shore monitoring, and renewable energy studies and testing.   Runde Environmental Centre is a regional Competence Centre for Marine Energy. Research, development and dissemination activities include facilitating testing\u0026amp;demo of marine renewable energy and energy storage devices, monitoring of environmental impacts and testing of antifouling solutions. The test facilities include two test sites with different exposure and depth, with two seabed cable connections and a distance between site and shore of \u0026lt;1 to 2-3 km. Depths in proximity: 0-100+ m; 700 m depth in adjacent fjord.","author":["Lars Golmen"],"organization":["Runde Environmental Centre"],"originationDate":"2023-02-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.399073100000","5.657625500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-23 06:22:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/478382","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collision-risk-modelling-tidal-energy-devices-flexible-simulation-based-approach","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479720314092?via%3Dihub","title":"Collision risk modelling for tidal energy devices: A flexible simulation-based approach","description":"The marine renewable energy industry is expanding as countries strive to reach climate targets as set out in the Paris Agreement. For tidal energy devices, the potential risk for animals to collide with a device, particularly its moving parts such as rotor blades, is often a major barrier in the consenting process. Theoretical work surrounding collision risk has commonly made use of a formulaic modelling approach. However, whilst providing a platform to assess conventional horizontal axis tidal turbines, the frameworks applied lack the flexibility to incorporate novel device designs or more complex animal movement parameters (e.g. dive trajectories). To demonstrate the novel simulation-based approach to estimating collision probabilities a hypothetical case study was used to demonstrated how the approach can assess the influence that variations in ecological and behavioural data had on collision probabilities. To do this, a tidal kite moving in a 3D figure-of-eight trajectory and a seal-shaped object were modelled and variations to angle of approach, speed and size of the animal were made. To further improve the collision risk estimates, results of the simulations were post-processed by integrating a hypothetical dive profile. The simulations showed how variation in the input parameters and additional post-processing influence collision probabilities. Our results demonstrate the potential for using this simulation-based approach for assessing collision risk, highlighting the flexibility it offers by way of incorporating empirical data or expert elicitation to better inform the modelling process. This framework, where device type, configuration and animal-related parameters can be varied with relative simplicity, on a case-by-case basis, provides a more tailored tool for assessing a diverse range of interactions between marine renewable energy developments and receptors. In providing a robust and transparent quantitative approach to addressing collision risk this flexible approach can better inform the decision-making process and aid progress with respect to developing a renewable energy industry in a sustainable manner. Therefore, the approach outlined has clear applications that are relevant to many stakeholders and can contribute to our ability to ensure we achieve sustainable growth in the marine renewable energy industry as part of a global strategy to combat climate change.","author":["Horne, N.","Culloch, R.","Schmitt, P.","Lieber, L.","Wilson, B.","Dale, A.","Houghton, J.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Marine Scotland Science","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.582760600000","-5.940949700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Horne-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/491909","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/asymmetric-effects-modelled-tidal-turbine-flow-seabed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148120308375","title":"Asymmetric effects of a modelled tidal turbine on the flow and seabed","description":"The extraction of power from the flow of water has become an important potential source of clean energy. In spite of significant interest in the interaction between energy extraction devices and water currents, comparatively little work has focused on flow asymmetry. Indeed, unusual wake behaviour and limits of turbine array efficiency have typically been attributed to boundary effects rather than the particular turbine geometry. The aim of the present study was to reveal the asymmetries in the hydrodynamic wake and the interactions with the sediment bed due to the presence of a hydrokinetic turbine. We combined: (i) computational fluid dynamics simulations; (ii) optical flow measurements from a series of flume experiments above a fixed rough bed; and (iii) acoustic measurements from a further series of flume experiments above a mobile sand bed. Results showed flow asymmetry due to the presence of the rotor which appeared to be related to the development of the wake and potentially to the gyre of the blades. Suspended sediments in the flume also exhibited asymmetrical characteristics due to the flow asymmetry. This imbalance in the flow field and sediment transport may decrease energy extraction efficiency in turbine arrays and also could have important environmental consequences.","author":["Ram\u00edrez-Mendoza, R.","Murdoch, L.","Jordan, L.","Amoudry, L.","McLelland, S.","Cooke, R.","Thorne, P.","Simmons, S.","Parsons, D.","Vezza, M."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","CFD People Ltd","University of Edinburgh","University of Hull","University of Glasgow"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/492104","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-multi-criteria-decision-making-applications-renewable-energy-site-selection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148120306753","title":"A review of multi-criteria decision making applications for renewable energy site selection","description":"Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods have become increasingly popular in site selection decision-making of renewable energy power plants because they consider multiple conflicting goals and decision-maker preferences. In this paper, a systematic literature review of MCDM applications for renewable energy site selection is performed, covering a total of 85 papers published from 2001 to 2018 in high-level journals (chosen from the ScienceDirect database). This paper has summarized the exclusion criteria and evaluation criteria of site selection for five energy sources. The five site selection stages, criteria selection, data normalization, criteria weighting, alternative evaluation and result validation, are revealed by content analysis. All papers are further classified by the date, energy source, journal of publication, country of author affiliation, and study area.  It is found that different energy sources emphasize different criteria; however, some similarities exist. Literature surveys and expert opinions are most common criteria selection method. Reclassification is most frequently used data normalization method. The analytic hierarchy process is popular for weighting. In alternative evaluation, geographic information systems and weighted linear combination are the most popular tools. Varying the criteria weights is most commonly used result validation method.","author":["Shao, M.","Han, Z.","Sun, J.","Xiao, C.","Zhang, S.","Zhao, Y."],"organization":["Ocean University of China","Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/492107","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-criteria-decision-making-assessment-proposed-tidal-barrage-schemes-terms-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X17307002","title":"Multi-criteria decision-making on assessment of proposed tidal barrage schemes in terms of environmental impacts","description":"For tidal range power plants to be sustainable, the environmental impacts caused by the implement of various tidal barrage schemes must be assessed before construction. However, several problems exist in the current researches: firstly, evaluation criteria of the tidal barrage schemes environmental impact assessment (EIA) are not adequate; secondly, uncertainty of criteria information fails to be processed properly; thirdly, correlation among criteria is unreasonably measured. Hence the contributions of this paper are as follows: firstly, an evaluation criteria system is established from three dimensions of hydrodynamic, biological and morphological aspects. Secondly, cloud model is applied to describe the uncertainty of criteria information. Thirdly, Choquet integral with respect to \u03bb-fuzzy measure is introduced to measure the correlation among criteria. On the above bases, a multi-criteria decision-making decision framework for tidal barrage scheme EIA is established to select the optimal scheme. Finally, a case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework.","author":["Wu, Y.","Xu, C.","Ke, Y.","Chen, K.","Xu, H."],"organization":["North China Electric Power University"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/492495","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-coast-perceptions-wave-energy-survey-california-oregon-washington-british","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/pr76f9588","title":"West Coast Perceptions of Wave Energy: A Survey of California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia Residents","description":"North America\u2019s West Coast represents some of the highest global potentials for wave energy output. We developed and conducted a survey of a sample of residents (N=2000) in California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia matched on gender, age, race, and education to the general population. Respondents were asked how much they had heard or read about wave energy; what first came to mind when they heard the term; their views of commonly cited risks and benefits; and their overall attitude toward wave energy development. Over half of our respondents had never heard or read about wave energy, and the most common \u201ctop of mind\u201d associations indicated little or no knowledge about it. Oregon respondents indicated the highest levels of familiarity. Despite limited familiarity, the results suggest mainly positive attitudes toward wave energy with little variation by state of residence or proximity to the coast. Attitudes varied by gender, race, education and political ideology. In general, respondents who were male, white, college educated and politically liberal held more positive attitudes. Female respondents, in particular, wanted more information. Respondents expressed more agreement with statements about the benefits of wave energy development (e.g., for renewable energy, energy independence, economy\/jobs, etc.) than its risks (e.g., to marine life, fishing, recreation, etc.). Risks to marine life, fishing and recreation were of more concern to those who reported visiting the coast at least once a month. Liberal respondents indicated higher levels of agreement with wave energy benefits and lower levels of agreement with its risks. Compared to other energy sources, respondents strongly preferred increasing the use of renewable energy sources like solar, wind and wave energy, as opposed to more traditional energy sources like hydro, geothermal, natural gas, nuclear, and coal.","author":["Boudet, H.","Brandt, D.","Stelmach, G.","Hazboun, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Evergreen State College","Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 08:12:31","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PMEC-2020-Wave-Perceptions.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/492496","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-trends-prospects-tidal-energy-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10668-020-01013-4","title":"Current trends and prospects of tidal energy technology","description":"Generation of energy across the world is today reliant majorly on fossil fuels. The burning of these fuels is growing in line with the increase in the demand for energy globally. Consequently, climate change, air contamination, and energy security issues are rising as well. An efcient alternative to this grave hazard is the speedy substitution of fossil fuel-based carbon energy sources with the shift to clean sources of renewable energy that cause zero emissions. This needs to happen in conjunction with the continuing increase in the overall consumption of energy worldwide. Many resources of renewable energy are available. These include thermal, solar photovoltaic, biomass and wind, tidal energy, hydropower, and geothermal. Notably, tidal energy exhibits great potential with regard to its dependability, superior energy density, certainty, and durability. The energy mined from the tides on the basis of steady and anticipated vertical movements of the water, causing tidal currents, could be converted into kinetic energy to produce electricity. Tidal barrages could channel mechanical energy, while tidewater river turbines can seize the energy from tidal currents. This study discusses the present trends, ecological effects, and the prospects for technology related to tidal energy.","author":["Chowdhury, M.","Rahman, K.","Selvanathan, V.","Nuthammachot, N.","Suklueng, M.","Mostafaeipour, A.","Habib, A.","Akhtaruzzaman, M.","Amin, N.","Techato, K."],"organization":["Prince of Songkla University (PSU)","National University of Malaysia (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia)","University of Malaya","Universiti Tenaga Nasional"],"originationDate":"2020-10-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/494625","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-consequences-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-plants","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/6603313","title":"The Potential Environmental Consequences of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Plants","description":"The workshop on Environmental Consequences of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion was convened at Brookhaven National Laboratory January 22-24, 1980. The objective of the workshop was to obtain a direct and independent evaluation of the environmental impact of ocean thermal energy conversion technology on tropical marine systems. The group assembled consisted of nationally and internationally recognized marine scientists and oceanographers interested in the properties and behavior of marine ecosystems or components.  The participants were divided into three panels to consider physical, chemical, and biological oceanographic responses with regard to an operating commercial OTEC activity. The panel reports are reproduced in the appendix.  The panels assess OTEC to be a relatively benign environmental perturbant of marine ecosystems, in the near term with only small scale deployment of a commercial technology. However, there are a number of environmental uncertainties and fundamental questions raised by the participants in regard to large scale development of this technology. The general conclusions and recommendations of the panels are listed in the summary section. A five-year environmental research program plan is also presented in that section.","author":["Walsh, J."],"organization":["Brookhaven National Laboratory"],"originationDate":"1981-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brookhaven-OTEC-Environmental-Consequences-Workshop.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/494626","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-otec-intakes-aquatic-organisms-otec-site-under-development-kauai-hi","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1092416","title":"The Potential Impacts of OTEC Intakes on Aquatic Organisms at an OTEC Site under Development on Kauai, HI","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a marine renewable energy technology with the potential to contribute significantly to the baseload power needs of tropical island communities and remote U.S. military installations. As with other renewable energy technologies, however, there are potential challenges to its commercialization: technological, financial, social, and environmental. Given the large volumes of seawater required to drive the electricity-producing cycle, there is potential for the intakes to negatively impact the marine resources of the source waterbody through the impingement and entrainment of marine organisms.  The goal of this project was to identify feasible warm water intake designs for a land-based OTEC facility proposed for development in Port Allen, Kauai and to characterize the populations of ichthyoplankton near the proposed warm water intake location that could be at risk of entrainment.  The specific objectives of this project were to:    Complete a site-specific assessment of available and feasible warm water intake technologies to determine the best intake designs for minimizing impacts to aquatic organisms at the proposed land-based OTEC site in Port Allen, Kauai.  Complete a field sampling program to collect biological data to characterize the baseline populations of ichthyoplankton near the sites being considered for the warm water intake at the proposed land-based OTEC site in Port Allen, Kauai.","author":["Oney, S.","Hogan, T.","Steinbeck, J."],"organization":["Alden Research Laboratory","Ocean Thermal Energy Corporation (OTE)","Tenera Environmental","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2013-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.899540000000","-159.594317000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oney-2013-OTEC-Impacts.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/494820","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/associations-synoptic-weather-conditions-nocturnal-bird-migration-over-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2020.542438\/full","title":"Associations of Synoptic Weather Conditions With Nocturnal Bird Migration Over the North Sea","description":"The southern North Sea is part of an important flyway for nocturnal bird migration, but is also risky as it stretches over a large surface of water. Selecting nights with suitable weather conditions for migration can be critical for a bird\u2019s survival. The aim of this study is to unravel the weather-related bird migration decisions, by providing a descriptive analysis of the synoptic weather conditions over the North Sea on nights with very high and low migration intensities and compare these conditions to the prevailing climatology. For this study, bird radar data were utilized from an offshore wind farm off the Dutch coast, in the North Sea. The study suggests that atmospheric conditions clear of rain and frontal systems, dominated by high pressure systems and tailwinds in spring and sidewinds in autumn are most suitable for nights of intense migration. Differences in temperature, relative humidity and cloud cover appear less significant between intense and low migration nights, suggesting that these variables exert only a secondary role on migration. We discuss how future developments in radar aeroecology and the integration of meteorology can help improve our ability to forecast bird migration.","author":["Manola, I.","Bradaric, M.","Groenland, R.","Fijn, R.","Bouten, W.","Shamoun-Baranes, J."],"organization":["University of Amsterdam","Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute"],"originationDate":"2020-10-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.877682000000","7.817836000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/496570","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-development-state-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/11\/879","title":"Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development\u2014The State of the Science","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) harnesses energy from the ocean and provides a low-carbon sustainable energy source for national grids and remote uses. The international MRE industry is in the early stages of development, focused largely on tidal and riverine turbines, and wave energy converters (WECs), to harness energy from tides, rivers, and waves, respectively. Although MRE supports climate change mitigation, there are concerns that MRE devices and systems could affect portions of the marine and river environments. The greatest concern for tidal and river turbines is the potential for animals to be injured or killed by collision with rotating blades. Other risks associated with MRE device operation include the potential for turbines and WECs to cause disruption from underwater noise emissions, generation of electromagnetic fields, changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, changes in oceanographic processes, and entanglement of large marine animals. The accumulated knowledge of interactions of MRE devices with animals and habitats to date is summarized here, along with a discussion of preferred management methods for encouraging MRE development in an environmentally responsible manner. As there are few devices in the water, understanding is gained largely from examining one to three MRE devices. This information indicates that there will be no significant effects on marine animals and habitats due to underwater noise from MRE devices or emissions of electromagnetic fields from cables, nor changes in benthic and pelagic habitats, or oceanographic systems. Ongoing research to understand potential collision risk of animals with turbine blades still shows significant uncertainty. There has been no significant field research undertaken on entanglement of large animals with mooring lines and cables associated with MRE devices.  This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewable Energy Installations.","author":["Copping, A.","Hemery, L.","Overhus, D.","Garavelli, L.","Freeman, M.","Whiting, J.","Gorton, A.","Farr, H.","Rose, D.","Tugade, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2020-State-of-the-Science.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/496571","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-social-environmental-issues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/036054427990015X","title":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): Social and environmental issues","description":"OTEC converts the solar energy, collected and stored in tropical waters, into electricity. The electricity may be either cabled to shore or used in situ for the manufacture of energyintensive products. Two countries, U.S.A. and Japan, are seriously pursuing OTEC. The development programs in both countries are similar. Presently, the emphasis is on the closed Rankine cycle with ammonia as the working fluid. The power plants are to be housed on floating platforms. If the electricity is to be cabled to shore, the platforms will be moored to the ocean floor. If the plants are to produce chemical products, they will graze from one location to another on the open sea to capture the largest available thermal resource.  Technical feasibility of OTEC appears certain. In the near term, OTEC can be economical for U.S. islands, which depend on imported oil for power generation. OTEC can enter the U.S. mainland market in the Southeast if projected capital cost for large plants is realized and high voltage, underwater d.c. transmission is developed beyond current state of the art. The islands market amounts to 8 GW and the U.S. market is estimated to be much larger. Penetration of the island market can begin in the early 1990s and of the mainland market after the year 2000.  A potential impediment to OTEC\u0027s accelerated deployment is capital. Although there are numerous important environmental and institutional questions, they are secondary to the economic and cost issues.  This paper addresses the economic, social and environmental issues pertinent to the commercialization of OTEC. The a priori assumptions are that technical problems can be solved and that in certain locations. OTEC can be competitive with conventional base-load power systems.","author":["Lavi, A.","Lavi, G."],"organization":["Carnegie Mellon University"],"originationDate":"1979-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/496572","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/revisiting-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11000972","title":"Revisiting ocean thermal energy conversion","description":"Increasing concerns regarding oil spills, air pollution, and climate change associated with fossil fuel use have increased the urgency of the search for renewable, clean sources of energy. This assessment describes the potential of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) to produce not only clean energy but also potable water, refrigeration, and aquaculture products. Higher oil prices and recent technical advances have improved the economic and technical viability of OTEC, perhaps making this technology more attractive and feasible than in the past. Relatively high capital costs associated with OTEC may require the integration of energy, food, and water production security in small island developing states (SIDSs) to improve cost-effectiveness. Successful implementation of OTEC at scale will require the application of insights and analytical methods from economics, technology, materials engineering, marine ecology, and other disciplines as well as a subsidized demonstration plant to provide operational data at near-commercial scales.","author":["Fujita, R.","Markham, A.","Diaz, J.","Garcia, J.","Scarborough, C.","Greenfield, P.","Black, P.","Aguilera, S."],"organization":["Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)","Universidad de Matanzas (University of Matanzas)","National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)","University of California Berkeley","Stanford University"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/501213","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accelerating-energy-innovation-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.woi.economist.com\/energyinnovation\/","title":"Accelerating Energy Innovation for the Blue Economy","description":"In this report, The Economist Intelligence Unit examines the past, present and future of energy innovation for the blue economy. The report looks at the energy needs of different ocean economy sectors, assesses groundbreaking innovations and outlines an enabling environment for energy innovation within the blue economy. Based on three case studies and in-depth interviews with 30 energy and blue economy experts, this report provides valuable insights for all stakeholders working to develop new, clean solutions for the blue economy and beyond.  The report is divided into the following five chapters:  In chapter one, we briefly outline the central sectors of the blue economy\u2014both emerging and established\u2014and identify the main energy consumers. The ocean economy is an important part of both the US and global economy: maritime transport is the largest consumer of energy in the blue economy and a large contributor to global CO2 emissions. As such, the sector is now pushing towards cleaner energy usage. Maritime tourism is the largest ocean-based industry in terms of GDP contribution and employment in the US and is a major consumer of energy. Ship and boat building and the offshore oil and gas industries are also major consumers of energy within the US. Within all of these sectors, including fishing and aquaculture and ocean observation and navigation, marine energy presents opportunities for renewable, in-situ or local power generation that could help pave the way towards the blue economy of the future.  In chapter two, we examine the sailto-steam transition. Steamships were central to a revolution in global trade and migration in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Nearly a hundred years passed between the first voyage of a commercial steamship in 1807 and the completion of the transition from sailboats to steamships. Settling on the paddlewheel as a propulsion system facilitated the earliest commercial steamships while subsequent innovations, particularly screw-driven propulsion and the marinisation of the compound engine, drove increasing diffusion. Steamships gained traction through a series of increasingly large pathway markets while policy support, financing and insurance and complementary infrastructure (among other factors we discuss) were integral to the scaling-up and long-term success of steamships. While wind propulsion went out of fashion with the rise of steamships (which were part of a global transition towards fossil fuel energy sources), new methods of harnessing wind for ocean transport are now burgeoning.  Energy storage, especially batteries, is the theme of chapter three. New economic and political attention towards alternative energy paradigms drove a wave of battery innovations during the 1970s. The lithiumion (Li-ion) battery has become the most prominent of these and now serves as the backbone of the electronics, electric vehicle (EV) and utility storage markets. In the blue economy, energy storage\u2014especially the higher energy density offered by Li-ion batteries\u2014powers ocean observation and research. This observation and research produces fundamental knowledge that enables all blue economy sectors to grow. Furthermore, the battery-driven autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) market is rapidly growing while the electric boat market is poised to expand in the near future. Time, collaboration, pathway markets and marinisation (adapting technology for use in marine environments) were all central to the development of new battery technologies. Yet batteries still have major limitations for blue economy usage that new innovations\u2014 like improved in-situ power generation\u2014 could help to overcome.  Chapter four examines the rise of offshore wind. Despite being a relatively new source of energy, offshore wind is now one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world and will expand massively in terms of value and power generation by 2040. This growth has been fuelled by the advancement of all aspects of offshore wind farms, but especially larger, more advanced turbines and improved foundations. The emergence of new materials led to improved turbines while lessons from the oil and gas industry allowed for better foundations and improved siting further offshore and in deeper waters. While the market size has increased, prices for offshore wind power have rapidly declined and the industry is now creating a large number of jobs and becoming a major player in its own right. Offshore wind is one promising option for green hydrogen production which could enable a near carbon-neutral energy system. Though a number of factors drove the development of the offshore wind industry, marinisation of pre-existing onshore wind technology and specific government policy support are two critical elements of its success. Offshore wind shows us that with proper government and societal incentives and an eye towards leveraging existing technologies, other offshore technologies may have a path towards success.  Finally, chapter five ties the lessons of the case studies and interviews together to identify resource mobilisation\u2014particularly of time\u2014as key for energy innovation in the blue economy. It then outlines eight elements of the enabling environment that can increase the likelihood of successful innovation and reduce the need for the two key ingredients. The chapter details the state and relevance of each element generally, as well as for marine energy specifically, a set of technologies that hold particular promise for the blue economy. These eight elements, ordered broadly by the technology readiness levels (TRLs) they correspond to, are: 1) marinisation, technology transfer and collaboration; 2) policy support; 3) financing environment; 4) enabling and complementary technologies; 5) public awareness, attitudes, and social acceptance; 6) pathway markets, competition and economies of scale; 7) testing, standards and certification; and 8) complementary infrastructure.","author":["The Economist Intelligence Unit"],"organization":["The Economist Intelligence Unit","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Accelerating-Energy-Innovation-for-the-Blue-Economy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/508362","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-survey-designs-east-coast-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/seabird-survey-designs-east-coast-scotland","title":"Seabird Survey Designs for the East Coast of Scotland","description":"In order to understand how marine planning impacts seabirds at sea, it is important to collect key pieces of information about their behaviour, such as where they are and how high they fly. Collecting information on flight heights and population density is often done by plane and with special equipment, which is time consuming and expensive. It is therefore important to plan surveys in the most effective way so that they balance cost, accuracy and precision.  This study was done by DMP Statistics. It estimates the power of different simulated survey designs to detect accurate flight heights and\/or changes in population density of seven seabird species and harbour porpoise. This will allow surveyors to make informed decisions about the minimum effort required to collect accurate information for specific species and regions at different times of year.  For abundant species, even surveys with the smallest coverage had high power to detect changes in population density of 20-30% across some seasons and regions. However power to detect changes for less abundant species and during some seasons remained low. Spatio-temporal variation in flight height distributions could be estimated in many cases.","author":["Donovan, C.","Caneco, B."],"organization":["DMP Stats","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2020-08-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.544100000000","-1.699856000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Seabird-Survey-Designs-for-the-East-Coast-of-Scotland.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/508945","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-observations-beach-variability-hasaki-japan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/11\/871\/htm","title":"Long-Term Observations of Beach Variability at Hasaki, Japan","description":"Long-term beach observation data for several decades are essential to validate beach morphodynamic models that are used to predict coastal responses to sea-level rise and wave climate changes. At the Hasaki coast, Japan, the beach profile has been measured for 34 years at a daily to weekly time interval. This beach morphological dataset is one of the longest and most high-frequency measurements of the beach morphological change worldwide. The profile data, with more than 6800 records, reflect short- to long-term beach morphological change, showing coastal dune development, foreshore morphological change and longshore bar movement. We investigated the temporal beach variability from the decadal and monthly variations in elevation. Extremely high waves and tidal anomalies from an extratropical cyclone caused a significant change in the long-term bar behavior and foreshore slope. The berm and bar variability were also affected by seasonal wave and water level variations. The variabilities identified here from the long-term observations contribute to our understanding of various coastal phenomena.","author":["Banno, M.","Nakamura, S.","Kosako, T.","Nakagawa, Y.","Yanagishima, S.","Kuriyama, Y."],"organization":["Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.842429600000","140.772290100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BannoEtAl_2020_BeachVariability.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/509139","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-deposition-following-construction-breakwater-harbor-point-judith-harbor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/11\/863\/htm","title":"Sediment Deposition Following Construction of a Breakwater Harbor: Point Judith Harbor of Refuge, Rhode Island, USA","description":"Breakwaters are a common shoreline protection structure, often trapping sediment as the incoming wave energy is reduced. Quantifying the dynamics and volume of these sediment sinks within a coastal system is an important step toward understanding the sediment budget for a particular coastal area. This study examines the volume of sediment deposited within the breakwater enclosed Point Judith Harbor of Refuge (Rhode Island, United States of America (USA)) in the late 19th century using seismic reflection profiles, bathymetric mapping, and isotopic analysis of core sediment. Geophysical profiles show a district seismic facies up to 4 m thick above the ravinement surface, particularly in the western and central portion of the harbor. Century-scale bathymetric changes revealed shoaling of a similar magnitude, and isotopic data support the deposition of this sediment package within the 20th century. The total volume of sediment within the harbor exceeds 5.0 \u00d7 106 m3, with an estimated sand volume of 3.6 \u00d7 106 m3. The results show that the harbor is a substantial sediment sink for the Rhode Island South Shore and provide the basis for future studies of the sediment budget for this shoreline.","author":["Oakley, B.","Murphy, C.","Lee, K.","Hollis, R.","Caccioppoli, B.","King, J."],"organization":["Eastern Connecticut State University","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2020-10-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.363908000000","-71.520001300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OakleyEtAl_2020_SedimentDepositionBreakwater.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/509140","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-investigation-scour-prediction-methods-offshore-tripod-hexapod","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/11\/856\/htm","title":"Experimental Investigation of Scour Prediction Methods for Offshore Tripod and Hexapod Foundations","description":"Scour prediction is essential for the design of offshore foundations. Several methods have been proposed to predict the equilibrium scour depth for monopiles. By introducing an effective diameter, such methods could also be applied to predicting scour depth for pile groups. Yet, there are still difficulties in estimating the equilibrium scour depth of foundations in complex shapes, such as the tripod foundation. This study investigates the clear-water scour around the tripod and hexapod foundations through laboratory experiments, with uniform bed sediment and steady current. Here, the authors propose an approach to calculate the effective diameter for the tripod and hexapod models, which is similarly as for the pile groups. Three widely-used methods in predicting equilibrium scour depth have been evaluated, and the best method is recommended.","author":["Ni, X.","Xue, L."],"organization":["Shanghai Jiao Tong University"],"originationDate":"2020-10-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ni_Xue_2020_ScourPrediction.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/513014","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-probability-fish-encountering-marine-hydrokinetic-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014811630547X","title":"Estimating the probability of fish encountering a marine hydrokinetic device","description":"Strong tidal currents in eastern Maine, USA, make that region attractive for tidal power development. Little is known about the effects of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices on fish, yet many fish species use tidal currents for movements. We used empirical data from stationary and mobile hydroacoustic surveys to examine the probability that fish would be at the depth of an MHK device and may therefore encounter it. The probability was estimated using three components: 1) probability of fish being at device-depth when the device was absent; 2) probability of fish behavior changing to avoid the device in the far-field; and 3) probability of fish being at device-depth in the near-field when the device was present. There were differences in probabilities of fish encountering the MHK device based on month, diel condition and tidal stage. The maximum probability of fish encountering the whole device was 0.432 (95% CI: [0.305, 0.553]), and the probability of fish encountering only device foils was 0.058 (95% CI: [0.043, 0.073]). Mobile hydroacoustics indicated that fish likely avoided the device with horizontal movement beginning 140 m away. We estimated the encounter probability for one device, but results can be applied to arrays, which may have bay-wide implications.","author":["Shen, H.","Zydlewski, G.","Viehman, H.","Staines, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2016-06-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.909800000000","-67.045630000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 03:58:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/526935","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-renewable-energy-development-southeast-asia-opportunities-risks-unintended","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032120306912","title":"Ocean renewable energy development in Southeast Asia: Opportunities, risks and unintended consequences","description":"The Southeast Asian region (SEA) is surrounded by ocean space, from which there is a vast potential to harness energy. Wave, tidal energy, and ocean thermal energy conversion could be tapped, to provide alternative sources of clean and dependable energy in the region. This article contributes to the growing academic literature on ocean renewable energy (ORE) in SEA by improving understanding of the opportunities and challenges of ORE development in the region, beyond its technical aspects. It conducts a critical analysis of the socio-political aspects of ORE development at a regional scale, which have been less studied in the existing literature. Aside from providing a sustainable energy source, the development of the ORE sector could provide socio-economic benefits to SEA countries through employment opportunities, inter-industry learning, inbound investments and improving economic resilience. However, these benefits can only be maximised if the costs of deployment, maintenance and repair are reduced, the impact to the marine environment is taken into consideration and issues of public acceptance are addressed. Beyond a cost\u2013benefit analysis, this study critically assesses the unintended risks and consequences of ORE technologies and activities in the region and recommends different policy strategies to mitigate them. It concludes that for the region to reap the benefits of ORE, a coordinated approach among different stakeholders (technology developers, policymakers, and end-users) is needed to minimise the risks and unintended consequences.","author":["Quirapas, M.","Taeihagh, A."],"organization":["National University of Singapore"],"originationDate":"2020-11-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["8.220081000000","111.800456000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Quirapas-Taeihagh-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/543371","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-stream-critical-evidence-needs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orjip.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/ORJIP%20Ocean%20Energy%20critical%20evidence%20needs%20document_V2.pdf","title":"Wave and Tidal Stream Critical Evidence Needs","description":"The Offshore Renewables Joint industry Programme Ocean Energy (ORJIP Ocean Energy) is a UK-wide collaborative programme of environmental research with the aim of reducing consenting risks for wave, tidal stream and tidal range projects. The programme brings together industry, regulatory and advisory bodies, academia, and other key stakeholders to identify and address critical evidence gaps for the principal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulations Assessment (HRA) consenting risks for the wave and tidal sectors.  The ORJIP Ocean Energy Forward Look provides a list of outline project plans for research projects to address key EIA\/HRA issues based around a series of prioritised consenting issues for the wave and tidal stream sectors. These consenting issues were identified and agreed in a gap analysis process carried out by industry, regulators, and other key stakeholders.  This Wave and Tidal Stream Critical Evidence Needs document has been aligned with the State of the Science 2020 report, which is produced under the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Environmental initiative of 15 countries. These countries collaborate to evaluate scientific evidence on the potential environmental effects of marine renewable energy development, to assist with permitting, and allow increased and responsible deployment of devices. The State of the Science 2020 comprehensively reviews the scientific evidence derived from multiple field, laboratory, and modelling studies conducted around the world. It presents the best available scientific evidence on the potential environmental effects of marine renewable energy development.  This document complements and builds on the Forward Look and the growing body of evidence, knowledge and experience of wave and tidal stream consenting both in the UK and globally. It sets out the critical outstanding evidence needs for wave and tidal stream energy in the UK, grouped into ten strategic topics (see Section 3). The ten topics provide an overall perspective on research priorities and their importance for effective decision-making, by linking research needs to the practical application of outputs, to enable:    Sectoral planning that is underpinned by best available science and evidence-based impact assessments (environmental, climate change, social and economic assessments).  Pre-application development activity (including project planning and design, and baseline characterisation), that identifies and minimises negative impacts (to de-risk consenting) and maximises the benefits of development.  Consenting processes and decisions that are well-informed, evidence-based, proportionate and effective.  Post-consent activity (including environmental monitoring and management) that is realistic, effective and appropriately targeted.   The critical evidence needs are organised into ten strategic topics, as follows:    Methods and instruments to measure mobile species occupancy and behaviour in high energy environments and around marine energy devices.  Near-field interactions between mobile species and tidal stream turbines.  Occupancy patterns, fine-scale distribution and behaviour of mobile species in wave and tidal stream habitats.  Far-field responses of mobile species to wave and tidal stream devices and arrays.  Subsea acoustic profiles of wave and tidal stream sites and technologies.  Tools for assessing and managing risk to mobile species populations for large-scale wave and tidal stream development.  Tools for assessing effects of large-scale wave and tidal stream developments on physical processes.  Tools for assessing social and economic impacts of wave and tidal stream developments.  Tools for assessing climate change impacts of wave and tidal stream developments.  Tools and guidance for managing risk and uncertainty during the preparation of project environmental monitoring plans (PEMPs)","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Changes in Flow","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-Ocean-Energy-critical-evidence-needs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/543372","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sharing-environmental-monitoring-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orjip.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/ORJIP%20Ocean%20Energy%20%20Sharing%20Environmental%20Monitoring%20Data%20V2.pdf","title":"Sharing Environmental Monitoring Data","description":"The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) is a Steering Group member and jointly supports the secretariat function of the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme for Ocean Energy (ORJIP OE). ORJIP OE is a UK-wide collaborative programme formed to ensure that environmental research conducted by the ocean energy sector will ultimately reduce the consenting risks associated with developing wave, tidal stream and tidal range projects.  As part of EMEC\u2019s role in the joint secretariat, Aquatera Limited has contracted EMEC to provide a short summary of the opportunities, issues and challenges associated with sharing environmental monitoring data. EMEC has based this report on the practical experience it has gained since the centre\u2019s sites were established in 2003.  The report has been prepared to provide an industry perspective on the topic and compliments the ORJIP OE Wave and Tidal Critical Evidence Needs report (2020). The topics considered within the report include:    The key barriers to sharing environmental monitoring data and identifying the challenges that are required to be overcome.  The issues associated with the drivers for academic research versus developer-led monitoring work, including an overview of how monitoring is typically funded and eventually carried out.  A good practice example of sharing and disseminating environmental monitoring data.  Opportunities and solutions for overcoming the key barriers identified.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-Ocean-Energy-Sharing-Environmental-Monitoring-Data.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/543373","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supporting-good-practice-consenting-tidal-stream-wave-technologies-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/good-practice-consenting-tidal-stream-and-wave-technologies-report","title":"Supporting good practice in consenting for tidal stream and wave technologies in Wales","description":"This report presents the main outputs from work carried out by the Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme Ocean Energy (ORJIP Ocean Energy \u2013 see Section 1.2.8) on behalf of Welsh Government, to explore practice related to certain marine renewable energy consenting in Wales. The overall aim was to review existing evidence and experience and identify good practice and opportunities to address any challenges with consenting novel marine renewable technologies in Wales, specifically tidal stream and wave energy technologies. A series of recommendations and associated actions are made to address key issues and opportunities.  A number of consents can be required for marine renewable energy projects in Wales, administered by a range of regulatory bodies, including some undergoing a period of transition and devolution through measures provided by the Wales Act (2017). Marine Licences required under the Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) are a key requirement; Marine Licensing in Wales is carried out by Natural Resources Wales (NRW), acting on behalf of the Welsh Ministers1 . NRW also provides a range of statutory and discretionary advice in relation to marine renewable energy. The study therefore focusses on marine licensing and relevant functions within NRW.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.390817000000","-3.666782000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/supporting-good-practice-in-consenting.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/543567","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-salinity-gradient-energy-recovery-reverse-osmosis-desalination","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/en\/content\/articlelanding\/2020\/SE\/D0SE00372G","title":"Life cycle assessment of salinity gradient energy recovery by reverse osmosis desalination plant","description":"Salinity gradient energy capture by reverse electrodialysis (SGE-RED) can play a part in the shift away from fossil fuels towards a carbon-neutral renewable energy supply; however, like other renewable power technologies, SGE-RED environmental soundness hinges on its whole life-cycle environmental loads. This study surveys the Life Cycle Assessment of SGE-RED technology. We quantified (i) the environmental loads per 1.0 kW h generated by a stand-alone RED unit and then, (ii) the environmental burdens related to the energy provision from an up-scaled RED system to a seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant per 1.0 m3 of desalted water. The RED unit\u0027s assessment results show that SGE-RED is environmentally competitive with other renewable sources such as photovoltaics or wind. Regarding the component\u0027s contribution analysis, the spacer\u0027s fabric material drives the RED environmental burden as the number of cell pairs is increased. The scaling-up of the RED unit, however, improves its full environmental profile. Preliminary results of SGE-RED combination with a SWRO plant suggest that the energy harnessed from SWRO\u0027s concentrate streams by RED could enhance the environmental performance of the desalination industry. Further research is required to identify SWRO-RED design alternatives that minimize the life cycle burden while still yielding good technical and economic performance.","author":["Trist\u00e1n, C.","Rumayor, M.","Dominguez-Ramos, A.","Fallanza, M.","Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, R.","Ortiz, I."],"organization":["University of Cantabria"],"originationDate":"2020-06-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-02 08:29:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/545700","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stream-tidal-energy-resources-macrotidal-non-cohesive-sediment-environments-effect","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/4\/411","title":"In-Stream Tidal Energy Resources in Macrotidal Non-Cohesive Sediment Environments: Effect of Morphodynamic Changes at Two Bays in the Upper Gulf of California","description":"While many in-steam tidal energy resource studies have been carried out globally, very few studies have assessed the effect of seabed changes on tidal energy resources. For coastal regions in particular, where the seabed is generally more mobile than in deep waters, bathymetric evolution could have a significant effect on tidal energy production. Here two high-resolution models, one purely hydrodynamic and one morphodynamic, are used to analyse the potential effect of natural morphodynamic evolution on tidal energy resources at two macro-tidal sandy bays, Ada\u00edr Bay and San Jorge Bay, in the Upper Gulf of California, Mexico. The high-resolution models are validated using a low-resolution model and ADCP observations to assess the agreement between model predictions and observations of tides at three ADCP moorings within the domain of interest. The models\u2019 skill is evaluated using several error statistics such as the mean relative error, the root mean square error (RMSE), and the correlation coefficient. It was found that the regions with the largest bed changes, and also the largest renewable energy resources, were near the shore. Moreover, the results indicated a good correlation between a) regions with the most significant depth changes, and b) the regions where the difference in annual energy production with and without depth change was largest. Finally, the morphodynamic model was run for two years, and the evolution of a zonal profile (in the west-east direction) off the coast at the southeastern corner of Ada\u00edr Bay was inspected. This profile evolved towards a featureless equilibrium profile, in good agreement with the morphological classification for macro-tidal sandy environments and with the model assumptions. But most importantly, this natural evolution would not be detrimental to tidal energy exploitation at the site.","author":["Berm\u00fadez-Romero, A.","Magar, V.","Gross, M.","God\u00ednez, V.","L\u00f3pez-Mariscal, M.","Candela, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-11-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["25.066268000000","-109.532150000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/557492","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/historical-data-reveal-30-year-persistence-benthic-fauna-associations-heavily-modified","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2016.00141\/full","title":"Historical Data Reveal 30-Year Persistence of Benthic Fauna Associations in Heavily Modified Waterbody","description":"Baseline surveys form the cornerstone of coastal impact studies where altered conditions, for example through new infrastructure development, are assessed against a temporal reference state. They are snapshots taken before construction. Due to scarcity of relevant data prior to baseline surveys long-term trends can often not be taken into account. Particularly in heavily modified waterbodies this would however be desirable to control for changes in anthropogenic use over time as well as natural ecological variation. Here, the benthic environment of an industrialized embayment was investigated (Swansea Bay, Wales, UK) where it is proposed to build a tidal lagoon that would generate marine renewable energy from the tidal range. Since robust long-term baseline data was not available, the value of unpublished historical benthos information from 1984 by a regional water company was assessed with the aim to improve certainty about the persistence of current benthic community patterns. A survey of 101 positions in 2014 identified spatially discrete benthic communities with areas of high and low diversity. Habitat characteristics including sediment properties and the proximity to a sewage outfall explained 17\u201335% of the variation in the community structure. Comparing the historical information from 1984 with 2014 revealed striking similarity in the benthic communities between those years, not just in their spatial distribution but also to a large extent in the species composition. The 30-year-old information confirmed spatial boundaries of discrete species associations and pinpointed a similar diversity hotspot. A group of five common species was found to be particularly persistent over time (Nucula nitidosa, Spisula elliptica, Spiophanes bombyx, Nephtys hombergii, Diastylis rathkei). According to the Infauna Quality Index (IQI) linked to the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) the average ecological status for 2014 was \u201cmoderate,\u201d but 11 samples showing \u201cpoor\u201d and \u201cbad\u201d status indicated possible negative impacts of dredge spoil disposal. Generally the study demonstrated the value of historical information for assessing the persistence of benthic community characteristics, while also highlighting shortcomings if raw data is lost and if the historical baseline does not reflect pristine ecological conditions.","author":["Callaway, R."],"organization":["Swansea University"],"originationDate":"2016-09-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.594322000000","-3.906938000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Callaway-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/557687","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/above-below-military-aircraft-noise-air-under-water-whidbey-island-washington","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/11\/923","title":"Above and below: Military Aircraft Noise in Air and under Water at Whidbey Island, Washington","description":"Military operations may result in noise impacts on surrounding communities and wildlife. A recent transition to more powerful military aircraft and a national consolidation of training operations to Whidbey Island, WA, USA, provided a unique opportunity to measure and assess both in-air and underwater noise associated with military aircraft. In-air noise levels (110 \u00b1 4 dB re 20 \u00b5Pa rms and 107 \u00b1 5 dBA) exceeded known thresholds of behavioral and physiological impacts for humans, as well as terrestrial birds and mammals. Importantly, we demonstrate that the number and cumulative duration of daily overflights exceed those in a majority of studies that have evaluated impacts of noise from military aircraft worldwide. Using a hydrophone deployed near one runway, we also detected sound signatures of aircraft at a depth of 30 m below the sea surface, with noise levels (134 \u00b1 3 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa rms) exceeding thresholds known to trigger behavioral changes in fish, seabirds, and marine mammals, including Endangered Southern Resident killer whales. Our study highlights challenges and problems in evaluating the implications of increased noise pollution from military operations, and knowledge gaps that should be prioritized with respect to understanding impacts on people and sensitive wildlife.","author":["Kuehne, L.","Erbe, C.","Ashe, E.","Bogaard, L.","Collins, M.","Williams, R."],"organization":["University of Washington","Curtin University","Oceans Initiative"],"originationDate":"2020-11-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.343805000000","-122.688048000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-08-00923-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/559618","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-ocean-thermal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3587308","title":"Wave, Tidal and Ocean Thermal Energy","description":"Ocean renewable energy sources hold the potential to contribute to the options of low-carbon energy sources and enhance the efforts by the global community to slow down climate change. In this Chapter, we provide a brief background on the current state of technology and development of wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy and consider their potential as forms of renewable energy as well as the potential negative environmental footprints of ocean renewable energy installation and development. Secondly, we examine the relevant international legal and policy framework governing ocean energy, highlighting in particular, the absence of a global legal instrument that specifically regulates ocean renewable energy installations at the high seas. Thirdly, we identify current challenges to the roll-out of ocean renewable energy within the international regulatory framework. Lastly, we suggest policy and legal options available to countries to optimize the vast ocean energy resources.","author":["Adimazoya, T.","Doelle, M."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/559619","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-investigation-plunging-phenomenon-cold-water-discharged-ocean-thermal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/3\/155","title":"A Numerical Investigation of the Plunging Phenomenon of Cold Water Discharged from Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems","description":"The main role of cold water discharged from ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems is that deep ocean water, which is dense and nutrient-rich, is released through the condenser and discharged into the ocean surface. We present a numerical simulation in which a cold-water is discharged into a temperature-stratified fluid. A semi-empirical formula relating the outlet flow and the plunging depth was obtained by model analysis, and the k multiplier was 1.15. The model results are consistent with the experimental data.","author":["Hua, D.","Yasunaga, T.","Ikegami, Y."],"organization":["Saga University"],"originationDate":"2020-02-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-08-00155-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/559620","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-operation-open-cycle-otec-1mwe-power-plant-cozumel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-past-present-and-progress\/environmental-impact-assessment-of-the-operation-of-an-open-cycle-otec-1mwe-power-plant-in-the-cozum","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment of the Operation of an Open Cycle OTEC 1MWe Power Plant in the Cozumel Island, Mexico","description":"An environmental impact assessment (EIA) was made for the operation of a 1MWe open-cycle OTEC plant on Cozumel Island, Quintana Roo. Due to its bathymetric characteristics and its proximity to the population center, the ideal location for the placement of the OTEC plant is in the western coastal area of the island. An environmental inventory was developed in which the susceptible factors to be impacted were described (air, soil, water, landscape, geology and flora). The essential components of the OC-OTEC PLANT operation process were studied: vacuum pump, flash evaporator, turbine, condenser and pipes. An impact matrix (Leopold matrix) was created, which prompts to impacts on the environment list, generated by the OC-OTEC PLANT operation: CO2 emissions; nutrients dragged to the surface; artificial reef effect\/contamination by heavy metal salts; drag and compression of organisms; redistribution of oceanic water bodies; impacts by organic antifouling chemicals; noise; illumination; turtle nesting alteration; brine discharges; cause significant public controversy; alteration and interruption of migration routes; and waste, among others. Once the most significant impacts were assessed through the Leopold matrix, corrective and preventive measures were established on those actions, in order to minimize their negative impact on the environment.  This is a chapter in the book Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress. View the other book chapters here.","author":["Chan, E.","Tun, M.","Graniel, J.","Acevedo, E."],"organization":["Universidad del Caribe"],"originationDate":"2020-05-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.512355100000","-86.936362900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/71144.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/559814","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-energy-contexts-its-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-past-present-and-progress\/the-social-energy-contexts-for-its-assessment","title":"The Social Energy: Contexts for Its Assessment","description":"The recognition that interdisciplinary approaches must be integrated in any planning that concerns science and technology has shifted from theoretical perspectives to practical implementation. The once distant worlds of Engineering and Social Sciences must cross their boundaries if they are to contribute to the transition toward a carbon-neutral energy supply. The objective of this chapter is to explicitly state the connection of the social dimension with engineering applications (such as the OTEC technology) by developing basic elements of social analysis and explaining the conceptual and practical framework of instruments and practices like the social impact assessment. The chapter will mention the holistic perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the general debate of integrating the social sciences and humanities in environmental change research.  This is a chapter in the book Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - Past, Present, and Progress. View the other book chapters here.","author":["P\u00e9rez, A.","Agudelo, M.","Camacho, G."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","University of Iceland"],"originationDate":"2020-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/71102.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/563886","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-environment-research-strategic-actions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanenergy-europe.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/ETIP-Ocean-Ocean-energy-and-the-environment.pdf","title":"Ocean energy and the environment: Research and strategic actions","description":"This report identifies the key environmental research needs and consenting challenges that require action at an EU and national level, to facilitate the roll out of ocean energy. It analyses the latest environmental research and the current EU and national level policies and regulations regarding ocean energy. It makes environmental research, policy and regulatory recommendations and proposes a concrete Strategic Action Plan.  Balancing perceived negative impacts with proven positive impacts   Climate change represents the biggest single threat to the world\u2019s oceans. Climate change alters the chemical, biological and physical conditions of the ocean, causing serious damage to marine ecosystems and biodiversity, as well as to their dependent social and economic systems. Threats like temperature rise, acidification and oxygen depletion all need to be mitigated and ocean energy is part of the renewable solution.  Legislation to reduce potential local impacts of renewables is necessary, although it should always be proportionate and weighted against the greater benefits of reducing emissions from fossil fuel displacement.  No evidence of ocean energy installations posing a risk to ecosystems   As ocean energy is a relatively new sector, regulators naturally have questions about the hypothetical impact that installations could have on marine animals and habitats. The main concerns are collision risk, underwater sound, electromagnetic fields and habitat changes.  To date, there is no evidence of ocean energy installations posing a serious risk to marine ecosystems. As more machines are put in the water, more real-world observations and long-term monitoring will be needed in order to assess the reality of perceived risks.  Dedicated framework needed to speed up ocean energy consenting   Cautious approaches to risk assessment hamper consenting of ocean energy projects. An analysis of the consenting processes and marine spatial planning in Europe reveals that the main challenges are:    long and burdensome consenting processes,  requirements for extensive monitoring data, and  the absence of dedicated legislation for ocean energy.   Multiple, but often simple, solutions could significantly improve consenting of ocean energy projects. For example, having a single point of contact would make it easier for developers to get advice throughout a streamlined consenting process.  Better guidance and stronger communication essential to avoid duplication of efforts and long processes   Good communication and better sharing of information and experience among consenting authorities, developers, researchers and other stakeholders would facilitate the consenting processes.  Developers are not necessarily familiar with the different assessments required in the consenting process. Guidance documents would help them complete the process more efficiently. To help consenting authorities make informed decisions, environmental research results should be clearly and effectively disseminated to them.","author":["ETIP Ocean"],"organization":["ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)","Ocean Energy Europe (OEE)","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Tecnalia","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2020-12-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ETIP-Ocean-Ocean-energy-and-the-environment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/564273","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-development-under-us-international-law","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.du.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2072\u0026context=djilp","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Development Under U.S. and International Law and Institutions","description":"This study has as its primary focus those legal and institutional aspects which will ostensibly have a significant bearing upon the commercialization of OTEC. These issues are broadly classified as (1) jurisdictional, (2) regulatory, and (3) environmental. They will be discussed here in the context not only of existing international law - both customary and treaty law - but also of the current developments in the law and the probable changes in it, particularly those resulting from ongoing negotiations of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (LOS III). Several alternatives will be discussed and recommendations offered in each area in light of the United States\u0027 interests.  This discussion will be prefaced by a short assessment of the possible arrangements for the siting of OTEC plants, their functions, and their potential for the United States. The most likely configurations for OTEC plants will be: (1) an OTEC facility operating individually as a semipermanent fixture, or a number of plants moored in clusters of eight to ten plants around a central collection device, and connected to shore by a transmission cable, supplying electrical power for general consumption to a land-based electricity grid; or (2) an open sea OTEC facility, a plant-ship, migrating and \u0022grazing\u0022 on the surface, seeking the maximum thermal differential gradient and supplying power for an energy-intensive industry at sea. Such a facility could, for example, produce onsite ammonia to be used for the production of fertilizers and industrial chemicals or as a hydrogen carrier for production of electricity, or aluminum, or engage in energy-intensive commodity processing such as manganese nodules. The energy produced then could be converted into other forms of energy, such as hydrogen, and the products produced onsite transported to shore by vessel. Such products could also be manufactured and processed in such places as Hawaii and Puerto Rico, which are close to some of the prospective sites of OTEC facilities.","author":["Nanda, V."],"organization":["University of Denver"],"originationDate":"1978-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTEC-Law.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566791","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/larval-cross-shore-transport-estimated-internal-waves-background-flow-effects-larval","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/lno.11632","title":"Larval cross-shore transport estimated from internal waves with a background flow: The effects of larval vertical position and depth regulation","description":"Cross\u2010shore velocities in the coastal ocean typically vary with depth. The direction and magnitude of transport experienced by meroplanktonic larvae will therefore be influenced by their vertical position. To quantify how swimming behavior and vertical position in internal waves influence larval cross\u2010shore transport in the shallow (~\u200920\u2009m), stratified coastal waters off Southern California, we deployed swarms of novel, subsurface larval mimics, the Mini\u2010Autonomous Underwater Explorers (M\u2010AUEs). The M\u2010AUEs were programmed to maintain a specified depth, and were deployed near a mooring. Transport of the M\u2010AUEs was predominantly onshore, with average velocities up to 14\u2009cm\u2009s\u22121. To put the M\u2010AUE deployments into a broader context, we simulated\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009500 individual high\u2010frequency internal waves observed at the mooring over a 14\u2010d deployment; in each internal wave, we released both depth\u2010keeping and passive virtual larvae every meter in the vertical. After the waves\u0027 passage, depth\u2010keeping virtual larvae were usually found closer to shore than passive larvae released at the same depth. Near the top of the water column (3\u20135\u2010m depth), ~\u200920% of internal waves enhanced onshore transport of depth\u2010keeping virtual larvae by\u2009\u2265\u200950\u2009m, whereas only 1% of waves gave similar enhancements to passive larvae. Our observations and simulations showed that depth\u2010keeping behavior in high\u2010frequency internal waves resulted in enhanced onshore transport at the top of the water column, and reduced offshore dispersal at the bottom, compared to being passive. Thus, even weak depth\u2010keeping may allow larvae to reach nearshore adult habitats more reliably than drifting passively.","author":["Garwood, J.","Lucas, A.","Naughton, P.","Roberts, P.","Jaffe, J.","deGelleke, L.","Franks, P."],"organization":["Rutgers University","University of California San Diego","Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.595437000000","-117.546277000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/lno.11632.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566792","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enabling-stakeholder-participation-marine-spatial-planning-bangladesh-experience","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19480881.2020.1825200","title":"Enabling stakeholder participation in marine spatial planning: the Bangladesh experience","description":"The article explores stakeholder participation in marine spatial planning with particular reference to Bangladesh, a country which has committed to developing such an ocean management approach but remains at an early stage in the process. A contextual overview of the marine environment, resources and economic activities within the maritime areas of Bangladesh is provided. Definitions and concepts of marine spatial planning are critically discussed and the need to identify and understand the roles, expectations and interests of diverse stakeholders to deliver successful implementation emphasised. An overview and synthesis of a survey of maritime stakeholders in Bangladesh is provided with a view to enhancing understanding of their engagement processes, relationships and conflicts. Recommendations to reconcile conflicting uses and help facilitate the development of marine spatial planning in Bangladesh and potentially the Bay of Bengal more widely.","author":["Mannan, S.","Nilsson, H.","Johansson, T.","Schofield, C."],"organization":["World Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2020-10-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["22.633658000000","89.824620000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/bangladesh.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566793","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholders-requirements-regarding-wave-energy-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.theseus.fi\/handle\/10024\/338175","title":"Stakeholders\u0027 requirements regarding wave energy technology","description":"Wello Ltd has recently changed their business strategy from selling and constructing the Penguin wave energy converter to selling their digital product, Penguin Core. Thus, the objective of the thesis was to examine what their stakeholders\u2019 requirements, needs and concerns were regarding Wello\u2019s wave energy technology products and services.  Renewable energy technologies, such as wave power and other low-CO2 technologies, are great ways to impact positively on the climate change. When operating in a new market area with a new technology, such as wave power, understanding the stakeholders\u2019 needs is necessary. Wave energy has globally a massive potential, and with Wello\u2019s wave energy technology, this potential could be tapped. The data for the study was collected with an electronic stakeholder survey. The stakeholders included site developers, off-shore operators, shipyards, utility companies and consultation companies. The survey questions were created in cooperation with Wello\u2019s staff, and they focused on the stakeholders\u2019 requirements, needs and concerns. The stakeholder survey was sent via email because the stakeholders were geographically dispersed. The research data was analysed with qualitative methods with some quantitative aspects.  According to the results, changing Wello\u2019s business strategy was a correct solution. Increasing cooperation with local business partners would make the sales process more convenient for the stakeholders. In marketing, Wello should promote the possibility to affect the climate change through positive actions and long-term business opportunities.","author":["Kujanp\u00e4\u00e4, J."],"organization":["JAMK University of Applied Sciences"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kujanpaaa_Jere_Opinnaaytetyo.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566794","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-greek-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/698_2020_680","title":"Marine Renewable Energy in the Greek Seas","description":"The objective of this chapter is to present and discuss the various aspects that are directly related to marine renewable energy development in the Greek Seas with the aim of describing the current status and identifying future potential conflicts and challenges. In order to assess the spatial context in which marine renewable energy technologies could be installed in Greece, some key factors are addressed. Specifically, the geomorphological and metocean characteristics are discussed along with the most prevalent economic activities encountered in the area of interest. The marine resource availability indicates that specific forms of marine renewable energy are favourable for exploitation in the Greek Seas based on the current technological status, while an integrated approach should be considered for the compilation of the main drivers that can activate marine renewable energy projects in the near future. Some suggestions and guidelines are also provided including policy, funding and legislation issues for the efficient exploitation of the marine resources.","author":["Soukissian, T.","Karathanasi, F.","Belibassakis, K.","Kontoyiannis, H."],"organization":["Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","National Technical University of Athens"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.974267000000","21.895332000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566795","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-marine-renewable-energy-mediterranean-pelagos-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/developing-marine-renewable-energy-mediterranean-case-pelagos-project-soukissian-veldeki-damasiotis-perakis-barkouta-chatjigeorgiou-bougiouri\/e\/10.1201\/9781003134572-8","title":"Developing marine renewable energy in the Mediterranean: The PELAGOS project","description":"Maritime clusters with transnational dimensions are key to the socio-economic development and the sustainability of blue growth in the Mediterranean. In this work, the design and development of a marine renewable energy (MRE) cluster in the Mediterranean is presented, while a short review regarding MRE status in the basin is also provided. Cluster policy and the corresponding innovation, legislation and financial frameworks are discussed along with socio-economic characteristics of the Mediterranean Sea. MRE development should be designed in an appropriate way so as to achieve both economic and environmental sustainability, by integrating three important frameworks that are not always aligned: the engineering, the ecological and the socio-economic one. An initiative towards these directions is the PELAGOS Mediterranean cluster that is expected to stimulate smart and sustainable growth in the area through the development of MRE and to accelerate the exploitation of the relevant technological innovation in the market sector.","author":["Soukissian, T.","Veldeki, G.","Damasiotis, M.","Perakis, C.","Barkouta, D.","Chatjigeorgiou, I.","Bougiouri, V."],"organization":["Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES)","University of Athens"],"originationDate":"2020-10-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.974267000000","21.895332000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566796","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-economy-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-challenges-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412019338255","title":"The Blue Economy and the United Nations\u0027 sustainable development goals: Challenges and opportunities","description":"The \u201cBlue Economy (BE)\u201d is an increasingly popular concept as a strategy for safeguarding the world\u2019s oceans and water resources. It may emerge when economic activity is in balance with the long term capacity of ocean ecosystems to support the activity in a sustainable manner. Importantly, the concept of BE posits the inherent conflicts between two discourses\u2014growth and development, and protection of ocean resources. The inherent conflicts require solutions to embrace the opportunities associated with the ocean economy while recognizing and addressing its threats. The potential solutions on a global scale are advocated by the United Nations in their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, we notice that the identification of the scope and boundaries of the BE in line with the UN\u2019s SDGs is vague even challenging, and the key stakeholders and their interests and roles in the BE are also vague. This review examines the scientific evidence of the association between the BE and the UN\u2019s SDGs, and relevance and alignment of stakeholders on the link between the BE and SDGs. Based on a literature survey between 1998 and 2018, we find that BE is highly associated with SDGs 14\u201317. Notably, we find that stakeholders prefer SDG 3 Good Health \u0026amp; Well-Being and SDG 8 Decent Work \u0026amp; Economic Growth in the BE context. As stakeholder involvement shows some differences and variations in the relationship between the BE and SDGs, we consider that stakeholders can play some roles directly or indirectly in the BE-SDGs context. In order to set achievable goals and targets in BE-SDGs, we support that key stakeholders should be identified to play several important roles in prosperous economic, societal development and setting tolerable ranges for the ocean biosphere.","author":["Lee, K.","Noh, J.","Khim, J."],"organization":["Griffith University","Seoul National University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/1-s2.0-S0160412019338255-main.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566798","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-research-trends-renewable-energy-ocean-waves-tidal-energy-offshore-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-coastal-research\/volume-95\/issue-sp1\/SI95-286.1\/Global-Research-and-Trends-in-Renewable-Energy--Ocean-Waves\/10.2112\/SI95-286.1.short","title":"Global Research and Trends in Renewable Energy: Ocean Waves, Tidal Energy and Offshore Wind","description":"The purpose of this study is to reveal the research trends of scientific outputs on marine renewable energy from ocean for the past 30 years and provide a potential guide for future research. A method of scientometric analysis was performed, based on the online version of the Web of Science and Scopus from 1990 to 2019. The authors evaluated the publication types, source countries, journals, the patterns of publication outputs, most cited articles, most-productive authors, institutional distributions, subject categories, high-frequency keywords in the 1,246 publications of marine renewable energy in total. The research results show that the general most concerned topics of are \u201crenewable energy\u201d \u201cwave energy\u201d \u201cmarine renewable energy\u201d \u201cocean energy\u201d and \u201ctidal energy\u201d, but the bioenergy has increasingly attracted more attention.","author":["Cui, Y.","Xu, D.","Liu, Z.","Ross, D."],"organization":["Henan University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-05-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566799","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harnessing-salinity-gradient-energy-coastal-stormwater-runoff-reduce-pathogen-loading","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.rsc.org\/ko\/content\/articlelanding\/2020\/ew\/c9ew01137d\/unauth#!divAbstract","title":"Harnessing salinity gradient energy in coastal stormwater runoff to reduce pathogen loading","description":"Stormwater runoff is a significant source of coastal pathogen pollution. Here, we demonstrate field-scale use of a charge-free mixing entropy battery (MEB) to tap the salinity gradient voltage between stormwater and seawater and use it to power stormwater disinfection in an UV-LED module, achieving a 2.8\u2006log reduction in E. coli.","author":["Dubrawski, K,.","Wang, W.","Xu, J.","Criddle, C."],"organization":["Stanford University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/566800","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/projecting-marine-developmental-diversity-connectivity-future-oceans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1098\/rstb.2019.0450","title":"Projecting marine developmental diversity and connectivity in future oceans","description":"Global change will alter the distribution of organisms around the planet. While many studies have explored how different species, groups and traits might be re-arranged, few have explored how dispersal is likely to change under future conditions. Dispersal drives ecological and evolutionary dynamics of populations, determining resilience, persistence and spread. In marine systems, dispersal shows clear biogeographical patterns and is extremely dependent on temperature, so simple projections can be made regarding how dispersal potentials are likely to change owing to global warming under future thermal regimes. We use two proxies for dispersal\u2014developmental mode and developmental duration. Species with a larval phase are more dispersive than those that lack a larval phase, and species that spend longer developing in the plankton are more dispersive than those that spend less time in the plankton. Here, we explore how the distribution of different development modes is likely to change based on current distributions. Next, we estimate how the temperature-dependence of development itself depends on the temperature in which the species lives, and use this estimate to project how developmental durations are likely to change in the future. We find that species with feeding larvae are likely to become more prevalent, extending their distribution poleward at the expense of species with aplanktonic development. We predict that developmental durations are likely to decrease, particularly in high latitudes where durations may decline by more than 90%. Overall, we anticipate significant changes to dispersal in marine environments, with species in the polar seas experiencing the greatest change.","author":["Marshall, D.","Alvarez-Noriega, M."],"organization":["Monash University"],"originationDate":"2020-11-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/573366","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seafloor-biodiversity-canadas-three-oceans-patterns-hotspots-potential-drivers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/ddi.13013","title":"Seafloor biodiversity of Canada\u0027s three oceans: Patterns, hotspots and potential drivers","description":"Aim  We examined the relationships between bathymetry, latitude and energy and the diversity of marine benthic invertebrates across wide environmental ranges of Canada\u0027s three oceans.    Location  Canadian Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic Oceans from the intertidal zone to upper bathyal depths, encompassing 13 marine ecoregions.    Methods  We compiled 35 benthic datasets that encompass 3,337 taxa (70% identified to species and 21% to genus) from 13,172 samples spanning 6,117 sites. Partitioning the analyses by different gear types, ecoregions or sites, we used Hill numbers to examine spatial patterns in \u03b1\u2010diversity. We used resampling and extrapolation to standardized sampling effort and examined the effects of depth, latitude, chemical energy (export particulate organic carbon [POC] flux), thermal energy (bottom temperature) and seasonality of primary production on the benthic biodiversity.    Results  The Canadian Arctic harboured the highest benthic diversity (e.g. epifauna and common and dominant infauna species), whereas the lowest diversity was found in the Atlantic. The Puget Trough (Pacific), Beaufort Sea, Arctic Archipelago, Hudson Bay, Northern Labrador and Southern Grand Bank (Atlantic) were the \u201chotspots\u0022 of diversity among the ecoregions. The infauna and epifauna both exhibited hump\u2010shaped diversity\u2013depth relationships, with peak diversity near shelf breaks; latitude (positively) predicted infaunal diversity, albeit weakly. Food supply, as inferred from primary production and depth, was more important than thermal energy in controlling diversity patterns. Limitations with respect to calculating POC flux in coastal (e.g. terrestrial runoff) and ice\u2010covered regions or biological interactions may explain the negative POC flux\u2013infaunal diversity relationship.    Main Conclusions  We show previously unreported diversity hotspots in the Canadian Arctic and in other ecoregions. Our analyses reveal potential controlling mechanisms of large\u2010scale benthic biodiversity patterns in Canada\u0027s three oceans, which are inconsistent with the prevailing view of seafloor energy\u2013diversity relationships. These results provide insightful information for conservation that can help to implement further MPA networks.","author":["Wei, C-L.","Cusson, M.","Archambault, P.","Belley, R.","Brown, T.","Burd, B.","Edinger, E.","Kenchington, E.","Gilkinson, K.","Lawton, P.","Link, H.","Ramey-Balci, P.","Snelgrove, P."],"organization":["National Taiwan University","University of Quebec","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2019-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.987718000000","-109.870293000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ddi.13013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/573367","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tapping-renewable-energy-sources-contemporary-india-issues-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.indianjournals.com\/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijre\u0026volume=10\u0026issue=1\u0026article=001","title":"Tapping Renewable Energy Sources in Contemporary India: Issues and Challenges","description":"Considering the fast depleting fossil fuel reserves, concerns of energy security and climate change, renewable energy sources are considered as a major source of India\u0027s future energy. Growth of renewable energy (RE) in developed countries is primarily driven by environmental concerns. Geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), wave energy, tidal power, wind energy, small hydropower generation, solar energy constitute the major renewable energy resources. The loopholes in the institutional mechanisms are hindering the process of policy formulation. This paper finds the differences between central and regional needs have created barriers to RE technologies in India.","author":["Chandy, S."],"organization":["Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.646523000000","79.371871000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/573368","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/prospects-ocean-based-renewable-energy-west-africas-sustainable-energy-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/SASBE-05-2019-0066\/full\/html","title":"Prospects of ocean-based renewable energy for West Africa\u0027s sustainable energy future","description":"The limited supply of fossil fuels, constant rise in the demand of energy and the importance of reducing greenhouse emissions has brought the adoption of renewable energy sources for generation of electrical power. One of these sources that has the potential to supply the world\u2019s energy needs is the ocean. The current utilization of ocean area as energy source in West African region is in the production of oil and gas from the continental shelf. However, this resource is depleting and the adaptation of ocean energy could be of major importance especially in favorable areas. The primary purpose this paper is to discuss the possibilities of Ocean Based Renewable Energy (OBRE) and to analyze the economic impact of adapting ocean energy. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of cost, energy security and environmental protection. This analysis will be helpful in determining the feasibility, performance, issues and environmental effects related to the generation and transmission of OBRE in West Africa region. This study shows that adapting ocean energy in West Africa region can significantly produce the energy needed to match the rising energy demands. Although, the transition towards the OBRE will incur high capital cost at the initial stage but it will eventually lead to a cost-effective generation, transmission, environmental improvement and stable energy supply to match demand when compared with the conventional mode of generation in West Africa.","author":["Adesanya, A.","Misra, S.","Maskeliunas, R.","Damasevicius, R."],"organization":["Covenant University","Vytautas Magnus University"],"originationDate":"2020-03-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["17.700383000000","-18.862853000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/580514","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-biophysical-linkages-tidal-energy-candidate-sites-case-study-combining","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148120308077","title":"Investigating biophysical linkages at tidal energy candidate sites: a case study for combining environmental assessment and resource characterisation","description":"As the tidal energy industry looks to expand into commercial-scale array installations, uncertainty in methodology and outcome for environmental impact assessments can encumber tidal energy developments. Incorporating environmental monitoring measures into site characterisation campaigns can provide baseline information about biophysical relationships and help recognise potential impacts to the marine environment early in the development process. Concurrent measurements of fish and tidal currents were taken at a tidal energy candidate site in Australia over \u223c2.5 months during its tidal resource assessment. Fish aggregation metrics (density, abundance, centre-of-mass (CM), dispersion, %-water column occupied, evenness, and relative aggregation) were investigated for their relation to environmental conditions (current speed, shear, temperature, diel stage, and tidal stage). Diel stage was the most significant indicator for fish density, abundance, and %-water column occupied. Fish density and abundance were elevated during strong currents, with vertical fish distribution (CM and dispersion) also influenced by current speed. Environmental conditions were able to explain up to 25% of variation in fish aggregation metrics using linear models. This study shows that early-stage environmental monitoring can successfully provide baseline information about fish aggregation responses to prevailing environmental conditions, thus reducing uncertainty risks for stakeholders of tidal energy developments.","author":["Scherelis, C.","Penesis, I.","Hemer, M.","Cossu, R.","Wright, J.","Guihen, D."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.666595800000","148.081733100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/580515","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-ecosystem-assessment-southern-ocean-birds-marine-mammals-changing-climate","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2020.566936","title":"Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean: Birds and Marine Mammals in a Changing Climate","description":"The massive number of seabirds (penguins and procellariiformes) and marine mammals (cetaceans and pinnipeds) \u2013 referred to here as top predators \u2013 is one of the most iconic components of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean. They play an important role as highly mobile consumers, structuring and connecting pelagic marine food webs and are widely studied relative to other taxa. Many birds and mammals establish dense breeding colonies or use haul-out sites, making them relatively easy to study. Cetaceans, however, spend their lives at sea and thus aspects of their life cycle are more complicated to monitor and study. Nevertheless, they all feed at sea and their reproductive success depends on the food availability in the marine environment, hence they are considered useful indicators of the state of the marine resources. In general, top predators have large body sizes that allow for instrumentation with miniature data-recording or transmitting devices to monitor their activities at sea. Development of scientific techniques to study reproduction and foraging of top predators has led to substantial scientific literature on their population trends, key biological parameters, migratory patterns, foraging and feeding ecology, and linkages with atmospheric or oceanographic dynamics, for a number of species and regions. We briefly summarize the vast literature on Southern Ocean top predators, focusing on the most recent syntheses. We also provide an overview on the key current and emerging pressures faced by these animals as a result of both natural and human causes. We recognize the overarching impact that environmental changes driven by climate change have on the ecology of these species. We also evaluate direct and indirect interactions between marine predators and other factors such as disease, pollution, land disturbance and the increasing pressure from global fisheries in the Southern Ocean. Where possible we consider the data availability for assessing the status and trends for each of these components, their capacity for resilience or recovery, effectiveness of management responses, risk likelihood of key impacts and future outlook.","author":["Bestley, S.","Ropert-Coudert, Y.","Nash, S.","Brooks, C.","Cotte, C.","Dewar, M.","Friedlaender, A.","Jackson, J.","Labrousse, S.","Lowther, A.","McMahon, C.","Phillips, R.","Pistorius, P.","Puskic, P.","Reis, A.","Reisinger, R.","Santos, M.","Tarszisz, E.","Tixier, P.","Trathan, P.","Wege, M.","Wienecke, B."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)","Griffith University","University of Colorado Boulder","Deakin University","University of California Santa Cruz","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Norwegian Polar Institute","Sydney Institute of Marine Science","Nelson Mandela University","Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","University of Canterbury","University of Pretoria"],"originationDate":"2020-11-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/580905","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scientific-shortcomings-environmental-impact-statements-internationally","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/pan3.10081","title":"Scientific shortcomings in environmental impact statements internationally","description":"Governments around the world rely on environmental impact assessment (EIA) to understand the environmental risks of proposed developments.  To examine the basis for these appraisals, we examine the output of EIA processes in jurisdictions within seven countries, focusing on scope (spatial and temporal), mitigation actions and whether impacts were identified as \u2018significant\u2019.  We find that the number of impacts characterized as significant is generally low. While this finding may indicate that EIA is successful at promoting environmentally sustainable development, it may also indicate that the methods used to assess impact are biased against findings of significance. To explore the methods used, we investigate the EIA process leading to significance determination.  We find that EIA reports could be more transparent with regard to the spatial scale they use to assess impacts to wildlife. We also find that few reports on mining projects consider temporal scales that are precautionary with regard to the effects of mines on water resources. Across our sample of reports, we find that few EIAs meaningfully consider the different ways that cumulative impacts can interact.  Across countries, we find that proposed mitigation measures are often characterized as effective without transparent justification, and sometimes are described in ways that render the mitigation measure proposal ambiguous.  Across the reports in our sample, professional judgement is overwhelmingly the determinant of impact significance, with little transparency around the reasoning process involved or input by stakeholders.  We argue that the credibility and accuracy of the EIA process could be improved by adopting more rigorous assessment methodologies and empowering regulators to enforce their use.","author":["Singh, G.","Lerner, J.","Mach, M.","Murray, C.","Ranieri, B.","St-Laurent, G.","Wong, J.","Guimaraes, A.","Yunda-Guarin, G.","Satterfield, T.","Chan, K."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2020-03-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 06:53:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/shortcomings_EIA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/580906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dataset-concurrent-echosounder-adcp-measurements-tidal-energy-candidate-site-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352340920307678","title":"Dataset for concurrent echosounder and ADCP measurements at a tidal energy candidate site in Australia","description":"Interaction uncertainties between tidal energy devices and marine animals have the potential to impede the tidal energy industry as it moves closer towards commercial-scale array installations. Developing standardised environmental impact assessment (EIA) practices would allow for potential impact concerns to the marine environment to be identified and mitigated early during project development. In an effort to help formulate a standardised EIA framework that addresses knowledge gaps in fish-current interactions at tidal energy candidate sites, Scherelis et al. presented a case study for investigating changes in fish aggregations in response to changing environmental conditions including tidal currents at a tidal energy candidate site in Australia prior to turbine installation. Here, we present the dataset utilised for this study titled \u201cInvestigating biophysical linkages at tidal energy candidate sites: a case study for combining environmental assessment and resource characterisation\u201d. The dataset includes tidal current information from an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), volume backscattering measurements from a four-frequency biological echosounder (Acoustic Zooplankton and Fish Profiler \u2013 AZFP) as an indicator for fish biomass, and fish aggregation metrics calculated from volume backscatter in post-processing. ADCP and AZFP were installed on a bottom-mounted mooring and engaged in a concurrent sampling plan for \u223c2.5 months from December 2018 to February 2019. The mooring was deployed in the Banks Strait, a tidal energy candidate site located in the northeast of Tasmania, Australia, at a location favourable for tidal turbine installations considering current speed, depth, substrate, sediment type and proximity to shore. The ADCP dataset includes current velocity and direction measurements at 1\u202fm vertical and 1-min time intervals. The raw AZFP dataset includes volume backscattering strength collected in 4-s time intervals with a vertical resolution of 0.072\u202fm in raw, and 0.1\u202fm in pre-processed form. Several post-processing steps were implemented to mitigate changes in background noise due to current speed and wind stress, and to isolate acoustic fish returns from remaining scattering sources. Once isolated, volume backscatter containing fish targets underwent post-processing to determine fish aggregation metrics including density, abundance, centre of mass, dispersion,% water column occupied, evenness, and index for aggregation. Each aggregation metric was then binned by minute matched with corresponding environmental conditions for current speed, shear, temperature, diel stage, and tidal stage. Raw and processed datasets for the AZFP and ADCP are provided. Post-processed data includes the derived fish aggregation metrics along with corresponding environmental conditions. The described datasets are freely available on the Australian Ocean Data Network (AODN).","author":["Scherelis, C.","Penesis, I.","Hemer, M.","Cossu, R.","Wright, J."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2020-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.666595800000","148.081733100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582644","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-collective-pressure-marine-spatial-planning-current-approach-eu-member","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0964569120303550","title":"Assessment of collective pressure in marine spatial planning: The current approach of EU Member States","description":"We report on EU Member States\u0027 assessment of the collective pressure through cumulative impact assessments (CIA) in their implementation of the EU Maritime Spatial Planning Directive (MSPD). While the MSPD is ambiguous on how to approach the assessment of collective pressures, the present study is based on a preunderstanding that CIAs are required in marine spatial planning (MSP) for two reasons. Firstly, to address all relevant human activities and their pressures in order to comply with the concept of an \u2018ecosystem-based approach\u2019 and to ensure a good environmental status. Secondly, indirectly, to ensure that land-sea interactions are taken into account. Our results show few and inadequate examples of CIA in national MSP processes. Most MSP processes address collective pressure through CIA as part of a strategic environmental impact assessment. In conclusion, while the MSPD requires MSP to ensure collective pressure is kept below a level compatible with good environmental status, as part of an ecosystem-based approach, the study found few examples of ecosystem-based MSP.","author":["Kirkfeldt, T.","Andersen, J."],"organization":["Aalborg University","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)"],"originationDate":"2021-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582645","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/human-impact-highly-mobile-cetaceans-use-biotelemetry-data-inform-ocean-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10037\/19770","title":"Human impact on highly mobile cetaceans: the use of biotelemetry data to inform ocean management","description":"The human presence in the worlds\u2019 oceans is increasing, in response to the growing demand for marine resources. This expansion of human activities will increase pressure on marine ecosystems and demands a responsible ocean management, to ensure the sustainable use of marine resources. Highly mobile marine top predators, such as cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are exposed to a multitude of anthropogenic activities, as they frequent various habitats. This highlights the need to evaluate the cumulative impacts of multiple human activities on these species. However, studying these animals can be challenging, as they spend most of their time under water and travel over long distances, often in remote offshore regions. In this thesis, biotelemetry data is used to assess the influence of human activities on two marine top predators in the Norwegian and Barents Sea, humpback whales and killer whales. Humpback whales are seasonal migrants in the study area, primarily in the Barents Sea, and transit through the coastal regions of northern Norway. In contrast, killer whales reside in Norwegian waters throughout the year, often in coastal regions where the concentration of human pressure is high. This difference in life strategy is likely to influence how these species overlap and interact with human activities.  Biotelemetry is recognised as a valuable tool in the analysis of animal behaviour. To evaluate how this tool can be used to study human impact, 41 killer whales (Orcinus orca) and 30 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were tagged with Argos satellite devices between 2014 and 2019 in the Norwegian and Barents Sea. As both species are associated with winter herring aggregations in the fjords of northern Norway, most of the tags were deployed during the herring overwintering. In addition, some humpback whales were instrumented during the late summer in the Barents Sea, and some killer whales were instrumented during the spring off the coast of western Norway. Since Argos tags can only transmit data when they are above the surface, tag placement on the animal might influence the quality and the quantity of location estimates. To test the influence of tag placement, two tags were deployed at different heights on the dorsal fin of a single killer whale. The tag that was placed higher up the dorsal fin generated more and higher quality location estimates. This could influence the results and conclusions of biotelemetry studies, in terms of area usage and association with specific oceanographic or anthropogenic features. For example, we found that correlations to environmental characteristics can either be missed or falsely identified at a spatial resolution of less than a few kilometres. These results demonstrate that tag placement should be considered when interpreting biotelemetry data, in particular when comparing the movement of multiple individuals. Alternatively, increasing the spatial resolution of the analysis can reduce the influence of tag placements on the interpretation of biotelemetry studies.  We studied how one anthropogenic activity influences the movement of a highly mobile marine predator. To test if killer whales are attracted to fishing vessels, we used biotelemetry data from 25 killer whales from two consecutive years. Killer whales may be drawn to fishing activity, for example because of escaped or discarded fish, or by picking fish from the nets. Here we selected a spatial scale that would be largely impervious to variation in tag performance, based on the outcome of the first part of this thesis. A hidden Markov model indicated that most of the killer whales were attracted to fishing activity. Almost 80% of the locations from some individuals were identified as \u201cattracted to fishing activity\u201d by the model. Our model showed that whales were more likely to be attracted when they were within 20 km of the nearest fishing activity. This could explain why attraction occurred primarily in the fjords. Herring leaves the fjord at the end of the winter to migrate to their spawning grounds along the Norwegian coast. Although both killer whales and fishers appeared to follow the herring, perhaps the killer whales were often too far from fishing vessels to react.  In the final step of this thesis, all the data were combined, in order to develop and test a new framework for dynamic cumulative impact assessment for highly migratory top predators. This framework was tested on humpback and killer whales in the Norwegian and Barents Sea, by evaluating all the major human activities and by calculating a cumulative impact index. We found that areas of high impact were strongly influenced by seasonal variations in the distribution of cetaceans. In this case study, we identified an area of high impact in the northern Barents Sea during the summer. Here, foraging humpback whales overlapped with shipping and fishing activities. During the autumn, winter and spring, high impact areas were identified primarily along the coast of northern Norway. Between winter and spring, a clear southwards shift can be recognised in the high impact area, which appears to coincide with the migration of Norwegian Spring Spawning herring (Clupea harengus). The concentration of human activities in this area is generally higher than in the Barents Sea, which demonstrates that humpback whales are exposed to various intensities of anthropogenic activities, while killer whales are exposed to high intensities throughout the year. Although the distribution of human activities also varies throughout the year, in this study, animal distribution appeared to be the main factor influencing the areas of high impact. With this study, we have demonstrated that this framework can be used to identify areas of high cumulative impact and that seasonal variation in animal distribution should be considered in cumulative impact assessments for highly mobile top predators. Biotelemetry data provides a powerful input for a dynamic cumulative impact assessment, in particular if animal data can be collected throughout the year.  Cumulative impact assessments require knowledge on detailed animal responses to individual anthropogenic activities. Unfortunately, this knowledge is often lacking, which indicates the need for biotelemetry studies that focus on the interaction between a species and a human activity. The proposed framework for dynamic cumulative impact assessments is suitable to evaluate how multiple anthropogenic activities affect highly mobile marine top predators along their migration routes. This approach can identify dynamic areas of high cumulative overlap that may require conservation priority. Future studies can build on this framework to develop dynamic cumulative impact assessments for other species or ecosystems. Especially considering climatic and anthropogenic changes in the Arctic in the near future, there is a strong need for evaluation on human impacts on species, ecosystems and habitats, including highly mobile marine predators.","author":["Evert, M."],"organization":["The University of Troms\u00f8"],"originationDate":"2020-12-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["73.651341000000","37.211378000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Cetaceans","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/thesis_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582646","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecosystem-services-blue-economy-navigating-power-values","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eprints.lancs.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/147621\/","title":"Ecosystem services and the blue economy: navigating power and values","description":"Reconciling competing interests is a key challenge for environmental governance, especially in marine ecosystems, which are facing a combination of environmental pressures and high levels of human dependence. At the same time, there is increasing interest in oceans as a source of economic growth. Marine ecosystems are often characterised by legal plurality, which adds another challenge for effective governance. Marine ecosystems governance is therefore complex, and it has been proposed that interactive governance that aligns the values and principles of different governance actors is needed to address multiple interlinked, but sometimes also competing, goals and interests. Contemporary governance approaches increasingly emphasise the interlinked interests of humans and nature, as demonstrated the concept of ecosystem services and the recently emerged blue economy. Ecosystem services are defined as \u201cthe benefits people obtain from ecosystems\u201d (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 p. v). The blue economy has various definitions, that commonly emphasise \u201cimprovement of human wellbeing and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities\u201d (The Commonwealth 2020 p. 1)  Ecosystem services and the blue economy are thought to together offer potential for the alignment of different interests through their emphasis on multiple and interlinked goals for environmental governance. Whilst the blue economy informs wider policy discourse, ecosystem services can be seen as the materialisation of this discourse through capturing preferences and values on the ground. However, aiming for the simultaneous optimisation of different dimensions does not guarantee alignment of values, worldviews and images within or among elements of governance, and across scale. The question remains whether these increasingly dominant approaches to marine environmental governance succeed in demonstrating the importance of biodiversity whilst integrating diverse social, economic, and environmental interests. The ecosystem services concept tends to be directed at the system to be governed (e.g. ecosystems and resource users), whereas the blue economy concept is directed at the governing system (i.e. national governments and decision makers), and although they are related, it is not clear to what extent they are capable of connecting these different scales.  In this thesis, I set out to develop a better understanding of the extent to which the evolving landscape of marine environmental governance contributes to aligning the values, worldviews and images of the governing system with those of the system-to-be-governed.","author":["Schutter, M."],"organization":["Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2020schutterphd.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582647","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/year-round-acoustic-patterns-dolphins-interaction-anthropogenic-activities-sicily","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0964569120302301","title":"Year-round acoustic patterns of dolphins and interaction with anthropogenic activities in the Sicily Strait, central Mediterranean Sea","description":"Understanding spatio-temporal patterns of top predators can be crucial for evaluating key habitats, assessing the effects of anthropogenic activity and consequently applying suitable management policies. Here, we characterized dolphins acoustic occurrence and interactions with boat presence and noise in the waters of the Sicily Strait. A hydrophone was deployed on an elastic beacon three miles off the coast of south-west Sicily, and recorded continuously for 14 months, from January 2015. Results revealed that packed and train clicks types were the most detected signals, suggesting that animals were especially involved in feeding activity. A regular year-round acoustic presence was recorded, with seasonal variability. Two peaks were detected during the year in August and November, cuncurrently with a possible increase in fish biomass in the area. An abrupt decrease in click detection rate in September coincides with the biological shutdown in 2015 and the shift of fishing vessels offshore, suggesting a possible movement of dolphins following trawlers. Furthermore, dolphins vocalized more during the night-time, probably carrying out movements to and from the coast. Results indicated that dolphins interact with trawlers during mid-morning when an intermediate level of activity was collected, but click detection rate decreased with increasing noise levels at one-third octave bands centered at 250 Hz. Outcomes can help inform conservation efforts and the development of monitoring programmes focused on environmental impact assessments under the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive.","author":["Papale, E.","Alonge, G.","Grammauta, R.","Ceraulo, M.","Giacoma, C.","Mazzola, S.","Buscaino, G."],"organization":["University of Turin"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.020377000000","15.527848000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582648","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-public-participation-environmental-impact-assessment-marine-engineering","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-coastal-research\/volume-103\/issue-sp1\/SI103-097.1\/The-Impact-of-Public-Participation-on-the-Environmental-Impact-Assessment\/10.2112\/SI103-097.1.short","title":"The Impact of Public Participation on the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marine Engineering","description":"Marine engineering can bring huge economic benefits, but in the process of using marine engineering to develop marine resources, there is often excessive demand and consumption of environmental resources by the development and construction subjects, and there are endless incidents of marine environment pollution or destruction. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of marine engineering can analyze, predict and evaluate the possible environmental impact of marine engineering, and put forward countermeasures to prevent or mitigate the adverse environmental impact. Because the marine engineering can bring huge economic benefits, and local governments need to make achievements, the environmental impact assessment often become a mere formality, or avoid the important and dwell on the trivial. By establishing reputation model and signal model, we find the public\u0027s positive attitude, extensive participation and active action in environmental impact assessment of marine engineering can prevent the EIA from being false, and make the EIA play a better role in the decision-making process.","author":["Li, S.","Zhang, X.","Ding, Z."],"organization":["Anhui University of Finance and Economics"],"originationDate":"2020-07-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 09:21:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/582649","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/relationships-between-two-kinds-msp-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/MAEM-12-2019-0013\/full\/html","title":"Relationships between two kinds of MSP in China","description":"Purpose   The major marine functional zoning plan (MMFZP) and marine functional zoning (MFZ) are two important kinds of marine spatial planning (MSP) in China. Their developing and implementation are integral to rational marine utilization and sustainable marine development. The purpose of this research is to study how these two kinds of MSP work in coordination in China.   Design\/methodology\/approach   This paper reviewed the present status of MSP research in China and abroad and presented a comparative study of the MMFZP and MFZ from different aspects, analyzing the relationship between the two.   Findings   The study found obvious differences between the MMFZP and MFZ, with respect to their concept and connotation, purpose and goal, as well as zoning methods and zoning functions. MFZ provides reference with respect to data, zoning methods and partial zoning results for the MMFZP, which in turn takes measures for addressing issues faced by MFZ and promotes the national MSP work.","author":["Tang, H.","Yue, Q.","Wang, C.","Zhou, L.","Yu, J.","Wu, W.","Feng, R.","Ma, C."],"organization":["Ocean University of China","National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)","People\u0027s Republic of China"],"originationDate":"2020-10-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.455869000000","105.123741000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/592117","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-use-offshore-wind-other-marine-renewables-european-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/STUD\/2020\/652212\/IPOL_STU(2020)652212_EN.pdf","title":"Impact of the use of offshore wind and other marine renewables on European fisheries","description":"This study aims to provide an overview of the general impacts of the development of offshore renewables (OR) on fisheries in European sea basins. Furthermore, it highlights pathways for possible co-existence solutions for both sectors, a description of good practice examples and lessons learnt, research gaps, and policy recommendations.  The research focusses on an in-depth spatial overlap analysis between the present-day fishing effort by fleet and the current and future spatial expansion of OR in European seas based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) and Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data. Further, we defined the concepts of co-existence, co-location and co-operation, and subsequently synthesised the lessons learnt from representative cases from the UK, Denmark, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. A standardised literature review allowed us to summarise the current knowledge on the impacts of OR on fisheries and to identify respective knowledge gaps.  This study has been prepared during the period June to August 2020 by the Th\u00fcnen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Germany, on the basis of desk research consisting of a compilation and analysis of existing data, and a literature review.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Gimpel, A.","Letschert, J.","Kraan, C.","D\u00f6ring, R."],"organization":["Thunen Instititute","European Parliament"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stelzenmuller-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/592118","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/unsustainable-finance-blue-economy-where-does-money-come","sourceURL":"","title":"Unsustainable Finance in the Blue Economy: Where Does the Money Come From?","description":"The blue economy covers a range of traditional and emerging sectors that are essential sources of food, energy, health and leisure for people throughout the world. The blue economy is growing fast and attracting investment worldwide. However, businesses often remain unsustainable. Illegal fishing, excessive tourism, polluting shipping and poorly designed port activities, are examples that threaten marine eco-systems and jeopardise the biodiversity that is essential to the prosperity of the planet. By 2030, one third of investments in the blue economy could be unsustainable \u2013 i.e., at least 250 billion euros invested in activities harmful to the oceans and ultimately the planet. Why is money flowing into damaging activities?  This study found many reasons, including a focus on short-term profits, inadequate impact assessments, weak regulatory frameworks and businesses\u2019 inability to attract impact investments. How can investments worldwide shift to activities that preserve the ocean and ensure longterm prosperity? While development banks are leading the change, they are unable to make significant changes alone. All financial players should be involved, including private equity funds, impact investors and policymakers. A sustainable blue economy is a global challenge that requires swift and coordinated global action. With this in mind, this report includes insights and recommendations for policymakers and investors  The study is structured as follows:    Chapters 2, 3 and 4 examine the main features in global funding and investment sources leading to unsustainable outcomes in relation to oceans \u2013 specifically, who is involved and how (Chapter 2), what are the main reasons and drivers behind such practices (Chapter 3) and how those practices are distributed across different global regions and what are the potential volumes of such unsustainable transactions (Chapter 4).  Chapters 5 and 6 assess the areas to be addressed to support a shift away from unsustainable financing (Chapter 5) and outline the persisting gaps in the current policy framework (Chapter 6).  Chapter 6.2 and 6.3 provide a set of recommendations including specific actions to be implemented (\u2018game changers\u2019) for investors and policy makers, to help shift blue economy investments away from such unsustainable activities and to foster the responsible economic development of the blue economy worldwide.","author":["Bocci, M.","Zonta, D.","de Vet, M.","Girard, A.","Kuuliala, V.","Senechal, T.","Solignac, H.","Sudreau, M.","Urgeghe, A.","Perez-Sappia, H."],"organization":["ECORYS Research \u0026 Consulting","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2020-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bocci-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/592703","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advancing-us-offshore-renewable-energy-industry-through-marine-renewable-offshore-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/contentone\/mts\/mtsj\/2020\/00000054\/00000006\/art00001","title":"Advancing the U.S. Offshore Renewable Energy Industry Through Marine Renewable and Offshore Wind Energy Development","description":"Energy security\u2026it is what everyone is talking about\u2014and for good reason. Against the backdrop of a changing climate in which nearly two-thirds of electricity generation is credited to fossil fuels (International Energy Agency [IEA], 2019a), countries around the world are diversifying their energy portfolios, suppliers, and energy routes to reduce vulnerabilities to energy security risks (U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 2020). Energy security concerns are related to fuel supply chains, electricity generation, transmission, distribution, energy market functionality, and energy system resiliency (DOE, 2017). These concerns demonstrate the need for wellfunctioning and competitive energy markets and diverse sources and routes of energy supply (DOE, 2017). In addition, environmental protection, efficiency and infrastructure improvements, energy innovation, emergency response, and resilience are also needed (DOE, 2017). Renewable energy generation is, and will continue to be, a major contributor in energy portfolio diversification, which will reduce reliance on foreign energy sources (Aslant\u00fcrk \u0026amp; K\u0131pr\u0131zl\u0131, 2020; IEA, 2019b) and support global decarbonization (Arabzadeh et al., 2020; Rockstr\u00f6m et al., 2017; Sims, 2004).","author":["Gorton, A.","Overhus, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/605653","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-framework-marine-renewable-energy-review-atlantic-region-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032120308923?casa_token=oFhuuK23q3oAAAAA:47jlAABGSLjmXjOGJFD-rCjrqr-MkIlOG7cqUw3iGo9X5amBebwg_R6ZWj0GqlcgXAuJOZN6_qQ","title":"Legal framework of marine renewable energy: A review for the Atlantic region of Europe","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sources, such as offshore wind, waves, tides, ocean currents, thermal and salinity gradients, appear as promising low-carbon forms of energy. However, with the sole exception of offshore wind, MRE exploitation is far from being commercially feasible. Among the obstacles faced by the sector, the complex legal framework that applies to MRE projects stands out. In this context, the objective of this work is to assess the main aspects of the MRE legal framework, and when necessary, propose corrective measures for further development of the sector. For this purpose, the countries of the Atlantic region of Europe (France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and the UK), which present one of the world\u0027s largest MRE resource, were used as a benchmark. Overall, the adoption of marine planning policies contributes positively to the development of the sector, defining priority areas for MRE exploitation and establishing clear preference criteria with other maritime activities. Furthermore, streamlining licensing procedures and periods, ideally adopting a one-stop-shop approach like the case of Scotland, becomes essential to attract new developers and investors to the MRE sector. Finally, the examples of Ireland, Portugal and especially the UK, show that the adoption of MRE sectoral plans, including actions for financial support, technology progress and supply chain development, is essential to achieve a fully-fledged MRE industry.","author":["Ramos, V.","Giannini, G.","Calheiros-Cabral, T.","Rosa-Santos, P.","Taveira-Pinto, F."],"organization":["University of Porto"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.090585000000","-7.222919000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/605654","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-perceptions-tidal-energy-between-australia-canada","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.theseus.fi\/handle\/10024\/352689","title":"Public perceptions of tidal energy between Australia and Canada","description":"The tidal energy industry is developing rapidly worldwide. However, its is solar and wind power that saturate the media and make up the majority of sustainable energy installations. Why is there seemingly so little activity regarding tidal energy? This research investigates challenges for tidal energy, especially targeting public perception in two countries in different hemispheres: Australia and Canada. To investigate this, a survey was distributed to people living in both countries. Scientific and academic literature was also reviewed to give insight into how the future might look regarding marine renewable energy (MRE) and offshore renewable energy such as tidal energy.  Looking at previous research done in the fields of sustainability and social science and conducting a survey on public opinion, this thesis identifies some of the obstacles and challenges that the tidal energy industry faces: construction costs, technical challenges, lack of research and knowledge and social and cultural factors. With the two surveys, this study concluded that both residents in Australia (based on 64 respondents) and Canada (40 respondents) are not confident in distinguishing the difference between tidal energy and wave energy, pointing towards a gap in knowledge about tidal energy. The thesis identified communication and possibly media coverage as a solution to obstacles for the advancement of tidal energy arising from public opposition. Respondents from Australia showed a greater interest in more media coverage of tidal energy than the respondents from Canada. Both groups of respondents were concerned with their energy being green and both groups perceived tidal energy as green. The biggest concerns were the same for the two groups: disruption and injury to wildlife and impact on nearby land.  The thesis also presents an evaluation of the potential for the tidal energy industry to overcome these issues and what possible solutions look like. As a multidisciplinary study, concerned with the technological, economical and human dimensions of tidal energy and its industry, it offers a multifaceted overview of various issues at hand and attempts to compile knowledge from various fields into a comprehensive look at the sustainability and viability of tidal energy.","author":["Barber, D."],"organization":["Novia University of Applied Sciences"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-26.768100000000","133.050500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/605848","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-wave-energy-farms-coastal-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/346382314_The_impact_of_the_wave_energy_farms_on_the_coastal_dynamics","title":"The impact of the wave energy farms on the coastal dynamics","description":"In the context of the climate change effects, extraction of marine renewable energy became an issue of increasing importance, representing one of the great challenges of the 21 st century. While the land is almost saturated with wind farms and solar panels, the marine environment provides large spaces with huge renewable energy resources. Although the wave energy was initially considered as the most important vector in the marine renewable energy matrix, the offshore wind had an incredible advance. Thus, the attempt of extending rapidly the wind industry from onshore to offshore can be considered a real success and the process is still ongoing. On the other hand, the very high dynamics of the offshore wind, noticed in the last decade, should provide also momentum to the wave energy industry, which will benefit by the existing infrastructure of the wind farms considering the collocation approach as well as by the considerable experience acquired by the offshore industry.  Since the number of wave energy farms is at this moment quite limited, being operational mostly some pilot projects, there is no relevant practical experience in this direction and the possible effects expected from the future wave farms are not yet very well assessed. From this perspective, the objective of the present work is to provide a general and more comprehensive picture of the possible impact of future wave energy farms in the coastal dynamics. The methodology considered is based on the ISSM computational environment [1]. ISSM stands for the Interface for SWAN and Surf Models and, as its name indicates, this is a computational environment joining together in a MATLAB user-friendly interface a wave model (SWAN) with a nearshore circulation model (SURF). This computational environment was tested and validated considering different nearshore areas and configurations of the environmental matrix [2].  Thus, using ISSM computational tool, different configuration designs have been evaluated in various coastal areas. A first coastal environment targeted was the Portuguese continental nearshore, which has a very good potential in wave energy resources and with some pilot projects being implemented there [3-6]. Another nearshore area targeted is Sardinia Island in the Mediterranean Sea [7], taking into account that its western side is more energetic and also that in island environment the issue of extracting wave energy is of crucial importance. Finally, the last coastal environment considered in the present analysis is the western side of the Black Sea [8, 9]. Although not comparable from the point of view of the wave energy with the ocean coasts, this nearshore faces in general relatively high waves and it is subjected to a very dynamic erosion process.","author":["Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/605849","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-change-effects-marine-renewable-energy-resources-environmental-conditions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaa226\/6000672","title":"Climate change effects on marine renewable energy resources and environmental conditions for offshore aquaculture in Europe","description":"The development of the marine renewable energy and offshore aquaculture sectors is susceptible to being affected by climate change. Consequently, for the long-term planning of these activities, a holistic view on the effects of climate change on energy resources and environmental conditions is required. Based on present climate and future climate scenario, favourable conditions for wind and wave energy exploitation and for farming six marine fish species are assessed using a suitability index over all European regional seas. Regarding available energy potential, the estimated changes in climate do not have direct impacts on the geographic distribution of potential regions for the energy industry (both wind and wave based), that is they pose no threat to this industry. Long-term changes in environmental conditions could however require adaptation of the aquaculture sector and especially of its exploitation areas. Opportunities for aquaculture expansion of the assessed species are identified. Possibilities for co-location of these activities are observed in the different climate scenarios. The evaluation of potential zones for the exploitation of marine renewable energy resources and offshore aquaculture represents a stepping-stone, useful for improving decision-making and assisting in the management of marine economies both in the short-term and in the long-term development of these sectors.","author":["Weiss, C.","Menendez, M.","Ondiviela, B.","Guanche, R.","Losada, I.","Juanes, J."],"organization":["University of Cantabria"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.014937900000","15.096782200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/weiss-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/606043","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/against-tide-potential-marine-renewable-energy-eastern-southern-africa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.library.columbia.edu\/index.php\/consilience\/article\/view\/7198","title":"Against the Tide: Potential for Marine Renewable Energy in Eastern and Southern Africa","description":"Sub-Saharan Africa is at a crucial juncture in shaping its energy future: while two-thirds of its population lack access to electricity, the continent is projected to surpass China\u2019s oil demand growth by 2040. Marine renewable energy (MRE), with far less intermittency than other renewable resources, can potentially contribute to sustainably electrifying Africa in the long term. However, the technology has been adopted by few countries worldwide, and there are no comprehensive studies of its potential in Africa, despite seemingly promising environmental conditions in the ocean, estuaries, and rivers of Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA).  This paper discusses the potential for MRE electricity generation in ESA, and how to overcome some of the barriers to its development and implementation. The discussion addresses the concerns that are often associated with electricity generation in developing countries, such as equity, accessibility, and affordability. An analysis of the energy mix in the ESA region shows that MRE could fill some of the electricity supply gaps. The largest barriers to MRE are not technological, but rather linked to policy design and financing capacity. Three complementary solutions are outlined to set a working framework for MRE deployment in ESA: short-term, small-scale hydrokinetic river projects with public or private financing (similar to microgrid and off-grid solar projects); long-term, large-scale tidal projects with public and concessional financing (similar to geothermal power generation); and capacity building to ensure the employment of local citizens.","author":["Belletti, E.","McBride, M."],"organization":["United Nations (UN)","Climate \u0026 Capital Media"],"originationDate":"2021-02-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["-29.302742000000","23.886973000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Belletti-McBride-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/606433","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enhancing-local-support-tidal-energy-projects-developing-countries-case-study-flores","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/bsd2.120","title":"Enhancing local support for tidal energy projects in developing countries: Case study in Flores Timur Regency, Indonesia","description":"Tidal energy is a new renewable energy source that can be used to provide electricity to remote islands, while contributing to climate change mitigation. Like all renewable energy projects, public awareness and support are not only crucial for the successful development of marine renewable energy projects too, but also aid the private sector project developers in making long\u2010term plans. As information about tidal energy is not easily available, public views toward it are not well known, making it challenging for the project developers to strategize implementation strategies. Moreover, the limited studies focusing on such social aspects of tidal energy come from advanced countries, highlighting the lack of focus on cases from developing countries. Our study fulfills this gap by providing a case study focusing on the social aspects of tidal energy in a developing country, which can be utilized by developers for designing their public engagement strategies. We estimate the public support for tidal energy in eastern Indonesia using two methods: (a) stages of development and (b) information provision. Using the first method, we found that support for tidal energy is lower in the initial stages, but it keeps rising once the public can realize the benefits. The second method shows that though people tend to support tidal energy, the role of information provision is dissimilar compared with western cases. Additionally, Probit modeling shows that Age, Education, Collective Outcome Favorability, and especially, Individual Outcome Favorability are the key factors that positively impact the support for tidal energy in eastern Indonesia.","author":["Ramachandran, R.","Takagi, K.","Matsuda, H."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2020-07-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["-8.363508000000","122.955440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/606434","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accumulating-biofouling-knowledge","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Simone_Baldanzi2\/publication\/337719736_Susceptibility_of_different_materials_and_antifouling_coating_to_macro-fouling_organisms_in_a_high_wave-energy_environment\/links\/5ee12ed5a6fdcc2cd944de88\/Susceptibility-of-different-materials-and-antifouling-coating-to-macro-fouling-organisms-in-a-high-wave-energy-environment.pdf","title":"Accumulating Biofouling - and Knowledge","description":"This paper is of interest to experts in the fields of marine renewable energy, aquaculture, and marine ecology as well as the general public.  In this paper, the authors present results of an experimental study designed to evaluate the susceptibility and selectivity of commonly used materials in the maritime industry to colonization and biomass accumulation of encrusting subtidal species. Specifically, they assess whether biofouling composition, main species, and biomass accumulation rates are different among three materials (aluminum, high-density polyethylene, and steel) at two different depths (5 m and 15 m) in central Chile.","author":["Navarrete, S.","Parragu\u00e9, M.","Osiadacz, N.","Rojas, F.","Bonicelli, J.","Fern\u00e1ndez, M.","Arboleda-Baena, C.","Finke, R.","Baldanzi, S."],"organization":["Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","University of Concepci\u00f3n","Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.484589000000","-73.226208000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622273","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-enhancement-fish-recognition-using-cumulative-mean-yolo-network-underwater-video","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/11\/952","title":"A Study on Enhancement of Fish Recognition Using Cumulative Mean of YOLO Network in Underwater Video Images","description":"In the underwater environment, in order to preserve rare and endangered objects or to eliminate the exotic invasive species that can destroy the ecosystems, it is essential to classify objects and estimate their number. It is very difficult to classify objects and estimate their number. While YOLO shows excellent performance in object recognition, it recognizes objects by processing the images of each frame independently of each other. By accumulating the object classification results from the past frames to the current frame, we propose a method to accurately classify objects, and count their number in sequential video images. This has a high classification probability of 93.94% and 97.06% in the test videos of Bluegill and Largemouth bass, respectively. The proposed method shows very good classification performance in video images taken of the underwater environment.","author":["Park, J.","Kang, C."],"organization":["Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-11-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-08-00952.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622468","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-projected-global-extent-marine-built-structures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41893-020-00595-1","title":"Current and projected global extent of marine built structures","description":"The sprawl of marine construction is one of the most extreme human modifications to global seascapes. Nevertheless, its global extent remains largely unquantified compared to that on land. We synthesized disparate information from a diversity of sources to provide a global assessment of the extent of existing and projected marine construction and its effects on the seascape. Here we estimated that the physical footprint of built structures was at least 32,000\u2009km2 worldwide as of 2018, and is expected to cover 39,400\u2009km2 by 2028. The area of seascape modified around structures was 1.0\u20133.4\u2009\u00d7\u2009106\u2009km2 in 2018 and was projected to increase by 50\u201370% for power and aquaculture infrastructure, cables and tunnels by 2028. In 2018, marine construction affected 1.5% (0.7\u20132.4%) of global Exclusive Economic Zones, comparable to the global extent of urban land estimated at 0.02\u20131.7%. This study provides a critical baseline for tracking future marine human development.","author":["Bugnot, A.","Mayer-Pinto, M.","Airoldi, L.","Heery, E.","Johnston, E.","Critchley, L.","Strain, E.","Morris, R.","Loke, L.","Bishop, M.","Sheehan, E.","Coleman, R.","Dafforn, K."],"organization":["University of Sydney","Sydney Institute of Marine Science","University of New South Wales","University of Padova","University of Bologna","Macquarie University","University of Tasmania","University of Melbourne","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2020-08-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622469","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-limits-recreational-fishing-near-offshore-wind-facilities","sourceURL":"","title":"Legal Limits on Recreational Fishing Near Offshore Wind Facilities","description":"Recreational fishermen on Block Island have expressed concern over potential fishing restrictions around the Block Island Wind Farm (BIWF). As Capt. Chris Willi explained: \u0022When we started hearing about [the BIWF], my concern initially right out of the gate was \u0027Is it going to restrict any fishing; recreational, commercial or otherwise? Are we going to be able to fish around them? Is there going to be a security zone?\u0027\u0022 While researchers have found that \u0022there is no formal policy in place that would universally limit fishing or navigational access around and through offshore wind farms in U.S. waters,\u0022 the BIWF is the first (and, to date, the only) offshore wind farm in the United States. In the absence of legal precedent protecting public access at the site, fishermen who use the wind farm have expressed concern that their access could be restricted in the future.  Existing laws authorize ocean areas to be closed to public access for reasons including navigational safety, fisheries management, and conservation. Potential navigational hazards include collisions among vessels operating in congested areas near turbines or allisions with the turbines themselves. Bottom fishing gear may also contact power cables or otherwise damage vessels, gear, or wind infrastructure. In addition, state and federal fisheries laws allow closures for fisheries management purposes, such as to prevent overfishing. Finally, federal laws may authorize creation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) that protect or conserve marine life and habitat by limiting access, including fishing. The state or federal government thus could use a variety of legal mechanisms to limit recreational fishing near wind farms to achieve a variety of policy purposes. While no regulations limiting access to the BIWF exist today, fishermen can benefit from understanding whether and how government agencies can limit access to turbine areas\u2013 an issue that is likely to arise in the future as more new wind farms are constructed.  This study examines the current legal framework governing access to waters around wind turbines and its application to existing offshore infrastructure. It explains current and possible regulations that could be used to restrict public access to offshore wind farms and why and how access to offshore infrastructure has been limited in the past. Part 1 provides context for the use of wind farm areas by recreational fishers. Part 2 introduces legal authority to restrict access to offshore infrastructure for navigational safety, fisheries management, and conservation purposes. Part 3 examines how regulators have limited access to offshore infrastructure in other contexts, including to offshore wind farms in Europe and non-wind farm offshore infrastructure in the U.S. Part 4 concludes that restrictions are most likely to arise based on evidence of navigational hazards, which could prompt U.S. Coast Guard action to establish safety zones or restricted areas in waters less than 12 nautical miles from shore.","author":["Webster, K.","Porter, R."],"organization":["National Sea Grant Law Center","Roger Williams University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.136751000000","-71.565545000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Legal-Limits-on-Recreational-Fishing-Near-Offshore-Wind-Facilities.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622471","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/beyond-static-spatial-management-scientific-legal-considerations-dynamic-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19309248","title":"Beyond static spatial management: Scientific and legal considerations for dynamic management in the high seas","description":"Natural and human stressors in the high seas act across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. These include direct interaction such as fisheries bycatch or indirect interaction like warming oceans and plastic ingestion. Area-based management tools (ABMTs), such as marine protected areas and time-area closures, are a widely accepted and a broadly successful form of management used to mitigate localized human impacts on marine species and ecosystems. Protection provides an opportunity for population recovery, which can then propagate outside of the closure. As the United Nations negotiates a new treaty on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, efforts to design and implement high seas ABMTs at appropriate scales are critical to ensure that these spatial protection measures are most effective and climate-ready in the face of changing oceans. Here we identify the four most important temporal scales \u2013 contemporary, intra-annual, multi-annual and multidecadal \u2013 for aligning high seas ABMTs to relevant ecological, oceanographic and atmospheric processes. From this, we explore how managers and decision-makers can integrate this knowledge when implementing a new treaty.","author":["Crespo, G.","Mossop, J.","Dunn, D.","Gjerde, K.","Hazen, E.","Reygondeau, G.","Warner, R.","Tittensor, D.","Halpin, P."],"organization":["Duke University","Victoria University of Wellington","University of Queensland","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","University of British Columbia","University of Wollongong","Yale University","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/1-s2.0-S0308597X19309248-main.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622472","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/1982-law-sea-convention-regulation-offshore-renewable-energy-activities-within","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7488\/era\/128","title":"The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and the regulation of offshore renewable energy activities within national jurisdiction","description":"Offshore renewable energy has been developed as an important source of clean energy for achieving sustainable development and tackling climate change. Whilst the generation of energy from the water, current and wind is mentioned in the Law of the Sea (LOS) Convention, this technology was in its infancy at the time when the Convention was drafted and therefore various challenges arising from offshore renewable energy activities were not foreseen. This thesis examines the manner in which and the extent to which the LOS Convention reinforces the regulation of offshore renewable energy activities. In doing so, it considers the relationship between the LOS Convention and subsequent instruments addressing offshore renewable energy activities with a view to determining the ways in which the LOS Convention is able to respond to the emergence of new uses of the marine environment. The development of the law of the sea is a process of compromise between the rights of the coastal States in relation to their maritime zones on the one hand and the interests of other States in the lawful uses of the oceans on the other hand. Whilst the LOS Convention was adopted in order to establish a stable legal framework governing all uses of the oceans, the Convention provides a certain degree of flexibility to accommodate new developments in the oceans. Legal mechanisms, including rules of reference, regional rules, treaty interpretation and soft law, can be used to elaborate the regulation of offshore renewable energy activities while maintaining the balance of interests between the coastal State and other States. The thesis explores the different issues raised by the regulation of offshore renewable energy activities, including environmental impact assessment, environmental regulation from operations, safety of navigation, and decommissioning. Each chapter highlights different mechanisms to elaborate on relevant provisions of the LOS Convention. In addition, the last chapter of the thesis discusses marine spatial planning as a policy tool for integrated oceans management to deal with the issues arising from offshore renewable energy activities in a comprehensive manner. The thesis indicates that the LOS Convention is a living instrument, which evolves to adapt to new challenges arising from offshore renewable energy activities through different legal mechanisms. The LOS Convention provides an adequate legal framework to interact, incorporate and supplement with other legal instruments in the regulation of offshore renewable energy activities.","author":["Jung, D."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2020-03-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622473","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hawaii-national-marine-renewable-energy-center-hinmrec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1680056","title":"Hawai\u0027i National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HINMREC)","description":"The Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HINMREC) was established to facilitate the commercialization of wave energy converter (WEC) devices, and to accelerate development and testing of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies. Housed at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) of the University of Hawaii (UH), this program started with execution of the contract between the US Department of Energy (DOE) and UH in March 2009, and activities ran through the end of the project in September 2019. The DOE tasked HINMREC with facilitating and accelerating the build-out of the Navy\u2019s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS), the nation\u2019s first grid-connected open water wave energy conversion test facility, located off Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH) in Kaneohe, on the island of Oahu. WETS was expanded from an existing test berth at 30m water depth to include test berths at 60m and 80m water depths. In recognition of the high costs associated with at-sea testing and evaluation of WEC devices, it was deemed imperative that HINMREC seek ways to reduce costs to developers by providing key research support to these early-stage technologies. WETS and HINMREC\u2019s support allowed development of wave energy technology by providing a testing infrastructure that allows technology developers to test, demonstrate and evaluate their WEC devices, and generate data in order to advance WEC designs toward commercial readiness. HINMREC\u2019s roles have included support in the establishment of the full site, including of wave resource characterization and site survey, followed by the essential roles of independent WEC device power performance assessment and environmental monitoring in support of deployed pre-commercial WECs. This DOE-funded work transitioned effectively to continue Navy-funded tasks for OTEC development, and activities at WETS, now under Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) funding. A secondary objective in the establishment of HINMREC was to assist the private sector in moving OTEC systems beyond proof-of-concept to pre-commercialization, primarily focused on system and component engineering, and local and global investigations into the potential environmental impacts of OTEC systems. HINMREC was tasked with maintaining high-resolution models of ocean thermal resources and the potential sustainable power output of OTEC systems. Ongoing tests begun previously under Navy funding at the OTEC Heat Exchangers (HXs) Test Facility at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA), in Kona on Hawaii Island, have been continued to identify cost-effective aluminum alloys for use in OTEC systems operating in the corrosive marine environment.","author":["Vega, L.","Cross, P."],"organization":["University of Hawaii","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.247936000000","-157.830156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HINMREC-Final-Report-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/622474","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-energy-interconnection-initiative-development-marine-renewable-energy-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/9789004422056_008","title":"The Global Energy Interconnection Initiative and the Development of Marine Renewable Energy in China \u2013 Legal Aspects","description":"In China, marine renewable energy has become the focus of national re-search and development because of its abundant, renewable, and non-polluting characteristics. In accordance with Article 2 of the Interim Measures of Marine Renewable Energy Funds Management, marine renewable energy is defined as \u2018including tidal energy, tidal current energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy, and salinity gradient energy\u2019.8 However, the legislation in relation to exploration of marine renewable energy remains negligible. There is no specific legal basis for the development and utilisation of marine renewable energy, nor legal protection for the developers. The consequence is that the Chinese Government is unable to provide institutional support for the substantive development of marine renewable energy, resulting in slow development of China\u2019s marine energy industry. It is, therefore, a top priority to establish a legal system suitable to regulate China\u2019s marine renewable energy development.  This chapter aims to introduce the concept of the Global Energy Interconnection and its relationship with the \u0027Belt and Road Initiative\u0027. Discussion will also focus on the additional references regarding China\u0027s energy legal system contributing to the systematic regulations concerning marine renewable energy development in China.","author":["Chang, Y.-C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-03-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.385634800000","99.117823900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/643163","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/score-project-sustainability-using-ria-formosa-currents-renewable-energy-production","sourceURL":"","title":"SCORE Project- Sustainability of using Ria Formosa Currents On Renewable Energy Production","description":"SCORE (Sustainability of using Ria Formosa Currents On Renewable Energy Production) proposed to test for the first time a floatable tidal energy converter (TEC) on Portuguese waters, the Evopod 1:10th scale prototype from OceanFlow Energy (OE). Evopod device is at the technology readiness level (TRL) 7 and a 1:4th scale prototype was tested on Scottish waters on combined ocean-current environment, the requisite required for reaching TRL 8 (i.e. pre-commercial stage).  The innovative aspect of TEC testing in Portugal lies with the unique morphological characteristics associated with the device deployment site at Ria Formosa, a coastal lagoon protected by a multi-inlet barrier system located in southern Portugal (Algarve Region). Ria Formosa can be used as representative of the vast majority of shallow coastal areas where TECs can be used in the future. It is therefore ideal to analyse both the energy extraction efficiency and eventual impacts that extracting energy from the flowing currents will have on the ecological communities and physical settings.  Almost no information exists on how cumulative effects of multiple devices will impact the near and far-field flow and sediment transport patterns from array deployments. The main expected outcome of the proposed research is to construct an operational envelope which can be used by technology developers on design concepts of efficient TECs based on environmental and sustainability principles, contributing to the growth of the blue economy.  The measured energy extraction efficiency of the operational prototype will be compared against numerical models in order to validate these tools. Model simulations using different hydrodynamic settings and number of units can then be performed to (1) evaluate the impacts that energy extraction will have on the temporal and spatial changes of the flow, on sediment transport patterns and, ultimately, on the habitat; (2) develop cost benefit analysis balancing supply and demand using tidal energy.","author":["Andr\u00e9 Pacheco"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-01-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.018155000000","-8.005386700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Habitat Change","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Reptiles"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 08:49:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/643181","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pan-american-marine-energy-conference-2020-book-abstracts","sourceURL":"","title":"Pan American Marine Energy Conference 2020 Book of Abstracts","description":"The Pan American Marine Energy Conference (PAMEC) is intended to bring together researchers in marine renewable energy in the Americas (including the Caribbean). This new research conference is part of a global network of conferences that includes the European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC) and the Asian Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (AWTEC).  This book includes the contributions presented at the First Pan American Marine Energy Conference that ran from January 26th to the evening of the 28th. PAMEC is intended to foster the development of marine renewable energy through collaboration among researchers, developers, and suppliers.  Table of Contents  RESOURCE ASSESSMENT    Field measurements of a floating tidal turbine wake - Maricarmen Guerra, Alex Hay, Richard Karsten, Richard Chee, Greg Trowse  Combining observations and simulations into improved assessments of tidal resources - Richard Karsten, Greg Trowse, Aidan Bharath, Coleman Hooper,  Jeremy Locke, Maricarmen Guerra and Alex Hay  Evaluation of Wave Energy Extraction in a Sheltered Bay - Emiliano N. Gorr-Pozzi, H\u00e9ctor Garc\u00eda-Nava, Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres  Wave characteristics on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica for energy production - Georges Govaere Vicarioli, Henry Alfaro Chavarr\u00eda and Manuel Corrales  Approaching the wave energy potential in a coastline section of the Nicoya peninsula - Henry Alfaro Chavarr\u00eda, Georges Govaere Vicarioli, Javier Zumbado Gonz\u00e1lez  Wave power availability in the Pacific of Mexico and Central America - H\u00e9ctor Garc\u00eda-Nava, Bernardo Esquivel-Trava, Francisco J. Ocampo-Torres  Wave power resource assessment in Northeast M\u00e9xico - Marco Ulloa, Francisco Ocampo-Torres, Miqueas Abel D\u00edaz-Maya, Alejandro Olivares-Torres  High-resolution Wave Hindcasts for Resource Characterization in the U.S. Pacific Regions - Zhaoqing Yang, Gabriel Garcia-Medina, Taiping Wang and Wei-Cheng Wu  GIS based multicriteria analysis for offshore wind power potentials sites in Costa Rica\u2019s North Pacific - Wilfredo Segura L\u00f3pez, Rolando Portilla Pastor, Kenneth Lobo M\u00e9ndez, Rodrigo Rojas Morales  Determination of offshore wind power potential in Costa Rica - Kenneth Lobo M\u00e9ndez, Rolando Portilla Pastor, Wilfredo Segura L\u00f3pez, Rodrigo Rojas Morales  Evaluation of the Oceanic Thermal Potential on the Coasts of Panama - Guillermo L\u00f3pez T., Arthur James R., Maria De Los \u00c1ngeles Ortega Del Rosario   ENVIRONMENT    Multidisciplinary investigations of environmental effects of 1.2 MW Tidal Power plant in the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier - Peter Scheijgrond, Michaela Scholl, Mardik Leopold, Merel Verbeek, Robert Jan Labeur, Marco Gatto, Anton de Fockert, Arnout Bijlsma, Lonneke IJsseldijk, Ron Kastelein, Mascha Dedert  Coastal Energy Development\u2013Recent Canadian Experiences - Norval H. Collins  SEA Wave: Addressing the long-term environmental concerns associated with the development of wave energy technology - Caitlin Long, Jennifer Fox  The Road to Risk Retirement: Evaluating and Communicating Environmental Risks that Affect Consenting - Andrea Copping, Margaret Pinza, Mikaela Freeman, Garrett Staines, Lena\u00efg Hemery, Alicia Gorton, Geneyra Harker-Kilme\u0161  How international standardization and certification accelerate commercial uptake of marine energy convertors - Peter Scheijgrond, Anna Southall, Claudio Bittencourt, Winston D\u2019Souza, Pieter Mathys, Gregory Germain, Martijn Geertzen  Large scale model investigation for monopile decommissioning of offshore wind turbines - Nils Hinzmann, Dr. J\u00f6rg Gattermann  Environmental impacts of ocean energy devices: Life Cycle Analysis - Mar\u00eda Guadalupe Paredes Figueroa, Sergio Zamorano Guzm\u00e1n, Dora Ru\u00edz M\u00e9ndez, Leonor Patricia G\u00fcereca Hern\u00e1ndez   TECHNOLOGY: PRESENT    Development and Testing of a Tidal Turbine Blade - Ralf Starzmann, Nicholas Kaufmann  Marine HydroKinetic Tools \u2013 MHKiT - Frederick Driscoll, Chitra Sivaraman, Katherine Klise, Rebecca Pauly, Budi Gunawan, Carina Lansing, Kelley Ruehl, Matthew Macduff, Tonya Martin, and Jon Weers  Floating Tidal Energy Platform PLAT-I - Penny Jeffcoate, Nick Cresswell  ANDRITZ Mk1 Tidal Turbine Operating Experience - Catriona Phillips, Craig Love  Vancouver Wave Energy Testing Station: Continuous electricity output verification from waves of various sizes, Development history and Transparent policies for industrial wave energy power plants - Charles Haynes, Johan Fourie  Assessment of the INWAVE WEC-Hybrid PTO Technology in the Canadian Pacific Coast - M.Mojabi, B. Buckham  Understanding Transient Load on Turbine Blades to Reduce Risks and Assist Design - Dominic Groulx  Conversion System of Undimotriz Energy to Electricity - Alberto Vilar   TECHNOLOGY: EMERGING    e.Wave: Maximization of wave energy harvesting through the integration of an adaptative mechanical system regulated by sea conditions for point absorber wave energy converters - Adri\u00e1n Hern\u00e1ndez, Julio Rojas Gomez, Juan Guerrero Fern\u00e1ndez, Christopher Vega S\u00e1nchez  Numerical study of the effect of a flap-type Wave Energy Converter in the wave field analyzing the directional wave spectrum - Melissa Jaramillo Torres, F.J. Ocampo Torres, P. Osuna, H. Garc\u00eda Nava  Electrohydrodynamics for a point absorber WEC: theoretical foundation - Eduardo Santiago Ojeda, Francisco J. Ocampo Torres  Dynamic analysis of a novel six degrees of freedom device for wave energy extraction - D. E. Galv\u00e1n Pozos, F. J. Ocampo Torres  Tidal energy for hydrogen production through reversible solid oxide cells - Antonio Jarquin Laguna, Yashar S. Hajimolana  Adoption of Deep Ocean Water Technologies and their Contribution to Sustainable Development in the Caribbean - Jessica Arias Gaviria, Andres F. Osorio A, Santiago Arango-Aramburo  Considerations for Offshore Wind Turbine Design in the North Pacific of Costa Rica - Mariana Montenegro Montero  Pressure drop in Reverse Electrodialysis: Analysis using CFD - Mateo Roldan-Carvajal Andr\u00e9s F. Osorio, Aldo G. Benavides-Moran, Carlos I. S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1enz, Cecilia Enr\u00edquez-Ortiz  Salinity gradient energy potential in Latin America with emphasis in Colombia and Mexico - Oscar Alvarez-Silva, Andres F. Osorio  Bathymetry and capacity factor study in areas of the Gulf of Baja California and the southwest coast of Mexico - Gallardo Brigido J.C, Jarquin-Laguna A, Rodriguez Hern\u00e1ndez O  Analysis of the performance and efficiency of a turbine for an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant by simulation using the Ansys Fluent program - Leslie M. Brito Navarrete, Sergio P\u00e9rez Otamendi, Dr. V\u00edctor M. Romero Medina  Design of a prototype of a 1kWe open-cycle OTEC power plant for the Mexican Caribbean Sea - David Domiciano Morales Soriano, Estela Cerezo Acevedo, V\u00edctor Manuel Romero Medina  Criteria for optimal sites selection for the installation of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants in the Mexican Pacific (MP) - Gardu\u00f1o-Ruiz Erika Paola, Garc\u00eda-Huante Alejandro, Rodr\u00edguez-Cueto Yandy, Silva-Rodolfo, Alatorre-Mendieta Miguel \u00c1ngel  Salinity gradient determination on the Mexican Caribbean Coastal zone and the technical viability to generate blue energy - Karen V\u00e1zquez Morales, M.C. Juan Francisco B\u00e1rcenas Graniel  Hydrodynamic analysis of a reverse electrodialysis device spacer - Alejandro Martinez Flores, Jonathan I. Hern\u00e1ndez Hern\u00e1ndez, Dami\u00e1n Manzo Hern\u00e1ndez, Vianey Garc\u00eda Paredes, Rodolfo Silva, Edgar Mendoza  Optimization of a reverse electrodialysis device - Jonathan I. Hern\u00e1ndez Hern\u00e1ndez, Ayrton A. Medina Rodr\u00edguez, Vianey Garc\u00eda Paredes, Dami\u00e1n Manzo Hern\u00e1ndez, Edgar Mendoza, Rodolfo Silva  Possible oceanographic and biological effects due to the operation of an OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) plant in the area of Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, Mexico - Alejandro Garc\u00eda Huante, Yandy Rodr\u00edguez Cueto, Erika Paola Gardu\u00f1o Ru\u00edz, Graciela Rivera Camacho, Miguel \u00c1ngel Alatorre Mendieta, Rodolfo Silva Casar\u00edn, Ma. Esther Meave del Castillo   STORAGE AND INTEGRATION    Island and Remote Grid Considerations for Marine Energy Development - Dhruv Bhatnagar, Terji Nielsen, Cheyne Eugenio, Steven DeWitt, Danielle Preziuso, Gabriel Garcia Medina, Rebecca O\u2019Neil  NOMAD: Freedom and autonomy by converging marine life and humankind - Alejandro Jaramillo Luconi  The Influence of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems on Energy Storage - Jorge Olmedo-Gonz\u00e1lez, Guadalupe Ramos-S\u00e1nchez, Rosa de Guadalupe Gonz\u00e1lez-Huerta  Synthesis and characterization of IrRuOx\/TiO2 as electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction - Abissaid Mart\u00ednez, Miguel \u00c1ngel Valenzuela, Rosa de Guadalupe Gonz\u00e1lez   BUILDING SOCIAL AND POLICY SUPPORT    Governance of Marine Renewable Energy Development In Nova Scotia, Canada - Steve Sanford  Lessons learned for Marine renewable energy development in Chile, Peru and Colombia - Gareth Davies, Isa Walker, Natalia Rojas  MERIC: supporting the development of MRE in Chile - Dernis Mediavilla","author":["Rojas M., J.","Meza, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PAMEC-2020-E-BOOK.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/659430","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/building-capacity-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-atlas-potential-synergistic-conflicting","sourceURL":"","title":"Building Capacity for Marine Hydrokinetic Energy: Atlas of Potential Synergistic and Conflicting Environmental, Ecological, and Human Use Considerations","description":"Ocean energy extraction has gained attention as a viable component of the energy portfolio of the future. While utility-scale wave and current energy installations have yet to become common, technologies are continuously being developed (U.S. Department of the Interior 2006; EPRI 2011) to take advantage of the vast and renewable ocean energy resources that have the potential to provide the ancillary benefits of reducing carbon emissions and improving energy security. A recent wave resource assessment conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI; 2011) estimated a total available wave resource of 2,640 terawatt-hours (TWh) along the outer continental shelf of the United States (to the 200 m depth contour of the shelf). Additionally, the federal government estimated that capture of just 1\/1000th of the current flow of the Gulf Stream would supply over 75 TWh of energy, which is approximately equivalent to 35% of Florida\u2019s energy needs (U.S. Department of the Interior 2006). North Carolina (NC) could benefit economically from pursuing the development and utilization of ocean energy resources by taking advantage of access to the ocean along approximately 3,375 miles of coastline (NOAA 2002) and its history of economic success in the research and manufacturing sectors. The area of the relatively shallow continental shelf of NC out to a depth of 50 m exceeds the total shelf area for all other east coast states by a factor of two, so space for shallow-water renewable energy development is abundant off the NC coast. Pursuit of ocean energy by NC also has the potential to reduce its 2008 10% net import of electricity and its ranking as the 13th highest carbon dioxide emitting state in the country (U.S. Energy Information Administration 2010).  While the environmental impacts of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices are not generally expected to be extreme, they are under-studied at present because of the lack of utility-scale installations where observations and empirical information can be gathered. Nonetheless, risk assessments of potential environmental impacts of ocean energy devices on marine resources and habitats are necessary for any future ocean installation. In fact, requirements for consideration of several potential impacts are already included in federal and state regulations.  Interference with existing and anticipated human activities is another aspect of the potential environmental impacts of MHK devices that requires careful consideration. The rivers, estuaries, sounds, and nearshore ocean (\u2264 15 m depth) shelf constitute locations for several extensive human activities and uses, so judging the level of conflicts and the means of minimizing negative interaction is an additional component of assessing environmental (human, in this case) impacts. Some locations such as ocean inlets, the surf, and other nearshore zones of the ocean are heavily used for multiple recreational and commercial activities, implying a need for spatially explicit planning to minimize conflicts.  Siting of MHK installations off of the NC coast will be based on the availability of wave, ocean current, and tidal current energy and the risk of environmental impacts on organisms and habitats, including aspects that are presently regulated or that may be regulated in the future, and serious conflicts with existing human uses of the coastal ocean. In addition, up-front consideration of potential future uses of the areas where the installations may be located may be necessary to reconcile concerns of various ocean stakeholders who may perceive MHK installations as threats to their interests and be compelled to object to commercial-scale MHK development.  This report addresses the potential environmental and ecological effects posed by commercial installations of ocean wave, ocean current, and tidal current energy generating devices. It does not detail the potential effects of prototype-scale devices, which will need to be considered to obtain permits for their test installations, but the issues that we raise will apply at a smaller scale and can be inferred from our assessment of commercial-scale effects. The report also addresses the temporal and spatial use of the ocean off of the coast of NC by humans and by fish and wildlife. An understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of potentially conflicting human uses and of uses by sensitive natural resources could lead to resolution of these conflicts through spatial or temporal segregation before they erupt and become an impediment to development.","author":["Dubbs, L.","Voss, C.","Von Korff, B.","Morton, J.","Peterson, C.","Fegley, S.","Piehler, M."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2012-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.231285000000","-76.294242000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Chemicals","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dubbs-et-al-NC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/677618","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-tidal-farm-banks-strait-tasmania-influence-tidal-array-hydrodynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/13\/20\/5326\/htm","title":"Towards a Tidal Farm in Banks Strait, Tasmania: Influence of Tidal Array on Hydrodynamics","description":"The development of tidal energy in Australia is still a challenge with few studies performed on the characterisation of the resource, due to the difficulty to acquire data and uncertainties about the influence of this anthropogenic activity on the marine environment. Changes in flow could lead to alterations in sediment transport and have further influence on the marine habitat. A case study in a promising area, Banks Strait (Australia), was created using high resolution 2D and 3D models validated against in situ data to investigate changes to hydrodynamic conditions with two scenarios of tidal farms (100 and 300 turbines). Comparison between 2D and 3D is performed to find the best compromise between model accuracy and computational time for preliminary assessment. Changes to current speed and bed shear stress over a 35 day period were found to be localised around the tidal farms and did not extent more than 7 km from the farm (300 turbines) for both 2D and 3D. The results showed that for near field and far field, 2D models are sufficient to give a first approximation of the hydrodynamic influence of tidal farm deployment on its environment.","author":["Auguste, C.","Marsh, P.","Nader, J.","Cossu, R.","Penesis, I."],"organization":["Australian Maritime College","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2020-10-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.605179000000","148.118383000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Auguste-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/677812","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-index-tidal-power-plants-amazon-region-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10668-020-01088-z","title":"Environmental impact index for tidal power plants in amazon region coast","description":"In some coastal areas, tidal ranges represent an important energy potential. This energy is harnessed through tidal power plants (TPPs), which cause environmental impacts during the construction and operation phases. The objective is to propose an environmental impact potential (EIP) index to be used as a tool to select suitable areas for the installation of TPPs. The EIP is based on a combination of geographic information systems and multicriteria analysis, which take into account the degrees of vulnerability of the following environmental variables: land use, geomorphology, geology, slope, pedology and vegetation. The results showed that the EIP values in most areas of the Amazon region coast decrease from north to south, and 15% of the areas had low EIP values because they are farther from estuaries, which are technically better for the implementation of TPPs. In the rest of the region, 82% of the areas have average EIP values, and 3% have high EIP values. These areas are near the mouth and are more susceptible to erosion and flooding. In this case, the environmental impact is greater in relation to those of areas with the greatest river influence. Thus, from an environmental point of view, the EIP index has proven to be a preliminary and simple application assessment tool for choosing the best area for TPP installation for the sustainable use of natural resources.","author":["Prog\u00eanio, M.","Blanco, C.","Cruz, J.","Filho, F.","Mesquita, A."],"organization":["Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1"],"originationDate":"2020-11-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["-1.004041000000","-48.514798000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/680328","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-modal-approach-benthic-impact-assessments-moraine-habitats-case-study-block","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12237-020-00818-w","title":"Multi-modal Approach for Benthic Impact Assessments in Moraine Habitats: a Case Study at the Block Island Wind Farm","description":"Benthic assessment techniques utilized in soft sediment areas are of limited utility in glacial moraine habitats that are structurally complex and largely composed of hard substrata. We present a multi-modal approach consisting of multibeam bathymetry, video, and still imagery that collectively provides the knowledge base necessary to perform impact assessments in these habitats. Baseline and post-construction surveys were conducted adjacent to the Block Island Wind Farm to develop and test these methodologies within the context of offshore wind development, specifically for detecting and documenting anchoring-related impacts to moraine habitats. Habitat data were evaluated using the substrate and biotic components of the national classification standard, the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard, recommended by federal regulators, with modifications to present results in terms of predicted vulnerability to disturbance. Habitats near the wind farm were diverse and patchy, ranging from rippled gravelly sand to continuous cobble\/boulder fields with high biotic cover. Anchor furrows were detected in moderate value habitats in bathymetric and video data. The multi-modal survey approach tested at the Block Island Wind Farm and presented here is now specifically recommended by federal agencies and is being used to inform efforts currently underway to map and assess benthic habitats for a number of U.S. projects seeking federal permits.  This article is part of a Special Issue on Shallow Water Mapping.","author":["Guarinello, M.","Carey, D."],"organization":["INSPIRE Environmental"],"originationDate":"2020-08-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.143984000000","-71.533252000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guarinello-Carey-2020-Multi-modal-Approach.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/707975","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-turbines-estuarine-environment-identifying-optimal-location-environmental-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148121000458","title":"Tidal turbines in the estuarine environment: From identifying optimal location to environmental impact","description":"Estuaries that feature large tidal ranges (macrotidal) have recently received attention for their potential to generate energy by tidal stream turbines. As estuaries are delicate ecosystems and often have large human populations residing on their shores, determining where to place the turbines and how they will impact the hydrodynamics and sediment transport of these systems is vital to their successful implementation. The aim of this study is to provide a framework for assessing an estuary for turbine placement, including determining how the turbines will impact the environment (focusing on the physics), and examining other items that could peripherally affect the tidal turbine farm location or impact. This work was carried out using the Gironde Estuary as a case study and included a combination of in-situ data collection and numerical modeling. In terms of the turbine farm impact on the hydrodynamics and Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC), results showed that the inclusion of a farm reduced currents up to 10% and decreased SSC up to 15 mg\/l. The decrease in SSC was due to the attenuated current velocities decreasing friction velocity and thus near bottom generated turbulence that suspends bottom sediment. Over time, the decreased SSC will lead to sediment accumulation and new bottom features.","author":["Ross, L.","Sottolichio, A.","Huybrechts, N.","Brunet, P."],"organization":["University of Maine","University of Bordeaux","Cerema","Naldeo Technologies \u0026 Industries"],"originationDate":"2021-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.457136000000","-0.870282000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/707976","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-iswec-wave-energy-device","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-55807-9_58","title":"Life Cycle Assessment for the ISWEC Wave Energy Device","description":"In recent years, wave renewable energy is becoming established as one of the crucial components of a diversified and successful energy mix. The Inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter (ISWEC) is a mature technology, especially designed for closed seas, as the Mediterranean Sea, which has already been deployed in full-scale. At this stage of development, since the technology has been proven successful, it is crucial to assess its environmental impact. A life cycle assessment has been performed on the ISWEC including all relevant phases, from raw material extraction, to construction, assembly, transportation, use and final dismantling. As an outcome, the LCA study allowed the calculation of a set of impacts on the environment, resources depletion and human health that allows the innovative renewable energy-based technology to be consistently compared with other solutions. One of the most popular impacts, such as climate change, has been estimated at 31.5 gCO2eq\/kWh which is in line e.g. with the performance of photovoltaics.","author":["Di Muro, A.","Sirigu, S.","Giorgi, G."],"organization":["Regio Politecnico di Torino (Royal Turin Polytechnic)"],"originationDate":"2020-08-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/708364","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orkney-islands-marine-region-state-environment-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.orkney.gov.uk\/our-services\/planning-and-building\/development-and-marine-planning-policy\/marine-planning\/state-of-the-environment-assessment\/","title":"Orkney Islands Marine Region: State of the Environment Assessment","description":"The Orkney Islands Marine Region: State of the Environment Assessment provides a summary of the pressures affecting Orkney\u2019s marine and coastal environment. It includes ecological, social and economic factors, and the associated pressures and trends. The assessment presents a snapshot in time of the current environmental issues, as of November 2020, and the current status of the key economic sectors.","author":["Orkney Islands Council"],"organization":["Orkney Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.104939000000","-2.888600000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 09:17:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Orkney-Islands-Council-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/721898","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/soundscape-anthropocene-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/371\/6529\/eaba4658","title":"The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean","description":"Oceans have become substantially noisier since the Industrial Revolution. Shipping, resource exploration, and infrastructure development have increased the anthrophony (sounds generated by human activities), whereas the biophony (sounds of biological origin) has been reduced by hunting, fishing, and habitat degradation. Climate change is affecting geophony (abiotic, natural sounds). Existing evidence shows that anthrophony affects marine animals at multiple levels, including their behavior, physiology, and, in extreme cases, survival. This should prompt management actions to deploy existing solutions to reduce noise levels in the ocean, thereby allowing marine animals to reestablish their use of ocean sound as a central ecological trait in a healthy ocean.  Structured Abstract  BACKGROUND  Sound is the sensory cue that travels farthest through the ocean and is used by marine animals, ranging from invertebrates to great whales, to interpret and explore the marine environment and to interact within and among species. Ocean soundscapes are rapidly changing because of massive declines in the abundance of sound-producing animals, increases in anthropogenic noise, and altered contributions of geophysical sources, such as sea ice and storms, owing to climate change. As a result, the soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean is fundamentally different from that of preindustrial times, with anthropogenic noise negatively impacting marine life.  ADVANCES  We find evidence that anthropogenic noise negatively affects marine animals. Strong evidence for such impacts is available for marine mammals, and some studies also find impacts for fishes and invertebrates, marine birds, and reptiles. Noise from vessels, active sonar, synthetic sounds (artificial tones and white noise), and acoustic deterrent devices are all found to affect marine animals, as are noise from energy and construction infrastructure and seismic surveys. Although there is clear evidence that noise compromises hearing ability and induces physiological and behavioral changes in marine animals, there is lower confidence that anthropogenic noise increases the mortality of marine animals and the settlement of their larvae.  OUTLOOK  Anthropogenic noise is a stressor for marine animals. Thus, we call for it to be included in assessments of cumulative pressures on marine ecosystems. Compared with other stressors that are persistent in the environment, such as carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere or persistent organic pollutants delivered to marine ecosystems, anthropogenic noise is typically a point-source pollutant, the effects of which decline swiftly once sources are removed. The evidence summarized here encourages national and international policies to become more ambitious in regulating and deploying existing technological solutions to mitigate marine noise and improve the human stewardship of ocean soundscapes to maintain a healthy ocean. We provide a range of solutions that may help, supported by appropriate managerial and policy frameworks that may help to mitigate impacts on marine animals derived from anthropogenic noise and perturbations of soundscapes.","author":["Duarte, C.","Chapuis, L.","Collin, S.","Costa, D.","Devassy, R.","Eguiluz, V.","Erbe, C.","Gordon, T.","Halpern, B.","Harding, H.","Havlik, M.","Meekan, M.","Merchant, N.","Miksis-Olds, J.","Parsons, M.","Predragovic, M.","Radford, A.","Simpson, S.","Slabbekoorn, H.","Staaterman, E.","Opzeeland, I.","Winderen, J.","Zhang, X.","Juanes, F."],"organization":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","Aarhus University","University of Exeter","University of California Santa Cruz","Universitat de les Illes Balears (University of the Balearic Islands)","Curtin University","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)","Bren School of Environmental Science \u0026 Management","University of California Santa Barbara","University of Bristol","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of New Hampshire","University of Auckland","Leiden University","Beneath The Waves","Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2021-02-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/745107","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-policy-recommendations-actions-mitigation-efforts-anthropogenic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120303343","title":"International policy, recommendations, actions and mitigation efforts of anthropogenic underwater noise","description":"Anthropogenic underwater noise levels have generally increased as industrial activities in the ocean have become more prevalent. Because of the central nature of sound in the lives of many marine animals, and the known and potential adverse impacts of noise, it is also gaining increased international recognition as an important global conservation issue. Here, a current compilation and synthesis of official documents, reports, and strategic plans from various intergovernmental, governmental, and international organizations, and noise-related projects and programs, demonstrate increasing efforts to understand anthropogenic underwater noise, and the mitigation and management measures that are being considered to reduce noise. While some entities aim to better understand and quantify underwater noise and its impacts, others have recommended explicit mitigation measures including spatio-temporal approaches to managing noise sources, and vessel quieting technologies. New approaches also include the development of certification or voluntary noise-reduction programs and agreements. We highlight four considerations that will better link the potential impacts of noise with corresponding mitigation and noise reducing efforts: 1) collaboration to address the transboundary and cumulative nature of underwater noise; 2) differing countries\u2019 implementation capabilities for addressing noise; 3) time and intensity tradeoffs (e.g., louder noise for a shorter time period versus quieter but for longer); and 4) variable noise impacts depending on specific life history stages and life functions. Our review affirms the international consensus that anthropogenic underwater noise is a currently pervasive yet relatively transient form of pollution, the effects of which can be significantly reduced through effective mitigation and regulatory action.","author":["Chou, E.","Southall, B.","Robards, M.","Rosenbaum, H."],"organization":["Wildlife Conservation Society","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/745108","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/context-dependent-variability-predicted-daily-energetic-costs-disturbance-blue-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/conphys\/article\/9\/1\/coaa137\/6102278","title":"Context-dependent variability in the predicted daily energetic costs of disturbance for blue whales","description":"Assessing the long-term consequences of sub-lethal anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife populations requires integrating data on fine-scale individual behavior and physiology into spatially and temporally broader, population-level inference. A typical behavioral response to disturbance is the cessation of foraging, which can be translated into a common metric of energetic cost. However, this necessitates detailed empirical information on baseline movements, activity budgets, feeding rates and energy intake, as well as the probability of an individual responding to the disturbance-inducing stressor within different exposure contexts. Here, we integrated data from blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) experimentally exposed to military active sonar signals with fine-scale measurements of baseline behavior over multiple days or weeks obtained from accelerometry loggers, telemetry tracking and prey sampling. Specifically, we developed daily simulations of movement, feeding behavior and exposure to localized sonar events of increasing duration and intensity and predicted the effects of this disturbance source on the daily energy intake of an individual. Activity budgets and movements were highly variable in space and time and among individuals, resulting in large variability in predicted energetic intake and costs. In half of our simulations, an individual\u2019s energy intake was unaffected by the simulated source. However, some individuals lost their entire daily energy intake under brief or weak exposure scenarios. Given this large variation, population-level models will have to assess the consequences of the entire distribution of energetic costs, rather than only consider single summary statistics. The shape of the exposure-response functions also strongly influenced predictions, reinforcing the need for contextually explicit experiments and improved mechanistic understanding of the processes driving behavioral and physiological responses to disturbance. This study presents a robust approach for integrating different types of empirical information to assess the effects of disturbance at spatio-temporal and ecological scales that are relevant to management and conservation.","author":["Pirotta, E.","Booth, C.","Cade, D.","Calambokidis, J.","Costa, D.","Fahlbusch, J.","Friedlaender, A.","Goldbogen, J.","Harwood, J.","Hazen, E.","New, L.","Southall, B."],"organization":["Washington State University","SMRU Consulting","Stanford University","Cascadia Research Collective","University of California Santa Cruz","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/752253","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-offshore-wind-farms-nature-conservation-seafood-lessons-dutch-community","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X20310228?","title":"Combining offshore wind farms, nature conservation and seafood: Lessons from a Dutch community of practice","description":"Large-scale development of offshore wind farms implies an increase in marine resource use conflicts. Managing potential impacts on marine ecosystems and on resource access for traditional and prospective users is key. Multi-use scenarios are a solution but are often approached as a \u0027design question\u0027 that can be settled through Marine Spatial Planning. In practice, regulatory, technical and socio-economic factors often hinder multi-use. Overcoming such barriers requires active collaboration between all stakeholders, yet meaningful participation in MSP processes often is a challenge. This paper explores the role of Communities of Practice as a participatory tool for developing multi-use. The Netherlands set up a \u2018Community of Practice North Sea\u2019 to stimulate the development of multi-use pilots by bringing interested parties together, sharing experiences and learning from each other in a context of existing and developing spatial and social claims. This development is part of the government\u0027s strategy aimed at finding a balance between offshore wind energy development, nature conservation and seafood production. The paper shows that by (partly) decoupling policy from practice and creating a positive learning environment, Communities of Practice have potential as a participatory tool for encouraging cooperation between stakeholders in an informal setting and facilitating a transition towards multi-use of marine resources. The paper proposes ten guidelines for using Communities of Practices as an action-oriented tool for salient multi-use practices.","author":["Steins, N.","Veraart, J.","Klostermann, J.","Poelman, M."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2021-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.120414500000","0.986648900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/756504","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-oscillating-wave-surge-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/2\/206","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of an Oscillating Wave Surge Energy Converter","description":"So far, very few studies have focused on the quantification of the environmental impacts of a wave energy converter. The current study presents a preliminary Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the MegaRoller wave energy converter, aiming to contribute to decision making regarding the least carbon- and energy-intensive design choices. The LCA encompasses all life cycle stages from \u201ccradle-to-grave\u201d for the wave energy converter, including the panel, foundation, PTO and mooring system, considering its deployment in Peniche, Portugal. Background data was mainly sourced from the manufacturer whereas foreground data was sourced from the Ecoinvent database (v.3.4). The resulting impact assessment of the MegaRoller is aligned with all previous studies in concluding that the main environmental impacts are due to materials use and manufacture, and mainly due to high amounts of material used, particularly steel. The scenario analysis showed that a reduction of the environmental impacts in the final design of the MegaRoller wave energy converter could potentially lie in reducing the quantity of steel by studying alternatives for its replacement. Results are generally comparable with earlier studies for ocean technologies and are very low when compared with other power generating technologies.","author":["Apolonia, M.","Simas, T."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","KEME ENERGY"],"originationDate":"2021-02-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Apolonia-Simas-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/772764","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-power-take-modelling-far-field-effects-wave-energy-converter-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/13\/4\/429\/htm","title":"Influence of Power Take-Off Modelling on the Far-Field Effects of Wave Energy Converter Farms","description":"The study of the potential impact of wave energy converter (WEC) farms on the surrounding wave field at long distances from the WEC farm location (also know as \u201cfar field\u201d effects) has been a topic of great interest in the past decade. Typically, \u201cfar-field\u201d effects have been studied using phase average or phase resolving numerical models using a parametrization of the WEC power absorption using wave transmission coefficients. Most recent studies have focused on using coupled models between a wave-structure interaction solver and a wave-propagation model, which offer a more complex and accurate representation of the WEC hydrodynamics and PTO behaviour. The difference in the results between the two aforementioned approaches has not been studied yet, nor how different ways of modelling the PTO system can affect wave propagation in the lee of the WEC farm. The Coastal Engineering Research Group of Ghent University has developed both a parameterized model using the sponge layer technique in the mild slope wave propagation model MILDwave and a coupled model MILDwave-NEMOH (NEMOH is a boundary element method-based wave-structure interaction solver), for studying the \u201cfar-field\u201d effects of WEC farms. The objective of the present study is to perform a comparison between both numerical approaches in terms of performance for obtaining the \u201cfar-field\u201d effects of two WEC farms. Results are given for a series of regular wave conditions, demonstrating a better accuracy of the MILDwave-NEMOH coupled model in obtaining the wave disturbance coefficient (Kd) values around the considered WEC farms. Subsequently, the analysis is extended to study the influence of the PTO system modelling technique on the \u201cfar-field\u201d effects by considering: (i) a linear optimal, (ii) a linear sub-optimal and (iii) a non-linear hydraulic PTO system. It is shown that modelling a linear optimal PTO system can lead to an unrealistic overestimation of the WEC motions than can heavily affect the wave height at a large distance in the lee of the WEC farm. On the contrary, modelling of a sub-optimal PTO system and of a hydraulic PTO system leads to a similar, yet reduced impact on the \u201cfar-field\u201d effects on wave height. The comparison of the PTO systems\u2019 modelling technique shows that when using coupled models, it is necessary to carefully model the WEC hydrodynamics and PTO behaviour as they can introduce substantial inaccuracies into the WECs\u2019 motions and the WEC farm \u201cfar-field\u201d effects.","author":["Fern\u00e1ndez, G.","Stratigaki, V.","Quartier, N.","Troch, P."],"organization":["Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2021-02-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fernandez-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/772765","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamics-hyper-tidal-estuary-influenced-worlds-second-largest-tidal-power-station","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S027277142030874X","title":"Hydrodynamics of a hyper-tidal estuary influenced by the world\u0027s second largest tidal power station (Rance estuary, France)","description":"The Rance estuary is a relatively small low-discharge steep-sided ria, located along the Brittany coast in northern France, with a maximum spring tidal range of 13.5 m. Taking advantage of this hyper-tidal regime, the first and currently the second largest operational tidal power station in the world was built at the estuary\u0027s mouth and has been in operation since the 1960s. Despite the well-known effect of damping of estuarine water levels, little attention has been given to quantifying the influence of the plant on the propagation and asymmetry of the tidal wave inside the estuary. In this study, hydrodynamics and tidal wave patterns were analyzed in this anthropogenically influenced estuarine system. A two-dimensional depth-averaged numerical model of the Rance estuary was developed. Two scenarios without the tidal power plant involving the dam\u0027s pre- and post-construction bathymetry (1957 and 2018 respectively) and present-day conditions scenarios were designed, to highlight the impact of bed evolution and the tidal power station on hydrodynamics and tidal asymmetry. Numerical results showed that, without the structure, bathymetric evolution did not substantially influence estuarine hydrodynamics. Nevertheless, on the estuary-side of the dam, the presence of the tidal power plant induced (i) a decrease in both tidal range and tidal prism, (ii) an increase of low water levels, and (iii) a decrease in both flood and ebb currents. Contrastingly, the region close to the structure reacted differently to plant operating modes, with an increase in flood currents (ebb currents) upstream of the sluice gates (downstream of the turbines). For both the natural condition and the artificially-induced hydrodynamic forcing due to the presence of the plant, numerical results showed that the Rance estuary mainly exhibits flood-dominant behavior, with a longer duration of falling than rising water and stronger peak flood currents than ebb currents. Spanning a period of approximately 60 years, this study presents a quantitative analysis of the influence of the tidal power station on the hydrodynamics in the Rance estuary, and its possible consequences for sediment dynamics. This approach is novel for this particular enclosed water body, characterized by the presence of a dam at its mouth and a lock at its uppermost limit.","author":["Rtimi, R.","Sottolichio, A.","Tassi, P."],"organization":["\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France (EDF)","University of Bordeaux","Saint-Venant Hydraulics Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2021-03-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.618217000000","-2.023373000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:23:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/775666","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-multibeam-echosounder-document-changes-animal-movement-behaviour-around","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsab017\/6154329","title":"Application of a multibeam echosounder to document changes in animal movement and behaviour around a tidal turbine structure","description":"Changes in animal movement and behaviour at fine scales (tens of metres) in immediate proximity to tidal stream turbine structures are largely unknown and have implications for risks of animal collision with turbine blades. This study used upward-facing multibeam echosounder data to detect and track animal movement comprising fish, diving seabirds, and marine mammals. Measurements over spring-neap tidal cycles at a turbine structure (no blades present) are compared to a neighbouring reference area with no structure and comparable conditions, with measurements consecutive in time to maximize comparability.  The majority of tracked animals (93.4% around turbine structure and 99.1% without turbine structure) were observed swimming against the flow, with 87.5% and 97.8%, respectively, making ground and showing capability of manoeuvring in tidal stream flow speeds. Track tortuosity increased around the turbine structure compared to the reference site, particularly in the wake and at low flow speeds, indicating animal station-holding or milling behaviour. These data also evidence the benefits of multibeam echosounders to measure animal movement through larger measurement volumes rather than relying on single-beam echosounders to measure animal presence alone, including to avoid large biases overestimating the size of schools swimming against the flow measured by time-in-beam.","author":["Williamson, B.","Blondel, P.","Williamson, L.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Aberdeen","University of Bath","Ocean Science Consulting"],"originationDate":"2021-02-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.142680000000","-2.819064000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williamson-et-al-2021-Multibeam-Echosounder.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/777408","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-maritime-spatial-planning-spain-main-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X21000543?casa_token=KRrlZew4wl8AAAAA:oGK76_v80PAl4RpvmPHgJJpqfbH8KC6pbUwT4sDLUJXE4ruePXncqAzcgOZ97vJtbeel-tX5bA4","title":"Marine renewable energy and maritime spatial planning in Spain: Main challenges and recommendations","description":"Preliminary studies demonstrate the availability of significant renewable energy potential in Spanish waters. Its use could contribute to achieving the recently updated national objectives for the generation of clean energy in the future National Energy and Climate Plan 2021\u20132030. Despite the different initiatives that were unsuccessfully proposed at the end of the 2000s, the current implementation of blue energy is practically zero in Spain due to the characteristics of the marine space, which limits the technical and economic viability of the projects. There are other factors, such as a complex regulatory framework, inadequate administrative processes, limited availability of information as well as social rejection of this type of facility. Like other Member States of the European Union, Spain is currently developing a process of maritime spatial planning (MSP) that should be concluded, according to RD 363\/2017, with the approval of a maritime spatial plan (POEM) for each of the five existing marine demarcations. This planning will have consequences for the uses and activities of the marine environment, including marine renewable energies. It also provides an opportunity to address existing non-technical barriers and promote the deployment of blue energy facilities. This investigation studies the MSP landscape in Spain from a holistic perspective and analyzes the repercussions of future POEMs in the offshore wind sector and other marine renewable energies. It concludes by proposing a set of recommendations, based on previous experiences in other regions, aimed at facilitating the integration of clean energy policies in the future uses of this marine space.","author":["Quero Garc\u00eda, P.","Sanabria, J.","Ruiz, J."],"organization":["University of Cadiz"],"originationDate":"2021-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.023710000000","-3.317492000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/777409","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aspects-environmental-impacts-seawater-desalination","sourceURL":"https:\/\/resolver.tudelft.nl\/uuid:d735b119-0907-469e-9cf3-c0f319f6d52e","title":"Aspects of environmental impacts of seawater desalination","description":"Cyprus relies on seawater desalination for a large part of its drinking water supply, with reverse osmosis providing more than 95% of the total desalination capacity in the country. Nevertheless, the environmental impacts of desalination for the Cypriot environment remain poorly understood. Using a combination of mining existing governmental and corporate survey data and reports, this study explores the scale of desalination in Cyprus, the impacts on the coastal marine environment and its overall carbon footprint. Surveys of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows show strongly reduced density of shoots and leaf surface area, respectively. Analysis of the available data relating to the overall production of desalinated water and energy consumption reveals that 68.7 million m3 of desalinated water were produced in Cyprus in 2017, resulting in the release of 160 ktons of CO2 equivalent, representing around 2% of the total carbon emissions in Cyprus. The results are directly applicable for understanding the impacts of brine discharge on seagrass meadows, one of the most common types of Mediterranean seabed ecosystems and useful for providing guidance to decision makers as they are striving to achieve a zero-carbon economy. Strategies for achieving greater sustainability in terms of reduced CO2 emissions and less brine discharge are discussed.","author":["Xevgenos, D.","Marcou, M.","Louca, V.","Avramidi, E.","Ioannou, G.","Argyrou, M.","Stavrou, P.","Mortou, M.","Kupper, F."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.858370500000","32.183744900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:12:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/211_2021_15.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/777410","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-co-location-solutions-offshore-wind-farms-fisheries-need-account-socio","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0048969721009852","title":"Sustainable co-location solutions for offshore wind farms and fisheries need to account for socio-ecological trade-offs","description":"The spatial expansion of offshore wind farms (OWFs) is key for the transition to a carbon free energy sector. In the North Sea, the sprawl of OWFs is regulated by marine spatial planning (MSP) and results in an increasing loss of space for other sectors such as fisheries. Understanding fisheries benefits of OWFs and mitigating the loss of fishing grounds is key for co-location solutions in MSP. For the German exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the North Sea we conducted a novel socio-ecological assessment of fisheries benefits which combines exploring potential spill-over from an OWF with an experimental brown crab (Cancer pagurus) pot fishery and an economic viability analysis of such a fishery. We arrayed a total of 205 baited pots along transects from an OWF located near the island of Helgoland. After a soaking time of 24 h we retrieved the pots and measured the carapace width (mm), weight (g), and sex of each individual crab. To conclude on cumulative spill-over potentials from all OWFs in the German EEZ and drivers of passive gear fisheries we analysed vessel monitoring system (VMS)-data and computed random forest regressions. Local spill-over mechanisms occurred up to distances of 300 to 500 m to the nearest turbines and revealed an increasing attraction of pot fishing activities to particular OWFs. This corresponds to the observation of constantly increasing fishing effort targeting brown crab likely due to both a growing international demand and stable resource populations at suitable habitats, including OWFs. Our break-even scenarios showed that beam trawlers have the capacities to conduct during summer an opportunistic but economically viable pot fishery. We argue that particularly in the North Sea, where space becomes limited, integrated assessments of the wider environmental and socio-economic effects of planning are crucial for a sustainable co-location of OWFs and fisheries.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Gimpel, A.","Haslob, H.","Letschert, J.","Berkenhagen, J.","Bruning, S."],"organization":["Thunen Instititute"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.210939000000","7.891969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/784755","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/us-navy-wave-energy-test-site-wets","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/","title":"U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site (WETS)","description":"The U.S. Navy\u2019s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS), the United States\u2019 first grid-connected wave energy test site, was expanded to three test berths in 2015. Through a cooperative effort between the Navy and the US Department of Energy (DOE), with the support of Hawai\u2019i Natural Energy Institute and the Hawai\u2019i National Marine Renewable Energy Center, WETS hosts companies seeking to test their pre-commercial WEC devices in an operational setting, enabling them to advance their device transition readiness level. Several devices have already been tested. HNEI provides performance analysis, numerical modeling of devices and moorings, wave measurement and forecasting, environmental monitoring (primarily acoustics), and logistics support to the Navy and the companies deploying at WETS.","author":["Patrick Cross"],"organization":["US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2021-03-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.451660000000","-157.791110000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Noise","Avoidance","Habitat Change","Attraction","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:42:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/785164","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-production-mexican-biosphere-reserve-assessing-potential-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969721008901","title":"Renewable energy production in a Mexican biosphere reserve: Assessing the potential using a multidisciplinary approach","description":"In Mexico, the CEMIE-Oc\u00e9ano (Mexican Center for Ocean Energy Innovation) is exploring potential locations for marine energy production while assessing social perception and protecting the environment. The goals of this study were to: a) calculate potential renewable energy production in the north of the Yucatan Peninsula; b) understand the perception of the local inhabitants towards the installation and operation of ocean energy devices and c) estimate the potential environmental impacts in the R\u00edo Lagartos Biosphere Reserve, considering keystone or unique\/endemic species. Our results indicate that energy harvesting through salinity gradient would be the most feasible among renewable energy production alternatives that would reduce emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere thus helping mitigate global warming. The maximum recorded salinity was 90 psu, in February and April, which would provide 1.39 kWh\/m3. This would not be sufficient to fully meet the local demands for electricity. Our findings show that the local people are not well informed regarding renewable energies. They appreciate their natural environment and would be very reluctant to see drastic changes in their surroundings. Finally, if saline gradient energy production were to be implemented here, the changes in the gradient and hydrosedimentary flows would probably induce undesirable alterations to the natural ecosystems (mangroves), food webs (plankton), and threatened species (flamingos and horseshoe crabs). In conclusion, our findings indicate that salinity gradient energy production is unlikely to be viable in the Ria Lagartos Biosphere Reserve mostly because of the reluctance of local inhabitants to changes in their environment and the potential environmental impacts.","author":["Wojtarowski, A.","Martinez, M.","Silva, R.","V\u00e1zquez, G.","Enriquez, C.","Lopez-Portillo, J.","Garcia-Franco, J.","Macgregor-Fors, I.","Lara-Dominguez, A.","Lithgow, A."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","University of Helsinki"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.596635000000","-88.168447000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/785358","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ssf-scapa-flow-sites-benthic-rov-survey-st-margarets-hope","sourceURL":"","title":"SSF Scapa Flow Sites Benthic ROV Survey St Margaret\u0027s Hope","description":"An ROV survey collecting images of the seabed at four potential sites in Scapa Flow was undertaken on 19 and 20 January 2015 on behalf of Scottish Sea Farms (SSF). Three sites, Roo Point, Westerbister and Hunda North were sampled on 19 January 2015; the fourth site, St Margaret\u2019 s Hope, was sampled on 20 January 2015. This report uses the collected video data to describe and characterise the benthic environment at the St Margaret\u2019 s Hope site.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd"],"originationDate":"2015-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.899990900000","-3.190069200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SSS_ScapaFlowSites.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SSS_ScapaFlowSites_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/785359","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/minimising-negative-environmental-impacts-ocean-energy-systems-example-sabella-d10","sourceURL":"","title":"Minimising negative environmental impacts of ocean energy systems: example of Sabella D10 tidal turbine","description":"Moderator: Kasparas Kemeklis, Ocean Energy Europe, ETIP Ocean  Presentations:  Francois Batifoulier, Sabella  Caitlin Long, EMEC  Q\u0026amp;A session with the audience","author":["Sabella"],"organization":["Sabella"],"originationDate":"2017-08-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.445065200000","-5.264056400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 08:02:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ETIPOcean0217_Webinar.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/785553","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-pilot-license-application-cobscook-bay-tidal-energy-project-appendix-b-safeguard","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orpc.co\/storage\/2022\/02\/CBTEP_2013_Enviro_Report-FERC_Final.pdf","title":"Final Pilot License Application Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project Appendix B: Safeguard Plans","description":"The purpose of the Project and Public Safety Plan is to describe: 1) safety devices and measures to ensure the safety of the public near the Project components; 2) ways in which the Project will be monitored to determine if there is an emergency; 3) procedures taken during an emergency; 4) procedures for reporting the emergency to local, state, and federal agencies; 5) contingency measures to modify operations or to implement the Project removal plan; 6) procedures for the annual testing of emergency equipment; and 7) procedures for annually coordinating with response agencies.","author":["Ocean Renewable Power Company"],"organization":["Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.905336200000","-67.083325200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORPC_FERC-12711.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/786905","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-role-offshore-wind-restoring-priority-marine-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bluemarinefoundation.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/BLUE-wind-farm-feasibility-study-report-FINAL.pdf","title":"Exploring the role of offshore wind in restoring priority marine habitats","description":"The UK has the largest installed capacity of offshore wind in the world. With a government commitment to further expand, opportunities for co-location with conservation and restoration initiatives are being increasingly explored. Globally, over 85% of oyster beds have been lost, making them among the most imperilled marine habitats in the world. In the UK, the native oyster, or European flat oyster, has declined by 95% since the mid-1800s. Oyster restoration is a high priority at the national and European level with several pilot projects underway in Europe to investigate the potential for offshore wind farms to aid population recovery. The use of broodstock sites to increase larval supply is considered an effective strategy to restore self-sustaining populations. Restoration projects including the Solent Oyster Restoration Project led by Blue Marine Foundation (BLUE) have successfully used marinas as broodstock sites, pumping billions of larvae into the Solent. Results from a pilot in The Netherlands identified larvae in oysters housed within a North Sea wind farm and the surrounding water, showing oysters can grow and reproduce in these offshore environments.  This report provides a summary of work undertaken by BLUE and renewable energy company \u00d8rsted, in collaboration with the Essex Native Oyster Restoration Initiative (ENORI) and includes results from a feasibility study by Resilient Coasts. The project explored the potential for the Gunfleet Sands wind farm in Essex to act as a broodstock site for the Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries Marine Conservation Zone (MCZ). The MCZ is the only designation for native oyster beds in the UK and ENORI is leading efforts to restore populations to a self-sustaining level. The feasibility study assessed the physical processes at the wind farm and how these would impact oyster survivability. Key considerations included: environmental tolerances for native oyster survival; combined hydrodynamics (waves and tides); operational requirements and the design of oyster housing. The results indicated that a spawning event, combined with a flood tide, may allow larvae to reach the MCZ under specific weather conditions. However, the perfect window of opportunity for larval transport is relatively small and unlikely to coincide with larval release. The study also concluded that, for this location, oysters should not be placed on the seabed either in untethered cages or loose because of the high energy within the site. Depth, bed sediment and infrastructure constraints further reduced the area available for broodstock installations within Gunfleet Sands. This raised concern over the potential to scale up broodstock numbers and the overall impact of the project, as well as financial investment. It was therefore decided that a pilot phase would not be developed.  The findings from this study have formed the foundation of a wider scoping analysis of over fifty UK wind farms, using broad-scale seabed habitat and energy level data. Initial results from the scoping study has presented several sites that may be suitable for restoration and habitat enhancement for native oysters. BLUE is now extending the scoping to other species and habitat enhancement opportunities, with the aim of initiating a new feasibility study in 2021.","author":["Robertson, M.","Locke, S.","Uttley, M.","Helmer, L.","Kean-Hammerson, J."],"organization":["Blue Marine Foundation","\u00d8rsted"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.766974000000","1.149276000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BLUE-wind-farm-feasibility-study-report-FINAL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/789428","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/variability-sediment-processes-around-tidal-farm-theoretical-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148121003268?casa_token=NyquidLoCWYAAAAA:txTFjk2KvubI7IWh6uVKf_ZK_TL35SHojnwEf5sg30Msth11L4dL_HWHS8TBDhalNuBrFiM9flY","title":"Variability of sediment processes around a tidal farm in a theoretical channel","description":"Sediment transport plays a crucial role in coastal ecosystems and is one of the least known parameters in high energy sites. The recent development of tidal energy projects challenges the scientific community to better understand this natural phenomenon and the interactions with tidal turbines. Using MIKE21\/3 software from DHI, a benchmark for sediment transport model was developed with simulations with and without a tidal farm in idealised two and three-dimensional tidal channels. Results reveal that a 2D approach is sufficient for regional scale morphological assessments, however 3D models allow for a closer examination of influences around the tidal farm. Differences in calculating sediment transport rates based on approaches after Engelund \u0026amp; Freds\u00f8e and Van Rijn formulae illustrate the degree of uncertainty in modelling sediment transport rates. Results for the Engelund \u0026amp; Freds\u00f8e models also show that they are sensitive to mesh resolution in equilibrium conditions and are more stable in non-equilibrium conditions for the bed level change rates. Tests have also demonstrated that models using Engelund \u0026amp; Freds\u00f8e formulae are more sensitive to physical characteristics than models based on Van Rijn, accentuating the necessity to evaluate sediment transport formulae with field data before making a choice of model.","author":["Auguste, C.","Nader, J.","Marsh, P.","Cossu, R.","Penesis, I."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/800648","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-animal-borne-biologging-telemetry-data-quantify-spatial-overlap-wildlife-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/3\/263","title":"The Use of Animal-Borne Biologging and Telemetry Data to Quantify Spatial Overlap of Wildlife with Marine Renewables","description":"The growth of the marine renewable energy sector requires the potential effects on marine wildlife to be considered carefully. For this purpose, utilization distributions derived from animal-borne biologging and telemetry data provide accurate information on individual space use. The degree of spatial overlap between potentially vulnerable wildlife such as seabirds and development areas can subsequently be quantified and incorporated into impact assessments and siting decisions. While rich in information, processing and analyses of animal-borne tracking data are often not trivial. There is therefore a need for straightforward and reproducible workflows for this technique to be useful to marine renewables stakeholders. The aim of this study was to develop an analysis workflow to extract utilization distributions from animal-borne biologging and telemetry data explicitly for use in assessment of animal spatial overlap with marine renewable energy development areas. We applied the method to European shags (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in relation to tidal stream turbines. While shag occurrence in the tidal development area was high (99.4%), there was no overlap (0.14%) with the smaller tidal lease sites within the development area. The method can be applied to any animal-borne bio-tracking datasets and is relevant to stakeholders aiming to quantify environmental effects of marine renewables.","author":["Isaksson, N.","Cleasby, I.","Owen, E.","Williamson, B.","Houghton, J.","Wilson, J.","Masden, E."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2021-03-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.690808000000","-3.195156000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Isaksson-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/800650","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-underwater-acoustics-marine-conservation-policy-previous-advances-current-status","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/2\/173","title":"Use of Underwater Acoustics in Marine Conservation and Policy: Previous Advances, Current Status, and Future Needs","description":"The interdisciplinary field of assessing the impacts of sound on marine life has benefited largely from the advancement of underwater acoustics that occurred after World War II. Acoustic parameters widely used in underwater acoustics were redefined to quantify sound levels relevant to animal audiometric variables, both at the source and receiver. The fundamental approach for assessing the impacts of sound uses a source-pathway-receiver model based on the one-way sonar equation, and most numerical sound propagation models can be used to predict received levels at marine animals that are potentially exposed. However, significant information gaps still exist in terms of sound source characterization and propagation that are strongly coupled with the type and layering of the underlying substrate(s). Additional challenges include the lack of easy-to-use propagation models and animal-specific statistical detection models, as well as a lack of adequate training of regulatory entities in underwater acoustics.","author":["Guan, S.","Brookens, T.","Vignola, J."],"organization":["Catholic University of America","Marine Mammal Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-02-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-09-00173.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/800846","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-farms-impact-coastal-processes-case-study-area-portuguese-nearshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/3\/262","title":"Wave Farms Impact on the Coastal Processes - A Case Study Area in the Portuguese Nearshore","description":"The aim of the present work is to identify the expected nearshore and offshore impact of a marine energy farm that would be implemented in the coastal environment of Portugal. Several layouts of Wave Dragon devices were considered, the distance between each system being gradually adjusted. By processing 27\u2013years of combined wave data coming from the European Space Agency and ERA5, the most relevant conditions have been identified. The centre of each farm layout was set to approximately 3.5 km from the coast, where a more significant attenuation of wave heights in the middle of the target area was noticed, which can go up to 16% in the case of extreme events. From the analysis of the longshore currents, it was noticed that even an arrow farm layout defined by five systems may have a significant impact, by changing the peak or by smoothing the currents profile. Wave energy is an emerging renewable sector that can also contribute tocoastal protection and, therefore, the Portuguese coast represents a suitable candidate for this type of project.","author":["Onea, F.","Rusu, L.","Carp, G.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.309388600000","-10.498377500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-09-00262.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/800849","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-ecoacoustics-characterize-marine-acoustic-environment-north-atlantic-french-saint","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/2\/177","title":"Use of Ecoacoustics to Characterize the Marine Acoustic Environment off the North Atlantic French Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon Archipelago","description":"Visual observations of the marine biodiversity can be difficult in specific areas for different reasons, including weather conditions or a lack of observers. In such conditions, passive acoustics represents a potential alternative approach. The objective of this work is to demonstrate how information about marine biodiversity can be obtained via detailed analysis of the underwater acoustic environment. This paper presents the first analysis of the Saint-Pierre-and-Miquelon (SPM) archipelago underwater acoustic environment. In order to have a better knowledge about the marine biodiversity of SPM, acoustic recordings were sampled at different time periods to highlight seasonal variations over several years. To extract information from these acoustic recordings, standard soundscape and ecoacoustic analysis workflow was used to compute acoustic metrics such as power spectral density, third-octave levels, acoustic complexity index, and sound pressure levels. The SPM marine acoustic environment can be divided into three main sound source classes: biophony, anthrophony, and geophony. Several cetacean species were encountered in the audio recordings including sperm whales (which were detected by visual observations and strandings of 3 males in 2014), humpback, and blue whales.","author":["Duc, P.","Cazau, D.","White, P.","Gerard, O.","Detcheverry, J.","Urtizberea, F.","Adam, O."],"organization":["Sorbonne University","Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale","University of Southampton","Paris-Saclay University (Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.026019000000","-56.220201000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-09-00177-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/816885","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interdisciplinary-research-collaborative-trains-students-see-through-turbulent-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/interdisciplinary-research-collaborative-trains-students-to-see-through-turbulent-systems","title":"Interdisciplinary Research Collaborative Trains Students to See Through Turbulent Systems","description":"Despite the availability of interdisciplinary academic training programs, the practice of environmental science is often hampered by a lack of convergence across diverse disciplines. This gap is particularly salient in settings characterized by complex environmental issues, such as multiple-use coastal ecosystems. In response, we developed and implemented a training, research, and communication framework to provide undergraduates with an authentic operative experience working at the interface of interdisciplinary science and public decision-\u200bmaking within a case study of marine renewable energy. In our program, students gained hands-on experience with the scientific process and learned how to make information relevant, useful, and accessible to diverse stakeholder groups. Application of this framework demonstrates that the process of integrating data from biological (visual and acoustic monitoring of fish and marine mammals), physical (hydrodynamics), and social (local ecological knowledge) sciences can provide a more complete understanding of complex and turbulent ecosystems for better informed decision-making. We offer several recommendations to facilitate the adaptation and implementation of our interdisciplinary framework to diverse research contexts, with a focus on interdisciplinary training for the next generation of marine scientists.","author":["Cammen, K.","Marafino, G.","Burton, S.","Dow, J.","Dullaert, E.","Jorge, M.","Macolini, K.","McGarry, L.","Tremblay, C.","Jansujwicz, J.","Johnson, T.","Ross, L.","Zydlewski, G."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.925260000000","-66.994084000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cammen-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/819020","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/jump-deliverable-2-inventory-background-information","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jumpproject.pt\/pdf\/Deliverable_2_Inventory_background_information.pdf","title":"JUMP Deliverable 2: Inventory of background information","description":"Since knowledge on Descriptor 11 in Portuguese marine waters is still limited, an inventory of background information was compiled, in order to gather available data on underwater recordings, noise-producing human activities and distribution of sensitive species. This report intends to explain the development process of the inventories and to summarize the state of the art of Portuguese waters. Marine anthropogenic activities are broadly distributed in Portuguese waters as are many sensitive species, meaning that regulate noise and monitor potential impacts in marine organisms should be a priority. In Portugal, monitorization of underwater noise has been scarce, thus, data on recordings is limited and it is not always possible to characterize anthropogenic activities to their fully extent. Future studies should focus on long-term monitorization of underwater noise and studying the impact of noise on different taxonomic groups. Directives that regulate underwater noise levels will take time to develop, and an important step to achieve that goal is promoting discussion between stakeholders about impacts of noise on marine environment.","author":["Sobreira, F.","Cruz, E.","Lu\u00eds, A.","dos Santos, M."],"organization":["JUMP (Joint Action: a stepping-stone for underwater noise monitoring in Portuguese water)","Republica Portuguesa"],"originationDate":"2021-02-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.097382000000","-9.064593000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/JUMP-Deliverable-2_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/819803","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/jump-deliverable-51-regulatory-framework-underwater-noise-monitoring-portugal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/jumpproject.pt\/pdf\/D5.1_Regulatory_framework_v2.pdf","title":"JUMP Deliverable 5.1: Regulatory Framework for underwater noise monitoring in Portugal","description":"This deliverable aims to review the regulatory framework for underwater noise at different levels focusing on those which more directly may have an impact on underwater noise management in Portuguese waters. It reviews Regional Sea Conventions relevant work, European Union Directives, such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, and recommendations issued by international bodies, as for example the ones provided by the International Maritime Organization.  Most of the recommendations reviewed results from the need to protect the marine environment, recognizing underwater noise as a marine pollutant with potential to affect the marine environment. Guidelines and recommendations, although not mandatory, play an important role by providing a relevant framework on underwater noise management both on assessing impacts, and proposing noise reduction and mitigation measures.   At National level there is no specific legal framework for underwater noise management. However, this can be addressed under relevant legislation for environmental impact assessment and marine spatial planning. Raising awareness activities about impacts and monitoring can play an important role on better-informed requirements and decisions.","author":["Cruz, E.","Outeiro, J.","Simao, A.","Lopes, V.","Galhardo, L."],"organization":["JUMP (Joint Action: a stepping-stone for underwater noise monitoring in Portuguese water)","Republica Portuguesa"],"originationDate":"2020-09-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.097382000000","-9.064593000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/JUMP-Deliverable-5.1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/819804","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-disciplinary-multi-scale-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-structure-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.lidsen.com\/journals\/jept\/jept-03-01-012","title":"Multi-Disciplinary and Multi-Scale Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Structure in a Tidal System","description":"The French coast of the Atlantic and English Channel (EC) is promising for the development of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE), including wind, wave, and tidal stream, due to the high velocity of currents in some parts of the area. This paper, focusing on wind and tidal energy, discusses how the implementation of MRE converters influences biodiversity, and vice versa, through biofouling and reef effects. The understanding of these interactions requires the knowledge of the hydro-sedimentary conditions and the macrofauna. The research on these topics, performed at the Continental and Coastal Morphodynamic laboratory (M2C) (UNICAEN, France), is presented through a multi-disciplinary approach by i) studying the hydrodynamic conditions and the macrofauna in Alderney Race, ii) studying the biofouling effects on tidal turbines and their influence on the turbulent wake, iii) assessing the hydro-sedimentary impacts induced by the offshore wind farm, like scouring, and iv) taking an ecosystem approach on MRE, such as the reef effect. From an ecological perspective, the reef effect can be responsible for changes in the structure and function of the ecosystem. Although several studies have analyzed this effect at the species-or community-scale, the propagation of the reef effect at the ecosystem-scale remains unclear. Thus, understanding these ecosystem-scale effects is urgent for future research. From an engineering perspective, biofouling changes the structural characteristics (i.e., supplementary mass) of the converters and thus, affects their performance.","author":["Raoux, A.","Robin, I.","Pezy, J.","Bennis, A.","Dauvin, J."],"organization":["University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Attraction","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Raoux-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/821735","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tide-energy-project-near-mouth-amazon-applying-helical-turbine-technology-small-scale","sourceURL":"","title":"The Tide-Energy Project Near the Mouth of the Amazon: Applying helical turbine technology at a small scale for rural communities","description":"This report provides a brief, illustrated overview of the tide-energy project near the mouth of the Amazon.  The project goal: use tidal energy to generate electricity. This project has developed technology to generate electricity on a small scale using tidal energy. It will enable rural residents near the mouth of the Amazon to meet energy needs in a way that is environmentally sound, decentralized, and economical.  Tidal energy: clean, renewable, and proven. The advantages of the tide as a nonpolluting and sustainable energy resource are clear. But it may be difficult to capture that energy at sea or on a coast. Conditions near the mouth of the Amazon do, however, offer that possibility. This is proven by the use of tidal energy to power more than 30 sugar cane mills in the region in the past. In fact, this project began by studying their traditional technology. As we will show, with modern technology there is no doubt that it is practical and efficient to capture tidal energy under the same natural conditions.","author":["Anderson, S."],"organization":["Prosci"],"originationDate":"2006-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-1.518736000000","-48.463071000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The-Tide-Energy-Project-Near-the-Mouth-of-the-Amazon.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/826579","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enabling-conditions-equitable-sustainable-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-021-03327-3","title":"Enabling conditions for an equitable and sustainable blue economy","description":"The future of the global ocean economy is currently envisioned as advancing towards a \u2018blue economy\u2019\u2014socially equitable, environmentally sustainable and economically viable ocean industries. However, tensions exist within sustainable development approaches, arising from differing perspectives framed around natural capital or social equity. Here we show that there are stark differences in outlook on the capacity for establishing a blue economy, and on its potential outcomes, when social conditions and governance capacity\u2014not just resource availability\u2014are considered, and we highlight limits to establishing multiple overlapping industries. This is reflected by an analysis using a fuzzy logic model to integrate indicators from multiple disciplines and to evaluate their current capacity to contribute to establishing equitable, sustainable and viable ocean sectors consistent with a blue economy approach. We find that the key differences in the capacity of regions to achieve a blue economy are not due to available natural resources, but include factors such as national stability, corruption and infrastructure, which can be improved through targeted investments and cross-scale cooperation. Knowledge gaps can be addressed by integrating historical natural and social science information on the drivers and outcomes of resource use and management, thus identifying equitable pathways to establishing or transforming ocean sectors. Our results suggest that policymakers must engage researchers and stakeholders to promote evidence-based, collaborative planning that ensures that sectors are chosen carefully, that local benefits are prioritized, and that the blue economy delivers on its social, environmental and economic goals.","author":["Cisneros-Montemayor, A.","Moreno-Baez, M.","Reygondeau, G.","Cheung, W.","Crosman, K.","Gonzalez-Espinoza, P.","Lam, V.","Oyinlola, M.","Singh, G.","Swatz, W.","Zhang, C.","Ota, Y."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","University of New England","University of Washington","Memorial University of Newfoundland","Dalhousie University","Dalian Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2021-03-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/826580","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/planning-rd-marine-renewable-energy-resources-avoiding-bottlenecks-ensuring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenvs.2021.654566\/full","title":"Planning the R\u0026D of Marine Renewable Energy Resources: Avoiding Bottlenecks and Ensuring Sustainable Development in Developing Marine Economies","description":"Planning for the research and development (R\u0026amp;D) of renewable energy resources (RERs) has not received enough attention. This paper aims to study the planning for the R\u0026amp;D of RERs in order to avoid bottlenecks and ensure sustainable development in developing marine economies. We have established a triple difference model (DDD) model and a wise pig game model between the theoretical government and enterprise. The data on RERs come from the World Bank and International Energy Agency databases. We have three contributions on the basis of distinguishing between mature and immature marine RERs technologies. First, it emphasizes the importance of developing R\u0026amp;D planning for marine RERs immature technology in the future. Second, the DDD model is used to empirically establish whether RERs planning has a significant positive impact on RERs\u2019 output, which explains the importance of existing RERs planning. Third, the wise pig game model is used to analyze the welfare benefits to the government brought by the R\u0026amp;D planning of marine RERs which proves the importance of future RERs R\u0026amp;D planning.","author":["Ou, X.","Ye, P.","Failler, P.","March, A."],"organization":["University of Portsmouth"],"originationDate":"2021-03-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/833354","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/information-flow-increase-support-tidal-energy-development-remote-islands-developing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/energsustainsoc.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13705-021-00302-8","title":"Information Flow to Increase Support for Tidal Energy Development in Remote Islands of a Developing Country: Agent-Based Simulation of Information Flow in Flores Timur Regency, Indonesia","description":"Public awareness is crucial for successful deployment of tidal energy, a renewable energy source that can provide clean electricity to remote islands. However, considering public attitudes on tidal energy are not well known, especially in developing countries, a barrier exists in implementing public engagement strategies. This study aims to contribute by identifying strategies for information provision \u2013 the initial step in public engagement \u2013 and estimate how these can be engaged to enhance support for tidal energy among the local public in a remote area of a developing country, in this case, Flores Timur Regency, Indonesia, considering their socio-cultural background.","author":["Ramachandran, R.","Kularathna, A.","Matsuda, H.","Takagi, K."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2021-07-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-8.202185000000","123.210320000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ramachandran_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/835494","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-marine-spatial-planning-requires-fit-purpose-monitoring-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479720314705","title":"Evaluation of marine spatial planning requires fit for purpose monitoring strategies","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) has rapidly become the most widely used integrated, place-based management approach in the marine environment. Monitoring and evaluation of MSP is key to inform best practices, adaptive management and plan iteration. While standardised evaluation frameworks cannot be readily applied, accounting for evaluation essentials such as the definition of evaluation objectives, indicators and stakeholder engagement of stakeholders is a prerequisite for meaningful evaluation outcomes. By way of a literature review and eleven practical MSP case studies, we analysed present day trends in evaluation approaches and unravelled the adoption of evaluation essentials for three categories for monitoring and evaluation for plan making, plan outcomes, and policy implementation. We found that at a global scale the focus of MSP evaluation has shifted over the past decade from evaluating predominantly plan outcomes towards the evaluation of plan making. Independent of the scope of the evaluation, evaluation approaches varied greatly from formal and structured processes, building for instance on MSP goals and objectives, to informal processes based on stakeholder interviews. We noted a trend in the adoption of formalised approaches where MSP evaluations have increasingly become linked to MSP policy goals and objectives. However, the enhanced use of MSP objectives and indicators did not result in a more straightforward reporting of outcomes, e.g. such as the achievement of specific MSP objectives. Overall, we found weak linkages between defined MSP objectives, indicators and available monitoring data. While the apparent shift towards a focus on objectives is promising, we highlight the need of fit-for-purpose monitoring data to enable effective evaluation of those objectives. Hence, effective MSP and adaptive management processes require customised and concurrent monitoring and evaluation strategies and procedures. We argue that evaluation processes would also benefit from a better understanding of the general environmental, socio-economic and socio-cultural effects of MSP. Therefore, to understand better environmental effects of MSP, we praise that forthcoming MSP processes need to deepen the understanding and considerations of cause-effect pathways between human activities and changes of ecosystem state through the adoption of targeted cumulative effects assessments.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Cormier, R.","Gee, K.","Shucksmith, R.","Gubbins, M.","Yates, K.","Morf, A.","Aonghusa, C.","Mikkelsen, E.","Tweddle, J.","Pecceu, E.","Kannen, A.","Clarke, S."],"organization":["Thunen Instititute","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Marine Scotland Science","University of Salford","University of Queensland","University of Gothenburg"],"originationDate":"2021-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/835689","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-other-uses-deep-sea-water-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/4\/356","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion and Other Uses of Deep Sea Water: A Review","description":"Research into renewable energy is an active field of research, with photovoltaic and wind being the most representative technologies. A promising renewable energy source is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), based on the temperature gradient of seawater. This technology has two contradictory features, as its efficiency is relatively low while, on the other hand, its energy source is almost unlimited. OTEC research has focused on optimizing energy extraction, with different techniques having been used for this purpose. This article presents a review of the advances and applications of OTEC technology around the world. Throughout the document, the different uses of deep seawater are analyzed; further, the current systems which generate energy through the marine temperature gradient are reviewed, and the main advantages and disadvantages of each method are highlighted. The technical operations, construction variations, and the projects that have been developed around the world and those which are in the planning phase are also detailed. The two main conclusions are that this technology is still under development, but it is quite promising, especially for regions with little access to drinking water. Second, given the high implementation costs and low conversion efficiency, the development of this technology must be sponsored by governments.","author":["Herrera, J.","Sierra, S.","Ibeas, A."],"organization":["Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano","University of Barcelona"],"originationDate":"2021-03-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-09-00356-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/835690","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-growth-blue-justice-ten-risks-solutions-ocean-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X20310381","title":"Blue growth and blue justice: Ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy","description":"The oceans are increasingly viewed as a new frontier for economic development. Yet, as companies and governments race to capitalize on marine resources, substantial risks can arise for people and the environment. The dominant discourse that frames blue growth as beneficial for the economy, developing nations, and coastal communities risks downplaying the uneven distribution of benefits and potential harms. Civil society organizations and academics alike have been sounding the alarm about the social justice implications of rapid and unchecked ocean development. Here, we review existing literature to highlight ten social injustices that might be produced by blue growth: 1) dispossession, displacement and ocean grabbing; 2) environmental justice concerns from pollution and waste; 3) environmental degradation and reduction of ecosystem services; 4) livelihood impacts for small-scale fishers; 5) lost access to marine resources needed for food security and well-being; 6) inequitable distribution of economic benefits; 7) social and cultural impacts; 8) marginalization of women; 9) human and Indigenous rights abuses; and, 10) exclusion from governance. Through this critical review, we aim to stimulate a rigorous dialogue on future pathways to achieve a more just and inclusive ocean economy. We contend that a commitment to \u2018blue justice\u2019 must be central to the blue growth agenda, which requires greater attention to addressing the 10 risks that we have highlighted, and propose practical actions to incorporate recognitional, procedural, and distributional justice into the future ocean economy. However, achieving a truly just ocean economy may require a complete transformation of the blue growth paradigm.","author":["Bennet, N.","Blythe, J.","White, C.","Campero, C."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","Brock University","University of East Anglia"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/835691","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-environmental-assessment-water-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4337\/9781789909937.00025","title":"Strategic environmental assessment in the water sector","description":"This chapter investigates the application of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) to water use, management and planning, through consideration of published reviews, case studies and SEA reports. Eight case studies are considered in major water environment-related sectors, including amongst others marine renewable energy, hydropower, fisheries and flood management. The case studies provide an introduction to the diverse use of SEA in the wider water sector. The water environment is intrinsically linked to key global environmental challenges, including climate change, biodiversity loss and ecosystem services. Therefore, how these issues are taken account within SEA is also briefly considered.","author":["Mustow, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-03-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/849603","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-impact-due-extraction-energy-estuaries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15715124.2020.1870994","title":"Ecological impact due to extraction of energy from estuaries","description":"It is for the reader in the worldwide: following the recent research papers in the International Journal of River Basin Management by Haddout and Priya (2020) and Haddout et al. (2020), estuaries renewable energy, salinity gradient energy (SGE) as example, can be gained from the controlled mixing of two solutions with different salt concentrations, taking advantage of the chemical potential difference. This energy promises to assist in the effort to reduce carbon emissions worldwide. But we have not ignored that the estuaries are among the most biologically productive ecosystems on the planet critical to the life cycles of fish, other aquatic animals and the creatures which feed on them. Recently the wider estuarine community asks if this energy could have significant effects on the fisheries and marine life caused by the diverted flow. In this comment, we focus on the degree of the impact of estuary energy on ecology; and finally we hope that this comment has not given a too idiosyncratic or personal view.","author":["Haddout, S.","Priya, K.","Hoguane, A."],"organization":["Ibn Tofail University","Thangal Kunju Musaliar (TKM) College of Engineering","Eduardo Mondlane University"],"originationDate":"2021-02-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/850191","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/makah-bay-offshore-wave-pilot-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Makah Bay Offshore Wave Pilot Project","description":"In 2006, Finavera Renewables filed an application for a FERC license to construct, maintain, and operate an array of four 250kW AquaBuOY wave energy converters in the waters of Makah Bay, along with a subsea transmission cable to bring power to an onshore substation. The devices would have provided enough power for 150 homes located in Neah Bay, WA. The FERC license was granted in 2007, and all preliminary environmental assessments were completed and approved. However, construction on the project never began as the developer surrendered the license application and and cancelled the project in 2009, due to concerns about economic feasibility and project financing.","author":["Deborah Rose"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-07-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.323900000000","-124.681900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-24 06:41:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865453","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decarbonisation-power-sector-engender-just-transition-japan-quantifying-local","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1364032120308947","title":"Decarbonisation of the power sector to engender a \u0027Just transition\u0027 in Japan: Quantifying local employment impacts","description":"\u0022Just Transition\u0022 is an important, brand new concept to implement policies towards decarbonisation of the power sector in Japan. However, a knowledge gap still remains between this concept and policy discussion at a practical level. Therefore, using the existing scenarios of decarbonisation of the power sector and employment factors for the power sector based on extended input-output tables, this study analysed \u0022Just Transition\u0022 issues, looking at the concept from three aspects: distributional justice to identify key impacts by location and economic sector; recognition justice to assess key inequalities; and procedural justice which deal with fair process and possible measures to enhance acceptability of climate policies. The results of this study show that achieving decarbonisation of the power sector provides a net increase in domestic employment and supplies stable jobs in rural areas, thereby contributing to the revitalisation of the local economy. Furthermore, it improves inequalities in the working age population. Support from either national or local government is required to ensure a workforce is in place to enable a rapid increase in renewable energy. To achieve decarbonisation of the power sector with high political acceptability, it is essential to make early decision on the retirement of conventional power plants and to implement policy support for the surplus workers from conventional power plants.","author":["Kuriyama, A.","Abe, N."],"organization":["Tokyo Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.517966000000","137.891139000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865653","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-whom-global-systematic-review-environmental-justice-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2214629620304126","title":"Renewable energy for whom? A global systematic review of the environmental justice implications of renewable energy technologies","description":"Renewable energy transitions are essential for decarbonizing the world economy and mitigating global climate change. Yet many energy technologies classified as renewable have human health and livelihood implications that jeopardize the lives and wellbeing of those already most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The purpose of this study is thus to summarize the documented environmental justice (EJ) impacts associated with renewable energy technologies included in many renewable energy policies globally. Our motivation for this study is to ensure that renewable energy policies incorporate concerns for justice into their formulation and implementation. We provide a systematic review of the literature assessing renewable energy technologies from the perspective of distributive, procedural, recognition, and capability interpretations of environmental justice. Our review finds that there are ten common renewable energy technologies that have EJ implications documented in the current literature, and that future energy transition policy development needs to ensure these justice concerns are addressed.","author":["Levenda, A.","Disano, B."],"organization":["University of Oklahoma","University of California Davis"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865655","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-acceptance-socio-economic-effects-multi-use-offshore-developments-theory","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-56847-4_4","title":"Social Acceptance and Socio-economic Effects of Multi-use Offshore Developments: Theory and Applications  off the Liuqiu Island","description":"This chapter studies the social acceptance and socio-economic effects associated with the development of multi-use offshore platforms, using a theoretical Green\u0026amp;Blue concept off the Liuqiu Island as a relevant case study. The Green\u0026amp;Blue concept combines the generation of clean energy with the commercial use of biological ocean resources. Social acceptance of such development is evaluated based on a face-to-face survey together with in-depth interviews with local people and tourists who are currently or will be potentially affected by the offshore development. A choice experiment is used to assess the ecosystem services and non-market effects of the offshore development. The social cost-benefit analysis is adopted to synthesise both market and non-market effects. The study finds a generally high support for the offshore development among tourists. The concern mainly focuses on the uncertain environmental impacts and effects on the local fishery industry. Neither locals nor tourists view the energy hub which generates most income and jobs as a very attractive option. The offshore development concept shows a high environmental non-market benefit which amount to 618 million $NT. However, the high investment cost overweighs the positive GDP and environmental gain.","author":["Chen, W.","Koundouri, P.","Davilla, O.","Haggett, C.","Rudolph, D.","Lu, S-Y.","Chi, C-F.","Yu, J.","Golmen, L.","Ying, Y-H."],"organization":["Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","University of Athens","University of Edinburgh","Technical University of Denmark (DTU)","National Sun Yat-Sen University","Runde Environmental Centre","Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology","National Taiwan University"],"originationDate":"2020-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["22.338922000000","120.336331100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865657","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-food-nexus-marine-environment-macroeconomic-analysis-offshore-wind-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0301421520307382","title":"Energy-food nexus in the marine environment: A macroeconomic analysis on offshore wind energy and seafood production in Scotland","description":"The rapid development of offshore wind farms (OWFs) has stimulated debate about its overall socioeconomic impacts. Expanding the scale of OWFs increases the availability and affordability of electricity but could displace existing fishing activities and reduce food supply. To evaluate these impacts from a macroeconomic perspective, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is developed, using Scotland as a case study. A particular focus is placed on the disaggregated electricity and seafood sectors, their interconnectedness from an energy-food nexus perspective, and the distributional effects across household groups. This paper explores, from macroeconomic perspective, the trade-offs in the energy-food nexus between expanding OWFs and the seafood sectors, together with the impacts on food and energy security. The results suggest that, through economic linkages, increasing the number of OWFs would have a negative, but limited, effect on seafood production sectors. However, the falling cost of electricity from OWFs would have a positive impact on the economy overall and benefit lower income households, contributing to a reduction in fuel poverty. The model results raise the awareness of nexus linkages between OWFs and seafood production and are applicable to policies involving the development of other offshore renewables.","author":["Qu, Y.","Hooper, T.","Swales, J.","Papathanasopoulou, E.","Austen, M.","Yan, X."],"organization":["Plymouth Marine Laboratory","University of Exeter","University of Plymouth","University of Strathclyde","University of the West of England, Bristol"],"originationDate":"2021-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865659","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-change-impacts-renewable-energy-supply","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41558-020-00949-9","title":"Climate change impacts on renewable energy supply","description":"Renewable energy resources, which depend on climate, may be susceptible to future climate change. Here we use climate and integrated assessment models to estimate this effect on key renewables. Future potential and costs are quantified across two warming scenarios for eight technologies: utility-scale and rooftop photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, onshore and offshore wind energy, first-generation and lignocellulosic bioenergy, and hydropower. The generated cost\u2013supply curves are then used to estimate energy system impacts. In a baseline warming scenario, the largest impact is increased availability of bioenergy, though this depends on the strength of CO2 fertilization. Impacts on hydropower and wind energy are uncertain, with declines in some regions and increases in others, and impacts on solar power are minor. In a future mitigation scenario, these impacts are smaller, but the energy system response is similar to that in the baseline scenario given a larger reliance of the mitigation scenario on renewables.","author":["Gernaat, D.","de Boer, H.","Daioglou, V.","Yalew, S.","Muller, C.","van Vuuren, D."],"organization":["Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency","Utrecht University","Delft University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2021-01-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865660","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/search-social-sustainability-marine-spatial-planning-review-scientific-literature","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569121001034","title":"In search of social sustainability in marine spatial planning: A review of scientific literature published 2005\u20132020","description":"A number of commentators have argued that up until now marine\/maritime spatial planning (MSP) research and practice have been dominated by blue economy and environmental concerns and have tended to neglect what might be regarded as social sustainability concerns. To gain more insight into the character and extent of such a gap, as well as how to address it, this article examines how social sustainability has been addressed in peer reviewed scientific articles on MSP between 2005 and 2020. Using search terms such as participation, democracy, social inclusion, social cohesion, equity we systematically identify and review 310 scientific articles that address diverse social sustainability concerns within MSP and marine governance. The review showed that very few papers systematically conceptualised or developed a coherent framework for engaging with social sustainability. Instead, they mostly addressed particular social concerns including participation and engagement, equity and social justice, socio-cultural values and preferences. Marine management and planning efficiency, as well as related instrumental framings of the merits of participation were the key arguments for including these dimensions of social sustainability in MSP. In terms of how to better include social sustainability in MSP, most attention was given to social-cultural mapping and ways to improve social inclusion\/participation while also redressing exclusion and maldistribution of outcomes in MSP practice. We conclude that there is a need to deepen and diversify MSP inquiry with respect to social sustainability. In particular, scholars would do well to delve deeper and more broadly in social science literature to find inspiration on ways to understand and elucidate social issues. Here, the enormous body of relevant work on justice, power, critical institutionalism, political ecology and terrestrial planning literatures has hardly been tapped. It is also evident from this review that there is a need for both the academic and practice-based communities to more comprehensively address how the multidimensions of social sustainability interact with each other, as well as with economic and environmental aspects of marine planning and governance. Based on these observations, we highlight a set of suggestions on how to develop MSP research and practice on social sustainability. Most importantly, we argue that more in-depth co-production, linking scholars, practitioners and society actors, is needed.","author":["Gilek, M.","Armoskaite, A.","Gee, K.","Saunders, F.","Tafon, R.","Zaucha, J."],"organization":["S\u00f6dert\u00f6rn University","University of Latvia","Aalborg University","Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","University of Gda\u0144sk"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/865854","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-wave-energy-converter-uncertainties-sensitivities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0959652621009392","title":"Life cycle assessment of a wave energy converter: Uncertainties and sensitivities","description":"Producing electricity from renewable energy does not necessarily mean cleanness and sustainability, hence the associated with environmental impacts should be paid attention to and thoroughly investigated. This study presents an LCA of the prototype buoy-rope-drum (BRD) WEC, and systematic uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, to increase understanding of the uncertainties and sensitivities of the life cycle impact variations to the inputs, method choices, as well as changes of selected key issues. The IMPACT 2002+ method is used for a full LCA, including mid-point, end-point and single-score impact assessments. The Monte Carlo (MC) method is applied for the uncertainty analysis for the propagating effects of input variations on the output life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) results. Beyond scope of IMPACT 2002+, we investigated the uncertainties due to variations of maritime climate and interactions between the device and surrounding ecosystems. Analytical and scenario analyses are adopted to conduct the sensitivity analyses. The uncertainty analysis shows that our LCIA results have reasonable uncertainties to the input variations. Ionizing radiation and human health are found to have the largest 95% confidence intervals among mid-point and end-point impacts. The results also suggest that future installation location associated with uncertainties from in-situ maritime climate, interactions with surrounding ecosystems, etc., should be investigated. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the maximum sensitivity is the variation of Ozone layer depletion due to 20% increment of buoy steel weight. Furthermore, the choices of impact assessment methods are found to have influence to the results, mainly due to differences of embedded time horizons in these methods. Carefully dealing with the quality of input data and choices of appropriate methods will help reduce the instability and improve the level of overall reliability of the LCIA results.","author":["Zhai, Q.","Li, T.","Liu, Y."],"organization":["Shandong University"],"originationDate":"2021-05-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/866048","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-take-system-subsea-tidal-kite-d62-environmental-impact-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Power Take-Off System for a Subsea Tidal Kite D6.2 - Environmental Impact Report","description":"This report is a deliverable of the Powerkite project, a Horizon 2020 project funded by the European Union\u2019s research and innovation programme. The Powerkite\u2019s project main objective was to design, build and deploy a power take-off (PTO) system for the novel tidal energy concept Deep Green referred to in this document as the \u2018kite\u2019 and  as  part  of  Work  Package  (WP)  6, gaining  a  better  understanding  of the  potential  environmental interactions of the device.    The environmental impact report D6.2 is  the  final  report  for  WP  6 Environmental  Impacts and describes the results of the environmental data collected as part of WP 2 detailed in deliverable D2.10, during the project. This report provides details on the noise measurements, the Collision Risk Model (CRM), the development of the sonar system to visualise animal movement as well as the benthic surveys.","author":["Kregting, L.","Schmitt, P.","Lieber, L.","Culloch, R.","Horne, N.","Smyth, A."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Minesto"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.471187800000","-5.675728600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kregtingetal2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/882503","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-justice-issues-sustainable-development-environmental-justice-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarship.law.missouri.edu\/jesl\/vol19\/iss1\/5","title":"Environmental Justice Issues in Sustainable Development: Environmental Justice in the Renewable Energy Transition","description":"This article considers environmental justice in the specific context of renewable energy goals. As a key component of sustainable development and a central concern for green economy advocates, renewable energy is uniquely situated on the policy spectrum, tying local communities that host renewable projects to global strategies for curbing unsustainable warming trends. The fact that warming trends threaten disproportionate effects on the poorest members of society underscores the importance of sustainable development to environmental justice. Yet, early on, some anticipated the potential for conflict between sustainable development and environmental justice, predicting the broader sustainable development agenda might prove insensitive to environmental justice concerns. And indeed, in the renewable energy context, the broad-stroke compatibility between renewable energy goals and environmental justice may obscure the potential for conflicts in implementation. At the same time, I argue, renewable energy offers unique opportunities both to avoid environmental injustice and to affirmatively advance environmental justice as well.  Part I of the article addresses the role of renewable energy in sustainable development and its potential for advancing environmental justice objectives. With a focus on the U.S. and electricity generation, Part II evaluates environmental justice in the related contexts of renewable energy policy and project development. Environmental justice remains relevant to how energy facilities are sited, but also bears on how \u0022renewable energy\u0022 or \u0022clean energy\u0022 is defined in law. More broadly, it is proving relevant to issues of exclusion and access to renewable energy benefits, including those associated with a \u0022green economy.\u0022 The article concludes by addressing possibilities for enhancing, and avoiding conflicts between, what are, at their most basic, compatible goals: renewable energy expansion for sustainable development and environmental justice.","author":["Outka, U."],"organization":["University of Kansas"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Outka-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/882504","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dirty-green-increasing-energy-efficiency-renewable-energy-environmental-justice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu\/vlr\/vol58\/iss1\/3\/","title":"From Dirty to Green: Increasing Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy in Environmental Justice Communities","description":"The stifling summer heat that raged across the nation was difficult for everyone, but one group had a more difficult time than others\u2014those who could not afford to cool their homes. Disparities like these will likely only get worse. Poor communities of color that are already vulnerable and disproportionately impacted by pollution will shoulder a larger burden of climate change impacts. These neighborhoods, often called environmental justice communities, have fewer resources to adapt to the effects of climate change. More measures should be taken to increase the development of renewable energy and energy efficiency in environmental justice communities before the gap becomes worse. A myriad of policies promote the development of renewable energy and energy efficiency resources throughout the United States. These measures are justified by reasons ranging from energy security and job creation to environmental mitigation. Many of these measures are not targeted towards any particular community, but rather are general measures designed to encourage the development of these resources in a particular state or area of a state. A limited number of policies have strayed from this general approach and are designed to target sectors of the population that are more vulnerable to rising energy prices. These policies are often focused on lowering a person\u2019s energy bill rather than reducing a person\u2019s energy needs and environmental burdens. Most recently, the federal government authorized some funding to encourage energy efficiency and renewable energy development in low-income communities in the recovery fund. These funds, however, were limited and are unlikely to reoccur.  New policies are needed to increase renewable energy development and energy efficiency in environmental justice communities. Current measures are insufficient to help these communities when energy prices and temperatures rise, as they are expected to. The right policies could reduce pollution in areas that are already overburdened and would provide these vulnerable communities with new economic opportunities. To develop new policies, innovative renewable energy structures including on-bill financing and a feed-in tariff should be explored. In addition, policymakers should examine the environmental tools used in settlements, mitigation measures, and pollution fees as potential areas for innovation. Finally, policymakers need to consider: how to assure benefits help the targeted community, gentrification issues, whether a separate entity can administer the program, and the potential legal implications.","author":["Behles, D."],"organization":["Golden Gate University"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Behles-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/882505","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/winds-change-environmental-justice-energy-transitions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09505431.2013.786996","title":"The Winds of Change: Environmental Justice in Energy Transitions","description":"Environmental injustices have long been recognized as an important social dimension of energy systems. Like other kinds of polluting facilities, power plants, refineries, uranium mines, and sites of fossil fuel extraction, to name a few, are more likely to be located near the most vulnerable populations, usually communities of color or low-income communities. These facilities are frequently sited and built without the consent or even participation of the communities and individuals most affected by the facilities. And the extent to which emissions from energy facilities harm human health and the environment is a subject of on-going contestation, in which citizens struggle, often unsuccessfully, to have their insights into local impacts recognized by decision-makers.  Transitions to renewable and low carbon sources of energy promise to render obsolete many of the facilities that environmental justice activists frequently target, including oil refineries and coal-fired power plants. Yet replacing the most noxious energy facilities with greener sources of power will not, by itself, obviate the injustices that characterize our energy systems - namely, the inequitable distribution of environmental hazards, and the inability of communities to affect decisions with profound consequences for their environment and health. In fact, as they are currently being designed, the energy systems that appear most likely to succeed fossil fuel-based ones share key characteristics with their predecessors that raise similar environmental justice concerns - and present the possibility that we will reproduce old patterns of injustice even as we transition to new energy technologies.","author":["Ottinger, G."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2013-05-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/884438","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/insights-recommendations-involving-young-people-decision-making-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X20309593","title":"Insights and recommendations for involving young people in decision making for the marine environment","description":"There is a growing movement to involve young people in decision making for the marine environment, with a wider trend towards public participation and greater accountability of environmental governance. Young people will inherit the consequences of decisions made today. In this paper, the authors provide an initial exploration of young people\u2019s views, awareness and participation (current and potential) in decisions and strategies for the marine environment, using Scotland as a case study. These discussions are based on the results of a survey of young people (aged 11\u201326) in Scotland, appraising levels of understanding and engagement with marine issues and exploring barriers to and opportunities for improved participation. This is set in the context of (a) the growth of local, national and global platforms for young people to express their views, and (b) the aspiration of many governments to empower the public, communities and young people in public decision making and marine stewardship. Education and ocean-literacy initiatives have a role to play, but there is also an aspiration for engagement mechanisms that accelerate a more fundamental rebalancing in public process to safeguard environmental integrity (and therefore economic and social well-being) for future generations. The authors conclude that marine planning, specifically the development of regional marine plans in Scotland, can provide a mechanism to integrate young people\u2019s views and needs into marine decision making.","author":["Devenport, E.","Brooker, E.","Brooker, A.","Leakey, C."],"organization":["Scottish Environment LINK","University of Stirling","Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.019300000000","-4.228493000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/884439","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-eutrophication-risk-artificial-tidal-lagoon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569120303975","title":"Evaluating the eutrophication risk of an artificial tidal lagoon","description":"With increased nutrient inputs to estuaries in recent decades exacerbating their susceptibility to eutrophication, assessment of the response of individual estuaries to nutrient enrichment is attracting considerable attention. Nonetheless, the impact of tidal energy extraction on estuarine nutrient dynamics and the risk of eutrophication has been largely overlooked despite the detrimental consequences of eutrophication on ecosystem functioning. It is understood that tidal energy schemes such as the tidal lagoon previously proposed in Swansea Bay would alter tidal flow characteristics, potentially having knock-on impacts on physical estuarine characteristics and ecological processes in the impounded area. This study examined the existing physical estuarine characteristics in Swansea Bay and evaluated the risk of eutrophication following tidal power plant operation under ebb-only and two-way strategies using a simple risk assessment model. Two surveys were conducted to measure in-situ temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and turbidity in the water column at 12 sampling stations selected to cover the location in the tidal energy scheme proposal. The water column was found to be nutrient enriched and essentially vertically homogenous with no strong evidence of stratification. High dissolved oxygen, low turbidity and high phytoplankton biomass indicated by the chlorophyll-a concentrations were observed. The bay did not show any signs of eutrophication as the phytoplankton biomass did not reach the level typical of harmful algal blooms and oxygen depletion was not observed indicating that eutrophication is not currently present in the bay. Based on numerical model predictions, the bay was found to exhibit a moderate response to nutrient enrichment with no risk of eutrophication and no net change in its status following the operation of the lagoon under both ebb-only and two-way operational modes. These findings suggest that the management strategies for protecting water quality in heavily modified estuaries such as Swansea Bay may not need to be altered following the operation of a tidal lagoon. But given the conditions for phytoplankton growth are likely to be more favourable under ebb-only operational mode compared to two-way operational mode, measures that control nutrient inputs to the impounded water column within the lagoon should be considered under the ebb-only operational mode as a prudent precautionary step.","author":["Kadiri, M.","Zhang, H.","Angeloudis, A.","Piggott, M."],"organization":["King\u0027s College London","University of Edinburgh","Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2021-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.587098000000","-3.900685000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/884440","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-ethical-assessing-energy-justice-potential-renewable-electricity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aimspress.com\/article\/10.3934\/energy.2017.5.768","title":"Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity","description":"Energy justice is increasingly being used as a framework to conceptualize the impacts of energy decision making in more holistic ways and to consider the social implications in terms of existing ethical values. Similarly, renewable energy technologies are increasingly being promoted for their environmental and social benefits. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the extent to which, in what ways and in what contexts, renewable energy technologies can contribute to achieving energy justice. This paper assesses the potential of renewable electricity technologies to address energy justice in various global contexts via a systematic review of existing studies analyzed in terms of the principles and dimensions of energy justice. Based on publications including peer reviewed academic literature, books, and in some cases reports by government or international organizations, we assess renewable electricity technologies in both grid integrated and off-grid use contexts. We conduct our investigation through the rubric of the affirmative and prohibitive principles of energy justice and in terms of its temporal, geographic, socio-political, economic, and technological dimensions. Renewable electricity technology development has and continue to have different impacts in different social contexts, and by considering the different impacts explicitly across global contexts, including differences between rural and urban contexts, this paper contributes to identifying and understanding how, in what ways, and in what particular conditions and circumstances renewable electricity technologies may correspond with or work to promote energy justice.","author":["Banerjee, A.","Prehoda, E.","Sidortsov, R.","Schelly, C."],"organization":["Michigan Technological University"],"originationDate":"2017-08-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Banjaree-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/884636","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/just-transition-integrating-climate-energy-environmental-justice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0301421518302301","title":"Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice","description":"Just transition is a new framework of analysis that brings together climate, energy and environmental justice scholarships. It was originally coined as a term that was designed to link the promotion of clean technology with the assurance of green jobs. The Paris climate change agreement marks a global acceptance that a more rapid transition is needed to avert disastrous consequences. In response, climate, energy and environmental justice scholarships must unite in assessing where injustices will emerge and how they should be tackled. Just transition offers a new space for developing an interdisciplinary transition sensitive approach to exploring and promoting (1) distributional, (2) procedural and (3) restorative justice, termed here as a new triumvirate of tenets.","author":["McCauley, D.","Heffron, R."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/884637","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-social-justice-renewable-energy-engineering","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-007-6350-0_12","title":"A Framework for Social Justice in Renewable Energy Engineering","description":"Engineering practitioners and critics of technology alike frequently claim that core values informing the structure and operation of the engineering profession in the U.S., such as mathematical problem-solving and analytic reasoning, are in conflict with values of social justice. However, there is hardly any documented evidence to measure the presence and practice of social justice in Renewable Energy Engineering (REE), a burgeoning field, whose development is essential to building a sustainable future. This chapter presents information regarding the identification of key engineering skills presently required in the U.S. REE context, drawing on 30 open-ended, semi structured, interviews conducted with educators and professionals who are involved with solar or wind energy engineering. This chapter aims to explore questions of why, how, by whom, and for whom assumptions about the attributes of solar and wind energy engineers are built into the engineering curriculum. Specifically, it invites reflection on the design of teaching strategies and technical methodologies used to integrate these attributes within engineering education and practice. Having outlined the social justice challenges of REE, I argue for the importance of a procedural justice framework for REE projects.","author":["Sakellariou, N."],"organization":["University of California Berkeley"],"originationDate":"2013-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/884638","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-justice-along-product-life-cycles-importance-renewable-energy-examples","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/13549839.2017.1329285","title":"Environmental justice along product life cycles: importance, renewable energy examples and policy complexities","description":"Environmental justice is critical to our efforts to preserve the human habitat from the degradation of pollution and climate change because of the need for cooperation and due to our ignorance of how the intertwined effects of our actions in one locality affect the quality of life in other localities across the world. While environmental justice questions are often focused on the location choices for specific activities that pollute, another important perspective is environmental justice over the life cycle of the production of products. Upon close examination renewable energies, critical alternatives to the fossil fuels which induce climate change, have environmental justice issues over their life cycles. Formal, statutory national law is not sufficient to address environmental justice problems along product life cycles in a world in which production is globalised and environmental effects pass beyond political borders. The responses to this challenge must draw on an interacting combination of information, custom, soft law, such as international standards and certification, and formal national laws. Through an interesting complex of intertwined effects, this system has already advanced our capacity to address environmental justice problems along product life cycles. The magnitude of the challenge and the complexity of the system demand ongoing effort and further innovation. Also, the system is not well configured to address our burgeoning consumption which continues to expand the burdens of future generations.","author":["Hoffman, J."],"organization":["John Jay College of Criminal Justice"],"originationDate":"2017-05-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889470","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kaneohe-wave-energy-test-site-multibeam-bathymetry-survey","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-Multibeam-Bathymetry-Survey.pdf","title":"Kaneohe Wave Energy Test Site: Multibeam Bathymetry Survey","description":"The area north of the Mokapu Peninsula, adjacent to Kaneohe Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), has been utilized by the U.S. Navy and Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) for wave energy research since 2002. A prototype OPT PowerBuoy is presently deployed at the 30 m water depth offshore of North Beach at the MCBH. The Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HNMREC) at the University of Hawaii, under contract with Department of Energy, desires to expand the present test site to water depths of 100 m to allow for the testing of other wave energy devices. Sea Engineering has been contracted by the HNMREC to conduct site investigations in support of the development of the expanded test site. This report presents the results of the multibeam sonar bathymetric survey of the site. The project location is shown in Figure 1-1. An aerial image of the 4.4 km2 proposed test site is shown in Figure 1-2. The test site is 1600 to 2000 m wide and extends approximately 2600 m offshore from the 30 m depth contour to the 100 m depth contour.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2011-10-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:00:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sea_Engineering_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889471","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kaneohe-wave-energy-test-site-sub-bottom-profiler-survey","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-Sub-Bottom-Profiler-Survey.pdf","title":"Kaneohe Wave Energy Test Site: Sub-Bottom Profiler Survey","description":"The area north of the Mokapu Peninsula, adjacent to Kaneohe Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), has been utilized by the U.S. Navy and Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) for wave energy research since 2002. A prototype OPT PowerBuoy is presently deployed at the 30 m water depth offshore of North Beach at the MCBH. The Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HNMREC) at the University of Hawaii, under contract with Department of Energy, desires to expand the present test site to water depths of 100 m to allow for the testing of other wave energy devices. Sea Engineering has been contracted by the HNMREC to conduct site investigations in support of the development of the expanded test site. This report presents the results of the sub-bottom profiler survey of the site. Sub-bottom profilers are sonar systems designed to provide information on sedimentary layers below the seafloor. The project location is shown in Figure 1-1. An aerial image of the 4.4 km2 proposed test site is shown in Figure 1-2. The test site is 1600 to 2000 m wide and extends approximately 2600 m offshore from the 30 m depth contour to the approximate 100 m depth contour.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2011-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:00:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sea_Engineering_2011_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889472","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kaneohe-wave-energy-test-site-remotely-operated-vehicle-survey","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-ROV-Survey.pdf","title":"K\u0101neohe Wave Energy Test Site: Remotely Operated Vehicle Survey","description":"The area north of the Mokapu Peninsula, adjacent to Kaneohe Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), has been utilized by the U.S. Navy and Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) for wave energy research since 2002. A prototype OPT PowerBuoy was recently retrieved from the 30 m water depth offshore of North Beach at the MCBH. The Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HNMREC) at the University of Hawaii, under contract with the Department of Energy, desires to expand the present test site to water depths of 100 m to allow for the testing of other wave energy devices.  Sea Engineering has been contracted by the HNMREC to conduct site investigations in support of the development of the expanded test site. This report presents the results of the Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) survey of the site. Remotely Operated Vehicles are camera-equipped robotic vehicles controlled from the surface.  The project location is shown in Figure 1-1. An aerial image of the 4.4 km2 proposed test site is shown in Figure 1-2. The test site is 1600 to 2000 m wide and extends approximately 2600 m offshore from the 30 m depth contour to the approximate 100 m depth contour.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:45:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sea_Engineering_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889473","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geophysical-surveys-wave-energy-test-site-mcbh-kaneohe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-Geophysical-Surveys.pdf","title":"Geophysical Surveys of the Wave Energy Test Site at MCBH, Kaneohe","description":"The area north of Mokapu Peninsula, adjacent to Kaneohe Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), has been utilized by the U.S. Navy and Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) for wave energy research since 2002. After a 2 year deployment, a prototype OPT PowerBuoy was recently retrieved from the 30 meter water depth offshore of North Beach at the MCBH. The Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HNMREC) at the University of Hawaii, under contract with Department of Energy, desires to expand the present test site to water depths of 100 meters to allow for the testing of other wave energy devices.  Sea Engineering has been contracted by the HNMREC to conduct site investigations in support of the development of the expanded test site. The surveys included multibeam bathymetry, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video. Results of these surveys have been previously submitted as individual survey reports following completion of each survey. This report compiles and describes all of the survey findings, and presents a summary description of the seafloor characteristics of the project site.  The project location is shown in Figure 1-1. An aerial image of the 4.4 km2 proposed test site is shown in Figure 1-2. The test site is 1,600 to 2,000 meters wide and extends approximately 2,600 meters offshore from the 30 meter depth contour to the approximate 100 meter depth contour.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2012-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:46:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WETS-Geophysical-Surveys.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889474","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geophysical-surveys-wave-energy-test-site-mcbh-kaneohe-diver-surveys-site-2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-Geophysical-Surveys-Site-2.pdf","title":"Geophysical Surveys of the Wave Energy Test Site at MCBH, K\u0101neohe: Diver Surveys Site 2","description":"The area north of Mokapu Peninsula, adjacent to Kaneohe Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH), has been utilized by the U.S. Navy and Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) for wave energy research since 2002. After a 2 year deployment, a prototype OPT PowerBuoy was recently retrieved from the 30 meter water depth offshore of North Beach at the MCBH. The Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HNMREC) at the University of Hawaii, under contract with Department of Energy, desires to expand the present test site to water depths of 100 meters to allow for the testing of other wave energy devices.  Sea Engineering has been contracted by the HNMREC to conduct site investigations in support of the development of the expanded test site. The surveys were completed in 2011, and included multibeam bathymetry, side scan sonar, sub-bottom profiling and remotely operated vehicle (ROV) video. Results of these surveys have been previously submitted as individual survey reports following completion of each survey. Following initial design analysis using the 2011 survey results, the WETS site was expanded 1000m to the west (Site 2) to accommodate the anticipated mooring footprint of the WEC devices.  The project location is shown in Figure 1-1. An aerial image of the 4.4 km2 originally proposed test site is shown in Figure 1-2. The test site is 1,600 to 2,000 meters wide and extends approximately 2,600 meters offshore from the 30 meter depth contour to the approximate 100 meter depth contour. Figure 1-3 shows Site 2 extending 1000m to the west of the original WETS site.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute"],"originationDate":"2012-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:46:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WETS-Geophysical-Surveys-Site-2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889861","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wets-acoustic-measurement-field-reports","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-Acoustic-Measurement-Field-Reports.pdf","title":"WETS Acoustic Measurement Field Reports","description":"Overview of Task 4: Environmental Impact Monitoring at WETS.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["University of Hawaii","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:47:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sea_Engineering_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/889862","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wets-acoustic-survey-final-report-2019","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/WETS-Acoustic-Survey-Final-Report.pdf","title":"WETS Acoustic Survey Final Report 2019","description":"This report summarizes acoustic surveys undertaken by the University of Washington at the US Navy Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) from 2015 \u2013 2019. WETS is located in Kaneohe, HI on the windward side of the island of Oahu and is within the restricted waters surrounding Marine Corps Base Hawai\u2019i. WETS is a grid-connected wave energy test site with test berths located in 30 m, 60 m, and 80 m water depth. The seabed in the area is predominantly bedrock, in some places overlaid with a thin layer of sand. At the 60 m and 80 m berths, there are permanent moorings for wave energy converters (WECs) under test. These consist of surface floats that are connected to WECs and placed under tension by hawser lines, forming a three-point catenary mooring. A similar arrangement exists at the 30 m site, though the floats are sub-surface.  Over the five years of observations, two wave energy converters were deployed. The first, the Azura by Northwest Energy Innovations, occupied the 30 m berth during two distinct periods. Between these periods, the WEC was altered to improve its power capture. The more detailed survey reports referenced in this document refer to the initial configuration as \u2018Azura\u2019 and the altered configuration as \u2018Azura 2.0\u2019 to distinguish between these configurations. The second WEC, the BOLT-class Lifesaver by Fred. Olsen, initially occupied the 60 m berth, then was redeployed to the 30 m berth for a second round of testing.  Acoustic surveys utilized two types of instrumentation packages: fixed and drifting. The fixed packages (Sea Spiders) were deployed on the seabed for multi-month duration and their hydrophones were configured to record on a duty cycle. The drifting packages (DAISYs) were deployed from surface vessels for short-term observations, typically on the order of a few hours. These modes of observation provided distinct information. Fixed packages allowed for the study of temporally varying characteristics over long periods, while drifting packages allowed for observation of spatial characteristics. Data from fixed and drifting platforms were also utilized in a complementary manner. Drifting surveys rapidly identified the frequency range of acoustic emissions from a WEC. With this information, the recording frequency on the fixed hydrophones could be restricted to the range of interest for WEC emissions, increasing the allowable duty cycle and, consequently, the opportunity for observations in a wider range of sea states. This remainder of this report is organized into five sections:    A summary of Sea Spider deployments and lessons learned, including an index of underlying reports;  A summary of DAISY drifts and technology development, also including an index of underlying reports;  A short discussion of the soundscape at WETS and the contributions of WECs to this soundscape;  The impact of these surveys on the understanding of acoustic emissions of WECs; and  Next steps for data collection and instrumentation development.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii","Hawaii Natural Energy Institute"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.462777200000","-157.819032600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:47:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sea_Engineering_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/891602","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-sustainable-blue-energy-production-analysis-legal-transformative-adaptive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/02646811.2021.1875687","title":"Towards sustainable blue energy production: an analysis of legal transformative and adaptive capacity","description":"The achievement of a radical global reduction of greenhouse gases requires a legal-institutional setting capable of facilitating such a transition on a wide range of renewable technologies. This paper identifies and critically evaluates the key institutional, procedural and substantive legal mechanisms facilitating or preventing sustainable production of blue renewable energy with Finland as a case study country. The focus is on offshore wind power and hydropower. While we approach energy transition from the perspective of an EU member state, we simultaneously shed light on the relevant parts of the EU legal framework that significantly affect national legal frameworks.","author":["Simila, J.","Soininen, N.","Paukku, E."],"organization":["University of Lapland"],"originationDate":"2021-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["66.699380300000","24.831217700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/898177","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-potential-impact-extracting-marine-renewable-energy-coastal-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/6373252cb17148689a9115067832a0b9\/1?cbl=2028910\u0026pq-origsite=gscholar\u0026parentSessionId=5rWzOImGGyUHMTinnT14X3qC3ULYXruGH63%2BvvDDu4w%3D","title":"An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea","description":"Energy production based on fossil fuels is the main reason for global warming. Many countries have begun switching fossil fuels with renewable energies, reducing the effects of climate change. A tremendous potential in future energy needs plays the Marine Renewable Energies (MRE). The MRE industry should take into consideration the potential environmental effects and if it poses any risks to marine animals, surrounding habitats or ecosystem processes. This research provides some insights regarding the MRE development and points out the potential environmental effects of implementing them and finally, draws some lines regarding the ecological effects of the MRE extraction from the Black Sea.","author":["Zburlea, L.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Mircea cel B\u0103tr\u00e2n Naval Academy","Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2021-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.415161000000","34.298053000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/900327","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-energy-planning-remote-islands-waste-legacy-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652621014177","title":"Sustainable energy planning for remote islands and the waste legacy from renewable energy infrastructure deployment","description":"The transition towards a sustainable energy mix is required to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 for affordable and clean energy. Remote islands not connected to grid which depend on diesel generators may appear ideal because they can benefit from a variety of renewable energy sources. However, renewable energy deployment requires a lifetime perspective to not inherit waste and other problems to future generations. The aim of this paper is to present a life cycle sustainability framework developed and applied for the case of the island of Ushant off North West France. Seven renewable energy generation scenarios were examined and assessed using technoeconomic, social and environmental indicators utilising life cycle costing and life cycle assessment modelling. The results show that only three out of the seven examined renewable energy scenarios manage to cover the 6,807 MWh per annum demand. These scenarios can improve all the indicators against the business-as-usual diesel generation scenario except the ones related to toxicity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 92%. The easy-to-use framework allows the users to adjust their scenarios and receive useful insight about the nature of the trade-offs between the various indicators. It can also be adapted and updated to include more technologies and support the investigation of more sustainable energy scenarios of other remote island cases in the future.","author":["Kouloumpis, V.","Yan, X."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2021-07-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.462112000000","-5.083818000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Water Quality","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/900522","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/roadmap-towards-quantitative-cumulative-impact-assessments-every-step-way","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969721019173","title":"A roadmap towards quantitative cumulative impact assessments: Every step of the way","description":"Currently most Cumulative Impacts Assessments (CIAs) are risk-based approaches that assess the potential impact of human activities and their pressures on the ecosystem thereby compromising the achievement of policy objectives. While some of these CIAs apply actual data (usually spatial distributions) they often have to rely on categorical scores based on expert judgement if they actually assess impact which is often expressed as a relative measure that is difficult to interpret in absolute terms. Here we present a first step-wise approach to conduct a fully quantitative CIA based on the selection and subsequent application of the best information available. This approach systematically disentangles risk into its exposure and effect components that can be quantified using known ecological information, e.g. spatial distribution of pressures or species, pressure-state relationships and population dynamics models with appropriate parametrisation, resulting in well-defined assessment endpoints that are meaningful and can be easily communicated to the recipients of advice. This approach requires that underlying assumptions and methodological considerations are made explicit and translated into a measure of confidence. This transparency helps to identify the possible data-handling or methodological decisions and shows the resulting improvement through its confidence assessment of the applied information and hence the resulting accuracy of the CIA.  To illustrate this approach, we applied it in a North Sea CIA focussing on two sectors, i.e. fisheries and offshore windfarms, and how they impact the ecosystem and its components, i.e. seabirds, seabed habitats and marine mammals through various pressures. The results provide a \u201cproof of concept\u201d for this generic approach as well as rigorous definitions of several of the concepts often used as part of risk-based approaches, e.g. exposure, sensitivity, vulnerability, and how these can be estimated using actual data. As such this widens the scope for increasingly more quantitative CIAs using the best information available.","author":["Piet, G.","Tamis, J.","Volwater, J.","de Vries, P.","van der Wal, J.","Jongbloed, R."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2021-08-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.508700000000","3.515655000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Collision","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/900720","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recommendations-quantitative-assessment-metal-inputs-marine-environment-galvanic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.france-energies-marines.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/rapport_reco_anode_EN_BD.pdf","title":"Recommendations for the quantitative assessment of metal inputs in the marine environment from the galvanic anodes of offshore renewable energy structures","description":"The fast-growing offshore wind industry represents a potential new anthropogenic pressure for the marine environment. Despite the fact that it is considered as a green\/clean energy source, the large-scale deployment of these devices could induce some environmental impacts that need to be studied. Understanding these impacts is in line with the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) (European Commission, 2008) of the European Union which targets good environmental status for the marine environment.  The development of offshore renewable energies (ORE), in particular floating and fixed offshore wind structures in France, gives rise to new and more precise questioning from the French public authorities and civil society. In particular, a lot of questions have emerged in relation to the use of Galvanic Anode Cathodic Protection (GACP) systems and about the release of heavy metals associated with their functioning. These anodes are composed of different metals which are more reducing than the metal to be protected. The anodes are generally made with magnesium, aluminium or zinc. In offshore industries such as offshore wind turbines or oil \u0026amp; gas platforms, the anodes used are mainly composed of an aluminium alloy which contains zinc and other trace metals.   Their installation in fishing zones is a source of major concern and this affects several offshore wind farm projects (such as \u00cele d\u2019Yeu and Noirmoutier). This growing concern from public authorities and civil society has even led to galvanic anodes being abandoned in certain projects in order to overcome this problem. For example, the chosen solution for the jacket foundations of the Dieppe Le Tr\u00e9port project is to implement cathodic protection by impressed current (ICCP) with titanium anodes). GACP has been replaced by ICCP in several projects although no scientific study has been conducted to prove the environmental impact of GACP in the ORE context, and no scientific study has proven that ICCP has no environmental impact.   In this context, a chemical risk assessment process has been conducted through a 1-year collaborative R\u0026amp;D project called ANODE in order to determine whether the chemicals released from GACP may represent a risk for the marine environment. Such chemical risk assessments are based on the comparison of the predicted or measured concentration (PEC - Predicted Environmental Concentration) for a contaminant with its hazard data (PNEC - Predicted No Effect Concentration) for all environmental compartments (water column, sediment and biota for the marine environment). This is an iterative process the first step of which is based on a worst-case approach in order to ensure a high protective level for the marine environment. Through the ANODE project, the risk assessment was conducted on the water column only. A hydrodynamic model was developed as a first approach for the prediction of the dispersion of these metals in the water column. From this numerical model, a predicted concentration PEC was determined to be compared with existing PNECseawater. Three sites were studied representing different hydrodynamic conditions directly influencing the metal dispersion and different technologies (i.e. fixed and floating offshore wind turbines). The project objectives were as follows:     To perform a literature review of the different cathodic protection systems used in the offshore industry with a focus on GACP and current knowledge of its potential impact on the marine environment.   To draw up an overview of the data required for the numerical simulation and the availability of these data in the study areas.   To model the hydrodynamics of the selected areas, i.e. Courseulles-sur-Mer in the English Channel, Leucate in the Mediterranean and Groix \u0026amp; Belle-\u00cele off the Atlantic coast, and simulate the metal releases and the evolution over time of their concentrations in the various case studies.   To conduct a risk assessment by comparing the results obtained using the model with existing toxicity thresholds (in the water column).   Following these objectives, this report summarises the main results of the project and outlines a number of recommendations. This report is constructed as follows:    The first section provides a summary of the principal results of the project;   The second part presents the methodological recommendations for the environmental risk assessment;   The third part lists methodological recommendations for future ORE installations and their associated impact studies.","author":["Michelet, N.","Julian, N.","Duarte, R.","Burgeot, T.","Amouroux, I.","Dallet, M.","Caplat, C.","Gonzalez, J-L.","Garreau, P.","Aragon, E.","Perrin, F-X.","Safi, G."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","Ineris","University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN)","University of Toulon","France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["49.414043000000","-0.513572000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Michelet_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/902659","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/birds-eye-view-turbulence-seabird-foraging-associations-evolving-surface-flow-features","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2021.0592","title":"A bird\u0027s-eye view on turbulence: seabird foraging associations with evolving surface flow features","description":"Understanding physical mechanisms underlying seabird foraging is fundamental to predict responses to coastal change. For instance, turbulence in the water arising from natural or anthropogenic structures can affect foraging opportunities in tidal seas. Yet, identifying ecologically important localized turbulence features (e.g. upwellings approximately 10\u2013100 m) is limited by observational scale, and this knowledge gap is magnified in volatile predators. Here, using a drone-based approach, we present the tracking of surface-foraging terns (143 trajectories belonging to three tern species) and dynamic turbulent surface flow features in synchrony. We thereby provide the earliest evidence that localized turbulence features can present physical foraging cues. Incorporating evolving vorticity and upwelling features within a hidden Markov model, we show that terns were more likely to actively forage as the strength of the underlying vorticity feature increased, while conspicuous upwellings ahead of the flight path presented a strong physical cue to stay in transit behaviour. This clearly encapsulates the importance of prevalent turbulence features as localized foraging cues. Our quantitative approach therefore offers the opportunity to unlock knowledge gaps in seabird sensory and foraging ecology on hitherto unobtainable scales. Finally, it lays the foundation to predict responses to coastal change to inform sustainable ocean development.  View a short video summarizing this research here.","author":["Lieber, L.","Langrock, R.","Nimmo-Smith, A."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Bielefeld University","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2021-04-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.364119000000","-5.543969000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Attraction","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lieber-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/908069","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/abyssal-opt-solution-mitigation-illegal-fishing","sourceURL":"","title":"Abyssal \u0026 OPT solution for the mitigation of Illegal Fishing","description":"The combination of an Abyssal Cloud Monitoring Platform and an Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) PB3 PowerBuoy\u00ae with a Maritime Domain Awareness Solution offers customers remote, autonomous, low- to zero-carbon solutions for Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing prevention and supports active enforcement efforts to reduce the millions of tons of fish1 and associated tax revenues lost every year to illegal activities. This joint solution can benefit various entities whose mission is to develop advanced technologies for the maritime domain. It is particularly applicable for defense and security, drug interdiction, illegal immigration prevention, offshore perimeter monitoring, and IUU fisheries mitigation. The combined solution utilizes state-of-the-art technology to enhance and augment existing maritime security infrastructure and increase capabilities and safety while reducing costs and carbon emissions.","author":["Weiner, J.","Sim\u00e3o, R."],"organization":["Abyssal SA","Ocean Power Technologies (OPT)"],"originationDate":"2021-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Abyssal_OPT_IIlegal_Fishing_White_Paper.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/916949","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-acoustic-doppler-aquatic-animal-monitoring-adaam-application-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oera.ca\/research\/development-acoustic-doppler-aquatic-animal-monitoring-adaam-application-marine-life","title":"Development of Acoustic Doppler Aquatic Animal Monitoring (ADAAM) for application to marine life movement in high-energy tidal channels","description":"The tidal energy industry requires effective marine life monitoring systems for characterising pre-deployment conditions and evaluating the environmental response to deployment, operation, and recovery of turbines. There is concensus that the continued development of in-stream tidal energy installations must go hand-in-hand with improved knowledge of the avoidance and evasion behaviours, strike detection, and species distribution of marine animals. Significant work focused on imaging sonars (active acoustics) and hydrophones (passive acoustics) is underway. However, active acoustic data that is regularly collected for measuring tidal flows is not currently utilised for marine life monitoring.   Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) are the standard tool for monitoring ocean currents, and they are widely used by the tidal energy industry for physical site characterisations and monitoring. ADCPs also detect signals scattered by fish, marine mammals, and other discrete targets in the water column, however typical approaches to ADCP data processing require that such signals are rejected as noise. The rejected signals contain valuable information on marine life movement and hold the potential for a valuable new approach to fisheries acoustics. An alternative ADCP data processing method presented by Zedel and Cyr-Racine (2009) uses a least-squares based algorithm to compute both current velocities and velocities of fish and other discrete water column targets, even when fish are intermittently present. Even with a suitable processing algorithm, the challenge remains to verify the accuracy of fish detections in ADCP data.   A standard tool for detecting fish is the split-beam echosounder, which under ideal conditions has the ability to provide information on the speed and direction of discrete targets in the water column as well as backscattered signal amplitude. The ability to estimate both numbers and velocities of discrete targets in the water column using split-beam echosounders, combined with their established utility for biological surveying, makes them a sound choice for validating ADCP fish detection and velocity data.   This project advances research conducted by Dr. Len Zedel (Memorial University Newfoundland), with a focus on testing and validating the use of ADCPs for marine life detection. In this study, we make use of data collected using a co-located BioSonics DTX split-beam echosounder, ADCPs, and optical imaging systems to validate fish counts and velocities derived from ADCP data. The study area consists of Grand and Petit Passages in Digby County, Nova Scotia, as well as the surrounding areas of St. Mary\u2019s Bay and the outer Bay of Fundy. Grand and Petit Passages are characterised by strong tidal currents, and are sites of interest for the development of in-stream tidal energy technology. The project objectives include: (1) validate the application of ADCPs to marine life monitoring; (2) gain information on marine life (swim velocity, counts, and identification) utilizing the split-beam sonar, optical images, and ADCP data; (3) advance methods for ocean bottom-mount and vessel-based data collection; and (4) develop algorithms for marine life detection from ADCP data, for academic use and commercial application.   The study consisted of multiple instrument deployments spanning from 2018 to 2020, using both fixed (sebead-mounted, with upward-oriented instruments) and mobile platforms (vesselmounted, downward-oriented instruments). The mobile platforms included the \u2018Jetyak\u2019, an inboard jet-powered autonomous surface vessel developed at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and two research vessels operated by Luna Sea Solutions Inc. (Luna): the \u2018Puffin\u2019, an outboard-powered Rosborough RF-18; and the \u2018Grand Adventure\u2019, a Rosborough 28 with inboard diesel. The vesselmount infrastructure developed for use aboard the RV Puffin and the RV Grand Adventure has been demonstrated to be highly functional and robust for data collection in the high tidal flow environments of Grand and Petit Passages. The pole-mount systems employed on both vessels allowed us to rapidly deploy the co-located instruments. The vessel-based deployment platforms benefit from lower operational costs and complexity than autonomous bottom deployments. However, the shorter-term vessel deployments came with associated challenges of collecting sufficient and suitable validation data.   The Jetyak has been shown to be a uniquely capable deployment platform. Given its utility in shallow coastal waters, along with the decreased risk to survey operators, the Jetyak provides potential to address needs both for long term monitoring and for increased capacity for responsive (reactive) monitoring capability at the local level. Though data collected using the Jetyak was not suitable for use in the ADCP validation analyses, we were able to use data from a Jetyak-mounted sidescan sonar to visualise fish schools in some cases.   Fish detections in ADCP data were highly correlated to those from the BioSonics split-beam echosounder. The strong linear relationship is very encouraging and certainly met the expectations of the research team. Use of the ADCP for discrete target detection also provides an alternative processing approach for dealing with frequently-observed near surface bubble-plumes, eliminating the need for the more operator-intensive process of determining an exclusion line \u2013 required when using the split-beam echosounder in an upward-orientation in high energy tidal environments. The validated fish detection method gives us a basis to reanalyse earlier data sets to explore any biological signals of significance.   Validating ADCP-based fish swimming velocities remains a challenging task that is sensitive to properties of fish behaviour; namely, fish must be present, and in schools with sufficiently low density to (a) allow the computation of meaningful echosounder track data and (b) avoid oversaturation of the ADCP data by discrete targets. Data passing our selection criteria were not sufficient for a robust statistical validation of the ADCP-derived fish swimming velocities. However, the comparisons associated with the schools that met our selection criteria are favourable. We consider the sensitivity of the analysis to the fish swimming and schooling behaviour we observed an important result, and recommend that it be considered carefully in the event of similar future studies.   On the choice of instrumentation and processing software: The use of Sonar5-Pro versus Visual Aquatic for the echosounder data analysis represents a notable difference between the bottom-mount and vessel-mount experiments. The extraction of tracks from the echosounder data contains steps that are inherently subjective, though the quality of the fish track data were likely much more dependent on the properties of the fish schools. The fish tracking software packages known to us (i.e., Sonar5-Pro, Visual Aquatic, or Echoview) appear flexible enough to achieve comparable results that are sufficient for the analyses described in this report. Though direct comparisons to the echosounder data were only made with RDI ADCP data, we would expect comparable performance using a different ADCP (i.e., Nortek). Differences in sampling rates between instruments may have implications for the number of fish identified by the algorithm, due to differences in repeat counts of individual fish.   The data processing pipeline used to analyse the ADCP data presented in this document has been organized as a toolbox currently known as ADCPFish, which processes raw ADCP data into depth and time-averaged fish and water velocities. The toolbox is based on code written by Dr. Len Zedel, and was adapted for use as a toolbox by Muriel Dunn. The application has since been refactored and extended by Luna to encompass a broader range of instrument types, orientations, and functionality.","author":["Trowse, G.","Zedel, L."],"organization":["Luna Sea Solutions Inc.","Memorial University of Newfoundland","Dalhousie University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.274131000000","-66.341500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ADAAM-Final-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/919073","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/mighty-whale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jamstec.go.jp\/gallery\/e\/research\/system\/002.html","title":"Mighty Whale","description":"Mighty whale has the length, width, height, and draft of 50 m, 30 m, 12 m, and 8 m, respectively. The displacement is about 4,400 tons. Mighty whale is a wave energy converter of an oscillating water column type with air turbines. It has three air chambers with a dimension of 10 m x 8 m x 12 m. These chambers include two turbines with the rated power of 30 kW and turbines with the rated power of 10 kW and 50 kW, which are changed depending on the wave condition.","author":["Daisuke Kitazawa"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-04-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.273800000000","136.479127100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 03:28:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/919462","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/infomar-data-supports-offshore-energy-development-marine-spatial-planning-irish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/qjegh.lyellcollection.org\/content\/54\/1\/qjegh2020-033.abstract","title":"INFOMAR data supports offshore energy development and marine spatial planning in the Irish offshore via the EMODnet Geology portal","description":"The characterization of the seafloor is a fundamental first step in informing resource management, marine spatial planning, conservation, fisheries, industry and research. Integrated Mapping for the Sustainable Development of Ireland\u0027s Marine Resource (INFOMAR), Ireland\u0027s national seabed mapping programme, delivers freely available, high-resolution seabed imagery derived from multibeam echosounder data in the Irish Exclusive Economic Zone. The European Union established the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) Geology data portal, which provides harmonized broad-scale seabed substrate information for all European seas and confidence assessments of the information that underpins the geological interpretations. A multi-scale product has been produced using INFOMAR\u0027s high-resolution seabed substrate information at the 1:50\u2009000 scale. As part of the Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Celtic Seas project, the EMODnet Geology seabed substrate data portal assisted in addressing the challenges associated with the implementation of the European Union\u0027s Marine Spatial Planning Directive. The seabed substrate data in the EMODnet Geology data portal were identified as a valuable tool for guiding the selection of sites for offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea and their subsequent characterization. This paper outlines the approach to delivering a multi-scale seabed substrate dataset for the Irish offshore and its applicability to marine spatial planning and the development of offshore energy resources.","author":["Guinan, J.","McKeon, C.","O\u0027Keeffe, E.","Monteys, X.","Sacchetti, F.","Coughlan, M.","Nic Aounghusa, C."],"organization":["Geological Survey Ireland","Irish Marine Institute","University College Dublin"],"originationDate":"2020-09-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.181215100000","-8.242349200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/921207","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-assessment-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-hawaii-available-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6107210","title":"Environmental assessment for ocean thermal energy conversion in Hawaii: Available data and a protocol for baseline monitoring","description":"The need to increase renewable energy supply in the United States has prompted ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology to be re-considered for use in Hawaii. As with any new development, a thorough environmental impact assessment is needed before the technology can begin field trials. A previous Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) from 1981 is available, but needs to be brought up to current oceanographic and engineering standards. There has been much research done on the oceanography of Hawaii since the original EIS, and this report highlights some of the most important contributions in terms of OTEC development as well as existing gaps in knowledge. A protocol for environmental baseline monitoring is proposed, focusing on a set of ten chemical oceanographic parameters relevant to OTEC and addressing gaps in knowledge of the ecology and oceanography of the area chosen for OTEC development.","author":["Comfort, C.","Vega, L."],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2011-12-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.281230000000","-157.947200000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Comfort-Vega-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/921401","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-monitoring-real-time-low-cost-systems-corma-experience","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/4\/390","title":"Underwater Noise Monitoring with Real-Time and Low-Cost Systems, (The CORMA Experience)","description":"Marine life can be severely affected by anthropogenic underwater noise. This latter increased proportionally to the rise of human activities such as maritime traffic, marine civil engineering works, oil- and gas-related activities or offshore wind farms; so much so that, currently, it can be considered a threat to the environment. Assessing underwater noise requires quite some investments both in personnel and instrumentation. If this is affordable by several governmental and scientific organizations, this cannot be extended straightforwardly to all research initiatives or to developing countries. In addition, time and geographic coverage of monitoring can also be significantly limited by the costs of multiple installations. We explore the possibility to use a solution based on off-the-shelf and low-cost technologies combined with a scalable infrastructure developed with open-source tools only. The perspective to avoid proprietary solutions allows great flexibility in extending the current paradigm toward real-time transmission, processing, and web-based data access. Our solution has been deployed at sea in November 2020 and is providing data continuously ever since. First results from the analysis of these data allowed us to highlight several interesting abiotic and anthropogenic temporal patterns.","author":["Diviacco, P."],"organization":["Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics)"],"originationDate":"2021-04-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.633449500000","13.459596800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/930666","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impact-assessments-can-show-benefits-integrating-land-based-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0048969721024104","title":"Cumulative impact assessments can show the benefits of integrating land-based management with marine spatial planning","description":"Cumulative impact assessments can inform ecosystem-based management by mapping human pressures and assessing their intensity on ecosystem components. However, its use to inform local management is scarce, largely due to the need for fine-grained spatial data representing ecosystem threats that can assess impacts at a local scale. Here, we applied the cumulative impact assessment framework to Moorea\u0027s coral reef, French Polynesia to inform the ongoing revision of the island-wide marine spatial management plan. We combined high spatial resolution data on 11 local anthropogenic pressures and four ecological components with expert vulnerability assessments. Results revealed that the entire reef is impacted by at least four pressures: coral reef fisheries, agriculture, land use change and urbanization. These activities together contribute to 87% of the overall cumulative impact. Most importantly, land-based activities contribute to more than half (52%) of the overall impact. Other high-impact activities, such as reef-based tourism, remain very localized and contribute little to the overall human impact. These findings show that by focusing solely on reef-based activities, the current management plan misses critical sources of impact. Not considering land-based activities in the management may lead to decisions that could fail to significantly lower cumulative human impact on the reef. This study demonstrates how operationalizing the cumulative human impact framework at a local scale can help managers identify key leverage points likely to yield improved ecological outcomes.","author":["Loiseau, C.","Thiault, L.","Devillers, R.","Claudet, J."],"organization":["Paris-Saclay University (Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/933580","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/existing-law-policy-framework-ocean-energy-development-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X11000054","title":"The existing law and policy framework for ocean energy development in Ireland","description":"This paper considers the existing law and policy framework for ocean energy development in Ireland. As a nation, Ireland proposes to have 75 MW of ocean energy connected by 2012 and a further 500 MW by 2020. This has been supported by various policy documents and Government initiatives in recent years. Despite the obvious Government support for offshore renewable energy, the existing legal framework presents a veritable barrier to development progress. This paper provides a succinct overview of the existing applicable legal regime focusing on licensing and planning aspects. Specifically it examines the realities of the Foreshore Acts, Electricity Regulation Act, Planning and Development Acts and associated Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations and their role in wave energy development. This sets the context for a review of the problems associated with the existing legal regime, including delay and uncertainty, before presenting possible measures which may help address them. The latter discussion is framed within the context of developing and forthcoming European and national initiatives such as the Integrated Maritime Policy, Maritime Spatial Planning, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Strategic Environmental Assessment.","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A.","Lewis, A."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2011-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.168112800000","-10.196697000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/933581","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-ecological-social-justice-framework-ocean-energy-technologies-case-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10222\/13011","title":"Developing an ecological social justice framework for ocean energy technologies: case studies from the Philippines","description":"Unless subjected to skeptical and conscious scrutiny, environmentally-friendly ocean energy technologies can become \u201cTrojan machines of social inequity\u201d due to the subtle re-organizing influences of technologies on culture and the society. Environmental laws that promote or regulate ocean energy technologies can act as \u201cTrojan legal regimes\u201d in the absence of a framework for assessing and anticipating their adverse impacts on social justice. \u201cEnvironmental justice\u201d is inadequate for this task, so an alternative framework is proposed: ecological social justice, drawn from the Third World\u2019s perspective of sustainable development as equitable sharing. Though overshadowed by the prevalent notion of sustainable development as limits to growth, a review of international environmental law shows that the ideas of equitable sharing have persisted, underpinning demands for more equitable distribution of resources and environmental amenities, greater public participation in decision-making, and special attention in favor of specified social groups. Beginning with the critiques of environmental justice and then drawing upon a substantivist view of the role of the Economy as an ecological link between Society and Nature, a sketch of ecological social justice is drawn. The assessment of whether specific legal regimes or their implementation promote or hinder social justice revolve around three focal points: distribution, recognition, and participation, and pay special attention to the role of culture and power in society. The assessment also incorporates and emphasizes the \u2018local\u2019 conception of social justice in order to remain true to its \u2018ecological\u2019 character. To demonstrate, the paper conducts detailed case studies of the Philippines. The 1987 Constitution established a right to environment as a result of the historical evolution of a constitutional policy of promoting social justice, This caused Philippine environmental and ocean resource laws to incorporate provisions that promote ecological social justice. Analysis of Philippine ocean environment and energy laws and two internationally-recognized ocean energy projects reveals insights into how even the most environmentally-friendly but complex technologies can lead to domination and oppression, and how guiding ideals of equitable sharing at the local levels can lead to more socially-just solutions.","author":["Batongbacal, J."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2010-08-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["13.724958700000","120.377820300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Batongbacal_Jay_JSD_LAW_August_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/933584","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-hawaiis-ocean-energy-projects-permitting-regime","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6107028","title":"Status of Hawaii\u0027s ocean energy projects and permitting regime","description":"Hawaii\u0027s wave energy resource is abundant enough, theoretically, to supply most of the state\u0027s electricity. In addition, the Hawaiian Islands are situated perfectly for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Tidal and ocean current resources, however, are less promising. The State of Hawaii\u0027s Renewable Portfolio Standard requires that 40% of its electricity come from renewable resources by the year 2030, a significant change from today-Hawaii is presently highly dependent on fossil fuels for both electricity and transportation. In 2009, Hawaii relied on imported petroleum for nearly 85% of its primary energy and 75% of the net megawatt-hours of electricity generated in the state. Ocean energy is anticipated to play a role in achieving Hawaii\u0027s clean energy goal. Toward that end, the University of Hawaii\u0027s Hawaii Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) has been designated as one of three National Marine Renewable Energy Centers by the U.S. Department of Energy. HNEI is implementing projects to test components, devices, and interconnection systems for wave energy at sites on the islands of Oahu and Maui, and is supporting OTEC R\u0026amp;D at the existing Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority facility on the island of Hawaii. Recognizing that obtaining permits for renewable energy projects is a major barrier to their implementation, the state has drafted a guide to renewable energy facility permits in Hawaii and has established a facilitated permitting process. Electrical generation projects with a capacity of 200 MW or more are automatically eligible to enter into the Renewable Energy Facility Siting Process (REFSP), and smaller projects may also request facilitation. Companies wishing to use the state\u0027s facilitated permitting process will meet with the Hawaii State Energy Office permitting coordinator. If the company is accepted into the REFSP, the coordinator will assist in developing a permit plan. The permitting coordinator has authority to convene an interagency working group with representatives from all the government agencies which will require permits for the project. Because incomplete applications and applicants\u0027 delays in responding to agency requests for additional information can slow the process, early meetings will help all parties understand their responsibilities and facilitate communication. In addition, the State of Hawaii is developing an online permitting system which would coordinate and streamline certain state permits. In its first phase, online applications for several critical permits required of the State Department of Health are being created. Future expansion of the system is expected to include other State of Hawaii permitting agencies. Other barriers to achieving Hawaii\u0027s clean energy goals also exist, including the impact of a high percentage of intermittent renewable electricity on isolated island grids. Solutions such as smart grid demonstrations, tests of battery storage systems, and interisland cables are being pursued. A number of ocean energy developers are pursuing RD\u0026amp;D projects in Hawaii. Several companies are also proposing pilot ocean thermal energy conversion plants in Hawaiian waters. In addition, in 2009, a 500-kW project by Oceanlinx off the northern coast of Maui was granted a preliminary permit by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Also that year, OPT redeployed its third PowerBuoy in Kaneohe Bay, an effort supported by the US Navy. The permitting process for this project is explained.","author":["Gill, A.","Black, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.412892600000","-161.987725200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 09:29:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/933585","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-seeking-balance-between-states-exclusive-rights-exploitation-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-74576-3_32","title":"Ocean Energy: Seeking the Balance Between States\u0027 Exclusive Rights of Exploitation and Marine Biodiversity Conservation","description":"In the past few years, the ocean, as a potential resource of energy, has caught the attention of the industrial sector. However, the possibility of ocean energy exploitation faces several challenges: the development of the needed technologies; the legal framework; the regulatory framework; the environmental aspects. This paper focuses on the international legal framework, specifically with regard to the States\u2019 (exclusive) rights of exploitation within their national jurisdiction and to biodiversity conservation. In this regard, UNCLOS is the primary legal document to be taken into consideration, since it sets a static legal framework of maritime zones and (to them) correlated jurisdiction(al rights). It seems that the exploitation of ocean energy is possible, but two conditions must be satisfied: (1) The States can exploit the ocean energy resource within their national jurisdiction, but it is questionable if they can conserve exclusive rights resulting from industrial activities, due to the fact that rights of third Parties (namely those related to navigation and fishery) must be taken into account; (2) The (sitting and permitting) procedure that allows exploitation of ocean energy will only be legitimized through: (2.1) public participation in the decision making process; (2.2) the implementation of an environmental impact assessment (EIA) regarding all stages of exploitation. This will provide for a long-term monitoring of impacts that exploitation may cause on marine biodiversity, allowing the adoption of adaptive and risk-based management strategies for dealing with uncertainty.","author":["Tebar, W."],"organization":["University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/933586","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/call-blue-degrowth-unravelling-european-unions-fisheries-maritime-policies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X17305687","title":"A call for a blue degrowth: Unravelling the European Union\u0027s fisheries and maritime policies","description":"Terms like blue growth (as well as the blue economy) have become the new buzzword inscribing a new era where the seas are recognized as potential drivers for the European economy. It is nevertheless, through this same logic of limitless economic growth, marine resources have been unsustainably exploited despite numerous institutional attempts to tackle overfishing. The aim of this paper is to point at the contradictions inherent in the objectives of the blue economy, and question the belief that ecological, social and economic targets can be achieved under (blue) growth-centred policies. An analysis of the (failing) policies for a \u2018sustainable use of marine resources\u2019 will be conducted and exemplified through an analysis of the main tools the EU has promoted as solutions to the fisheries crisis (sustainable consumption, privatisation of fish, fishing in waters of third countries and marine aquaculture). Additionally, the sectors promoted by the EU\u0027s Blue Growth strategy (marine aquaculture, coastal tourism, marine biotechnology, ocean energy and seabed mining) will also be evaluated in order to question this new vision for the seas and the coast. Through the introduction of the concept blue degrowth, this article aims to open up a more critical discussion around the blue growth strategy by highlighting the inherent dangers which lie in such economic strategies.","author":["Hadjimichael, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935517","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-women-sustainable-energy-development","sourceURL":"","title":"The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development","description":"Renewable energy will play an increasingly important role in both developing and developed countries in the future. The different implications of the wider use of renewable energy sources for women and men have hardly been examined, even though women\u0027s roles and interests in energy use and production have been well-documented. Experience in other sectors, and anecdotal evidence from the energy sector, suggest that women indeed have an important role to play in sustainable energy development. This paper, originally prepared to address the concerns of renewable energy technical experts at the World Renewable Energy Congress, reviews the literature on women\u00eds involvement in renewable energy and presents some examples of the results of including or excluding women in renewable energy development. It addresses four questions: Why do women need renewable energy? Are women really interested in renewable energy technologies (RETs)? Will women automatically benefit from RETs? Why is a gender perspective relevant in the energy sector?","author":["Cecelski, E."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2000-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Women2000.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935518","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-gender-perspective","sourceURL":"","title":"Renewable energy: A gender perspective","description":"The global energy transition offers an unprecedented opportunity to transform the energy sector in all aspects. The transition towards a renewable, distributed, decarbonised energy system is creating an array of social and economic benefits, including growing employment. IRENA estimates that the number of jobs in the sector could increase from 10.3 million in 2017 to nearly 29 million in 2050. The sector offers diverse opportunities along the value chain, requiring different skill sets and talents. A key pillar of the energy transition should be to ensure that the opportunities it creates are equally accessible, and the benefits it bestows, equitably distributed.  Adopting a gender a perspective to renewable energy development is critically important to ensure that women\u2019s contributions \u2013 their skills and views \u2013 represent an integral part of the growing industry. Increased women\u2019s engagement expands the talent pool for the renewables sector. Meanwhile, greater gender diversity also brings substantial co-benefits. Studies suggest that women bring new perspectives to the workplace and improve collaboration, while increasing the number of qualified women in an organisation\u2019s leadership yields better performance overall. In the context of energy access, engaging women as active agents in deploying off-grid renewable energy solutions is known to improve sustainability and gender outcomes.  In recognition of these opportunities, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted in 2015 introduced a dedicated goal on gender equality, noting that the \u201csystematic mainstreaming of a gender perspective in the implementation of the Agenda is crucial\u201d. Yet, detailed information on the status and trends related to gender equality in the renewable energy sector remains sparse.","author":["IRENA"],"organization":["International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IRENA_Gender_perspective_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935519","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/intersectionality-energy-transitions-review-gender-social-equity-low-carbon-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629620303492","title":"Intersectionality and energy transitions: A review of gender, social equity and low-carbon energy","description":"Transitions to low-carbon energy systems are essential to meeting global commitments to climate change mitigation. Yet \u201cgreening\u201d energy systems may not make them any fairer, inclusive or just. In this paper, we review the academic literature to understand the state of knowledge on how diffusion of low-carbon technologies impacts gender and social equity in intersectional ways. Our findings indicate that renewable energy projects alone cannot achieve gender and social equity, as energy interventions do not automatically tackle the structural dynamics embedded within socio-cultural and socio-economic contexts. If existing power asymmetries related to access and resource distribution are not addressed early on, the same structural inequalities will simply be replicated and transferred over into new energy regimes.","author":["Johnson, O.","Han, J.","Knight, A.","Mortensen, S.","Aung, M.","Boyland, M.","Resurreccion, B."],"organization":["Stockholm University","University of Copenhagen","Queens University"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/1-s2.0-S2214629620303492-main.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935521","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/participatory-approach-sustainable-energy-strategy-development-carbon-intensive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421511001029","title":"A participatory approach to sustainable energy strategy development in a carbon-intensive jurisdiction: The case of Nova Scotia","description":"The need for governments to reduce the exposure of energy consumers to future increases in fossil fuel prices places urgent pressure on policy-makers to deliver fundamental transformations in energy strategies, particularly in jurisdictions with high dependency on fossil fuel sources (Dorian et al., 2006). This transformation is unlikely without a high level of stakeholder engagement in the policy development process. This paper describes two policy development processes recently undertaken in Nova Scotia in which the inclusion of stakeholder views was central to the approach. The first delivered a new institutional framework for electricity energy efficiency involving the inception of an independent performance-based administrator. The second required the delivery of a strategy to significantly increase renewable energy generation in the Province. It involved recommendations for changes in institutional arrangements, financial incentives and technological options. This process was followed by new commitments to renewable energy developments, new infrastructure for the importation of hydro-electricity, and the announcement of FITs for ocean energy. In both cases, recommendations were made by an independent academic institution, and the Government responded directly to a majority of recommendations. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned and the implications for future energy policy making in carbon-intensive jurisdictions.","author":["Adams, M.","Wheeler, D.","Woolston, G."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2011-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.735963700000","-64.755591900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935522","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/intergenerational-justice-promotion-renewables-water-protection-objective","sourceURL":"","title":"Intergenerational Justice: Promotion of Renewables and the Water Protection Objective","description":"In the European Union (EU) climate change mitigation has been one of the major drivers to promote the use and consumption of renewable energy sources (RES). However the prominent focus on climate change mitigation may leave behind broader concerns for sustainable energy production. This paper examines the nexus of water-energy in view of the sustainable development concept. It analysis the nature of the problem and ways to pursue the integration of renewable energy and water protection policy objectives under the concept of sustainable development.","author":["Gudas, K.","Weber, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-03-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935716","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-legal-framework-development-blue-energy-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-51274-7_7","title":"The Environmental Legal Framework for the Development of Blue Energy in Europe","description":"The objectives of this contribution are to describe and assess the legal obstacles for ocean energy development in Europe. On the one hand, we analyze the impact of the law of the sea, pay special attention to maritime safety issues. On the other, we deal with the EU environmental legislation on nature and biodiversity, together with the cross-cutting strategic tools. And finally, we focus on the obstacles due to the protection of the marine environment.","author":["P\u00e9rez, E."],"organization":["University of Valladolid"],"originationDate":"2017-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:26:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Perez-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935717","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rise-community-energy-grassroots-mainstream-role-law-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3027695","title":"The Rise of Community Energy from Grassroots to Mainstream: The Role of Law and Policy","description":"In recent years, national and subnational law- and policy-makers have adopted measures to stimulate decentralised renewable energy generation, turning communities into prominent actors in the energy transition. The recast of the EU Renewable Energy Directive follows this trend, prompting all EU Member States to adopt measures to spearhead community energy. Yet to date, only a handful of \u2018pioneer\u2019 EU Member States \u2013 most saliently Denmark, Germany and the UK \u2013 have accrued significant experience with the mainstreaming of community energy. This article reflects on the role of law and policy in turning grassroots community action into a mainstream means for renewable energy generation. It unpacks the regulatory questions underlying the notion of community energy, looking at how these have been addressed in pioneer Member States. This analysis aims to deliver greater understanding of community energy, to highlight gaps in our knowledge of it, and to identify an agenda for further enquiry.","author":["Savaresi, A."],"organization":["University of Stirling"],"originationDate":"2019-02-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935718","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-considerations-otec-deployment-malaysia","sourceURL":"","title":"Legal Considerations on OTEC Deployment in Malaysia","description":"It is predicted that the world\u2019s primary energy demand would rise to 37% higher by the year 2040, and this would consequently increase current pressures on the global energy system. This would in turn make renewable energy more viable against non-depletable and sustainable energy. Malaysia has made an effort to meet this energy forecast by reducing the reliance on biomass for energy production, and is committed in making it a reality. The ocean thermal energy-driven development based on the ocean thermal energy conversion technology (OTEC) has great potential in leading the Malaysian renewable energy industry. However, this cannot effectively take place until certain legal impediments are identified. Thus, a legal analysis must be conducted to provide the Malaysian government or any government authority in the world to be aware of such legal impediments in ensuring success of their OTEC venture. Given the industry is at its infant stage, such a legal review is hoped to eventually promote further legal analysis on OTEC-related activities.","author":["Rani, M.","Yusof, M.","Mahdzir, A.","Awang, A.","Jaafar, A.","Shaukat, S.","Hassan, H."],"organization":["Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["3.718843800000","113.140600400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTECMalaysia.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935719","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-public-opinion-state-oregon-usa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/5422475","title":"Wave energy and public opinion in the state of Oregon, U.S.A.","description":"Countries have been developing renewable energies for quite some time now, and people are starting to think of them as being affordable, readily available, and good for the environment. The time has come to develop wave energy. Governments around the world are finally seeing the benefits of its unstoppable grace and power and are starting to account for it in their renewable energy portfolios. There is one huge potential problem, however, and that is \u0022public acceptability\u0022. Even though public acceptability is not a new phenomenon - it has often been encountered with new technologies and even new things there is one unique factor this time. It is the common space hugging the continents called the ocean. The traditional ocean uses, especially within three miles of the coastline in the U.S., do not include energy extraction. The question becomes how this new need for harnessing ocean power and turning it into electricity is going to fit within the existing array of ocean uses - fishing, recreation, transportation, aesthetics, and marine life conservation. The state of Oregon, U.S.A., has been identified as the most suitable place for wave energy development of all 23 coastal states in the United States. Today, however, almost five years after the EPRI study was published, there is not a single commercial wave energy project in the waters off Oregon. Why? Does public opinion have anything to do with it? How should public opinion be interpreted? This study provides some insight and understanding about the determinants of public opinion with regard to renewable energy, the role these determinants play in public opinion formulation, and their relative importance in citizens\u0027 support of or opposition toward wave energy development in Oregon. The findings of a statewide survey reveal that the typical respondent is supportive of wave energy development, even though s\/he does not consider herself\/himself well informed about renewable energy, and that s\/he is least knowledgeable about wave energy of all renewable options. These results indicate that increased outreach efforts for wave energy are warranted; especially considering the fact that 83% of respondents believe it is \u0022possible to increase energy supplies while protecting the environment at the same time\u0022.","author":["Stefanovich, M."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2009-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.260141500000","-124.086175200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935913","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/case-studies-implementation-first-commercial-leasing-processes-areas-outer-continental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/OMAE2014-23502","title":"Case Studies From Implementation of the First Commercial Leasing Processes for Areas of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Under the U.S. Renewable Energy Regulations","description":"President Barack Obama announced on April 22, 2009 that the U.S. Interior Department (USDOI) had completed the Final Renewable Energy Framework or rulemaking process (i.e., regulations) to govern management of the Renewable Energy Program for the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) within USDOI is responsible for overseeing the implementation of this framework. It establishes a program to grant leases, easements, and rights-of-way for orderly, safe, and environmentally responsible renewable energy development activities, such as the siting and construction of offshore wind generating facilities on the OCS, as well as other forms of renewable energy such as wave, current, and solar.  To date, five commercial wind energy leases have been issued for areas on the U.S. OCS and several other areas are at various stages in the process leading to leasing. The leases issued for two states in particular \u2014 Delaware and Virginia \u2014 help serve as case studies for how the U.S. regulatory process for ocean wind leasing operates. This paper will discuss the process by which these leases were issued and next steps, which will illustrate the implementation and best practices of the U.S. regulatory process for offshore wind leasing.","author":["Trager, E."],"organization":["US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2014-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.259856000000","-75.833502000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935915","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-equity-benefits-nexus-transformative-blue-economy-sectoral-review-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X19305093","title":"Social equity and benefits as the nexus of a transformative Blue Economy: A sectoral review of implications","description":"The term \u2018Blue Economy\u2019 is increasingly used in various marine sectors and development frameworks. For it to be a truly useful approach, however, we argue that social benefits and equity must be explicitly prioritized alongside environmental and economic concerns. This integration of social dimensions within the Blue Economy is required to ensure that marine economic sectors contribute to achieving sustainable development goals. We review what an equity-focused \u2018Blue Economy\u2019 might mean for some established and emergent marine sectors and note existing guidelines that may be used for incorporating these aspects into planning. Moving towards a Blue Economy does not only imply developing emerging sectors in undeveloped areas; larger challenges will be found in transforming industries that already have significant economic and livelihood contributions despite concurrent social and environmental concerns. A \u2018marine industrial revolution\u2019\u2014as the Blue Economy has sometimes been understood\u2014cannot achieve sustainable development and well-being if it does not avoid the widespread negative social and ecological impacts of historical development pathways. A concerted effort is therefore necessary to design and implement inclusive and equitable policies as an integral part of a Blue Economy that is transformative and not only expansive.","author":["Cisneros-Montemayor, A.","Moreno-Baez, M.","Voyer, M.","Allison, E.","Cheung, W.","Hessing-Lewis, M.","Oyinlola, M.","Singh, G.","Swartz, W.","Ota, Y."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","University of New England","University of Wollongong","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935916","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/disaggregating-swot-analysis-marine-renewable-energies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenrg.2018.00138\/full","title":"Disaggregating the SWOT Analysis of Marine Renewable Energies","description":"Energy transitions require strategic plans that minimize inefficiencies and maximize energy production in a sustainable way. This aspect is fundamental in the case of innovative technologies based on marine renewable energies. Marine renewable energies involve problems and advantages which imply a reconceptualization of marine space and its management. Through an holistic SWOT analysis the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are highlighted in this paper, considering social, economic, legal, technological, and environmental dimensions. We disaggregate the SWOT analysis for marine renewable energy technologies in order to create an overview of pros and cons for every dimension and better identify specific hotspots and possible solutions in different fields.","author":["Goffetti, G.","Montini, M.","Volpe, F.","Gigliotti, M.","Pulselli, F.","Sannino, G.","Marchettini, N."],"organization":["Universit\u00e0 di Siena"],"originationDate":"2018-12-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/935917","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-law-offshore-energy-production-marine-environmental-protection-through","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dspace.library.uu.nl\/handle\/1874\/400007","title":"International Law and Offshore Energy Production: Marine Environmental Protection through Normative Interactions","description":"Against the backdrop of the convoluted international legal framework regulating offshore energy production, the research examines how the standard of marine environmental protection is shaped through normative interactions between UNCLOS and other relevant international and supranational instruments. To that end, the thesis explores legal mechanisms that govern normative interactions in international law, and in particular, interactions within the context of the law of the sea. It considers that the legal fragmentation and the ensuing normative interactions do not unavoidably lead to genuine conflicts. Instead, it is posited that the interplay between UNCLOS and global and regional instruments can shape and enhance the level of marine environmental protection required of States in regulating offshore energy production. The thesis explores the normative implications of both inter- and intra-systemic normative interactions for the interpretation and implementation of the duty to protect and preserve the marine environment. In respect of intra-systemic interactions, it studies how global and regional environmental agreements can add flesh to the bare bones of the dynamic environmental framework under UNCLOS. Specifically, the first part examines the interplay between UNCLOS and global instruments that directly or indirectly regulate offshore energy production. Apart from the environmental agreements, the international environmental regulation of offshore energy production is equally affected by other international obligations of States, such as the duty to protect foreign investments under international investment agreements. For that reason, the first part of the research then discusses the implications of inter-systemic interactions between investment and marine environmental law. The author argues that the investment obligations of States do not necessarily impact the standard of marine environmental protection. However, given the specificities of the investment regime, arbitral tribunals have a strong say in interpreting the sovereign discretion and duty of States to regulate offshore energy production. Although global environmental agreements contain a wealth of benchmarks to determine the standard of diligence expected of States in the regulation of offshore energy production, most of them lack normative concreteness and do not address crucial aspects of offshore energy production activities. On that account, the second part of the thesis delves into a comparative analysis of the rules and standards established in the context of four marine regions, namely the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea, the North-East Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean. It highlights the significance of regionalism, as regional arrangements contain rules and standards directly applicable to offshore energy production activities. Besides, the institutional framework of regional agreements adapts standards to regional specificities, provides mechanisms for accommodating scientific, technological and environmental developments, and assists in State compliance. The second part of the study also examines the interplay between EU law and regional sea agreements to reveal how their cross-fertilization can enhance the substantive and procedural environmental rules and, most importantly, strengthen their enforcement across the EU. The thesis posits that regional rules and standards not only serve as best practices to be adapted to the needs of other marine regions but, under certain conditions, are also legally relevant for the interpretation and application of UNCLOS\u2019 rules.","author":["Giannopoulos, N."],"organization":["Utrecht University"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/giannopolous-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/937851","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cost-benefit-analysis-tidal-energy-production-coastal-lagoon-case-ria-formosa-portugal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544221010604","title":"Cost-benefit analysis of tidal energy production in a coastal lagoon: The case of Ria Formosa \u2013 Portugal","description":"The energy that can be extracted from tidal currents is one of the most promising renewable energy sources due to its high density\/predictability. Within this paper this energy source is evaluated economically respecting sustainability principles. This evaluation contrasts from previous studies due to the application of a cost-benefit analysis based on a hydro-morphodynamic model, and moving away from the classic proxy of wind energy. It further includes, via the Monte Carlo method, a probabilistic underpinning to the project. The hydro-economic model was applied to a tidal energy project using an Evopod 1:4th scale prototype, based on a real deployment of an Evopod 1:10th scale device in the Ria Formosa, Algarve. The results show that, under the current costs and benefits, the project is not economically viable. However, there are admissible parameter ranges that make the project viable such as significant reduction of investment costs, increased capacity factors and favourable energy prices. This novel methodology has potential to be applied to other tidal energy projects on estuarine systems worldwide, and consists of a comprehensive modelling approach, including the technical, environmental, and socio-economic dimensions of the project, not only in a deterministic setting but also in a probabilistic one.","author":["Rodrigues, N.","Pintassilgo, P.","Calhau, F.","Gonz\u00e1lez-Gorbe\u00f1a, E.","Pacheco, A."],"organization":["University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2021-08-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.984488000000","-7.959452000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:28:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/946737","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/engaging-fishing-industry-marine-environmental-survey-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/engaging-fishing-industry-marine-environmental-survey-and-monitoring","title":"Engaging the Fishing Industry in Marine Environmental Survey and Monitoring","description":"Scottish Government gained funding through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) to provide opportunities for the fishing industry to engage and collaborate with the scientific community, Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies and Government departments in Scotland, to carry out evidence gathering and marine monitoring to help deliver national and international requirements in relation to the protection and restoration of marine biodiversity (with a particular focus on Marine Protected Areas - MPAs). The project supported three main survey types, those being drop-down video (DDV) monitoring, juvenile fish surveys and investigations into the movement ecology of flapper skate (Dipturus intermedius) within and adjacent to Marine Protected areas.","author":["Pasco, G.","James, B.","Burke, L.","Johnston, C.","Orr, K.","Clarke, J.","Thorburn, J.","Boulcott, P.","Kent, F.","Kamphausen, L.","Sinclair, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2021-03-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.107147000000","-2.765529000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pasco-et-al-2021-SMFS-12-03.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/946931","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-marine-energy-biotopes-cozumel-islands-reefs-resource-tourism-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S096456912100185X","title":"Assessment of marine energy-biotopes for Cozumel Island\u0027s reefs: A resource for tourism and renewable ocean energy","description":"In general, ocean energy refers to renewable energy for human consumption, but less often relates to conservation and environmental protection. Within this context, this study describes and investigates energy-biotopes as a new concept, based on energy features, to use as a relevant resource for reefs conservation, marine-based tourism, and the harvesting of renewable ocean energy for Cozumel Island. Cluster analyses and linear trend models indicate an energy-tourism-economy connection with a similarity \u0026gt;90% and a correlation \u0026gt;0.976 between tourist arrivals, total revenue (US$ 161.74), and electric energy consumption (~64.62 Wh), per tourist. Moreover, field measurements of ocean current velocities (U) were conducted to assess the spatial distribution of kinetic energy density (ED) over the western coast of Cozumel Island. These results were compared with information obtained from prior studies on reef cover, benthic distribution, and tourism activities to identify the environment-energy-tourism relationship. Results indicate that marine biotopes with low and intermediate energy values (ED \u0026lt; 60 J\/m3, U \u0026lt; 0.34 m\/s) correlate with reef structures that are highly attractive for tourism and with moderate flow velocities for drift-diving, which represents the basis of tourism and the primary source of income for Cozumel Island. In contrast, high-energy biotopes (ED \u0026gt; 250 J\/m3, U \u0026lt; 0.70 m\/s) may contribute to meeting energy demands through the use of marine energy and the resulting increase in tourism and economic development in the area. However, the effects on marine organisms that are not typically attractive for tourists, but are of ecological significance, should be considered. Environmental habitats and electric energy demands are discussed regarding the local economy, which supports a floating population of 4.10 million people and where the reef environment plays an essential role both as part of the marine landscape and in the formation of globally unique energy-biotopes.","author":["Callejas-Jim\u00e9nez, M.","Alc\u00e9rreca-Huerta, J.","Carrillo, L."],"organization":["El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.416958000000","-86.909659000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/947318","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-environmental-social-impacts-thermal-gradient-tidal-currents-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/17\/21\/7791","title":"A Review on Environmental and Social Impacts of Thermal Gradient and Tidal Currents Energy Conversion and Application to the Case of Chiapas, Mexico","description":"Despite the proved potential to harness ocean energy off the Mexican coast, one of the main aspects that have restrained the development of this industry is the lack of information regarding the environmental and social impacts of the devices and plants. Under this premise, a review of literature that could help identifying the potential repercussions of energy plants on those fields was performed. The available studies carried out around the world show a clear tendency to use indicators to assess impacts specifically related to the source of energy to be converted. The information gathered was used to address the foreseeable impacts on a hypothetical case regarding the deployment of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plant off the Chiapas coast in Mexico. From the review it was found that for OTEC plants, the most important aspect to be considered is the discharge plume volume and its physicochemical composition, which can lead to the proliferation of harmful algal blooms. Regarding the case study, it is interesting to note that although the environmental impacts need to be mitigated and monitored, they can be somehow alleviated considering the potential social benefits of the energy industry.","author":["Rivera, G.","Felix, A.","Mendoza, E."],"organization":["National Autonomous University of Mexico","National Council for Science and Technology, Mexico"],"originationDate":"2020-10-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["15.574408000000","-93.334920000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rivera-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/947512","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/map-use-earths-magnetic-field-sharks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/current-biology\/fulltext\/S0960-9822(21)00476-0?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982221004760%3Fshowall%3Dtrue#%20","title":"Map-like use of Earth\u0027s magnetic field in sharks","description":"Migration is common in marine animals, and use of the map-like information of Earth\u2019s magnetic field appears to play an important role. While sharks are iconic migrants and well known for their sensitivity to electromagnetic fields, whether this ability is used for navigation is unresolved. We conducted magnetic displacement experiments on wild-caught bonnetheads (Sphyrna tiburo) and show that magnetic map cues can elicit homeward orientation. We further show that use of a magnetic map to derive positional information may help explain aspects of the genetic structure of bonnethead populations in the northwest Atlantic.These results offer a compelling explanation for the puzzle of how migratory routes and population structure are maintained in marine environments, where few physical barriers limit movements of vagile species.","author":["Keller, B.","Putnam, N.","Grubbs, R.","Portnoy, D.","Murphy, T."],"organization":["Florida State University","LGL Ltd","Texas A\u0026M University"],"originationDate":"2021-07-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["25.428517200000","-80.308113700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/963765","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wildlife-sensitivity-mapping-manual-practical-guidance-renewable-energy-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/a3f185b8-0c30-11eb-bc07-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en","title":"The Wildlife Sensitivity Mapping Manual: Practical guidance for renewable energy planning in the European Union","description":"The European Union has adopted one of the most ambitious renewable energy policies in the world. Restructuring Europe\u2019s energy sector along renewable lines whilst ensuring compliance with EU nature legislation requires careful and early stage spatial planning in order to avoid creating new hazards for wildlife. As part of a wider study on the impacts and available mitigation measures in the interplay of renewable energy sources and EU protected species and habitats1 , specific attention has been paid to a key instrument in this context, which is wildlife sensitivity mapping. In wildlife sensitivity mapping, spatial biodiversity data, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and wildlife sensitivity assessment approaches are employed to identify areas where the placement of renewable energy could adversely impact the wildlife protected by the EU Nature Directives (Directive 92\/43\/EEC, the Habitats Directive; Directive 2009\/147\/EC, the Birds Directive) and should therefore be avoided or mitigated.  This manual provides a comprehensive overview of the datasets, methodologies and GIS resources needed to develop effective wildlife sensitivity mapping approaches within the EU. The manual draws together the information needed to develop such approaches for renewable energy technologies. The focus is on a number of key wildlife attributes; these include all species and habitats protected by the EU Nature Directives, with particular emphasis on birds, bats and marine mammals. The manual includes key recommendations relating to the most suitable data types and sensitivity analysis.","author":["Allinson, T.","Jobson, B.","Crowe, O.","Lammerant, J.","Van Den Bossche, W.","Badoz, I."],"organization":["BirdLife International","Arcadis","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2020-10-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wildlife-Sensitivity-Mapping-Manual-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/968210","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-tidal-current-energy-resources-hydrodynamic-impacts-energy-extraction-puhu","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11802-021-4767-3","title":"Assessment of the Tidal Current Energy Resources and the Hydrodynamic Impacts of Energy Extraction at the PuHu Channel in Zhoushan Archipelago, China","description":"An unstructured model FVCOM (The Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Community Ocean Model) with sink momentum term was applied to simulate the tidal current field in Zhoushan Archipelago, China, with focus on the region named PuHu Channel between Putuo Island and Hulu Island. The model was calibrated with several measurements in the channel, and the model performance was validated. An examination of the spatial and temporal distributions of tidal energy resources based on the numerical simulation revealed that the greatest power density of tidal energy during spring tide is 3.6kWm\u22122 at the northern area of the channel. Two parameters were introduced to characterize the generation duration of the tidal array that causes the temporal variation of tidal current energy. The annual average available energy in the channel was found to be approximately 2.6 MW. The annual generating hours at rated power was found to be 1800 h when the installed capacity of tidal array is approximately 12 MW. A site for the tidal array with 25 turbines was selected, and the layout of the array was configured based on the EMEC specifications. Hydrodynamic influence due to the deployment of the tidal array was simulated by the modified FVCOM model. The simulation showed that the tidal level did not significantly change because of the operation of the tidal array. The velocity reduction covered a 2 km2 area of the downstream the tidal array, with a maximum velocity reduction of 8 cms\u22121 at mid-flood tide, whereas the streamwise velocity on both sides of the farm increased slightly.","author":["Wu, H.","Yu, H.","Fang, Y.","Zhou, Q.","Zhuo, F.","Kelly, R."],"organization":["National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)","Ocean University of China"],"originationDate":"2021-05-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.035491000000","122.410934000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/968211","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-evaluation-electromagnetic-fields-emitted-buried-subsea-power-cables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148121007175","title":"A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: considerations for marine renewable energy development","description":"The expanding marine renewable energy industry will increase the prevalence of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from power cables in coastal waters. Assessments of environmental impacts are required within licensing\/permitting processes and increased prevalence of cables will increase questions concerning EMF emissions and potential cumulative impacts. It is presumed that protecting a cable by burial, may also mitigate EMF emissions and potential impacts on species. Focussing on a bundled high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission cable, we use computational and interpretive models to explore the influence of cable properties and burial depth on the DC magnetic field (DC-MF) potentially encountered by receptive species. Greater cable pair separation increased the deviations from the geomagnetic field and while deeper burial reduced the deviations, the DC-MF was present at intensities perceivable by receptive species. An animal moving along a cable route may be exposed to variable EMFs due to varied burial depth and that combined with an animal\u2019s position in the water column determines the distance from source and EMF exposure. Modelling contextually realistic scenarios would improve assessments of potential effects. We suggest developers and cable industries make cable properties and energy transmission data available, enabling realistic modelling and environmental assessment supporting future developments.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Gill, A.","Sigray, P.","He, H.","King, J."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","University of Rhode Island","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","PANGALIA Environmental","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","KTH School of Engineering Sciences"],"originationDate":"2021-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1000189","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/eco-efficiency-assessment-wave-energy-conversion-western-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652621020321","title":"Eco-efficiency assessment of wave energy conversion in Western Australia","description":"Western Australia is an ideal location for wave energy conversion with some of the highest energy density waves in the world. Renewable energy technologies have had an emerging presence in Australia, seen as a vehicle to decarbonise energy generation and provide a sustainable future. This paper examines the environmental and economic feasibility of energy generation from wave energy conversion in Western Australia by undertaking an Eco-Efficiency Analysis (EEA). The environmental impacts of wave energy converters (WEC) were assessed by application of a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) while the economic performance considered the Life Cycle Costing (LCC). An eco-efficiency portfolio was developed to visualise the sustainability of coastal energy generation options \u2013 wave generation, offshore wind and diesel generation \u2013 finding that wave generation was the most eco-efficient option and could be deemed a sustainable energy generation technology. The LCA results were comparable to literature, validating the impact assessment. The proposed wave device was estimated to produce a global warming potential of 27.3 kg CO2 eq\/MWh and have a levelised cost of energy at 134 $AUD\/MWh. The environmental impact of the device was significantly lower than alternative coastal energy generation methods in Western Australia while the associated cost of energy remained competitive. This favourable assessment using the eco-efficiency framework confirmed that the application of WEC in Western Australia would be an eco-efficient option and that research should be undertaken to develop this technology as a key player in the transition to a sustainable energy industry.","author":["Burgess, C.","Biswas, W."],"organization":["Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2021-08-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:06:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1012826","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-uk-status-review-future-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032121002240","title":"Wave energy in the UK: Status review and future perspectives","description":"This review aims at giving a picture of the progress of the UK wave energy and suggesting key steps needing to be taken for its contribution to the Net Zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050. It follows consultation through scoping wave energy workshops held by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) in August 2019 and by Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Hub in January 2020 and a series of structured interviews with academics, policy-makers, funding bodies and industry professionals. It is believed that the UK has excellent wave resources and advanced techniques that need to be rapidly developed to achieve the target of 22 GW of installed capacity by 2050 Greaves et al. (2020). The wave energy resources in the UK are reviewed, summarising wave energy hotspots for development and identifying openly accessible wave data. The progress and achievements of wave energy development in the UK are reviewed and described to underline the important roles that UK government and industry support have to play in securing a leading position in wave energy. The potential benefits of wave energy for the decarbonisation of UK industry (including utility scale and niche markets) to achieve Net Zero target by 2050 are presented, as well as the steps that need to be taken in the next 30 years to achieve its potential.","author":["Jin, S.","Greaves, D."],"organization":["University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.397682000000","-2.272876000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1017090","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/substrate-vibrations-their-potential-effects-upon-fishes-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/10.0004773","title":"Substrate vibrations and their potential effects upon fishes and invertebrates","description":"This paper reviews the nature of substrate vibration within aquatic environments where seismic interface waves may travel along the surface of the substrate, generating high levels of particle motion. There are, however, few data on the ambient levels of particle motion close to the seabed and within the substrates of lakes and rivers. Nor is there information on the levels and the characteristics of the particle motion generated by anthropogenic sources in and on the substrate, which may have major effects upon fishes and invertebrates, all of which primarily detect particle motion. We therefore consider how to monitor substrate vibration and describe the information gained from modeling it. Unlike most acoustic modeling, we treat the substrate as a solid. Furthermore, we use a model where the substrate stiffness increases with depth but makes use of a wave that propagates with little or no dispersion. This shows the presence of higher levels of particle motion than those predicted from the acoustic pressures, and we consider the possible effects of substrate vibration upon fishes and invertebrates. We suggest that research is needed to examine the actual nature of substrate vibration and its effects upon aquatic animals.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Hazelwood, R.","Popper, A.","Macey, P."],"organization":["Loughine Limited","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2021-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1019044","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expected-impact-marine-energy-farms-operating-island-environments-mild-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5134\/6\/2\/33\/html","title":"The Expected Impact of Marine Energy Farms Operating in Island Environments with Mild Wave Energy Resources - A Case Study in the Mediterranean Sea","description":"A particularity of island areas is that they are subjected to strong sea state conditions that can have a severe impact on the beach stability, while on the other hand, they rely mainly on diesel combustion for electricity production which in the long run is not a sustainable solution. The aim of this work is to tackle these two issues, by assessing the impact of a hybrid marine energy farm that may operate near the north-western part of Giglio Island in the Mediterranean Sea. As a first step, the most relevant environmental conditions (wind and waves) over a 27-year time interval (January 1992\u2013December 2018) were identified considering data coming from both ERA5 and the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative for Sea State. An overview of the electricity production was made by considering some offshore wind turbines, the results showing that even during the summertime when there is a peak demand (but low wind resources), the demand can be fully covered by five wind turbines defined each by a rated power of 6 MW. The main objective of this work is to assess the coastal impact induced by a marine energy farm, and for this reason, various layouts obtained by varying the number of lines (one or two) and the distance between the devices were proposed. The modelling system considered has been already calibrated in the target area for this type of study while the selected device is defined by a relatively low absorption property. The dynamics of various wave parameters has been analysed, including significant wave height, but also parameters related to the breaking mechanics, and longshore currents. It was noticed that although the target area is naturally protected by the dominant waves that are coming from the south-western sector, it is possible to occur extreme waves coming from the north-west during the wintertime that can be efficiently attenuated by the presence of the marine energy farm.","author":["Rusu, L.","Onea, F.","Rusu, E."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2021-05-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.370225000000","10.876552000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rusu-et-al-2021-Expected-Impact-of-Marine-Energy-Farms.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1019238","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/auditory-impairment-acoustic-seal-deterrents-predicted-harbour-porpoises-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13910","title":"Auditory impairment from acoustic seal deterrents predicted for harbour porpoises in a marine protected area","description":"Management interventions to reduce human\u2013wildlife conflict can have unintended consequences for non-target species. Acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) are used globally by the aquaculture sector. However, the potential for these sound emissions to impact non-target species, such as cetaceans, has not yet been quantified at population relevant spatial scales.  To better understand the extent of potential impacts on cetaceans, such as harbour porpoises, we used acoustic modelling to investigate levels of ADD noise throughout the west coast of Scotland and across a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) for this species.  Using an energy-flux acoustic propagation model and data on aquaculture sites known to be using ADDs, we predicted the spatial extent of ADD noise on the Scottish west coast from 1 February 2017 to 31 January 2018. Noise maps were produced to determine the risk of auditory impairment for harbour porpoises under a range of scenarios which assumed single or multiple ADDs and simultaneous use across all sites.  The acoustic propagation model performed well when tested against field measurements up to 5 km, with 98% of sound exposure level (SEL) predictions within \u00b110% of the measurements. Predictions of SELs over a 24-hr period suggested extensive temporary hearing loss zones (median radius: ~28 km) for harbour porpoises around aquaculture sites. Assuming a single device at each site, 23% of the harbour porpoise SAC was predicted to be exposed to ADD noise sufficient to induce a temporary threshold shift, and under the worst-case scenario (multiple, continuously running devices per site with an aggregate duty cycle of 100%), levels exceeding permanent threshold shift could reach 0.9% of the SAC.  Policy implications. This study highlights the potential for \u2018collateral damage\u2019 from interventions such as acoustic deterrent devices (ADDs) which are intended to reduce human\u2013wildlife conflicts with pinnipeds but may affect the long-term health and habitat use of non-target species. This is especially true for harbour porpoises which are protected under the EU and UK Habitats Regulations. The aquaculture industry, policymakers and regulators in countries where ADDs are used should consider these findings when attempting to mitigate pinniped depredation.","author":["Findlay, C.","Aleynik, D.","Farcas, A.","Merchant, N.","Risch, D.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2021-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.982164000000","-6.524798000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Findlay-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1021774","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/colonization-multi-functional-artificial-reef-designed-american-lobster-homarus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/etd\/3205\/","title":"The Colonization of a Multi-functional Artificial Reef Designed for the American Lobster, Homarus Americanus","description":"Habitat loss and degradation caused by the installation of infrastructure related to coastal population increase removes vital habitat necessary in the lifecycles of benthic and epibenthic species. Of the species affected, the American lobster is the most commercially valuable specie in the Gulf of Maine, and it has been proposed that lack of suitable habitat could potentially limit lobster distribution and population. Granite block mooring systems (GNT) are essential in anchoring boats and equipment related to marine recreation and industry, the footprint of the GNT removes benthic habitat and does little to enhance epibenthic habitat. In an effort to support the sustainability of the lobster fishery, Habitat Mooring Systems\u2122 designed a multifunctional artificial reef (HMS4000), which serves as both a marine mooring system and potential lobster habitat. A granite mooring system was compared to an HMS4000 at Seal Harbor, Mount Desert Island, ME and Sand Cove, South Bristol, ME, to understand the effectiveness of the HMS4000 to increase species richness, lobster abundance, lobster biomass, crab abundance, and fish abundance in, on or around the mooring. Data collection consisted of lobster counts, lobster carapace length, lobster sex, crab identification and count, fish identification and count, and all other invertebrates were identified and counted. Crabs were divided into two groups, 1) Jonah\/rock crab, and 2) \u201cOther crabs\u201d where all other crabs were identified, counted and cataloged. Four dive surveys were performed at each location between July 26, 2012 and February 14, 2013. The HMS4000 had a significantly higher species richness compared to the control groups at Seal Harbor, and higher lobster inhabitance compared to the GNT overall. The HMS4000 at both locations had similar lobster occupancy and calculated lobster biomass. Lobster carapace length on the HMS4000 was larger than other treatments, and the male to female lobster ratio was close to that of the control site, however there were no significant differences between treatments. Although Jonah\/rock crab were found on the HMS4000, the GNT had significantly more, but, with less lobster abundance, the GNT had fewer resident predators and provided adequate shelter for this species group. No significant differences in fish prevalence were found, but fish had a greater tendency to use the artificial habitat over the GNT and control. Commercially valuable fish species, such as Atlantic cod and American eel, were exclusively surveyed on the HMS4000. In conclusion the HMS4000 could alleviate habitat degradation through the mitigation of benthic habitat loss generated from a foot print of traditional granite mooring, by increasing overall species richness and providing suitable habitat that would support commercially and recreationally valuable species such as, the American lobster, Atlantic cod, Jonah crab, and American eel.","author":["Roy, C."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2020-05-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.410357700000","-68.504321300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thesis-Roy-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1021775","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-predation-artificial-reef-juvenile-demersal-fish-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-007-0898-3","title":"The effect of predation on artificial reef juvenile demersal fish species","description":"There is a concern that artificial reefs (AR) may act purely as fishing aggregation devices. Predators attracted to ARs can influence the distribution and abundance of prey fish species. Determining the role of predators in AR is important in advancing the understanding of community interactions. This paper documents the effects of predation on fish assemblages of AR located near a coastal lagoon fish nursery. The Dicentrarchus labrax is a very opportunistic species preying on juveniles (0+ and 1+ age classes) of several demersal fish species on the ARs. Reef prey and sea bass abundance were negatively correlated. The mean numbers of prey per sea bass stomach increased with the increase of reef fish prey abundance, suggesting that predation has a significant influence, resulting in a decrease in prey abundance. Prey mortality (4\u201348%) of demersal reef fish associated species depends on bass density. Prey selection was related both with prey abundance and vulnerability. Results showed that D. labrax predation on AR-fish associated species can increase prey natural mortality. However, the role of bass predation on the ecological functioning of exploited ARs is not clear. There may be increases in local fishing yields due either to an increase in predator biomass through aggregation of sea bass attracted to ARs or to greater production. In contrast, predation on juveniles of economically important reef fish preys, especially the most frequent and abundant (Boops boops), can contribute to a decrease in recruitment to the fishery. Our results indicate that inter-specific interactions (predator\u2013prey) are important in terms of conservation and management, as well as for the evaluation of the long-term effects of reef deployment. Thus, it is necessary to consider ecological interactions, such as predation, prior to the development and deployment of artificial habitats as a tool for rehabilitation.","author":["Leit\u00e3o, F.","Santos, M.","Erzini, K.","Monteiro, C."],"organization":["Centro Regional de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Pesqueira do Sul (CRIPSul)","University of Algarve"],"originationDate":"2008-01-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1031248","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-holistic-framework-investigate-environmental-social-economic-suitability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dspace.library.uvic.ca\/handle\/1828\/12529","title":"Developing a Holistic Framework to Investigate the Environmental, Social, and Economic Suitability of Tidal Stream Energy in British Columbia\u0027s Remote Coastal Diesel Reliant First Nations Communities","description":"This thesis holistically examines the potential for tidal stream turbine (TST) integration to displace diesel generated electricity in remote coastal First Nations communities within the Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific Coast region of British Columbia. This thesis utilizes a combination of spatial analysis (GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis) to identify sites; stakeholder engagement to assess TST suitability, bridge knowledge gaps, and understand desired characteristics of community energy systems; and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analyses for existing diesel and externality included scenarios along with potential TST costs in a candidate community.  Results illustrate the need for information within these communities, from resource quantification to characteristics of renewable energy technologies and system feasibility; selfsufficiency as being the primary transition driver; and funding\/human resource capacity as being substantial barriers. Within the study region \u224889.8 km2 of feasible resource was identified, with \u224822 km2 of potentially suitable tidal resource in proximity to nine communities. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in difficulties contacting and arranging interviews with the most suitable communities. Driven by the holistic research mandate requiring community stakeholder engagement to occur in tandem with the economic analyses, Queen Charlotte Village and Skidegate Landing on Haida Gwaii were chosen as the candidate communities, despite not being the most suitable identified communities. The community interviews revealed TSTs as being an acceptable renewable energy technology. Furthermore, the identified site in Skidegate Inlet (SI) was found to have favourable Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) for TST development. Existing diesel generation carries a LCOE of $0.63\/kWh, being $0.08-0.14 more per kWh than the literature cited LCOE range for TSTs. The LCOE for CO2 equivalent externalities at current iv carbon tax prices was found to be an additional $0.02\/kWh. Despite having a technically viable peak spring current speed, the SI site was financially unviable for 284 kW of rated capacity across all diesel LCOE scenarios driven by capacity factor (1.62%), high cabling costs (approximately one third of capital costs), and outdated data\/assumptions within the Natural Resources Canada Tidal Project Cost Estimation tool used in the tidal LCOE calculations.  This work contributes to the progression of tidal energy development on BCs coast along with demonstrating the utility of holistic assessment frameworks for RETs across environmental, social, and economic considerations. The results of this thesis can inform existing MSP efforts in the Marine Plan Partnership for the North Pacific region and the framework developed can be built upon and altered for global use in pursuit of sustainable energy transitions.","author":["Richardson, R."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2021-01-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.046740100000","-134.355207700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Richardson_Riley_MSc_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1031249","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conservational-state-coastal-ecosystems-mexican-caribbean-coast-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/5\/2738#cite","title":"The Conservational State of Coastal Ecosystems on the Mexican Caribbean Coast: Environmental Guidelines for Their Management","description":"The accelerated rate of environmental degradation of the Mexican Caribbean coast is alarming. In this work, spatial analysis procedures were applied to study relationships among wave and wind climates, water quality, and environmental degradation of the principal coastal ecosystems. We found an increasing North-South gradient in the preservation state of the coastal ecosystems, related to the degree of anthropization of the coastline. In the north, all analysed stressors exert high pressure on coral reefs, seagrass meadows, mangroves, and dunes, and cause chronic coastline erosion. The coastal ecosystems of the central and southern regions are more mature and healthier, and the most significant stressor is reduced water quality. The north has been most hit by high-intensity hurricanes, the frequency of which has increased in the Mexican Caribbean over recent decades. The status of conservation of the ecosystems, added to the long-term intensification of environmental pressures, particularly high-intensity hurricanes, will induce further deterioration if a coordinated management scheme is not adopted by decision-makers. To ensure effective coordinated management, plans should be made on a regional scale using shared guidelines. Spatial analysis procedures aid in prioritizing and adapting the shared guidelines depending on the identified major stressors and the preservation state of each region in the Mexican Caribbean.","author":["Guimarais, M.","Zuniga-Rios, A.","Cruz-Ramirez, C.","Chavez, V.","Oderiz, I.","Tussenbroek, B.","Silva, R."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico"],"originationDate":"2021-03-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:10:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guimarais_et_al._2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1031250","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-resources-mexico","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/7\/6\/191","title":"On the Marine Energy Resources of Mexico","description":"The Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Mexico offer a variety of marine energy sources for exploitation. Although the Mexican government has made important efforts to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels, national participation in clean energies is still limited in terms of electricity production. This paper presents a practical theoretical assessment of marine energy sources around Mexico, with the aim of identifying potential zones for subsequent, more detailed, technical evaluations and project implementations. The energy sources considered are ocean currents, waves, salinity, and thermal gradients. Using global databases, the percentages of energy availability for the defined thresholds were computed to establish the prospective regions with the most persistent power availability. This approach proved to offer more meaningful information than simple averaged values. Moreover, some environmental and socio-economic factors to be considered for future ocean energy resource assessments in Mexico were also discussed. The results show that the wave energy potential is highest in the northwest of Mexico (~2\u201310 kW\/m for more than 50% of the time), and that there is a constant source of ocean current energy off Quintana Roo state (~32\u2013215 W\/m2 for more than 50% of the time). The thermal gradient power is more persistent in the southwest and southeast of the country, where ~100\u2013200 MW can be found 70% of the time. The salinity gradient energy is strongest in the southeast of Mexico. The practical approach presented here can be extended to perform preliminary resources assessments in regions where information is scarce.","author":["Hern\u00e1ndez-Fontes, J.","Felix, A.","Mendoza, E.","Rodriguez Cueto, Y.","Silva, R."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico"],"originationDate":"2019-06-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-07-00191.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1033001","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterisation-potential-impacts-subsea-power-cables-associated-offshore-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.france-energies-marines.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/rapport-synthese-species-EN-BD.pdf","title":"Characterisation of the Potential Impacts of Subsea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Renewable Energy Projects","description":"Subsea power cables are present throughout our oceans and serve a variety of purposes: connecting islands to the mainland for energy distribution, connecting stand-alone power grids, powering offshore platforms, as well as transporting the power produced by offshore renewable energy (ORE) installations to shore. In 2015, the total length of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cables on the seabed worldwide was estimated to be 8,000 km, with 70% of these cables being located in European waters (Ardelean and Minnebo, 2015).   Europe also accounted for 5,047 offshore wind turbines at the end of 2019, representing 22.1 GW, with 25 GW planned for 2025 (WindEurope, 2020). Given this exponential development of ORE projects, the number of subsea power cables is increasing considerably. Like any human installation or activity at sea, these cables can cause disruptions to marine life and habitats. However, and despite the fact that they have been present in our oceans since the mid-twentieth century, very few scientific publications address the effects of these power cables on the marine environment (Taormina et al., 2018; Carlier et al., 2019). With the current increase in the number of cables, there is today an urgent need to characterise their potential impacts on marine ecosystems.   It is within this framework that the collaborative project \u201cSPECIES\u201d (\u201cSubmarine PowEr Cables Interactions with Environment \u0026amp; associated Surveys\u201d) was launched in 2016. The aim of this project was to improve knowledge of the potential interactions between the electric power cables of ORE projects and benthic organisms, which would appear to be the most exposed communities. Coordinated by France Energies Marines and scientifically led by Ifremer, the project brought together a consortium of nine academic and private partners with complementary skills and contributions.   The research was conducted along three main lines:    In situ measurements of the physical effects generated by the cables (e.g., emission of electromagnetic fields, thermal radiation) at different ORE test sites or interconnections in France.  The study, via in situ approaches, of the potential impact of these cables on coastal benthic communities, focusing on different biological compartments (e.g., endofauna, epibenthic communities and crustaceans\/fish among benthic megafauna) at different sites in France.  The study of the potential impact of the cables, and in particular of electromagnetic fields, on the behaviour of certain notable benthic species, using experimental approaches in the laboratory.   The aim of this report is to provide a synthesis of the results of the SPECIES project and the perspectives arising from it. It is divided into six parts:    A summary of the different effects that can be generated by subsea power cables.  An overview of the selected study sites.  Fact sheets covering several scientific questions, and presenting the methods developed and implemented as well as the main results of the project.  Feedback on the difficulties encountered and the resulting methodological recommendations.   A review of the project for managers and stakeholders in the ORE sector.  Perspectives for future research on the same topic.","author":["Taormina, B.","Quillienn, N.","Lejart, M.","Carlier, A.","Desroy, N.","Laurans, M.","Reynaud, M.","Perignon, Y.","Erussard, H.","Derrien-Courtel, S.","Le Gal, A.","Derrien, R.","Jolivet, A.","Chavaud, S.","Degret, V.","Saffroy, D.","Pagot, J.","Barillier, A."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","MAPPEM Geophysics","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","French National Museum of Natural History (MNHN)","TBM Environnement","EDF Renewable Energy","R\u00e9seau de Transport d\u0027\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 (RTM)","France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2021-05-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","EMF","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Taormina-et-al-2021-Impacts-of-Subsea-Power-Cables.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1033002","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effectiveness-social-impact-assessment-sia-energy-transition-management-stakeholders","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421520304687","title":"The effectiveness of the social impact assessment (SIA) in energy transition management: Stakeholders\u0027 insights from renewable energy projects in Mexico","description":"Social opposition to renewable energy (RE) projects has become a significant issue both for the deployment of RE technologies and the social justice of this process. However, the policy tools oriented to address this issue have received little research attention, particularly in the Global South. Thus, this research analyses the effectiveness of the social impact assessment (SIA) in Mexico\u0027s RE sector. In 2014 the government of Mexico introduced the SIA in response to the social conflicts around RE projects. The SIA has generated some favorable changes in the sector\u0027s social management. Yet, its effectiveness is constrained by diverse issues related to its institutional and regulatory design, government implementation, practices of companies and consultants, and restricted social involvement. Moreover, the sector\u0027s socio-technical arrangement (priorities, organization, experience, and policies) strongly influences the performance of SIAs and accounts for the lack of consideration of social aspects in project design and planning. We argue that without a substantial internalization of the social dimension in the priorities, policy, and planning of RE, the SIA would be limited to a problem-fixing role, which would constrain the effective management of social impacts.","author":["Martinez, N.","Komendantova, N."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1033196","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-outlook-international-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666123320301148","title":"Review and outlook on the international renewable energy development","description":"Renewable energy has become an important choice to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. A sustainable development needs policies and strategies policies, which can improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. By collecting the research results released by relevant statistical departments and authoritative institutions, this paper summarizes the international energy development situation, systematically combs the energy development situation of the European Union, United States, Australia, India, Brazil. The development trend of wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, ocean, and hydrogen energy have been analyzed. In addition, this paper proposes that China should draw up its own development path of renewable energy from international development experience, and actively explore renewable energy policies and strategies adapted to different stages of development.","author":["Zhao, Y."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1033390","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/unbalanced-sediment-transport-tidal-power-generation-lake-sihwa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148121004444","title":"Unbalanced sediment transport by tidal power generation in Lake Sihwa","description":"An in-situ observational study was conducted to understand the sediment transport processes disturbed by the flood generation type of Sihwa tidal power plant (TPP). A surface mooring was deployed in Lake Sihwa (inside of TPP) to collect time-series data of the current velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). A TPP with a capacity of 254 MW has four sequential phases (power generation\u2013standby\u2013drain\u2013standby) of operation. The SSC during power generation was one order of magnitude higher than that during drain, which led to heavily unbalanced sediment fluxes. The total residual sediment flux was always negative (into the lake), which was attributed to the mean advection processes associated with the discharge. Over 18 day mooring period, 78.28 tons m\u22121 of sediment was delivered to the lake. The source of delivered sediment might be attributed to more local resuspension than the sediment inflow through the gates of TPP. Since the maximum sediment influx during power generation occurred within the water head difference of 4\u20136 m, the reduction in discharge rate can be a possible measure for solving the sediment accumulation within Lake Sihwa.","author":["Kim, J.","Ha, H.","Woo, S-B.","Kim, M-S.","Kwon, H-K."],"organization":["Inha University","Korean Water Resource Corporation"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.313065000000","126.612762000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-06 06:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035518","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-united-kingdom","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: United Kingdom","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes consenting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in consenting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including consenting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in the United Kingdom (UK), distributed in 2018.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.851796000000","-2.245148000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-23 12:26:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-UK_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035712","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-sweden","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: Sweden","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes consenting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in consenting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including consenting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Sweden, distributed in 2018.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["63.626194000000","15.684540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-Sweden_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035713","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-spain","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: Spain","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes consenting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in consenting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including consenting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Spain, distributed in 2018.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.890069000000","-3.387726000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-Spain_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035714","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-france","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: France","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes permitting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in permitting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in France, distributed in 2019.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.011364000000","2.413055000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-France_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035715","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-ireland","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: Ireland","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes consenting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in consenting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including consenting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Ireland, distributed in 2019.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.539571000000","-7.870148000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-Ireland_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035716","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-canada","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: Canada","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes permitting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in permitting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Canada, distributed in 2020.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.907527000000","-111.573613000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-Canada_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035717","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/critical-review-environmental-impacts-renewable-energy-systems-mitigation-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720380360","title":"A critical review on environmental impacts of renewable energy systems and mitigation strategies: Wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal","description":"The annual growth of global energy demand and the associated environmental impacts (EIs) has an important role in the large sustainable and green global energy transition. Renewable energy systems have been attracting substantial economic, environmental, and technical attention throughout the last decade, while some have been in the market for almost a century. However, even renewable energy may negatively affect the environment, which is widely considered much less harsh than fossil energy resources. This, in return, requires more consideration and appropriate precautions to be taken. This work discusses the environmental impacts (EIs) of small and medium-sized wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal power systems. The approach goes through all stages from planning and conception to construction and installation and throughout service life and decommissioning. For various circumstances and technically and ecologically viable guidelines for their effect on natural resources and wildlife, clear and comprehensive solutions have been given.","author":["Sayad, E.","Wilberforce, T.","Elsaid, K.","Rabaia, M.","Abdelkareem, M.","Chae, K.","Olabi, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-04-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1035911","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-operational-noise-level-emitted-tidal-current-turbine-its-potential-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X18301681","title":"Underwater operational noise level emitted by a tidal current turbine and its potential impact on marine fauna","description":"Marine renewable energy development raised concerns over the impact of underwater noise. Here we assess the acoustic impacts of an operating tidal current turbine (Paimpol-Br\u00e9hat site, France) on marine fauna. Its source level (SL) has been measured in situ using 19 drifting transects at distances between 100\u202fm to 2400\u202fm from the turbine. SL ranged from 118 to 152\u202fdB re1\u202f\u03bcPa@1\u202fm in third-octave bands at frequencies between 40 and 8192\u202fHz. It is comparable to the SL of a 19\u202fm boat travelling at 10kt speed. This SL was used to estimate the impact of this noise type based on acoustic propagation simulations. The acoustic footprint of the device corresponds to a 1.5\u202fkm radius disk. Our results show that within this area of greatest potential impact, physiological injury of the hearing apparatus of invertebrates, fishes and marine mammals is improbable. Behavioral disturbance may occur up to 1\u202fkm around the device for harbor porpoises only. This is of little concern for a single turbine. However, greater concern on turbine noise impact, particularly on behavioral reactions has to be granted for a farm with up to 100 turbine. The lack of consolidated knowledge on behavioral disturbances identifies the needs for specific research programs.","author":["Lossent, J.","Lejart, M.","Folegot, T.","Clorennec, D.","Di lorio, L.","Gervaise, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.833333000000","-3.016667000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1037666","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-simulation-current-field-around-tidal-current-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/seisankenkyu\/68\/1\/68_79\/_article","title":"Numerical simulation of current field around tidal current turbines","description":"A three dimensional Marine Environmental Committee (MEC) model was run to predict the environmental impacts of marine current turbines (MCTs). The removal of momentum due to the rotation of turbine blades should be taken into account in addition to the drag of the blades and their supporting structures. Numerical simulation was carried out assuming that several MCTs are installed in the simple strait. As a result, the range of the reduction in current velocity is depending on the number of installation of MCTs.","author":["Zhang, J.","Kitazawa, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1038053","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/systemic-view-potential-environmental-impacts-ocean-energy-production","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032121006183","title":"A systemic view of potential environmental impacts of ocean energy production","description":"Renewable ocean energy is an alternative that will help reduce carbon emissions into the atmosphere. However, there is uncertainty about potential environmental impacts of the technologies involved, because these are new and untested, and methods for the evaluation and monitoring of environmental impacts are scarce. We performed a systematic literature review (well-structured and organized, always looking for the same terms), followed by a systemic analysis in which we considered the interactions between environmental stressors, effects, receptors, and their responses. We found that most studies are theoretical revisions and modelling exercises, although field and laboratory experiments and observations are beginning to accumulate. Environmental stressors are features in the environment (energy-harvesting devices) that modify the natural dynamics of the system. The effects are the changes in the environment induced by the stressors; the most frequently acknowledged and measured are noise, collision, habitat change, hydro-sedimentary dynamics and wave modifications. The receptors of these changes are marine fauna, such as mammals, fish, sea birds, and benthic communities, as well as the shoreline. Their corresponding responses include behaviour, injuries\/death, biodiversity loss, alterations in food webs and shoreline change. Once the different components of the environmental impacts are identified, it is important to develop monitoring and mitigation strategies to prevent, or minimize, environmental damage. Ocean energy is a promising option to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, but the implementation of adequate monitoring and mitigation technologies requires multidisciplinary efforts to obtain effectively clean, renewable energy and to maintain healthy and functional ecosystems.","author":["Martinez, M.","V\u00e1zquez, G.","P\u00e9rez-Maqueo O.","Silvia, R.","Moreno-Casasola, P.","Mendoza-Gonz\u00e1lez, G.","Lopez-Portillo, J.","Macgregor-Fors, I.","Heckel, G.","Hern\u00e1ndez-Santana, J.","Grac\u00eda-Franco, J.","Castillo-Campos, G.","Lara-Dominguez, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-06-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1038440","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-calibration-high-resolution-model-gulf-mexico-puerto-rico-us-virgin","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801821007228","title":"Development and calibration of a high-resolution model for the Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands: Implication for wave energy resource characterization","description":"A high-resolution, unstructured Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model with a resolution of 200 m within 20 km of the coast was developed to provide a reliable setting for a long-term wave energy characterization of the Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. A thorough model parameter sensitivity analysis, as well as a calibration process for selecting the whitecapping dissipation formulation, were conducted. Sensitivity analyses for the simulation timestep and number of iterations highlighted the less-studied interplay between these parameters in SWAN, which can substantially affect simulation accuracy and cost and is vital for the next step long-term simulation of the wave energy resources. For the present study, a 3 min timestep and three iterations are optimum. The \u201cGarden Sprinkling\u201d effect and the cut-off frequency were also investigated. Using 36 directional bins and a larger cut-off frequency (1.0 Hz) enable the best agreement between the model simulation and the in situ wave observations. This subsequently leads to improved model skill and performance in resolving the observed International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) wave energy resource parameters that are highly non-linear functions of wave spectral moments.","author":["Allahdadi, M,","He, R.","Ahn, S.","Chartrand, C.","Neary, V."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1038450","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatiotemporal-variability-marine-renewable-energy-resources-norway","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1876610217336718","title":"Spatiotemporal variability of marine renewable energy resources in Norway","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) resources such as wind and wave energy depend on the complex behaviour of weather and climatic conditions which determine the development of MRE technologies, energy grid, supply and prices. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variability of MRE resources along the Norwegian coast employing NORA10 (NOrwegian ReAnalysis 10 km) data for the period 1957-2016. The results indicate high local mean wind and wave energy resources exceeding 1 kW m-2 and 40 kW m-1, respectively. We find that MRE resources undergo a positive trend over time which is attributed to climatic variations of cyclonic distribution, frequency and intensity.","author":["Varlas, G.","Christakos, K.","Cheliotis, I.","Papadopoulos, A.","Steeneveld, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1044827","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/call-assess-impacts-electromagnetic-fields-subsea-cables-movement-ecology-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/csp2.436","title":"A call to assess the impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on the movement ecology of marine migrants","description":"The number of subsea cables in the marine environment is likely to grow substantially in the near future. Arrays of energy-generating windmills or wave power generators are planned for installation in the coastal waters of many countries worldwide. The electricity generated by these and other marine energy sources will be transported to shore through cables with the current and voltage creating electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Furthermore, there are also plans for the installation of undersea cables to interconnect countries and islands for the purpose of sharing power and communications. These also will generate EMFs in the marine environment. While shielding can negate the presence of direct electric fields, induced electric and magnetic fields readily penetrate into the water column. Cables carrying electric current produce anomalies in the earth\u0027s main field, which could have the potential for disrupting the migrations of fishes and diverse marine animals that rely on magnetic cues for orientation or navigation. Studies designed to test how these anthropogenic magnetic fields disrupt magnetic orientation have only recently started to be conducted. Given the cultural, economic, and conservation value of many of the species potentially at risk, such work should be immediately prioritized.","author":["Klimley, A.","Putnam, N.","Keller, B.","Noakes, D."],"organization":["LGL Ltd","Florida State University"],"originationDate":"2021-05-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1049859","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stressor-specific-guidance-document-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"","title":"Stressor-Specific Guidance Document: Underwater Noise","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This stressor-specific document presents an overview of the scientific information that is known for underwater noise. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Animals in the marine environment rely on sound for communication, social interaction, orientation and navigation, foraging, and evasion. Ambient underwater sound conditions are made up of animal vocalizations and other behavior, tidal currents and waves, and wind and other weather conditions. Anthropogenic sources, such as shipping, boating, and other industrial activities, also contribute to underwater noise in the marine environment.       The evidence base to date suggests that the impacts of underwater noise from small-scale MRE developments are limited. Underwater noise measurements from operational MRE devices show that noise levels generally fall below those likely to cause injury or harm to marine mammals and fish and observed in situ behavioral change is unlikely to be attributed solely to radiated noise. To date there is no evidence that operational MRE device noise physically or behaviorally harms marine animals. Overall, the scientific community has reached a general consensus that underwater noise from operational devices within small-scale MRE developments does not pose a risk to marine animals.  Check out the links within the stressor-specific guidance document for noise for additional tools, resources and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-22 06:56:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Noise-Stressor-Specific-Guidance-Document_April2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1049860","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stressor-specific-guidance-document-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"","title":"Stressor-Specific Guidance Document: Electromagnetic Fields","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This stressor-specific document presents an overview of the scientific information that is known for electromagnetic fields. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are emitted from various types of infrastructure in the marine environment such as subsea cables for power and communications, bridges, and tunnels. Marine renewable energy (MRE) systems emit EMFs from power cables, moving parts of devices, and subsea substations\/transformers. These EMFs may affect sensitive species at individual or population levels by causing animals to be attracted to or avoid areas, and\/or by interfering with natural magnetic fields used for orientation, navigation, and hunting. This includes some species of elasmobranchs, crustaceans, cetaceans, fish, and sea turtles.    The evidence base to date suggests that the impacts of EMFs from small-scale MRE developments are limited, and the risk to EMF-sensitive species is low. Laboratory and field studies indicate that EMFs are unlikely to harm sensitive species at the levels emitted from MRE power cables. Overall, there is a general consensus among the scientific community that EMFs from small-scale MRE developments are not harmful and do not pose a risk to marine animals, and therefore should not inhibit the installation of devices or require extensive monitoring.  Check out the links within the stressor-specific guidance document for EMF for additional tools, resources and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-22 06:55:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMF-Stressor-Specific-Guidance-Document_April2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1053948","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/agent-based-models-investigate-sound-impact-marine-animals-bridging-gap-between","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/oik.08078","title":"Agent-based models to investigate sound impact on marine animals: bridging the gap between effects on individual behaviour and population level consequences","description":"Marine ambient sound levels have risen due to noisy human activities, such as shipping, fishing, seismic surveys and piling for windfarms. Marine mammals and fishes are two prominent taxonomic groups that are exposed to this noise pollution, which may experience detrimental effects at the population level. Acoustic effects on individual behaviour such as deterrence, disturbance, distraction and masking of biologically relevant sounds, can be translated energetically to changes in vital rates (growth, maturation, reproduction and survival) in a population consequences of acoustic disturbance (PCAD) approach. However, we typically neglect spatial variation in species distributions and noise pollution, while abiotic factors like temperature, bathymetry and currents, as well as habitat quality in terms of feeding or hiding opportunities, will also have a geographically variable impact on potential consequences. We here address the conceptual integration of agent based models (ABM) into the PCAD framework, as a suitable theoretical tool with high potential for the exploration of these spatial factors and their modifying role in noise impact assessment studies. We review five ABM case studies, including investigations into: 1) effects of movement strategy on the impact of explosions in harbour porpoise; 2) effects of disturbance sensitivity on pile driving impact on migrating cod; 3) impact of seismic survey sounds on Atlantic mackerel distribution and movement; 4) population-level impact of mitigation of harbour porpoise bycatch with pingers; and 5) population effects of alternative windfarm construction scenarios in harbour porpoise. We discuss similarities and differences among these studies in sound and species mapping approaches and we evaluate model realism and pattern validation. We believe that ABMs are a valuable tool for integrating spatial information into ecological impact studies that investigate acoustic disturbance, for any type of sound source, and for both marine mammals and fish.","author":["Mortensen, L.","Chudzinska, M.","Slabbekoorn, H.","Thomsen, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-04-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1063046","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-acoustic-tracking-hydrodynamic-modelling-study-migratory-behaviour-atlantic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article-abstract\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsab111\/6297551?redirectedFrom=fulltext","title":"Combining acoustic tracking and hydrodynamic modelling to study migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts on entry into high-energy coastal waters","description":"Migration from fresh water to the marine environment is a crucial, transitional stage in the development of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). This study used a combination of acoustic tracking, instrument data, and hydrodynamic modelling to examine behaviour of juvenile salmon (smolts) during their transition from fresh water to the marine environment. The study focuses on a high-energy coastal environment in northern Scotland, which is currently being developed for renewable energy extraction and where there is potential for negative impacts on salmon with energy extraction devices and structures. Thirty-four smolts were captured in the River Wick in Caithness and tagged with acoustic tags transmitting at 69 kHz. The Telemac\u2013Mascaret modelling suite was utilized to construct a three-dimensional model of the study area and surrounding waters to estimate smolt-current interactions during detection times. Timing of migration was linked to low-light conditions, with smolts mainly exiting the river at night and when the moon was below the horizon. The movement of most of the tags conformed with modelled tidal currents and the tracks matched modelled marine tidal patterns. Smolts were detected only on a single tide suggesting that they rapidly cleared the vicinity of the receiver array.","author":["McIlvenny, J.","Youngson, A.","Williamson, B.","Gauld, N.","Goddijn-Murphy, L.","Villar-Guerra, D."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Marine Scotland Science","Loughs Agency"],"originationDate":"2021-06-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.440257000000","-3.079234000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1064215","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-buoy-chain-sprocket-wave-energy-capture-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S002980182100809X","title":"Research on buoy\u2013chain\u2013sprocket wave energy capture technology","description":"A high-reliability, low-cost buoy\u2013chain\u2013sprocket wave energy capture device is proposed. Resonance theory is used to improve its wave energy capture efficiency and reduce its cost. The testing principle of the buoy\u2013chain\u2013sprocket model is proposed, and comparable resonant and nonresonant experimental floating body models were constructed based on finite depth linear wave theory and the resonance principle. Then the methods and results of the model experiments are described. Based on using Morison equation to calculate wave load, simulation and verification of the model experiment were conducted by using AQWA and OrcaFlex software. Finally, to eliminate the size effect and the impact of one-way wave energy collection, based on the simulation technology described above, sea-state prototype models of resonant and nonresonant buoy\u2013chain\u2013sprocket wave energy capture devices with one-way and two-way acquisition characteristics were constructed. Simulations were then conducted to get the maximum wave energy gathering efficiency. The research result indicates that the nonresonant buoy\u2013chain\u2013sprocket wave energy capture device with one-way acquisition has higher wave energy capture efficiency than the resonant buoy\u2013chain\u2013sprocket wave energy capture device.","author":["Ji, F.","Wu, D.","Li, Y.","Zhu, Z.","Zhu, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-06-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1067698","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/working-group-marine-benthal-renewable-energy-developments-wgmbred","sourceURL":"","title":"Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED)","description":"The aim of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) is to increase scientific exchange and efficiency of benthal renewable energy related research.  In 2019\u20132021, the group discussed guidelines for data collection and methodologies and developed an integrated example dataset on benthos data of marine renewable energy devices. This database CRITTERBASE, currently contains data from Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark on wind farms, gas platforms and a natural reef, based on 1969 samples collected during 92 expeditions with 710 benthic taxa. This dataset will be made publicly available to serve future research on the effects of the installation and exploration of renewable energy devices in the marine environment.  WGMBRED further investigated possible positive effects of renewable energy installations, developed the scientific basis for assessing the effect of different decommissioning scenarios and reviewed the available knowledge on the relationship between renewable energy installations and the provisioning of ecosystem services. The identified positive effects of the installation of offshore energy devices is linked with the removal of pressures in light of safety issues, rather than a direct protection of the marine environment, and therefore such installations can be considered as Other Effective area-based Conservation Measure (OECM). The group identified the most plausible decommissioning scenarios and tested whether the earlier published cause-effect relationships underlying the effect of the presence of renewable energy installations can be used \u2013 after slight modification \u2013 for assessing the (partial) removal of the devices.  Along the same lines, a structural review of the biodiversity \u2013 ecosystem functioning \u2013 ecosystem service links in the context of an operational phase of an offshore wind farm resulted in a conceptual framework and available knowledge base allowing formal semi-quantitative analyses. WGMBRED will continue along these lines and use the concepts and collective knowledge base for more formal assessments of the ecological consequences of installing, operating and decommissioning renewable energy structures from the marine environment. In addition, WGMBRED will review emerging non-invasive monitoring techniques and methodology to assess the effect of energy emissions on the environment.","author":["ICES Working Group on Marine Renewable Energy (WGMRE)"],"organization":["ICES Working Group on Marine Renewable Energy (WGMRE)","International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-17 05:40:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICES-WGMBRED-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1067892","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-porpoises-exhibit-localized-evasion-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aqc.3660","title":"Harbour porpoises exhibit localized evasion of a tidal turbine","description":"Tidal energy generators have the potential to injure or kill marine animals, including small cetaceans, through collisions with moving turbine parts. Information on the fine scale behaviour of animals close to operational turbines is required to inform regulators of the likely impact of these new technologies.  Harbour porpoise movements were monitored in three dimensions around a tidal turbine for 451 days between October 2017 and April 2019 with a 12-channel hydrophone array.  Echolocation clicks from 344 porpoise events were localized close to the turbine. The data show that porpoises effectively avoid the turbine rotors, with only a single animal clearly passing through the rotor swept area while the rotors were stationary, and none passing through while rotating.  The results indicate that the risk of collisions between the tidal turbine and porpoises is low; this has important implications for the potential effects and the sustainable development of the tidal energy industry.","author":["Gillespie, D.","Palmer, L.","Macaulay, J.","Sparling, C.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2021-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.661430000000","-3.141959000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:37:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gillespie-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1070626","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-documents-background-document","sourceURL":"","title":"Guidance Documents: Background Document","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications for marine renewable energy (MRE). This background document presents an overview of risk retirement and guidance documents. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk.This background document provides an overview of risk retirement and the guidance documents, descriptions of the four regulatory categories relevant for MRE consenting and licensing, and a depiction of the application of risk retirement to consenting processes as a framework. Click the Access File link to download the full Background Document.Descriptions of Regulatory CategoriesThe guidance documents are organized to provide ready access to information that can be tailored for use in different consenting processes around the world. When considering environmental effects, there are generally four main categories of environmental regulations.To connect scientific understanding about environmental interactions and key stressors to the MRE regulatory context, these four main categories are used throughout the guidance documents:Species and\/or populations at risk;Habitat alteration or loss;Effects on water quality and oceanographic systems; andEffects on social and economic systems (including cultural and historic uses).FrameworkThe below framework aims to show how risk retirement and data transferability can be used throughout the consenting process, as well as when OES-Environmental resources can be used to gather relevant data and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-16 07:06:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guidance_Document_for_Risk_Retirement_final2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1082216","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/water-quality-modeling-subtropical-shallow-waters-predict-environmental-impacts-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00773-021-00837-7","title":"Water quality modeling in subtropical shallow waters to predict environmental impacts of ocean thermal energy conversion","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a power generation technology that extracts energy from the temperature difference between deep seawater and surface water in the ocean. Currently, a 100 kW class OTEC demonstration project is underway on Kume Island, Okinawa, and a plan to increase water intake and introduce a 1 MW class OTEC plant is under consideration. Year-round generation of electricity by an OTEC plant requires that it be installed in tropical and subtropical regions, where the surface water has a high temperature and low nutrient content. However, the water discharged from an OTEC plant will have the opposite characteristics of low water temperature and high nutrients, as well as a low pH. One of the most concerning environmental impacts of this discharged water is its influence on corals, which are important species in tropical and subtropical marine ecosystems. In this study, we developed an ecosystem model for a subtropical shallow-water region; the model combines a pelagic submodel, a chemical equilibrium submodel, and a benthic submodel, and successfully reproduces the observed variation in pH. The model was used to predict the environmental impact of water discharged from OTEC plant. The simulation results suggest that a 1 MW class OTEC plant would cause few environmental changes that would affect corals.","author":["Oshimi, R.","Tabeta, S.","Mizuno, K."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2021-07-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1100236","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-japan","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: Japan","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes permitting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators involved in permitting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Japan, distributed in 2019.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.871605000000","138.352703000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report-Japan_vfinal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1102366","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-use-black-guillemots-cepphus-grylle-relation-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v669\/p201-212\/","title":"Tidal stream use by black guillemots Cepphus grylle in relation to a marine renewable energy development","description":"Seabirds that forage within tidal streams may be vulnerable to collision or habitat change due to tidal stream turbines. The black guillemot Cepphus grylle is considered to be the seabird species most at risk from tidal stream turbines in UK waters. Using GPS tracking of adult breeding black guillemots, carried out on the island of Stroma, Caithness, in 2016 and 2017, we examined habitat use within the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth in relation to the MeyGen tidal lease area (MTLA). We found foraging areas of black guillemots within the Inner Sound to be influenced by tidal velocity and seafloor depth. The velocities and depths which black guillemots selected while foraging within a 1 km boundary of the lease area significantly differed from those concurrently occurring within the MTLA (velocities: foraging = 0.79 m s-1, MTLA = 1.57 m s-1; depths: foraging = 24.55 m, MTLA = 32.09 m). This disparity between the used habitat and the conditions within the MTLA may indicate a reduced potential for interactions with turbines. The potential for collision with turbine blades is further reduced by black guillemots predominantly associating with mean tidal velocities slower than the 1 m s-1 cut-in speeds of the MeyGen turbines. However, as more turbines are constructed within the lease area (up to 398 turbines proposed), habitat and hydrodynamic conditions may be altered to become more suitable for foraging, so monitoring black guillemot foraging behaviour post-construction is strongly recommended.","author":["Johnston, D.","Furness, R.","Robbins, A.","Tyler, G.","McIlvenny, J.","Masden, E."],"organization":["Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","North Highland College","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","MacArthur Green","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2021-07-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.658410000000","-3.125039000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1118430","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-monitoring-methodologies-technologies-suitable-deployment-high-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/monitoring-interactions-between-animals-and-tidal-energy-devices-report","title":"Review of monitoring methodologies and technologies, suitable for deployment in high energy environments in Wales, to monitor animal interactions with tidal energy devices","description":"The Welsh Government is supportive of the emerging marine renewable energy (MRE) sector and recognises the key role MRE can play in helping to meet its legal commitments to achieve net zero emissions by 2050. The Welsh National Marine Plan (Welsh Government, 2019) includes specific policies in support of low carbon technologies which deliver sustainable marine renewable energy and social and economic benefits to Wales, whilst respecting the environment and needs of local communities.  MRE developments require a range of consents from regulators to enable the full construction, operation and decommissioning of projects. Before consents can be approved the regulator must carry out several technical assessments, for example an Environment Impact Assessment Consent Decision, a Habitats Regulatory Assessment, and a Water Framework Compliance Assessment to meet legal obligations. A proportionate evidence base is required to underpin these consents and to meet the legal obligations set out in legislation such as the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (as amended).  The Welsh Government has commissioned a review of current and emerging monitoring tools and methodologies to identify the monitoring technologies which are most suitable for monitoring interactions between key marine animals (cetaceans, seals, fish, and birds) and tidal (stream and range) renewable energy developments around Wales.  The review has built upon a recent review by Associated British Ports marine environmental research (ABPmer) (2020) commissioned by Natural Resources Wales (NRW). It has included literature review, discussions with equipment manufacturers, leading research groups, developers, Non-Governmental organisations, and consultants.  The scope of the review includes marine mammals, sea birds and fish.  View the report\u0027s accompanying infographic here.","author":["Clarke, D.","Bertelli, C.","Cole, E.","Jones, R.","Mendzil, A.","Lowe, C.","Griffin, R.","Robinson, M."],"organization":["Swansea University","Ocean Ecology Ltd.","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2021-07-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Clarke-et-al-2021-monitoring-report.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/monitoring-interactions-between-animals-and-tidal-energy-devices-infographic.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1125382","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exposure-electromagnetic-fields-emf-submarine-power-cables-can-trigger-strength","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/7\/776","title":"Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Submarine Power Cables Can Trigger Strength-Dependent Behavioural and Physiological Responses in Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.)","description":"The current study investigated the effects of different strength Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure (250 \u00b5T, 500 \u00b5T, 1000 \u00b5T) on the commercially important decapod, edible crab (Cancer pagurus, Linnaeus, 1758). Stress related parameters were measured (l-Lactate, d-Glucose, Total Haemocyte Count (THC)) in addition to behavioural and response parameters (shelter preference and time spent resting\/roaming) over 24 h periods. EMF strengths of 250 \u00b5T were found to have limited physiological and behavioural impacts. Exposure to 500 \u00b5T and 1000 \u00b5T were found to disrupt the l-Lactate and d-Glucose circadian rhythm and alter THC. Crabs showed a clear attraction to EMF exposed (500 \u00b5T and 1000 \u00b5T) shelters with a significant reduction in time spent roaming. Consequently, EMF emitted from MREDs will likely affect crabs in a strength-dependent manner thus highlighting the need for reliable in-situ measurements. This information is essential for policy making, environmental assessments, and in understanding the impacts of increased anthropogenic EMF on marine organisms.","author":["Scott, K.","Harsanyi, P.","Easton, B.","Piper, A.","Rochas, C.","Lyndon, A."],"organization":["St Abbs Marine Station","Heriot-Watt University","E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University"],"originationDate":"2021-07-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scott-et-al-2021-EMF.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1132731","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-sector-2021-economic-benefits-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/State-of-the-Sector-2021.pdf","title":"State of the Sector 2021: Economic Benefits for Wales","description":"In response to the Climate Emergency declaration by Welsh Government in 2019, developing marine renewable energy offers Wales a realistic opportunity to deliver a low carbon economy and reduce carbon emissions. However, the benefits for Wales go far beyond clean energy.  Wales is working hard to gain the early mover advantage and, with ongoing support, can continue to position itself as a global leader for the marine energy sector. This is through tapping into an export market worth an estimated \u00a376 billion by 2050 and by making Wales one of the most attractive locations for offshore renewable energy. 2020 saw the first export of a Welsh manufactured marine renewable energy device, with many other developers now also pursuing opportunities to sell their technology internationally. Additionally, international companies have their sights set on Wales thanks to the development of world leading plug-and-play test and demonstration zones for marine energy.  We are already seeing the benefits created by a growing marine renewable energy industry, including highly-skilled employment in coastal regions, and regeneration and growth of rural economies and port infrastructure. A further increase in work prospects is also expected to retain and attract more young people to rural areas. For existing local supply chain companies, the marine energy sector provides opportunity to diversify into a new industry; anchoring jobs, upskilling staff and building overall resilience. By supporting local supply chain companies, value from investments can be kept locally in Welsh communities.  In the last year a number of exciting developments have taken place in the sector, with projects progressing, new entrants emerging and ground-breaking research being concluded. This Marine Energy Wales: 2021 State of the Sector report details these positive developments in the industry, and looks forward to what the future has to offer. The findings of our industry survey will also be revealed, along with information on wave, tidal stream, tidal range, and floating offshore wind energy projects currently under development in Wales.","author":["Marine Energy Wales"],"organization":["Marine Energy Wales"],"originationDate":"2021-07-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW-State-of-the-Sector-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1132732","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-economy-total-environment-mapping-interface","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412021004219","title":"Blue economy and the total environment: Mapping the interface","description":"The term \u2018Blue Economy (BE)\u2019 is increasingly popular in modern environmental research. The concept seeks to explore ocean-based development opportunities with environmental stewardship and protection. Yet different scholars and actors adopt this term often in conflicting ways without attempting to explore the relevance and the link between the blue economy and the broader environment viz., total environment. The potential opportunities to resolve the conflicts require a better understanding of the impacts and\/or interactions of the BE on the total environment. This paper aims to map the interface between the two for a better understanding of the total environment and implications for the BE. Using a systematic literature review, this study finds that the field of the blue economy in association with the total environment is very new and emerging in the literature, and the link between the BE and the total environment is increasingly being invoked, yet clarity on the link or interactions remain vague. By analysing the co-occurrence of selected keywords and networks, we present six clusters (three for general relationship, and the other three for specific dimensions of total environment). In a general relationship between the BE and the total environment, clusters of environmental sustainability, marine resource, and economic development are identified to link directly to the BE. In specific dimensions of the total environment, clusters of growth and sustainable development, spatial planning and environmental management, and environmental sustainability and the BE are presented. The analysis outcomes show that specific areas from the total environment (growth, spatial planning, environmental management, and environmental sustainability) are directly linked to the BE where a call for a wider range of studies in the future is identified.","author":["Lee, K.","Noh, J.","Lee, J.","Khim, J."],"organization":["Griffith University","Seoul National University"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/1-s2.0-S0160412021004219-main.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1132733","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-crete-island-greece-methodological-implementation-issues","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14498596.2021.1955025","title":"Marine spatial planning on Crete Island, Greece: methodological and implementation issues","description":"Marine and coastal areas are under significant pressures due to the intense concentration of population and activities that often drive in conflicts. Marine spatial plans need to be enacted and implemented, considering the particularities of marine areas, the existing and future activities and uses and their environmental impact and the land\u2013sea interaction. The paper main question concerns the emerge of uses conflicts on marine and coastal areas, with significant uses accumulation. Crete Island is used as the case study. It studied the conflicts or synergies of marine uses as well as their spatial and quantitative representation.","author":["Rempis, N.","Tsilimigkas, G."],"organization":["University of the Aegean"],"originationDate":"2021-07-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.157833000000","24.916975000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1132927","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/contribution-ocean-based-solutions-carbon-reduction-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969721042418","title":"The contribution of ocean-based solutions to carbon reduction in China","description":"Climate change has become a great challenge for humanity. However, the current climate change mitigation measures, primarily concentrate on land, more or less neglecting the vital role of the ocean-based solutions. While the ocean is a crucial regulator of the global climate, ocean-based solutions could also play an essential role in climate change mitigation and policymaking. This paper developed an Ocean-based Solutions Carbon Reduction Assessment Model (OSCRAM) that addresses coastal ecosystems, ocean energy, marine transportation, fishery, and seabed to estimate the oceanic contribution to climate change mitigation. It has been applied to evaluate the capacity of carbon emission reduction through oceans in China. We found that the total contribution for carbon emission reduction was about 6.86 Tg CO2 per year, and it may reach 139.39 Tg in 2030 under the target scenario. The results indicated that the ocean has huge potential to reduce carbon emissions. The development of marine energy and low-carbon marine shipping may have more potential for emission reduction in China, and the government should also protect and restore coastal wetlands for their enormous carbon storage. It can also provide a reference for the globe and other nations in achieving emission reduction goals.","author":["Feng, C.","Ye, G.","Jiang, Q.","Zheng, Y.","Chen, G.","Wu, J.","Feng, X.","Si, Y.","Zeng, J.","Li, P.","Fang, K."],"organization":["Zhejiang University","University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2021-11-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.526742000000","105.724474000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1132928","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/relative-performance-surface-vs-bottom-mounted-hydrophones-tidal-channel","sourceURL":"","title":"Relative Performance of Surface vs. Bottom-Mounted Hydrophones in a Tidal Channel","description":"Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) technologies are commonly used to monitor echolocating marine mammals around tidal energy devices. However, the detection efficiency of PAM instruments can be hindered by a variety of factors (e.g., signal attenuation, flow noise, ambient noise) inherent to high flow environments that can vary with deployment depth, and can impede monitoring efforts. While previous work indicated that conventional hydrophones that record raw pressure time series data may be preferrable for monitoring harbour porpoise in tidal channels, where these technologies should be deployed for effective monitoring (i.e., at the sea surface or on the sea floor) remains an unresolved issue.  In partnership with the Pathway Program, Sustainable Marine Energy Canada Ltd. and the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy assessed the relative performance of a surface deployed and bottom-mounted conventional hydrophone to understand whether deployment location impacted the detection range of the instrument. An icListen HF hydrophone was deployed about 2 m below the surface from a floating tidal energy platform (i.e., PLAT-I) and bottom-mounted on an autonomous subsea platform 65 m from the PLAT-I in Grand Passage, NS. A series of passive drifts were then conducted from a vessel over the platform and in the vicinity of the PLAT-I across a range of tidal flow conditions while playing synthetic harbour porpoise clicks (\u2018pseudo clicks\u2019) emitted from an icTalk. The drifts measured by the surface deployed hydrophone occurred in August 2020; the drifts measured from the bottom-mounted hydrophone occurred in January 2020. We found that it was possible to detect pseudo-clicks and real harbour porpoise clicks from both hydrophone locations. However, data from the surface deployed hydrophone contained audible interference from waves and the broadband, impulsive, bursting of bubbles associated with wave action that is difficult to differentiate from echolocation clicks. This ambient noise will negatively affect automated porpoise click detectors and could lead to increased rates of false-positive detections. The surface-deployed hydrophone also had substantial electrical noise in the data which could affect automated detectors. The drifting vessel had to stay clear of the PLAT-I whereas it could pass directly over the bottom-mounted hydrophone. These differences in drift geometry made the comparison of detection ranges challenging. Pseudo clicks were detected at greater distances from the bottom-mounted than the surface deployed hydrophone. However, it is important to bear in mind that these results were generated using synthetic clicks generated by an icTalk (nearly omnidirectional), and that real harbour porpoise emit a stronger echolocation click using a directional beam. Further, understanding the effects of current velocity on the quality of the icTalk signal could help with interpretation of results.  The choice of which PAM instrument to use and where to deploy it depends on the scientific question being asked. A primary objective of the Pathway Program is to define, test and validate an environmental effects monitoring solution that can be used by tidal energy developers for monitoring the near-field (0 - 100m) region of their tidal energy device at the FORCE demonstration site. Both hydrophone mounting locations were able to detect low- 4 power pseudo-clicks close to or longer than 100 m, and thus satisfy the near-field monitoring requirement. While it is possible to detect harbour porpoise clicks using a surface deployed hydrophone, the detection range for automated detectors may be smaller than a bottommounted hydrophone due to impulsive ambient noise associated with wave action at the surface. Moreover, harbour porpoise clicks are directional and are typically produced while diving and foraging at depth and are less likely to be detected by a surface deployed hydrophone. However, for a surface-deployed turbine, such as the PLAT-I, having the monitoring hydrophone close to the turbine depth may provide more relevant data than a bottom mounted hydrophone. An important consideration in selecting a monitoring technology is whether near-real-time data are required or if archival results provided several months after collection is sufficient. For real-time data, a hydrophone mounted on the turbine platform is much more economically sustainable than a separate monitoring platform with its own power and data cable. For archival data analysis and reporting, especially for bottom mounted turbines and for prototyping programs, a separate bottom mooring for the monitoring equipment may be a better solution based on cost and performance.  Given these considerations, the results of these measurements did not provide sufficient evidence to strongly prefer one hydrophone position over another. Rather, developers are encouraged to demonstrate that they are able to detect pseudo-clicks in the turbine\u2019s nearfield using a drifting projector. When cabled hydrophones are to be used, developers need to safeguard against acoustic and electronic contamination from equipment on their tidal energy devices.","author":["Hasselman, D.","Boucher, T.","Douglas, J.","MacNeil, S."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.929616000000","-65.919697000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:12:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Study-1-PAM.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1143946","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/mw-level-wave-energy-demonstration-project","sourceURL":"","title":"MW-Level Wave Energy Demonstration Project","description":"A MW-level wave energy demonstration project will be built in Wanshan island, Zhuhai city, and a number of wave energy units will be manufactured, installed, and tested to realize the demonstration operation of grid connection. At the same time, the test system construction of wave energy converters will be carried out, and supporting engineering facilities such as cable laying and power system construction will be completed. Carry out relevant equipment test work; Carry out the construction of environmental monitoring, data service system, operation, and maintenance guarantee system, and other supporting facilities, to provide testing services for domestic and foreign wave energy generating sets.","author":["Wen Peng"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.926160000000","113.719500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change","Marine Mammals","Fish","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-18 11:58:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1158258","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-environmental-permitting-compliance-costs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/16\/4719","title":"Marine Energy Environmental Permitting and Compliance Costs","description":"Costs to permit Marine Energy projects are poorly understood. In this paper we examine environmental compliance and permitting costs for 19 projects in the U.S., covering the last 2 decades. Guided discussions were conducted with developers over a 3-year period to obtain historical and ongoing project cost data relative to environmental studies (e.g., baseline or pre-project site characterization as well as post-installation effects monitoring), stakeholder outreach, and mitigation, as well as qualitative experience of the permitting process. Data are organized in categories of technology type, permitted capacity, pre- and post-installation, geographic location, and funding types. We also compare our findings with earlier logic models created for the Department of Energy (i.e., Reference Models). Environmental studies most commonly performed were for Fish and Fisheries, Noise, Marine Habitat\/Benthic Studies and Marine Mammals. Studies for tidal projects were more expensive than those performed for wave projects and the range of reported project costs tended to be wider than ranges predicted by logic models. For eight projects reporting full project costs, from project start to FERC or USACE permit, the average amount for environmental permitting compliance was 14.6%.","author":["Peplinski, W.","Roberts, J.","Klise, G.","Kramer, S.","Barr, Z.","West, A.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","HT Harvey and Associates","Kearns \u0026 West","Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2021-08-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:33","signatureProject":["Reference Model"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peplinski-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1158259","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-permitting-compliance-cost-reduction-strategies-mhk-industry-lessons","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/8\/8\/554","title":"Environmental Permitting and Compliance Cost Reduction Strategies for the MHK Industry: Lessons Learned from Other Industries","description":"The marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) industry plays a vital role in the U.S. clean energy strategy by providing a renewable, domestic energy source that may offset the need for traditional energy sources. The first MHK deployments in the U.S. have incurred very high permitting costs and long timelines for deploying projects, which increases project risk and discourages investment. A key challenge to advancing an economically competitive U.S. MHK industry is reducing the time and cost required for environmental permitting and compliance with government regulations. Other industries such as offshore oil and gas, offshore wind energy, subsea power and data cables, onshore wind energy, and solar energy facilities have all developed more robust permitting and compliance pathways that provide lessons for the MHK industry in the U.S. and may help inform the global consenting process. Based on in-depth review and research into each of the other industries, we describe the environmental permitting pathways, the main environmental concerns and types of monitoring typically associated with them, and factors that appear to have eased environmental permitting and compliance issues.","author":["Kramer, S.","Jones, C.","Klise, G.","Roberts, J.","West, A.","Barr, Z."],"organization":["HT Harvey and Associates","Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Kearns \u0026 West"],"originationDate":"2020-07-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kramer-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1158260","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bayesian-network-modelling-provides-spatial-temporal-understanding-ecosystem-dynamics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1470160X21006622","title":"Bayesian network modelling provides spatial and temporal understanding of ecosystem dynamics within shallow shelf seas","description":"Understanding ecosystem dynamics within shallow shelf seas is of great importance to support marine spatial management of natural populations and activities such as fishing and offshore renewable energy production to combat climate change. Given the possibility of future changes, a baseline is needed to predict ecosystems responses to such changes. This study uses Bayesian techniques to find the data-driven estimates of interactions among a set of physical and biological variables and a human pressure within the last 30\u202fyears in a well-studied shallow sea (North Sea, UK) with four contrasting regions and their associated ecosystems. A hidden variable is incorporated to model functional ecosystem change, where the underlying interactions dramatically change, following natural or anthropogenic disturbance. Data-driven estimates of interactions were identified, highlighting physical (e.g. bottom temperature, potential energy anomaly) and biological variables (e.g. sandeel larvae, net primary production) to be strong indicators of ecosystem change. There was consistency in the physical and biological variables, identified as good indicators in three of the regions, however the shallower region (with depths\u202f\u0026lt;\u202f50\u202fm, that is targeted for static offshore wind developments) was the most dissimilar. The use of contrasting regions provided useful insights on responses linked to ecosystem disturbances and identified the top predators as better indicators for each region, with the harbour porpoise being a particularly valuable indicator of ecosystem change across most regions. Another important finding was the dramatic changes in the strength of many interactions over time. This suggests that physical and biological indicators should only be used with additional temporal information, as changes in strength led to the identification of two potentially significant periods of ecosystem change (after 2005 and after 2010), linked to physical pressures (e.g. cold-water anomalies, seen in bottom temperatures; salinity changes, seen in the potential energy anomaly) and primary production changes. The hidden variable also modelled a change in the early 2000s for all the regions and identified maximum chlorophyll-a and sea surface temperature as some of the better indicators of these ecosystem changes.","author":["Trifonova, N.","Scott, B.","De Dominicis, M.","Waggitt, J.","Wolf, J."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Bangor University","Sea Watch Foundation"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.591688700000","1.070919500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trifonova-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1160388","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-framework-tool-ecological-risk-assessment-wave-energy-converters-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1364032121008170","title":"A new framework and tool for ecological risk assessment of wave energy converters projects","description":"Marine renewable energy has considerable potential for enhancing the diversity of renewable sources, to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. While the technological development of wave energy converters is progressing rapidly, their environmental impacts are still largely unknown, which is a barrier that could hinder their deployment. This research contributes to the state-of-the-art by introducing a framework for quantifying and analysing the ecological risks of three technologies (oscillating water columns, oscillating wave surge converters, and wave turbines). Based on a literature review, expert consultation process, and the development of a web tool, the potential pressures and the ecosystem elements that might be affected during the life cycle of a generic wave farm (an array of wave energy converters) are investigated. The main pressures are found to be physical disturbance, physical loss, hydrological change, and noise. The ecosystem elements sustaining the largest number of pressures and, therefore, at higher ecological risk are fish and cephalopods species, and benthic and pelagic habitats. The ecological risk assessment framework is operationalized into a free-access web tool (https:\/\/aztidata.es\/wec-era\/) for the interactive assessment and visualisation of the pressures and ecological risks. The tool is intended to be used by managers, decision makers, scientists or promoters during the Strategic Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment of wave energy projects. The novel approach presented in this work is more sophisticated than previous risk assessment matrices, enabling to better capture the complexity of the interactions between a wave farm and the environment.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Korta, M.","Subirana, I.","Borja, A.","Menchaca, I.","Solaun, O.","Muxika, I.","Iglesias, G.","Bald, J."],"organization":["Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","University College Cork","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1174101","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-strategic-environmental-assessments-emerging-marine-renewable-energy-sectors-nova","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldscientific.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1142\/S146433321340005X","title":"The role of strategic environmental assessments for emerging marine renewable energy sectors: the Nova Scotian example","description":"Climate change, rising energy prices, and declining supplies of fossil fuels have changed how governments balance energy needs with environmental protection. Strategic Environmental Assessments in the Province of Nova Scotia are based on core principles that seek to lay the foundation for integrated decision-making in ways that contribute to broader governmental policy commitments. This process places a particular emphasis on early stakeholder consultation and engagement, regulatory streamlining, and future-oriented approaches to sustainability issues. In 2007, the Province of Nova Scotia commissioned the Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER) to carry out a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) concentrated in the Bay of Fundy on Nova Scotia\u0027s west coast \u2014 an area known for its immense tidal energy potential. This assessment focused on offshore renewable energy development in the area and culminated in a report outlining strategic recommendations for action. Overall, this process provided the Nova Scotia Government with a path forward in developing and deploying its marine renewable energy industry. This case study outlines the steps of the Nova Scotian SEA process including the scope, timeline, purpose, responsibility, and main steps taken to assess the environmental, economic, and social issues associated with marine renewable energy development in Nova Scotia\u0027s Bay of Fundy.","author":["Oldreive, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1174295","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-submarine-power-cables-marine-renewable-energy-projects-benthic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tel.archives-ouvertes.fr\/tel-03078936\/","title":"Potential impacts of submarine power cables from marine renewable energy projects on benthic communities","description":"In a global context of rapid development of marine renewable energy projects, the aim of this PhD thesis was to better characterise the potential impacts of submarine power cables on coastal benthic ecosystems. The work specifically focused on the impacts associated with the operational phase. The major part of this work was dedicated to the reef effect created by these cables and their protective and stabilising structures on sessile epibenthic communities and mobile megafauna. This work was mainly based on underwater imagery, either video or photo collected in situ by divers. The challenge of working with underwater imagery has led me to optimise image analyses so as to effectively monitor benthic colonisation and to quantify artificial reef habitat provision to commercial species. In addition to this reef effect, colonising organisms are exposed to magnetic fields generated by the power cables. Thus, I designed an experimental study to assess the impact of realistic magnetic fields on the behaviour of juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus). Finally, we explored the ecological impacts of excluding anthropogenic activity from the cables routes and potential benefits for benthic macrofauna. By coupling both in situ and ex situ approaches, my PhD research better characterises the environmental impacts associated with submarine power cables. These results will help to assess the ecological footprint of future power grid connections.","author":["Taormina, B."],"organization":["Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale"],"originationDate":"2020-12-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","EMF","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1174877","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/bombora-mwave-demonstration-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bomborawave.com\/latest-news\/project\/1-5mw-pembrokeshire-project\/","title":"Bombora mWave Demonstration Project","description":"The coastline of west Wales offers a powerful and consistent natural wave energy resource. This feature attracted Bombora to set-up its European operations at Pembroke Dock in 2017. Bombora is committed to developing a visually and environmentally \u201clow impact\u201d renewable wave energy converter. After the successful testing of their small and medium scale prototypes, and with the support of local and specialist suppliers, Bombora\u2019s team are currently designing and fabricating a full-scale 1.5 MW mWave prototype in Pembrokeshire. This project will be the first in-water test of the full-scale device mWave device.","author":["Madeline Cowley"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.699123000000","-4.921972000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Collision","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 03:18:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1176631","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/role-marine-renewable-energy-structures-biofouling-communities-promoting-self","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pureadmin.uhi.ac.uk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/3084813\/Adrian_Macleod_thesis.pdf","title":"The role of Marine Renewable Energy structures and biofouling communities in promoting self-sustaining populations of Non-Native Species","description":"Novel environments and biological communities created by the large-scale deployment of Marine Renewable Energy Devices (MREDs) have the potential to promote the spread of non-native species (NNS). Knowledge of how community composition resident on MREDs is shaped by geography, local hydrodynamics and the duration of deployment, will clarify how these technologies will interact with natural habitats, including the provision of suitable habitat for NNS. A network of navigation buoys was used to study biofouling communities in areas proposed for MRED deployment. Significant differences in community structure were observed in different geographic areas. A significant reduction in number of taxa present and community wet-weight was observed where buoys were deployed in greater tidal flow rates. However, overall community composition was not significantly different between \u2018high\u2019 (\u0026gt;1 ms-1) and \u2018low\u2019 (\u0026lt;1 ms-1) flow areas and for buoys deployed for different time durations (1-7 years). These finding have important implications for the longevity of devices and their interaction with natural habitats, including proposed \u2018artificial reef\u2019 effects. In total five non-native species were identified on the buoys sampled, supporting the need to monitor MREDs as the industry grows. Hydrodynamic and biotic features of the epibenthic communities were used to predict the presence of the most prevalent NNS, the amphipod Caprella mutica, in addition to other native amphipod species. Caprella mutica presence was found to be significantly affected by increasing flow speed compared with the native amphipod Jassa herdmani. Behavioural flume studies investigating flow-related processes governing the presence of non-native amphipods supported these findings. This study details how the hydrodynamic and biological environments created by MREDs determine their suitability for the establishment of self-sustaining populations, and therefore their dispersal potential for NNS. These findings inform design criteria and management options to minimise the biosecurity risk that these structures will pose as the industry expands.","author":["Macleod, A."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2013-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1176632","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitor-impact-marine-renewable-energy-devices-local-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.448-453.1620","title":"Monitor the Impact of Marine Renewable Energy Devices on Local Environment","description":"The development and utilization of clean and renewable marine energy sources will be a way for the development of economy. Although on a global scale the advantages of renewable energy are not in doubt, the impacts on the local environment must be carefully considered. The sonar devices could be used to monitor the underwater environment around the marine renewable energy device. In this paper, a Multi-beam Echo Sounder is introduced. And the measured results in a lake are given, which are shown that this sonar could detection the fish effectively.","author":["Liu, J.","Xu, F.","An, X.","Zhang, Q.","Juan, Y."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1176633","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/tidal-thames-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pla.co.uk\/Environment\/Alternative-Energy\/Tidal-Energy-and-its-importance","title":"Tidal Thames Test Site","description":"In 2021 the Port of London Authority (PLA) designated a site in the river to facilitate scale and full-size trials of the types of schemes that could be used in an environment, used and built up as it is of the tidal Thames. Applicants are expected to trial both their scale and full size systems on site, or at least the full-size systems before they can be deployed elsewhere in the Thames to facilitate risk management and full scale testing, if there isn\u2019t available data to meet the requirements of the PLA and other regulators.","author":["Tanya Ferry"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-10-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.497709300000","0.069034300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-22 05:11:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1176639","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/powerpier-havkraft","sourceURL":"https:\/\/havkraft.no\/","title":"Powerpier by Havkraft","description":"Havkraft is demonstration how Marina Solutions AS can integrate wave power converters on all of their future piers, marinas, feeding-barges etc. Two Havkraft Wave Energy Converters (H-WEC) are installed on a \u201cUlsteinfl\u00e5ten concrete floater.","author":["Geir Arne Solheim"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.461314691640","6.087053333253"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise","EMF","Habitat Change","Displacement","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-31 03:15:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1176845","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/three-frequency-colour-sidescan-sonar-system-monitoring-seabed-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Duncan-Tamsett\/publication\/324694759_Three-Frequency_Colour_Sidescan_Sonar_System_for_Monitoring_the_Seabed_at_Marine_Renewable_Energy_Installations\/links\/5addb6fda6fdcc29358b9847\/Three-Frequency-Colour-Sidescan-Sonar-System-for-Monitoring-the-Seabed-at-Marine-Renewable-Energy-Installations.pdf","title":"Three-Frequency Colour Sidescan Sonar System for Monitoring the Seabed at Marine Renewable Energy Installations","description":"A prototype three-frequency (114, 256 and 410 kHz) colour sidescan sonar system built by Kongsberg Underwater Mapping (GeoAcoustics) Ltd was described and preliminary results presented in Tamsett, McIlvenny and King (2016). Recent developments to the prototype colour sonar system are discussed, and new data acquired in a resurvey of the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, North Scotland, and in a new survey of an area in the Pentland Firth accommodating four tidal turbines, are described. It is demonstrated that there is considerably greater discrimination between different seabed types in colour sonar images than in multi-frequency data reduced to a greyscale display, or single frequency greyscale images. The advantage of three-frequency colour acoustic imagery over single frequency greyscale acoustic imagery (and multi-frequency data reduced to a greyscale display) is analogous to the advantage of colour television over black-and-white television: a colour image contains three times the information than a corresponding greyscale one. A sidescan sonar system based on pulses of simultaneous \u2018pings\u2019 at three discrete frequencies spanning approximately two octaves is a simple approach to multi-frequency colour sidescan sonar. A more sophisticated approach based on \u2018chirp\u2019 technology has advantages in principle however there are also disadvantages including engineering difficulties to overcome to achieve a practical system. In the meantime, the salutary \u2018keep it simple\u2019 heuristic that applies to three simultaneous pings at discrete frequencies has provided a working colour sidescan sonar system appropriate for use across the 2 environmental sciences and in civil engineering site investigation. In particular the method provides an invaluable tool for acquiring information rich pre-installation baseline data on the nature of the seabed around marine renewable energy installations and for subsequent ongoing monitoring of the condition of the seabed. Tamsett, D., McIlvenny, J. and King, P. The acoustic colour of the seabed and subseabed. In proceedings of Oceanology International 2016 conference, Excel, London, U.K. 15- 17 March 2016.","author":["Tamsett, D.","McIlvenny, J.","Baxter, J.","Gois, P.","Williamson, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1178970","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-reactions-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena-startle-eliciting-stimuli","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v672\/p223-241\/","title":"Behavioural reactions of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena to startle-eliciting stimuli: movement responses and practical applications","description":"Acoustic deterrent devices are frequently used as a mitigation method to exclude harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from areas of potential harm, such as wind farm construction sites. However, there is increasing evidence that the devices themselves have the capacity to cause hearing damage. Here, we investigated the response of harbour porpoises to a 15 min sequence of 200 ms sound (peak frequency 10.5 kHz, range 5.5-20.5 kHz, 27 sounds total), which elicits the acoustic startle reflex. We used a duty cycle (0.6%) and sound exposure level that were significantly lower than in conventional acoustic deterrent devices. Harbour porpoises were exposed to startle sounds from a small vessel, and groups were visually tracked during 13 sound exposure sequences and 11 no-sound control trials. Porpoises showed a significant avoidance reaction during exposure, travelling a mean distance of 1.78 km (max. 3.21 km). In all cases, they left the area within 1 km of the sound source in the first 15 min after the start of the startle sequence. No avoidance was exhibited during control trials. Results are consistent with the startle reflex mediating this behaviour at low response thresholds. Our method can be used for mitigating collision risk and the risk of hearing damage from renewable energy installations, their construction and the deterrence device itself.","author":["Hiley, H.","Janik, V.","G\u00f6tz, T."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2021-08-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1178972","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-effects-tidal-turbine-array-operations-distribution-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014812101212X","title":"Quantifying the effects of tidal turbine array operations on the distribution of marine mammals: Implications for collision risk","description":"Owing to their predictability, tidal currents are an attractive source of renewable energy. However, data on the environmental impacts, especially at array scale, are lacking. We present a spatial analysis of telemetry data, identifying the effects of the presence and operations of the world\u0027s first commercial sized tidal turbine array on the movements of an acoustically sensitive marine mammal; the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). No significant change in at sea distribution was detected between pre and post installation of the 4 turbine array. However, seals showed overt avoidance responses during turbine operations, with a significant decrease in predicted abundance (95% CIs: \u221211%, \u221249%) within \u223c2 km of the array. These results provide important information for estimating collision rates between seals and tidal turbine arrays and demonstrate an analytical framework which can be used to assess the effect of arrays on other marine animal distributions. Collision risk models used to estimate collision rate between tidal turbines and marine mammals traditionally assume some non-empirical degree of avoidance, or no avoidance. The avoidance response elicited by seals to these devices could reduce the likelihood of direct collisions, with estimated avoidance rates measured here suggesting a decrease in total number of between 0.4% and 2% per annum. Further, given sustained barrier effects were not identified, avoidance may only be occurring during the potentially dangerous periods during operations thereby not restricting movement through the site at all times. However, future environmental impact assessments and spatial planning for array deployments should consider the potential for repulsion of acoustically sensitive top-predators away from ecologically important sites.","author":["Onoufriou, J.","Russell, D.","Thompson, D.","Moss, S.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.659131000000","-3.145182000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1179166","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/refined-hydro-environmental-modelling-tidal-energy-generation-west-somerset-lagoon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148121011940","title":"Refined hydro-environmental modelling for tidal energy generation: West Somerset Lagoon case study","description":"An accurate assessment of the hydro-environmental impacts of tidal range energy schemes, where the performance of the scheme has an impact on the marine environment and ecology, is crucial in optimising the design and development of such schemes. A proposal for a new coastally-attached impoundment, namely West Somerset Lagoon, has been investigated in this research and the numerical model TELEMAC-2D has been refined to model the impacts of this scheme on the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. Domain decomposition was applied and full momentum conservation between the subdomains was included in the model by implementing momentum source terms at the turbine locations. The results have confirmed the importance of including full momentum conservation in modelling the effects of turbo-machinery in tidal lagoons. It was found that the operation of the scheme decreased the high water level slightly in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, while there was a decrease in the low intertidal areas. The maximum velocity and bed shear stress were predicted to increase in the inner Bristol Channel, while they decreased noticeably across most of the interior of the lagoon, away from the turbine wakes. Furthermore, the operation of the lagoon significantly improved the water renewal in the region.","author":["Guo, B.","Ahmadian, R.","Falconer, R."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1179167","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-wave-power-park-no-take-zone-decapod-abundance-size","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/8\/864","title":"Effects of a Wave Power Park with No-Take Zone on Decapod Abundance and Size","description":"Past studies have revealed higher levels of biodiversity, total abundance, and size of individuals around offshore installations of renewable energy. This study investigated the effects of Lysekil wave power park (area 0.5 km2) on the abundance and carapace size of decapods at the Swedish west coast. For that purpose, decapods were caught with cages during four consecutive summers. Two types of cages were applied to catch a wide range of decapod species and sizes. The abundance and size of decapods were not significantly different within the wave power park and up to a distance of 360 m outside of it. The catch rate, i.e., number of decapods caught in 24 h, was not significantly different among sampling locations but revealed inter-annual variation for both cage types. The results suggest a limited role of the incidental no-take zone of the small Lysekil wave power park on the abundance and size of local decapods. However, neither were negative impacts, such as decreasing abundances or smaller carapace sizes, discovered. As an increase in the number of marine renewable energy production sites is foreseen, a scaled-up and larger study addressing MPA networks and other environmental interactions should be considered.","author":["Bender, A.","Langhamer, O.","Molis, M.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University","UiT The Arctic University of Norway"],"originationDate":"2021-08-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:00:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bender-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1183230","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/are-fish-danger-review-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320721003499","title":"Are fish in danger? A review of environmental effects of marine renewable energy on fishes","description":"Many fish species are threatened worldwide by overfishing, contamination, coastal development, climate change, and other anthropogenic activities. Marine renewable energy (MRE) is under development as a sustainable alternative to carbon-based energy sources. Regulators and stakeholders worry that MRE devices will add another threat to fish populations already under pressure. This paper reviews the current knowledge of potential effects of MRE development on fish. These may include collision with devices that may lead to injury or death; underwater noise generated by MRE devices that may affect fish behavior and health; electromagnetic fields from power cables and other electrical infrastructure that may lead sensitive fish species to approach or avoid them; changes in critical fish habitat, including nursery, feeding, and spawning grounds; shoaling of fish around MRE devices; and displacement of fish populations or communities around arrays of multiple MRE devices. Field- and laboratory-based studies that have examined fish presence, avoidance, and evasion around MRE devices suggest that collisions are rare. Progress is being made on data collection and modeling tools to estimate fish encounter rates with MRE devices, the consequences of collisions, and population-level ecological risks. Similarly, studies exposing fish to turbine-generated noise and electromagnetic fields demonstrate little effect on fish behavior; in fact, MRE device noise falls below reported hearing thresholds. Inquiries into the effects of MRE devices on fish are ongoing, and research is needed to ensure the health of fish populations while facilitating the sustainable development of renewable energy sources.","author":["Copping, A.","Hemery, L.","Viehman, H.","Seitz, A.","Staines, G.","Hasselman, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Echoview Software","University of Alaska Fairbanks","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2021-Fish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1183231","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-evidence-packages","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/marine-evidence-packages","title":"Marine Evidence packages","description":"The Sustainable Management of Marine Natural Resources (SMMNR) project funded by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) and Welsh Government has developed interactive environmental mapping and evidence packages for the following sectors:\n\n\n Aquaculture\n Tidal Stream Energy\n Wave Energy\n\n\nThe evidence packages, which may be developed over time as new evidence becomes available, are supported by a collection of reports.","author":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)"],"organization":["ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2021-08-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Lighting","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 06:16:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1183619","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/examining-potential-effects-marine-renewable-energy-developments-top-predators","sourceURL":"https:\/\/abdn.alma.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/delivery\/44ABE_INST:44ABE_VU1\/12153423750005941","title":"Examining potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predators","description":"This thesis uses data collected over three summers in 2010, 2011 and 2012 at the Isle of May National Nature Reserve, Scotland to examine top predator presence and behaviour in a moderately fast tidal stream site. Fieldwork consisted of an intensive land based observation survey of seabirds at sea, acoustic monitoring of small cetaceans and the deployment of a suite of oceanographical tools to simultaneously collect data on a fine temporal scale over a study area of ~1.5km2. The aim of the study was to examine the potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predator behaviour in a tidal stream site by addressing some of the key data gaps such as habitat use in tidal stream areas, dive behaviour and collision and disturbance risk assessment. Acoustic detections of harbour porpoises were investigated as a function of physical environmental variables. Strong links between porpoise presence and increased thermal stratification and chlorophyll levels were detected along with a very strong diurnal pattern with increased detections at night. There was no relationship with tidal state. The habitat use of five species of breeding birds at sea adjacent to breeding cliffs was examined to gauge what environmental factors drive habitat use at these sites. Counts of foraging kittiwakes were examined in relation to environmental variables and while strong temporal trends emerged there was no link with oceanographic features. The study site was predominately used for loafing (non foraging behaviour) and so species specific temporal variation in loafing behaviour was analysed. Strong seasonal and diurnal trends in loafing emerged for all species which could be linked to differences in their breeding phenology. These results can be used in assessing and mitigating disturbance to these birds from marine renewables developments. Age specific variation in dive behaviour in the European shag was examined to determine whether newly fledged juveniles were at a greater risk of collision with tidal turbines than adults. Juveniles initially demonstrated a shorter dive duration than adults but after 4-6 weeks their dive duration had significantly increased. However age specific difference in dive behaviour in relation to water depth remained unchanged over time with juveniles showing no relationship between dive duration and water depth while adults increased dive duration in deeper water. The implications of this result for assessing age specific collision risk for this species is discussed. Results from this study were used to populate a framework for assessing collision and disturbance risk to seabirds in the near shore area adjacent to the breeding colony from a small scale tidal turbine development scenario. A method was developed to quantify risk by combining relative abundance data, behavioural data and published data on activity budgets for four species; guillemots, razorbills, puffins and shags. The output from this thesis has practical applications for informing the temporal and spatial scale of data collection and survey design in environmental impact assessments regarding marine renewable energy developments with emphasis on understanding the mechanistic links driving predator behaviour. Results can also be used to design appropriate mitigation procedures to prevent disturbance to loafing or foraging birds.","author":["Philpott, E."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:30:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1192506","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-united-states","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: United States","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in the United States. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In the United States (U.S.), regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE) projects will fall to an assortment of federal, state, and local agencies dependent on where an MRE project is located. Requirements in U.S. state waters vary by state; therefore, this document focuses on the relevant agencies and regulatory requirements for projects in federal waters.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:29:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_US_final_4.11.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1199467","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-value-innovative-offshore-renewable-energy-deployment-uk-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/policy-paper-potential-economic-benefit","title":"What is the value of innovative offshore renewable energy deployment to the UK economy?","description":"This study quantifies the potential economic benefit, in gross value added (GVA) terms, that the UK stands to gain through the deployment of innovative offshore renewable energy (ORE) technologies (wave, tidal stream and floating offshore wind) in domestic and international waters. The economic implications of increased and targeted innovation across the supply chain have also been quantified. GVA is the metric used in this study, in lieu of an alternative which may account for wider social impacts, because it is the generally accepted economic performance metric employed by governments and policymakers.  This work is founded on deployment scenarios, where cost, performance and systemic conditions are defined by the 2030 levelised cost of energy (LCOE) targets in the Strategic Energy Technology Plans (SET Plans) for wave, tidal stream, and floating offshore wind (FOW) technologies. Deployment modelling obtained from the Energy Systems Catapult (ESC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) form a basis for an input-output (IO) analytical model. The time series of the installed capacity are coupled with deployment costs, leakage rates, and GVA effects to obtain GVA results associated to the different project phases and components.  Results are presented across multiple levels of local content ambition, to assess the impact on this economic benefit of increasing local content in specific areas of the UK supply chain, for example through targeted investment by the UK government. A High Ambition supply chain scenario assumes more ambitious levels of spend for domestic and international deployments retained by the UK supply chain. Conversely, a Low Ambition supply chain scenario assumes less ambitious retention levels of UK content.  Results from this work can be summarised as:    Global deployments of wave, tidal stream, and floating offshore wind technologies produce a total of \u00a324.6bn to \u00a379.6bn in GVA to the UK economy, dependent on supply chain assumptions.  Of this total figure, domestic deployments result in \u00a316.4bn to \u00a341.4bn in GVA for the UK economy. Within this obtained GVA range, a 152% increase in GVA can be observed, due to more ambitious retention assumptions reflecting a stronger UK supply chain.  UK content in international deployments therefore generates \u00a38.2bn to \u00a338.2bn in GVA for the UK economy. Within this obtained GVA range, a 221% increase in GVA can be observed from global deployments, due to more ambitious retention assumptions reflecting a stronger UK supply chain.  Translating this per MW of deployment, domestic ORE deployments result in GVA per MW values which range from \u00a3258k\/MW to \u00a3745k\/MW, dependent on technology and retention assumptions. International ORE deployments result in values of \u00a335k\/MW to \u00a3179k\/MW.  Lifetime OPEX is the cost centre that contributes the most to the incurred GVA for all technologies and scenarios. In terms of the CAPEX-related GVA, the balance of plant supply generates the highest CAPEX-related GVA for FOW, and the generating device results in the highest CAPEX-related GVA for wave and tidal.   This economic benefit to the UK economy is only achievable if focused investment in ORE technologies enables a reduction in LCOE in line with the SET Plan targets. This results from performance improvements and cost reduction both through innovative step-changes in research and development and through learning from continued successive deployments. This focused investment would also have to result in sufficient domestic supply chain development to achieve the levels of spend retention assumed in this work.","author":["Cochrane, C.","Pennock, S.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["Policy and Innovation Group","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2021-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cochrane-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1199470","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/billia-croo-test-site-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/4._billia_croo_-_eia_report_non_technical_summary_rep665-_redacted_0.pdf","title":"Billia Croo Test Site: Environmental Statement","description":"This Environmental Statement (ES), together with the accompanying Environmental Appraisal, Seascape, Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, and Navigational Risk Assessment, constitutes the formal report of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Habitats Regulation Appraisal (HRA) requirements. This has been executed in support of an application for consent under Section 36 of the Electricity Act 1989 submitted by the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) for the wave test site at Billia Croo, Orkney.  The ES summarises the findings of the Environmental Appraisal (REP666) that considers potential impacts of test site activities based on the Project Envelope (REP646). This ES references and should be read in conjunction with the following key documents:    Environmental Appraisal, produced by Xodus Group (REP666);  Seascape, Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, developed by Land Use Consultants (LUC) (REP663);  Navigational Risk Assessment, updated by Marine and Risk Consultants (Marico Marine) (REP522); and  Socio-economic Assessment, summarised report based on assessment commissioned by Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE) (REP659).","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Navigation","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:59:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Billia-Croo-ES-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1199664","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/billia-croo-additional-information-addendum-section-36-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/billia_croo_s36_addendum_v2-combined.pdf","title":"Billia Croo: Additional Information Addendum to Section 36 Application","description":"The purpose of this report is to provide additional information to Marine Scotland regarding the Section 36 application to extend the boundary of EMEC\u2019s Billia Croo wave test site. Following a formal consultation exercise carried out by Marine Scotland, several issues were raised by consultees that must be addressed before further progress can be made.  To address the additional information requests, EMEC have conducted further consultations and contracted supplementary work. This report aims to present the additional information in a manner suitable for inspection by Marine Scotland.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/billia_croo_s36_addendum.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1222640","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/clearing-path-commercialization-marine-renewable-energy-technologies-through-public","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.669413\/full","title":"Clearing a Path to Commercialization of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies Through Public\u2013Private Collaboration","description":"Governments are increasingly turning toward public\u2013private partnerships to bring industry support to improving public assets or services. Here, we describe a unique public\u2013private collaboration where a government entity has developed mechanisms to support public and private sector advancement and commercialization of monitoring technologies for marine renewable energy. These support mechanisms include access to a range of skilled personnel and test facilities that promote rapid innovation, prove reliability, and inspire creativity in technology development as innovations move from concept to practice. The ability to iteratively test hardware and software components, sensors, and systems can accelerate adoption of new methods and instrumentation designs. As a case study, we present the development of passive acoustic monitoring technologies customized for operation in energetic waves and currents. We discuss the value of testing different systems together, under the same conditions, as well as the progression through different test locations. The outcome is multiple, complementary monitoring technologies that are well suited to addressing an area of high environmental uncertainty and reducing barriers to responsible deployment of low-carbon energy conversion systems, creating solutions for the future.","author":["Chang, G.","Harker-Klimes, G.","Raghukumar, K.","Polagye, B.","Haxel, J.","Joslin, J.","Spada, F.","Staines, G."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","MarineSitu"],"originationDate":"2021-08-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.077654000000","-123.044339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chang-et-al-2021-Clearing-a-Path.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1222641","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-potential-economic-value-offered-europe-development-deployment-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.etipocean.eu\/knowledge_hub\/1156\/","title":"A study into the potential economic value offered to Europe from the development and deployment of wave and tidal energy to 2050","description":"This report, Deliverable 3.3 GVA Study (\u2018A study into the potential economic value offered to Europe from the development and deployment of wave and tidal energy to 2050\u2019), presents results, analysis, and high-level policy recommendations concluding from the study quantifying the potential economic benefit, in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA), to the European economy of the development of ocean energy electricity generation technologies in Europe and their deployment globally to 2050. Furthermore, this study investigates the impact on the economic benefit of the overall domestic (European) supply chain strength for European and international deployments.  This GVA benefit has been calculated for three deployment scenarios based on and beyond the achievement of the Strategic Energy Technology Ocean Energy Implementation Plan (SET Plan) targets of \u20ac100\/MWh for tidal and \u20ac150\/MWh for wave by 2030. The three scenarios are described below and the comparative deployment is illustrated in Figure i. More detail on these scenarios can be found in Section 6.6 of this report.    Scenario 1 \u2013 Achievement of the SET Plan  This scenario is based solely on the achievements of the SET Plan targets for LCOE in Europe and globally, reaching net zero in Europe by 2050 and globally by 2070. 61GW of ocean energy is deployed in Europe by 2050 and 192GW globally. The tidal stream\/wave energy proportional split is based on modelling from the EC Joint Research Council for Europe, and assumed to be 40%\/60% for the rest of the world. The European supply chain is assumed to be strong, with Europe as a market leader for ocean energy, retaining a high proportion of the economic activity required for this deployment.  Scenario 2 \u2013 Europe follows the global market  This scenario is based on the achievements of the SET Plan targets, but reaching net zero in globally by 2050 rather than by 2070. 60GW of ocean energy is deployed in Europe by 2050 and 293GW globally, with the tidal stream\/wave energy proportional split assumed to be 40%\/60% in all regions for this deployed capacity. The European supply chain is assumed to be less strong, with Europe as a market follower for ocean energy, retaining a lower proportion of the economic activity required for this deployment.  Scenario 3 \u2013 Europe leads the global market  This scenario also assumes net zero is reached globally by 2050 and has more ambitious European deployment, assuming Europe leads the global market for ocean energy in this time. 100GW of ocean energy is deployed in Europe by 2050 and 293GW globally, with the tidal stream\/wave energy proportional split assumed to be 40%\/60% in all regions for this deployed capacity. The European supply chain is assumed to be strong, with Europe as a market leader for ocean energy, retaining a high proportion of the economic activity required for this deployment.   These scenarios have been informed by TIMES energy system modelling from the European Commission\u2019s Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), in which ocean energy cost inputs are based on the SET Plan targets. The JRC SET Plan scenario results in 61GW of marine energy deployed by 20502 . The IEA sustainable development scenario in the 2020 Energy Technology Perspectives results in 192GW of ocean energy globally and the IEA Further Innovation scenario results in 293GW of ocean energy globally. All scenarios have pre-2030 deployment consistent with Ocean Energy Europe\u2019s 2030 vision.  A comprehensive GVA model built in-house at the University of Edinburgh incorporates TIMES-derived deployment data and Leontief inverse-derived economic effects to produce rigorous results, as illustrated in the flow diagram in Figure ii. More detail on the GVA calculation methodology can be found in Section 6 of this report.  The results from this study conclude that there is significant GVA benefit to be generated by supply chain activity servicing global (European and non-European) deployments of ocean energy to 2050. The total GVA benefit to the European economy these deployments has a potential range of \u20ac59bn to \u20ac140bn across the three scenarios presented here, shown in Figure iii. These GVA results are presented in detail in Section 7 of this report.  These results are presented as the proportional GVA per cost centre in Figure iv and the sensitivity of GVA results to leakage assumptions (i.e. the percentage of spend which is not retained by the European supply chain) is shown in Figure v. More detail on the sensitivity of these results to supply chain input assumptions can be found in Section 8 of this report. The analysis indicates that the strength of the domestic supply chain has a significant impact on the proportion of this economic benefit reaped by the European economy. That is to say, there is significant opportunity offered to Europe, provided policy is enacted to reduce costs to or beyond the SET Plan targets, prioritise local content for domestic deployments and exports alike, and attract deployment to European waters.  The results of this study will feed into a corresponding socioeconomic study identifying key quantitative results in terms of job losses and gains, impact on the value chain, impact on occupational distribution and impact on educational requirements as well as a qualitative discussion of the social impacts that cannot be expressed in monetary terms.  This study has produced three evidence-based deployment scenarios for ocean energy in Europe and globally up to 2050, and the economic returns resulting from these deployments in terms of Gross Value Added (GVA). The results show a significant economic opportunity to Europe if current and future policies support ocean energy development. The results from this study are intended to inform energy and economic policymaking at a member state and European Commission (EC) level. The results are also highly relevant to technology developers, research institutions, and renewable energy project developers and investors.  View A study into the potential social value offered to Europe from the development and deployment of wave and tidal energy to 2050 here.","author":["University of Edinburgh"],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-08-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D3.3-GVA-Study.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1227669","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-wales","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Wales","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in the United States. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE) in the Welsh inshore (0 - 12 nm) and offshore (12 - 200 nm, or the median line) zones falls to the Welsh Ministers and\/or Natural Resources Wales (NRW), depending on project size (MW) and type of consent required. In Welsh offshore waters, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) is the statutory nature conservation body (SNCB). Seabed leases, required to obtain development rights, are also required from The Crown Estate who owns most of the seabed around Wales. The primary consents and permissions for MRE projects in inshore and offshore Welsh waters are described in this document, and additional details on receptor- and impact-specific legislation and further guidance are also provided.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd"],"originationDate":"2021-09-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:29:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Wales_final_4.11.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1227671","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/corpower-ocean-hiwave-5-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/corpowerocean.com\/projects\/","title":"CorPower Ocean HiWave-5 Project","description":"Economic growth, climate change and security of energy supply underscore the global need for locally produced renewable energy. The ocean forms one of the largest yet least explored renewable energy sources on earth. The HiWave-5 project aims at demonstrating breakthrough wave technology that can enable Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) competitive with established energy sources in the near future when deployed in moderate volumes. The project\u2019s overall goal is to successfully demonstrate 3rd -party certified Wave Energy Converter (WEC) products that makes wave energy bankable in the market by 2027\/2028, allowing end users to secure mainstream infrastructure\/renewable energy project finance for pre-commercial arrays. This will be achieved through two stages:     Demonstration and prototype certification of single device full scale (C4) WEC   Demonstration and type certification of pilot array with three (C5) WECs.    The project partners consider the Agu\u00e7adoura site in northern Portugal to be well suited for the demonstrations.","author":["Quentin Geerinckx"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-07-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.458744000000","-8.842233000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Noise","EMF","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 09:27:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1241586","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-international-framework-support-sustainable-exploitation-marine-energy-mineral","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781003158837-4\/international-framework-support-sustainable-exploitation-marine-energy-mineral-resources-alix-willemez","title":"What international framework to support the sustainable exploitation of marine energy and mineral resources?","description":"Exploitation of the energy and mineral resources of the ocean is becoming an increasing environmental problem worldwide. Yet despite prioritization of this issue at a global level and although much research has been undertaken on the environmental consequences of offshore energy and mining activities, there is a lack of papers evaluating the need for an improved legal framework for these types of exploitation. While the exploitation of marine energy and mineral resources represents an important and complex business, rather little legislation has been published on those subjects. In particular, there is no international convention regulating the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources. Moreover, the protection of the marine ocean necessitates new types of legal tools, such as the recognition of environmental crime and the instauration of marine protected areas. This study therefore aims at answering the following research question: What international legal framework is needed to support the sustainable exploitation of marine energy and mineral resources? The findings reveal that the lack of clear and precise international legislation leads to unsustainable exploitation of marine energy and mineral resources. Based on the study, eight recommendations are made to improve the current situation at the international level.","author":["Willemez, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-05-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1241588","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fast-flexible-streamlining-simulation-based-approach-collision-risk-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.qub.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/fast-amp-flexible-streamlining-a-simulation-based-approach-to-col","title":"Fast \u0026 Flexible: streamlining a simulation- based approach to collision risk assessments","description":"It is critical that tools for assessing potential environmental impacts are, amongst other things, fit to reduce uncertainty and provide sufficient confidence to permit decision. To address collision risk between marine mammals and tidal energy devices a simulation-based approach was developed to create a robust system that can adapt to any typical scenario and include novel device designs and ecological parameters. The approach here makes use of an open-source game-engine, Blender, to simulate a tidal energy device, the animal, and its movement in 3D to calculate collision probabilities. This free-to-use software offers an economical solution, however, the complexity of simulating a 3D environment, and adapting game-design software for the purposes of environmental questions poses challenges such as the time required for simulations to complete and the computing power required (e.g. number of CPU cores). The aim of this current study was to streamline the simulation-based approach and outline a more efficient process so that the time to produce results is greatly reduced. Simulation runtime has been significantly reduced by employing increased parallelisation and enabling running the software on a high-performance computer. The end-to-end runtime was reduced by a factor of 17 to greatly improve efficiency. Further improvements to this simulation-based approach gives industry a greater number of options for robust quantification of collision risk and, consequently this work can aid regulators in making decisions during the consent, and post-consent phases of tidal energy developments.","author":["Horne, N.","Schmitt, P.","Culloch, R.","Wilson, B.","Dale, A.","Houghton, J.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2021-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1243908","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/permitting-licensing-environmental-compliance-process-lessons-experiences-within-us","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/16\/5048","title":"The Permitting, Licensing and Environmental Compliance Process: Lessons and Experiences within U.S. Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The marine renewable energy (MRE; renewable energy captured from waves, tides, ocean currents, the natural flow of water in rivers, and marine thermal gradients, without building new dams or diversions) industry has a vital role in the U.S. clean energy strategy as we progress to meet U.S. electricity and blue economy needs with renewable, domestic energy sources. However, a thorough assessment of the U.S. marine energy permitting process from the viewpoints of both developers that propose projects and regulators that permit them has not been performed. Sharing practical experiences in this new industry is vital to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the permitting process, identify data and information gaps, develop lessons learned, and advance the industry. This paper is a case study of qualitative findings, lessons learned, and recommendations from guided discussions, workshops, and webinars with both marine renewable energy developers and state and federal regulators that have experience in the permitting process in the U.S.","author":["Barr, Z.","Roberts, J.","Peplinski, W.","West, A.","Kramer, S.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Kearns \u0026 West","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","HT Harvey and Associates","Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2021-08-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barr-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1261368","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/tethys-marine-renewable-energy-fact-sheet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/about-tethys","title":"Tethys Marine Renewable Energy Fact Sheet","description":"Tethys is a knowledge hub containing documents and resources on the environmental effects of marine energy development around the world. Tethys provides researchers, regulators, developers, and other stakeholders with data and information that can support siting, permitting, management decisions, and operational strategies in an environmentally responsible manner. Key features include a documents library, an events calendar, archived webinars, educational resources, and a bi-weekly newsletter. New content is actively collected by a multidisciplinary team of curators at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and submitted by community members so that Tethys reflects the latest research, events, and more.","author":["Tethys"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-16 07:10:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Tethys_Fact_Sheet_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1261949","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-energy-exploitation-through-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/tesis?codigo=287262","title":"Tidal Stream Energy Exploitation Through Marine Spatial Planning","description":"In the last years, environmental concern has increased. Protests against climate change have been massive in the main cities of the world. Deadlines for points of no return have been reached again and again. Now, the problem of climate change caused by humans is a reality, and adverse effects can only be mitigated. This problem is closely linked to emissions of greenhouse gases. One of the main contributors to emissions is power generation. Technology and research are developing more and more competitive green technologies. In some cases, like wind power, it is a high proportion of the power generation mix of developed countries. Following the example of wind power, marine energy might help to decrease the use of fossil fuels. Tidal energy is one of the marine energies with the highest development capacity. There are several ways to obtain energy from the tides. A dam in an estuary can be built, in order to harness the dammed tide every tidal cycle. Morphological features that create currents can also be used to harvest energy. To take advantage of morphological features, so far, most converters had to be installed in high draft places. So, potential locations of moderate depths could not be used. For example, estuaries, where depths are usually lower than 20m. In the northwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsule, estuaries have been studied for energetic use of tidal currents.  New tidal energy converters are able to work at places with low depths. So, the chance to use the energy of tidal currents in estuaries is open. Currently, there is no commercial use yet, due mainly to three causes that keep the take off of this renewable technology on standby: 1. Technological difficulties arising from the installation of machinery on marine environment.  2. Preservation of natural areas can generate protests against these projects.  3. There is a real risk, hard to quantify, of economic failure, due to changes on boundary conditions.  Thus, generating electricity from marine energy has lights and shadows that can only be tackled and solved by a thorough scientific analysis of all the points that can take the project to failure. A marine spatial planning is important, but so is assessing risks arising from the installation of these devices on places with other uses. The central axis of this thesis is focused on three basic objectives: studying accurately the morphodynamic processes, the uses of the estuaries and minimizing the risks to find the best locations. These objectives should be useful for decision-making when planning tidal stream farms, based on the example of the estuary of Ribadeo. So, the work is structured in three main chapters: In Chapter 1 a study of the sedimentary dynamics of the estuary was done, in order to know how it affects the traffic of the main ports.  To this end, following the Spanish recommendations for construction of access channels to ports and docks, the dimensions of the access channel to the estuary are defined taking into account the technical determinants of ships.  Subsequently, a high resolution numerical model, which is able to model the sedimentary dynamics of the estuary, is defined. Once the numerical model is validated, it can be used for a high resolution modelling projecting four years into the future. This information is essential to check where increasing and erosion take place and, therefore, to determine how this movement of sediments affects the functionality of the access channel. Based on safety limits set for port operations, functionality values that cannot be exceeded are set.  Finally, a timetable of maintenance dredgings is set. It will be vital to keep the port structures, and the local economy, in operation.  When modelling an estuary as a potential location for energetic use, bathymetry is one of the most important boundary conditions. As seen in chapter 1, regular dredgings are needed to keep the access channels safe. So, the bathymetry of the studied zone is going to change regularly. Chapter 2 is focused on studying currents for energetic use, and investigating potential impacts of bathymetric changes on TEC performance. In addition, preliminary figures (operation hours, magnitude, and direction) are suggested to ensure economic viability of the installations. For this purpose, a 3D numerical model has been implemented, to calculate two different scenarios, before and after a maintenance dredging.  Three possible zones, with appropriate dimensions to build tidal stream farms, were found. At each location, one point was analyzed for a medium tide time. At two places, after a periodical dredging, available velocity and energy decreased. At the third point, both increased. Based on these results, the effect of these changes on turbine production is studied.  Fitting tidal stream farms in surroundings with multiple uses and activities is the third goal of this thesis. To this purpose, a classification of uses is proposed, based on conducted studies, EU, state and regional law, and technical criteria. This classification limits and excludes installing TECs at zones with existing uses. Thus, potential conflicts decrease, the environment is preserved, zones where investment is feasible are created and positive synergies between different uses arise.  In parallel, the work performed in chapter 2 is resumed. A study of annual resource, before and after a dredging is performed by means of a concise numerical model. This model shows the annual energy in all the domain of potential energy use.  So far, conducted studies always confined the analysis of energetic resource to a point in the map and a determined time. With this new projection, maps with information of all the annual resource can be created. These maps can be cross-checked with exclusion layers, so that an investor can quickly decide the most appropriate location (Chapter 3).  Finally, a tool for location and quantification of the risk associated to periodical dredging (DAR) is created. Combined with the previous layers, it allows to end the work of locating an energetic use zone. Thus, the risk of increasing or decreasing stream velocities and less hours of operation of the devices is limited. This way, the uncertainty is reduced, and so are the zones where TECs can be installed In conclusion, this thesis addresses in a global way the difficulties of finding suitable locations for tidal stream exploitation, without clashing with existing uses. Risk and operation uncertainty are decreased. So, decision-making is made easier for investors. A multidisciplinary action protocol has been created. From the example of the estuary of Ribadeo, it can be easily extrapolated to other estuaries.","author":["D\u00edaz, M."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela"],"originationDate":"2019-12-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1266221","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-study-fish-behavior-near-tidal-turbine-model-under-dark-conditions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00773-021-00850-w","title":"Experimental study of fish behavior near a tidal turbine model under dark conditions","description":"Understanding the risk of collision between tidal stream turbines and marine species is required for environmental impact assessment. Field observations are often limited by sensor capabilities. This study used a laboratory-scale water tank to monitor fine-scale fish behavior near a model of rotating turbine blades. Differences in behavior between three species were investigated: Oryzias latipes, Gnathopogon elongatus, and Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus. Behavioral response under dark conditions was further investigated for Gnathopogon elongatus, as it showed active behavior near the turbine under bright conditions. 71% of fish actively avoided or swam away from the turbine during bright conditions. Under dark conditions, 92% avoided or swam away; fish approached less frequently and retreated sooner than in bright conditions. Alertness in dark conditions possibly increases due to the inability of fish to visually detect the blades; thus, dark conditions may not be directly linked to a higher collision risk. No striking events occurred which resulted in injury or mortality.","author":["Yoshida, T.","Furuichi, D.","Williamson, B.","Zhou, J.","Dong, S.","Li, Q.","Kitazawa, D."],"organization":["Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology","University of Tokyo","Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277439","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-essential-ocean-variable-acoustic-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.4987432","title":"Developing an essential ocean variable for the acoustic environment","description":"The ocean science community has invested heavily in coordinating systems developed to make ocean observations. The Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) is a research program developed to coordinate ocean observing systems. Expert panels identify requirements for the systems in terms of Essential Ocean Variables (EOVs). The absence of sound in the list of EOVs should be striking to most ocean acousticians. Sound propagates so well in the ocean that it is the best way to probe the marine environment over long distances. Marine organisms have evolved ways to use the physics of underwater sound for biosonar, to communicate, and to orient. During the industrial age, humans have developed similar tools, and sources such as commercial shipping have elevated ocean noise. A working group of the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans and linked to the International Quiet Ocean Experiment has developed a description of an Essential Ocean Variable for the Acoustic Environment designed to facilitate monitoring of the sound field of the oceans globally over decades, to model how human and natural sources create the sound field, and to define effects of changes in sound fields on marine life at the individual, population, and ecosystem levels.","author":["Tyack, P."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2017-06-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277441","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seismic-surveys-negatively-affect-humpback-whale-singing-activity-northern-angola","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0086464","title":"Seismic Surveys Negatively Affect Humpback Whale Singing Activity off Northern Angola","description":"Passive acoustic monitoring was used to document the presence of singing humpback whales off the coast of Northern Angola, and opportunistically test for the effect of seismic survey activity in the vicinity on the number of singing whales. Two Marine Autonomous Recording Units (MARUs) were deployed between March and December 2008 in the offshore environment. Song was first heard in mid June and continued through the remaining duration of the study. Seismic survey activity was heard regularly during two separate periods, consistently throughout July and intermittently in mid-October\/November. Numbers of singers were counted during the first ten minutes of every hour for the period from 24 May to 1 December, and Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMMs) were used to assess the effect of survey day (seasonality), hour (diel variation), moon phase and received levels of seismic survey pulses (measured from a single pulse during each ten-minute sampled period) on singer number. Application of GAMMs indicated significant seasonal variation, which was the most pronounced effect when assessing the full dataset across the entire season (p\u0026lt;0.001); however seasonality almost entirely dropped out of top-ranked models when applied to a reduced dataset during the July period of seismic survey activity. Diel variation was significant in both the full and reduced datasets (from p\u0026lt;0.01 to p\u0026lt;0.05) and often included in the top-ranked models. The number of singers significantly decreased with increasing received level of seismic survey pulses (from p\u0026lt;0.01 to p\u0026lt;0.05); this explanatory variable was included among the top ranked models for one MARU in the full dataset and both MARUs in the reduced dataset. This suggests that the breeding display of humpback whales is disrupted by seismic survey activity, and thus merits further attention and study, and potentially conservation action in the case of sensitive breeding populations.","author":["Cerchio, S.","Strindberg, S.","Collins, T.","Bennett, C.","Rosenbaum, H."],"organization":["Wildlife Conservation Society"],"originationDate":"2014-03-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cerchio-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277638","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hearing-juvenile-green-sea-turtle-chelonia-mydas-comparison-underwater-aerial-hearing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0159711","title":"Hearing in the Juvenile Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas): A Comparison of Underwater and Aerial Hearing Using Auditory Evoked Potentials","description":"Sea turtles spend much of their life in aquatic environments, but critical portions of their life cycle, such as nesting and hatching, occur in terrestrial environments, suggesting that it may be important for them to detect sounds in both air and water. In this study we compared underwater and aerial hearing sensitivities in five juvenile green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) by measuring auditory evoked potential responses to tone pip stimuli. Green sea turtles detected acoustic stimuli in both media, responding to underwater stimuli between 50 and 1600 Hz and aerial stimuli between 50 and 800 Hz, with maximum sensitivity between 200 and 400 Hz underwater and 300 and 400 Hz in air. When underwater and aerial hearing sensitivities were compared in terms of pressure, green sea turtle aerial sound pressure thresholds were lower than underwater thresholds, however they detected a wider range of frequencies underwater. When thresholds were compared in terms of sound intensity, green sea turtle sound intensity level thresholds were 2\u201339 dB lower underwater particularly at frequencies below 400 Hz. Acoustic stimuli may provide important environmental cues for sea turtles. Further research is needed to determine how sea turtles behaviorally and physiologically respond to sounds in their environment.","author":["Piniak, W.","Mann, D.","Harms, C.","Jones, T.","Eckert, S."],"organization":["Duke University","University of South Florida","North Carolina State University","University of British Columbia","Principia College"],"originationDate":"2016-10-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:45:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Piniak-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277639","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-ship-noise-marine-mammals-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00606\/full","title":"The Effects of Ship Noise on Marine Mammals\u2014A Review","description":"The number of marine watercraft is on the rise\u2014from private boats in coastal areas to commercial ships crossing oceans. A concomitant increase in underwater noise has been reported in several regions around the globe. Given the important role sound plays in the life functions of marine mammals, research on the potential effects of vessel noise has grown\u2014in particular since the year 2000. We provide an overview of this literature, showing that studies have been patchy in terms of their coverage of species, habitats, vessel types, and types of impact investigated. The documented effects include behavioral and acoustic responses, auditory masking, and stress. We identify knowledge gaps: There appears a bias to more easily accessible species (i.e., bottlenose dolphins and humpback whales), whereas there is a paucity of literature addressing vessel noise impacts on river dolphins, even though some of these species experience chronic noise from boats. Similarly, little is known about the potential effects of ship noise on pelagic and deep-diving marine mammals, even though ship noise is focused in a downward direction, reaching great depth at little acoustic loss and potentially coupling into sound propagation channels in which sound may transmit over long ranges. We explain the fundamental concepts involved in the generation and propagation of vessel noise and point out common problems with both physics and biology: Recordings of ship noise might be affected by unidentified artifacts, and noise exposure can be both under- and over-estimated by tens of decibel if the local sound propagation conditions are not considered. The lack of anthropogenic (e.g., different vessel types), environmental (e.g., different sea states or presence\/absence of prey), and biological (e.g., different demographics) controls is a common problem, as is a lack of understanding what constitutes the \u2018normal\u2019 range of behaviors. Last but not least, the biological significance of observed responses is mostly unknown. Moving forward, standards on study design, data analysis, and reporting are badly needed so that results are comparable (across space and time) and so that data can be synthesized to address the grand unknowns: the role of context and the consequences of chronic exposures.","author":["Erbe, C.","Marley, S.","Schoeman, R.","Smith, J.","Trigg, L.","Embling, C."],"organization":["Curtin University","University of Portsmouth","Nelson Mandela University","Murdoch University","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2019-10-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277640","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-sound-vessel-traffic-reduces-effective-communication-range-atlantic-cod","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-14743-9","title":"Underwater sound from vessel traffic reduces the effective communication range in Atlantic cod and haddock","description":"Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary is located in Massachusetts Bay off the densely populated northeast coast of the United States; subsequently, the marine inhabitants of the area are exposed to elevated levels of anthropogenic underwater sound, particularly due to commercial shipping. The current study investigated the alteration of estimated effective communication spaces at three spawning locations for populations of the commercially and ecologically important fishes, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Both the ambient sound pressure levels and the estimated effective vocalization radii, estimated through spherical spreading models, fluctuated dramatically during the three-month recording periods. Increases in sound pressure level appeared to be largely driven by large vessel activity, and accordingly exhibited a significant positive correlation with the number of Automatic Identification System tracked vessels at the two of the three sites. The near constant high levels of low frequency sound and consequential reduction in the communication space observed at these recording sites during times of high vocalization activity raises significant concerns that communication between conspecifics may be compromised during critical biological periods. This study takes the first steps in evaluating these animals\u2019 communication spaces and alteration of these spaces due to anthropogenic underwater sound.","author":["Stanley, J.","Van Parijs, S.","Hatch, L."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2017-11-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.518217000000","-70.695350000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stanley-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1277641","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/causes-consequences-intraspecific-variation-animal-responses-anthropogenic-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/beheco\/article\/30\/6\/1501\/5526711","title":"Causes and consequences of intraspecific variation in animal responses to anthropogenic noise","description":"Anthropogenic noise is a recognized global pollutant, affecting a wide range of nonhuman animals. However, most research considers only whether noise pollution has an impact, ignoring that individuals within a species or population exhibit substantial variation in responses to stress. Here, we first outline how intrinsic characteristics (e.g., body size, condition, sex, and personality) and extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental context, repeated exposure, prior experience, and multiple stressors) can affect responses to environmental stressors. We then present the results of a systematic search of the anthropogenic-noise literature, identifying articles that investigated intraspecific variation in the responses of nonhuman animals to noise. This reveals that fewer than 10% of articles (51 of 589) examining impacts of noise test experimentally for intraspecific variation in responses; of those that do, more than 75% report significant effects. We assess these existing studies to determine the current scope of research and findings to-date, and to provide suggestions for good practice in the design, implementation, and reporting of robust experiments in this field. We close by explaining how understanding intraspecific variation in responses to anthropogenic noise is crucial for improving how we manage captive animals, monitor wild populations, model species responses, and mitigate effects of noise pollution on wildlife. Our aim is to stimulate greater knowledge and more effective management of the harmful consequences of this global pollutant.","author":["Harding, H.","Gordon, T.","Eastcott, E.","Simpson, S.","Radford, A."],"organization":["University of Bristol","Marine Scotland Science","University of Exeter","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)"],"originationDate":"2019-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harding-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1281938","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/communicating-climate-change-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354496043_Communicating_climate_change_in_marine_renewable_energy","title":"Communicating climate change in marine renewable energy","description":"As scholars in the field of marine energy, we often engage with the topic of climate change as a motivation for our work. When we do, we are constructing a relationship between climate change and marine energy. The relationship which we construct impacts our ability to effectively address the crisis. In this paper, we perform a textual analysis of papers from the 13th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (2019) to characterize the common construction of climate change among marine renewable energy scholars. We then examine how that construction is reflected in marine renewable energy technological design. We show that marine renewable energy scholars typically engage with climate change in a way which assumes that marine renewable energy is a potential part of a solution by its very nature as a renewable energy source. This assumption preempts any assessment that we may make with regard to the potential impacts of our work on climate change. By shifting how we communicate about climate change as a field, we may be able to center the ecological crisis in our design work, allowing it to reshape the fundamental design challenge. This could lead to improved integration of technical development and environmental impacts research, marine energy concepts which address human and environmental needs which are threatened by climate change (such as the need for food security and social equity), or new design tools which help designers evaluate and improve a technology\u0027s relationship with the community and the environment.","author":["Trueworthy, A.","DuPont, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 10:22:15","signatureProject":["Wave-SPARC"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282133","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/regulating-wave-tidal-ocean-thermal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/view\/nlm-book\/9781786436986\/b-9781788119689-IX_46.xml","title":"Regulating wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy","description":"Ocean renewable energy sources hold the potential to contribute to the options of low-carbon energy sources and enhance the efforts by the global community to mitigate climate change. This chapter provides a brief background on the current state of technology and the development of wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy and considers their potential as forms of renewable energy as well as the potential negative environmental footprints of ocean renewable energy installation and development. Secondly, the relevant international legal and policy frameworks governing ocean energy are examined, highlighting in particular, the absence of a global legal instrument that specifically regulates ocean renewable energy installations on the high seas. Thirdly, the current challenges to the roll-out of ocean renewable energy within the international regulatory framework are identified. Lastly, suggested policy and legal options available to countries to optimise the vast ocean energy resources are provided.","author":["Adimazoya, T.","Doelle, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282521","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-risk-balancing-marine-mammals-anthropogenic-noise-can-influence-foraging","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13931","title":"Acoustic risk balancing by marine mammals: anthropogenic noise can influence the foraging decisions by seals","description":"Avoidance of anthropogenic sounds has been measured in many species. The results, which are typically based on observations in limited exposure contexts, are frequently used to inform policy and the regulation of industrial activities. However, the occurrence and magnitude of avoidance may be a consequence of complex risk-balancing decisions made by animals. The importance of the factors in decision-making, such as perceived risks associated with the sounds or prey quantity and quality during sound exposure, is unknown.  Here we address this knowledge gap by measuring the relative influence of perceived \u2013risk of a sound (silence, pile driving, and a tidal turbine) and prey patch quality on decision-making and foraging success in grey seals Halichoerus grypus.  Seals were given access to two underwater \u2018prey patches\u2019 in an experimental pool where fish were delivered at controlled rates to simulate a low-density (LD) and a high-density (HD) prey patch. Acoustic playbacks were made using an underwater speaker above one of the prey patches (randomised during the study), and three decision and foraging metrics (foraging duration, foraging effort allocation between the prey patches, and foraging success) were measured.  Foraging success was highest during silent controls and was similar regardless of speaker location (LD\/HD). Under the tidal turbine and pile-driving treatments, foraging success was similar to the controls when the speaker was located at the HD prey patch but was significantly reduced (~16%\u201328% lower) when the speaker was located at the LD prey patch. Foraging decisions by the seals were consistent with a risk\/profit balancing approach. Avoidance rates depend on the quality of the prey patch as well as the perceived risk.  Policy implications. The results suggest that foraging context is important when interpreting avoidance behaviour and should be considered when predicting the effects of anthropogenic activities. For example, sound exposure in different prey patch qualities may result in markedly different avoidance behaviour, potentially leading to contrasting predictions of impact in Environmental Assessments. We recommend future studies explicitly consider foraging context, and other contextual factors such as behavioural state (e.g. foraging or travelling) and habitat quality.","author":["Hastie, G.","Lepper, P.","McKnight, C.","Milne, R.","Russell, D.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","University of St Andrews","Loughborough University"],"originationDate":"2021-05-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.638195500000","2.989667400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/1365-2664.13931.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282522","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-renewable-energy-test-centers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/B9780128197271000820","title":"Ocean Renewable Energy Test Centers","description":"Much progress has been made in recent decades in harnessing energy from the ocean, particularly from waves and tides, with the aim of providing clean, renewable energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Recent advances in the offshore renewable energy (ORE) industry can largely be attributed to ocean energy test centers. The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in Scotland has so far hosted over 30 marine energy devices and has become a blueprint for test centers around the world. Other test centers such as the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) and the Pacific Marine Energy Centre (PMEC) also play a crucial role in advancing the industry and closing the gaps in knowledge relating to ORE. Through pre-consented test sites and facilities, ocean energy test centers allow developers to test their devices at reduced cost and risk, allowing them to attract further investment. In this chapter we introduce ORE test centers with a focus on EMEC, and offer insights into their role in boosting the wave and tidal energy industry.","author":["Barclay, V.","Culina, J.","Neill, S."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2021-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282716","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/innovation-legacy-energy-knowledge-infrastructures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2021.102218","title":"Innovation and legacy in energy knowledge infrastructures","description":"We focus on how the concept of knowledge infrastructure can help interrogate both the novelties and continuities in energy transitions. In particular, we turn attention to research, innovation, and knowledge production capacities in renewable energy transitions. We outline the subfield of knowledge infrastructures and introduce concepts relevant to energy research. We especially illustrate the ways that knowledge infrastructures may support or adapt to change, and also the ways that they display \u2018legacy\u2019 properties that inhibit, slow or outright prevent transitions. To ground our investigation, we briefly examine research in Scotland\u2019s marine energy sector as the nation pursues a transition from an energy sector heavily reliant on oil and gas, to one based on renewable energy innovation and implementation. Via this case, we illustrate that a great deal of the \u2018old\u2019 knowledge infrastructures for energy research, rather than being wholly swept away, instead persist across energy transitions. The concept of knowledge infrastructures provides a powerful addition to energy social science because they are fundamental to our ability to research and develop renewable energy technologies, and so play an important role in defining possible energy futures.","author":["Hirsch, S.","Ribes, D."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.092471100000","-4.469597600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282717","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rebirth-eco-friendly-energy-production-artificial-lake-case-study-tidal-power-south","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352484721004698","title":"The rebirth and eco-friendly energy production of an artificial lake: A case study on the tidal power in South Korea","description":"In light of climate change and greenhouse gas reduction, countries around the world are doing their part to develop various types of eco-friendly energy. In this context, the Shihwa Tidal Power Plant is an advanced energy generation infrastructure which uses the resources of the sea, a project that pioneers and practices low-carbon, green growth engineering. Not only as an advanced energy generation infrastructure but also it is an eco-friendly infrastructure that resurrected \u2018the dead lake\u2019, which had suffered extreme water pollution due to cutoff in seawater circulation after the completion of the tide embankment in 1994. By circulating the water of the lake, new mud flats have appeared in the upstream area, an area once submerged due to the embankment. These new mud flats are providing new shelters for various organisms, thus transforming the lake into an eco-friendly, life-giving one. Most tidal power plants are difficult to construction due to geological features. The Sihwa tidal power plant was developed harmoniously by utilizing the unique geological features and tidal power plant principles on the West coast of the Korean peninsula. Shihwa Tidal Power Plant is a special and differentiated development example of renewable energy production and environmental improvement along with the significant water quality improvement effect of Shihwa Lake due to increased seawater exchange rates. This article therefore presents the review of Shihwa Lake\u2019s environmental issues and eco-friendly energy production process with the aim to identify the good practices, the challenges as well as the lessons learnt from their experience. This development will be another case of a country seeking to develop new marine energy. This is also a good practice of improving the environment of freshwater lakes in coastal areas.","author":["Park, E.","Lee, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.672514900000","126.333782800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-06 06:27:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Park-Lee-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1282743","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-issues-offshore-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-819727-1.00036-4","title":"Environmental Issues for Offshore Renewable Energy","description":"Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE), comprising marine (wave and tidal energy), and offshore wind, has the potential to supply large amounts of \u2018green\u2019 sustainable energy, reducing CO2 emissions. The main obstacles to deployment so far are technical challenges and cost. However, there are also concerns about how harnessing offshore energy can affect the local habitats and marine life, as well as introducing far-field and long-term changes in the physical environment of the sea, which may combine with climate change in unforeseen ways to affect marine ecosystems. The precautionary principle, combined with the requirement for monitoring, introduces obstacles (and costs) which have so far prevented the deployment of offshore renewable energy on a large scale. Here we discuss the physical changes that may occur and the impacts these may have on habitats, species and ecosystems. We explore the possible environmental impacts of offshore wind and marine energy deployment and the options for mitigation of these. This information can assist planners, regulators and developers of offshore energy systems. Some examples of existing and proposed deployments are provided (mainly focusing on the UK), in order to illustrate discussion of the environmental issues. We identify the need for better understanding of the environmental impacts at a population and ecosystem level and identify a way forward to improve the environmental consenting process.","author":["Wolf, J.","De Dominicis, M.","Lewis, M.","Neill, S.","Murray, R.","Scott, B.","Zampollo, A.","Chapman, J.","Declerck, M."],"organization":["National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Bangor University","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2021-06-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:29:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1284878","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/initial-environmental-report-element-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/element-project.eu\/resources\/initial-environmental-report-for-the-element-project\/","title":"Initial Environmental Report for the ELEMENT Project","description":"A Funding Grant was awarded from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme to develop and validate an innovative tidal turbine control system, using the tidal turbine itself as a sensor, to deliver a step change improvement in turbine performance. This will demonstrate Effective Lifetime Extension in the Marine Environment for Tidal Energy (ELEMENT), driving the EU tidal energy sector to commercial reality. This document presents the foreseen environmental monitoring activities planned for the ELEMENT project at two locations representative of the tidal market.  Physical characterisation of conditions at sites is needed to optimise energy conversion and the turbine design. It is also required to inform the environmental impact assessment and relate ecological and biological information to physical conditions in order to understand and predict likely impacts. To date, the characteristics of the mean flow (e.g. speed, direction, current magnitude asymmetry, hydrokinetic resource) can be estimated from existing ADCP measurements. However, a comprehensive assessment of turbulence will require the deployment of a 5-beam ADCP. This will provide the consortium with turbulence dataset which is an essential input to properly conduct fatigue life prediction of the tidal turbine, using a stochastic inflow turbulence simulator. Innovative methodologies will be deployed at one test site to provide characterisations that will be further used in WP6 for the development of the behavioural model of the turbine.  The understanding of the influence of the installation and operation of marine renewable energy devices on marine socio-ecosystems is also key for MRE project consenting. But there are still some knowledge gaps regarding the potential environmental impacts, as they vary along time, across space and depend on the number and size of machines installed and sensitivity of the location. Most notably, there is still a lack of data\/knowledge regarding the collision risk of marine megafauna with MRE devices, noise emitted by the devices, and the biocolonisation of devices. This report presents plans to develop ecological characteristics evidence databases and outlines the way gathered data will be used to adapt and feed into models, including the behavioural models developed in WP6 of the ELEMENT project and tools developed in the DTOceanPlus Horizon 2020 project.","author":["Gaborieau, H.","Thi\u00e9baut, M.","Quillienn, N.","Serre, S.","Araignous, E.","Safi, G."],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2020-04-27","spatial":{"coordinates":[["60.702031000000","-0.980893000000"],["47.670032000000","-3.209344000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ELEMENT-EU-0010-Initial-Environmental-Report-v1.0-final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1284879","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interim-environmental-report-element-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/element-project.eu\/resources\/interim-environmental-report\/","title":"Interim Environmental Report for the ELEMENT Project","description":"A Funding Grant was awarded from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme to develop and validate an innovative tidal turbine control system, using the tidal turbine itself as a sensor, to deliver a step change improvement in the performance. This will demonstrate Effective Lifetime Extension in the Marine Environment for Tidal Energy (ELEMENT), driving the EU tidal energy sector to commercial reality. This report focuses on the characterization of the hydrokinetic resource and turbulence at the future tidal turbine testing sites, in Etel River as well as Bluemull Sound. This report summarizes the analysis of existing hydrokinetic data from both sites. In addition, the monitoring options that can enhance the design work under the ACAS (Automated Collision Avoidance System) are discussed.  At Etel Site, a 12.5 day-period, containing a full spring tide tidal cycle, was analyzed. Results on cumulative occurrence of the velocity magnitude suggest that a tidal turbine with a cut-in-speed of 0.5 m\/s might generate electricity, 80% of the time. Moreover, the flow at Etel site is ebb-dominated. A substantial asymmetry in velocity magnitude recorded during flood and ebb tide was found. This asymmetry generates considerable gap in kinetic power density during both tidal phases with kinetic power density more than 3 times higher during ebb tide than flood tide. The turbulence intensity and the integral lengthscale were quantified along the three spatial directions. For both metrics, the streamwise direction is associated with the highest values. The depth-averaged streamwise turbulence intensity and the integral lengthscale was found to be 5% and 7.5 m.  At Bluemull site (Shetland), three 5-beam ADCPs were deployed in three locations North of the three operational M100 turbines at depths of approximately 30-35m. Cumulated occurrences of flow velocity magnitude indicate that 0.5 m\/s and 1 m\/s are exceeded 90% and 70% of the time respectively. The flow magnitude between flood and ebb tide was found to be globally symmetric. For flow velocity higher than 1 m\/s, the turbulence intensity was found to be ranging from 12 to 20%.  The monitoring options that can enhance the design work under the Automated Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) have been the subject of discussions between FEM and Nova. The aim of discussions was to review the benefits of different methods of monitoring near-field interactions between marine life (more particularly mammals, birds and fish) and turbines. Exchanges between FEM and Nova have strengthened the general idea of developing a monitoring strategy combining sonar and digital cameras in order to gain in situ data that will enhance predictions of encounter and collision risk.","author":["France Energies Marine"],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2020-11-02","spatial":{"coordinates":[["60.702031000000","-0.980893000000"],["47.670032000000","-3.209344000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ELEMENT_D4.2_interim_Environmental_Report_v1.0-final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1287204","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-noise-soundscape-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/new-england-mid-atlantic\/ocean-noise-and-soundscape-projects","title":"Ocean Noise and Soundscape Projects","description":"Ocean noise has become a chronic issue. The Northeast\u0027s Passive Acoustic Research Group participates in a variety of collaborative projects geared towards addressing this issue and working towards solutions.  This website provides details on the following:    NOAA\u0027s Ocean Noise Strategy  The NOAA CetSound Project  NOAA\u0027s Ocean Noise Reference Stations  Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Passive Acoustic Research  NOAA\/Navy Soundscape Monitoring in National Marine Sanctuaries","author":["NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:19:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1287205","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlantic-marine-assessment-program-protected-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/new-england-mid-atlantic\/population-assessments\/atlantic-marine-assessment-program-protected","title":"Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species","description":"We conduct surveys and develop abundance and distribution models to better understand how protected species such as whales, dolphins, and sea turtles use our waters.  This website provides access to:    NOAA\u0027s Research  Reports  Links  News and Outreach  More Information","author":["NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:18:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1287206","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-sound","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dosits.org\/science\/sound\/what-is-sound\/","title":"What is sound?","description":"Sound is created by a vibrating object.  Sound travels as a wave through a medium, for example, a liquid (such as water), a solid (such as the seafloor), or a gas (such as air).  Therefore, sound does not exist in the vacuum of space.  A sound wave is an example of a compressional or longitudinal wave.  Below is an animation in which a hand applies pressure to the end of a simulated slinky to create a longitudinal wave. The particles in a longitudinal wave move parallel to the direction in which the wave is traveling.","author":["Discovery of Sound in the Sea"],"organization":["University of Rhode Island","Inner Space Center"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1287207","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technologies-ocean-acoustic-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oceanexplorer.noaa.gov\/technology\/acoustics\/acoustics.html","title":"Technologies for Ocean Acoustic Monitoring","description":"Just as microphones collect sound in the air, underwater hydrophones detect acoustic signals in the ocean. Most hydrophones are based on a special property (piezoelecticity) of certain ceramics that produce a small electrical current when subjected to pressure changes. When submerged in water, a ceramic hydrophone produces small-voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies as it is exposed to underwater sounds propagating from any direction (read Ocean Acoustics for a discussion of how sound is produced and transmitted through the ocean). By amplifying and recording the electrical signals produced by a hydrophone, sound in the sea can be measured with great precision. Although a single hydrophone records sound arriving from any direction, several hydrophones can be simultaneously deployed in an array, and the resulting signals can then be manipulated to \u201clisten\u201d in any direction with even greater sensitivity than a single hydrophone element.  Whether within an array or as a single element, the hydrophone is the basic sensor of underwater acoustics. Currently, several technologies are available for acoustic exploration of the ocean.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1287208","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2018-revision-technical-guidance-assessing-effects-anthropogenic-sound-marine-mammal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/resource\/document\/technical-guidance-assessing-effects-anthropogenic-sound-marine-mammal-hearing","title":"2018 Revision to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 2.0): Underwater Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts","description":"This document has been revised. View the 2024 Update to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 3.0): Underwater and In Air Criteria for Onset of Auditory Injury and Temporary Threshold Shift here.  This document provides voluntary technical guidance for assessing the effects of underwater anthropogenic (human-made) sound on the hearing of marine mammal species under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and was completed in collaboration with the National Ocean Service (NOS), Office of National Marine Sanctuaries. Specifically, it identifies the received levels, or thresholds, at which individual marine mammals are predicted to experience changes in their hearing sensitivity (either temporary or permanent) for acute, incidental exposure to underwater anthropogenic sound sources. This Technical Guidance may be used by NMFS analysts\/managers and other relevant action proponents\/stakeholders, including other federal agencies, when seeking to determine whether and how their activities are expected to result in potential impacts to marine mammal hearing via acoustic exposure. Please note that action proponents have discretion as to whether to use the Technical Guidance; other scientifically rigorous methods are acceptable. This document outlines the development of NMFS\u2019 thresholds and describes how they will be updated in the future.  NMFS has compiled, interpreted, and synthesized the scientific literature, including a Technical Report by Dr. James Finneran (U.S. Navy-SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific (SSC-PAC)) (Finneran 2016; Appendix A of this Technical Guidance), to produce thresholds for onset of temporary (TTS) and permanent threshold shifts (PTS) (Table ES2). This document includes a protocol for estimating PTS onset thresholds for impulsive (e.g., airguns, impact pile drivers) and non-impulsive (e.g., tactical sonar, vibratory pile drivers) sound sources, the formation of marine mammal hearing groups (low- (LF), mid- (MF), and high- (HF) frequency cetaceans, and otariid (OW) and phocid (PW) pinnipeds; Table ES1), and the incorporation of marine mammal auditory weighting functions (Figures ES1 and ES2) into the derivation of PTS onset thresholds. These thresholds are presented using dual metrics of weighted cumulative sound exposure level (SELcum) and peak sound level (PK) for impulsive sounds and weighted SELcum for non-impulsive sounds.  While the Technical Guidance\u2019s thresholds are more complex than those used to date in most cases by NMFS, they reflect the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the characteristics of sound that have the potential to impact marine mammal hearing sensitivity. NMFS recognizes that the implementation of marine mammal weighting functions and the weighted SELcum metric represent new factors for consideration, which may extend beyond the capabilities of some action proponents. Thus, NMFS has developed alternative tools for those who cannot fully incorporate these factors (See Appendix D, Technical Guidance\u2019s companion User Spreadsheet tool1, and recently developed User Spreadsheet Manual (NMFS 2018)1).  These thresholds do not represent the entirety of a comprehensive analysis of the effects of a proposed action, but rather serve as one tool (along with, e.g., behavioral impact thresholds, auditory masking assessments, evaluations to help understand the ultimate effects of any particular type of impact on an individual\u2019s fitness, population assessments, etc.) to help evaluate the effects of a proposed action and make the relevant findings required by NOAA\u2019s various statutes. The Technical Guidance may inform decisions related to mitigation and monitoring requirements, but it does not mandate any specific mitigation be required. The Technical Guidance does not address or change NMFS\u2019 application of these thresholds in the regulatory context, under applicable statutes and does not create or confer any rights for or on any person, or operate to bind the public. It only updates NMFS\u2019 thresholds based on the most recent science.  This Technical Guidance is classified as a Highly Influential Scientific Assessment (HISA) by the President\u2019s Office of Management and Budget (OMB). As such, independent peer review was required prior to broad public dissemination by the Federal Government. Details of the three peer reviews, associated with the Technical Guidance, are within this document (Appendix C).","author":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-21 08:43:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NMFS-2018-Revision.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293777","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategy-protecting-whales-sea-turtles-ensuring-thriving-fisheries-reducing-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.opc.ca.gov\/2020\/11\/protecting-whales-and-sea-turtles-ensuring-thriving-fisheries-reducing-the-risk-of-entanglement-in-california-fishing-gear\/","title":"Strategy for Protecting Whales and Sea Turtles \u0026 Ensuring Thriving Fisheries: Reducing the Risk of Entanglement in California Fishing Gear","description":"California\u2019s coastal waters include some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems in the world. To conserve this biodiversity and the coastal economies and communities that rely on a healthy ocean, OPC is committed to protecting endangered and threatened whale and sea turtle species as well as supporting thriving commercial and recreational state-managed fisheries. This strategy outlines investment priorities to reduce the risk of entanglement in California fishing gear and is one component of a more comprehensive effort to protect whales and sea turtles in California. This is consistent with Target 3.3.5 of OPC\u2019s draft Strategic Priorities to Protect California\u2019s Coast and Ocean for 2020-2025:  \u201c3.3.5: Develop a statewide whale and sea turtle protection plan by 2022 with a Vision Zero target of zero mortality. As a component of this overall plan, develop and initiate a funding strategy to reduce the risk of entanglement in California fishing gear by 2020.  Actions:    Collaborate with the California Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear Working Group to reduce the risk of whale entanglement in California fishing gear; fund priority projects recommended by the Working Group to address data gaps and enhance results.  Provide funding for the state\u2019s drift gillnet transition program (consistent with SB 1017) and work towards the target of elimination of large mesh drift gillnets off the California coast by 2024.  Support research and analysis of impacts of whale strikes from the shipping industry and other sources of whale and turtle mortality, including noise and marine debris from land-based sources.\u201d   This investment strategy focuses on a comprehensive approach to reduce the risk of entanglement in California fishing gear through advancing collaborative partnerships, best available science, gear innovation, as well as response and outreach. The strategy aims to build on the success of the California Dungeness Crab Fishing Gear Working Group and could support other fixed-gear state-managed fisheries in addition to commercial and recreational Dungeness crab. This is the first critical component of California\u0027s Whale and Sea Turtle Protection Plan.","author":["California Ocean Protection Council"],"organization":["California Ocean Protection Council"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:45:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Strategy_Reducing-the-Risk-of-Entanglement-in-California-Fishing-Gear_OPC-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293781","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/satellite-data-offshore-renewable-energy-sector-synergies-innovation-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0034425721003084","title":"Satellite data for the offshore renewable energy sector: Synergies and innovation opportunities","description":"Can satellite data be used to address challenges currently faced by the Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) sector? What benefit can satellite observations bring to resource assessment and maintenance of ORE farms? Can satellite observations be used to assess the environmental impact of offshore renewables leading towards a more sustainable ORE sector? This review paper faces these questions presenting a holistic view of the current interactions between satellite and ORE sectors, and future needs to make this partnership grow. The aim of the work is to start the conversation between these sectors by establishing a common ground. We present offshore needs and satellite technology limitations, as well as potential opportunities and areas of growth. To better understand this, the reader is guided through the history, current developments, challenges and future of offshore wind, tidal and wave energy technologies. Then, an overview on satellite observations for ocean applications is given, covering types of instruments and how they are used to provide different metocean variables, satellite performance, and data processing and integration. Past, present and future satellite missions are also discussed. Finally, the paper focuses on innovation opportunities and the potential of synergies between the ORE and satellite sectors. Specifically, we pay attention to improvements that satellite observations could bring to standard measurement techniques: assessing uncertainty, wind, tidal and wave conditions forecast, as well as environmental monitoring from space. Satellite\u2013enabled measurement of ocean physical processes and applications for fisheries, mammals and birds, and habitat change, are also discussed in depth.","author":["Medina-L\u00f3pez, E.","McMillan, D.","Lazic, J.","Hart, E.","Zen, S.","Angeloudis, A.","Bannon, E.","Browell, J.","Dorling, S.","Dorrell, R.","Forster, R.","Old, C.","Payne, G.","Porter, G.","Rabaneda, A.","Sellar, B.","Tapoglou, E.","Trifinova, N.","Woodhouse, I.","Zampollo, A."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","University of Strathclyde","Wave Energy Scotland","University of Hull","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","University of Aberdeen","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293977","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2014-report-entanglement-marine-species-marine-debris-emphasis-species-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/21427","title":"2014 Report on the Entanglement of Marine Species in Marine Debris with an Emphasis on Species in the United States","description":"Entanglement of marine species in marine debris is a global problem affecting at least 200 species. Based on the literature reviewed in the United States alone, at least 115 species of marine mammals, sea turtles, sea birds, fish, and invertebrates are affected. This review of the literature focused primarily on marine debris entanglement specific to the U.S., incorporating over 170 reports dating as far back as 1928. Most reports of entanglement in marine debris involved pinnipeds, particularly northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), as well as sea turtles. Inconsistencies in defining and distinguishing marine debris from actively fished gear significantly limits assessments of marine debris entanglement rates. Further, marine species databases rarely list marine debris data as a separate field, they are not easily searchable and would be more effective if centralized into one database. While entanglement in marine debris is a source of morbidity and mortality for individuals of many species, the impacts of greatest concern are those that affect whole populations of organisms, particularly small populations that are threatened or endangered. For at least some endangered species, such as Hawaiian monk seals, available data suggest that entanglement in marine debris can produce significant adverse effects at the population level, and can contribute to declines in the total numbers of these already endangered animals. For other species, with seemingly large populations or those populations that are difficult to count, population-level effects are more uncertain. However, despite the difficulties in detecting population-level effects, marine debris clearly poses a threat to animal welfare for those individuals that become entangled. Future work should: 1) collect information on the various sources (e.g., ocean-based v. land-based debris) and types (e.g., fishing gear (active v. derelict) v. boating gear) of marine debris that negatively affect organisms, especially those animals that are critically endangered, 2) assess the relative impacts of marine debris amid other potential factors stressing these organisms\/populations, such as changing weather patterns linked to climate change, climatological events (e.g., El Ni\u00f1o\/La Ni\u00f1a Southern Oscillation), losses in food availability, and disease, and 3) accurately assess the proximate mechanisms driving the observed spatial and temporal patterns of entanglement of organisms in marine debris, such as existing overlap in animal active habitat with areas of higher debris concentrations (i.e., oceanic convergence zones), and increases in the relative contribution of land-based and ocean-based debris with growing human population and activity along coastlines. These patterns are not well established and require further attention. Understanding the sources and types of marine debris that affects organisms as well as the patterns of impact in a natural setting will be crucial to guide appropriate mitigation policies and practices.  Some of the major findings from this review of the literature include:    44 sea bird species, 9 cetacean species, 11 pinniped species, 31 invertebrate species\/taxa, 6 sea turtle species reported entangled in marine debris in the United States.  Entanglement rates varied across different species\/taxa, but rates seemed to be greater in areas of overlap between high population densities and either human fishing intensity or areas of high debris accumulation (e.g., convergence zones). Often, the source of fishing gear remnants or other marine debris is unknown.  Some of the highest known marine debris entanglement rates occur with Hawaiian monk seals (0.7% as of 2004) where population numbers are taken into consideration.  For several species of marine mammals, juveniles and sub-adults have been found to be more susceptible to becoming entangled in debris when compared to more agile, developed adults.  Overall, the reported entanglement rates of certain species should be used with caution since these rates can be biased based on the sampling method and the difficulty in distinguishing between actively fished gear and marine debris.  Thus, there is a real need for records of wildlife entanglement to distinguish between entanglements in marine debris as opposed to entanglements in actively fished gear.  In certain regions in the U.S. and likely elsewhere in the world, numerous species are underrepresented in the literature, implying that reported marine debris entanglement rates are inherently conservative.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Sea Turtles","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:31:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2014-NOAA-Entanglement-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293978","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-report-large-whale-entanglements-confirmed-united-states-2018","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/resource\/document\/national-report-large-whale-entanglements-confirmed-united-states-2018","title":"National Report on Large Whale Entanglements Confirmed in the United States in 2018","description":"In 2018, 105 confirmed entangled large whales were documented along the coasts of the United States, with 92 cases involving live animals and 13 cases involving animals that were dead when initially reported. All 105 whales were independently confirmed as entangled by members of the U.S. Large Whale Entanglement Response Network, either through photographic or video documentation or through field responses. The number of confirmed cases for 2018 (n=105) does not include multiple reports of any individual entangled whale. NOAA Fisheries tracks subsequent reports of previously reported entangled whales to better understand the nature of the entanglement, associated injuries, and the animal\u2019s health status. The subsequent reports have been combined into a single record for the purposes of this summary to provide clarity on the number of entangled individuals. Thirteen additional cases were reported, but those entanglements could not be confirmed with the information received and the whales were not relocated by network members; thus, those reports were tracked but are not included in the overall total. This summary report therefore represents a conservative estimate of the number of large whale entanglements confirmed in U.S. waters.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NOAA-Fisheries-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293979","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/entanglement-marine-life-risks-response","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/insight\/entanglement-marine-life-risks-and-response","title":"Entanglement of Marine Life: Risks and Response","description":"Entanglement in fishing gear and marine debris can be dangerous for marine mammals and sea turtles. Learn how NOAA Fisheries and partners work to prevent entanglements and rescue entangled animals.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:57:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293980","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-standards-position-mooring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rules.dnv.com\/docs\/pdf\/DNV\/os\/2018-07\/dnvgl-os-e301.pdf","title":"Offshore Standards: Position mooring","description":"This offshore standard contains criteria, technical requirements and guidelines on design and construction of position mooring systems, as well as technical requirement for mooring and towing equipment.  The objective of this standard is to give a uniform level of safety for mooring systems, consisting of chain, steel wire ropes and fibre ropes.","author":["DNV GL"],"organization":["DNV GL"],"originationDate":"2018-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293983","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-potential-effects-west-coast-offshore-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/west-coast-renewable-energy-science-exchange","title":"Understanding Potential Effects of West Coast Offshore Renewable Energy Development on Marine Mammals","description":"The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) presented the West Coast Renewable Energy Science Exchange from November 2019 through September 2020. This series of bimonthly webinars focused on BOEM-funded scientific research offshore California, Oregon, and Washington that will inform decisions about the planning, leasing, and development of ocean renewable energy in those areas. The webinars were led by subject matter experts based in the BOEM Pacific Regional Office in Camarillo, California.","author":["Reeb, D."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/West-Coast-Science-Exchange-Reeb.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1293984","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-coast-entanglement-science-workshop-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.opc.ca.gov\/west-coast-entanglement-science-workshop\/","title":"West Coast Entanglement Science Workshop Report","description":"The West Coast Entanglement Science Workshop was the first comprehensive coastwide convening of U.S. West Coast states focused on the best available science to address whale and sea turtle entanglement in fixed gear fisheries. The workshop provided a unique opportunity to bring together fishery managers, researchers, fishing industry and stakeholders to learn about cutting edge research, share experiences and ideas, and engage in cross-disciplinary dialogue to identify opportunities for science to inform management. Structured as a five-part series of virtual modules between August 25th and September 3rd, 2020, the workshop featured 29 presentations and 8 interactive panel discussions and convened over 190 participants. The workshop engaged a variety of perspectives, geographies and stakeholder groups in a robust dialogue that was well received by participants, presenters and panelists. The outcomes from this workshop will help inform the development of management measures to address marine life entanglements and guide future investment in research and data collection.  The workshop was co-hosted by The Nature Conservancy and the California Ocean Protection Council, in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries), Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission (PSMFC) and the California, Oregon and Washington Departments of Fish and Wildlife.","author":["The Nature Conservancy","California Ocean Protection Council"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-01-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Cetaceans","Sea Turtles","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:12:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1295924","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impacts-tidal-power-lagoons-consistent-design","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801821012282","title":"Assessing impacts of tidal power lagoons of a consistent design","description":"Tidal power lagoons have the potential to provide a reliable and long-term source of renewable power. The implementation of tidal lagoons will impact the tidal conditions and hydrodynamics of the surrounding coastal system. Impact assessments in the academic literature have generally investigated working proposals from industry of various shapes and sizes. As such, differences between the impacts arising from considered power plants in varying sites are in part influenced by the individual scheme characteristics, potentially masking the influence of site-specific factors. In this study, scheme design consistency is maintained, providing a basis to focus solely on the merits of the selected locations with regards to any associated impacts. The simulated tidal power lagoons are located in the Bristol Channel and Irish Sea, two distinct but tidally connected regions on the British coastline with contrasting marine environment characteristics. Results indicate that the more constrained geometry of the Bristol Channel contributes to higher individual and cumulative impacts than potential developments in the Irish Sea. This is in part facilitated by the higher degree of blockage introduced by tidal lagoon developments in the Bristol Channel. Furthermore, far-field impacts are found to be less pronounced compared to predictions reported in tidal barrage modelling studies.","author":["Mackie, L.","Kramer, S.","Piggott, M.","Angeloudis, A."],"organization":["Imperial College London","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2021-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1296118","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/echolocation-activity-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena-shows-seasonal-artificial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/2688-8319.12055","title":"Echolocation activity of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, shows seasonal artificial reef attraction despite elevated noise levels close to oil and gas platforms","description":"Harbour porpoises frequently alter their behaviour in response to underwater sound from shipping, seismic surveys, drilling and marine renewables. Less well understood is the response of porpoises to sounds emitted from oil and gas (O\u0026amp;G) platforms during routine operations.  The responses are not easily predicted as platforms can act simultaneously and to varying degree as a source of disturbance through noise and attraction through an artificial reef effect with increased prey abundance and diversity.  To investigate the presence and feeding behaviour of harbour porpoises around platforms, autonomous acoustic loggers were placed for up to 2 years, at 21 stations 0\u201325.6 km from the largest platform in the Danish North Sea.  Harbour porpoises were detected at all distances year round in two distinct seasonal activity patterns. During July\u2013January, porpoises were attracted to the platform as indicated by high foraging activity within 800 m of the platform. Echolocation activity levels were up to twofold higher than those observed at 3.2\u20139.6 km from the platform.  Similar high echolocation activity was observed 200 m from neighbouring offshore installations located within 15 km, regardless of their size, during May\u2013July.  This study shows that porpoises may be attracted to offshore O\u0026amp;G platforms despite confirmed elevated underwater noise and are likely exploiting higher prey abundance in the vicinity of such structures. This is possibly due to increased prey availability created by the combined effect of the artificial reef formed by the underwater structure and the local protected area around all platforms where fishery is banned.  Hard substrate and untouched seabed are rare and valuable habitats to many organisms in heavily trawled waters like the North Sea, and the ecological importance of these structures should be considered in the development of decommissioning strategies.","author":["Clausen, K.","Teilmann, J.","Wisniewska, D.","Balle, J.","Delefosse, M.","van Beest, F."],"organization":["Aarhus University","University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.438640000000","4.817488000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Attraction","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Clausen-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1298450","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emergence-new-marine-renewable-energy-industry-what-are-implications-fisheries","sourceURL":"https:\/\/prep.ices.dk\/sites\/pub\/CM%20Doccuments\/CM-2010\/O\/O0610.pdf","title":"The emergence of a new marine renewable energy industry \u2013 what are the implications for fisheries?","description":"In the light of increasing global energy demands and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, attention has recently turned to the sea as a large and renewable source of kinetic energy.  Developments for wave and tidal energy extraction currently exist more in potential than in actuality, but there is huge impetus from political, environmental and commercial interest groups for rapid growth of the marine renewable energy sector over the immediate future.  Such growth will inevitably have repercussions for other stakeholders in the marine environment.  Concerns from fishery interests are likely to centre on access to fishing grounds and on changes to the physical structure and ecological functioning of fish habitats.  We examine the extent to which fishery and marine energy resources overlap in UK waters.  We also consider in more general terms how marine spatial planning decisions may affect fishery yield and the spawning potential of target stocks.    Results of these analyses point to the conclusion that the greatest potential for interaction between the marine energy and fishery sectors is at a local scale in inshore environments.  The potential near\u2010field and far\u2010field environmental effects of energy conversion devices, and their repercussions for marine productivity are as yet poorly understood.  Marine spatial planning decisions need to be informed by both ecological and socio\u2010economic considerations.","author":["Bell, M.","Side, J.","Kerr, S.","Johnson, K.","Baston, S.","Bullen, C."],"organization":["International Centre for Island Technology (ICIT)"],"originationDate":"2010-08-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Environmental Impact Assessment","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1298451","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/temperate-marine-protected-areas-highly-mobile-fish-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569114004050","title":"Temperate Marine Protected Areas and highly mobile fish: A review","description":"Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been widely used to protect benthic habitats and sedentary species. They have also been used as fisheries management tools. Historically, MPAs alone have been considered ineffective for the protection of highly mobile species, because MPAs are unlikely to cover the range of a highly mobile species for a sufficient proportion of time. Recent studies, however, have shown MPAs to be successful in the protection of certain mobile species. The majority and most successful of these examples tend to focus on tropical reef species because there is currently a lack of understanding about mobile species from temperate climates. Questions therefore remain regarding their success for the wide ranging and migratory species found in temperate regions. We reviewed the relevant literature and discuss the critical factors that should be considered during MPA designation, but focus on how these relate to highly mobile fish species in particular. We use examples from both tropical and temperate regions to illustrate how current knowledge can be a useful starting point in MPA design where information is lacking. We conclude that using studies from tropical waters can fill some gaps in scientific data for some temperate species, but that scientific evidence is crucial to MPA success in temperate areas.","author":["Breen, P.","Posen, P.","Righton, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-01-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1298452","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/frequency-programmable-miniaturized-radio-frequency-transmitter-animal-tracking","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/19\/6683","title":"A Frequency-Programmable Miniaturized Radio Frequency Transmitter for Animal Tracking","description":"In animal tracking applications, smaller transmitters can reduce the impact of the transmitter on the tagged animal and thus provide more accurate data about animal behavior. By combining a novel circuit design and a newly developed micro-battery, we developed frequency-programmable and more powerful radio frequency transmitters that are about 40% smaller and lighter in weight than the smallest commercial counterpart for animal monitoring at the time of development. The new radio frequency transmitter has a miniaturized form factor for studying small animals. Designs of two coding schemes were developed: one transmits unmodulated signals (weight: 152 mg; dimensions: \u00d8 2.95 mm \u00d7 11.22 mm), and the other transmits modulated signals (weight: 160 mg; dimensions: \u00d8 2.95 mm \u00d7 11.85 mm). To accommodate different transmitter life requirements, each design can be configured to transmit in high or low signal strength. Prototypes of these transmitters were evaluated in the laboratory and exhibited comparable or longer service life and higher signal strength compared to their smallest commercial counterparts.","author":["Lu, J.","Li, H.","Tian, C.","Myjak, M.","Xiao, J.","Bellgraph, B.","Cartmell, S.","Deng, Z."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"originationDate":"2021-10-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lu-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1300579","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fishes-associated-artificial-reefs-attributing-changes-attraction-or-production-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2005.00915.x","title":"Fishes associated with artificial reefs: attributing changes to attraction or production using novel approaches","description":"Two widely-recognized hypotheses propose that increases in fish abundance at artificial reefs are caused by (a) the attraction and redistribution of existing individuals, with no net increase in overall abundance and (b) the addition of new individuals by production, leading to a net increase in overall abundance. Inappropriate experimental designs have prevented many studies from discriminating between the two processes. Eight of 11 experiments comparing fish abundances on artificial reefs with those on adjacent soft bottom habitats were compromised by a lack of replication or spatial interspersion in the design itself. Only three studies featured proper controls and replicated designs with the interspersion of reef and control sites. Goodness of fit tests of abundance data for 67 species from these studies indicated that more fishes occur on reefs than on controls, particularly for species that typically occur over hard substrata. Conversely, seagrass specialists favour controls over reefs. Changes in the appearance of fish abundance trajectories driven by manipulation of sampling intervals highlight the need for adequate temporal sampling to encompass key life history events, particularly juvenile settlement. To ultimately determine whether attraction and production is responsible for increased abundances on reefs, requires two experimental features: 1) control sites, both interspersed among artificial reefs and at reef and non-reef locations outside the test area and 2) incorporation of fish age and length data over time. Techniques such as otolith microchemistry, telemetry and stable isotope analysis can be used to help resolve feeding and movement mechanisms driving attraction and production.","author":["Brickhill, M.","Connolly, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2005-11-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1300581","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-migration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/record\/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-33846948945\u0026origin=inward#metrics","title":"What is migration?","description":"We outline a general scheme for migration that applies across taxa, incorporates the several varieties of migration, and includes all levels of biological organization, from genes to populations. The scheme links the environment, pathways, traits, and genes, and highlights the selective forces that shape and maintain migratory adaptation. We endorse an individual-based behavioral definition of migration that allows an objective distinction between migration and other forms of movement. We recognize migration as an adaptation to resources that fluctuate spatiotemporally either seasonally or less predictably, and note that it is often preemptive. Migration plays a central role in the spatial dynamics of mobile populations, and is largely distinct in both form and function from the within-population mixing arising from postnatal dispersal and from the interpatch movements characteristic of metapopulations. We call for more interaction between biologists studying different taxa and different forms of movement, and between behaviorists and population ecologists. \u00a9 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences.","author":["Dingle, H.","Alistair, V."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Marine Mammals","Terrestrial Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1303094","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/atlantic-coast-diadromous-fish-habitat-review-utilization-threats-recommendations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.734.2517\u0026rep=rep1\u0026type=pdf","title":"Atlantic Coast Diadromous Fish Habitat: A Review of Utilization, Threats, Recommendations for Conservation, and Research Needs","description":"The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (hereafter referred to as ASMFC or the Commission) is the principal agency responsible for the management of many diadromous fish species in state waters. The mission of the Commission\u2019s Habitat Program is to work through the Commission, in cooperation with appropriate agencies and organizations, to enhance and cooperatively manage vital fish habitat for conservation, restoration, and protection, and to support the cooperative management of Commission managed species. One of the primary tasks of the Habitat Program is to develop habitat source documents on topics of immediate and broad interest to ASMFC Commissioners that will provide needed information to the states. In this case, Commissioners requested detailed information on the habitat use, threats to habitat, and habitat research needs for all life stages of the ASMFC-managed diadromous species.        ASMFC coordinates interstate fishery management plans for seven diadromous fish species. Of these seven species, striped bass, Atlantic sturgeon, American shad, hickory shad, alewife, and blueback herring are anadromous; the only ASMFC-managed catadromous species is American eel. Throughout their life history, diadromous fishes occupy a broad range of rivers, bays, and estuaries from Florida to Canada, as well as the Atlantic Ocean. All diadromous fish share the common need for fresh, estuarine, and marine waters at various stages in their development. Some of these species, such as the alosines, share similar life history characteristics and range of habitat as well.       Under the 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, federal Fishery Management Councils were required to identify essential fish habitat (EFH) for all species under federal management; federal agencies proposing projects within EFH areas would then be required to consult with NMFS to determine the impact of those projects on EFH. This mandate was required only for federally managed species, not for species solely under the management authority of interstate Marine Fisheries Commissions. The ASMFC subsequently chose to adopt EFH designations prepared by the federal Fishery Management Councils for any species managed jointly or in association with the Councils. For species solely under Commission management, the Commission has chosen to identify all habitat and Habitat Areas of Particular Concern (HAPCs), but will refrain from identification of EFH. The HAPCs identified by the Commission do not require consultations, or any other regulatory compliance authority.       HAPCs are areas within EFH that may be designated according to the Essential Fish Habitat Final Rule (2002) based on one or more of the following considerations: (i) the importance of the ecological function provided by the habitat, (ii) the extent to which the habitat is sensitive to human-induced environmental degradation, (iii) whether, and to what extent, development activities are, or will be, stressing the habitat type, or (iv) the rarity of the habitat type. Since descriptions of EFH are not currently included in Commission Fishery Management Plans (FMPs), the HAPC definition has been modified to include areas within the species\u2019 habitat that satisfy one or more of the aforementioned criteria. A HAPC is a subset of habitats the species is known to occupy, and could include spawning habitat, nursery habitat for larvae, juveniles, and subadults, and\/or some amount of foraging habitat for mature adults. HAPCs are geographic locations that are particularly critical to the survival of a species.       All Atlantic coast states are impacted by numerous threats to their natural resources; diadromous fish species are particularly vulnerable because they utilize both coastal and inland habitat during portions of their life history. Poor water quality, altered habitat, blocked access, suboptimal conditions, and invasive species are just a few of the conditions that jeopardize many fish. According to the ASMFC Five-Year Strategic Plan (2009-2013), the loss and degradation of nearshore marine and estuarine fish habitat is a significant factor affecting the long-term sustainability of the nation\u2019s fisheries. Diadromous fish species occupy these habitats during a critical period in their life history; it is therefore imperative that fisheries managers provide coordinated management of these areas.       In 2006, the National Fish Habitat Action Plan (NFHAP) was adopted to address the need for improved coordination of fisheries conservation efforts throughout the nation. Currently, the existing NFHAP lacks a Habitat Conservation Plan that directly addresses the needs of diadromous fish species. This document will serve as a basis for the development of the diadromous portion of a conservation strategy for the Atlantic Coastal Fish Habitat Partnership (ACFHP). The ACFHP hopes to conserve habitat for Atlantic coastal, estuarine-dependent, and diadromous fish.","author":["Greene, K.","Zimmerman, J.","Laney, R.","Thomas-Blate, J."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","West Virginia University","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Greene_et_al_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1305604","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-sound-exposure-criteria-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2981-8_51","title":"Developing Sound Exposure Criteria for Fishes","description":"In assessing the impact of aquatic developments, it is important to evaluate whether accompanying underwater sounds might have adverse effects on fishes. Risk assessment can then be used to evaluate new and existing technologies for effective prevention, control, or mitigation of impacts. It is necessary to know the levels of sound that may cause potential harm to different species from different sources as well as those levels that are likely to be of no consequence. The development and use of impact criteria are still at an early stage for fishes.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1305605","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/directional-hearing-sound-source-localization-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.5082306","title":"Directional hearing and sound source localization by fishes","description":"Directional hearing may enable fishes to seek out prey, avoid predators, find mates, and detect important spatial cues. Early sound localization experiments gave negative results, and it was thought unlikely that fishes utilized the same direction-finding mechanisms as terrestrial vertebrates. However, fishes swim towards underwater sound sources, and some can discriminate between sounds from different directions and distances. The otolith organs of the inner ear detect the particle motion components of sound, acting as vector detectors through the presence of sensory hair cells with differing orientation. However, many questions remain on inner ear functioning. There are problems in understanding the actual mechanisms involved in determining sound direction and distance. Moreover, very little is still known about the ability of fishes to locate sound sources in three-dimensional space. Do fishes swim directly towards a source, or instead \u201csample\u201d sound levels while moving towards the source? To what extent do fishes utilize other senses and especially vision in locating the source? Further behavioral studies of free-swimming fishes are required to provide better understanding of how fishes might actually locate sound sources. In addition, more experiments are required on the auditory mechanism that fishes may utilize.","author":["Hawkins, A.","Popper, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-12-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1307922","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/winter-presence-temperature-related-diel-vertical-migration-striped-bass-morone","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/cjfas-2016-0002","title":"Winter presence and temperature-related diel vertical migration of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in an extreme high-flow passage in the inner Bay of Fundy","description":"During a multiyear fish tracking study, subadult and adult life stages of Shubenacadie River striped bass (Morone saxatilis) were detected throughout winter in the well-mixed, hypertidal waters of the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy. Thirty-five percent of the striped bass tagged with Vemco V16 transmitters were detected by two Minas Passage receiver arrays. Transmissions were received on 82% of winter days (December to April) and by all receivers spanning the width of the passage. Tagged striped bass were detected largely within the top 20\u201340 m during the day. The extent of vertical migration to shallower waters at night showed a strong relationship with water temperature; however, there was no diel vertical movement pattern observed at water temperatures \u0026lt;1 \u00b0C. Our results demonstrate overwintering of a portion of the Shubenacadie River striped bass population in high-flow inner Bay of Fundy waters, which extends the northern limit of this species\u2019 winter marine range. This study is also the first to describe the relationship between daily vertical migration by striped bass and low water temperat","author":["Keyser, F.","Broome, J.","Bradford, R.","Sanderson, B.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2016-06-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Pelagic Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1308116","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/eelgrass-zostera-marina-essential-fish-habitat-young-year-winter-flounder","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jai.12713","title":"Eelgrass, Zostera marina, as essential fish habitat for young-of-the-year winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792) in Maine estuaries","description":"Distribution and density by habitat for age-0, young-of-the-year (YOY) winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792), were compared for two Maine estuaries to help define essential fish habitat for this life history stage. Two estuaries (Weskeag River and Penobscot Bay) along Mid-coast Maine were sampled monthly with daytime 1.0 m2 fixed-frame throw traps around neap low tide, May\u2013December over two consecutive years (2003\u20132004). Both eelgrass and adjacent sand\/mud (20\u201360 cm deep) were randomly sampled with equal effort (4\u201312 samples per month) at two sites in both the Weskeag River and Penobscot Bay. Significantly higher densities of YOY winter flounder (2\u20139 cm TL) occurred in eelgrass relative to sand\/mud. Density increased significantly in both habitats in 2004, and was higher in Penobscot Bay relative to the Weskeag River. YOY densities compared by eelgrass coverage within throw traps were found to be significantly higher in eelgrass that exceeded 30% coverage when compared with adjacent sand\/mud areas and eelgrass coverage of 10\u201320%. YOY occurred in all months sampled (May\u2013December); no density differences existed by month. These results indicate that very shallow (\u0026lt;0.6 m) eelgrass habitat is of key importance to YOY winter flounder in Maine estuaries and should be viewed as essential fish habitat (EFH) for this species and life stage.","author":["Lazzari, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-03-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1308117","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shifts-pacific-ocean-fish-assemblage-potential-influence-exploitation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00400.x","title":"Shifts in a Pacific Ocean Fish Assemblage: the Potential Influence of Exploitation","description":"As in many regions of the world, marine fishes and invertebrates along the Pacific coast of the United States have long been subjected to overexploitation. Despite this history, however, we lack basic information on the current status of many fishes along this coastline. We used data from a quarter century of fishery-independent, coast-wide trawl surveys to study systematically the demersal fish assemblages along the U.S. Pacific coast. We documented fundamental shifts in this fish assemblage. Average fish size, across a diversity of species, has declined 45% in 21 years. There have been major shifts in the constituent species of the assemblage, with some species achieving annual population growth rates of \u0026gt;10% and others declining in excess of 10% per year. Annual rate of change in population size appeared to be a function of life history interacting with fishing pressure. Negative trends in population size were particularly apparent in rockfish (Sebastes spp.). However, across all taxa examined, trends in population size were associated with size of maturity, maximum size, and growth rate. Trends in population size were associated inversely with harvest levels, but stocks that mature late tended to decline faster than would be predicted by catch rates alone. Our results are disquieting because they raise the possibility that fishing-induced phase shifts in fish communities may affect the recovery of fishes, even after the implementation of severe fishing restrictions.","author":["Levin, P.","Holmes, E.","Piner, K.","Harvey, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1308118","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/structure-forming-corals-sponges-their-use-fish-habitat-bering-sea-submarine-canyons","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0033885","title":"Structure-Forming Corals and Sponges and Their Use as Fish Habitat in Bering Sea Submarine Canyons","description":"Continental margins are dynamic, heterogeneous settings that can include canyons, seamounts, and banks. Two of the largest canyons in the world, Zhemchug and Pribilof, cut into the edge of the continental shelf in the southeastern Bering Sea. Here currents and upwelling interact to produce a highly productive area, termed the Green Belt, that supports an abundance of fishes and squids as well as birds and marine mammals. We show that in some areas the floor of these canyons harbors high densities of gorgonian and pennatulacean corals and sponges, likely due to enhanced surface productivity, benthic currents and seafloor topography. Rockfishes, including the commercially important Pacific ocean perch, Sebastes alutus, were associated with corals and sponges as well as with isolated boulders. Sculpins, poachers and pleuronectid flounders were also associated with corals in Pribilof Canyon, where corals were most abundant. Fishes likely use corals and sponges as sources of vertical relief, which may harbor prey as well as provide shelter from predators. Boulders may be equivalent habitat in this regard, but are sparse in the canyons, strongly suggesting that biogenic structure is important fish habitat. Evidence of disturbance to the benthos from fishing activities was observed in these remote canyons. Bottom trawling and other benthic fishing gear has been shown to damage corals and sponges that may be very slow to recover from such disturbance. Regulation of these destructive practices is key to conservation of benthic habitats in these canyons and the ecosystem services they provide.","author":["Miller, R.","Hocevar, J.","Stone, R.","Fedorov, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-03-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312180","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-sound-production-insights","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27721-9_2","title":"Fish Sound Production: Insights","description":"In addition to briefly reviewing sound-producing mechanisms, this chapter focuses on an under-appreciated evolutionary process, exaptation, which could aid in understanding the independent origins and high diversity of sound-producing mechanisms in fishes. Existing anatomical structures first used in non-voluntary sound production provide advantages that result in further selection and refinement of sophisticated sonic organs. Moreover, comparisons of the relationships between fish size and spectral features in multiple not phylogenetically related species highlight two acoustic patterns. In species using superfast muscles, the slope of the relationship between fish size and sound frequency is weak (1\u00b0\u20135\u00b0) so that emitter size is unlikely inferred from call frequency. In other species that stridulate or use bones or tendons to stimulate the swimbladder, the high slopes (25\u00b0\u201380\u00b0) indicate major differences in the call frequencies within a species. These signals likely convey important information (size and potential fitness of the emitter) to conspecific receivers.","author":["Parmentier, E.","Fine, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312366","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flat-complex-temperate-reefs-provide-similar-support-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0183906#ack","title":"Flat and complex temperate reefs provide similar support for fish","description":"Structural complexity, a form of habitat heterogeneity, influences the structure and function of ecological communities, generally supporting increased species density, richness, and diversity. Recent research, however, suggests the most complex habitats may not harbor the highest density of individuals and number of species, especially in areas with elevated human influence. Understanding nuances in relationships between habitat heterogeneity and ecological communities is warranted to guide habitat-focused conservation and management efforts. We conducted fish and structural habitat surveys of thirty warm-temperate reefs on the southeastern US continental shelf to quantify how structural complexity influences fish communities. We found that intermediate complexity maximizes fish abundance on natural and artificial reefs, as well as species richness on natural reefs, challenging the current paradigm that abundance and other fish community metrics increase with increasing complexity. Naturally occurring rocky reefs of flat and complex morphologies supported equivalent abundance, biomass, species richness, and community composition of fishes. For flat and complex morphologies of rocky reefs to receive equal consideration as essential fish habitat (EFH), special attention should be given to detecting pavement type rocky reefs because their ephemeral nature makes them difficult to detect with typical seafloor mapping methods. Artificial reefs of intermediate complexity also maximized fish abundance, but human-made structures composed of low-lying concrete and metal ships differed in community types, with less complex, concrete structures supporting lower numbers of fishes classified largely as demersal species and metal ships protruding into the water column harboring higher numbers of fishes, including more pelagic species. Results of this study are essential to the process of evaluating habitat function provided by different types and shapes of reefs on the seafloor so that all EFH across a wide range of habitat complexity may be accurately identified and properly managed.","author":["Paxton, A.","Pickering, E.","Adler, A.","Taylor, J.","Peterson, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312367","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rethinking-sound-detection-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S037859550900313X","title":"Rethinking sound detection by fishes","description":"In this paper we reconsider the designation of fishes as being either \u201chearing specialists\u201d or \u201chearing generalists,\u201d and recommend dropping the terms. We argue that this classification is only vaguely and variously defined in the literature, and that these terms often have unclear and different meaning to different investigators. Furthermore, we make the argument that the ancestral, and most common, mode of hearing in fishes involves sensitivity to acoustic particle motion via direct inertial stimulation of the otolith organ(s). Moreover, any possible pressure sensitivity is the result of the presence of an air bubble (e.g., the swim bladder), and that hearing sensitivity may be enhanced by the fish having a specific connection between the inner ear to a bubble of air. There are data showing that some fish species have a sensitivity to both pressure and motion that is frequency dependent. Thus such species could not possibly be termed as either hearing \u201cgeneralists\u201d or specialists,\u201d and many more species probably could be classified in this way as well. Furthermore, we propose that the term \u201cspecialization\u201d be reserved for cases in which a species has some kind of morphological connection or close continuity between the inner ear and an air bubble that affects behavioral sensitivity to sound pressure (i.e., an otophysic connection).","author":["Popper, A.","Fay, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-12-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312368","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-detection-mechanisms-capabilities-teleost-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-0-387-22628-6_1#citeas","title":"Sound Detection Mechanisms and Capabilities of Teleost Fishes","description":"This chapter, written from the perspective of four authors who have been studying fish bioacoustics for over 120 years (cumulative!), examines the major issues of the field. Each topic is put in some historical perspective, but the chapter emphasizes current thinking about acoustic communication, hearing (including bandwidth, sensitivity, detection of signals in noise, discrimination, and sound source localization), the functions of the ear (both auditory and vestibular, and including the role(s) of the otoliths and sensory hair cells) and their relationships to peripheral structures such as the swim bladder, and the interactions between the ear and the lateral line. Hearing in fishes is not only for acoustic communication and detection of sound-emitting predators and prey but can also play a major role in telling fishes about the acoustic scene at distances well beyond the range of vision. The chapter concludes with the personal views of the authors as to the major challenges and questions for future study. There are still many gaps in our knowledge of fish bioacoustics, including questions on ear function and the significance of interspecific differences in otolith size and shape and hair cell orientation, the role of the lateral line vis-\u00e0-vis the ear, the mechanisms of central processing of acoustic (and lateral line) signals, the mechanisms of sound source localization and whether fishes can determine source distance as well as direction, the evolution and functional significance of hearing specializations in taxonomically diverse fish species, and the origins of fish (and vertebrate) hearing and hearing organs.","author":["Popper, A.","Fay, R.","Platt, C.","Sand, O."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312369","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/masked-auditory-thresholds-sciaenid-fishes-comparative-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/record\/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-4444379436\u0026origin=inward","title":"Masked auditory thresholds in sciaenid fishes: A comparative study","description":"Western Atlantic sciaenids comprise a taxonomically diverse teleost family with significant variations in the relationship between the swim bladder and the otic capsule. In this study, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) was used to test the hypothesis that fishes with different peripheral auditory structures (black drum, Pogonias chromis and Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus) show differences in frequency selectivity. In a black drum the swim bladder is relatively distant from the otic capsule while the swim bladder in Atlantic croaker possesses anteriorly-directed diverticulas that terminate relatively near the otic capsule. Signals were pure tones in the frequency range, 100 Hz to 1.5 kHz, and thresholds were determined both with and without the presence of simultaneous white noise at two intensity levels (124 dB and 136 dB, re: 1 \u03bcPa). At the 124 dB level of white noise background, both the black drum and Atlantic croaker showed similar changes in auditory sensitivity. However, in the presence of the 136 dB white noise masker, black drum showed significantly greater shifts in auditory thresholds between 300 and 600 Hz. The results indicate that the two species differ in frequency selectivity since the Atlantic croaker was less susceptible to auditory threshold shifts, particularly at the higher level of masking. This difference may be linked to peripheral auditory mechanisms. \u00a9 2004 Acoustical Society of America.","author":["Ramcharitar, J.","Popper, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2004-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312370","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resolving-effect-climate-change-fish-populations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/66\/7\/1570\/657377","title":"Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations","description":"This paper develops a framework for the study of climate on fish populations based on first principles of physiology, ecology, and available observations. Environmental variables and oceanographic features that are relevant to fish and that are likely to be affected by climate change are reviewed. Working hypotheses are derived from the differences in the expected response of different species groups. A review of published data on Northeast Atlantic fish species representing different biogeographic affinities, habitats, and body size lends support to the hypothesis that global warming results in a shift in abundance and distribution (in patterns of occurrence with latitude and depth) of fish species. Pelagic species exhibit clear changes in seasonal migration patterns related to climate-induced changes in zooplankton productivity. Lusitanian species have increased in recent decades (sprat, anchovy, and horse mackerel), especially at the northern limit of their distribution areas, while Boreal species decreased at the southern limit of their distribution range (cod and plaice), but increased at the northern limit (cod). Although the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, available evidence suggests climate-related changes in recruitment success to be the key process, stemming from either higher production or survival in the pelagic egg or larval stage, or owing to changes in the quality\/quantity of nursery habitats.","author":["Rijnsdorp, D.","Peck, M.","Engelhard, G.","Mollmann, C.","Pinnegar, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-04-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1312565","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/birds-conservation-concern-2021","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fws.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/birds-of-conservation-concern-2021.pdf","title":"Birds of Conservation Concern 2021","description":"The 1988 amendment to the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act mandates the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to identify species, subspecies and populations (hereafter taxa) of all migratory nongame birds that without additional conservation action are likely to become candidates for listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. The Birds of Conservation Concern 2021 (BCC 2021) is the most recent effort to carry out this mandate. The overall goal of this report is to identify those bird taxa (beyond those already designated as federally threatened or endangered) that represent the highest conservation priorities of the USFWS. The BCC 2021 is intended to stimulate coordinated, collaborative and proactive conservation actions among international, federal, state, tribal and private partners.  The geographic scope of this endeavor is the United States of America (USA) in its entirety, including island states, commonwealths and territories in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea and the marine areas delineated as territorial sea, contiguous zone and exclusive economic zone. The BCC 2021 encompasses four distinct geographic scales: 1) the Continental USA, including Alaska; 2) Pacific Ocean islands, including Hawaii; 3) Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Navassa; and 4) continental Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) and Marine Bird Conservation Regions (MBCRs), as defined by Bird Studies Canada and NABCI (2014). New to the BCC 2021 is the explicit inclusion of MBCRs.  Bird taxa considered for the BCC 2021 lists include nongame birds, gamebirds without hunting seasons or where harvest is minimal, and subsistencehunted nongame birds in Alaska. Excluded from consideration for the BCC 2021 are bird species not protected under the Migratory Bird Treaties (Federal Register 2020a), taxa already listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA, or taxa that only occur irregularly or peripherally in the USA. Our conservation assessment was based on several factors, including population abundance and trends, threats on breeding and nonbreeding grounds, and size of breeding and nonbreeding ranges. The factor scores and associated thresholds used for identifying birds of conservation concern in the 2014 State of the Birds Watch List (Rosenberg et al. 2014) and the Avian Conservation Assessment Database (Partners in Flight 2019, Punjabi et al. 2019) served as the foundation on which we developed the BCC 2021 lists. Thus, we sought consistency of the BCC 2021 with priorities identified through these other efforts, noting that appropriate differences do occur due to the unique scope and mandate of the Birds of Conservation Concern. The BCC 2021 also represents the first time we tried to unify the assessment system among waterbirds, shorebirds and landbirds.  The BCC 2021 identifies 269 individual bird taxa of conservation concern. Of these, 135 taxa are of conservation concern at the Continental scale, 88 taxa at the BCR scale, 29 taxa on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, and 35 taxa on Hawaii and the Pacific Islands; 18 taxa identified on the Continental\/ BCR lists are shared with either Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands or Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The number of taxa on the Hawaii\/Pacific Island list appears deceptively low, because a high number of birds there are already listed under the ESA. The number of taxa listed within a BCR, which includes those identified as conservation concern at the Continental or BCR scales, ranges from 12 taxa in the Arctic Plains and Mountains to 49 taxa in Coastal California, with an average of 25.4 taxa per BCR. Among MBCRs, the number of taxa ranged from two taxa in the Chuckchi and Beaufort Seas to 13 taxa in the California Current, with an average of 7.4 taxa per MBCR.  Although the bird taxa included in the BCC 2021 are priorities for conservation action, this list makes no finding with regard to whether they warrant consideration for ESA listing. Our goal is to eliminate the need for additional ESA bird listings by implementing proactive management and conservation actions that sustain populations well above thresholds of endangerment. We recommend that these lists be consulted in accordance with Executive Order 13186, Responsibilities of Federal Agencies to Protect Migratory Birds. Many of the taxa identified herein are targets of ongoing conservation attention by national and international initiatives (e.g., Partners in Flight, U.S. Shorebird Conservation Partnership), Migratory Bird Joint Ventures, state and federal natural resource agencies, non-governmental organizations, and other partnerships.","author":["US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"organization":["US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/birds-of-conservation-concern-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1314498","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sounds-western-north-atlantic-fishes-data-rescue","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09524622.2002.9753710","title":"Sounds of Western North Atlantic Fishes- Data Rescue","description":"There is increasing interest in the potential of passive acoustics as a tool to study temporal and spatial distribution patterns, habitat use, and spawning, feeding, and predator avoidance behaviors of fishes. However, one of the primary limitations to more widespread use of passive acoustics in studies of fish ecology is the lack of well documented, and readily available, sound references. This has led to our efforts to recover and make available a digital copy of tapes of fish sounds that originally accompanied the landmark book \u0022Sounds of Western North Atlantic Fishes\u0022 by Marie Fish and William Mowbray. They examined over 220 species from 59 families, and found biological sounds from 153 species from 36 families. The creation and distribution of a CD of fish sounds is the first step in a larger effort to rescue over 3 decades of sounds recorded at the Narragansett Marine Laboratory (Now the Graduate School of Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island), as well as other historical data, and establish a National Archive of Fish Sounds at Cornell University. In this presentation we provide audio samples of fish sounds from the CD and present a summary of ongoing efforts to create the National Archive. For more information also see: https:\/\/www.fishecology.org\/soniferous\/soundposter.htm Also refer to the raw excel file containing detailed inventory data in the supplementary resources associated with this publication.","author":["Rountree, R.","Perkins, P.","Kenny, R.","Hinga, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2012-04-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1316818","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/finfish-diversity-distribution-boreal-macrotidal-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/northeastern-naturalist\/volume-25\/issue-4\/045.025.0403\/Finfish-Diversity-and-Distribution-in-a-Boreal-Macrotidal-Bay\/10.1656\/045.025.0403.short","title":"Finfish Diversity and Distribution in a Boreal, Macrotidal Bay","description":"Cobscook Bay is an 11- km2 geographically complex, boreal, and macrotidal bay in eastern Maine. The physical environment, primary producers, and invertebrate assemblage of the bay are well-characterized, but no contemporary data exist on its finfish assemblage. We sampled the finfish assemblage of Cobscook Bay from 2011 to 2013 in May, June, August, and September to create a baseline dataset suitable for future comparisons. We also examined the composition, diversity, and annual changes in the assemblage. We sampled in the subtidal and intertidal zones using seines (n = 390), fyke nets (n = 72), and benthic (n = 112) and pelagic (n = 111) trawls; sampling was divided among the bay\u0027s 3 different sub-bays. We collected more than 60,000 individuals from 46 species. We employed species richness, Simpson\u0027s index of diversity, and non-metric multidimensional scaling (with the Bray\u2014Curtis and Horn\u2014Morisita indices) to examine spatial and temporal variation of finfish assemblages throughout the bay. Our analysis suggested that data collected in the subtidal pelagic were not a representative sample of that assemblage. Therefore, we considered 2 assemblages: the intertidal and subtidal benthic. Assemblage composition and species\u0027 relative abundances were different at diel, monthly, and annual timescales and were associated with changes in the catch rate of ubiquitous species. In the intertidal, these species included Gasterosteus aculeatus (Threespine Stickleback), Clupea harengus (Atlantic Herring), Alosa pseudoharengus (Alewife), and Menidia menidia (Atlantic Silverside). In the subtidal, the common species were Atlantic Herring and Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Winter Flounder). Statistical analyses indicated that both spatial and temporal factors were significant predictors of assemblage evenness. The sampling design, albeit complex, was sufficient to capture these differences and characterize these assemblages. Implications for future studies are that the study design must be sufficiently complex to capture the anticipated spatial and temporal variability inherent in such dynamic environments. Furthermore, given recent warming trends in the Gulf of Maine, this study\u0027s results suggest the importance of thoroughly understanding local temporal and ecosystem variability.","author":["Vieser, J.","Zydlewski, G.","McCleave, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-22 04:00:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1316819","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morphological-diversity-development-evolution-mechanosensory-lateral-line-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F2506_2013_12","title":"Morphological Diversity, Development, and Evolution of the Mechanosensory Lateral Line System","description":"Morphological, physiological, behavioral, and developmental studies of the mechanosensory lateral line system are used to define sources of morphological and functional variation in the system among fishes (and briefly in amphibians), review patterns and mechanisms of embryonic and postembryonic development, discuss how interspecific variation in morphology is explained by developmental patterns, and place the morphology of the lateral line system in model species for neurophysiological and neuroethological studies into a broader comparative context. The presence of both canal and superficial neuromasts defines two sensory submodalities in jawed fishes. The number and spatial distribution of superficial neuromasts appear to demonstrate more variation among species when compared to that of the canal neuromasts, whose distribution is limited by their association with the lateral line canals. Morphological diversity of the lateral line canal system is defined by (1) variation in the morphology and extent of development of the cranial lateral line canals; (2) the number, placement, and extent of development of the trunk canals; and (3) the distribution of superficial neuromasts on the skin of the head, trunk, and tail. An understanding of the pattern and timing of lateral line development is essential for an appreciation of changes in lateral line function and thus its behavioral roles through a fish\u2019s life history. The evolution of the lateral line system and structure\u2013function relationships among species are best appreciated when patterns and underlying mechanisms of development are considered. Conversely, an appreciation for morphological diversity among species is likely to assist in the interpretation of developmental patterns.","author":["Webb, J."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1316820","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-littoral-zone-ecology-threats-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0075951104800318","title":"Fish in the littoral zone: ecology, threats and management","description":"The importance of the littoral zone of lakes to a diversity of fish species has been appreciated for many centuries, although the complexity and heterogeneity of this habitat have resulted in a poorer understanding of local fish ecology compared with that achieved for typically much larger but simpler offshore habitats. Lake fish species may occupy the littoral zone permanently or visit it on diel, seasonal or ontogenetic timescales in response to a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The purposes of such occupations include feeding, refuge from predation and, most importantly for many species, reproduction. The primary environmental threats to fish in the littoral zone arise from eutrophication, which may directly or indirectly alter feeding conditions through the loss of macrophytes, from increases or decreases in water level variations and from siltation rates, both of which may interfere with spawning or egg incubation, and from the introduction of alien species, many of which preferentially colonise the littoral zone where they may act as predators, competitors or environmental degraders. The management of these threats is best accomplished through general lake management measures such as the control of nutrient levels, but some actions specific to the littoral zone or its fish populations are also feasible. These include the replacement of lost or damaged spawning substrata, the active management of water levels at appropriate times of year, and, at least potentially, the deployment of artificial structures to provide appropriate physical habitat for adult fish.","author":["Winfield, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2004-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1330563","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-electricity-generation-grid-remote-communities-life-cycle-assessment-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261921007352","title":"Renewable electricity generation for off grid remote communities; Life Cycle Assessment Study in Alaska, USA","description":"Many remote communities are reliant on fossil fuels to produce electricity and\/or heat. The environmental impact from these generation systems in remote regions have significant emissions from the transportation of fuel to the generation site and only exacerbate the effects of climate change on these communities. Power via sustainable methods is a priority to avoid further environmental damage and sustain local communities (aligns with UNSDG 7, 11 and 13).  A life cycle assessment for the deployment of a renewable electricity generation device (ORPC, Rivgen\u00ae) in Alaska, USA as a case study comparison against the existing diesel electricity generation method was analysed using ReCiPe methodology. The kg CO2 eq\/MWh is shown to decrease from 1345.45 kg CO2 eq\/MWh with diesel electricity generation to 17.49 kg CO2 eq\/MWh after a 20-year Rivgen\u00ae deployment. The impact of operations and maintenance is minimised if local operators service the device instead of OEMs, with an additional saving of between 0.03 and 25.50% across environmental impact categories. Although the marine hydrokinetic device is less environmentally harmful compared to diesel electricity generating sets, optimal deployment of the device is required to overcome some environmental burdens; agricultural land occupation, water depletion and metal depletion.  The results demonstrate that deployment of renewable electricity generation devices to off grid remote locations for electricity generation can have the same or less, environmental impact as urban grid systems.","author":["McCallum, C.","Kumar, N.","Curry, R.","McBride, K.","Doran, J."],"organization":["Letterkenny Institute of Technology","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:05:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McCallum-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1332305","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-tidal-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128197271001151?via%3Dihub","title":"Environmental Impacts of Tidal and Wave Energy Converters","description":"Understanding the complexity of environmental impacts of tidal and wave energy converters (TECs, WECs) still presents a major challenge to the expansion of the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, particularly for new developments. Using the stressor-receptor framework, we broadly introduce the main environmental effects and potential impacts that are considered for TEC and WEC developments. We first provide an overview of the legislation that governs the need to consider the environmental impacts, and the diverse approaches taken to assess them. We then outline potential effects of relevance to the abiotic and biotic environment in the vicinity of TECs and WECs. These include receptor responses to changes in hydrodynamics and sediments, habitat modification, animal collision risk with dynamic parts of devices, and energy emissions including receptor responses to noise and electromagnetic fields associated with installations. We provide an overview of how changes may directly and indirectly influence components of the ecosystem (e.g., habitats, species, processes). In doing so, we highlight the tools presently in use to monitor or research these effects, identify knowledge gaps, as well as future research needs and strategies. A better understanding of the effects of diverse installations will ultimately support the expansion of the MRE industry. Furthermore, this knowledge will facilitate assessments of cumulative effects and inform marine spatial planning, supporting the implementation and management of sustainable developments in our ocean.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Lieber, L.","Miller, R.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","University of Rhode Island","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Aquatera Ltd","Environmental Research Institute (ERI)"],"originationDate":"2021-10-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1334815","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distribution-density-six-large-whale-species-new-york-bight-monthly-aerial-surveys","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434321002284","title":"Distribution and density of six large whale species in the New York Bight from monthly aerial surveys 2017 to 2020","description":"This multi-year study investigated the density and distribution of six large whale species in the New York Bight (NYB): the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whale (B. physalus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis), sei whale (B. borealis), and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). During 36 line-transect aerial surveys conducted systematically nearshore out to 120 nm from March 2017 to February 2020, 318 total sightings of these species were recorded. Sighting rates varied by season and distance from shore. The combined density of the six species, uncorrected for detectability on the survey line (g[0]), was 1.7 individuals\/1,000 km2, and average annual abundance was estimated to be 76 whales (CV = 21.2%) in the NYB survey area. When species-specific corrections for trackline detectability bias were applied, the overall density estimate increased to 6.3 individuals\/1,000 km2 and 272 average annual abundance. Sightings were characterized within four habitat distribution zones based on depth or distance from shore out to 250 nm. Humpback and fin whales occurred in greater numbers than the other four species and were recorded in all years, in all four seasons, at minimum at least once in each month, and from nearshore to offshore in all habitat zones. Right whales were seen in all seasons except summer and occurred mainly in the shelf zone. Sperm whales were seen in all seasons and in all months except May and November, mainly in offshore waters in the plain. Blue whales were seen in fall and winter in offshore waters, and sei whales in spring on the shelf and slope. All large whales were most frequently sighted in the shelf zone with similar albeit lower numbers seen in the slope and plain habitat. Large whale sighting rates were highest during summer, followed by spring. Results from these surveys provide valuable data on the year-round occurrence of large whales, including blue and sei whales which have rarely been recorded in Atlantic seaboard waters west of Cape Cod, and provide a basis for management and conservation efforts in the NYB. These data can inform assessments of current measures to protect large whales from anthropogenic threats like fishing, shipping, and offshore wind development in the NYB, as well as evaluations of specific potential impacts of such activities (e.g., site-specific take estimates and noise exposures).","author":["Zoidis, A.","Lomac-MacNair, K.","Ireland, D.","Rickard, M.","McKown, K.","Schlesinger, D."],"organization":["Tetra Tech Inc.","LGL Ltd","State University of New York","New York State Department of Environmental Conservation"],"originationDate":"2021-11-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.925535500000","-75.578541700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1334817","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/monitoring-indo-pacific-humpback-dolphin-occurrences-highly-urbanized-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.3475","title":"Monitoring Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin occurrences in a highly urbanized estuary for informing conservation and management","description":"The estuaries within the Pearl River Delta are sites for large-scale urban development and offshore construction. These projects have conservation stakeholders calling for more protection for the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins whose habitat overlaps with current and proposed construction sites.  Efforts to improve impact assessments are hindered by the lack of baseline data and comprehensive understanding of how often the dolphins are present in areas near or within locations targeted for further development. The Modaomen Estuary within the Pearl River Delta is a good example of this, with little consideration for the dolphins as no data on their diurnal and seasonal occurrences within the estuary exist.  A passive acoustic monitoring system was deployed over a calendar year from October 2016 to September 2017 to monitor the presence of humpback dolphins in the Modaomen Estuary.  Results indicated that the estuary is an important area for humpback dolphins, with regular diel rhythms and seasonality in detection rates. For example, higher detections were seen during the wet season than during the dry season. However, there was no significant difference in detection rates between the flood and ebb tides, or between high and low tidal phases.  Since the Modaomen Estuary is targeted for further development in the near future, these data provide the rationale for resource management and consent processes to consider potential impacts on the dolphins, as well as to aid marine spatial planning and conservation measures.","author":["Fang, L.","Lin, W.","Guo, L.","Cai, H.","Pine, M.","Wu, Y."],"organization":["Sun Yat-sen University","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["22.050532000000","113.492145000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1346436","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advanced-environmental-monitoring-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/handle\/1773\/44376","title":"Advanced Environmental Monitoring for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Marine renewable energy has the potential to provide clean, reliable power to coastal communities and offshore facilities. However, the effects that marine energy development might have on the environment are not yet well understood. One environmental risk of particular concern is that of collision between an animal and a marine energy converter, but conducting the requisite environmental monitoring to understand this risk has presented a challenge at marine energy sites around the world for several reasons. First, if collision does occur, it is likely to be a rare event, meaning that detection requires continuous monitoring over extended deployments. Second, there is no single sensor that can provide all of the necessary information, and a combination of active acoustic, passive acoustic, and optical sensors is required. Third, these sensors can rapidly accrue vast volumes of data (petabyte-scale), making it difficult to extract insight from collected data. Finally, waves and currents at marine energy sites complicate the deployment of any monitoring instrumentation. Integrated instrumentation platforms that combine sensors into a single platform can address some of these challenges, because they can provide all of the necessary data and reduce deployment complexity. However, operation of such a platform must meet three directives in order to be most effective: 1) avoid biasing animal behavior through the use of instrumentation, 2) reliably detect rare events, and 3) avoid collection of unmanageable volumes of data. In this thesis, it is demonstrated that it is possible to simultaneously meet all three of these directives. This is demonstrated using the Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP), an integrated instrumentation platform that combines multibeam sonars, optical cameras, hydrophones, and an acoustic Doppler current profiler. Artificial illumination is necessary to collect data from optical cameras when ambient light is not available. However, this light can either attract or repel animals. To minimize these effects (e.g., meet directive 1), the AMP uses detection, tracking, and classification of targets in the multibeam sonar data to restrict the use of artificial illumination to periods when a target of interest is present and might be detectable by the optical cameras. Information about target presence is also used to limit data archival to periods when a target of interest is present and avoid curation of data that does not contain any useful information (e.g., meeting directives 2 and 3). To benchmark this capability, real-time target detection and tracking are used to limit data archival to periods when any target of potential interest is present during a deployment of the AMP in Sequim Bay, WA. The target detection and tracking approach was found to have a true negative rate of 0.99 (e.g., an estimated 1% of targets of interest were not recorded), but 45% of recorded data did not contain a biological target. To address this relatively high false positive rate, recorded data were used to train machine learning classification of tracked targets. Three machine learning algorithms, trained using varying parameters and features, were evaluated for this task. A random forest algorithm was found to perform best, and the resulting classification model was able to distinguish between biological targets (e.g., seals, fish) and non-biological targets (e.g., acoustic artifacts) with a true positive rate of 0.97 and a false negative rate of 0.13. This model was then implemented in real-time during a second deployment of the AMP and used to limit data acquisition to periods when biological targets were predicted to be present. The model achieved the same true positive rate and a false positive rate of 0.23 in real-time after re-training with site specific data. From these results, general recommendations are made for implementation of real-time classification of biological targets in multibeam sonar data at new marine energy sites. All active acoustic sensors used on the Adaptable Monitoring Package, including the multibeam sonar used for real-time classification, have operating frequencies above the upper limit of marine mammal hearing. However, high-frequency transducers can still produce sound at lower frequencies audible to marine mammals. A comprehensive evaluation of the acoustic emissions of four active acoustic transducers used on the Adaptable Monitoring Package was conducted to understand whether they might cause hearing damage or bias marine mammal hearing (e.g., violating directive 1). All four transducers were found to produce measurable sound below 160 kHz, the reported upper limit of marine mammal hearing. A spatial map of the acoustic emissions of each sonar was used to evaluate potential effects on marine mammal hearing if the transducer were continuously operated from a stationary platform. Based on the cumulative sound exposure level metric, the acoustic emissions from any of the the transducers are unlikely to cause hearing damage to marine mammals. However, the extent of audibility is estimated to be on the order of 100 m, and further research is needed to understand how this might affect marine mammal behavior. In sum, this thesis provides a framework for effective environmental monitoring that can be used to reduce the the uncertainty surrounding the environmental effects of marine renewable energy. Further, many aspects are widely applicable to the ocean instrumentation community. Automatic classification of fauna in multibeam sonar data had not been previously demonstrated, and has applications in biological research. The methods developed for evaluation of the acoustic emissions of active acoustic sensors allow for effective comparison between transducers, which can be used to inform sensor selection and government regulation of their use.","author":["Cotter, E."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2019-08-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter_et_al_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1346437","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-analytical-models-sustainable-development-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchportal.port.ac.uk\/en\/studentTheses\/decision-analytical-models-for-the-sustainable-development-of-mar","title":"Decision analytical models for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy","description":"This thesis presents a set of decision analytical models for the sustainable development of marine renewable energies (MREs) including offshore wind, tidal and wave energy, with a case application for United Kingdom. The MRE industry is a growing sector, which could significantly contribute to meeting the future energy demand and the realization of a low carbon energy system. For the development of these technologies, a multi-dimensional approach that takes into account the environmental, social, economic and technical factors is required. In this thesis, contributions are made towards the development of models that address the problems related to the efficiency assessment, evaluation of the infrastructure, and portfolio selection. In the first part of this research, a benchmark study of the offshore wind sector is provided by assessing the efficiency of a set of 70 offshore wind farms across five North-Western European countries based on environmental, social, technical and economic criteria. The Data Envelopment Analysis method (DEA) has been utilised and the median efficiency score results are interpreted on a country level. In the second part of this research, the focus is on the logistics capabilities of the infrastructure (namely the ports) for supporting the development of MREs in the two phases of construction and operations and maintenance. A number of different logistical criteria are considered for the assessment of the suitability of ports for serving the MRE projects. The Analytical Hierarchy Process method (AHP) is applied as a selection tool with which the decision makers are able to identify the most suitable potential port for a given wind farm. In the third part of this research, a non-deterministic goal programming model based on interval data for solving a project selection problem is proposed. Sustainability criteria including economic, environmental, social, and technical are considered and the model determines the optimal portfolio of marine renewable energy across the UK. This model offers a practical II decision analysis tool to stakeholders for the selection of MRE projects and identifying potential development zones within a region.","author":["Akbari, N."],"organization":["University of Portsmouth"],"originationDate":"2020-06-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Akbari_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1348761","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-benthic-secondary-productivity-artificial-structures-maximising-benefit","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ethos.bl.uk\/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.715443","title":"Quantifying Benthic Secondary Productivity on Artificial Structures: Maximising the Benefit of Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"Marine renewable energy developments (MRED) will result in large quantities of infrastructure being deployed in coastal habitats, and the localised exclusion of fishing. The ecological consequences of this scale of deployment are largely unknown, particularly for benthic species. Infrastructure has the capacity to act as artificial reefs (ARs), providing novel habitat, and this may viewed as a benefit of MRED, or a means to mitigate the exclusion of fishing. At present, the functioning of AR ecosystems remains poorly understood. As a measure of ecosystem function, secondary productivity can be used to assess the implications of MRED. The lack of suitable methodology, deployable at relevant scales within time and\/or cost constraints, has limited benthic secondary productivity (BSP) quantifications on ARs. Techniques to measure potential BSP and particle flux were developed and applied to the Loch Linnhe Artificial Reef (functionally similar to scour protection material). Variations in BSP and mobile epifaunal densities on, and between, structures in different environments were quantified. Reefs exposed to intermediate current had the highest potential productivity. The BSP on internal areas of structures contributed to the total productive output, but the relative contribution varied according to reef location and design. BSP was primarily determined by particle supply, but the response was not consistent among locations. Mobile epifaunal densities related to reef location, but not reef design, and were highest on reefs in the deepest water and exposed to the fastest currents. The evidence presented in this thesis highlights the need to account for the receiving environment when predicting the ecological consequences of MRED, or when modelling the productive capacity of structures. Such information can be used to suggest modifications to proposed or existing structures in order to maximise their benefit to coastal ecosystems.","author":["Rouse, S."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-03-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1348762","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-support-model-environmental-impact-economic-evaluation-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ndltd.ncl.edu.tw\/cgi-bin\/gs32\/gsweb.cgi?o=dnclcdr\u0026s=id=%22103NSYS5282025%22.\u0026searchmode=basic#XXX","title":"Decision Support Model on Environmental Impact and Economic Evaluation for Marine Renewable Energy \u2013 Case Study on Penghu Archipelago","description":"In order to make good use of marine resources, European Union (EU) has a great interest in developing marine platform including renewable energy, tourism, aquaculture and transportation. Marine renewable energy platform refers to construction of offshore wind farms, ocean thermal energy conversion, tidal and currents energy conversion and wave energy conversion. Taiwan has explicitly scheduled these in \u201cWhite Paper on energy industries\u201d as well, which means that there have some relevant projects already been planned. The installations will likely result in negative influence on natural habitat and pollution, or positive benefits such as reducing emission of greenhouse gas and fuel saving, but these effects won\u0027t be estimated properly into traditional cost-benefit analysis(CBA). This study applied environmental impact assessment (EIA) theory to compute the real value of all the factors that mentioned within marine renewable energy projects and cases. Using environmental CBA within decision support model, my study provides some recommendations regarding future constructs, establishes EIA framework, and can be seen as a consultant to decision maker and stakeholders. The model constructed in this study can worth the value of every environmental cost-benefit factors and profits under different type, sites and limited circumstances of marine renewable energy installations. I analyze the offshore wind farms, tidal currents energy conversion and wave energy conversion projects form discount rate 5.25% to 9.75% under parameters and variables come from Penghu. The number of all benefit-cost ratios are over 1.0, represented these plan own their feasibilities to a certain extent. However, every single item inside the part of environmental costs shouldn\u0027t be ignored and ought to be decreased as possible since it stands for damage to the nature.","author":["Chang, Y.-C."],"organization":["National Sun Yat-Sen University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1348763","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-conceptual-model-towards-innovative-solution-marine-energy-decision-making","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cora.ucc.ie\/handle\/10468\/7310","title":"Development of a conceptual model towards an innovative solution for marine energy decision-making","description":"The key topic of research in this thesis is one of governance challenges with respect to marine energy. Marine energy (ME) refers to forms of hydrocarbons and renewable energy, including wind, wave and tidal energy that are extracted from marine resources. Increasingly, Marine Renewable Energy (MRE), namely from offshore wind, wave and tidal energy, is viewed as an opportunity to meet climate change obligations, with the added benefit of powering the economy and the creation of jobs. The marine energy sector faces a range of challenges including technological, and importantly, governance challenges. Large-scale energy infrastructure projects reveal a complex array of governance issues to be reconciled, including a failure to meet the expectations of the public affected by development. This focuses attention on the need to understand the governance framework, especially in order to facilitate the transition to a carbon neutral economy. To date, some limited research has been undertaken on linear governance dimensions related to sectoral aspects of marine energy exploration. Even less research has been undertaken on integrating governance dimensions, from the broad perspectives of policy and regulation, industry development and civil society. The research objective was to develop a conceptual model that describes the different components of ME governance, with a focus on Ireland, with practical implications for governance in the future. This model was developed based on the analyses of case studies, including in-depth examples from the United States and Ireland. Given the understanding that transition from fossil fuels to renewables requires knowledge transfer and learning from past large-scale infrastructure development projects, and the way that stakeholders were engaged in such cases, case studies from both MRE and offshore oil and gas sectors were considered in the study. Each of the case studies illustrated different elements of marine energy governance, stakeholder analysis, policy framework analysis and literature analyses. High-level views on offshore energy developments in Ireland, the United Kingdom and Denmark were also provided. In-depth analyses found that current governance frameworks lack efficacy in terms of policy integration and enforcement, government oversight to unlock the potential of yet untapped commercial resources, and trust on the part of local communities due to past failures. The study concludes that there is a missing connection between governance and management, particularly in the domains of policy and regulation; industry development; and public engagement. The findings of this research address this gap and provide cornerstones of a practical model on how this disconnection can be avoided in the future. By weight of evidence these principles are the \u2018facilitation of governance collaboration and integration\u2019 and \u2018knowledge creation\u2019 as a result of a scientifically robust evidence base. The role of an honest broker is recommended to support \u2018facilitation and knowledge creation\u2019. In terms of theoretical contribution of this research these two principles should be added to the list of good governance principles addressed in current literature on the topic. The study harnessed an opportunity to engage with a wider range of multiple stakeholders representing various strands of governance and diverse cohorts of civil society. The extended gathering of information by means of 56 semi-structured interviews with 95 experts and stakeholders, group discussions in Ireland and the U.S. and the organisation of a national \u201cMarine Energy Governance Workshop\u201d are significant research contributions from this thesis.","author":["Lange, M."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2018-06-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lange_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1348958","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noaa-boem-minimum-recommendations-use-passive-acoustic-listening-systems-offshore-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.760840\/full","title":"NOAA and BOEM Minimum Recommendations for Use of Passive Acoustic Listening Systems in Offshore Wind Energy Development Monitoring and Mitigation Programs","description":"Offshore wind energy development is rapidly ramping up in United States (U.S.) waters in order to meet renewable energy goals. With a diverse suite of endangered large whale species and a multitude of other protected marine species frequenting these same waters, understanding the potential consequences of construction and operation activities is essential to advancing responsible offshore wind development. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) represents a newer technology that has become one of several methods of choice for monitoring trends in the presence of species, the soundscape, mitigating risk, and evaluating potential behavioral and distributional changes resulting from offshore wind activities. Federal and State regulators, the offshore wind industry, and environmental advocates require detailed information on PAM capabilities and techniques needed to promote efficient, consistent, and meaningful data collection efforts on local and regional scales. PAM during offshore wind construction and operation may be required by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Bureau of Ocean Energy Management through project-related permits and approvals issued pursuant to relevant statutes and regulations. The recommendations in this paper aim to support this need as well as to aid the development of project-specific PAM Plans by identifying minimum procedures, system requirements, and other important components for inclusion, while promoting consistency across plans. These recommendations provide an initial guide for stakeholders to meet the rapid development of the offshore wind industry in United States waters. Approaches to PAM and agency requirements will evolve as future permits are issued and construction plans are approved, regional research priorities are refined, and scientific publications and new technologies become available.","author":["Van Parijs, S.","Baker, K.","Carduner, J.","Daly, J.","Davis, G.","Esch, C.","Guan, S.","Scholik-Schlomer, A.","Sisson, N.","Staaterman, E."],"organization":["NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Office of Protected Resources","Catholic University of America","Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office"],"originationDate":"2021-10-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:18:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NOAA-BOEM-PAM-Recs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1351086","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multiscale-hydro-environmental-modelling-marine-renewable-energy-devices-particular","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orca.cardiff.ac.uk\/111199\/","title":"Multiscale hydro-environmental modelling of marine renewable energy devices, with particular application to the severn barrage","description":"This research study presents enhancements to the hydro-environmental model Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC), improving the predictive capabilities of the impacts of tidal range renewable proposals and dissolved phosphate concentrations in estuaries. Refinements to the representation of turbines and sluice gates, including updates to the discharge relationships used and momentum conservation were applied to the Severn Tidal Power Group\u2019s Cardiff-Weston Barrage, providing an accurate assessment of the barrage\u2019s potential impacts and highlighting the importance of correct hydraulic structure representation. The Severn Barrage was found to have minor impacts on peak water levels as far-field as the west coast of Scotland. The refinements reduced predicted peak water levels by up to 1 m upstream of the barrage. The applicability of the updated model in assisting with the design and optimisation of tidal lagoons was then tested by running a suite of different configurations of the Bridgwater Bay Lagoon, varying the turbine numbers from 60 to 360. It was demonstrated that additional turbines can negatively impact energy output, by reducing average generating time and generating over a lower head difference. Previous laboratory and field studies demonstrated a link between salinity and phosphate sorption to sediments due to the competition for sorption sites between seawater anions and phosphate. Since sediment-associated nutrients are not readily available for biological uptake, the dissolved proportion of phosphate is of particular importance when trying to predict the grown of phytoplankton and the potential for eutrophication. The salinity-linked sorption relationship was incorporated into the EFDC model to improve the prediction for dissolved phosphate across the estuary by taking into account the salinity variation. The refinement to the numerical calculation for the phosphate partition coefficient in the model caused a measurable change to the predicted dissolved phosphate levels, bringing them closer to measured data from the estuary.","author":["Bray, S."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2017-09-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1358433","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-japan","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Japan","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Japan. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In Japan, there are legal systems in place to oversee spatial use of Japanese sea areas.  There are a variety of regulatory bodies in charge of permissions for activities, which may include planning, area designation, and construction work, depending on the sea area, such as coasts, harbors, shipping routes, natural parks, protected water surfaces, etc. The scope of hearing and discussion also varies from project to project. Regarding marine renewable energy (MRE) development, the Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) established the Act on Promoting Utilization of Sea Areas for Development of Power Generation Facilities Using Maritime Renewable Energy Resources. Also, the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT) amended the Port and Harbor Act to permit using a part of a port area for MRE development.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2021-11-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:28:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Japan_final_4.11.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1358822","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sonar-environmental-monitoring-marine-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/uu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1068973\u0026dswid=8561","title":"Sonar for environmental monitoring of  marine renewable energy technologies","description":"Human exploration of the world oceans is ever increasing as conventional industries grow and new industries emerge. A new emerging and fast-growing industry is the marine renewable energy. The last decades have been characterized by an accentuated development rate of technologies that can convert the energy contained in stream flows, waves, wind and tides. This growth benefits from the fact that society has become notably aware of the well-being of the environment we all live in. This brings a human desire to implement technologies which cope better with the natural environment. Yet, this environmental awareness may also pose difficulties in approving new renewable energy projects such as offshore wind, wave and tidal energy farms. Lessons that have been learned is that lack of consistent environmental data can become an impasse when consenting permits for testing and deployments marine renewable energy technologies. An example is the European Union in which a majority of the member states requires rigorous environmental monitoring programs to be in place when marine renewable energy technologies are commissioned and decommissioned. To satisfy such high demands and to simultaneously boost the marine renewable sector, long-term environmental monitoring framework that gathers multi-variable data are needed to keep providing data to technology developers, operators as well as to the general public. Technologies based on active acoustics might be the most advanced tools to monitor the subsea environment around marine manmade structures especially in murky and deep waters where divining and conventional technologies are both costly and risky.  The main objective of this PhD project is to develop and test active acoustic monitoring system for offshore renewable energy farms. This was done by integrating a multitude of appropriate monitoring sonar, hydrophones and cameras systems to be developed with standards suitable for subsea environmental monitoring. A first task was to identify, then secondly, acquire and test sonar systems. A platform was designed and built, a data acquisition device control systems were developed, and finally, additional instruments such as video cameras and sonars were added. Then a systems integration was followed by calibration of devices. The sonar systems were used for quantitative measurements of the occurrence of e.g. schools of fish near marine renewable energy converters. The sonar systems were also used for seabed inspections, depth measurements and cavitating flow observations.  So far, the combination of multibeam and dual-beam sonar systems produced good results of target detection, bottom inspection, depth measurements and biomass estimation. The multibeam sonar system was capable of resolving isolated targets located near high acoustic retroreflective objects. Panoramic acoustic images of wave and instream energy converters were acquired using a multibeam sonar operating at frequencies near 1 GHz. The Dual-beam and split-beam sonar systems produced data referent to acoustic background intensity of targets that helps classifying targets according to its size, composition and 3-Dimensional location within the water column. During the next phase of this project, the platform will be deployed for longer periods in order to gather consistent acoustic and optical backscattering data of e.g. marine animal occurrence within marine renewable energy farms.","author":["Francisco, F."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2016-12-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:01:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Francisco_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1358824","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-environment-acceptable-alternative-land-locating-renewable-energy-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz\/handle\/10182\/2987","title":"The Marine environment: an acceptable alternative to land for locating renewable energy generation?","description":"In  the  context  of  the  New  Zealand  Energy  Strategy-target  of  90%  electricity  generation  from renewable  energy  by  the  year  2025,  this  dissertation  analyses  if  the  generally  accepted  statement  that  socio-economic  factors  and  in  particular  planning  procedures  and  public  acceptance of  individual  schemes  are  a  major  limitation  for  the  development  of  renewable  energy  projects,  also  applies  in  New  Zealand.  Moreover,  it  is  analysed  if  a  relocation  of  renewable  power generation  to  the  coastal  and  marine  environment,  in  particular  in  form  of  offshore  wind farms, could  circumvent  this  obstacle. Therefore  New  Zealand\u2019s  spatial  planning  framework  on  land  and  in  the  marine  environment is  analysed  using  parts  of  the  comparative  policy  analysis.  Furthermore,  the  consent  processes and  the  public  perceptions  via  submissions  of  three  different  case  studies,  two  wind  farms  on land  and  a  tidal  power  generation  scheme  in  the  marine  environment  are  examined  with  a framework  which  is  partly  based  on  Devine-Wright  (2005)  and  Graham  et  al. (2009). It  is  ascertained  that  the  resource  consent  process  on  land  can  be  an  obstacle  in  the  realisation of  new  wind  farms,  mainly  due  to  time  and  cost  consuming  procedures  and  strong  public  opposition.  The  relocation  of  projects  into  the  marine  environment  does  not  circumvent  of  facilitate  the  consenting  process,  but  potentially  reduces  public  opposition  if  appropriate  locations are  chosen  and  their  allocation  is  strategically  provided  for  in  the  spatial  planning  framework. This  however  requires  changes  to  the  existing  planning  system  of  New  Zealand\u2019s  marine  environment.","author":["Goebbels, M."],"organization":["Lincoln University"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Goebbels_et_al_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1358825","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-strategy-framework-directive-marine-spatial-planning-marine-renewables-linking","sourceURL":"https:\/\/abdn.primo.exlibrisgroup.com\/discovery\/delivery\/44ABE_INST:44ABE_VU1\/12152646210005941?lang=en\u0026viewerServiceCode=AlmaViewer","title":"The Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Marine Spatial Planning and Marine Renewables: Linking Concepts for Implementation. A Case Study from Scotland","description":"Since the turn of the century marine spatial planning and an ecosystem approach have been promoted as a way of managing anthropogenic impacts upon the marine environment. However, more information is needed on how to apply these in practice. This thesis examines the main international and European legal regimes which facilitate and require the implementation of an ecosystem approach to marine management in order to investigate the Scottish approach to marine spatial planning (MSP). The law of the marine environment has, however, evolved in a fragmentary, reactionary manner at an international, European and national level. Drawing out the connections between different legal requirements and the processes, this thesis highlights how the concept of good environmental status (GES) objectifies the elements of the environment that must be considered in order to implement an ecosystem approach to marine management. At a Scottish level, this thesis discusses the law governing the marine renewable energy industry focussing on offshore wind to scrutinise whether the legislation that introduced marine spatial planning in Scottish waters (the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 and the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009) can reconcile ambitious renewable energy targets while progressing towards achieving and maintaining good environmental status. Connecting the laws governing strategic environmental assessments and environmental impact assessments with initial assessments under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) identifies how the law can reconcile increasing marine renewable energy production with the obligation to achieve and maintain GES. However, the key to achieving this are the licensing decisions authorising the developments.","author":["MacDonald, A."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1360564","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-study-scour-around-support-structures-model-marine-hydrokinetic-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.bucknell.edu\/masters_theses\/144\/","title":"Experimental Study of Scour around Support Structures of Model Marine Hydrokinetic Devices","description":"Experiments are presented to explore scour due to flows around support structures of model marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices. Three related studies were performed to understand how submergence, scour condition, and the presence of an MHK device impact scour around the support structure (cylinder). The first study focused on clear-water scour conditions for a cylinder of varied submergence: surface-piercing and fully submerged. The second study centered on three separate scour conditions of different flow velocities (clear-water, transitional, and live-bed) around the fully submerged cylinder. Lastly, the third study examined the impact of an MHK turbine on scour around the support structure, in live-bed conditions. These three studies addressed the effect of structure blockage\/drag, and the ambient scour conditions on scour around the support structure. The experiments were performed in the small-scale testing platform in the hydraulic flume facility (9.8 m long, 1.2 m wide and 0.4 m deep) at Bucknell University. The support structure diameter (D = 25.4 mm) was held constant for all tests. The submerged cylinder (l\/D = 5) and sediment size (d50 = 790 microns) were held constant for all three studies. The MHK device (Dt = 101.6 mm) is a two-bladed horizontal axis turbine and the rotating shaft is friction-loaded using a metal brush motor. For each study, bed form topology was measured after a three-hour time interval using a two-dimensional traversing bed profiler. During the experiments, depth measurements of the scour-hole at the front face of the support structure (cylinder) were made at regular intervals to estimate scour rates. Measurements of the bed form were collected in half-diameter increments across the width of the test section. Results from these three studies show the scour-hole dimensions (length, width, depth) and scour rates are dependent on submergence, scour condition and presence of the MHK device. Increase in submergence in the first study showed increases in the scour-hole dimensions and scour rates. The second study indicated two distinct scour rate regimes in the clear-water condition, while four regimes were identified in the transitional and live-bed conditions. Scour-hole dimensions were found to be dependent on the change in average flow velocity between the three different scour conditions. Finally, the third study demonstrated that the addition of the MHK turbine increases the scour-hole dimensions in the live-bed condition. Scour rates increase with increasing average flow velocity, most notably in the latter two regimes.","author":["Volpe, M."],"organization":["Bucknell University"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1362885","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena-presence-reduced-during-tidal-turbine-operation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aqc.3737","title":"Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation","description":"Uptake of tidal turbine technology to generate renewable energy has been partly limited by poor understanding of ecological impacts, including the potential for collisions between cetaceans and rotating turbine blades. To address this concern, it is necessary to identify whether cetaceans behaviourally respond to operating turbines.  A turbine in Scotland was instrumented with hydrophones to detect cetacean vocalizations. A generalized additive model was used to investigate temporal variability in harbour porpoise presence close to the turbine. As there were incidentally periods when the turbine was not operating, it was possible to determine the effect of blade rotation, whilst accounting for the potentially confounding effect of tidal flow.  Harbour porpoise presence varied intra-annually, diurnally and with tidal state. Peak presence occurred during winter (September\u2013February), at night and at high flow speeds on the flood tide.  Porpoises exhibited significant avoidance of the tidal turbine when it was operating; avoidance increased with flow speed, whereby mean porpoise presence was reduced by up to 78% (95% CIs, 51%, 91%) on the flood tide and up to 64% (95% CI, 3%, 91%) on the ebb tide.  The temporal variability in encounter rate in the present study highlights that collision risk assessments assuming static densities probably fail to capture the temporal variability of collision risk. Future studies should conduct long-term baseline monitoring to derive encounter rates at larger spatio-temporal scales and as a reference from which to measure change in habitat use. It is also critical that the generality of the avoidance rates presented here is assessed for other sites, turbine types, array sizes and cetacean species. As the tidal industry expands, it will be important to reconcile the benefits of avoidance responses from a collision risk perspective with potential chronic effects of displacement from, or barriers between, important habitats.","author":["Palmer, L.","Gillespie, D.","Macaulay, J.","Sparling, C.","Russell, D.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","SMRU Consulting","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.659574000000","-3.136369000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Palmer-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1362886","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-stakeholder-perception-engagement-marine-energy-transitions-decarbonising","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032121010121","title":"Managing stakeholder perception and engagement for marine energy transitions in a decarbonising world","description":"There is a growing body of scholarship on the enabling conditions for energy transitions in various energy contexts globally. Transition measures need to address the concerns of communities that will host renewable energy infrastructure. Despite this, the consequences of energy transitions at the community level and in coastal environments have not received adequate attention. The case of the Corrib Gas field development in Ireland provides valuable insights into stakeholder issues surrounding strategic infrastructure developments. Material from case study work with over 70 stakeholders in a rural coastal region in Ireland\u0027s West is used to identify the cause of disputes in energy governance.  The study shows that economic development is strongly linked to the cultural fabric, not just of the country, but of the locality. Here, a lack of trust of those in power had an influence on the conflict. The appointment of a mediator as an honest broker was a tipping point towards diffusion of tension and an adaptive response by all parties. The establishment of a body with a mandate to evaluate the application of ethical rules, based on good governance principles, is suggested as an option for a refined governance model.  The insights are relevant for the energy transition in jurisdictions around the world. Given the urgent need for decarbonisation and the potential for marine renewable energy, lessons from the past, as documented in this paper, can help to inform better governance of common pool marine resources. This is increasingly important for the industrialisation of marine renewable energy and the need to reconcile the interests of government, industry and civil society.","author":["Lange, M.","Cummins, V."],"organization":["Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","University College Cork","Future Earth Coasts"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lange-Cummins-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1362887","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/challenges-engaging-island-communities-lessons-renewable-energy-review-17-case-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629621003509","title":"The challenges of engaging island communities: Lessons on renewable energy from a review of 17 case studies","description":"Islands have attracted growing attention as sites of renewable energy generation, both for generating commercial low-carbon energy and to improve local energy conditions. However, significant challenges exist in achieving fair distribution in the benefits and costs of developments located on or around islands and in engaging local communities on proposals for installations. A broad literature exists on the merits of different community engagement techniques but important gaps remain in understandings of the particular challenges of engaging with island communities on energy issues. Based on a thematic literature review, this article examines general principles and considerations for community engagement on energy developments, features of islands that can affect community engagement, and how past engagement processes have sought to encourage community participation, gain trust, and manage conflicts over developments. The review indicates that island communities appeared to be particularly concerned with ensuring that engagement processes give adequate priority to securing local benefits and incorporate credible mechanisms for managing intra-community conflicts. The article concludes by arguing that islands provide important arenas for testing not just new energy technologies but also ways to improve the integration of justice principles into community engagement on energy issues.","author":["Kallis, G.","Stephanides, P.","Bailey, E.","Devine-Wright, P.","Chalvatzis, K.","Bailey, I."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of East Anglia","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kallis-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1363081","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noisy-waters-can-influence-young-year-lobsters-substrate-choice-their-antipredatory","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749121016900","title":"Noisy waters can influence young-of-year lobsters\u0027 substrate choice and their antipredatory responses","description":"Offshore human activities lead to increasing amounts of underwater noise in coastal and shelf environments, which may affect commercially-important benthic invertebrate groups like the re-stocked Helgoland European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in the German Bight (North Sea). It is crucial to understand the impact tonal low-frequency noises, like maritime transport and offshore energy operations, may have on substrate choice and lobsters\u0027 behavior to assess potential benefits or bottlenecks of new hard-substrate artificial offshore environments that become available. In this study, we investigated the full factorial effect of a tonal low-frequency noise and predator presence on young-of-year (YOY) European lobsters\u0027 in a diurnal and nocturnal experiment. Rocks and European oyster shells (Ostrea edulis) were offered as substrate to YOY lobsters for 3 h. Video recordings (n = 134) allowed the identification of lobsters\u0027 initial substrate choice, diel activity and key behaviors (peeking, shelter construction, exploration and hiding). To ensure independence, YOY lobsters in the intermolt stage were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental tanks and used only once. We provide the first evidence that stressors alone, and in combination, constrain YOY lobsters\u0027 initial substrate choice towards rocks. During nighttime, the joint effect of exposure to a constant low-frequency noise and predator presence decreased antipredator behavior (i.e., hiding) and increased exploration behavior. Noise may thus interfere with YOY lobsters\u0027 attention and decision-making processes. This outcome pinpoints that added tonal low-frequency noise in the environment have the potential to influence the behavior of early-life stages of European lobsters under predator pressure and highlights the importance of including key benthic invertebrates\u0027 community relationships in anthropogenic noise risk assessments. Among others, effects of noise must be taken into consideration in plans involving the multi-use of any offshore area for decapods\u2019 stock enhancement, aquaculture, and temporary no-take zones.","author":["Leiva, L.","Scholz, S.","Gimenez, L.","Boersma, M.","Torres, G.","Krone, R.","Tremblay, N."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","Bielefeld University","Bangor University","University of Bremen"],"originationDate":"2021-12-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leiva-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1365206","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-environmental-impact-tidal-power-generation-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13204-021-01994-2","title":"Research on the environmental impact of tidal power generation in China","description":"In recent years, the rapid rise of carbon dioxide concentration makes global warming increasingly serious, which leads to sea-level rise, coastal lowland inundation, glacier melting, extreme weather, species extinction and other environmental problems. China, as the largest carbon dioxide emitter, is facing climate change. In 2020, the Chinese government promised at the UN General Assembly to achieve the peak of carbon by 2030, and also put forward the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. To achieve the carbon peak and carbon in target, China needs to reduce the use of fossil energy and replace the use of fossil energy with renewable energy with less carbon dioxide emissions. Tidal energy, as a low-carbon renewable energy, is an important alternative to fossil energy. But can the tide be developed at the expense of the environment? In this paper, the impact of the development of tidal energy on the environment is analyzed and elaborated. According to the environmental impact, the solutions of developing environment-friendly tidal energy, wave energy and temperature difference energy are given. Based on this, policy suggestions are put forward to the Chinese government. The research results of this paper will provide reference for developing countries to develop and utilize tidal energy for power generation.","author":["Ma, Z.","Li, B.","Liu, Y."],"organization":["China University of Petroleum"],"originationDate":"2021-07-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1365207","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/legal-political-barriers-enablers-deployment-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/16\/4896","title":"Legal and Political Barriers and Enablers to the Deployment of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Ocean energy is a promising source of clean renewable energy, with clear development targets set by the European Commission. However, the ocean energy sector faces non-technological challenges and opportunities that are frequently overlooked in deployment plans. The present study aimed to provide a critical evaluation of the ocean energy sector\u2019s legal, institutional, and political frameworks with an identification and analysis of both barriers and enabling features for the deployment of ocean energy. In the first stage, a literature review on the current political and regulatory frameworks of a set of European countries was carried out, setting the basis for the main challenges and enabling factors faced by the sector. Secondly, a critical analysis of the main non-technological barriers and enablers was performed, which was supported by questionnaires sent to regulators, technology developers, and test-site managers. This questionnaire allowed us to collect and integrate the views, perceptions, and personal experiences of the main stakeholders of the ocean energy sector in the analysis. The most relevant insights were collected to guide future policy instruments, supports, and consenting measures in a more informed and effective manner and to help accelerate the development of the sector.","author":["Apolonia, M.","Fofack-Garcia, R.","Noble, D.","Hodges, J.","Correia da Fonseca, F."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","France Energies Marines","University of Edinburgh","Wave Energy Scotland"],"originationDate":"2021-08-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Apolonia_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1374487","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-5th-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the 5th Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Monday 21st March  Session 1: Basin Modelling  11:10 Power Potential of Tidal Fences in the Bristol Channel Guy Houlsby (University of Oxford) 4   11:35 Observations of Waves at Tidal-stream Energy Sites Matt Lewis (Bangor University) 6   12:00 Numerical Modelling of Two-scale Flow Dynamics Paul Bonar (University of Edinburgh) 8   Poster Presentations (1)   12:25 Examining the Limitation of Depth Averaged Models for Assessing the Interaction of Tidal Energy Extraction and Tidal Flow Alice Goward Brown (Bangor University) 10   12:30 Coupling of BEM-CFD and Coastal Area Models for Assessment of Tidal Stream Turbine Impacts at Regional Scales Matt Edmunds (Swansea University) 12   Session 2: Wake characteristics and turbulence (1)   14:00 Fast optimization of tidal stream turbine positions for power generation in small arrays with low blockage based on superposition of self-similar far-wake velocity deficit profiles Peter Stansby (University of Manchester) 14   14:25 Wake Characteristics of a Scaled Tidal Rotor with Monopile Support Structure for Co-located Wind and Tidal Farms David Lande-Sudall (University of Manchester) 16   14:50 Tidal Turbine Wake Analysis using Vessel- and Seabed-mounted ADCPs James McNaughton (GE Renewables) 18   Poster Presentations (2)   15:15 Impacts of Various Floating Platforms on FOWT System Yuanchuan Liu (University of Strathclyde) 20   15:20 RANS-VOF Modelling of Floating Tidal Streams Systems Edward Ransley (Plymouth University) 22   15:25 Evaluating Passive Structural Control of Tidal Turbines Song Fu (University of Strathclyde) 24   Session 3: Turbine Design and Performance (1)   16:00 Unsteady Tidal Turbine Blade Loading; an Analytical Approach Gabriel Scarlett (University of Edinburgh) 26   16:25 Unsteady Hydrodynamics of Flexible Submerged Foils Ignazio Maria Viola (University of Edinburgh) 28   16:50 Harvesting Energy from a Flexible Flapping Membrane in a Uniform Flow Qing Xiao (University of Strathclyde) 30   Tuesday 22nd March   Session 4: Turbine Design and Performance (2)   9:25 Adjustable Camber for Extended Fatigue Life Anna Young (University of Cambridge) 32   9:50 Tidal Turbine Blade Design from a Fatigue Point of View Vesna Jaksic (University College, Cork) 34   10:15 Performance and Interaction of Short Fences of Tidal Turbines Richard Willden (University of Oxford) 36   Session 5: Wake characteristics and turbulence (2)   11:10 Tidal Turbine Wake Simulation using a High-order Weakly-compressible Cartesian Finite Volume Solver Baptiste Elie (EC Nantes) 38   11:35 A Comparison of Synthetic Turbulence Generation Methods Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 40   12:00 Impact of the Free Surface Proximity on the Performance of a Single Tidal Stream Turbine: A Vortex Filament Approach Georgios Deskos (Imperial College) 42   Poster Presentations (3)   12:25 A BEMT Model for a High Solidity, Hubless and Ducted Tidal Stream Turbine Steve Allsop (IDCORE) 44   12:30 Tidal Turbine Wake Asymmetry due to Wake-Seabed Interactions Lada Murdoch (CFD People Ltd.) 46   Session 6: Turbine Design and Performance (3)   14:00 Experimental Study of the Boundary Conditions on an Undulating Membrane Tidal Energy Converter Martin Tr\u00e4sch (ADEME) 48   14:25 Unsteady Load Relief of an Axial Flow Tidal Turbine in Sheared Flow by Individual Pitch Control Jianxin Hu (University of Oxford) 50   14:50 Large-Eddy Simulation of Tidal Turbines Using the Immersed Boundary Method Pablo Ouro (Cardiff University) 52","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-03-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTE-2016-Proceedings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1374681","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-6th-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the 6th Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Monday 26th March  Session 1: Array Modelling (1)   11:10 Validation of an LES-ALM to simulate arrays of tidal turbines Pablo Ouro (Cardiff University) 4   11:35 Arrays of non-uniform blockage and resistance Paul Bonar (University of Edinburgh) 6   12:00 Field observations of rotor thrust and bypass-acceleration at a tidal fence Merel Verbeek (TU Delft) 8   Poster Presentations (1)  12:25 An English Channel model for the optimisation of tidal turbines in the Alderney Race Zoe Goss (Imperial College) 10   12:30 Tidal asymmetry and its effect on capacity factor of tidal resource Ahmad Firdaus (University of Oxford) 12   12:35 Acquiring flow and measurement data on a floating tidal energy converter Thomas Lake (Swansea University) 14   Session 2: Wake characteristics and turbulence (1)   14:00 Investigating the fundamental nature of unsteady aerofoil response to gusts Amanda Smyth (University of Cambridge) 16   14:25 Unsteady hydrodynamics of full-scale tidal turbines Gabriel Scarlett (University of Edinburgh) 18   14:50 Unsteady loading in an array due to simulated turbulent onset flow Hannah Mullings (University of Manchester) 20   Poster Presentations (2)   15:15 Dynamic modelling of floating tidal energy converters Jack Hughes (Swansea University) 22   15:20 Hydroelastic modelling of composite tidal turbine blades Federico Zilic de Arcos (University of Oxford) 24   15:25 Coupling of WATTES and OpenFOAM codes for wake modelling behind close-packed contra-rotating vertical-axis tidal rotors Ruiwen Zhao (University of Edinburgh) 26   Session 3: Array Modelling (2)   16:00 Characterising array performance for different operating points Tim Stallard (University of Manchester) 28  16:25 A basin-scale comparison of constrained BEM and actuator disc models Lei Chen (University of Oxford) 30   16:50 The effects of uncertain bottom friction on estimates of tidal current power Monika Kreitmair (University of Edinburgh) 32   27th March 2018  Session 4: Turbine Design and Performance (1)   9:25 An experimental evaluation of blockage corrections for cross-flow current turbines Hannah Ross (University of Washington) 34   9:50 A reduced order model to predict flows around cross-flow turbines Esteban Ferrer (Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid) 36   10:15 Size matters: Investigation into \u201cfull scale\u201d and geometry scaling of the helical Gorlov marine turbines Esther Quaintmere (University of Hull) 38   Session 5: Turbine design and performance (2)   11:10 Modelling tidal stream turbine and array interaction Matt Edmunds (Swansea University) 40   11:35 Influence of support structures on tidal turbine power output Subhash Muchala (University of Oxford) 42   12:00 CFD analysis of tidal range turbine draft tube wakes Ross Gwenter (Swansea University) 44   Poster Presentations (3)   12:25 Implementation of a tidal barrage boundary condition in DG-ADCIRC Tulio Marcondes Moreira (University of Oxford) 46   12:30 Misalignment of currents and waves at tidal energy sites Matt Lewis (Bangor University) 48   12:35 Optimisation of tidal turbine blades for low velocity flow Job Encarnacion (University of Strathclyde) 50   Session 6: Wake characteristics and turbulence (2)   14:00 Measuring marine turbulence kinetic energy with 4- and 5-beam ADCPs Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 52   14:25 Recent developments to compute turbines interactions in an ambient turbulent flow Camille Choma Bex (Universit\u00e9 du Havre) 54","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-03-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTE-2018-Proceedings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1374682","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-7th-oxford-tidal-energy-workshop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/eng.ox.ac.uk\/efm\/research\/tidal-energy\/tidal-energy-workshops\/","title":"Proceedings of the 7th Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop","description":"Monday 8th April  Session 1: Device modelling and performance (1)   11:10 An adaptive 3D force distribution model for calculating interactions and power production in an array of vertical axis water turbines Vincent Clary (Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes) 3   11:35 Preliminary assessment of blade twist-deformation as a load relief mechanism for tidal turbine blades Federico Zilic de Arcos (University of Oxford) 5   12:00 Quantifying the downstream wake intensity and recovery of an axial flow hydrokinetic turbine through validated CFD models Chantel Niebuhr (University of Pretoria) 7   Poster Presentations   12:25 Large eddy simulation of tidal stream turbine arrays in environmentally realistic flows Pablo Ouro-Barba (Cardiff University)   12:30 Using 3D coastal tidal models to assess tidal array performance Mohammed Al Moghayer (Heriot-Watt University) 9   12:35 Optimising the income of a fleet of tidal lagoons Lucas Mackie (Imperial College) 11   Session 2: Environmental and resource modelling   14:00 Bathymetric features affecting turbine performance: Insights from a CFD model Merel Verbeek (TU Delft) 13   14:25 Agent-based modelling of fish collisions with tidal turbines Kate Rossington (HR Wallingford) 15   14:50 Empirical orthogonal functions for decoupling waves and turbulence in ADCP measurements Michael Togneri (Swansea University) 17   Session 3: Experimental testing   16:00 Characterising the FloWave facility for horizontal axis tidal turbine correlation Matt Edmunds (Swansea University) 19   16:25 Experimental study on interactions between two closely spaced rotors James McNaughton (University of Oxford) 21  16:50 Hydrodynamics PTO and control design of a horizontal axis model turbine for experimental research Zohreh Sarchiloo, Mohammad Rafiei (CNR-INM) 23  Tuesday 9th April  Session 4: Floating platform dynamics  9:25 The effects of surge motion on floating horizontal axis tidal turbines Mohamad Hasif bin Osman (University of Oxford) 25  9:50 Sensor fusion and motion modelling of a floating tidal stream turbine Thomas Lake (Swansea University) 27  10:15 Validating a numerical model for assessing entire floating tidal systems Ed Ransley (Plymouth University) 29  Session 5: Array modelling and control  11:10 Theoretical prediction of the efficiency of very large turbine arrays: combined effects of local blockage and wake mixing Takafumi Nishino (University of Oxford) 31   11:35 Variations in the optimal design of a tidal stream turbine array with costs Zoe Goss (Imperial College) 33   12:00 A speed control strategy for parallel connected tidal turbines in an array using a variable ratio gearbox Simon Reynolds (University of Edinburgh) 35  Session 6: Device modelling and performance (2)  14:00 Blade-explicit fluid structure interaction of a ducted high-solidity tidal turbine Mitchell Borg (University of Strathclyde) 37   14:25 Analysis of unsteady loading of a tidal stream turbine with an actuator line RANS model Wei Kang (University of Manchester) 39   14:50 Numerical modelling of a vertical-axis cross-flow turbine Ruiwen Zhao (University of Edinburgh) 41","author":["University of Oxford"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-04-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OTE-2019-Proceedings.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1375070","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vast-boundless-dawn-sustainable-energy-marine-environments-southeast-asia","sourceURL":"","title":"Vast and Boundless: The Dawn of Sustainable Energy from Marine Environments in Southeast Asia","description":"WE ARE RUNNING LOW ON POWER  Human life, as well as human activity, requires resources. From the most basic needs of food production, preparation and preservation, as well as lighting and heating or cooling in the home, to the equipment used in the offices, factories and other places of work, there is one resource behind it all: power. In particular, electricity. Depending on where we live \u2013 which continent, which country, which state or city \u2013 we see electricity differently. For some, it\u2019s a fact of everyday life humming in the background, constant and reliable, affordable, taken for granted. For some, it is readily available but a potential financial burden if one is not mindful of usage. For others still, supply is erratic, unreliable. And that only covers those of us on the electric grid. In many remote, off-grid areas, people rely on traditional sources of energy like diesel generators. This makes power relatively more expensive and subject to availability of fuel. And then there are those who have no power at all \u2013 who rely heavily on daylight to get things done and, after the sun has set, sit by the light of a candle or a fire, or in darkness; who must burn wood, charcoal or waste in order to cook and who preserve their food by means other than refrigeration; who bear uncomfortable, even extreme, weather conditions without the convenience of electric cooling or heating.  Worldwide, there are over a billion people with no access to electricity. About 95% are from sub-Saharan Africa and developing countries in Asia, and the rest from Latin America and the Middle East. More than 80% of those affected are from rural areas. Let\u2019s zoom in to Southeast Asia (SEA). Here, many areas experience expensive or unreliable electricity, while about 15% of the population \u2013 some 99 million people \u2013 remain without access at all. It is clear that the region needs more electricity. In addition to this, the continued growth of the economy and the population in SEA has caused energy demand to rise as well. Taking all these into account, the region\u2019s energy needs are projected to double by 2025. Meanwhile, the resources currently being used to produce electricity are running out. About three-fourths of the current supply of electricity in the region comes from the burning of coal, natural gas and oil, all of which are expected to run out within decades \u2013 for instance, coal within 33 years and natural gas within 27 years in the Philippines, and oil in only 9 years in Indonesia. Without another way to produce electricity, SEA could be in total darkness within our lifetime.  HUMAN ACTIVITY \u2013 AND THE WAY WE POWER IT \u2013 TAKES A TOLL ON THE ENVIRONMENT  When we think about environmentalism, what often comes to mind is garbage, recycling, pollution, mining \u2013 all to do with material consumption. Perhaps the fuel we use for transportation will cross our minds. Rarely do we think about electricity having a negative effect on the environment. But like all things involved in human activity, electricity does leave a footprint. As mentioned, coal, oil and natural gas provide most of the electricity supply in SEA. Globally, the percentage is lower but still significant at about two-thirds; renewable energy sources such as hydropower make up about 20%, with the rest coming from nuclear sources and biomass. Coal, oil and gas are fossil fuels. There is some general awareness that the burning of fossil fuels is bad for the environment. Many of us have heard the words being thrown around \u2013 global warming, climate change, clean energy, renewables and so forth \u2013 but for most people, it is a vague notion. What exactly does all this mean? The burning of fossil fuels emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. While carbon dioxide is a natural component of air and is important to the survival of all species, the burning of fossil fuels causes an overabundance, which has far-reaching negative consequences for the environment. First, it raises the earth\u2019s temperature, causing ice caps to melt and sea levels to rise, which thus leads to flooding and the loss of land as it becomes submerged. Second, excess carbon dioxide combines with moisture in the air to produce acid rain, which damages plants and pollutes water and soil. Finally, it lowers the proportion of oxygen in the air, which makes it more difficult to breathe and also means that we take in less oxygen, which could lead to serious health conditions. Global warming and pollution of the air, water and soil might not alarm us as much as the possibility of life without electricity. It might not be as easy to imagine its impact on our day-to-day existence and subsistence, our needs and convenience, our concrete, present situation. While there is some awareness and action on these environmental concerns, it is slow going, and only a small subset of people are involved. It is nonetheless an urgent issue, and if not addressed, it can have devastating effects on the health of the earth and on human life.  THE BLUE SOLUTION  We have here two crises that, essentially, are two aspects of the same problem: electricity access\/supply and the environmental impact of consumption, both stemming from the energy required to sustain human life and activity. Clearly, we need to find a way to produce more electricity while minimising harm on the environment. \u2018Going green\u2019 is a catchphrase that most of us are familiar with. Under this umbrella, we lump all things to do with being environment-friendly: recycling and segregating; reducing waste; choosing eco-friendly, reusable or biodegradable options; saving the forests and protecting endangered species. The use of the earth\u2019s resources for human wellbeing and prosperity while retaining harmony with and the integrity of the ecosystem is called \u2018green economy\u2019. \u2018Blue economy\u2019 is the same principle applied specifically to our oceans, which, after all, cover about 70% of the planet. While they are part of the larger picture of a green economy, the management of ocean ecosystems and activities may require different, specialised approaches. A blue economy refers to the use of marine resources for the economic and social welfare of human beings while preserving the health of marine ecosystems and in such a way that resources cycle through the system rather than being depleted. One such resource is marine renewable energy (MRE), and it is within the context of a blue economy that MRE is to be understood as a solution to our energy problem.","author":["Ocean Pixel","Sim, J.","Quirapas, M.","Abundo, M."],"organization":["OceanPixel"],"originationDate":"2018-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vast-and-Boundless.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1379327","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-subsea-video-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/data\/subsea-monitoring-report-shetland-tidal-array-extended-bluemull-sound-shetland-0664200009110","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Subsea video monitoring","description":"This report presents the results from analysis of subsea video footage gathered between October 2015 and March 2020 as part of Nova Innovation\u2019s programme of environmental monitoring for the Shetland Tidal Array, Bluemull Sound. The use of turbine-mounted subsea cameras to monitor nearfield interactions with mobile species (fish, birds and marine mammals) commenced in October 2015, when the first turbine in the array was deployed. A second turbine was added in August 2016 followed by a third in August 2017. Subsea cameras have been used continuously throughout this period to monitor the nearfield environment around each of the turbines in the array and is ongoing. Each of the three turbines deployed in the Shetland Tidal Array up to March 2020 has three integrated cameras, as follows:    One on top of the nacelle directed towards the blades.  One on the side of the nacelle directed towards the blades.  One on the underside of the nacelle directed towards the seabed.   Video recording is continuous, with footage retention triggered by a motion detector system. Retained footage includes a few seconds captured prior to the trigger event to facilitate identification of the cause. In addition to the recorded video, the camera motion detector system records a still image from the video, which provide a more rapid method of detecting potential \u201cevents\u201d of interest. The total length of recordings varies from a few seconds up to 15 minutes. All triggered footage is retained and stored. To the end of March 2020, the total dataset of retained and stored video footage comprised nearly 1 million videos, representing almost 20,000 hours of footage. The storage footprint totalled more than 3 TB.  This report presents the results from examination and analysis of four subsets sampled from the full 20,000 hours dataset of retained footage spanning October 2015 to March 2020. Collectively, the subsets comprise 4,049 hours of video, representing over 20% of all retained video footage.  Subset 1 comprised footage captured only during daylight hours and when turbines were operating. Footage in this subset was also selected from within three months of camera maintenance, so that biofouling on cameras was minimal, ensuring images of high quality. This subset comprised 1,115 videos totalling 28 hours of footage.  Subset 2 comprised footage corresponding to the times of the highest surface counts of black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) and European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) in the array area, derived from Nova\u2019s Bluemull Sound vantage point survey data1 . This subset comprised 451 videos totalling 18 hours of footage.  Subset 3 comprised footage corresponding to times when sightings of marine mammals were recorded in the array area, derived from Nova\u2019s Bluemull Sound vantage point survey data. This subset comprised 336 videos totalling 3 hours of footage.  Subset 4 comprised all retained footage covering the entire period March 2016 to January 2017, with some additional footage gathered from a short deployment of Nova\u2019s first installed turbine in October 2015. This subset comprised 92,000 videos totalling 4000 hours of footage and 72,000 stills images derived from the motion detection capture system. This subset had previously been examined and summarised in report submitted to MS-LOT in 2017. Revisiting footage in this way, as the subsea video dataset grows, is a valuable way of optimising the value of the data to improve understanding for nearfield interactions between turbines and mobile species.  In the absence of automated data processing based on machine learning or algorithms to filter or categorise the subsea video, the four subsets were analysed manually. For each video clip, the source of the trigger was identified along with any occurrences of mobile marine species in the rest of the footage. The total number of occurrences of species of marine mammal, diving bird or fish in reviewed footage were quantified and species identified. Occupancy patterns and behaviour in relation to the operational state of the turbines was examined through the sampling strategy. All sampled footage was scrutinised for any evidence of nearfield encounters or contact between individual animals and turbine blades (collisions). The very low numbers of animals observed in the subsea video data meant that there were insufficient data to perform detailed analyses.  There were no instances of physical contact between marine species and the turbine blades in any of the four subsets of video footage and stills examined. All mobile species were identified with high confidence to species level. Saithe (Pollachius virens) was the most frequently observed and abundant species, with groups observed aggregating around the turbines, moving vertically up and down in the water column according to tidal flow. The only other mobile species in the sampled four subsets of footage were very infrequent observations of individual European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) and harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), with fewer than thirty occurrences of these species in total across the four subsets. These species were only observed at times when the turbines were not operating (i.e., blades were stationary). Jellyfish, such as Lion\u2019s mane, Cyanea capillata, were occasionally observed in video either actively swimming at slack tide or being carried passively past the turbines during the ebb and flood.  On the basis of fine-scale occupancy patterns observed in the mobile species in the footage examined comprising the four sampled subsets, a very low risk of encounters with operational turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array is indicated. Diving birds and marine mammals were only observed in the nearfield environment of turbines in subsea footage at times when they were not operating (i.e., blades were stationary). No diving birds or mammals were observed in any of the footage when turbines were operating. Similarly, fish observed in footage were seen to generally drop to the seabed as current speed increases. When fish were observed at times when turbines were operating (rotating), there was evidence of some nearfield evasion in individuals.  The monitoring and the results presented in this report provide insights into interactions between mobile species and Nova\u2019s turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array. This includes during periods when the turbines are rotating and generating, as well as periods of lower current speed when blades are stationary. The implications of the analysis presented in this report for refining understanding about collision risk for the Shetland Tidal Array are discussed. The contribution that the results make to the wider advancement of the knowledge base on the environmental effects of tidal energy and best practice in environmental assessment is also considered.","author":["Smith, K."],"organization":["Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2021-09-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.700094500000","-0.994005000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:00:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1381458","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cost-efficiency-environmental-dna-compared-conventional-methods-biodiversity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1984522","title":"Cost Efficiency of Environmental DNA as Compared to Conventional Methods for Biodiversity Monitoring Purposes at Marine Energy Sites","description":"The installation of marine energy systems may affect marine environments, and by extension, marine fish communities. Therefore, biomonitoring is an integral part of assessing impacts on species. Environmental DNA (eDNA) provides a noninvasive alternative to conventional monitoring surveys and the possibility of a more accurate assessment of species richness. Yet, its cost efficiency compared to traditional methods of monitoring is relatively unknown, especially when applied to monitoring around tidal, wave, and offshore wind energy installations.  For this study, 202 peer-reviewed journal articles were dissected to inventory the diversity of supplies used for collecting and processing eDNA samples and to compile the average cost of eDNA surveys. Information collected included the type, volume, and brand of containers used in sampling; material, size, and brand of filters; and extraction methods. Cost information was gathered for the most common supplies, and a total cost was estimated for a hypothetical eDNA survey in Sequim Bay, WA, to compare with traditional methods of surveying such as beach seining and scuba surveys.  The results showed a higher-than-expected diversity of supplies to collect and process eDNA samples. The most common supplies were 1 L Nalgene bottles at an average cost of 7.96 USD for collecting samples, 0.45 \u03bcm glass fiber Merck Millipore filters at an average cost of 1.51 USD for filtering samples, and the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit at 3.54 USD per sample for extracting DNA. When compared to beach seine and scuba surveys, eDNA surveys undertaken by senior researchers are less expensive for both initial surveys with all new materials as well as for follow-up surveys reusing some of the supplies. However, when surveys are done solely by students, eDNA surveys are more expensive than scuba surveys when no prior supplies are available and more than both beach seine and scuba surveys for follow-up surveys reusing supplies.   In a professional sphere, where surveys are less often conducted by teams of students only, eDNA surveys are an effective and less-costly alternative to conventional methods. We anticipate that the development and refinement of eDNA methodology will continue to decrease surveying costs.","author":["Fu, M.","Hemery, L.","Sather, N."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fu_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1409472","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-vantage-point-surveys","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/data\/vantage-point-survey-report-shetland-tidal-array-extended-bluemull-sound-shetland-0664200009110","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Vantage point surveys","description":"This report presents the results from analyses of Nova Innovation\u2019s nine-year programme of land-based marine wildlife observation surveys in Bluemull Sound, carried out as part of the environmental monitoring programme for the Shetland Tidal Array.  Data from a total of 5208 10-minute snapshot scans for birds and 3120 20-minute scans for mammals have been analysed in this report, spanning the nine-year survey period. A total of thirty-three bird, eight mammal and one fish species have been recorded. Fifteen of the bird species and seven of the mammal species are capable of diving to turbine rotor depth (15m below sea level) and therefore \u2018at risk\u2019 of near-field encounters with turbines. Only these species were taken through to detailed analysis within this report. Basking shark was also recorded so has been included. A combination of descriptive statistics and modelling techniques have been used to explore the data for these species at risk of near-field encounters with the turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array.  The approach to analysis and interpretation of the vantage point data are based on understanding site-use at different scales, to understand the likelihood or probability of near-field encounters with turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array. Near-field encounters are only possible if a bird or animal uses the site. The likelihood increases if the bird or animal uses the area immediately around the turbines. For birds, this likelihood increases again if the bird dives in the area around the turbine. Dividing the process into these scales, provides useful metrics of the likelihood of near-field encounters, namely a conservative one (large scale), an intermediate one (medium scale) and a realized one (finest scale). The last is a realized one because it is the probability of a bird or animal diving in the immediate vicinity of the turbines. The first is a conservative one, because it acknowledges that any bird or animal in the site could potentially interact with turbines if they choose. These measures provide an understanding of site-use at different scales to understand the probability of encounters between birds and animals with turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array.  Two diving bird species, black guillemot (Cepphus grylle) and European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) accounted for over 90% of all birds recorded in surveys. All other diving bird species were recorded only occasionally in surveys and in generally very low numbers. With the notable exception of Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica), which was only present in summer months, most diving bird species were present to some extent throughout the year. Some systematic seasonal variance in occupancy was observed in some species throughout the entire survey area, for example, corresponding with breeding seasons. Birds were generally recorded as solitary individuals or in very small groups in scans, indicating that group foraging does not occur in the site.  Black guillemot, the most frequent and abundant bird species, was recorded in the array area (Zone 1) in 11% of all scans (561 scans of 5208), with birds observed diving in the array area in fewer than 3% of scans (143 scans). The second most frequent and abundant species, European shag, was only recorded in the array area (Zone 1) in \u0026lt;3% of all scans (150 scans), with birds observed diving in the array area in 1% of scans (54 scans). Three of the bird species (gannet, red-throated diver and common guillemot) were each observed diving in the array area in less than 5 occasions over the entire nine-year survey period. This indicates a low level of spatial overlap between diving birds and turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array, even when taking into account the most frequently recorded and abundant species.  Marine animals (mammals and basking shark) were recorded in the surveys relatively infrequently and in low numbers. Some species such as humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Risso\u2018s dolphin (Grampus griseus), killer whale (Orca orcinus) and basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) were only recorded in one or two scans over the entire nine-year survey period. Atlantic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), common seal (Phoca vitulina) and harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) were the most frequently recorded species, but seldom recorded in the array area. Both species of seal were normally recorded as individual animals, while harbour porpoise was generally observed in small family groups.  Harbour porpoise accounted for 45% of all mammal sightings in surveys. Despite accounting for this high proportion of overall mammal sightings, harbour porpoise was only recorded in 5% of scans overall (175 scans from a total of 3120) and within the array area (Zone 1) in only 0.71% of scans (22 scans). Common seal accounted for 35% of all mammal sightings but was recorded in just 12% of scans (381 scan). The species was recorded within the array area (Zone 1) in only 0.32% of scans (10 scans). Grey seal accounted for 11% of all mammal sightings and was recorded in 5% of scans (156 scans) and within the array area (Zone 1) in just 0.06% of scans (2 scans). This indicates a very low level of spatial overlap between marine mammals and turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array, even when taking into account the most frequently recorded and abundant species.  The results presented in this report demonstrate that site-use of diving birds, mammals and basking shark in Bluemull Sound is low. This reflects the smaller absolute number of birds and animals occurring within the array area, compared to the wider Bluemull Sound survey area which directly influences impact risk. In the case of birds, very few were observed actively diving within the array area. Encounters with turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array are only possible if a bird or animal uses the site. The likelihood increases if the bird or animal uses the area immediately around the turbines. For birds, this likelihood increases again if the bird dives in the area around the turbines.  The results presented in this report indicate that the likelihood or probability of near-field encounters between all of the diving bird and marine mammal species recorded in the site during the nine-year programme of surveys is very low. For most species, the probability is negligible, but even for the most frequently and abundantly recorded species the risk is still very low ( \u0026lt;5%). This is supported by the findings from analyses of video footage from Nova\u2019s complementary subsea video monitoring programme.","author":["Smith, K.","Date, H.","Waggitt, J."],"organization":["Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2021-09-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.700094500000","-0.994005000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:01:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1409473","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passport-oceans-future-delivering-marine-energy-science-linked-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk\/handle\/10023\/23980","title":"Passport to the oceans of the future: Delivering marine energy with science linked to policy","description":"In February 2021, a group from MASTS, Environmental Interactions of Marine Renewables (EIMR) and Marine Scotland began exploring options for a joint event on marine energy science and policy development.  The original concept was to bridge the gap between events that each group would normally arrange \u2018in person\u2019 and the virtual world in which we were all currently existing. Encouraged by the online support and experience available from MASTS, a steering group decided to arrange a workshop. In order to straddle our interests, the starting point was the capacity of the North Sea to deliver renewable energy. We wanted to include emerging science and the timing of the review of Scotland\u2019s National Marine Plan provided an excellent context.  We sought to deliver a wide range of content but encourage participant conversation. We aimed for a range of speakers delivering 7-minute recorded talks. Talks included findings from funded research, ongoing projects, and some emerging thinking across the science policy interface for marine planning. Marine energy was interpreted in the widest of senses, but the main focus was on offshore wind in UK waters, with particular detail about Scotland.  The talks were themed as follows:    The scientific route to marine renewable energy in 2050 chaired by Ian Davies (Marine Scotland)  The marine renewable energy governance landscape to 2050 and the role of policy Lucy Greenhill (Howell Marine Consulting)   The recorded talks were interspaced with 4 Q\u0026amp;As  Two breakout sessions had participants randomly allocated into one of 7 groups. Each group had a facilitator and a scribe. Questions for discussion were developed by the steering group based on the confirmed talk topics and designed to engage participants with the themes highlighted in the presentations (recorded talks).  One question was used in both breakout sessions: Rights and industrialisation of the seas v climate emergency and SDGs? It was recognised as an unexplored area that would justify extended discussion. A supplementary question: By 2050 what is success for our seas is it: economic, communities and environment? This was discussed by some of the groups and was reflected in a poll question for the participants.  This report is an overview of Passport to the Oceans of the Future: Delivering marine energy with science linked to policy. A joint workshop organised by MASTS Marine Planning and Governance Forum, EIMR and Marine Scotland, 27th May 2021. In particular, it captures the discussions in the breakout sessions. The scribes did an excellent job in providing this and each has adopted their own style. This includes verbatim notes of discussions, summary boxes and provision of additional information.","author":["Slater, A-M."],"organization":["Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1409861","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bourne-tidal-test-site-draft-pilot-license-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Bourne_Tidal_Test_Site.html?id=v8B9zwEACAAJ","title":"Bourne Tidal Test Site Draft Pilot License Application","description":"On behalf of the Marine Renewable Energy Collaborative of New England (MRECo), Barrett Energy Resources Group, LLC (BERG) is pleased to submit this Draft Pilot License Application (DPLA) to interconnect and operate a marine hydrokinetic test facility (the Bourne Tidal Test Site or BTTS) in the Cape Cod Canal in Bourne Massachusetts. The purpose of the facility is to test tidal turbine technology and collect associated marine and coastal science and engineering information. Developers require a grid connection to verify that their technology is grid-compatible. As part of the application, MRECo requests that the term of the pilot license be for eight years to allow for a full evaluation of the facility performance and potential environmental impacts.The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued to MRECo a Preliminary Permit on September 22, 2016 to study the feasibility of a marine hydrokinetic facility in the Cape Cod Canal. The Preliminary Permit \u201cmaintain[s] priority of application for a license during the term of the permit while the Permittee conducts investigations and secures data necessary to determine the feasibility of the proposed project and, if said project is found to be feasible, prepares an acceptable application for license\u201d (see FERC Form P-1, Terms and Conditions of Preliminary Permit).At this time, the MRECo has permitted and installed the tidal test platform in the Cape Cod Canal to the west of the Railroad Bridge. It has also collected a sufficient amount of information on the environment of the project area, developed the design components of the marine hydrokinetic facility and its interconnection, and communicated the fundamental project elements and objectives to stakeholder groups to support a DPLA. The permits issued by federal, state, and local authorities for the platform included conditions for construction and operation of the facility as proposed. The BTTS platform was installed in November and December of 2017. It is expected that the conditions of those permits associated with the operation of the facility along with updated environmental monitoring and safeguard plans would be incorporated into a FERC license.Draft Pilot License ApplicationThe DPLA is organized as follows:Executive SummaryNotice of IntentRequest for WaiversPilot License CriteriaProcess Plan and ScheduleRequest for Designation as Non-Federal RepresentativeInitial StatementExhibit A \u2013 Project Description and Proposed Mode of OperationExhibit E \u2013 Draft Environmental ReportExhibit G \u2013 Project Boundary MapsAppendix A \u2013 Consultation RecordAppendix B \u2013 Permits and Approvals ReceivedAppendix C \u2013 Operations and Maintenance PlanAppendix D \u2013 Safeguarding PlansAppendix E \u2013 Environmental Monitoring PlanAppendix F \u2013 BTTS Business PlanView the Bourne Tidal Test Site Pilot Project License here.","author":["Barrett, S."],"organization":["Barrett Energy Resources Group","Marine Renewable Energy Collaborative of New England (MRECo)"],"originationDate":"2021-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.742798000000","-70.614436000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-18 07:55:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bourne-Draft-Pilot.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1411600","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-tidal-energy-resource-feedbacks-environmental-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1063\/5.0069452","title":"A review of tidal energy\u2014Resource, feedbacks, and environmental interactions","description":"The ocean contains a variety of renewable energy resources, little of which has been exploited. Here, we review both tidal range and tidal stream energy, with a focus on the resource, feedbacks, and environmental interactions. The review covers a wide range of timescales of relevance to tidal energy, from fortnightly (spring-neap) and semi-diurnal variability, down to array, and device-scale turbulence. When simulating the regional tidal energy resource, and to assess environmental impacts, it is necessary to account for feedbacks between the tidal array and the resource itself. We critically review various methods for simulating energy extraction, from insights gained through theoretical studies of \u201ctidal fences\u201d in idealized channels, to realistic three-dimensional model studies with complex geometry and arrays of turbines represented by momentum sinks and additional turbulence due to the presence of rotors and support structures. We discuss how variability can be reduced by developing multiple (aggregated) sites with a consideration of the enhanced phase diversity offered by exploiting less energetic tidal currents. This leads to future research questions that have not yet been explored in depth at first-generation tidal sites in relatively sheltered channels (e.g., the interaction of waves with currents). Such enhanced understanding of real sea conditions, including the effects of wind and waves, leads to our other identified primary future research direction\u2014reduced uncertainties in turbulence predictions, including the development of realistic models that simulate the interaction between ambient turbulence and the turbulence resulting from multiple wakes, and changes to system-wide hydrodynamics, water quality, and sedimentation.","author":["Neill, S.","Haas, K.","Thi\u00e9bot, J.","Yang, Z."],"organization":["Bangor University","Georgia Institute of Technology","Normandie Universit\u00e9","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2021-11-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neill_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1411601","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-biological-conservation-changing-world","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320721004067","title":"Renewable energy and biological conservation in a changing world","description":"Without a shift to renewable energy sources, climate change will have adverse effects on many terrestrial and aquatic species. On the other hand, replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy will have different effects on wildlife, some negative. To protect biota, while navigating the complexities surrounding the transition to renewable energy, will require sharing knowledge between energy experts and wildlife experts, as well as policy makers and resource managers. This special issue is intended to advance the conversation. Interactions between renewable energy facilities and fauna are complex. Each source of renewable energy has its own conservation concerns, and each presents its own set of opportunities for mitigation; Other concerns and mitigations are shared. In this overview, we review climate risks to biota, clarify the complementarities among renewables for the conservation community, and summarize research on energy effects on biota for the energy community. The papers invited for this special issue address fossil (coal, oil, natural gas) and renewable energy (terrestrial biomass energy, hydropower, marine-hydrokinetic energy, wind energy, solar energy) and affected fauna. We hope that the results of these studies, and others like them, set us on a path toward low-carbon energy systems that provide society with energy while protecting future biodiversity.","author":["Jager, H.","Efroymson, R.","McManamay, R."],"organization":["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)","Baylor University"],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1413926","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accelerating-ocean-based-renewable-energy-educational-opportunities-achieve-clean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2516-1083\/ac1509\/meta","title":"Accelerating ocean-based renewable energy educational opportunities to achieve a clean energy future","description":"The United Nations has named 2021\u20132030 the Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development with goals to \u0027strengthen the international cooperation needed to develop the scientific research and innovative technologies that can connect ocean science with the needs of society\u0027 (IOC 2019 The science we need for the ocean we want: the United Nations decade of ocean science for sustainable development (2021\u20132030) (Paris) p 24). Important actions that have been identified in support of sustainable development goals include capacity-building, training, and education. This includes educational opportunities for ocean-based renewable energy development in support of a healthy planet and ocean. Offshore wind is experiencing rapid development globally and, while the U.S. offshore wind market is still nascent, it is on the brink of exponential growth based on large cost reductions driven largely by European development and technology advances. Growth is also expected in wave and tidal energy with significant opportunities identified for various distributed markets through the Powering the Blue Economy\u2122 initiative, with longer-term implications for expansion at the utility scale (LiVecchi et al 2019 Powering the blue economy; exploring opportunities for marine renewable energy in maritime markets p 207). In order to expedite progress and maximize benefits to the national, state, and local economies, these development actions will require a broad, diverse, and appropriately trained workforce. The ocean-based renewable energy workforce needs engineers and scientists to develop cost-effective technologies, as well as trade and maritime workers to eventually deploy the technologies at scale. In the United States, educational institutions, state governments, and private developers are taking action to understand job skills and capability requirements and to develop educational and training programs to meet offshore workforce needs; most are focused on offshore wind power, with gaining interest in marine energy. This article explores the workforce requirements of the growing ocean-based renewable energy industry and the current state of education and training programs to meet those requirements in order to identify gaps and make recommendations for further workforce development activities and initiatives. An international view needs to be adopted that incorporates the education and skill needs of early-stage marine energy technologies and evolving offshore wind technologies together with more market-ready offshore renewable energy markets. By accelerating educational development opportunities in ocean-based renewable energy, these growing blue economy markets can deliver significant economic and social benefits.","author":["Constant, C.","Kotarbinski, M.","Stefek, J.","Green, R.","DeGeorge, E.","Baring-Gould, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1413927","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-new-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780128214312000378#!","title":"Marine energy and the new blue economy","description":"The new blue economy will require new ways of producing, storing, and using energy as technologies and industries move further from shore-based power grids to collect new data sets and use the ocean in new ways. And coastal communities are seeking to integrate renewables to improve energy resilience, reduce carbon emissions, and power clean ports and industries. At the same time, the energy sector is undergoing a revolution toward renewable, distributed technologies that rely on energy storage and smart grid technology. Blue economy and energy technology trends are intersecting creating new challenges and opportunities for cross-sector collaboration. Marine energy (power from waves, tidal currents, ocean currents, and ocean thermal gradients) holds promise as a source of power for the new blue economy. The successful development of marine energy faces many technical, social, and market challenges\u2014as well as access to data and information emerging from the new blue economy. Meeting the full potential of marine energy will require innovation and codevelopment across energy and ocean technology sectors; an improved understanding of ocean physical, biological, and social systems; and new public sector partnerships to coordinate and leverage research and development investments.","author":["Geerlofs, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1413928","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predicting-coastal-impacts-wave-farms-comparison-wave-averaged-wave-resolving-models","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014812101630X","title":"Predicting coastal impacts by wave farms: A comparison of wave-averaged and wave-resolving models","description":"Wave energy converters (WECs) will have to be arranged into arrays of many devices to extract commercially viable amounts of energy. To understand the potential coastal impacts of WEC arrays, most research to date has relied on wave-averaged models given their computational efficiency. However, it is unknown how accurate wave-averaged model predictions are given a lack of validation data and their inherent simplifications of various hydrodynamic processes (e.g., diffraction). This paper compares the predictions of coastal wave farm impacts from a coupled wave-averaged and flow model (Delft3D-SNL-SWAN), to a wave-resolving wave-flow model (SWASH) that intrinsically accounts for more of the relevant physics. Model predictions were compared using an idealized coastal bathymetry over a range of wave conditions and wave farm geometries. Both models predicted the largest impacts (changes to the nearshore hydrodynamics) for large and dense wave farms located close to the shore (1 km) and the smallest impacts for the small and widely spaced farm at a greater offshore distance (3 km). However, the wave-resolving model generally predicted somewhat larger impacts (i.e., changes to the nearshore wave heights, mean velocities and mean water levels). We also found that coupling the wave-averaged model to a flow model resulted in more realistic downstream predictions than the stand-alone wave-averaged model.","author":["David, D.","Rijnsdorp, D.","Hansen, J.","Lowe, R.","Buckley, M."],"organization":["University of Western Australia"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1425549","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-trends-aquatic-animal-tracking-acoustic-telemetry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534721002470","title":"Global trends in aquatic animal tracking with acoustic telemetry","description":"Acoustic telemetry (AT) is a rapidly evolving technique used to track the movements of aquatic animals. As the capacity of AT research expands it is important to optimize its relevance to management while still pursuing key ecological questions. A global review of AT literature revealed region-specific research priorities underscoring the breadth of how AT is applied, but collectively demonstrated a lack of management-driven objectives, particularly relating to fisheries, climate change, and protection of species. In addition to the need for more research with direct pertinence to management, AT research should prioritize ongoing efforts to create collaborative opportunities, establish long-term and ecosystem-based monitoring, and utilize technological advancements to bolster aquatic policy and ecological understanding worldwide.","author":["Matley, J.","Klinard, N.","Martins, A.","Aarestrup, K.","Aspillaga, E.","Cooke, S.","Cowley, P.","Heupel, M.","Lowe, C.","Lowerre-Barbieri, S.","Mitamura, H.","Moore, J.","Simpfendorfer, C.","Stokesbury, M.","Taylor, M.","Thorstad, E.","Vandergoot, E.","Fisk, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1428268","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-marine-mammal-biomechanics-evaluate-tidal-turbine-collision-impact","sourceURL":"","title":"Characterization of Marine Mammal Biomechanics to Evaluate Tidal Turbine Collision Impact","description":"Tidal energy has an immense potential for creating renewable energy from the ocean\u2019s moving tides and is under investigation worldwide. In this emerging field, potential environmental consequences of installing tidal turbines must be evaluated. Marine mammals often use tidal channels for feeding or traveling and may collide with the spinning blades. In the United States, tidal turbines must comply with the Marine Mammal Protection Act and not threaten or harass marine mammals, thus this risk must be evaluated. Since tidal turbines move relatively slowly, this injury may be non-fatal and sustained to soft tissue. The extent and severity of a turbine strike can be modeled numerically to understand this potential injury before installing tidal turbines. Though some finite element models have been developed for this purpose, improved material models are necessary to more accurately model this interaction. Marine mammals\u2019 outer layers are composed of a thin epidermal and dermal layer, skin, then blubber, a thicker subcutaneous fat layer. Uniaxial tensile testing of the skin and blubber layers across a series of species was conducted to determine four material properties: elastic modulus, tensile strength, strain to failure, and yield strength. The skin and blubber compressive elastic modulus were tested using spherical indentation, bulk modulus using volumetric compression, and shear modulus with a rotational test. The results of these tests were analyzed using a principal component analysis to understand the relationship among the material quantities and differences between species. The material properties are used to represent the soft tissue of each species in a material constitutive model which is validated by comparison with a variety of material tests. Ultimately, a finite element analysis of an impact between a tidal turbine and marine mammal can be created, showing the regions of tissue impacted by a tidal turbine strike. With those models, regulators can evaluate the safety for these protected marine mammals. This result is useful in permitting new tidal turbines, allowing effective management of the ocean\u2019s resources.","author":["Grear, M."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grear-2018-Thesis.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1432518","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/world-marine-mammal-conference-book-abstracts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gazo_et_al_2020.pdf","title":"World Marine Mammal Conference Book of Abstracts","description":"This adventure began in 2015 when the Society for Marine Mammalogy and the European Cetacean Society decided to join forces to host a World Conference. Barcelona was chosen by membership vote that year as the venue for the conference, to be co-organized by SUBMON and the University of Barcelona. The World Marine Mammal Conference was full of new and exciting research! We were delighted to welcome a community of over 2700 people from 95 countries involved in marine mammal science and conservation, who shared an intense and rewarding week at the WMMC\u201919. There will be three global plenary sessions, 627 talks and 1077 posters that presented cutting-edge and thought-provoking research that will help lay the foundation for our work into the future. A total of 1,952 abstracts were submitted for WMMC\u201919; however, the Program schedule allowed for only 1,652 abstracts to be presented. A panel of 451 experts (listed below) volunteered their time to review and score abstracts on a scale of 1 to 5 for criteria of originality, quality, importance, and presentation. In an effort to minimize reviewer bias, all authors and affiliations were removed from the abstracts before review. Most abstracts were reviewed by 3 experts.After normalizing scores to correct for inter-reviewer variability, abstracts were ranked on the basis of overall score. Authors of the highest-scoring abstracts were given their first preference for presentation, whether poster, speed, or oral. Given this rigorous process and the excellence of the abstracts selected for the conference, we are confident the quality of work presented at this meeting will be unparalleled.","author":["Gazo, M.","Chicote, C.","Pabst, A.","Aqcuarone, M","Gonzalvo, J.","Gulland, F."],"organization":["University of Barcelona"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.391745250896","2.150830046891"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gazo_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1432519","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annual-movement-patterns-american-common-eiders-somateria-mollissima-dresseri","sourceURL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/wildlife-biology\/volume-2020\/issue-2\/wlb.00665\/Annual-movement-patterns-of-American-common-eiders-Somateria-mollissima-dresseri\/10.2081\/wlb.00665.full","title":"Annual movement patterns of American common eiders Somateria mollissima dresseri","description":"The American common eider Somateria mollissima dresseri is a sea duck of coastal mid-Atlantic North America, and breeding colonies in the southern part of its range have been in decline. To better understand threats faced by the subspecies, we used satellite telemetry to track 46 eiders through their annual cycle in four years from three regions in the southern part of the range, to identify key locations and migratory corridors. Female eiders exhibited highly variable movement phenology within and among colonies, but coastal Maine and Massachusetts were consistent, important moulting areas for males and females from all breeding colonies. Most birds wintered in coastal waters around Cape Cod and Nantucket Sound, meaning that threats in this region (industrial development, disease outbreak, harvest) could have deleterious effects on much of the population.    Understanding annual movements of migratory wildlife is critical for sound management of populations, especially those that are at risk from anthropogenic activities (Petersen and Savard 2015, Hays et al. 2019). This knowledge allows us to identify locations where a species may experience threats (Am\u00e9lineau et al. 2018, Mason et al. 2018), as well as where and when dispersed breeding individuals aggregate, which might be critical for determining exposure to contaminants and disease (Ballard et al. 2017). The common eider Somateria mollissima is a large, long-lived sea duck with a circumpolar breeding distribution (Goudie et al. 2000). Common eiders are colonial nesters with high philopatry to breeding colonies (Mallory 2015), and are gregarious at most stages of their annual cycle, notably in the winter and during post-breeding remigial moult (Merkel 2004a, Milton et al. 2006). These eiders have high cultural significance to sport hunters and indigenous peoples due to their long-held importance to people for food and down, but in many parts of the range, abundance is in decline (Suydam et al. 2000, Merkel 2004b, Descamps et al. 2009, Gilliland et al. 2009, Ekroos et al. 2012, Milton et al. 2016), which is attributable to a suite of factors (overharvest, changing food supplies, habitat change and\/or predator increases at colonies, disease, poor recruitment; see Goudie et al. 2000, Koneff et al. 2017, Allen et al. 2019).  The American common eider, Somateria mollissima dresseri, Sharpe, 1871, is the subspecies that breeds on coastal islands from Labrador, Canada to New York, USA (Goudie et al. 2000, Chaulk et al. 2005, Waltho and Coulson 2015). There are an estimated 240 000 individuals in the population (Canadian Wildlife Service Waterfowl Committee 2017), but more southern breeding numbers are in decline (Bowman et al. 2015), and S. m. dresseri is listed as an international priority species for the Sea Duck Joint Venture (2017). Banding efforts have suggested that colonies in Maine, Massachusetts and Nova Scotia were part of the same subpopulation through affinities to breeding and wintering areas (Reed and Erskine 1986, Krementz et al. 1996). However, banding efforts in some regions have declined in the last decade (Milton et al. 2016), and surveys suggest eiders are changing their nonbreeding locations (Milton unpubl.). Adult female survival in this subpopulation is variable. Female survival among breeding colonies in Nova Scotia is low, likely due to increased predation and habitat changes at colonies (Milton et al. 2016), while survival rates among Maine adult female eiders were notably higher (Allen et al. 2019). However, other threats to this subpopulation include windfarm and aquaculture development in key habitats (\u017dydelis et al. 2006, Langston 2013), oil spills in a coastal area of high shipping traffic (Sperduto et al. 2003, Thieltges et al. 2006), declining food resources (Sorte et al. 2016), contaminants (Meattey et al. 2014, Pratte et al. 2015), and outbreak of a novel disease (Ballard et al. 2017).  To better understand how common eiders in this subpopulation move and use different locations through the year, as well as the extent to which they may overlap in habitat use, we tracked American common eiders with satellite transmitters from several breeding colonies in the southern part of the S. m. dresseri range. Earlier banding data suggested that the Cape Cod region was an important wintering area for this subpopulation (Krementz et al. 1996), so we expected high spatial overlap in birds from different colonies in that area. We also predicted that birds from the northernmost colony would be the first to depart for autumn migration and the first to depart for their breeding grounds in the spring. Female eiders have sole responsibility for rearing young and failed or non-breeders may help rear eider cr\u00e8ches (Goudie et al. 2000), so we expected males to depart breeding areas and reach wintering areas earlier than females.","author":["Mallory, M.","Ronconi, R.","Allen, B.","Dwyer, C.","Lair, S.","Mallory, C.","McLellan, N.","Milton, G.","Parsons, G.","Savoy, L.","Tomlik, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-05-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1432520","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-exposure-level-metric-analyzing-managing-underwater-soundscapes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.5113578","title":"Sound exposure level as a metric for analyzing and managing underwater soundscapes","description":"The auditory frequency weighted daily sound exposure level (SEL) is used in many jurisdictions to assess possible injury to the hearing of marine life. Therefore, using daily SEL to describe soundscapes would provide baseline information about the environment using the same tools used to measure injury. Here, the daily SEL from 12 recordings with durations of 18\u201397\u2009days are analyzed to: (1) identify natural soundscapes versus environments affected by human activity, (2) demonstrate how SEL accumulates from different types of sources, (3) show the effects of recorder duty cycling on daily SEL, (4) make recommendations on collecting data for daily SEL analysis, and (5) discuss the use of the daily SEL as an indicator of cumulative effects. The autocorrelation of the one-minute sound exposure is used to help identify soundscapes not affected by human activity. Human sound sources reduce the autocorrelation and add low-frequency energy to the soundscapes. To measure the daily SEL for all marine mammal auditory frequency weighting groups, data should be sampled at 64\u2009kHz or higher, for at least 1\u2009min out of every 30\u2009min. The daily autocorrelation of the one-minute SEL provides a confidence interval for the daily SEL computed with duty-cycled data.","author":["Martin, S.","Morris, C.","Br\u00f6ker, C.","O\u0027Neill, C."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2019-07-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1432521","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/examining-hearing-abilities-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1121\/1.5120185","title":"Examining the hearing abilities of fishes","description":"Fishes obtain substantial information about their environment by listening to the sounds around them. Indeed, because sound propagates rapidly and over great distances in water as compared to in air, it provides f ishes with information from far greater distances than do other sensory stimuli. Thus, any interference with detection of sounds has the potential of reducing fitness and impacting the lives of fishes (e.g., Popper and Hawkins, 2019). Although the sounds that fishes hear are confined to low frequencies (often to no more than 800\u20131000Hz, but this is very species dependent) in comparison with many terrestrial vertebrates and aquatic mammals, fishes are able to discriminate between sounds of different amplitude and frequency, and between calls that differ in their temporal characteristics (e.g., Fay, 1988; Fay and Megela Simmons, 1999). Fishes are also able to use auditory cues to seek out the location of a sound source (Sand and Bleckmann, 2008; Hawkins and Popper, 2018). Sounds may play a role in navigation, foraging for prey, detection of predators, and communication of reproductive state, and some marine species may use sound for habitat selection. Detailed discussions of the role of sound in the lives of fishes can be found in several recent reviews (e.g., Popper and Hawkins, 2019; Putland et al., 2019).","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A.","Sand, O.","Sisneros, J."],"organization":["University of Maryland","University of Oslo","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2019-08-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1439473","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/techniques-distinguishing-between-impulsive-non-impulsive-sound-context-regulating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/10.0000971","title":"Techniques for distinguishing between impulsive and non-impulsive sound in the context of regulating sound exposure for marine mammals","description":"Regulations designed to mitigate the effects of man-made sounds on marine mammal hearing specify maximum daily sound exposure levels. The limits are lower for impulsive than non-impulsive sounds. The regulations do not indicate how to quantify impulsiveness; instead sounds are grouped by properties at the source. To address this gap, three metrics of impulsiveness (kurtosis, crest factor, and the Harris impulse factor) were compared using values from random noise and real-world ocean sounds. Kurtosis is recommended for quantifying impulsiveness. Kurtosis greater than 40 indicates a sound is fully impulsive. Only sounds above the effective quiet threshold (EQT) are considered intense enough to accumulate over time and cause hearing injury. A functional definition for EQT is proposed: the auditory frequency-weighted sound pressure level (SPL) that could accumulate to cause temporary threshold shift from non-impulsive sound as described in Southall, Finneran, Reichmuth, Nachtigall, Ketten, Bowles, Ellison, Nowacek, and Tyack [(2019). Aquat. Mamm. 45, 125\u2013232]. It is known that impulsive sounds change to non-impulsive as these sounds propagate. This paper shows that this is not relevant for assessing hearing injury because sounds retain impulsive character when SPLs are above EQT. Sounds from vessels are normally considered non-impulsive; however, 66% of vessels analyzed were impulsive when weighted for very-high frequency mammal hearing.","author":["Martin, S.","Lucke, K.","Barclay, D."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2020-04-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1442181","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-segregation-pelagic-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.754375\/full","title":"Automatic Segregation of Pelagic Habitats","description":"It remains difficult to segregate pelagic habitats since structuring processes are dynamic on a wide range of scales and clear boundaries in the open ocean are non-existent. However, to improve our knowledge about existing ecological niches and the processes shaping the enormous diversity of marine plankton, we need a better understanding of the driving forces behind plankton patchiness. Here we describe a new machine-learning method to detect and quantify pelagic habitats based on hydrographic measurements. An Autoencoder learns two-dimensional, meaningful representations of higher-dimensional micro-habitats, which are characterized by a variety of biotic and abiotic measurements from a high-speed ROTV. Subsequently, we apply a density-based clustering algorithm to group similar micro-habitats into associated pelagic macro-habitats in the German Bight of the North Sea. Three distinct macro-habitats, a \u201csurface mixed layer,\u201d a \u201cbottom layer,\u201d and an exceptionally \u201cproductive layer\u201d are consistently identified, each with its distinct plankton community. We provide evidence that the model detects relevant features like the doming of the thermocline within an Offshore Wind Farm or the presence of a tidal mixing front.","author":["Plonus, R-M.","Vogl, S.","Floeter, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Plonus_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1444307","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biological-consequences-marine-energy-development-marine-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/24\/8460","title":"Biological Consequences of Marine Energy Development on Marine Animals","description":"Marine energy devices harness power from attributes of ocean water to form a sustainable energy source. Knowledge gaps remain about whether marine energy systems can affect the environment, adding another threat to animal populations and habitats already under pressure from climate change and anthropogenic activities. To date, potential environmental effects have been studied under the scope of stressor\u2013receptor interactions, where moving parts of, or emissions from, a system could harm the animals, habitats, and natural processes. While crucial for understanding effects and identifying knowledge gaps, this approach misses a holistic view of what animals may experience in the presence of marine energy systems. We look at six biological consequences and forces that drive the health of an animal population and the effects expected from marine energy development: success of early life stages; changes in competitive capabilities; growth and survival based on food availability; susceptibility to predators; injury or death; and reproductive success. We use case studies to develop this approach, focusing on a variety of marine animals. An approximate level of risk is assigned for each interaction based on the biological consequences. This work highlights the need to examine the effects of marine energy development on animal populations within their natural habitats.","author":["Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Overhus, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pelagic Fish","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:31:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Biological_Consequences_of_Marine_Renewable_energy_Development_on_Marien_Animals.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1445089","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessments-available-riverine-hydrokinetic-energy-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/cjce-2021-0178","title":"Assessments of Available Riverine Hydrokinetic Energy: A Review","description":"Methods of estimating riverine hydrokinetic (HK) power for localized and regional studies are reviewed, evaluated, and compared. It was found that localized HK studies were not entirely consistent, with the most common discrepancies being discharge variability characterization, uncertainty analysis, and the amount of data used to derive the results. The issues associated with localized assessments were amplified for regional assessments. Regional HK assessments were less common, the methods were less consistent across studies, and the amount and type of data available varied widely across regions. New techniques and technologies, developed in Canada and globally, were evaluated for their usefulness to improve regional HK assessments. Emphasis was put on satellite remote sensing methods to estimate discharge and channel dimensions, as well as regionalized curve fitting to estimate channel roughness. The review of new techniques suggests that accuracy of the results is dependent on the amount and quality of the data available.","author":["Kirby, K.","Ferguson, S.","Rennie, C.","Nistor, I.","Cousineau, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-11-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1447228","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mobile-autonomous-platforms-passive-acoustic-monitoring-high-frequency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-23335-2_3","title":"Mobile Autonomous Platforms for Passive-Acoustic Monitoring of High-frequency","description":"Increased human activities in coastal and offshore waters, including renewable energy efforts such as the deployment and operation of wind, wave, and tidal energy converters, leads to potential negative impacts on marine ecosystems. Efficient monitoring of marine mammals in these areas using stationary passive-acoustic technologies is challenging. Many recreational and commercial activities (e.g., fishing) can hinder long-term operation of moored listening devices. Further, these waters are often utilized by cetaceans such as porpoise species which produce high-frequency echolocation clicks (peak frequency ~130 kHz) for navigation, communication, and prey detection. Because these ultrasonic signals are strongly absorbed during propagation, the acoustic detection range is limited to a few 100 m, and therefore the spatial coverage of stationary recorders is relatively limited. In contrast, mobile passive-acoustic platforms could potentially be used to survey areas of concern for high-frequency cetacean vocalizations and provide increased temporal coverage and spatial resolution. In a pilot study, a commercially available acoustic recorder featuring sampling rates of up to 384 kHz was customized and implemented on an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) and tested in the field. Preliminary results indicate that these systems (a) are effective at detecting the acoustic presence of high-frequency cetaceans such as porpoises, and (b) could be a valuable tool to monitor potential negative impacts of renewable energy and other anthropogenic disturbances in the marine environment.","author":["Klinck, H.","Fregosi, S.","Matsumoto, H.","Turpin, A.","Mellinger, D.","Erofeev, A.","Barth, J.","Shearman, R.","Jafarmardar, K.","Stelzer, R."],"organization":["Cornell University","Oregon State University (OSU)","Austrian Society for Innovative Computer Sciences - INNOC"],"originationDate":"2015-08-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Avoidance","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1456713","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-china","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: China","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Japan. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In China, consenting processes for marine renewable energy (MRE) projects usually consist of applications for power permits, sea area use rights, above water and underwater activity licenses, submarine cable and pipeline route investigation and laying construction, and completion of a marine environmental impact assessment.  Consents and licenses are regulated by several administration authorities, implemented in an integrated management system that includes national unified supervision and authorization to local government hierarchically. Table 1 shows the information of the consents (permissions), authorities and regulations, for MRE projects. The main national administration authorities include the State Oceanic Administration (SOA), National Energy Administration (NEA), Ministry of Ecological Environment (MEE), Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR). Additional authorities may be involved at the local level.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:27:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_China_final_4.11.24.pdf.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1472374","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-electrification-remote-isolated-tropical-islands-using-otec","sourceURL":"","title":"Study on Electrification of Remote and Isolated Tropical Islands Using OTEC","description":"Apart  from  solar  and  wind  energy  as  a  form  of  renewable  energy,  ocean  can  also  be  considered  one  as approximately  2  to  3  billion  MW  power  can  be  gained  from  it.  Covering  71%  of  earth\u2019s  surface  the  ocean  is  the  largest solar  energy  collector  absorbing  about  70%  of  day\u2019s  solar  energy.  On  an  average  day  the  amount  of  heat  energy absorbed  by  60  million  square  kilometers  of  the  tropical  sea  surfaces  commensurate  burning  of  250  billion  barrels  of oil  and  when  converted  to  electrical  energy  it  can  limit  the  demand  of  electricity  for  260  million  people  per  day.  In  this study  we  emphasized  on  converting  this  thermal  energy  from  the  sea  to  electrical  energy  in  order  to  provide  electricity to  the  isolated  tropical  islands.  This  can  be  practically  done  where  there  is  at  least  20  degrees  Celsius  temperature difference  exists  between  the  upper  and  lower  surface  of  the  ocean.  The  conversion  process  involves  evaporating  an intermediate  fluid  like  ammonia  or  direct  evaporation  of  the  sea  water  of  upper  surface  and  in  both  case  cold  water from  lower  surface  performs  the  condensing  task.  Though  the  converted  electrical  energy  is  not  sufficient  for  a  large power  plant  but  it  can  be  an  alternate  source  for  the  remote  isolated  islands  where  power  from  central  grid  cannot  be reached.  Apart  from  this,  byproducts  like  pure  desalinated  water  that  can  be  used  for  pure  drinking  water  and  in agriculture  sector  of  those  islands;  salt  and  cold  water  from  the  lower  sea  surface  and  this  water  can  be  used  as industrial cooling  of those  islands.","author":["Hassan, M.","Habib, W.","Rupam, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-10-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hassan_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1472568","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/overview-ocean-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ascension-publishing.com\/BIZ\/OceanEnergy.pdf","title":"An Overview of Ocean Renewable Energy","description":"For  at  least  a century, innovators have looked  on  wind,  waves,  tides, warm ocean waters, marine organisms  and the salt in the  sea  as  potential sources  of  energy.  More recently, even use of heat from marine vulcanism has been suggested.   Although there have  been any number  of  creative technologies  invented to exploit these resources  and  numerous trials, these sources  have  only  provided  a miniscule amount  of energy.   Much of the reason  for this has been  the  relatively low cost  of competing forms  of energy, especially fossil fuels. Concerns  about carbon  dioxide and  global warming  and  the security and  long  term availability  of fossil fuel supplies has led  to  greatly renewed  interest in all forms  of renewable  energy.  The  current administration  has emphasized its  interest  in renewable energy  both  as  a replacement  for  fossil  fuels  and as  a job  creation engine, and is  providing  vastly  increased  funding  for all  forms  of renewables, so  the  time may have come  for  ocean renewable energy  as  well. This paper presents a  basic review of the  technology  of each  of the  major sources  including wave conversion,  fixed  and floating wind turbines, free flowing  current turbines,  ocean thermal energy, salinity gradient  and  marine  biofuels, and  discusses the magnitudes  of  each  of  the resources,  and the  particular technical issues  each technology is  facing.   A history of some notable historic efforts is  presented and  specific current efforts  are  discussed. However,  many of the  key issues of ocean renewable energy  do  not involve the technology  of the conversion devices, but how ocean renewable energy  sources relate to the overall system of energy, the environment,  public  policy and the  practical  and  business  issues  of  introducing such  radical new systems into the existing energy  and  marine industries.","author":["Barry, C.","Kamen, P."],"organization":["US Coast Guard"],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barry_and_Kamen_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1472569","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-indonesia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/isomase.org\/IJERCE\/Vol.4%20Oct%202016\/4-1.pdf","title":"Potential of ocean thermal energy conversion in Indonesia","description":"Ocean  Thermal  Energy  Conversion  (OTEC)  is  a  clean  marine renewable  energy  using  temperature  difference  between  the  sea surface  and  the  deep  ocean  to  rotate  a  generator  to  produce electrical  energy.  As  Indonesia  is  an  equatorial  country  located  at latitudes  less  than  20  degrees  covered  by  77  %  ocean,  thousand islands,  strain  and  many  difference  of  topography,  OTEC  is  very compatible  build  in  Indonesian.  This  paper  discussed  the  potential areas  of  OTEC  to  be  applied  in  Indonesia.  The  paper  proposed  six regions  that  very  high  application  of  OTEC.  They  are  West Sumatera,  North  Sulawesi,  North  and  South  Maluku  and  North Papua.","author":["Koto, J."],"organization":["Ocean and Aerospace Engineering Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2016-10-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Koto_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1472571","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-effects-marine-renewable-energy-technologies-wave-energy-scenarios","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1013426","title":"Deployment Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies: Wave Energy Scenarios","description":"Given proper care in siting, design, deployment, operation and maintenance, wave energy conversion could become one of the more environmentally benign sources of electricity generation. In order to accelerate the adoption of these emerging hydrokinetic and marine energy technologies, navigational and environmental concerns must be identified and addressed. All developing hydrokinetic projects involve a wide variety of stakeholders. One of the key issues that site developers face as they engage with this range of stakeholders is that, due to a lack of technical certainty, many of the possible conflicts (e.g., shipping and fishing) and environmental issues are not well-understood,. In September 2008, re vision consulting, LLC was selected by the Department of Energy (DoE) to apply a scenario-based assessment to the emerging hydrokinetic technology sector in order to evaluate the potential impact of these technologies on the marine environment and navigation constraints. The project\u2019s scope of work includes the establishment of baseline scenarios for wave and tidal power conversion at potential future deployment sites. The scenarios capture variations in technical approaches and deployment scales to properly identify and characterize environmental effects and navigational effects. The goal of the project is to provide all stakeholders with an improved understanding of the potential range of technical attributes and potential effects of these emerging technologies and focus all stakeholders on the critical issues that need to be addressed. By identifying and addressing navigational and environmental concerns in the early stages of the industry\u2019s development, serious mistakes that could potentially derail industry-wide development can be avoided. This groundwork will also help in streamlining siting and associated permitting processes, which are considered key hurdles for the industry\u2019s development in the U.S. today. Re vision is coordinating its efforts with two other project teams funded by DoE which are focused on regulatory issues (Pacific Energy Ventures) and navigational issues (PCCI). The results of this study are structured into three reports: (1) Wave power scenario description (2) Tidal power scenario description (3) Framework for Identifying Key Environmental Concerns This is the first report in the sequence and describes the results of conceptual feasibility studies of wave power plants deployed in Humboldt County, California and Oahu, Hawaii. These two sites contain many of the same competing stakeholder interactions identified at other wave power sites in the U.S. and serve as representative case studies. Wave power remains at an early stage of development. As such, a wide range of different technologies are being pursued by different manufacturers. In order to properly characterize potential effects, it is useful to characterize the range of technologies that could be deployed at the site of interest. An industry survey informed the process of selecting representative wave power devices. The selection criteria requires that devices are at an advanced stage of development to reduce technical uncertainties, and that enough data are available from the manufacturers to inform the conceptual design process of this study. Further, an attempt is made to cover the range of different technologies under development to capture variations in potential environmental effects. Table 1 summarizes the selected wave power technologies. A number of other developers are also at an advanced stage of development, but are not directly mentioned here. Many environmental effects will largely scale with the size of the wave power plant. In many cases, the effects of a single device may not be measurable, while larger scale device arrays may have cumulative impacts that differ significantly from smaller scale deployments. In order to characterize these effects, scenarios are established at three deployment scales which nominally represent (1) a small pilot deployment, (2) a small commercial deployment, and (3) a large commercial scale plant. It is important to understand that the purpose of this study was to establish baseline scenarios based on basic device data that was provided to use by the manufacturer for illustrative purposes only.","author":["Previsic, M."],"organization":["Re Vision Consulting LLC","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Previsic_et_al_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1474509","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introduction-ocean-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/research.bangor.ac.uk\/portal\/files\/38945670\/CH0000_UN_163_Neill_v2.pdf","title":"Introduction to Ocean Renewable Energy","description":"It has been estimated that the world\u2019s oceans contain at least 10 TW of renewable energy potential, comprising wave \u0026amp; tidal energy, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), ocean current, and salinity gradient energy. However, these resources remain largely untapped \u2013 currently there is around 500 MW (0.005%) of installed ocean renewable energy capacity throughout the world, and this largely comprises of tidal range energy. This volume of Comprehensive Renewable Energy discusses various aspects of the ocean renewable energy resource and the technologies suitable for ocean energy conversion, covering wave \u0026amp; tidal energy, ocean currents, OTEC, and salinity gradient energy. In this introduction to the volume, I briefly introduce the nature and potential of these five main ocean renewable energy resources, with further details found in subsequent chapters of this Volume.","author":["Neill, S."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1474510","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-100-kw-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-karangkelong-sulawesi-utara-indonesia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Jaswar-Koto-2\/publication\/315330941_Potential_of_100_kW_of_Ocean_Thermal_Energy_Conversion_in_Karangkelong_Sulawesi_Utara_Indonesia\/links\/58ccbc21a6fdcc5cccb99860\/Potential-of-100-kW-of-Ocean-Thermal-Energy-Conversion-in-Karangkelong-Sulawesi-Utara-Indonesia.pdf","title":"Potential of 100 kW of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion in Karangkelong, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia","description":"Ocean  Thermal  Energy  Conversion  (OTEC)  is  a  clean  marine renewable  energy  using  temperature  difference  between  the  sea surface  and  the  deep  ocean  to  rotate  a  generator  to  produce electrical  energy.  As  Indonesia  is  an  equatorial  country  located  at latitudes  less  than  20  degrees  covered  by  77  %  ocean,  thousand islands,  strain  and  many  difference  of  topography,  OTEC  is  very compatible  build  in  Indonesian.  This  paper  discussed  the  potential areas  of  OTEC  to  be  applied  in  Karangkelong  Sulawesi  Utara  in Indonesia.  The  paper  found  that  Karangkelong  was  high  potential for  application  of  OTEC.  Electricity  and  fresh  water  produced  by OEC are cheaper  than  current  price  market.","author":["Negara, R.","Koto, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-01-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1474512","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-layang-layang-island-sabah-malaysia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/isomase.org\/Journals\/index.php\/jsose\/article\/view\/36","title":"Offshore Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion in Layang-Layang Island, Sabah-Malaysia","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a clean marine renewable energy using temperature difference between the sea surface and the deep ocean to rotate a generator to produce electrical energy. As Malaysia is an equatorial country located at latitudes less than 20 degrees covered by ocean, many islands, strain and many difference of topography, OTEC is very compatible build in Malaysia. This paper discussed the potential areas of OTEC to be applied in Layang-Layang Island, Sabah in Malaysia. The paper found that Layang-Layang Island was high potential for application of OTEC. Using site measurement data, 4 MW electricity generated by OTEC was simulated as a case study","author":["Fahmie, M.","Koto, J.","Tasri, A.","Kamil, I.","Arief, D.","Taufik, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-03-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1474707","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-power-plant-its-products-yield-small-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/25485656.pdf","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power Plant and it\u0027s By Products Yield for Small Islands in Indonesia Sea Water","description":"Small islands in Indonesia sea water are current heavily dependent of fossil fuels. Environmental concerns at global, regional and local levels,  past and recent price hikes   in the price of oil among others, have been  drives behind a regional wide interest  in renewable energy technologies. One of the  renewable energy resources is the he temperature difference between the upper layer of warm  sea water and the bottom  layer of cold sea water. As long as the temperature between the  warm sea water and cold deep sea water differ by about 18 to 24  OC, an Ocean Thermal Energy (OTEC) system can produce a significant amount of electricity. The sea area in Indonesia region is ideal for OEC power plant to generate electricity for small islands, because the sea area in Indonesia have  average monthly temperature difference between 20 to 22  OC of warm sea water surface and colder sea water in the bottom  layer. Therefore OTEC is very promoting as an alternative energy source for small islands. OTEC has important benefit other than  power production, as by product of OTEC, support chilled soil agriculture, aquaculture, fresh water,  mariculture and OTEC power plant is not source of environmental pollution. In this study, we presently propose an OTEC  system  that utilizes not only thermal energy but also mariculture, chilled soil agriculture, aquaculture, fresh water as by product of OTEC power plant.","author":["Siahaya, Y.","Salam, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-12-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1474906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-drivers-directional-wave-power-mexican-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10236-020-01387-z","title":"Climate drivers of directional wave power on the Mexican coast","description":"Ocean waves are the main driver of sediment transport on open sandy coastlines, and inter-annual to multi-decadal variability in the wave climate significantly impacts year-on-year coastal risk. As such, the integration of large-scale climatic variability into local-scale coastal management studies is pertinent but seldom implemented in practice, mainly due to the lack of knowledge in this subject as is the case of Mexico. This knowledge gap is addressed here by quantifying the seasonal to long-term variability of the wave climate along the coasts of Mexico. The influence of large-scale climate drivers on this variability is also characterized. To do this, we identify monthly-averaged directional wave power signatures of the Mexican coast at a 0.5\u00b0 resolution pertaining to a range of climate indices, using a newly available climate reanalysis product (ERA5) and a statistical-based global wave climate classification method. The wave climate of the Mexican Pacific coast is strongly bi-directional with considerable seasonal variability and high sensitivity to pan-hemispheric climate variability in the Pacific. Conversely, the wave climate of the Mexican Caribbean coast is more homogenous year-round, having its origins in the tropical Atlantic. Results show that El Ni\u00f1o effects break down the bi-directionality of the Mexican Pacific wave climate, leading to a more uni-directional, shore-normal, and more energetic nearshore wave power climate, compared with ENSO-neutral periods. Additionally, the wave power response to individual ENSO events can be either amplified or dampened depending on the underlying phase of the multi-decadal PDO.","author":["Oderiz, I.","Silva, R.","Mortlock, T.","Mendoza, E."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1474908","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tropical-island-applications-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780080305806500541","title":"Tropical Island Applications for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) could be an important source of renewable base-load energy for tropical islands and would assist in relieving their present dependence on imported fossil fuels, particularly oil.  The importance of land-based OTEC installations is stressed for islands having a steeply shelving coast and which may, therefore, be able to exploit the ocean thermal resource close to shore. Plants of this type are currently in the design stage and these, together with a 100 kW pilot plant which recently completed successful trials on the Pacific island of Nauru, are described in this paper.  The ability to utilise land-based plants for co-production, i.e., the generation of electricity plus freshwater production or mariculture, is emphasised and a computer cost-modelling simulation which was undertaken to determine the potential financial return from such a type of operation is described.","author":["Ford, J.","Toms, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1983-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1475102","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-distribution-across-agulhas-bank-source-renewable-energy-seawater-pumped","sourceURL":"https:\/\/open.uct.ac.za\/bitstream\/handle\/11427\/6585\/thesis_sci_2013_francisco_f.pdf?sequence=1","title":"Wave Energy Distribution Across the Agulhas Bank, A Source of Renewable Energy for a Seawater Pumped Storage Scheme","description":"This  study  was  undertaken  to  assess  whether  the  available  and  recoverable  wave  power  density resource  on  the  Agulhas  Bank  (South  Africa)  is  sufficient  to  support  a  Pumped  Storage  Scheme  (PSS). We  used  5  months  of  insitu  wave  data  collected  in  a  depth  of  80  m  off  Cape  Agulhas,  Mossel  Bay, Tsitsikamma  and  Cape  Recife,  together  with  model  wave  data  from  the  National  Centre  for Environmental  Prediction  (NCEP)  -  WAVEWATCH  III  which  was  reanalysed  by  the  French  Research Institute  for  Exploitation  of  the  Sea  (IFREMER)  -  IWOAGA.  The  wave  power  density  resource  (P)  was estimated  by  calculating  the  wave  energy  flux  across  a  unit  diameter  circle  of  the  wave  field,  and  the resource  available  by  the  lateral  transfer  of  wave  energy  along  a  linear  array  of  wave  energy converting  devices.  The  results  showed  that  Cape  Agulhas  had  the  most  available  P  (75%  for  40 kW\/m,  25%  for  17  kW\/m,  with  an  average  of  31  kW\/m)  followed  by  Mossel  Bay  (75%  for  34  kW\/m, 25%  for  14  kW\/m,  with  an  average  of  25.2  kW\/m),  Tsitsikamma  (75%  for  32  kW\/m,  25%  for  13 kW\/m,  with  an  average  of  25.0  kW\/m),  and  Cape  Recife  (75%  for  30  kW\/m,  25%  for  12  kW\/m,  with an  average  of  23.7  kW\/m).  For  the  entire  nearshore  domain,  the  most  frequent  waves  had  values  of  P between  30  kW\/m  \u2013  50  kW\/m,  with  the  dominant  direction  of  propagation  from  the  southwest.  On average,  the  diurnal  cycle  was  characterised  by  a  peak  in  energy  in  the  evening  nearshore  and  in  the afternoon  offshore.  The  seasonal  cycle  was  characterised  by  a  peak  in  winter  (40  \u2013  50  kW\/m)  and trough  in  summer  (20  \u2013  30  kW\/m).  The  interannual  variability  signal  had  a  strong  correlation  with regional  Sea  Level  Pressure  (SLP),  surface  westerlies  winds,  and  regional  sea  surface  currents.  It  is also  correlated  to  El  Ni\u00f1o  Southern  Oscillation  (NINO3)  and  the  Southern  Annular  Mode  (SAM).  In terms  of  the  total  annual  wave  energy  resource  (P),  approximately  380  TWh\/yr,  are  available  near  the 80  and  128  m  water  depths.  For  the  PSS,  it  was  estimated  that  for  a  moderate  flow  rate  of  50  m3s-1,  the required  power  to  pump  sea  water  to  an  upper  reservoir  with  a  volume  of  5  and  15  million  m3  is approximately  43  and  150  MW.  The  pumping  process  would  take  between  28  and  82  hours.  This  study concludes  that  the  entire  Agulhas  Bank  has  indeed  sufficient  wave  energy  resource  to  supply  a  large scale PSS.","author":["Francisco, F."],"organization":["University of Cape Town"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Francisco_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1475103","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-technology-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-94-009-2131-3_15","title":"Wave Energy Technology Assessment","description":"This paper presents a comparative survey of twelve wave energy conversion devices. Table 1 identifies the developer of each technology and indicates the largest scale at which each concept has been physically tested. Note that eleven of these devices are designed for electric power generation, and one (no. 12, DELBUOY) has been developed for fresh water production. For the electric power generating technologies in Table 1, \u201cmodel\u201d refers to a test where the device\u2019s power conversion system was simulated, \u201cprototype\u201d refers to a test where the device actually generated electricity that was used locally or dissipated, and \u201cdemonstration\u201d refers to a device that is connected to a utility grid.","author":["Hagerman, G.","Heller, T."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1990-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1477238","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/variability-florida-current-implications-power-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/J-Jr-4\/publication\/267705258_VARIABILITY_IN_THE_FLORIDA_CURRENT_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_POWER_GENERATION\/links\/54aea7ea0cf21670b35867a4\/VARIABILITY-IN-THE-FLORIDA-CURRENT-IMPLICATIONS-FOR-POWER-GENERATION.pdf","title":"Variability in the Florida Current: Implications for Power Generation","description":"THE FLORIDA CURRENT\u2014the  reach  of  the  Gulf  Stream System  in  the  Straits  of  Florida\u2014offers  the  potential  for renewable  base-load  power  for  the  energy-hungry  southeast Florida  metropolitan  area,  the  seventh  largest  in  the  U.S. Realization  of  this  potential  requires,  among  other  things,  a better  understanding  of  both  the  structure  and  variations  of the  flow  in  order  to  provide  developers  of  marine hydrokinetic  energy  conversion  devices  with  information critical  to  the  design  process  and  to  quantify  more completely  the  resource  itself. To  this  end,  the  Southeast  National  Marine  Renewable Energy  Center  has  deployed  Acoustic  Doppler  Current Profilers  (ADCPs)  at  a  variety  of  locations  offshore  Fort Lauderdale.  Resulting  current  profiles  are  discussed  in  this paper,  with  particular  emphasis  on  observed  variability  and its  implications  for  power  generation.","author":["Hanson, H.","Smentek-Duerr, A.","VanZwieten Jr., J."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2015-01-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hanson_et_al_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1477240","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/singapore-strait-hydrodynamics-ancient-myths-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Singapore Strait Hydrodynamics: From Ancient Myths to Renewable Energy","description":"A  review is carried out from ancient word of mouth to the present day scientific  studies of the hydrodynamics of the Singapore Strait.  Various beliefs about whirlpools in and around Singapore Strait are correlated with the present day eddies or vortices observed through hydrodynamic modelling.  A semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian  finite element (SELFE) model was used for numerical modelling of the hydrodynamics in the Singapore Strait.  The vortices and high current streams observed in Singapore Strait are analysed for possible source of clean renewable energy.  The vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of eddies or vortices can be converted to renewable energy through available modern technologies.  The tidal energy can also be extracted from  flood and ebb current of the tidal streams at suitable locations. A review of technologies available for extraction of renewable energy from tidal steam current and  VIV  was carried out.","author":["Behera, M.","Haihua, X.","Tkalich, P."],"organization":["National University of Singapore"],"originationDate":"2012-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:30:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Behera_et_al_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1477242","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/building-roadmap-implementation-marine-renewable-energy-colombia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/6003660","title":"Building a roadmap for the implementation of marine renewable energy in Colombia","description":"Marine renewable energy presents itself as a reliable, clean and abundant source of energy. However, its harnessing is highly dependent on the local oceanographic and environmental conditions, and there are still many research challenges to produce electric power in a commercial scale. This work strives to build a road map for harnessing marine renewable energy for Colombia, taking into account the study of the most promising oceanographic variables to generate ocean power: waves, tides, currents and saline and thermal gradients. The roadmap must be designed to fulfill several objectives: to have a profound knowledge of the available resource and oceanographic conditions in Colombia, to identify the best opportunities for harnessing the wave resource, to optimize the investment in resources and to minimize the possible environmental impacts. With these objectives in mind, a 4-stage roadmap is proposed, where each stage depends on the results on the previous one, and provides global knowledge of marine energy.","author":["Osorio, A.","Agudelo, P.","Correa, J.","Otero, L.","Ortega, S.","Hern\u00e1ndez, J.","Restrepo, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-06-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1477243","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interaction-pelagic-migratory-protected-fishes-marine-renewable-energy-projects-recent","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/f1881m744","title":"The Interaction of Pelagic, Migratory and Protected Fishes with Marine Renewable Energy Projects: Recent Studies and Knowledge Gaps","description":"Fishes are expected to interact with Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) projects in ways dependent upon both the nature of the project in question and on the ecology of the species considered (Figure 1). The siting of MRE projects will determine the habitat affected, the species expected to encounter the project, and the length(s) of associated cables. The nature of the technology will limit the variety of interactions possible: For example, a tethered wind turbine with few or no moving parts below the surface offers a reduced suite of potential interactions than does a wave energy conversion device with subsurface moving parts. Underwater noise and vibrations, chemical coatings, lubricants and hydraulic fluids, electrical insulation, the depth to which transmission cables are buried, and even color choices for subsurface structures could all affect the nature and extent of ecological effects. Assuming that fishing activities are limited in the vicinity, these projects may function as de facto marine reserves, with effects on both fish populations and area fisheries. The ecology and biology of the diverse species contribute further to the array of interactions. Pelagic or open water species may visit these projects as sources of food, preying on smaller fishes or invertebrates associated with the structures. In tropical waters, such devices would undoubtedly function as Fish Aggregation Devices (FADs); in colder waters, associated fish assemblages may aggregate according to different behavioral\/ecological mechanisms. FADs and flotsam assemblages in the tropics are typically dominated by scombrids and carangids, but these taxa are less diverse in temperate waters and have not been reported to associate with flotsam at higher latitudes. Nonetheless, there is a great deal that remains to be learned about flotsam-associated fishes, and the phenomenon should not be ruled out in the case of MRE projects. Migrating species, particularly those that travel along the coast, may be expected to encounter these projects. Salmonids generally and, along the West Coast of the United States, green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) in particular are migrating species likely to encounter offshore projects, at least in the form of their associated cables to facilities on shore. Potential interactions include concentration of predators, EMF effects, and the loss of foraging habitat. Reef species are expected to treat these structures as reef-like habitat, and a resource for foraging, shelter, spawning and more. The structural complexity of a MRE project may be analogous to the factors affecting the efficacy or appeal of an artificial reef (for example, see Bohnsack et al. 1991 and Perkol-Finkel et al. 2006). Fishes associated with soft bottom habitats may be locally displaced, although some of these species do occupy the ecotones between natural reef and soft bottom habitat; these projects may offer these fishes additional habitat. Finally, fishes may respond by avoiding these structures, by actively associating with them, or by showing no behavioral response at all. Recent studies have focused on baseline research, sampling potential project sites and control areas to anchor before-after-control-impact (BACI) studies once projects are established. Additional research on the response of fishes to electromagnetic fields, artificial reefs, and FADs would considerably improve our capacity to assess the potential effects of MRE on fishes. Baseline studies designed to form the foundation of a BACI study, research on fish assemblages around existing offshore analogues (e.g., oil platforms, navigational buoys, etc.) and the development of vigorous and effective citizen science programs are strongly encouraged.","author":["Nelson, P."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Avoidance","EMF","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1477246","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/projection-future-wave-climate-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Alvaro-Semedo\/publication\/268925996_Projections_of_Future_Wave_Cimate_for_Marine_Renewable_Energy\/links\/547baf7a0cf293e2da2d739f\/Projections-of-Future-Wave-Cimate-for-Marine-Renewable-Energy.pdf","title":"Projection of future wave climate for marine renewable energy","description":"Future changes in  wind-wave  climate have  broad  implications  for operation and design of  coastal, near- and  off-shore industries,  ecosystems  and  wave energy  resources. However,  wind-waves have received little attention  in  global assessments  of  projected  long-term range  of  future  climate  change.  We  present  strategies  and results  from  the community  derived multi-model ensemble of wave climate  projections  (COWCLIP). The COWCLIP  project has been active  since  2011 and includes  global  and  regional wave  climate projections.  Results  show  that the  area  of  projected significant  wave height  Hs  decrease is  greater during boreal winter (January-March) than  boreal summer (July-September)  in  the  northern Hemisphere.  A  projected  increase  in  annual  mean  Hs  is  found over  7.1% of  the global ocean, predominantly  in  the Southern Ocean,  and  is  larger  during  austral  winter.  Increased  Southern Ocean wave activity influences a  larger proportion of  the global ocean as swell propagates  northwards into the  other ocean basins.","author":["Mori, N.","Erikson, L.","Hemer, M.","Lionello, P.","Mendez, F.","Semedo, A.","Wang, X.","Wolf, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1477441","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabed-scour-considerations-marine-renewable-energy-facilities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/OTCONF\/proceedings-abstract\/17OTC\/4-17OTC\/D041S048R006\/93269","title":"Seabed Scour Considerations for Marine Renewable Energy Facilities","description":"The Geotechnics Sub-Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute (COPRI) Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) Committee is preparing a guide document for marine renewable energy foundations. That guide would use standard design codes for fixed foundations and mooring anchors in API RP 2GEO and DNV. This paper focuses on seabed scour.  Seabed scour can affect the siting, design, installation and operations of marine renewable energy facilities. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) specifically requires an assessment of seabed scour in the Construction Operations Plan (COP) that must be submitted and approved by BOEM before construction of renewable energy facilities in the US Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). This paper discusses why scour is an important consideration for marine renewable energy facilities, what factors can contribute to scour, how the severity of sediment mobility depends on the interrelationship between the ocean bottom and the seafloor, and how the installation of marine renewable energy facilities can alter the dynamic equilibrium among the many factors that contribute to the dynamic morphology of the seafloor. Options available for avoiding, protecting against, or mitigating scour are also discussed.","author":["Stevens, R.","Smith, K.","Soosainathan, L.","Fischer, J.","Mekkawy, M.","Rahim, A.","O\u0027Connell, D."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479179","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-technical-ecological-evaluations-potential-implement-renewable-energy-sources","sourceURL":"","title":"Socio-technical-ecological evaluations of the potential to implement renewable energy sources in coastal areas of  tropical developing countries  \u2013 an East  African case study","description":"The suggested project aims at evaluating the potential for a successful implementation of renewable energy  sources in the coastal zone of tropical developing countries integrating results from different scientific disciplines (ecology, social science  and technology) into  a useful support for development policy.  Its emphasis will  be on remote areas  where poor infrastructures  raise the demand for independent  electricity  supplies. Moreover, the project intends to identify  key-issues and sociotechnical pathways  for a future integration of  suitable renewable energy  sources in such areas.    The research will be based on analyses of the  relationships between technical, ecological and social systems and focus on applying adequate technology  in  a socially  and ecologically feasible way. The energy sources considered will be selected from  local natural flowing resources,  i.e.  mainly  tidal, stream,  and wave energies. With funding  from  Sida (SAREC Planning Grant) and  Adlerbertska Forskningsstiftelsen, a planning study  was carried out during  October \u2013  November 2007, including  the subsequent parts:  1)  meetings with  representatives from  several concerned institutions in Mozambique and in Tanzania    2)  field visit to remote rural areas in southern Tanzania where hydrographical and coast morphological features were documented  3)  meetings with  village representatives in  remote  rural  southern Tanzania in order to collect information about living  standards, energy  demands and development intentions  Compiled results from  the  three parts are presented in  this report and will constitute a baseline for the forthcoming application of  Sida Project grant, to  be handed in April 2008. When  taking part  of  the results it is important to keep in mind that the suggested project does not intend  to construct  any actual power plants, or pilot plants, but to study the prerequisites and consequences,  technical, natural as well as societal in order to evaluate if and how a future implementation of these recent technologies  could be carried out in a feasible and sustainable way.  This report is  written with a plain perspective and contains no abstract. As the proceedings of the study will be the basis for a research application in progress, conclusions  will instead be developed  within that context.  However, it can be stated that the project received a noticeable support from  official, academic and  local stakeholders in both  Mozambique  and Tanzania. It has been made clear that project initiative in its current appearance is very  welcome and that bilateral co operations will be straightforward to form.  Concerning the ocean energy  resource and suitability  of sites this planning study has been far to restricted to make any  assessments; information received from  the  meetings and the short visit in field nevertheless implies that several areas  may  have  potential for energy extraction.","author":["Molander, S.","Gullstr\u00f6m, M.","Jagers, S.","Hammar, L."],"organization":["Chalmers University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Molander_et_al_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479181","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/phase-resolving-wave-modeling-wave-characterization-coastal-nearshore-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Phase-resolving wave modeling for the wave characterization of coastal and nearshore Marine Renewable Energy sites","description":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) systems require detailed information regarding the wave induced loads. This paper studies the ability of a phase-resolving model to provide wave information required by MRE applications in coastal and nearshore areas. The phase-resolving approach provides an improved description of the nonlinear wave field found in shallow waters. This approach may also produce other hydrodynamic variables that could benefit the MRE deployment such as the wave height distribution or the wave-induced currents. A dataset collected at a French potential wave energy site allows for model performances quantification. However due to their high computational cost, phase-resolving models are usually used for the simulation of wave packets or short duration wave events and they cannot provide climatologies needed for deriving proper statistics on the seasonal or inter-annual variability of the wave power. Such long term time series are provided by phase-averaged models. This paper aims at drawing attention on the potential benefit of coupling complementary wave modeling strategies (phase-averaged and phase-resolving approaches) to provide advanced wave information to the MRE actors.","author":["Varing, A.","Filipot, J-F.","Roeber, V.","Leckler, F.","Duarte, R.","Michard, B.","Delpey, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Varing_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479182","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/concerns-marine-renewable-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1013423","title":"Concerns in Marine Renewable Energy Projects","description":"To accelerate the adoption of these emerging marine hydrokinetic technologies, navigational and environmental issues and concerns must be identified and addressed. As hydrokinetic projects move forward, various stakeholders will need to be engaged; one of the key issues that project proponents face as they engage stakeholders is that many conflicting uses and environmental issues are not well-understood. Much of this lack of understanding comes from a limited understanding of the technologies themselves. To address this issue, in September 2008, RE Vision consulting, LLC, was selected by the Department of Energy, under their market acceleration program, to apply a scenario-based assessment approach to the emerging hydrokinetic technology sector. The goal was to improve understanding of potential environmental and navigation impacts of these technologies and focus stakeholders on the critical issues. To meet this goal, the study established baseline scenarios for wave and tidal power conversion at potential future deployment sites. The scenarios captured variations in technical approaches and deployment scales and thus grounded the analysis in realistic constraints. The work conducted under this award provides an important foundation to other market acceleration activities carried out by the DOE and other stakeholders in this sector. The scenarios were then evaluated using a framework developed by H.T. Harvey \u0026amp; Associates to identify and characterize key environmental concerns and uncertainties. In collaboration with PCCI and the U.S. Coast Guard, navigation issues were assessed and guidelines developed to assure the safe operation of these systems. Finally, the work highlights \u201cnext steps\u201d to take to continue development and adoption of marine hydrokinetic energy. Throughout the project, close collaboration with device developers, project developers and regulatory stakeholders was pursued to ensure that assumptions and constraints are realistic. Results concur with most of the permitting hurdles experienced by on-going projects in the U.S., and specific recommendations are provided for identifying and addressing them. While many areas of further research were identified, the study did not identify any major show-stoppers, largely because these technologies have a relatively low environmental risk-profile if compared to other activities routinely permitted in the marine environment. The frameworks and representative scenarios developed provide an objective and transparent tool for stakeholders, regulators and developers to assist in the decision-making process for siting wave and tidal energy plants, and meet our goal of improving understanding between all stakeholders. The final product consists of three reports: Report 1 - Wave Energy Scenarios. This report includes: A technology characterization of four different wave energy technologies, including major technical specifications, device performance, and technical siting considerations; A site characterization of two potential deployment sites located in Hawaii and California; Outlines of device installation, O\u0026amp;M and decommissioning activities; Navigational demarcation requirements; and, Deployment Scenarios, identifying all the major life-cycle-related impacts. Report 2 - Tidal Energy Scenarios. This report includes: A technology characterization of three tidal energy technologies, including major technical specifications, device performance, and technical siting considerations; A site characterization of one potential deployment location in the Puget Sound, Washington; Outlines of device installation, O\u0026amp;M and decommissioning activities; Navigational demarcation requirements; and, Deployment Scenarios, identifying all the major life-cycle-related impacts. Report 3 - Framework for Identifying Key Environmental Concerns. This report describes frameworks for identifying key environmental effects and applies them to the wave and tidal energy deployment scenarios described in the first two reports. It highlights critical issues and recommendations for future research.","author":["Previsic, M.","Kramer, S.","Nelson, P.","Woo, S."],"organization":["Re Vision Consulting LLC","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Previsic_et_al_2010_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479183","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-two-tourism-dependent-coastal-communities-their-opinions-local-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ttu-ir.tdl.org\/handle\/2346\/86654","title":"Comparing two tourism-dependent, coastal communities and their opinions of local marine renewable energy projects","description":"Increasing atmospheric levels  of  greenhouse gases,  such  as  CO2  and CH4,  have been  linked  to  ocean  acidification,  rising temperatures,  and overall  climate change.  To combat climate change a transition  to  more renewable energy  sources  such  as  solar,  wind, and hydrokinetic  has  been offered as  part of  the  solution.  However,  most  renewable energy projects  are  met with local opposition.  Environmental communication campaigns have shown to be  effective  when done  properly.  The  Integrative  Model of Behavioral Prediction  posits  there are an  infinite number  of  variables  affecting behavior,  but focusing on attitudes,  social norms, and efficacy should allow  campaign planners to determine  factors  that are  most likely to change  behavior. To that end,  an elicitation study should be  performed to determine which attitudes,  beliefs, and  norms  are  influential in  a specific  community. In order to accomplish this  goal,  in-depth interviews  were  conducted in  two  tourism-dependent,  coastal communities  in  Florida.  Twenty-five  interviews suggested that local attitudes  are  driven by knowledge  of  local  energy  generation, familiarity  with  renewable energy  sources,  economics,  NIMBY-ism,  and  politics. Perceived norms are  driven by family,  friends,  and community influencer  groups. Efficacy is  driven by both self-  and  response efficacy  beliefs  regarding residents  current environmentally friendly behaviors  and the  ability of  business  and government to support and  implement such  projects.  One final driver  of  acceptance,  place attachment,  shows that projects  should be  compatible  with how  community members  view their  community. This  research  sets  the  stage  for  further  testing  of  behavioral models  in  tourism-dependent, coastal communities  to  drive communication  efforts  focused on  renewable energy acceptance.  It  also  underscores  the need  for  considering self-  and  response efficacy separately  in  future renewable energy  acceptance research.  Additionally,  place attachment and  cultural worldviews  should be included  in  future acceptance research  to boost the  utility of  the  IMBP  in the  renewable  energy context.  Lastly,  the research highlights  the  need for targeted,  simplistic,  and transparent messaging distributed through local channels  within  the  studied  communities  further  showing  that best practices  for renewable energy  messaging varies  by  community.","author":["DeSanti, B."],"organization":["Texas Tech University"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DeSanti_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479184","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/viability-renewable-technologies-marine-derived-energy-global-sources-electricity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/msurjonline.mcgill.ca\/article\/view\/128","title":"Viability of renewable technologies from marine derived energy as global sources of electricity","description":"Due to dwindling natural resources and continually increasing energy demands, renewable energy may be the solution to the world\u2019s future energy needs. The oceans represent a large reservoir of energy and marine derived renewable energy may in turn represent a significant source of global electricity. In particular, the marine renewables reviewed in this study are ocean thermal energy conversion and wave energy. Unlike more mainstream renewables, little research has been undertaken to determine the capabilities of these technologies. However, the authors believe that these technologies have the potential to contribute significantly to the global energy market. Global potential maps for each technology were constructed using analysis of data sets provided by the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (Columbia University) and a Geographic Information System. These show the best viability of OTEC to be concentrated around the Equator, where the vertical ocean temperature gradients are at least 20\u00b0C\/km, and that the most suitable areas for wave power are concentrated between the latitudes of roughly 40 to 60\u00b0 N and S, where surface wind speeds average at least 8 m\/s. Given these areas, gross potential outputs were calculated to be 605 TW for OTEC and 3368 TW for wave power, 1% of which is still greater than the global electricity demand (13.2 PWh, or 1.51 TW of power, in 2000 (EIA, 2007)). These results are promising, but they do not reflect technological, sociological and economical limitations. The environmental impacts of these technologies may range from local effects on ecosystems and biodiversity to long-term global climate and oceanic implications. Compared to modern non-renewable energy sources, these technologies have no significant greenhouse gas emissions. Given the globally significant potential outputs and limited environmental impacts of OTEC and wave energy, it is clear that marine renewable energy technologies are viable as future sources of electricity.","author":["Dubois, S.","Klein, K.","Villemure, M."],"organization":["McGill University"],"originationDate":"2021-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dubois_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479185","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-renewable-energy-sources-malaysia","sourceURL":"","title":"Evaluating the Renewable Energy Sources in Malaysia","description":"Energy  consumption  has  risen  in  Malaysia  because  of  the  developing strategies  and  increasing  rate  of  population.  Depletion  of  fossil  fuel  resources, fluctuation  in  crude  oil  prices,  and  emission  of  new  environmental  problems  due  to the  greenhouse  gases  effects  of  fossil  fuel  combustion  have  convinced  governments to  invest  in  development  of  power  generation  based  on  renewable  energy  resources. Recently,  power  generation from the  renewable  energy  resources has been taken into account  in  the  energy  mix  of  every  country  to  supply  the  annual  electricity  demand. The  current  work  will  give  an  overview of  the  renewable  energy  sources in  Malaysia emphasizing  more  on  the  marine  renewable  energy  sources  status  for  Malaysia  in terms  of  the  available  methods  of  resource  assessment,  potentiality  and  the  existing policies  that  support  the  utilization  of  the  marine  renewable  energy  as  an  alternative source  of  energy.  A  survey  was  carried  out  to  analyze  the  best  possible  methods  for the  resource  assessment  of  Marine  Renewable  Energy  as  well  as  the  resource potentiality  in  Malaysia.  Based  on  the  survey  carried  out,  it  was  found  that  Malaysia has  a  great  potential  in  Wave  Energy  and  Wind  Energy,  where  the  potential  for Wave  Energy  and Wind  Energy  is found to be  approximately  53%  and 24%  which is significantly  a  higher  number  considering  the  ocean  conditions  in  Malaysia  and  also the  survey  result  was  compared  by  calculating  the  power  being  generated  by  Wave and  Wind  in  Kuala  Terengganu  region  and  it  can  be  projected  that  Wave  and  Wind energy  has  the  highest  potential  as  agreed  by  most  of  the  respondents  .  The  results obtained  in  this  research  are  significant  for  the  growth  of  Ocean  Renewable  Energy in Malaysia if used on a  large  scale.","author":["Saeed, K."],"organization":["Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Saeed_et_al_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479379","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-heat-renewable-energy-source","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ojs.upj.ac.id\/index.php\/journal_widya\/article\/view\/278","title":"Marine Heat as a Renewable Energy Source","description":"The ocean, which covers two-thirds of the land surface, receives heat from the sun\u0027s rays. Ocean water also receives heat that comes from geothermal heat, which is magma located under the seafloor. Ocean surface temperatures are warmest near the equator, with temperatures from 25\u00b0C to 33\u00b0C between 0 degrees and 20 degrees north and south latitude. This temperature difference can be utilized to run the driving machine based on the thermodynamic principle. A technology called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is capable of converting the temperature difference into electrical energy. OTEC is a power plant by utilizing the difference in the temperature of seawater on the surface and the temperature of deep seawater. This paper briefly overviews of how ocean heat can be utilized as a renewable energy source to produce electrical energy. The development and exploitation of renewable marine energy in the future are feasible and this will involve multidisciplinary fields such as robotics and informatics.","author":["Suparta, W."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479381","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/design-considerations-ocean-energy-resource-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/528577","title":"Design considerations for ocean energy resource systems","description":"The oceans occupy nearly three-quarters of the Earth\u0027s surface and represent an enormous source of renewable energy. While many of the world\u0027s industrialized nations have conducted exploratory research and development, the total power currently available from ocean energy systems, with the exception of the French tidal power plant, is less than one hundred megawatts (MW). An increasing number of ocean energy conversion systems are approaching an acceptable stage of development for commercial utilization. This paper considers the factors which are the most important in the design and development of ocean energy resource systems. Sources of renewable energy in the marine environment include tides, waves, currents, and thermal gradients. The challenge is to balance the energy resource potential with sources of environmental loading, which are applicable to a specific site, in the most logical and coherent manner possible, in order to make wise choices regarding site selection and system design.","author":["Bregman, R.","Knapp, R.","Takahashi, P."],"organization":["University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"1995-10-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479382","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-renewable-energy-potential-technology-deployments-case-study-brazil","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/19\/3658","title":"Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil","description":"This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, ocean current, and thermal gradient sources along the Brazilian coastline. The global status of the technological maturity of the projects, their different stages of development, and the current global installed capacity for different sources indicate the most promising technologies considering the trend of global interest. In Brazil, despite the extensive coastline and the fact that almost 82% of the Brazilian electricity matrix is renewable, ocean renewable energy resources are still unexplored. The results, using oceanographic fields produced by numerical models, show the significant potential of ocean thermal and wave energy sources in the northern and southern regions of the Brazilian coast, which could contribute as complementary supply sources in the national electricity matrix.","author":["Shadman, M.","Silva, C.","Faller, D.","Wu, Z.","Assad, L.","Landau, L.","Levi, C.","Estefen, S."],"organization":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro"],"originationDate":"2019-09-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shadman_et_al_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1479576","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/salinity-gradient-energy-resource-tropical-hypersaline-coastal-lagoons-perspectives","sourceURL":"","title":"Salinity Gradient Energy Resource in Tropical Hypersaline Coastal Lagoons: Perspectives for Sustainable Use","description":"Renewable energy resources are now of growing interest and so is the technology to use them. From the available ocean energy resources, salinity gradients are the least studied. The natural coastal processes in countries within the tropics, like Mexico, generously provide the essentials for the development of intense salinity gradients: abundant rainfall and intense solar radiation (high rates of evaporation).  A salinity gradient research project at the Mexican Center for Innovation in Renewable Energies of the Ocean aims to quantify and evaluate this natural resource in Mexico, to understand the processes controlling the resource, to characterize the environments at selected sites with potential, to investigate the existing techniques to obtain energy from salinity gradients and to promote new studies to improve the existing technologies. Mexico has numerous rivers discharging to micro-tidal basins and low-inflow coastal lagoons, some of which develop hyper saline conditions during dry seasons. Theoretical estimates of the available energy in one of these sites through one year measurements, revealed higher potential (2-3 times more) than existing estimates at river mouths in the world. Intensive field campaigns are revealing new biological and physical findings together with information providing clues to understand the overall behavior of this delicate and extreme site.","author":["Enriquez, C.","Reyes-Mendoza, O.","Alvarez-Silva, O.","Papiol-Nieves, V.","Mari\u00f1o-Tapia, I.","Chiappa-Carrara, X.","Arag\u00f3n, J.","Fitch, N.","Silva-Casar\u00edn, R."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico"],"originationDate":"2018-05-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Enriquez_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1489429","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-overview-ocean-energy-activities-2020","sourceURL":"","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2020","description":"The work of the IEA-OES covers all forms of energy generation in which sea water forms the motive power through its physical and chemical properties, i.e. wave, tidal range, tidal and ocean currents, ocean thermal energy conversion and salinity gradients. IEA-OES connects organisations and individuals working in the ocean energy sector to accelerate the viability, uptake and acceptance of ocean energy systems in an environmentally acceptable manner","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1489430","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/duration-lactation-postweaning-changes-mass-body-composition-harbor-seal-phoca","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/10.1139\/z93-194","title":"Duration of lactation and postweaning changes in mass and body composition of harbor seal, Phoca vitulina , pups","description":"We studied changes in body mass and body composition of harbor seal pups from weaning to 5 - 6 weeks postweaning in June - August 1988 and 1989 on Sable Island, Canada. Known-age pups ( n\u2002= 52) were captured at 3-day intervals from late lactation through about 40 days postweaning. Pups were weaned, on average, at 24.1 \u00b1 0.44 days (mean \u00b1 SE) postpartum at a body mass of 24.9 \u00b1 0.45 kg. There were no significant differences between years or sexes in the age and mass at weaning or in the rate of mass loss during the postweaning period. The duration of the postweaning fast averaged from 15 - 17 days as assessed by stomach lavage. The rate of mass loss was independent of weaning mass. At weaning, pups contained an average of 47.7% water and 32.8% fat, based on deuterium oxide dilution. During the first 14 days postweaning, the estimated body composition of pups did not change, despite the loss of body mass. Over the next 26 days, the estimated percent body water increased to about 63% and body fat declined to about 12%. The average energy density of harbor seal pups at weaning was low (16.3 kJ \/ g) compared with that of other phocids (17.7 - 22.2 kJ \/ g). This low energy density at weaning may reflect the highly aquatic and precocial development of harbor seal pups.","author":["Muelbert, M.","Bowen, W."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1993-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1489431","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enabling-future-arrays-tidal-y1-environmental-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/participants\/documents\/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5b9a186a6\u0026appId=PPGMS","title":"Enabling Future Arrays in Tidal: Y1 Environmental Monitoring Report","description":"Nova has been conducting environmental survey and monitoring activity in Bluemull Sound, Shetland since November 2010. Initial environmental surveys were carried out to gather information in support of consent applications for Nova\u2019s existing turbine deployments in Bluemull Sound. Following turbine deployments, the focus of environmental monitoring shifted to activity required under the consent conditions, to monitor the effects of the deployed turbines on marine wildlife.  To date, environmental monitoring in Bluemull Sound has focussed on possible effects of the project on marine mammals, diving birds and the avoidance of impacts on sensitive seabed habitats during installation, utilising underwater cameras and land-based vantage point surveys.  This document summarises the background, methodologies and outcomes from the environmental monitoring in year 1 of the EnFAIT project. Since this is the first in a series of three environmental monitoring reports required for the EnFAIT project, an overview is provided of the longer-term environmental monitoring programme that Nova has been conducting around the Shetland Tidal Array since 2010, to provide additional context. This provides a foundation on which further monitoring undertaken as part of the EnFAIT project will be built and refined. An overview of the scope and objectives for the ongoing monitoring programme, as the number of deployed turbines increases and device configuration within the array is altered, is also provided.","author":["Smith, K.","Simpson, N."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.682098000000","-0.988055000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:01:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith_and_Simpson_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1489432","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-role-large-benthic-decapods-marine-ecosystems-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v469\/p195-213\/","title":"Ecological role of large benthic decapods in marine ecosystems: a review","description":"Large benthic decapods play an increasingly important role in commercial fisheries worldwide, yet their roles in the marine ecosystem are less well understood. A synthesis of existing evidence for 4 infraorders of large benthic marine decapods, Brachyura (true crabs), Anomura (king crabs), Astacidea (clawed lobsters) and Achelata (clawless lobsters), is presented here to gain insight into their ecological roles and possible ecosystem effects of decapod fisheries. The reviewed species are prey items for a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates. They are omnivorous but prefer molluscs and crustaceans as prey. Experimental studies have shown that decapods influence the structuring of benthic habitat, occasionally playing a keystone role by suppressing herbivores or space competitors. Indirectly, via trophic cascades, they can contribute to the maintenance of kelp forest, marsh grass, and algal turf habitats. Changes in the abundance of their predators can strongly affect decapod population trends. Commonly documented non-consumptive interactions include interference-competition for food or shelter, as well as habitat provision for other invertebrates. Anthropogenic factors such as exploitation, the creation of protected areas, and species introductions influence these ecosystem roles by decreasing or increasing decapod densities, often with measurable effects on prey communities. Many studies have investigated particular ecosystem effects of decapods, but few species were comprehensively studied in an ecosystem context. A simplified synthetic framework for interpreting ecosystem roles of decapods was derived from the available evidence; however, more experimental and long-term observational studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms and shed light on the long-term consequences of decapod fisheries.","author":["Boudreau, S.","Worm, B."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1490979","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/motivational-trade-offs-potential-pain-experience-hermit-crabs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/248336352_Motivational_trade-offs_and_potential_pain_experience_in_hermit_crabs","title":"Motivational trade-offs and potential pain experience in hermit crabs","description":"One criterion of pain experience is that the emotional response to pain may be traded-off against other motivational requirements. This was tested in hermit crabs, housed in either preferred or unpreferred species of shells, by subjecting their abdomens to electric shocks of gradually increasing intensity. The first observable response was not affected by shell species but those in preferred shells evacuated at a higher shock level than those in poor quality shells. Thus, they seem to trade-off the requirement to retain a high quality shell with that of avoidance of the noxious stimulus. Some crabs returned to their shells and those that got back into the preferred species did so with less probing of the aperture before getting in and subsequently thrust their abdomen in and out less often in further investigation, thus confirming their shell species preference. Not all crabs returned to the vicinity of the shell and some attempted to climb the wall of the experimental chamber. Others engaged in shell rapping as if in a fight and grooming of the abdomen was noted. These findings are consistent with the idea of a pain experience rather than a nociceptive reflex.","author":["Appel, M.","Elwood, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1490980","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morphology-neural-information-electric-sense-skate","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/ploscompbiol\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030113","title":"From Morphology to Neural Information: The Electric Sense of the Skate","description":"Morphology typically enhances the fidelity of sensory systems. Sharks, skates, and rays have a well-developed electrosense that presents strikingly unique morphologies. Here, we model the dynamics of the peripheral electrosensory system of the skate, a dorsally flattened batoid, moving near an electric dipole source (e.g., a prey organism). We compute the coincident electric signals that develop across an array of the skate\u0027s electrosensors, using electrodynamics married to precise morphological measurements of sensor location, infrastructure, and vector projection. Our results demonstrate that skate morphology enhances electrosensory information. Not only could the skate locate prey using a simple population vector algorithm, but its morphology also specifically leads to quick shifts in firing rates that are well-suited to the demonstrated bandwidth of the electrosensory system. Finally, we propose electrophysiology trials to test the modeling scheme.","author":["Camperi, M.","Tricias, T.","Brown, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1490981","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/essential-fish-habitat-source-document-thorny-skate-amblyraja-radiata-life-history","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/3335","title":"Essential Fish and Habitat Source Document: Thorny Skate, Amblyraja Radiata, Life History and Habitat Characteristics","description":"The thorny skate [Amblyraja radiata (Donovan 1808); formerly Raja radiata, see McEachran and Dunn (1998); Figure 1] occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. In the western North Atlantic, it ranges from western Greenland, Davis straits, Hudson straits, Hudson Bay and Labrador to South Carolina. In the eastern North Atlantic, it ranges from Iceland, eastern Greenland, Barents Sea and off the coast of Spitzbergen to the English Channel and the southwestern coasts of Ireland and England (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953a, b; Stehmann and Burkel 1984; McEachran 2002). Bigelow and Schroeder (1953a) also reported that in the east it extends from the White Sea and Barents Sea to the North Sea, Dutch coast, and western part of Baltic. In the eastern South Atlantic it is found off South Africa (Hulley 1970). Thorny skate is one of the most abundant skates encountered in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, off northeastern and southeastern Nova Scotia, and in the Gulf of Maine (McEachran and Musick 1975). This paper will focus mostly on the life history and habitat characteristics of thorny skate in the western Atlantic, especially in United States waters. McEachran (2002) distinguishes thorny skates from other skates in the Gulf of Maine by a combination of the following characters: the rostrum is stout and extends distinctly anterior to the anterior-most pectoral rays. Thorns with radiate bases are present in a single row along the midline of the disc and tail. The mid-row thorns from nuchal region to origin of first dorsal fin range from 11 to 19.","author":["Packer, D.","Zetlin, C.","Vitaliano, J."],"organization":["Northwest Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2003-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 10:55:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Packer-et-al-2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1491175","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bioindicators-using-organisms-measure-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/scitable\/knowledge\/library\/bioindicators-using-organisms-to-measure-environmental-impacts-16821310\/","title":"Bioindicators: Using Organisms to Measure Environmental Impacts","description":"What can the canary in the coal mine tell us? Historically, canaries accompanied coal miners deep underground. Their small lung capacity and unidirectional lung ventilation system made them more vulnerable to small concentrations of carbon monoxide and methane gas than their human companions. As late as 1986, the acute sensitivity of these birds served as a biological indicator of unsafe conditions in underground coal mines in the United Kingdom. Since human health concerns continue to drive the development and application of bioindicators, the loss of ecosystem services (e.g., clean air, drinking water, plant pollinators) has increasingly focused our attention on the health of natural ecosystems. All species (or species assemblages) tolerate a limited range of chemical, physical, and biological conditions, which we can use to evaluate environmental quality. Despite many technological advances, we find ourselves turning to the biota of natural ecosystems to tell us the story of our world.","author":["Holt, E.","Miller, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1491176","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/trophic-pyramids-reorganize-when-food-web-architecture-fails-adjust-ocean-change","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aax0621","title":"Trophic pyramids reorganize when food web architecture fails to adjust to ocean change","description":"As human activities intensify, the structures of ecosystems and their food webs often reorganize. Through the study of mesocosms harboring a diverse benthic coastal community, we reveal that food web architecture can be inflexible under ocean warming and acidification and unable to compensate for the decline or proliferation of taxa. Key stabilizing processes, including functional redundancy, trophic compensation, and species substitution, were largely absent under future climate conditions. A trophic pyramid emerged in which biomass expanded at the base and top but contracted in the center. This structure may characterize a transitionary state before collapse into shortened, bottom-heavy food webs that characterize ecosystems subject to persistent abiotic stress. We show that where food web architecture lacks adjustability, the adaptive capacity of ecosystems to global change is weak and ecosystem degradation likely.","author":["Nagelkerken, I.","Goldenberg, S.","Ferreira, C.","Ullah, H.","Connell, S."],"organization":["University of Adelaide"],"originationDate":"2020-08-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1493692","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-salinity-gradient-energy-recovery-using-reverse-electrodialysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/jiec.13082","title":"Life cycle assessment of salinity gradient energy recovery using reverse electrodialysis","description":"This study is the first comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of reverse electrodialysis (RED), a technology that converts salinity gradient energy into electricity. Our goal is to identify RED system components of environmental concern and provide insights on potential environmental impacts. We conduct an attributional LCA of two RED scenarios: large-scale energy generation from natural bodies of water and smaller-scale energy generation from industrial processes. A functional unit of 1 MWh of net electricity production enables comparison to existing renewable energy technologies, including wind and solar photovoltaics. Under theoretical, favorable conditions, environmental impacts from RED are found to be comparable to, and often lower than, established renewable energy technologies. Processes associated with membrane manufacture are primary contributors to six of the nine evaluated impact categories. Under baseline assumptions, impacts are an average of 50% higher for the Natural Water scenario compared to the Concentrated Brine scenario because of the increased power density achieved with concentrated brines. This early-stage LCA demonstrates that the expected environmental impacts of RED are comparable to existing renewable technologies and a large improvement over fossil-based generation. However, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and carcinogenic impacts are larger for RED than other technologies under some assumptions.","author":["Mueller, K.","Thomas, J.","Johnson, J.","DeCarolis, J.","Call, D."],"organization":["North Carolina State University"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1497941","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/large-whale-entanglements-us-west-coast-1982-2017","sourceURL":"","title":"Large whale entanglements off the U.S. West Coast, from 1982-2017","description":"Large whale interaction and entanglement with gear in the ocean poses a major threat to animals worldwide. Entanglement can cause mortality, minor to significant injuries that may compromise the health of the individual animal which may impact their ability to feed or reproduce. There are also economic impacts associated with large whale entanglements. Commercial and recreational fishing industries may incur expenses due to lost gear or potential gear modifications, and increased regulations to reduce future whale entanglements. A significant investment is also needed when a response is undertaken to remove gear from an animal or to remove gear from the water.  Reports from California, Oregon, and Washington were standardized and combined to form a single database. This standard database was then analyzed for spatial and temporal trends in whale species, fishing gear types and associated fisheries, known outcomes of whale entanglements, and entanglement response.  Off the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington, there were 511 whale entanglements reported and 429 confirmed entanglements between January 1, 1982 and December 31, 2017. Whale entanglement reports were confirmed using criteria that include reviewing photos or videos or through direct observation by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric (NOAA) staff or another expert. Data analyses document a recent spike in entanglements, jumping from an annual average of 8 confirmed entangled large whales between 1982 and 2013, to an average of 41 confirmed entangled large whale reports between 2014 and 2017. Multiple factors may contribute to this increase in the number of reported entanglements, including, but not limited to, an increase in public awareness and reporting, changes in the spatial distribution and abundance of whales, fishing effort, and ocean conditions.  Whale species Gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were the most frequently reported species, with 208 and 165 confirmed entangled whales respectively, between 1982 and 2017. Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), killer whales (Orcinus orca), and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) have also been reported as entangled in gear.  Whale entanglement report location and timing Whale entanglements were documented across the entire area off the U.S. West Coast, with additional entanglements reported from bordering countries of Canada and Mexico, of animal\u2019s gear originating from the U.S. West Coast. The majority of confirmed whale entanglements were reported from California (85%), with 7% from Washington, and 6% from Oregon, and 1% from Mexico and Canada. However, these percentages do not always reflect the geographic area where this gear originated. Entanglement reports have been received in every month of the year, with highest numbers of entanglements in March and April. These months correspond with the northern migration of gray whales along the U.S. West Coast, as well as early presence of feeding humpback whales.  Gear types associated with whale entanglement reports Gear types were coded into general gear types: net, pot\/trap, hook and line, other, and unknown. \u201cNet\u201d is the general category describing an entanglement where any type of netting, used for fishing is identified, including gillnet and the California swordfish\/thresher shark drift gillnet. \u201cHook and line\u201d is the general category describing an entanglement where the fishery identified uses hook and line to target fish. \u201cPot\/trap\u201d is the general category describing any entanglement where the identified fishery utilizes a trap or pot to target fish or invertebrates. \u201cOther\u201d is the general category describing an entanglement where the gear type identified is not hook and line, netting, or trap\/pot. \u201cUnknown\u201d is the general category for an entanglement report where entangling gear material is unidentifiable to a specific source. Confirmed entanglements were most often attributed to gear that could not be identified (43%), with netting (34%) and pot\/traps (22%) accounting for the remainder of the entangled whale reports. Since 2000, the proportion of whales entangled in pot\/trap gear has increased, whereas net entanglements have decreased in prevalence. NMFS was able to identify and confirm the specific fishery or gear in 57% of confirmed entanglement reports. Gillnet had the highest number of entanglements, 87, with commercial Dungeness crab pot fishery as second with 73. Other pot\/trap fisheries confirmed to be involved with large whale entanglements are commercial spot prawn, commercial sablefish, commercial lobster, recreational Dungeness crab and commercial rock crab. When the gear set location associated with the whale entanglement is known.  Relating entanglement report location to known entanglement (gear set) location There were 94 records where gear set region was known. Of those 94 records, there were 74 records where the gear set region (and presumably the location of the entanglement) was the same as the region where the whale entanglement was reported, while the remaining 20 had a different gear set region. This suggests that a relationship exists between the patterns of entanglement reporting and the origins of entanglements, at least at a regional level, specifically in those areas where entanglements are commonly reported, such as central California. Whales were also documented carrying gear from the United States (U.S.) for thousands of miles into Mexico and Canada.  Entanglement Response Trained entanglement responders initiated a response for 39% of the entangled live whales that were reported. Many responses ended with either full (28%) or partial (19%) removal of gear. Of the 243 reports where entangling gear or fishery was confirmed, commercial Dungeness crab gear was associated with entanglements that had the highest number of releases (full, partial, and self-releases), representing a 49% success rate for responses to entanglements with this gear type. The documentation collected during entanglement response is invaluable in gaining an understanding of entanglements towards preventative solutions.  Conclusion\/Looking forward The outcomes of this report should serve as a guide to improve the understanding of the potential for interactions between commercial and recreational fisheries and large whales along California, Oregon, and Washington, recognizing that there are still many challenges in understanding the risk of whale entanglements and identifying gear. Based on the 35 years of whale entanglement data analyzed in this review, future work is recommended in the following areas:    Improve reporting to NMFS: increasing public awareness and understanding of the need for early and accurate reporting, expanding geographic reporting party coverage, support large whale entanglement response network to gain better documentation (e.g., photo identification, gear identification, injuries) and quality of information collected from each entanglement report;  Improve understanding of the ecological drivers affecting the distribution of whales and their risks of interaction with U.S. West Coast gear, and develop tools to assist with predicting distributions based on those drivers;  Improve understanding of the dynamics of the West Coast fixed gear fisheries, and develop tools to assist with monitoring\/predicting those distributions;  Enhance understanding of how behavior of whales and different gear configurations may interact to increase\/decrease chances of entanglements occurring;  Continue gear research and development of innovative ideas in collaboration with fishermen to reduce the number and\/or severity of future entanglements, specifically for the U.S. West Coast; and  Continue and expand fishery gear marking initiatives based on evaluations of whale entanglement report data and success\/failure of current marking schemes to identify the origins of entanglements.","author":["Saez, L.","Lawson, D.","DeAngelis, M."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Saez-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1498136","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ongoing-study-plan-pacific-marine-assessment-partnership-protected-species-pacmapps","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/environment\/PC-17-04_0.pdf","title":"Ongoing Study Plan: Pacific Marine Assessment Partnership for Protected Species (PacMAPPS) (NSL #PC-17-04)","description":"Problem: In order for environmental assessments to be accurate, density estimates for protected species must be up-to-date. Currently, the supporting data is several years old.  Intervention: Collaborate with ongoing NMFS efforts to conduct multiple biological surveys to estimate population densities of endangered or threatened marine species and fill spatial and temporal gaps in current survey efforts.  Comparison: Comparisons between the older existing data sets and this new species density and distribution data will inform trends or changes in environmental variables and\/or species densities and distributions.  Outcome: Up-to-date assessments, including spatial and temporal distribution, of protected species in areas of the Pacific that are of special interest to BOEM.  Context: Southern California, Central California, Northern California, Washington-Oregon, Hawaii","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","Southwest Fisheries Science Center","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PC-17-04.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1498137","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ongoing-study-plan-adrift-spatial-temporal-distribution-cetaceans-california-current","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/regions\/pacific-ocs-region\/environmental-analysis\/PC-20-04_2.pdf","title":"Ongoing Study Plan: ADRIFT: Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Cetaceans in the California Current Ecosystem Using Drifting Archival Passive Acoustic Monitoring (NSL #PC-20-04)","description":"Problem: BOEM\u2019s ability to accurately assess the potential impacts from offshore renewable energy development on protected species, as required by the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and Endangered Species Act (ESA), is restricted by a lack of ambient soundscape and seasonal cetacean habitat use data.  Intervention: Collect and analyze passive acoustic data in the California Current Ecosystem to gain comprehensive spatial and temporal insight into the occurrence and distribution of protected cetacean species, while simultaneously collecting ambient soundscape data.  Comparison: This data would complement and advance our existing knowledge and provide the foundation for any effects analysis of future operational monitoring data. This data can also be compared to data collected by the National Oceanic \u0026amp; Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA\u2019s) Ocean Noise Reference stations in the Olympic Coast and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuaries.  Outcome: Description of the spatial and temporal occurrence of cetacean species and ambient soundscapes in the California Current Ecosystem.  Context: California","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","Southwest Fisheries Science Center","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2023-06-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 10:56:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1504510","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stressor-specific-guidance-document-changes-habitat","sourceURL":"","title":"Stressor-Specific Guidance Document: Changes in Habitat","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This stressor-specific document presents an overview of the scientific information that is known for habitat change. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.Habitats are the natural environments of an organism, comprising the array of physical and biological resources necessary for survival and reproduction, and are the foundation for organisms in the marine environment providing protection, preys to feed on, etc. Structures placed in the marine environment have the potential to alter habitats or impact marine organisms. Habitat alteration, loss, or creation may occur throughout the marine environment, including in benthic (seafloor) or pelagic (water column) environments.The evidence to date suggests that the impacts from changes in habitat from small-scale MRE developments are limited. Severe changes in habitat can be avoided or mitigated through identification and avoidance of fragile, unique, or important habitats during site selection. Overall, there is general consensus that changes in habitat from small-scale MRE developments do not typically pose a significant risk to habitats and marine plants and organisms when sited properly to avoid critical habitats. Check out the links within the stressor-specific guidance document for changes in habitat for additional tools, resources and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-15 10:33:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Habitat-Change-Stressor-Specific-Guidance-Document_June2025_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1505290","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stressor-specific-guidance-document-oceanographic-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"Stressor-Specific Guidance Document: Oceanographic Systems","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This stressor-specific document presents an overview of the scientific information that is known for changes in oceanographic systems. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.    Oceanographic systems play a key role in transporting sediments and planktonic organisms, determining the concentrations of dissolved gases and nutrients, and maintaining the habitats and water quality that support healthy ecosystems. Tidal circulation and basin flushing, wave action, ocean currents, temperature and salinity gradients, sediment transport, and the exchange of heat and dissolved nutrients are important physical processes in the ocean.           The evidence base to date suggests that changes to oceanographic systems from small wave and tidal deployments are not detectable within the site-specific natural variability of the system. Small deployments might be defined as only a few devices, less than 10 megawatts, or 2% of the total theoretical undisturbed resource, although each of these definitions far exceed the present level of deployment of wave or tidal farms. Overall, the scientific community has reached consensus that changes to oceanographic systems from small scale deployments are below the natural variability and the risk can be retired.   Check out the links within the stressor-specific guidance document for oceanographic systems for additional tools, resources and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-22 06:58:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oceanographic_Systems-Stressor_Specific_Guidance_Document_final_3.7.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1506841","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-benthic-macrofaunal-assemblages-define-habitat-types-northeast-pacific","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecss.2020.107056","title":"Using benthic macrofaunal assemblages to define habitat types on the northeast pacific sedimentary shelf and slope","description":"Point sampling of soft sediment macrofauna was conducted across the shelf and upper slope in the northeastern Pacific Ocean off the United States Pacific Northwest coast to conduct a regional analysis of species composition and use species assemblages to define habitat types. Analyses focused on linking spatial variability in macrofauna assemblages with measured environmental parameters using nMDS plots and the LINKTREE routine in Primer. Depth was the primary structuring variable (i.e., macrofauna species assemblages first separated by depth) with sediment parameters (percent fines, grain size, and total organic carbon) secondary and nearly as statistically important. A depth break of ~90 m was the environmental variable that correlated with the greatest separation among our stations based on differences in macrofaunal assemblages, which is not a classically described depth break for shelf macrofauna. The next largest changes in assemblage composition were at 43 m and 200 m. Within each of these depth zones on the shelf, we detected significant differences in assemblages related to different sediment grain sizes. Below the 200 m break \u2013 a depth traditionally delineating the continental shelf and slope \u2013 subsequent changes in assemblage composition were detected at 221 m and 445 m depth breaks; further delineations in assemblages related to sediment parameters were not detected. Knowing how macrofaunal communities vary with grain size and depth can inform future site surveys, develop tools for mapping macrofauna habitat suitability based primarily on these physical factors, and develop hypotheses of how benthic communities might be affected by offshore projects.","author":["Henkel, S.","Gilbane, L."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.012791000000","-124.352026000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514223","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/importance-multi-method-monitoring-approach-assess-effects-anthropogenic-activity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"The Importance of a Multi-Method Monitoring Approach to Assess the Effects of Anthropogenic Activity on Harbour Porpoises","description":"Harbour porpoises are common in European shelf waters and are sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. Increasing noise levels from industrial developments may pose a risk for this small and cryptic species. We model data from 8-years of visual and Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) between 2009 and 2016 to investigate the effect of multiple covariates, including construction-related acoustic surveys, on the occurrence of harbour porpoises in an Irish bay. We compare outputs for (1) visual-only, (2) corrected-visual, and (3) PAM models. Comparison of concurrent visual and acoustic monitoring suggests visual surveys underestimated harbour porpoise occurrence by 108%. Visual-only and corrected-visual models agreed on the effect of seasonality and yearly variability, while the importance of sampling site was not significant. In both models higher sea state, low tide and the presence of acoustic surveys had a negative influence on harbour porpoise presence. PAM enabled data to be collected during unsuitable weather or darkness. The PAM model better predicted porpoise seasonal occurrence and showed higher sighting probability near deeper waters. This study highlights the value of complementary monitoring methods and PAM\u2019s added-value in locations where visual surveys are limited by environmental conditions and when working with cryptic species.","author":["Maldini, D.","Foley, A.","Culloch, R.","Pinfield, R.","Nyk\u00e4nen, M.","Cronin, M.","Jessopp, M."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.584408700000","-5.934049300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514224","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-occurrence-seabirds-marine-mammals-wave-energy-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Seasonal occurrence of seabirds and marine mammals at a wave energy test site","description":"Under European legislation, developers of Marine Renewable Energy installations are required to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment to consider the potential impact of development. Two years of baseline data on the seasonal occurrence and distribution of sensitive marine species was conducted at the WESTWAVE wave energy test site, Co. Clare, Ireland. Monthly strip transect aerial surveys were conducted for seabirds and marine mammals, while monitoring for cetacean species was also undertaken using static Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM). A total of 6519 seabirds were recorded across 1644 sighting events. Seabird \u2018hotspots\u2019 were concentrated coastally in summer, reflecting the distribution of seabird colonies and limited foraging range during the breeding season. Only 31 sightings of marine mammals were recorded during aerial surveys. However, PAM detected regular occurrences of dolphins throughout the year, while harbour porpoise were detected infrequently in the area. Results suggest that construction and decommissioning of MRE installations can be timed to minimize impact on sensitive marine species occurring in the area.","author":["Hunt, W.","Nyk\u00e4nen, M.","Bennison, A.","O\u0027Connor, B.","Kavanagh, A.","Jessopp, M."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.882479400000","-8.517642800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514225","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/examination-marketplace-support-options-marine-renewable-energy-development-particular","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"An Examination of Marketplace Support Options for Marine Renewable Energy Development with Particular Reference to Experience of Nova Scotia, Canada","description":"This paper examines market support options and considerations for the development of marine renewable energy projects. The paper considers the public policy rationale for renewable energy and the need for policy support tools, including competitive calls for proposals, renewable electricity standards and Feed-in-Tariffs (FITs). The paper then examines the specific case for marine renewable energy and the unique policy considerations associated with encouraging diverse emerging technologies. Following the establishment of the general policy considerations and tools, the paper explores the experience of Nova Scotia \u2013 a Province in Canada. Nova Scotia has had early experience with tidal development. For more than a decade it has used renewable electricity standards as a policy tool accompanied by utility built projects on a cost-of-service basis; independent power producer projects on a competitive basis and both community feed-in-tariffs and tidal sector specific tariff programs. Experience in the use of these policy tools is documented as well as the evolution of the legislative framework to enable a prequalification (licencing) process and a competitive bidding process for market supports. The paper concludes with an analysis of considerations for future model development from public and industry perspectives and potential lessons for considerations in other jurisdictions.","author":["Cameron, B."],"organization":["Envigour Policy Consulting Inc."],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.619496300000","-115.186630300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514419","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/demonstration-socio-economic-cost-energy-analysis-wave-energy-converter-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319702225_Demonstration_of_a_Socio-economic_Cost_of_Energy_Analysis_of_a_Wave_Energy_Converter_Array","title":"Demonstration of a Socio-economic Cost of Energy Analysis of a Wave Energy Converter Array","description":"Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) is a well established metric for evaluating the economic viability and competitiveness of energy generation technologies. LCOE takes account of the energy generated by a technology and the different expenditures incurred during its manufacture, deployment, operation and decommissioning to yield a cost for a unit of electricity. Numerous studies have presented the LCOE of Wave Energy Converters (WECs), with many highlighting the difficulty of reducing costs to be competitive with alternative energy generation technologies. The Socio-economic Cost of Energy (SCOE) method considers how project spend can influence the social environment. SCOE can be used to demonstrate how spend in a project\u2019s cost centres can benefit economies through job creation and the generation of economic activity etc. This paper presents one method of performing an SCOE evaluation of a WEC array. The methodology presented estimates job creation and Gross Value Added (GVA), in a region of interest, that is due to the manufacture, deployment, operation and decommissioning of a WEC array. The methodology is accompanied by a case study that demonstrates the SCOE approach and also presents an application of a reverse LCOE methodology. The reverse LCOE methodology was adopted to provide estimates of the gross spend on multiple WEC cost centres and to demonstrate the approach. The results of the case study demonstrate how the SCOE methodology can be used to sanity check early projections of WEC project cost centre breakdown. The SCOE methodology can also be used as a tool, by both project developers and funding bodies, to plan, and estimate the results of, externally beneficial WEC development pathways.","author":["Crooks, D.","de Andres, A.","Medina-L\u00f3pez, E.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.944515800000","-3.189241300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Crooks_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514420","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-turbine-fish-interaction-pilot-study-aquatron-controlled-lab-space","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319644440_Tidal_Turbine-Fish_Interaction_Pilot_Study_in_the_Aquatron_Controlled_Lab_Space","title":"Tidal Turbine-Fish Interaction Pilot Study in the Aquatron Controlled Lab Space","description":"To date there are limited laboratory studies on the interaction of marine life with marine renewable energy devices. The Aquatron Laboratory at Dalhousie University is designed to study marine life in a controlled marine lab environment. The 15.24 m diameter pool tank is equipped with four 75-HP circulation pumps that can generate tidal currents up to 2.4 m\/s velocities using ocean water. The process for modifying the facility to study the impact of hydrokinetic turbines on fish is presented. The installation of a 0.9 m diameter 3-blade vertical axis turbine is described. The performance of the turbine is first validated against previous towing tank experiments at NRC St. John\u2019s. Tests were then performed for 3 weeks to monitor the behaviour of the turbine on Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). The test protocol provided flow in the tank at 2 m\/s continuously for 3 weeks with the turbine rotor locked during the first week, the rotor rotating at a tip speed ratio of 1.5 in the second week, and the rotor locked again in the third week. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the Aquatron facility for turbine-fish interaction studies. The test protocol was kept relatively simple for this test series. Fifty Striped Bass varying in age from 2 to 3 years were used for these tests. The turbine had a cage around the frame to prevent fish strikes in this first phase of tests. There was a second net placed across the centre of the tank to train the fish to pass by the turbine rotor to access food on the other side of the tank as fish passage behavior near the turbine is of prime importance. Fish behaviour was monitored by counting fish passage as they swam to specific locations in the tank. Fish velocity, location, and general observations were recorded. Results presented should not be considered as definitive fish behaviour when encountering an operational turbine.","author":["MacNeill, A.","Mahon-Hodgins, L.","Eddington, J.","Batt, J.","Bibeau, E.","Kregting, L.","Molloy, S."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","University of Manitoba","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.636581200000","-63.591655500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MacNeill_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514421","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/near-wake-horizontal-axis-turbines-storm-surge-barrier","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"The near-wake of horizontal axis turbines in a storm surge barrier","description":"Since 2015, a tidal power installation of 1.2MW operates in a sluice gate of the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier (The Netherlands). The attenuation of the flow by the Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbines (HATTs) and the potential nearand far-field effects are investigated in a four year research project. This article presents the analysis of a 24-hour Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) dataset of the near-wakes of the HATTs. The gate geometry dictates the mean near-wake velocities and forces the wake velocity deficit induced by the gate and the HATT to recover faster than in a free stream situation. The HATTs increase the turbulence intensity in the near-wake and contribute to the turbulence scales with a size smaller than the rotor diameter. The insights into the near-wake characteristics and turbulence structure contribute to future modelling studies on the flow influence on the downstream seabed stability.","author":["Verbeek, M.","Labeur, R.","Uijttewaal, W."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology","Tocardo B.V."],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.996292800000","4.375942000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1514422","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-theory-practice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Environmental Monitoring \u2013 From Theory to Practice","description":"This paper discusses the stages involved in understanding environmental impacts associated with marine energy generation devices, and describes an approach for assessing these impacts. It focusses on establishing monitoring tools and techniques for the pathways between stressors and receptors that can be transferred between locations. This highlights the difficulties in monitoring certain changes, and discusses monitoring priorities associated with the magnitude of change and consequences for different receptors.","author":["Harker-Klimes, G.","Copping, A.","Eaves, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2017-08-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.345144100000","-119.281418500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1520795","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-modeling-approaches-understanding-monitoring-environmental-effects-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/1\/94","title":"A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Understanding the environmental effects of marine energy (ME) devices is fundamental for their sustainable development and efficient regulation. However, measuring effects is difficult given the limited number of operational devices currently deployed. Numerical modeling is a powerful tool for estimating environmental effects and quantifying risks. It is most effective when informed by empirical data and coordinated with the development and implementation of monitoring protocols. We reviewed modeling techniques and information needs for six environmental stressor\u2013receptor interactions related to ME: changes in oceanographic systems, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields (EMFs), changes in habitat, collision risk, and displacement of marine animals. This review considers the effects of tidal, wave, and ocean current energy converters. We summarized the availability and maturity of models for each stressor\u2013receptor interaction and provide examples involving ME devices when available and analogous examples otherwise. Models for oceanographic systems and underwater noise were widely available and sometimes applied to ME, but need validation in real-world settings. Many methods are available for modeling habitat change and displacement of marine animals, but few examples related to ME exist. Models of collision risk and species response to EMFs are still in stages of theory development and need more observational data, particularly about species behavior near devices, to be effective. We conclude by synthesizing model status, commonalities between models, and overlapping monitoring needs that can be exploited to develop a coordinated and efficient set of protocols for predicting and monitoring the environmental effects of ME.","author":["Buenau, K.","Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L.","Garcia Medina, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Buenau-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1520796","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/whats-my-toolkit-review-technologies-assessing-changes-habitats-caused-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/1\/92","title":"What\u0027s in My Toolkit? A Review of Technologies for Assessing Changes in Habitats Caused by Marine Energy Development","description":"Marine energy devices are installed in highly dynamic environments and have the potential to affect the benthic and pelagic habitats around them. Regulatory bodies often require baseline characterization and\/or post-installation monitoring to determine whether changes in these habitats are being observed. However, a great diversity of technologies is available for surveying and sampling marine habitats, and selecting the most suitable instrument to identify and measure changes in habitats at marine energy sites can become a daunting task. We conducted a thorough review of journal articles, survey reports, and grey literature to extract information about the technologies used, the data collection and processing methods, and the performance and effectiveness of these instruments. We examined documents related to marine energy development, offshore wind farms, oil and gas offshore sites, and other marine industries around the world over the last 20 years. A total of 120 different technologies were identified across six main habitat categories: seafloor, sediment, infauna, epifauna, pelagic, and biofouling. The technologies were organized into 12 broad technology classes: acoustic, corer, dredge, grab, hook and line, net and trawl, plate, remote sensing, scrape samples, trap, visual, and others. Visual was the most common and the most diverse technology class, with applications across all six habitat categories. Technologies and sampling methods that are designed for working efficiently in energetic environments have greater success at marine energy sites. In addition, sampling designs and statistical analyses should be carefully thought through to identify differences in faunal assemblages and spatiotemporal changes in habitats.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Hemery, L.","Mackereth, K.","Tugade, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1523694","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-benthic-targeted-research-work-groups-summary-findings","sourceURL":"","title":"Acoustic and Benthic Targeted Research Work Groups: Summary of Findings","description":"Environmental compliance costs of Marine and Hydrokinetic (MHK) projects collected through the Environmental Compliance Cost Assessment (ECCA) project show that acoustic and benthic studies are the most common and often most expensive environmental studies required for permitting and licensing an MHK project in the U.S. The ECCA project team convened two inter-disciplinary Work Groups of subject matter experts, state and federal regulators, and MHK industry members to discuss acoustic and benthic interactions with MHK devices. These Work Groups participated in monthly calls and facilitated discussions to identify and prioritize critical research needs to increase the applicability of MHK research funded by the federal, state, and local agencies; address the key information needs of regulatory agencies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the permitting process and compliance monitoring; and recommend best practices for licensing and permitting MHK projects. The findings of the Work groups and the overlap of prioritized research projects with suggestions from the 2020 State of Science Report suggest that filling the technical scientific gaps is important to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of permitting MHK projects in the U.S.","author":["Roberts, J.","Peplinski, W.","Kramer, S.","West, A.","Kalil, J.","Omar, S.","Barr, Z.","Jones, C."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","HT Harvey and Associates","Kearns \u0026 West","Integral Consulting Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Roberts-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1525823","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-effective-science-communication-outreach-strategies-dissemination-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/2\/130","title":"A Framework for Effective Science Communication and Outreach Strategies and Dissemination of Research Findings for Marine Energy Projects","description":"Marine energy is an emerging renewable energy industry with the potential to produce 2300 terawatt-hours per year from resources within the United States. As development and testing of marine energy devices advance, regulatory and permitting decision-makers are concerned about the uncertainty surrounding the potential environmental effects resulting from the introduction of these novel devices in coastal and riverine environments. The Triton Initiative researches and provides recommendations for environmental monitoring technologies and methods to inform industry stakeholders with the data necessary to permit the testing of marine energy systems. Effective dissemination of the research findings is essential for improving the accessibility of data to stakeholders who may use the results to inform policy decisions, yet few frameworks for conducting science communications for marine energy projects exist. In this paper, we present tools, channels, and tactics for developing a science communication framework for marine energy projects, or similar areas of study, using the Triton Initiative\u2019s pilot science communication program as a case study. By leveraging existing bodies of work in disciplines such as communications theory, marketing, public relations, and social science, the presented framework includes audience identification and analysis; channel development, including a website, blog, newsletter, social media, and webinars and presentations; and metrics for determining success. Outcomes from one year of Triton\u2019s case study are presented, including the most effective tactics and lessons learned.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Gunn, C.","Amerson, A.","Adkisson, K.","Haxel, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gunn-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1526017","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/plate-plug-impact-offshore-renewables-european-fisheries-role-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122000375","title":"From plate to plug: The impact of offshore renewables on European fisheries and the role of marine spatial planning","description":"Offshore renewables (OR), such as offshore wind farms, are a key pillar to address increasing energy demands and the global transition to a carbon-free power sector. The transition to ever more occupied marine spaces, often facilitated by marine spatial planning (MSP), increases the conflict potential with free ranging marine sectors such as fisheries. Here, we quantified for the first time the direct impact of current and future OR development on fisheries across European seas. We defined direct impact as the average annual fishing effort (h) overlapping with OR planning sites and applied an ensemble approach by deploying and harmonising various fisheries data to optimise spatial coverage for the European seas. The North Sea region will remain the centre of OR development for a long time, but a substantial increase of conflict potential between these sectors will also occur in other European sea basins after 2025. Across all sea basins, fishing fleets deploying bottom contacting gears targeting flatfish and crustaceans are and will be affected the most by the already constructed and planned OR. Our results provide a solid basis towards an understanding of the socio-economic effects of OR development on European fisheries. We argue that European MSP processes need to adopt common strategies to produce standardised and harmonised socio-economic data to understand implications of OR on free-ranging marine activities such as fisheries.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Letschert, J.","Gimpel, A.","Kraan, C.","Probst, W.","Degraer, S.","D\u00f6ring, R."],"organization":["Th\u00fcnen-Institute of Sea Fisheries","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1526018","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/insights-behavioural-responses-juvenile-thornback-ray-raja-clavata-alternating-direct","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfb.14978","title":"Insights into the behavioural responses of juvenile thornback ray Raja clavata to alternating and direct current magnetic fields","description":"As part of energy transition, marine renewable energy devices (MRED) are currently expanding in developed countries inducing the deployment of dense networks of submarine power cables. Concern has thus raised about the cable magnetic emissions (direct or alternating current) because of potential interference with the sensorial environment of magneto-sensitive species, such as sharks and rays. This study sought to assess the short-term behavioural responses of juvenile thornback rays (Raja clavata) (n =\u200915) to direct and alternating (50 Hz) uniform 450-\u03bcT artificial magnetic fields using 1 h focal-sampling design based on a detailed ethogram. Careful control of magnetic fields\u0027 temporal and spatial scales was obtained in laboratory conditions through a custom-made Helmholtz coil device. Overall, qualitative or quantitative behavioural responses of juvenile rays did not significantly vary between control vs. exposed individuals over the morning period. Nonetheless, rays under direct current magnetic field increased their activity over the midday period. Synchronisation patterns were also observed for individuals receiving alternating current\u2009exposure (chronologic and qualitative similarities) coupled with a high inter-individual variance. Further studies should consider larger batches of juveniles to address the effect of long-term exposure and explore the sensitivity range of rays with dose-response designs.","author":["Albert, L.","Olivier, F.","Jolivet, A.","Chauvaud, L.","Chauvaud, S."],"organization":["TBM Environnement","Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u0027Environnement Marin (LEMAR)","Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer (IUEM)","Laboratoire de biologie des organismes et des ecosystemes aquatiques (BOREA)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1526022","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interactions-between-tidal-stream-turbine-arrays-their-hydrodynamic-impact-around","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801821017170","title":"Interactions between tidal stream turbine arrays and their hydrodynamic impact around Zhoushan Island, China","description":"Tidal currents represent an attractive renewable energy source particularly because of their predictability. Prospective tidal stream development sites are often co-located in close proximity. Under such circumstances, in order to maximise the exploitation of the resource, multiple tidal stream turbine arrays working in tandem would be needed. In this paper, a continuous array optimisation approach based on the open source coastal ocean modelling framework Thetis is applied to derive optimal configurations for four turbine arrays around Zhoushan Islands, Zhejiang Province, China. Alternative optimisation scenarios are tested to investigate interactions between the turbine arrays and their hydrodynamic footprint. Results show that there are no obvious competition effects between these four arrays around Hulu and Taohua Island. However, significant interactions could arise among the three turbine arrays situated around Hulu Island, with a maximum decrease in average power of 42.2%. By optimising all turbine arrays simultaneously, the competition effects can be minimised and the cost of energy reduced as less turbines are required to deliver an equivalent energy output. As for the potential environmental impact, it is found that the turbine array around Taohua Island would affect a larger area than turbine arrays around Hulu Island.","author":["Zhang, J.","Zhang, C.","Angeloudis, A.","Kramer, S.","He, R.","Piggott, M."],"organization":["Hohai University","Imperial College London","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2022-02-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["29.880658000000","122.358554000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1527768","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/moving-scientific-research-consenting-guidance-mre-environmental-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Moving from scientific research to consenting guidance for MRE environmental risk","description":"Potential environmental effects from  tidal and wave  devices  are  of  concern  to  regulators,  advisors,  and other  stakeholders  in  many  nations.  Monitoring  results from  early  deployments  and  the  first  commercial  arrays, coupled  with  targeted  research  studies,  are  providing  a growing  base  of  knowledge  of  how  components  of  tidal turbines  and  wave  energy  converters  might  interact  with marine  animals  and  habitats.  Efforts  are  underway  to organize  and  direct  these  findings  towards  facilitating consenting  that  allays  concerns  and  allows  the  marine renewable  energy  (MRE)  industry  to  move  forward.  The OES-Environmental  international  initiative  has  developed scientific  evidence  bases  for  several  key  interactions  from MRE  devices,  organized around  stressors (portions  of  MRE systems  that  may  cause  injury  or  stress  to  the  marine ecosystem),  and  receptors  (the  animals,  habitats,  and ecosystem  processes  that  may  be  affected).  This  paper summarizes  the  evidence  bases  for  four  stressors (underwater  noise,  electromagnetic  fields,  habitat  change, and  changes  in  oceanographic  systems)  and  presents  the process  of  moving  from  the  scientific  knowledge  into guidance  documents  to  support  the  regulatory process.  The guidance  documents will serve  as  a  broad  guide  that  can  be used internationally to look  at  stressor-receptor interactions of  interest  within  a  regulatory  context.  The  evidence  bases and  guidance  documents  aim  to  assist  MRE  developers, regulators,  and  advisors  with  project  scoping,  consenting, and  licensing  processes.","author":["Copping, A.","Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping_etal_2021_EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1528562","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/retiring-environmental-risks-marine-renewable-energy-devices-habitat-change-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/issue\/archive","title":"Retiring environmental risks of marine renewable energy  devices: the \u0027habitat  change\u0027 case","description":"The  installation,  presence,  operation,  and decommissioning  of  marine  renewable  energy  (MRE) devices  inevitably  alters  the  surrounding  ocean  habitats. These  changes  may  include  direct  effects  on  the  benthos from the installation or removal of foundations and anchors, changes  in  community  composition  on  and  near  devices, artificial  reef  effects,  and  indirect  effects  such  as  alteration of  the  food  web  or  facilitation  of  non-native,  invasive species  dispersal.  Although  there  is  no  expectation  that MRE  devices  affect  marine  environments  differently  than other  anthropogenic  ocean  uses,  regulators  and stakeholders  continue  to  have  questions  about  potential negative  impacts  to  species  and  habitats  from  development. The  objective  here  was  to  lay  a  path  to  advance  toward  risk retirement  for  potential  habitat  changes  caused  by  MRE devices.  Research studies  and survey reports that inform our understanding  of  habitat  changes  were  compiled  into  an evidence  base,  sorted  into  categories  of  effects,  and evaluated  by  a  group  of  international  experts  to  assess potential  risk  to  habitats  and  biota  from  small  numbers  of MRE devices,  as  well  as  to  identify  knowledge  gaps.  These gaps  were  organized  by  category  and  divided  up  by relevance  to  consenting,  research,  or  project  development and  monitoring  responsibilities.  Identifying  these  \u201cknown unknowns\u201d  allows  for  study  design  and  collaboration  from various  perspectives  to  fill  the  knowledge  gaps. Distribution  of  the  evidence  base  and  remaining uncertainties  and  knowledge  gaps  to  the  MRE  community, coupled  with  new  research,  will  help  advance  the  MRE industry  while  resolving  concerns  about  the  potential  risks of  habitat  change  for  small  numbers  of  devices.","author":["Hemery, L.","Rose, D.","Freeman, M.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-11 04:52:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery_Retiring-environmental-risks-of-marine-renewable-energy-devices-the-habitat-change-case_EWTEC2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1537281","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/repcet-realtime-plotting-cetaceans-presentation-system","sourceURL":"","title":"REPCET Realtime Plotting of Cetaceans: Presentation of the System","description":"Collisions between vessels and large cetaceans are not only a significant threat to several whale populations, but also to the security of the vessels involved. The scientific community and shipping companies are seriously concerned about these accidents in different regions in the world (in particular in the Mediterranean, North Atlantic, Canary Islands and Japan).  In response to this problem, researchers, engineers and representatives of maritime transport companies have joined forces to develop an innovative system. REPCET is a collaborative computer system based on the density of the navigation network. Through use of a computer network, REPCET allows commercial vessels real-time access to the positions of whales seen recently on their navigation routes in order to reduce the risks of collision.","author":["Mayol, P."],"organization":["Souffleurs d\u0027Ecume"],"originationDate":"2012-03-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 09:47:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mayol-2012-REPCET.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1537282","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/endangered-fish-wildlife-final-rule-implement-speed-restrictions-reduce-threat-ship","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2008\/10\/10\/E8-24177\/endangered-fish-and-wildlife-final-rule-to-implement-speed-restrictions-to-reduce-the-threat-of-ship","title":"Endangered Fish and Wildlife; Final Rule To Implement Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Ship Collisions With North Atlantic Right Whales","description":"NMFS establishes regulations to implement speed restrictions of no more than 10 knots applying to all vessels 65 ft (19.8 m) or greater in overall length in certain locations and at certain times of the year along the east coast of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard. The purpose of the regulations is to reduce the likelihood of deaths and serious injuries to endangered North Atlantic right whales that result from collisions with ships.","author":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2008-10-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 02:26:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1537284","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-maritime-transport-2020","sourceURL":"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/rmt2020_en.pdf","title":"Review of Maritime Transport 2020","description":"The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has underscored the global interdependency of nations and set  in  motion  new  trends  that  will  reshape  the  maritime transport landscape. The sector is at a pivotal moment facing not only immediate concerns resulting from the pandemic but also longer-term considerations, ranging from  shifts  in  supply-chain  design  and  globalization patterns to changes in consumption and spending habits, a growing focus on risk assessment and resilience-building, as well as a heightened global sustainability and low-carbon agenda. The sector is also  dealing  with  the  knock-on  effects  of  growing  trade protectionism and inward-looking policies.  The pandemic has brought to the fore the importance of maritime transport as an essential sector for the continued delivery of critical supplies and global trade in  time  of crisis, during the recovery stage and  when resuming normality. Many, including UNCTAD and other international bodies, issued recommendations and guidance emphasizing the need to ensure business continuity in the sector, while protecting port workers and seafarers from the pandemic. They underscored the need for ships to meet international requirements, including  sanitary restrictions, and for ports  to  remain open for shipping and intermodal transport operations (UN 2020).","author":["United Nations Conference on Trade and Development"],"organization":["United Nations (UN)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UN_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1539420","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/university-new-hampshire-living-bridge-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/livingbridge.unh.edu\/","title":"University of New Hampshire Living Bridge Project","description":"The Living Bridge crossing over a tidal estuary, is a living laboratory for researchers, engineers, future engineers and the general public. This bridge is instrumented with sensors that capture structural performance, traffic patterns, environmental conditions, the behavior of innovative bridge design elements and enable and promote community engagement. The information collected with these sensors is shared with researchers, bridge designers and the bridge owner, but also, where appropriate, with K-12 classrooms and the public. Aesthetic lighting and social media is used to communicate relevant information from the bridge and environmental sensors, such as weather, tides and traffic to the local community.    The bridge sensor network, information communication system and aesthetic lighting are powered by a tidal turbine (vertical-axis cross flow). A custom floating platform with nominal dimensions 50 ft x 20 ft (15 m x 6 m) was designed, fabricated and deployed. It uses 42\u201d diameter HDPE pontoons for buoyancy and a galvanized structural steel frame for structural strength. Turbines are deployed through a moon pool via a turbine deployment mechanism. Axial-flow and cross-flow marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines with diameters up to approximately 10 ft (3 m) can be deployed. The TDP was first deployed at Memorial Bridge under the NSF-funded \u201cLiving Bridge Project\u201d with a 3.2m diameter commercial cross-flow turbine. The mooring system at Memorial Bridge consists of robust custom-designed pile guides which attach to 22-ft tall vertical guide posts on Pier #2, allowing the platform to travel vertically with changing water levels. Various instrumentation components including flow measurement instrumentation, wave measurement instrumentation, and a mobile data acquisition system was acquired to complement the instrumentation already available through the Living Bridge Project. The TPM has a universal mounting bracket with a defined bolt pattern, to which turbine developers can mount their turbine.  This bridge has the capability to advance all aspects of community engagement with infrastructure, clean energy innovation in tidal energy conversion, energy storage, structural and environmental impact, and social perception of our engineered environment. The proposed sensing network, including structural response sensors, underwater instrumentation and cameras, and weather stations, will allow for a complete system-based evaluation, including the impact of the tidal turbine. This \u201csmart bridge\u201d provides a platform for continued innovation of sensor, communication, and energy technologies.  The University of New Hampshire Center for Ocean Renewable Energy (UNH-CORE) utilized U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funding for ocean renewable energy infrastructure to design and fabricate a hydrokinetic (tidal) Turbine Deployment Platform. Other project partners include Northeast Integration (NEI), New Energy Corporation Inc. (NECI), Bridge Diagnostics (BDI), MacArtney, Airmar, Seapoint Sensors, and Lite Enterprises.","author":["Martin Wosnik"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-07-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.078938735847","-70.752808334660"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-03 02:07:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1541738","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/greater-atlantic-marine-mammal-stranding-network","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/new-england-mid-atlantic\/marine-life-distress\/greater-atlantic-marine-mammal-stranding-network","title":"Greater Atlantic Marine Mammal Stranding Network","description":"A stranded animal is one that is dead on the beach or in the water, one that is alive on land and unable to return to the water and\/or in need of medical attention, or a live animal in the water that is unable to return to its natural habitat under its own power or without assistance. Please let us know if you see injured, entangled or dead marine mammals - call the NOAA Fisheries 24-hour Stranding Hotline: (866) 755-6622.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1541739","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-stock-assessment-reports-speciesstock","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/national\/marine-mammal-protection\/marine-mammal-stock-assessment-reports-species-stock","title":"Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports by Species\/Stock","description":"NOAA Fisheries annually prepares marine mammal stock assessment reports for all marine mammals in U.S. waters. This website provides all marine mammal stock assessment reports by species\/stock, including:     Cetaceans - Large Whales  Cetaceans - Small Whales  Cetaceans - Dolphins  Cetaceans - Porpoises  Pinnipeds - Phocids (Earless Seals or True Seals)  Pinnipeds - Otariids (Eared Seals or Fur Seals and Sea Lions)  Marine Mammals Under the Jurisdiction of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Manatees, Polar Bears, Sea Otters, and Walruses)","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1541740","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-review-vessel-collisions-marine-animals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2020.00292\/full","title":"A Global Review of Vessel Collisions With Marine Animals","description":"Concern about the effects of maritime vessel collisions with marine animals is increasing worldwide. To date, most scientific publications on this topic have focused on the collisions between large vessels and large whales. However, our review found that at least 75 marine species are affected, including smaller whales, dolphins, porpoises, dugongs, manatees, whale sharks, sharks, seals, sea otters, sea turtles, penguins, and fish. Collision incidents with smaller species are scarce, likely as a result of reporting biases. Some of these biases can be addressed through the establishment of species-specific necropsy protocols to ensure reliable identification of collision-related injury, particularly blunt force trauma. In addition, creating a ship strike database for smaller species can assist in identifying the species most frequently involved in collisions, identifying high-risk areas, and determining species-specific relationships between vessel speed and lethal injury. The International Whaling Commission database on collisions with large whales provides a good example of this type of database and its potential uses. Prioritizing the establishment of a species-specific necropsy protocol and a database for smaller species as well as the identification of high-risk areas for species other than large whales, would be a valuable step toward the mitigation of collisions with smaller species.","author":["Schoeman, R.","Patterson-Abrolat, C.","Plon, S."],"organization":["Nelson Mandela University","Endangered Wildlife Trust"],"originationDate":"2020-05-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 02:25:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schoeman-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1541741","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reducing-vessel-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/national\/endangered-species-conservation\/reducing-vessel-strikes-north-atlantic-right-whales","title":"Reducing Vessel Strikes to North Atlantic Right Whales","description":"In 2013, NOAA Fisheries committed to publish a report evaluating the conservation value and economic and navigational safety impacts of the 2008 North Atlantic right whale vessel speed regulations (50 CFR \u00a7 224.105). The report was finalized in June 2020 and evaluates four aspects of the right whale vessel speed rule: biological efficacy, mariner compliance, impacts to navigational safety, and economic cost to mariners. It also provides a detailed assessment of the rule\u2019s effectiveness, and assesses general trends in vessel traffic characteristics within Seasonal Management Areas over time.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 06:56:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1541742","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/north-atlantic-right-whale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/species\/north-atlantic-right-whale","title":"North Atlantic Right Whale","description":"The North Atlantic right whale is one of the world\u2019s most endangered large whale species; the latest preliminary estimate suggests there are fewer than 350 remaining. Two other species of right whales exist: the North Pacific right whale, which is found in the North Pacific Ocean, and the Southern right whale, which is found in the southern hemisphere. Right whales are baleen whales, feeding on copepods (tiny crustaceans) by straining huge volumes of ocean water through their baleen plates, which act like a sieve.  By the early 1890s, commercial whalers had hunted right whales in the Atlantic to the brink of extinction. Whaling is no longer a threat, but human interactions still present the greatest danger to this species. Entanglement in fishing gear and vessel strikes are the leading causes of North Atlantic right whale mortality. Increasing ocean noise levels from human activities are also a concern since the noise may interfere with right whale communication and increase their stress levels.  NOAA Fisheries and our partners are dedicated to conserving and rebuilding the North Atlantic right whale population. We use a variety of innovative techniques to study, protect, and recover these endangered whales. We engage our partners, including the fishing and shipping industries, as we develop regulations and management plans that foster healthy fisheries and reduce the risk of entanglements, slow down vessel traffic, and reduce ocean noise.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1541743","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-west-coast-vessel-strikes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/west-coast\/marine-mammals-west-coast-vessel-strikes","title":"Marine Mammals on the West Coast: Vessel Strikes","description":"All sizes and types of vessels can hit whales. The U.S. West Coast has some of the heaviest ship traffic associated with some of the largest ports in the country, including the Ports of Los Angeles\/Long Beach, San Francisco, Seattle, and the Columbia River.  Of all the large whale species that inhabit our coastline, Blue, Fin, Humpback, and Gray whales are the most vulnerable to vessel strikes because they migrate along the coast and many use areas along the coast for feeding, where they overlap with heavy shipping traffic. Gray, Fin, Humpback, and Minke whales are observed in the inland waters of Washington, including the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Salish Sea, and may also be vulnerable to ship strikes there.  Gray whales from the Pacific Coast Feeding Aggregation do not complete the typical gray whale migration that begins in late fall and ends near the beginning of June. They are also vulnerable to ship strikes when feeding near Whidbey and Camano Islands.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 06:56:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1542329","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-deep-water-oil-gas-industry-review-guide-management-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenvs.2016.00058\/full","title":"Environmental Impacts of the Deep-Water Oil and Gas Industry: A Review to Guide Management Strategies","description":"The industrialization of the deep sea is expanding worldwide. Increasing oil and gas exploration activities in the absence of sufficient baseline data in deep-sea ecosystems has made environmental management challenging. Here, we review the types of activities that are associated with global offshore oil and gas development in water depths over 200 m, the typical impacts of these activities, some of the more extreme impacts of accidental oil and gas releases, and the current state of management in the major regions of offshore industrial activity including 18 exclusive economic zones. Direct impacts of infrastructure installation, including sediment resuspension and burial by seafloor anchors and pipelines, are typically restricted to a radius of ~100 m on from the installation on the seafloor. Discharges of water-based and low-toxicity oil-based drilling muds and produced water can extend over 2 km, while the ecological impacts at the population and community levels on the seafloor are most commonly on the order of 200\u2013300 m from their source. These impacts may persist in the deep sea for many years and likely longer for its more fragile ecosystems, such as cold-water corals. This synthesis of information provides the basis for a series of recommendations for the management of offshore oil and gas development. An effective management strategy, aimed at minimizing risk of significant environmental harm, will typically encompass regulations of the activity itself (e.g., discharge practices, materials used), combined with spatial (e.g., avoidance rules and marine protected areas), and temporal measures (e.g., restricted activities during peak reproductive periods). Spatial management measures that encompass representatives of all of the regional deep-sea community types is important in this context. Implementation of these management strategies should consider minimum buffer zones to displace industrial activity beyond the range of typical impacts: at least 2 km from any discharge points and surface infrastructure and 200 m from seafloor infrastructure with no expected discharges. Although managing natural resources is, arguably, more challenging in deep-water environments, inclusion of these proven conservation tools contributes to robust environmental management strategies for oil and gas extraction in the deep sea.","author":["Cordes, E.","Jones, D.","Schlacher, T.","Amon, D.","Bernardino, A.","Brooke, S.","Carney, R.","DeLeo, D.","Dunlop, K.","Escobar-Briones, E.","Gates, A.","G\u00e9nio, L.","Gobin, J.","Henry, L.","Herrera, S.","Hoyt, S.","Joye, M.","Kark, S.","Mestre, N.","Metaxas, A.","Pfeifer, S.","Sink, K.","Sweetman, A.","Witte, U."],"organization":["Temple University","University of Southampton","The University of the Sunshine Coast (USC)","University of Hawaii","Universidade Federal do Esp\u00edrito Santo","Florida State University","Louisiana State University","Heriot-Watt University","Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","University of Aveiro","University of Oregon","University of the West Indies","Heriot-Watt University","University of Toronto","Duke University","University of Georgia","University of Queensland","University of Algarve","Dalhousie University","South African National Biodiversity Institute","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-09-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Environmental_impacts_deepwater_oil_gas_industry_review.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1546990","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-wave-energy-conversion-mitigate-coastal-erosion-hurricanes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/2\/143","title":"The Potential of Wave Energy Conversion to Mitigate Coastal Erosion from Hurricanes","description":"Wave energy conversion technologies have recently attracted more attention as part of global efforts to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy resources. While ocean waves can provide renewable energy, they can also be destructive to coastal areas that are often densely populated and vulnerable to coastal erosion. There have been a variety of efforts to mitigate the impacts of wave- and storm-induced erosion; however, they are either temporary solutions or approaches that are not able to adapt to a changing climate. This study explores a green and sustainable approach to mitigating coastal erosion from hurricanes through wave energy conversion. A barrier island, Dauphin Island, off the coast of Alabama, is used as a test case. The potential use of wave energy converter farms to mitigate erosion due to hurricane storm surges while simultaneously generating renewable energy is explored through simulations that are forced with storm data using the XBeach model. It is shown that wave farms can impact coastal morphodynamics and have the potential to reduce dune and beach erosion, predominantly in the western portion of the island. The capacity of wave farms to influence coastal morphodynamics varies with the storm intensity.","author":["Ozkan, C.","Mayo, T.","Passeri, D."],"organization":["Emory University","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["30.247545000000","-88.112986000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-10-00143.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553368","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-ecological-consequences-limited-attention","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1693070\/","title":"Behavioural and ecological consequences of limited attention","description":"Ecological research in the past few decades has shown that most animals acquire and respond adaptively to information that affects survival and reproduction. At the same time, neurobiological studies have established that the rate of information processing by the brain is much lower than the rate at which information is encountered in the environment, and that attentional mechanisms enable the brain to focus only on the most essential information at any given time. Recent integration of the ecological and neurobiological approaches helps us to understand key behaviours with broad ecological and evolutionary implications. Specifically, current data indicate that limited attention affects diet choice and constrains animals\u0027 ability simultaneously to feed and attend to predators. Recent experiments also suggest that limited attention influences social interactions, courtship and mating behaviour.","author":["Dukas, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2002-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553370","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/differential-vulnerability-ship-strikes-between-day-night-blue-fin-humpback-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00543\/full","title":"Differential Vulnerability to Ship Strikes Between Day and Night for Blue, Fin, and Humpback Whales Based on Dive and Movement Data From Medium Duration Archival Tags","description":"We examine the dive and movement behavior of blue, fin, and humpback whales along the US West Coast in regions with high ship traffic where ship strikes have been identified as a major concern. All three species are known to feed in coastal waters near areas of high ship traffic. We analyzed data from 33 archival tag deployments representing over 3,000 h of data that were attached with suction-cups or short darts for periods \u0026gt;20 h and recorded depth (\u2265 1 Hz), fast-lock GPS positions and other sensors. There were clear differences among the three species but all showed a distinct diurnal difference in diving behavior. While dive depth varied among animals based on where prey was located, whales spent a high proportion of their time closer to the surface where they would be more vulnerable to ship strikes at night than in the day. This was most pronounced for blue whales where vulnerability was twice as high at night compared to the day. We also found differences in movement patterns of whales between day and night. Movements were more localized to specific areas in the day near prey resources while at night these movements often involved directional movements (though sometimes returning to the same area). We show how in several specific areas like the Santa Barbara Channel, these differences in movements and locations translate to a very different overlap with shipping lanes at night compared to the daytime locations, which is the basis for most sighting data.","author":["Calambokidis, J.","Fahlbusch, J.","Szesciorka, A.","Southall, B.","Cade, D.","Friedlaender, A.","Goldbogen, J."],"organization":["Cascadia Research Collective","Stanford University","Scripps Institution of Oceanography","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2019-09-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 01:34:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553371","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recovery-north-atlantic-right-whales-eubalaena-glacialis-has-been-constrained-human","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/full\/10.1098\/rsos.180892","title":"The recovery of North Atlantic right whales, Eubalaena glacialis, has been constrained by human-caused mortality","description":"North Atlantic right whales (NARW), Eubalaena glacialis, were nearly exterminated by historical whaling. Their abundance slowly increased up until 2010, to a maximum of fewer than 500 whales, and since then they have been in decline. We assessed the extent to which the relatively slow increase demonstrated by NARW was intrinsic, and how much could be due to anthropogenic impacts. In order to do so, we first compared calf counts of three populations of Southern right whales (SRW), E. australis, with that of NARW, over the period 1992\u20132016. By this index, the annual rate of increase of NARW was approximately one-third of that of SRW. Next we constructed a population projection model for female NARW, using the highest annual survival estimates available from recent mark\u2013resight analysis, and assuming a four-year calving interval. The model results indicated an intrinsic rate of increase of 4% per year, approximately twice that observed, and that adult female mortality is the main factor influencing this rate. Necropsy records demonstrate that anthropogenic mortality is the primary cause of known mortality of NARW. Anthropogenic mortality and morbidity has limited the recovery of NARW, and baseline conditions prior to their recent decline were already jeopardizing NARW recovery.","author":["Corkeron, P.","Hamilton, P.","Bannister, J.","Best, P.","Charlton, C.","Groch, K.","Findlay, K.","Rowntree, V.","Vermeulen, E.","Pace, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-11-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553372","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/glossary-marine-mammal-protection-act","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/laws-and-policies\/glossary-marine-mammal-protection-act","title":"Glossary: Marine Mammal Protection Act","description":"Under the 1994 Amendments to the Marine Mammal Protection Act, harassment is statutorily defined as, any act of pursuit, torment, or annoyance which\u2014      Has the potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild (known as Level A harassment); or      Has the potential to disturb a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild by causing disruption of behavioral patterns, including, but not limited to, migration, breathing, nursing, breeding, feeding, or sheltering but which does not have the potential to injure a marine mammal or marine mammal stock in the wild (known as Level B harassment).","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553373","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protected-species-observers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/national\/endangered-species-conservation\/protected-species-observers","title":"Protected Species Observers","description":"Protected Species Observers are trained professionals who monitor for protected species, or animals federally protected under the Endangered Species Act and\/or Marine Mammal Protection Act, to help a wide range of industries meet their regulatory compliance needs.  NOAA Fisheries reviews the qualifications of Protected Species Observers to ensure they have the expertise to support specific projects. Projects that may require Protected Species Observers includes dredging and spoil disposal, construction and demolition, pile driving, explosive blasting, and geophysical (seismic) surveys including but not limited to the use of airguns. Although much of the work focuses on detection of marine mammals (such as whales or dolphins) and sea turtles, observers may often encounter a number of other observable protected marine species, such as manta rays, sharks, salmonids, and sturgeon swimming near the water\u2019s surface.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553375","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/north-atlantic-right-whale-eubalaena-glacialis-vessel-speed-rule-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/s3\/2021-01\/FINAL_NARW_Vessel_Speed_Rule_Report_Jun_2020.pdf","title":"North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) Vessel Speed Rule Assessment","description":"The North  Atlantic  right  whale (Eubalaena glacialis)  remains  one  of  the  most  endangered large whales  in the world with an estimated  population  size of  about  400 individuals  at  the  end of 2018 (Pace  et  al.  2017;  Hayes  et  al.  2019).  Despite decades  of  protection,  a  combination  of anthropogenic  impacts  and a low  calving  rate  continue to  impede  recovery  of  the  species  (Kraus et  al.  2016;  Corkeron et  al.  2018;  Hayes  et  al.  2019).  The  most  pressing  threats  to  right  whale survival  include  entanglement  in fishing  gear  and collisions  with  vessels,  which combined are responsible  for  a  minimum  of  86  mortalities  and serious  injuries  in  the U.S.  and Canada between 2000 and 2017  (Waring et  al.  2004;  Waring  et  al.  2009;  Waring  et  al.  2013;  Hayes  et al.  2019)  representing approximately  20%  of  the  extant  population. In 2008,  the National  Marine Fisheries  Service (NMFS)  implemented  a  seasonal,  mandatory vessel  speed  rule  in certain areas  along the  U.S.  East  Coast  to  reduce  the  risk  of  vessel collisions  with  right  whales.  We  conducted  a  review  of  the  speed  rule  to  evaluate  how  effective  it is  at  reducing  the incidence of  right  whale mortality  and serious  injury  due  to vessel  strikes  and where it  could be improved.  While it  is  not  possible to  determine  a direct  causal  link,  the  number of  documented  vessel  strike  mortalities  and  serious  injuries  decreased  from  12  during  the  10 years  prior  to  the  rule\u2019s  implementation  to 8  in  the 10 years  since implementation.  This  overall decline demonstrates  progress  but  also  indicates  additional  action is  warranted  to  further  reduce the  threat  of  vessel  collisions. The  level  of  mariner  compliance with the  speed  rule increased  to its  highest  level  (81%)  during 2018-2019.  In  most  Seasonal  Management  Areas  (SMAs)  more  than 85%  of  vessels  subject  to the  rule maintained speeds  under  10  knots,  but  in  some  portions  of  SMAs  mariner  compliance is low,  with rates  below  25%  for  the  largest  commercial  vessels  outside  four  ports  in  the  southeast. Evaluations  of  vessel  traffic  in active SMAs  revealed  a  reduction  in vessel  speeds  over  time, even during  periods  when SMAs  were inactive.  An assessment  of  the voluntary  Dynamic Management  Area  (DMA)  program  found limited  mariner  cooperation  that  fell  well  short  of  levels reached in  mandatory  SMAs.  An examination of  AIS-equipped small  vessel  traffic  (\u0026lt;  65  ft  in length)  in SMAs,  not  subject  to  the  rule,  found  the  densest  activity  in the Mid-Atlantic  where less than 50%  of  transit  distance was  below  10 knots.  Off  New  England,  small  vessel  traffic  was sparser  with 83%  of  transit  distance  under  10  knots. Our  investigation  of  navigational  safety  revealed no indication of  impacts  from  implementation  of the  speed  rule.  Finally,  an economic  impact  assessment  was  conducted  to evaluate  the  cost  of compliance to  the  regulated community.  The  yearly  cost  to  industry  is  estimated  to  be $28.3  to $39.4  million annually,  with  the  majority  of  the  cost  (58  -70%)  borne  by  the  container  ship sector. Findings  from  this  review  include recommendations  for  further  action,  including  addressing  low compliance in some SMA  port  entrance  areas  and insufficient  cooperation  with voluntary  DMAs. More attention is  needed  to  further  investigate  the  impact  of  non-lethal  vessel  collision injuries  to i right  whales,  assess  conservation concerns  with  small  vessel  traffic  and strengthen our  ability  to enforce  the  speed  regulations","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 06:58:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NOAA_fisheries_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1553376","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-analysis-north-atlantic-right-whale-vessel-speed-restriction-rule","sourceURL":"https:\/\/media.fisheries.noaa.gov\/2021-01\/FINAL_Appendix_B-Economic_Assessment_of_the_Vessel_Speed_Rule.pdf?null","title":"Economic  Analysis  of  the  North Atlantic  Right  Whale  Vessel  Speed Restriction  Rule","description":"In accordance with the requirements of 50 CFR \u00a7 224.105(d), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has initiated an assessment of the costs and benefits of the vessel speed limitations set forth in the Final Rule to Implement Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Ship Collisions with North Atlantic Right Whales. In support of this effort, Industrial Economics, Incorporated (IEc) is working with the Office of Protected Resources of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to analyze the Rule\u2019s costs.  This report presents our findings.  It begins with an analysis of vessel transit data to assess the marginal effect of the Rule on transit times, i.e., the extent to which transits through areas subject to the Rule are delayed when vessels reduce their speed to comply with its requirements. It then applies available data on hourly operating costs for various types of vessels to estimate the direct costs attributable to these delays. Depending on the method employed to characterize the Rule\u2019s impact on transit times, we estimate its direct costs at approximately $28.3 million to $39.4 million annually.  The analysis indicates that the commercial shipping industry bears between 74 to 87 percent of these costs.  This result is not surprising.  Of the wide range of vessels the Rule affects, commercial shipping accounts for the greatest number of affected transits.  These vessels also have high hourly operating costs and ordinarily operate at relatively high speeds; thus, the impact of the speed restrictions on their operations accounts for a large share of the costs attributable to the Rule.  In comparison, other types of vessels account for a substantially smaller share of the Rule\u2019s estimated costs, either because their hourly operating costs and\/or routine operating speeds are much lower \u2013 as is the case with commercial fishing vessels \u2013 or because they account for a smaller share of affected transits. Our analysis is subject to several important limitations.  Most notably, the data available on vessel operating costs are limited, and the characterization of the counterfactual scenario upon which our estimates are based \u2013 i.e., our estimate of the speed at which vessels would operate in the absence of the Rule \u2013 involves some degree of professional judgment. Additionally, our analysis considers only the direct costs of the Rule; we do not attempt to evaluate the extent to which these costs may be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices, nor do we attempt to analyze the potential effect of changes in operating costs on overall levels of commercial shipping activity.  We do, however, briefly review the available data on commercial shipping activity since the Rule took effect.  This review provides no prima facie evidence that the Rule has had an adverse effect on the volume or value of economic activity at ports along the eastern seaboard.","author":["Industrial Economics Inc"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2020-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 01:29:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Industrial_economics_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1557046","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-mortality-blue-humpback-fin-whales-modeling-vessel-collisions-us-west-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0183052","title":"High mortality of blue, humpback and fin whales from modeling of vessel collisions on the U.S. West Coast suggests population impacts and insufficient protection","description":"Mortality from collisions with vessels is one of the main human causes of death for large whales. Ship strikes are rarely witnessed and the distribution of strike risk and estimates of mortality remain uncertain at best. We estimated ship strike mortality for blue humpback and fin whales in U.S. West Coast waters using a novel application of a naval encounter model. Mortality estimates from the model were far higher than current minimum estimates derived from stranding records and are closer to extrapolations adjusted for detection probabilities of dead whales. Our most conservative model estimated mortality to be 7.8x, 2.0x and 2.7x the U.S. recommended limit for blue, humpback and fin whales, respectively, suggesting that death from vessel collisions may be a significant impediment to population growth and recovery. Comparing across the study area, the majority of strike mortality occurs in waters off California, from Bodega Bay south and tends to be concentrated in a band approximately 24 Nm (44.5 km) offshore and in designated shipping lanes leading to and from major ports. While some mortality risk exists across nearly all West Coast waters, 74%, 82% and 65% of blue, humpback and fin whale mortality, respectively, occurs in just 10% of the study area, suggesting conservation efforts can be very effective if focused in these waters. Risk is highest in the shipping lanes off San Francisco and Long Beach, but only a fraction of total estimated mortality occurs in these proportionally small areas, making any conservation efforts exclusively within these areas insufficient to address overall strike mortality. We recommend combining shipping lane modifications and re-locations, ship speed reductions and creation of \u2018Areas to be Avoided\u2019 by vessels in ecologically important locations to address this significant source of whale mortality.","author":["Rockwood, R.","Calambokidis, J.","Jahncke, J."],"organization":["Point Blue Conservation Science","Cascadia Research Collective"],"originationDate":"2017-08-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:54:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1557047","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-effectiveness-speed-reduction-measures-decreasing-whale-strike-mortality","sourceURL":"","title":"Estimating effectiveness of speed reduction measures for decreasing whale-strike mortality in a high-risk region","description":"Recent estimates of blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whale ship-strike deaths on the US west coast are above the Potential Biological Removal limit determined by the National Marine Fisheries Service. Beginning in 2015, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration requested voluntary Vessel Speed Reductions (VSR) in the designated shipping routes off San Francisco, California, USA, in order to decrease whale mortality from ship strikes. We applied a ship strike model based on whale density and Automatic Identification System (AIS) vessel data. We bootstrapped speeds from vessels that transited when no VSR was in place to assess the effect of the VSR on strike mortality rates. Finally, we calculated the expected mortality for hypothetical compliance scenarios by programmatically imposing speed caps. Average predicted mortality for the region was 2.7 blue whales and 7.0 humpback whales in a 4 month period. Compared to years prior to the VSR (2012\u22122014), vessel speeds during the VSR were slower. This lowered blue whale deaths within the shipping lanes by 11\u201313% and humpback whale deaths by 9\u201310% in 2016\u22122017. If 95% of mariners adhered to recommended 10 knot (kn) limits in the shipping lanes alone, we predicted twice as many blue whale and 3 times as many humpback whale deaths would be avoided relative to current adherence. Adding a 10 kn speed limit (with 95% coope ration) at the ends of each of the lanes would result in about 5- and 4-fold reductions in blue whale and humpback whale mortality, respectively, relative to current practices. Our approach can   evaluate ship strikes and mitigation measures for whale populations around the globe.","author":["Rockwood, R.","Adams, J.","Silber, G.","Jahncke, J."],"organization":["Point Blue Conservation Science","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:54:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rockwood_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1557048","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vessel-strikes-large-whales-after-2008-ship-strike-rule","sourceURL":"https:\/\/conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/conl.12105","title":"Vessel Strikes to Large Whales Before and After the 2008 Ship Strike Rule","description":"To determine effectiveness of Seasonal Management Areas (SMAs), introduced in 2008 on the U.S. East Coast to reduce lethal vessel strikes to North Atlantic right whales, we analyzed observed large whale mortality events from 1990\u20132012 in the geographic region of the \u201cShip Strike Rule\u201d to identify changes in frequency, spatial distribution, and spatiotemporal interaction since implementation. Though not directly coincident with SMA implementation, right whale vessel-strike mortalities significantly declined from 2.0 (2000\u20132006) to 0.33 per year (2007\u20132012). Large whale vessel-strike mortalities have decreased inside active SMAs, and increased outside inactive SMAs. We detected no significant spatiotemporal interaction in the 4-year pre- or post-Rule periods, although a longer time series is needed to detect these changes. As designed, SMAs encompass only 36% of historical right whale vessel-strike mortalities, and 32% are outside managed space but within managed timeframes. We suggest increasing spatial coverage to improve the Rule\u0027s effectiveness.","author":["van der Hoop, J.","Vanderlaan, A.","Cole, T.","Henry, A.","Hall, L.","Mase-Guthrie, B.","Wimmer, T.","Moore, M."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","University of Massachusetts","Northwest Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2014-04-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 12:54:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1558787","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-comparison-materials-tidal-stream-turbine-blade","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261921015993","title":"A life cycle assessment comparison of materials for a tidal stream turbine blade","description":"Electricity generated from tidal streams via underwater turbines has significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions than fossil-fuel derived electricity. However, tidal stream turbine blades are conventionally manufactured from non-recyclable reinforced polymer composite materials. Tidal stream capacity is forecast to be over 1GW by 2030, which using current methods will ultimately produce around 6000 tonnes of non-recyclable blade waste. This waste is currently disposed of in landfill or incinerated, both of which have greenhouse gas and human health impacts. To address a growing waste management problem, this high-level study considers for the first time a range of conventional and bio-based materials, manufacturing methods, and end-of-life treatments to determine the blade materials and designs likely to have low environmental impact. A finite element model is used to develop material cases and Life Cycle Assessment is used to study the impacts of each over a \u2018cradle to dock, dock to grave\u2019 scope. The impact of material choices on cost and modifications to the wider turbine are considered. Compared to a glass fibre composite turbine blade, steel blades are around 2.5 times heavier, and incur additional environmental impact due to upgrades required to the wider turbine. Carbon fibre composite blades weigh less than glass fibre, but cause greenhouse 80% greater gas emissions, and human and ecosystem health risks, so are also not recommended. The best environmental performance of the cases considered was a flax fibre composite. This material offers greenhouse gas emissions around 50% lower than glass fibre materials when manufactured using conventional epoxy resin, and around 40% lower when manufactured using recyclable epoxy resin, which also enables the reuse of the fibre and may further reduce environmental impact. Initial results suggest that the cost of these materials are similar to or lower than conventional composite materials.","author":["Walker, S.","Thies, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Walker-Thies-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1558788","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observational-study-hydrodynamic-impact-water-mass-transport-due-tidal-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969721060915","title":"An observational study of hydrodynamic impact on water mass transport due to tidal power generation","description":"The world\u0027s largest Sihwa Tidal Power Plant (TPP), located on the west coast of Korea, was built in 2011 for the purpose of improving water quality and producing renewable energy. After several years of actual operation, most of the original purpose was achieved, but unexpected coastal environmental changes such as tidal flat damage and sediment accumulation also occurred. In this study, in order to understand the causes of these environmental changes, field observations were conducted near TPP, and spatial and temporal variability of flow structure and water exchange process were investigated. Three-dimensional velocity data were collected along the closed line surrounding the outside of the TPP for 11 h during spring tide and analyzed according to two discharge phases: power generation phase (PGP) and drainage phase (DP). The results show that the depth-averaged maximum current velocity was more than three times greater at DP than at PGP. Jet-like flow during DP caused very high horizontal shear, whereas vertical shear was relatively weak, indicating that the horizontal and vertical flow structures were very different. The most notable result is that the mass transport patterns between PGP and DP are significantly different, i.e., during PGP, mass transport is dominated on the left side of the TPP, whereas during DP, it occurs at the front of the TPP. This means that there is a strong spatiotemporal asymmetry between the inflow from the downstream (outside of the TPP) during PGP and the outflow from the upstream (inside of the TPP) during DP. These asymmetric processes can have a significant impact on the material exchange and sediment transport near the TPP. Since observational studies on TPP are extremely rare, this study is expected to contribute to future TPP related research, such as numerical modeling.","author":["Kim, J.","Woo, S-B.","Song, J.","Kwon, H-K."],"organization":["Inha University","Korean Water Resource Corporation"],"originationDate":"2022-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.313060000000","126.612777800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-06 06:28:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560528","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-artificial-reef","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oceanservice.noaa.gov\/facts\/artificial-reef.html","title":"What is an artificial reef?","description":"An artificial reef is a manmade structure that may mimic some of the characteristics of a natural reef.  Submerged shipwrecks are the most common form of artificial reef. Oil and gas platforms, bridges, lighthouses, and other offshore structures often function as artificial reefs. Marine resource managers also create artificial reefs in underwater areas that require a structure to enhance the habitat for reef organisms, including soft and stony corals and the fishes and invertebrates that live among them.  Materials used to construct artificial reefs have included rocks, cinder blocks, and even wood and old tires. Nowadays, several companies specialize in the design, manufacture, and deployment of long-lasting artificial reefs that are typically constructed of limestone, steel, and concrete.","author":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560529","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/office-national-marine-sanctuaries-science-review-artificial-reefs","sourceURL":"","title":"Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Science Review of Artificial Reefs","description":"Artificial reefs are human-made structures that are either deliberately or unintentionally submerged underwater, commonly with the result of mimicking some characteristics of a natural reef. Artificial reefs alter local habitat by providing hard substrate and complex vertical relief where typically none previously existed (Bohnsack and Sutherland 1985, Sheehy and Vik 1992, Sheehy and Vik 2010). They may be created from a variety of sources and materials including the intentional sinking of ships and barges, rubble, concrete, rocks, stone, boulders, steel, and metal, etc. (Baine 2001). They may also be created through unintentional means (e.g., shipwrecks that can become historical in nature) and through structures built for other purposes (e.g., decommissioned oil and gas platforms, breakwaters1 , jetties, bridges, offshore lighthouses, air force towers, navigational aids, marine data buoys, etc.). These various materials have benefits and drawbacks when used in artificial reef construction (see Table 1 for examples).  The establishment of an artificial structure influences the surrounding underwater ecosystem by creating new habitat that can potentially change the abundance and distribution of living resources. Artificial structures can provide similar ecological functions as natural habitat, including developing epibiotic communities that create microhabitat for motile species, locally concentrate planktonic and pelagic food resources, alter current flows to provide sheltered areas, provide visual reference points, and create spawning sites (Bohnsack and Sutherland 1985, Sheehy and Vik 2010). Because of their ability to create habitat for a variety of marine life they are often popular destinations for divers, snorkelers, and fishermen. Therefore, their creation can also alter human use by shifting recreational diving and fishing patterns (Leeworthy et al. 2006, Leeworthy 2011).  General agreement exists in the scientific community that artificial reefs can effectively accumulate fish and other organisms (Bohnsack and Sutherland 1985). Somewhat less understood are the effects of artificial reefs on living resource production, their ability to act as stepping-stones that facilitate native and non-native species dispersal, how they affect disease frequency in fish and invertebrates, toxicological impacts, their long-term structural integrity, and changes to the socioeconomic conditions of adjacent coastal communities. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the scientific literature and findings on these subjects.","author":["Broughton, K."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2012-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Broughton-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560530","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/calwave-xwave-demonstration","sourceURL":"","title":"CalWave xWave Demonstration","description":"CalWave Power Technologies Inc. (CalWave) launched their CalWave xWave wave energy device for an open-ocean pilot demonstration off the coast of San Diego (West of the Scripps Pier). This project was awarded by the Department of Energy, Water Power Technologies Office to develop systems to harness wave energy as a complementary renewable energy resource to other forms of clean energy. Key partners in this project are Scripps Institute of Oceanography, NREL, Sandia National Lab, DNV GL, University of California Berkeley, and PNNL. This pilot will provide information to help plan for deployment of a larger unit at the PacWave test site in Oregon.","author":["Julie Mai"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-11-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.868050000000","-117.251944400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Collision","EMF","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 07:53:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560550","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/nova-innovation-nova-tidal-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.novatidalarray.ca\/","title":"Nova Innovation - Nova Tidal Array","description":"The Nova Tidal Array will be developed in three 0.5 MW phases, with turbines deployed gradually so that environmental effects can be carefully monitored. Nova used this carefully managed, phased approach at the world\u2019s first tidal turbine array \u2013 the Shetland Tidal Array, Scotland. It has helped to demonstrate the reliability and performance of our turbines and build confidence in tidal energy.In March 2022 Nova installed a remote observation platform (ROP) on the seabed in Petit Passage adjacent to the scheduled location of the first turbine (Phase 1a). The ROP comprises a steel ballasted frame to which three high-definition Teledyne Bowtech L3C-800 subsea cameras and a Gemini Tritech 720 is multibeam imaging sonar unit are attached. A single export cable to shore provides ROP power supply and data transfer.Following installation, the ROP-mounted sensors have been acquiring data from Petit Passage. This has enabled Nova to demonstrate their reliability and feasibility as part of the overall monitoring system for the Nova Tidal Array. Data gathered from the site has enabled configuration and data acquisition of the ROP-mounted sensors, and optimization of data transfer and storage procedures in advance of the install of the first turbine.","author":["Seumas Mackenzie"],"organization":["Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2026-09-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.389375100000","-66.215679300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 02:37:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560744","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-our-future-seas-relevance-spatial-temporal-scale-physical-biological-indicators","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.769680\/full","title":"Use of Our Future Seas: Relevance of Spatial and Temporal Scale for Physical and Biological Indicators","description":"There is about to be an abrupt step-change in the use of our coastal seas, specifically by the addition of large-scale offshore renewable energy developments to combat climate change. Many trade-offs will need to be weighed up for the future sustainable management of marine ecosystems between renewables and other uses (e.g., fisheries, marine protected areas). Therefore, we need a much greater understanding of how different marine habitats and ecosystems are likely to change with both natural and anthropogenic transformations. This work will present a review of predictive Bayesian approaches from ecosystem level, through to fine scale mechanistic understanding of foraging success by individual species, to identify consistent physical (e.g., bottom temperature) and biological (e.g., chlorophyll-a) indicators of habitat and ecosystem change over the last 30 years within the North Sea. These combined approaches illuminate the feasibility of integrating knowledge across scales to be able to address the spatio-temporal variability of biophysical indicators to ultimately strengthen predictions of population changes at ecosystem scales across broadly different habitat types. Such knowledge will provide an effective baseline for more strategic and integrated approaches to both monitoring studies and assessing anthropogenic impacts to be used within marine spatial planning considerations.","author":["Trifonova, N.","Scott, B.","De Dominicis, M.","Wolf, J."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trifonova-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560745","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/it-balancing-act-interface-scientific-evidence-policy-support-effective-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/3\/1650","title":"It Is a Balancing Act: The Interface of Scientific Evidence and Policy in Support of Effective Marine Environmental Management","description":"The marine environment is a complex system, and with growing human demand, the sustainable use of multiple marine resources is continually challenged. The increasing complexity of overlapping marine activities causes pressures on the environment. Here, we review the fundamental aspects for effective marine management, particularly the role of science and scientific evidence to inform marine policy and decision making. The outcomes of internal expert workshops were used to analyse currently applied marine management practices in the UK using four marine sectors in English waters based on the expertise: environmental impact assessments; dredge and disposal operations; marine protected areas; and offshore renewable energy. Strengths, weaknesses, and commonalities between these sectors were assessed in terms of their effectiveness for marine management. Finally, we make recommendations based on the outputs to better inform effective yet sustainable marine management. The importance of increasing accessibility to data, hypothesis-driven environmental monitoring, streamlining funding opportunities and ensuring effective dissemination of data to ensure scientific outcomes and achieve increased robustness of assessments is emphasised. We also recommend that assessment drivers align with the outputs and approaches should be holistic and engage with the public to ensure a shared understanding and vision.","author":["Lonsdale, J.","Gill, A.","Alliji, K.","Birchenough, S.","Blake, S.","Buckley, H.","Clarke, C.","Clarke, S.","Edmonds, N.","Fonseca, L.","Goodsir, F.","Griffith, A.","Judd, A.","Mulholland, R.","Perry, J.","Randall, K.","Wood, D."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","MarineSpace Ltd","UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lonsdale-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560760","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sector-locational-guidance-enabling-evidence-sustainable-development-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/sector-locational-guidance-wave-energy","title":"Sector Locational Guidance: Enabling Evidence for Sustainable Development Wave Energy","description":"The purpose of this document is to support characterisation of areas in Wales where there is good potential for wave energy projects to prosper. Bringing together technical and environmental knowledge with information on key social, cultural, and economic issues and using this to understand future potential opportunities can support and enable the sustainable development of the sector. This SLG provides a relevant evidence base for wave energy developers interested in operating in Welsh waters, highlighting key considerations and issues that may need to be addressed during project development and licensing processes. It will also inform the ongoing marine planning process. In order to support potential coexistence of multiple uses, the guidance also considers where opportunities may exist for the co-location of wave technologies with other marine activities where potentially beneficial and practical.  The evidence landscape around wave energy continues to develop and considerations identified in this SLG may change over time. Knowledge gained from the deployment and monitoring of wave energy technologies will also be key to further understanding. With time, this guidance may be developed to provide more specific signposting towards areas considered to be of higher potential for development.  This guidance has been developed in accordance with the Sustainable Development Principle and the five ways of working as set out within the Well-being of Future Generations Act. It is also informed by the Sustainable Management of Marine Natural Resources (SMMNR) principles of the Environment (Wales) Act and the direction provided by the United Kingdom (UK) Marine Policy Statement to provide a proactive and spatially planned approach to the management of the marine area.","author":["Welsh Government"],"organization":["Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-01-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.525655000000","-4.157248000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh_Government_2022_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560761","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sector-locational-guidance-enabling-evidence-sustainable-development-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/sector-locational-guidance-tidal-stream-energy","title":"Sector Locational Guidance: Enabling Evidence for Sustainable Development Tidal Stream Energy","description":"The purpose of this document is to support characterisation of areas in Wales where there is good potential for tidal stream energy projects to prosper. Bringing together technical and environmental knowledge with information on key social, cultural and economic issues and using this to understand future potential opportunities can support and enable the sustainable development of the sector. This SLG provides a relevant evidence base for tidal stream energy developers interested in operating in Welsh waters1, highlighting key considerations and issues that may need to be addressed during project development and licensing processes. It will also inform the ongoing marine planning process. In order to support potential coexistence of multiple uses, the guidance also considers where opportunities may exist for the co-location of tidal stream technologies with other marine activities where potentially beneficial and practical.  The evidence landscape around tidal stream energy continues to develop, and considerations identified in this SLG may change over time. Knowledge gained from the deployment and monitoring of tidal stream energy technologies will also be key to further understanding. With time, this guidance may be developed to provide more specific signposting towards areas considered to be of higher potential for development.  This guidance has been developed in accordance with the Sustainable Development Principle and the five ways of working as set out within the Well-being of Future Generations Act. It is also informed by the Sustainable Management of Marine Natural Resources (SMMNR) principles of the Environment (Wales) Act, and the direction provided by the United Kingdom (UK) Marine Policy Statement to provide a proactive and spatially planned approach to the management of the marine area.","author":["Welsh Government"],"organization":["Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-01-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.525655000000","-4.157248000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Welsh_Government_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560770","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/triton-field-trials-promoting-consistent-environmental-monitoring-methodologies-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/2\/177","title":"Triton Field Trials: Promoting Consistent Environmental Monitoring Methodologies for Marine Energy Sites","description":"Uncertainty surrounding the potential environmental impacts of marine energy (ME) has resulted in extensive and expensive environmental monitoring requirements for ME deployments. Recently, there have been more ME deployments and associated environmental data collection efforts, but no standardized methodologies for data collection. This hinders the use of previously collected data to inform new ME project permitting efforts. Triton Field Trials (TFiT), created at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory by the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy, explores ways to promote more consistent environmental data collection and enable data transferability across ME device types and locations. Documents from 118 previous ME projects or ME-related research studies in the U.S. and internationally were reviewed to identify the highest priority stressor\u2013receptor relationships to be investigated and the technologies and methodologies used to address them. Thirteen potential field sites were assessed to determine suitable locations for testing the performance of relevant monitoring technologies. This introductory paper provides an overview of how priority research areas and associated promising technologies were identified as well as how testing locations were identified for TFiT activities. Through these scoping efforts, TFiT focused on four activity areas: collision risk, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields, and changes in habitat. Technologies and methodologies were tested at field sites in Alaska, Washington, California, and New Hampshire. Detailed information on the effectiveness of the identified methodologies and specific recommendations for each of the four focus areas are included in the companion papers in this Special Issue.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Eaves, S.","Staines, G.","Harker-Klimes, G.","Pinza, M.","Geerlofs, S."],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/jmse-10-00177-v2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560772","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/application-marine-spatial-planning-tools-tidal-stream-farm-micro-siting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569122000382","title":"Application of Marine Spatial Planning tools for tidal stream farm micro-siting","description":"The operation of tidal stream energy farms may interfere with other uses of the marine space, especially in depth-limited areas (estuaries, rivers, etc.) which are typically subject to multiple demands of use. The Marine Spatial Planning Directive (MSP) was passed by the European Commission in 2014 to ensure a harmonic coexistence between different maritime activities and to protect the marine environment. In this context, the objective of this work is to present a methodology based on MSP tools for tidal-farm siting in depth-limited areas. The methodology is illustrated through a case study: Ria de Ribadeo, a shallow-water estuary in NW Spain. Having considered a number of uses (archaeological, biodiversity, fishing, aquaculture, recreational and navigation), two exploitable tidal farm sites (Areas A and C) with annual energy densities of 1 GWhm-2 were found. The estuary is periodically dredged to maintain navigation. Dredging-related risks were analysed using a novel indicator, the Dredging Associated Risk (DAR), based on which Area C was discarded and Area A had its exploitable surface area reduced by 25%. In sum, the methodology proposed was proven to be effective for tidal stream farm planning.","author":["\u00c1lvarez, M.","Ramos, V.","Carballo, R.","L\u00f3pez, I.","Fouz, D.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University of Porto","University College Cork","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.547184000000","-7.031873000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560776","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-trajectories-through-tidal-energy-development-site-bay-fundy-study-interaction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.thejot.net\/article-preview\/?show_article_preview=1232","title":"Using Trajectories through a Tidal Energy Development Site in the Bay of Fundy to Study Interaction of Renewable Energy with Local Fish","description":"A tidal energy development site has been designated in Minas Passage (Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada) for testing in-stream turbines and producing renewable energy. Concern remains that turbines might harm local populations of marine animals as they sweep by within a fastflowing water mass. Drifters approximately track a water mass and can support instrumentation for detecting fish that carry an acoustic tag. A tagged Atlantic salmon tracked sufficiently similarly to the drifter for it to be continuously within detection range for three intervals of up to 56 minutes over a 21-hour period. The same fish was briefly detected near the drifter five days later. Two types of quasi-stable drifter trajectory were found to make many transits through the fast-flowing waters of Minas Passage, with tidal excursion extending far beyond the passage. Drifter trajectories characterize water areas that are likely to be influenced by fish-turbine interaction over the tidal timescale. One quasi-stable trajectory is associated with accumulations of floating debris that may interfere with tidal energy devices. Most drifter tracks passed south of the tidal energy development site. Less commonly, drifters passed through the development site during flood tide and these tracks are associated with northerly extremes of quasi-stable trajectories. Few drifter tracks passed through the development site on the ebb tide and those that did quickly transitioned to quasi-stable trajectories that mostly pass south of the development site. Regardless of drifters mostly bypassing the development site, the monthly probability of drifter collision with a 500 kW near-surface tidal energy device was estimated to be 0.18. Collision probability for fish is argued to be lower.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Stokesbury, M.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.290237000000","-64.160896000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/JOT-Sanderson.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560790","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-morphodynamic-influences-ocean-current-energy-conversion-sites-south","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9717\/10\/2\/340","title":"Hydrodynamic and Morphodynamic Influences from Ocean Current Energy Conversion Sites in the South\u2013Southeastern Brazilian Inner Shelf","description":"As marine renewable resources begin to become a feasible energy source, it becomes crucial to investigate the nearshore impact of hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes. As part of the implementation of turbines in the numerical modeling environment of Telemac-3D and Sisyphe modules, we conducted a 10-year run to evaluate nearshore impacts of turbines in the flow. We used five criteria to define viable locations. Turbines sites were added to a conversion energy model coupled into the hydrodynamic model in order to develop properly the flow changes towards the energy conversion process. The results revealed that in the three chosen spots, turbines were not converting equally the current energy within the site. In fact, the turbines located on the outer side of the farm developed greater conversion rates. This impacted the nearshore in the following ways: (1) the decrease in the currents intensity that generates strong adjustments in the water column, breaking the natural pattern of vertical circulation; (2) development of lateral flows that in time affects the bottom dynamics and results in changes in sediment deposition; and (3) increase in bedload transport rates around the turbine\u2019s field due to divergence in the flow. The idealized turbines sites produced 1,775 GWh in 10 years, which could provide electricity to 54,181 residences during this period.","author":["de Paula Kirinus, E.","Oleinik, P.","Marques, W."],"organization":["Federal University of Paran\u00e1","Federal University of Rio de Janeiro"],"originationDate":"2022-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["-29.847388000000","-48.539167000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kirinus-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560791","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/agreements-benefits-emerging-ocean-sectors-are-we-moving-towards-equitable-blue","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569122000722","title":"Agreements and benefits in emerging ocean sectors: Are we moving towards an equitable Blue Economy?","description":"Transitioning to a Blue Economy that prioritizes social equity will be challenging in ocean sectors but could be comparatively easier for newer industries where appropriate guidelines can be followed from the start. We focus here on two emerging ocean sectors\u2014blue carbon and ocean energy\u2014and an evaluation of benefit-sharing agreements at operational sites, and the recipients and types of these benefits. This is an initial yet useful gauge of progress towards integration of social equity concerns as envisioned under a Blue Economy. The number (n = 84) and scale of ocean energy sites is rapidly increasing but highly concentrated in a few regions. The ocean energy sector is currently focused on serving grids in urbanized areas and reducing national emissions, and economic benefit-sharing mechanisms with local residents are less common (35% of all sites). However, some cases show how local communities can be better included in the planning and implementation of ocean energy, including negotiation of subsequent economic benefits. Despite widespread interest in blue carbon, we found very few (n = 4) operational sites; nonetheless, these were deeply involved with and often led by local communities who are the main beneficiaries. Voluntary public and corporate social responsibility actions are useful, but government regulation must play an essential role in requiring equitable processes and supporting equitable outcomes, similar to now-standard environmental regulations to avoid negative impacts and increase the likelihood of ecological sustainability. Emerging ocean sectors have a unique opportunity to advance social equity and environmental sustainability within Blue Economies, but this will be much more easily achieved if equity guidelines are prioritized and mandated so that business-as-usual practices do not become entrenched.","author":["Cisneros-Montemayor, A.","Ducros, A.","Bennett, N.","Fusco, L.","Hessing-Lewis, M.","Singh, G.","Klain, S."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","Dalhousie University","University of British Columbia","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)","Utah State University"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560792","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-innovation-marine-energy-generation-distribution-or-transmission-related","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122001484","title":"Impact of innovation in marine energy generation, distribution, or transmission-related technologies on carbon dioxide emissions in the United States","description":"This study contributes to the energy economics literature by inspecting the association between innovation in marine energy generation, distribution, or transmission-related technologies and carbon dioxide emissions, with the gross domestic product per capita, expansionary monetary policy, trade openness, international collaboration in green technology development, and renewable energy consumption in the United States from 1990Q1 to 2018Q4. First, results from the canonical co-integration regression estimator, dynamic ordinary least squares estimator, and fully modified ordinary least squares estimator indicated that innovation in marine energy generation, distribution, or transmission-related technologies helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Second, the findings indicated that renewable energy consumption and international collaboration in green technology development were negatively associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Third, trade openness, expansionary monetary policy, and gross domestic product per capita were positively associated with carbon dioxide emissions. Fourth, the Granger causality test confirmed two-way causality between international collaboration in green technology development and carbon dioxide emissions. Fifth, the findings also showed that there exists a one-way causality between innovation in marine energy generation, distribution, or transmission-related technologies and carbon dioxide emissions, gross domestic product per capita and carbon dioxide emissions, expansionary monetary policy and carbon dioxide emissions, and trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions.","author":["Liguo, X.","Ahmad, M.","Khattak, S."],"organization":["Shandong University","Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan","Jimei University"],"originationDate":"2022-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Life Cycle Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560803","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-overview-ocean-energy-activities-2021","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2021\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2021","description":"IEA-OES is a Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) on Ocean Energy Systems under the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The Technology Collaboration Programme supports the work of independent, international groups of experts that enable governments and industries from around the world to lead programmes and projects on a wide range of energy technologies and related issues. The experts in these collaborations work to advance the research, development and commercialisation of energy technologies. The scope and strategy of each collaboration is in keeping with the IEA Shared Goals of energy security, environmental protection and economic growth, as well as engagement worldwide.  The work of the IEA-OES covers all forms of energy generation in which sea water forms the motive power through its physical and chemical properties, i.e. wave, tidal range, tidal and ocean currents, ocean thermal energy conversion and salinity gradients. IEA-OES connects organisations and individuals working in the ocean energy sector to accelerate the viability, uptake and acceptance of ocean energy systems in an environmentally acceptable manner.  As of December 2021, 22 Member Countries and the European Commission are members of the IEA-OES, providing a broad international base of information, sharing experience and knowledge and further a diversified representation of interests: members are from governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. This is one of the benefits of joining OES: participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.  The twenty-three members are: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, India, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Monaco, New Zealand, Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States of America.  The IEA-OES international co-operation facilitates:    Securing access to advanced R\u0026amp;D teams in the participating countries;  Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing protocols for the testing of prototypes;  Reducing national costs by collaborating internationally;  Creating valuable international contacts between government, industry and science;  Sharing information and networking.   This Annual Report presents an overview of progress made by the IEA-OES in 2021, including summaries of ongoing projects and updated country reviews prepared by the Delegates.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-2021-annual-report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560804","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/50-years-bat-research-foundations-new-frontiers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-030-54727-1","title":"50 Years of Bat Research: Foundations and New Frontiers","description":"With more than 1,400 species, bats are an incredibly diverse and successful group of mammals that can serve as model systems for many unique evolutionary adaptations. Flight has allowed them to master the sky, while echolocation enables them to navigate in the dark. Being small, secretive, nocturnal creatures has made bats a challenge to study, but over the past 50 years, innovative research has made it possible to dispel some of the mystery and myth surrounding them to give us a better understanding of the role these animals play in the ecosystem.  The structure of the book is based on several broad themes across the biological sciences, including the evolution of bats, their ecology and behavior, and conservation of biodiversity. Within these themes are more specific topics on important aspects of bat research, such as morphology, molecular biology, echolocation, taxonomy, systematics, threats to bats, social structure, reproduction, movements, and feeding strategies.  Given its scope, the book will appeal to the wider scientific community, environmental organizations, and government policymakers who are interested in the interdisciplinary aspects of biology and nature.","author":["Kim, B.","Fenton, M.","Brigham, R.","Mistry, S.","Kurta, A.","Gillam, E.","Russell, A.","Ortega, J."],"organization":["Royal Ontario Museum","University of Western Ontario","University of Regina","California State University, Chico","Eastern Michigan University","North Dakota State University","Grand Valley State University","Instituto Politecnico Nacional"],"originationDate":"2021-01-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560805","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-detection-classification-counting-fish-fish-passages-deep-learning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.823173\/full","title":"Automated Detection, Classification and Counting of Fish in Fish Passages With Deep Learning","description":"The Ocean Aware project, led by Innovasea and funded through Canada\u0027s Ocean Supercluster, is developing a fish passage observation platform to monitor fish without the use of traditional tags. This will provide an alternative to standard tracking technology, such as acoustic telemetry fish tracking, which are often not appropriate for tracking at-risk fish species protected by legislation. Rather, the observation platform uses a combination of sensors including acoustic devices, visual and active sonar, and optical cameras. This will enable more in-depth scientific research and better support regulatory monitoring of at-risk fish species in fish passages or marine energy sites. Analysis of this data will require a robust and accurate method to automatically detect fish, count fish, and classify them by species in real-time using both sonar and optical cameras. To meet this need, we developed and tested an automated real-time deep learning framework combining state of the art convolutional neural networks and Kalman filters. First, we showed that an adaptation of the widely used YOLO machine learning model can accurately detect and classify eight species of fish from a public high resolution DIDSON imaging sonar dataset captured from the Ocqueoc River in Michigan, USA. Although there has been extensive research in the literature identifying particular fish such as eel vs. non-eel and seal vs. fish, to our knowledge this is the first successful application of deep learning for classifying multiple fish species with high resolution imaging sonar. Second, we integrated the Norfair object tracking framework to track and count fish using a public video dataset captured by optical cameras from the Wells Dam fish ladder on the Columbia River in Washington State, USA. Our results demonstrate that deep learning models can indeed be used to detect, classify species, and track fish using both high resolution imaging sonar and underwater video from a fish ladder. This work is a first step toward developing a fully implemented system which can accurately detect, classify and generate insights about fish in a wide variety of fish passage environments and conditions with data collected from multiple types of sensors.","author":["Kandimalla, V.","Richard, M.","Smith, F.","Quirion, J.","Torgo, L.","Whidden, C."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Innovasea"],"originationDate":"2022-01-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kandimalla-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560806","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-hicup-high-current-underwater-platform-long-term-monitoring-fine-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.850446\/full","title":"Marine Mammal HiCUP: A High Current Underwater Platform for the Long-Term Monitoring of Fine-Scale Marine Mammal Behavior Around Tidal Turbines","description":"Arrays of tidal turbines are being considered for tidally energetic coastal sites which can be important habitat for many species of marine mammal. Understanding risks to marine mammals from collisions with moving turbine blades must be overcome before regulators can issue licenses for many developments. To understand these risks, it is necessary to understand how animals move around operational turbines and to document the rate at which interactions occur. We report on the design, and performance, of a seabed mounted sensor platform for monitoring the fine scale movements of cetaceans and pinnipeds around operational tidal turbines. The system comprises two high-frequency multibeam active sonars, which can accurately track animals in the horizontal plane. By offsetting the vertical angle of the sonars, the relative intensity of targets on the two sonars can also be used to resolve a vertical component of the animal location. For regularly vocalizing species, i.e., small cetaceans, a tetrahedral array of high frequency hydrophones mounted close to the sonars is used to measure both horizontal and vertical angles to cetacean echolocation clicks. This provides additional localization and tracking information for cetaceans and can also be used to distinguish between pinnipeds and cetaceans detected in the sonar data, based on the presence or absence of echolocation clicks. The system is cabled to shore for power, data transfer, and communications using turbine infrastructure. This allows for continuous operation over many months or years, which will be required to capture what may be rare interactions. The system was tested during a series of multi-week field tests, designed to test system integrity, carry out system calibrations, and test the efficiency of data collection, analyses, and archiving procedures. Overall, the system proved highly reliable, with the PAM system providing bearing accuracies to synthetic sounds of around 4.2 degrees for echolocation clicks with a signal to noise ratio above 15 dB. The system will be deployed close to an operational turbine in early 2022.","author":["Gillespie, D.","Oswald, M.","Hastie, G.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["University of East Anglia"],"originationDate":"2022-03-02","spatial":{"coordinates":[["57.266339000000","-5.605264000000"],["56.438333300000","-2.945522000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gillespie-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560808","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-influence-tidal-energy-converters-sediment-dynamics-banks-strait-tasmania","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148122002257","title":"Modelling the influence of Tidal Energy Converters on sediment dynamics in Banks Strait, Tasmania","description":"As the tidal energy industry grows, developers are interested in the influence that large scale arrays might have on their surrounding environment including hydrodynamic and sediment. Understanding of local and regional sediment dynamics is an important element for environment impact and site assessments, as changes in sediment processes could alter bed ecosystems. In Australia, the Banks Strait located in the Northeast of Tasmania has been identified as a promising site for tidal energy. Very large sand waves have been observed near the area suitable for tidal turbines installation and they may interfere with human activities. Building from previous work, a 2D regional scale model investigated the influence of different tidal farms on the morphology of Banks Strait and especially the sand waves. Results showed that tidal farm of more than 49 MW rated power will alter the circulation of residual currents in Banks Strait leading to significant changes in the sediment dynamics, and farms less than 24.5 MW will have negligible influence on the migration of sand waves.","author":["Auguste, C.","Nader, J.","Marsh, P.","Penesis, I.","Cossu, R."],"organization":["Australian Maritime College","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.631745000000","148.149362000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560809","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/xlpe-submarine-cable-systems-attachment-xlpe-land-cable-systems-users-guide","sourceURL":"","title":"XLPE Submarine Cable Systems: Attachment to XLPE land cable systems user\u0027s guide","description":"The XLPE cable should at least have a conductor cross section adequate to meet the system requirements for power transmission capacity. The cost of energy losses can be reduced by using larger conductor. Load losses in XLPE cables are primarily due to the ohmic losses in the conductor and the metallic screen. XLPE cables can be loaded continuously to a conductor temperature of 90\u00b0C. The dielectric losses of XLPE insulation are present also at no load. Those losses depend on the operation voltage applied and shall be considered above 100 kV. Dielectric losses in XLPE cables are lower than for EPR and fluid-filled cables. The current rating of submarine cables follows the same rules as for land cables. However there are some differences:  \u2212 Three-core submarine cables usually have steel wire armour. Single-core cables have non-magnetic armour.  \u2212 Single-core cables can be laid separated or close. Close laying gives lower losses. Separation eliminates mutual heating but means higher losses in the armour. The induced current in the armour can be high, up to the same value as in the conductor.","author":["ABB"],"organization":["ABB Group"],"originationDate":"2019-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ABB_et_al_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560811","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/highly-directional-swimming-scalloped-hammerhead-sharks-sphyrna-lewini-subsurface","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF00346421","title":"Highly directional swimming by scalloped hammerhead sharks, Sphyrna lewini, and subsurface irradiance, temperature, bathymetry, and geomagnetic field","description":"The homing behavior of scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) to and fro between Espiritu Santo Seamount and Las Animas Island and the surrounding pelagic environment was studied to reveal their mechanisms of navigation in the oceanic environment. Four sharks were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters and tracked at the former location and one shark at the latter site during July, August, or September between 1981 and 1988. Hammerhead swimming movements were highly oriented: the mean coefficient of concentration (r) for sets of ten consecutive swimming directions recorded during eight homing movements by three hammerhead sharks ranged from 0.885 to 0.996. Drift within a current could not explain this directionality, since highly variable directions were recorded from a transmitter floating at the sea surface after becoming detached from a shark. Forward swimming momentum was an unlikely explanation, since highly directional swimming was maintained for a period of 32 min with only a gradual change in course. To maintain directionality over this period, an environmental property should be necessary for guidance. The hammerheads swam at night, with repeated vertical excursions ranging from 100 to 450 m deep, out of view of either the sea surface or the sea floor. The sharks\u0027 vertical diving movements were compared to distributions of spectral irradiance (relative to elasmobranch scotopic and photopic visual sensitivities), temperature, and current-flow directions in the water column. No relationships were evident between these properties and the sharks\u0027 oriented swimming movements. Movements of scalloped hammerhead sharks to and from a seamount were compared to topographic features in bathymetry and geomagnetic field leading away from the seamount. Sharks swam repeatedly over fixed geographic paths, and these paths occurred less often along submarine ridges and valleys than maxima and minima in the geomagnetic field. No significant difference existed between the degree of association of points from the sharks\u0027 tracks and points from track simulations and \u226520\u00b0 changes in the slope of the depth record. On the other hand, significantly more points from the sharks\u0027 tracks were associated with slope changes in the magnetic intensity record than points from track simulations. A magnetic intensity gradient of 0.037 nanoteslas\/m (nT\/m) existed at 175 m depth, where a shark swam directionally, and this gradient was three times steeper than that measured at the sea surface and exceeded that recorded at a depth of 200 m. The hammerheads are hypothesized to find the seamount using geomagnetic topotaxis. The shark could be attracted to and move back and forth along ridges and valleys, features in the relief of magnetic field intensities occurring over a geographical area.","author":["Klimley, A."],"organization":["University of California Davis"],"originationDate":"1993-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560812","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-magnetic-field-intensity-sea-turtles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/380059a0","title":"Detection of magnetic field intensity by sea turtles","description":"WHETHER migratory animals can determine their global position by detecting features of the Earth\u0027s magnetic field has long been debated1\u20134. To do this an animal must perceive (at least) two distinct magnetic parameters, each of which must vary in a different direction across the Earth\u0027s surface3,5. There has been no evidence that any animal can perceive two such magnetic features, and whether \u0027magnetic maps\u0027 exist at all has remained controversial2\u20136. Several populations of sea turtles7\u20139 undergo transoceanic migrations before returning to nest on or near the same beaches where they themselves hatched. Along the migratory routes, all or most locations have unique combinations of magnetic field intensity and field line inclination. It has been demonstrated that hatchling loggerhead turtles can distinguish between different magnetic inclination angles10. Here we report that turtles can also distinguish between different field intensities found along their migratory route. Thus sea turtles possess the minimal sensory abilities necessary to approximate global position using a bicoordinate magnetic map.","author":["Lohmann, C.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"1996-03-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:40:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560813","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-navigation-behavior-oceanic-ecology-young-loggerhead-sea-turtles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/218\/7\/1044\/14512\/Magnetic-navigation-behavior-and-the-oceanic","title":"Magnetic navigation behavior and the oceanic ecology of young loggerhead sea turtles","description":"During long-distance migrations, animals navigate using a variety of sensory cues, mechanisms and strategies. Although guidance mechanisms are usually studied under controlled laboratory conditions, such methods seldom allow for navigation behavior to be examined in an environmental context. Similarly, although realistic environmental models are often used to investigate the ecological implications of animal movement, explicit consideration of navigation mechanisms in such models is rare. Here, we used an interdisciplinary approach in which we first conducted lab-based experiments to determine how hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) respond to magnetic fields that exist at five widely separated locations along their migratory route, and then studied the consequences of the observed behavior by simulating it within an ocean circulation model. Magnetic fields associated with two geographic regions that pose risks to young turtles (due to cold wintertime temperatures or potential displacement from the migratory route) elicited oriented swimming, whereas fields from three locations where surface currents and temperature pose no such risk did not. Additionally, at locations with fields that elicited oriented swimming, simulations indicate that the observed behavior greatly increases the likelihood of turtles advancing along the migratory pathway. Our findings suggest that the magnetic navigation behavior of sea turtles is intimately tied to their oceanic ecology and is shaped by a complex interplay between ocean circulation and geomagnetic dynamics.","author":["Putman, N.","Verley, P.","Endres, E.","Lohmann, K."],"organization":["University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2015-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 07:41:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560814","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/similar-circling-movements-observed-across-marine-megafauna-taxa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2589004221001899","title":"Similar circling movements observed across marine megafauna taxa","description":"Advances in biologging technology have enabled 3D dead-reckoning reconstruction of marine animal movements at spatiotemporal scales of meters and seconds. Examining high-resolution 3D movements of sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier, N = 4; Rhincodon typus, N = 1), sea turtles (Chelonia mydas, N = 3), penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus, N = 6), and marine mammals (Arctocephalus gazella, N = 4; Ziphius cavirostris, N = 1), we report the discovery of circling events where animals consecutively circled more than twice at relatively constant angular speeds. Similar circling behaviors were observed across a wide variety of marine megafauna, suggesting these behaviors might serve several similar purposes across taxa including foraging, social interactions, and navigation.","author":["Narazaki, T.","Nakamura, I.","Aoki, K.","Iwata, T.","Shiomi, K.","Luschi, P.","Suganuma, H.","Meyer, C.","Matsumoto, R.","Bost, C.","Handrich, Y.","Amano, M.","Okamoto, R.","Mori, K.","Ciccione, S.","Bourjea, J.","Sato, K."],"organization":["University of Tokyo","Nagasaki University","University of Pisa","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2021-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-30 08:06:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560815","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/project-summary-outcomes-results-wave-energy-southern-europe-wese-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Project Summary of Outcomes and Results of Wave Energy in Southern Europe (WESE) Project","description":"The emerging marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, also known as ocean energy (mostly wave and tidal energy), yields many unknowns about its potential environmental pressures and impacts. Wave energy converters (WECs) are still perceived by regulators and other stakeholders as risky, particularly for some groups of species and habitats. In many cases, this perception of risk is due to the high degree of uncertainty that results from a scarcity of data collected in the ocean as well as lack of differentiating between real and perceived risks. The main non-technical obstacles in the MRE consenting process seem to be the timeconsuming procedures linked to uncertainty about environmental impacts, the need to consult with numerous stakeholders, and potential conflicts with other marine users. Derisking environmental consenting (permitting) of wave energy projects has therefore been identified as a key challenge in the development of the MRE industry (Strategic Roadmap \u0022Building Ocean Energy for Europe\u201d). MRE stands as one of the main pillars of the European Union (EU) Blue Growth strategy which notes the need for studies, research, and actions on environmental consenting. In order to move beyond current consenting barriers, the European Commission has provided support to increase such research and reduce uncertainty around the potential environmental impacts of MRE development.  Launched in November 2018 and funded by the EU\u2019s European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF), the WESE project aims to improve the current knowledge on potential environmental effects and risks of wave energy, better inform decision-makers and managers on environmental risks, and reduce environmental consenting uncertainty. The WESE Consortium, led by the RD\u0026amp;I Basque center AZTI, has involved key MRE stakeholders from across Portugal and Spain to accomplish these goals. The multidisciplinary team includes test site owners (BiMEP) device developers (IDOM, AW-Energy), consultants, researchers (WavEC, CTN, AZTI), and data managers (Hidromod). The project finished in October 2021.  The workplan of the project was divided in different work packages devoted to:    Environmental monitoring (underwater acoustics, seabed integrity, and electromagnetic fields) around wave energy devices currently operating at sea:     Onshore: the Mutriku Oscillating Water Column plant, Basque Country, Spain;   Nearshore: the WaveRoller surge technology, under testing in Peniche, Portugal;   Offshore: the MARKMOK-A-5 of IDOM, OWC technology installed in BiMEP, Basque Country, Spain.      Modelling data for larger arrays (underwater sound propagation, electromagnetic fields, and coastal dynamics);  Review and implementation of a risk-based approach on the environmental consenting procedures;  Development of Maritime Spatial Planning tools for site selection under a risk-based approach; and  Development of a data sharing platform of the results obtained in the project (MARENDATA).   The main outcomes of the project have been the following:    A better knowledge of some of the pressures and impacts of wave energy converters through environmental monitoring and modelling;  Efficient guidance for environmental consenting procedures in Spain and Portugal;  Implementation of innovative Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Decision Support Tools (DST) for site selection and suitability maps for future wave energy developments in Portugal and Spain: (i) WEC-ERA tool (Wave Energy Converters Ecological Risk Assessment tool, https:\/\/aztidata.es\/wec-era\/) and VAPEM tool (Ecological Assessment and Marine Spatial Planning Tool, https:\/\/aztidata.es\/vapem\/)  A data sharing platform, MARENDATA (https:\/\/marendata.eu\/) that will serve data providers, developers, and regulators.","author":["Bald, J.","Uyarra, M.","Menchaca, I.","Pouso, S.","Uriarte, A.","Garlsparsoro, I.","de Santiago, I.","Muxika, I.","Simas, T.","Vinagre, P.","Machado, I.","Apolonia, M.","Cruz E.","Chainho, P.","Gon\u00e7alvez, J.","Enciso, Y.","Marina, D.","Zubiate, L.","Etxaniz, P.","de Miguel, B.","Madrid, E.","Felis, I.","Martinez, R.","Chambel, J.","Moitinho, L.","Bartolomeu, S.","Santos, H.","Galv\u00e3o, P.","Basos, N.","Moura, T.","Nyman, M.","Pech, M."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","IDOM","Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico Naval y del Mar","Hidromod","AW-Energy","AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2022-03-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:26:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2022-WESE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560816","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/chinook-salmon-green-sturgeon-migrate-through-san-francisco-estuary-despite-large","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0169031#:~:text=Despite%20the%20magnitude%20of%20the,across%20the%20mouth%20of%20the","title":"Chinook salmon and green sturgeon migrate through San Francisco Estuary despite large distortions in the local magnetic field produced by bridges","description":"Empirical evidence exists that some marine animals perceive and orient to local distortions in the earth\u2019s main static geomagnetic field. The magnetic fields produced by undersea electric power cables that carry electricity from hydrokinetic energy sources to shore-based power stations may produce similar local distortions in the earth\u2019s main field. Concerns exist that animals migrating along the continental shelves might orient to the magnetic field from the cables, and move either inshore or offshore away from their normal path. We have studied the effect of the Trans Bay Cable (TBC), an 85-km long, high voltage, direct current (DC) transmission line leading underwater from Pittsburg, CA to San Francisco, CA, on fishes migrating through the San Francisco Estuary. These included Chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that migrate downstream through the San Francisco Estuary to the Pacific Ocean and adult green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), which migrate upstream from the ocean through the estuary to their spawning habitat in the upper Sacramento River and return to the ocean after spawning occurs. Based on a detailed gradiometer survey, we found that the distortions in the earth\u2019s main field produced by bridges across the estuary were much greater than those from the Trans Bay Cable. The former anomalies exceeded the latter by an order of magnitude or more. Significant numbers of tagged Chinook salmon smolts migrated past bridges, which produced strong magnetic anomalies, to the Golden Gate Bridge, where they were recorded by dual arrays of acoustic tag-detecting monitors moored in lines across the mouth of the bay. In addition, adult green sturgeon successfully swam upstream and downstream through the estuary on the way to and from their spawning grounds. Hence, the large anomalies produced by the bridges do not appear to present a strong barrier to the natural seasonal movement patterns of salmonid smolts and adult green sturgeon.","author":["Klimley, A.","Wyman, M.","Kavet, R."],"organization":["University of California Davis","Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)"],"originationDate":"2017-06-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560817","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geomagnetic-field-influences-upward-movement-young-chinook-salmon-emerging-nests","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0752","title":"Geomagnetic field influences upward movement of young Chinook salmon emerging from nests","description":"Organisms use a variety of environmental cues to orient their movements in three-dimensional space. Here, we show that the upward movement of young Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) emerging from gravel nests is influenced by the geomagnetic field. Fish in the ambient geomagnetic field travelled farther upwards through substrate than did fish tested in a field with the vertical component inverted. This suggests that the magnetic field is one of several factors that influences emergence from the gravel, possibly by serving as an orientation cue that helps fish determine which way is up. Moreover, our work indicates that the Oncorhynchus species are sensitive to the magnetic field throughout their life cycles, and that it guides their movements across a range of spatial scales and habitats.","author":["Putman, N.","Scanlan, M.","Pollock, A.","O\u0027Neil, J.","Couture, R.","Stoner, J.","Quinn, T.","Lohmann, K.","Noakes, D."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Oregon Hatchery Research Center","University of Washington","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2018-02-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560818","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sense-place-pink-salmon-use-magnetic-map-orientation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/jeb\/article\/223\/4\/jeb218735\/223839\/A-sense-of-place-pink-salmon-use-a-magnetic-map","title":"A sense of place: pink salmon use a magnetic map for orientation","description":"The use of \u2018map-like\u2019 information from the Earth\u0027s magnetic field for orientation has been shown in diverse taxa, but questions remain regarding the function of such maps. We used a \u2018magnetic displacement\u2019 experiment to demonstrate that juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) use magnetic cues to orient. The experiment was designed to simultaneously explore whether their magnetic map is used to direct fish (i) homeward, (ii) toward the center of their broad oceanic range or (iii) along their oceanic migratory route. The headings adopted by these navigationally naive fish coincided remarkably well with the direction of the juveniles\u0027 migration inferred from historical tagging and catch data. This suggests that the large-scale movements of pink salmon across the North Pacific may be driven largely by their innate use of geomagnetic map cues. Key aspects of the oceanic ecology of pink salmon and other marine migrants might therefore be predicted from magnetic displacement experiments.","author":["Putman, N.","Williams, C.","Gallagher, E.","Dittman, A."],"organization":["University of Washington","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Displacement","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560819","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-low-frequency-electromagnetic-fields-growth-total-antioxidant-activity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ijvst.um.ac.ir\/article_28289.html","title":"Effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields on growth, total antioxidant activity and morphology of the intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","description":"For many years it was believed that extremely lowfrequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) do not have any significant biological effects. In this study, the influence of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the growth performance, serum antioxidant power and gastrointestinal structure of rainbow trout were evaluated. Rainbow trout (17-18 g) were exposed to electromagnetic fields (15 Hz) at the range of 1 h daily and 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 5 and 50 \u00b5T, for a period of 60 days. Growth performance of the trout improved in different treatment groups especially at 0.1, 0.5, 5 and 50 \u00b5T. Serum total antioxidant activity was significantly enhanced with different doses of electromagnetic induction at 0.5, 5 and 50 \u00b5T. Meanwhile, higher density of goblet cells per villus in fish intestines and pyloric caeca at 0.5 \u00b5T induction was observed. These results indicate that application of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields with a frequency of 15 Hz and induction of more than 0.5 \u00b5T might improve the growth performance, total antioxidant power and gastrointestinal structure in rainbow trout.","author":["Nofouzi, K.","Sheikhzadeh, N.","Jassur, D.","Helan, J.","Shahbazfar, A.","Tukmechi, A.","Naghshara, H.","Baradaran, B.","Mahmoudi, R."],"organization":["Urmia University"],"originationDate":"2016-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560820","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/response-properties-biological-function-skate-electrosensory-system-during-ontogeny","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s003590050237","title":"Response properties and biological function of the skate electrosensory system during ontogeny","description":"This study examined the response properties of skate electrosensory primary afferent neurons of pre-hatch embryo (8\u201311 weeks), post-hatch juvenile (1\u20138 months), and adult (\u0026gt;2 year) clearnose skates (Raja eglanteria) to determine whether encoding of electrosensory information changes with age, and if the electro-sense is adapted to encode natural bioelectric stimuli across life history stages. During ontogeny, electrosensory primary afferents increase resting discharge rate, spike regularity, and sensitivity at best frequency. Best frequency was at 1\u20132 Hz for embryos, showed an upwards shift to 5 Hz in juveniles, and a downward shift to 2\u20133 Hz in adults. Encapsulated embryos exhibit ventilatory movements that are interrupted by a \u201cfreeze response\u201d\u201d when presented with weak uniform fields at 0.5 and 1 Hz. This phasic electric stimulus contains spectral information found in potentials produced by natural fish predators, and therefore indicates that the embryo electrosense can efficiently mediate predator detection and avoidance. In contrast, reproductively active adult clearnose skates discharge their electric organs at rates near the peak frequency sensitivity of the adult electrosensory system, which; facilitates electric communication during social behavior. We suggest that life-history-dependent functions such as these may shape the evolution of the low-frequency response properties for the elasmobranch electrosensory system.","author":["Sisneros, J.","Tricas, T.","Luer, C."],"organization":["Florida Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"1998-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560821","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sharkbite-sl-submarine-lightwave-cable-system-history-causes-resolution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/29600","title":"Sharkbite on the SL submarine lightwave cable system: history, causes and resolution","description":"The nature of the sharkbite phenomenon is presented. The physical nature of the faults and their location along the OPTICAN-1 route are described. The morphology of the shark teeth recovered, and the identification and nature of the sharks believed responsible are discussed. A hypothesis as to the cause of the attacks, based on the findings of previous shark-sensory research, is detailed. The methods and results of an experimental program aimed at verifying this hypothesis are summarized. The results of development programs aimed at resolving this problem are presented. Two avenues were pursued: the first was the development of a mechanically protected SL deep-water, repeated lightwave trunk cable for use in areas of high sharkbite risk; the second was the development of a methodology to assess the sharkbite risk in different areas of the world\u0027s oceans. The resultant algorithm, for use in specifying the amount of protected cable to be deployed in an SL system is detailed.","author":["Marra, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"1989-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560824","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/minimizing-ecological-impacts-marine-energy-lighting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/3\/354\/htm","title":"Minimizing Ecological Impacts of Marine Energy Lighting","description":"Marine energy is poised to become an important renewable energy contributor for the U.S., but widespread deployment of the technology hinges on its benefits outweighing the potential ecological impacts. One stressor marine energy installations introduce is light, which is known to cause varying responses among wildlife and has not yet been addressed as an environmental concern. This review discusses requirements and regulations for similar structures and how lighting design choices can be made to meet these requirements while minimizing environmental consequences. More practical guidance on implementing lighting for marine energy is needed, as well as updated guidelines to reflect technological and research advances. Known responses of wildlife to light are introduced in addition to how the responses of individuals may lead to ecosystem-level changes. The impact of light associated with marine energy installations can be reduced by following basic guidance provided herein, such as removing excess lighting, using lights with high directionality, and employing controls to reduce light levels. Continued research on animal responses to light, such as findings on minimum light levels for animal responses, alongside the development of highly-sensitivity spectral characterization capabilities can further inform lighting guidelines for deploying future open ocean marine energy devices.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Reilly, C.","Larson, J.","Amerson, A.","Staines, G.","Haxel, J.","Pattison, J."],"organization":["Solid State Lighting Services","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/reilly-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560830","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/man-made-structures-marine-environment-review-stakeholders-social-economic-values","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2021.12.006","title":"Man-made structures in the marine environment: A review of stakeholders\u0027 social and economic values and perceptions","description":"Man-made marine structures (MMS) are commonly used to describe any artificial structure in the marine environment, encompassing oil and gas infrastructure and pipelines, artificial reefs, jetties, piers and shipwrecks. MMS are increasingly proposed to address issues facing marine planners, including augmenting fish stocks through the creation of artificial reefs and the repurposing of redundant offshore oil and gas infrastructure (\u2018rigs to reefs\u2019). Marine spatial planning is a highly contested process, characterised by multiple stakeholders with often divergent priorities due to competing objectives and values. Understanding stakeholder perspectives in relation to MMS is therefore critical in formulating appropriate policies. This review presents the first systematic and comprehensive integration of information from academic journals and \u2018grey\u2019 literature relating to social and economic values and perceptions of MMS. The review identifies that, despite advocacy for research on social and economic values of MMS, there are significant gaps in knowledge, in particular relating to comparative assessments of stakeholder values across different types of MMS. Priority areas for future research are highlighted.","author":["Elrick-Barr, C.","Zimmerhackel, J.","HIll, G.","Clifton, J.","Ackermann, F.","Burton, M.","Harvey, E."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","Curtin University"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560831","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-innovation-renewable-energy-generation-transmission-or-distribution-related","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-17938-w","title":"Impact of innovation in renewable energy generation, transmission, or distribution-related technologies on carbon dioxide emission in the USA","description":"Innovation in renewable energy generation, transmission, or distribution-related technologies (IREGT) is an effective way to deal with environmental pollution. Even though previous studies have focused on renewable energy generation in the USA, the impact of IREGT on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) remains widely unexplored. Recognizing this gap, this study inspected the IREGT-CO2e nexus in the USA, with international collaboration in green technology development (ICGTD), trade openness (TO), renewable energy consumption (REC), and gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) as control variables from 1990Q1 to 2018Q4. The study applied the canonical cointegration regression (CCR), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method, and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) approach to assess the long-run association among variables. First, the findings validated the cointegration relationship among IREGT, ICGTD, TO, REC, GDPPC, and CO2e. Second, the results indicated that the IREGT, REC, and ICGTD had benefited the USA in mitigating CO2e. Third, GDPPC and TO were positively connected to CO2e. Fourth, the Granger causality depicted that GDPPC, TO, and ICGTD Granger caused CO2e in the USA, while IREGT and CO2e had a bidirectional relationship. The study\u2019s findings encourage the government should devise policies to induce higher research institutions and private enterprises to engage in IREGT.","author":["You, C.","Khattak, S.","Ahmad, M."],"organization":["Jimei University","Nanjing University"],"originationDate":"2022-01-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.039094000000","-100.897589000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560832","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-development-renewable-energy-integrated-power-sector-trends-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0048969722007379","title":"Sustainable development of renewable energy integrated power sector: Trends, environmental impacts, and recent challenges","description":"The continuous growth in overall energy demand and the related environmental impacts play a significant role in the large sustainable and green global energy transition. Moreover, the electrical power sector is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, renewable energy (RE) integration into the power grid has attracted significant economic, environmental, and technical attention in recent years. However, RE can also harm the environment, even though it is deemed less harmful than fossil fuel-based power. It may also cause technical, operational, and social issues. This, in return, more consideration and appropriate precautions should be taken. Given the recent sharp increase in RE utilization and its progressing impact on the world energy sector, evaluating its effect on the environment and sustainable development is limitedly explored and must be investigated. This study aims to discuss the role of RE integration in sustainable development. It provides an up-to-date review of the most recent global trend of various RE integrations into the power sector. The role and impact of this high integration level on the environment and the adverse effects of each RE source are discussed in detail. The recent challenges, including technical and operational challenges (i.e., voltage stability, frequency stability, and power quality), integration policy and standards challenges, RE environmental concerns, resource selection and location, and social challenges towards a sustainable electricity future and grid decarbonization, are comprehensively reviewed, discussed, and analyzed. A review of the literature was conducted from 2010 to 2021. Around 712 articles were classified during this process, and 177 papers were filtered for critical review. The literature analysis showed that RE integration has increased dramatically and has many benefits; however, more attention should be paid to mitigate its harmful impacts and recent challenges appeared. The new challenges resulting from the increasing generation of RE and linking it to the electric grid were listed to allow for future studies to find the appropriate solutions towards green and sustainable energy. Finally, towards a sustainable power system, the paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions.","author":["Al-Shetwi, A."],"organization":["Fahad Bin Sultan University"],"originationDate":"2022-05-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560833","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-areas-beyond-national-jurisdiction-international-regulation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/vb.mruni.eu\/object\/elaba:117020732\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: International Regulation and Legal Challenges","description":"International regulation of marine renewable energy development in areas beyond national jurisdiction faces significant challenges due to the lack of relevant legally-binding rules governing this ocean sector. The main regulatory gaps and uncertainties of the high seas MREIs management are the issues of jurisdiction and ownership, resolution and mitigation of space use conflicts and environmental requirements and implications of energy development. The existing regulations alone would not be able to resolve these matters, therefore new approaches and governing mechanisms must be adopted and implemented. It could be suggested that the application of the flag state principle, marine special planning, environmental impact assessment, and creation of specialized international authority or delegation of regulatory functions to an existing international organization are potentially able to bring clarity in regulation and promote efficient ocean governance with respect to the high seas renewable energy development.","author":["Melnychenko, M."],"organization":["Mykolas Romeris University"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/117020732.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560834","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interplay-between-eu-law-regional-sea-conventions-shaping-environmental-protection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/kluwerlawonline.com\/journalarticle\/European+Energy+and+Environmental+Law+Review\/31.1\/EELR2022001","title":"The Interplay Between EU Law and Regional Sea Conventions: Shaping Environmental Protection in Relation to Offshore Energy Production Across Europe?","description":"Despite the EU\u2019s ambitious goals regarding the expansion of marine renewables as a promising climate mitigation and energy security measure, the majority of hydrocarbon exploitation continues occurring offshore with more than 500 oil and gas installations operating in European seas. Given the grave environmental risks these activities pose, the EU has developed secondary rules with implications for the regulation of offshore energy generation. These normative developments have added an extra layer of regional, supra-national regulation of ocean energy production across European seas, which necessarily interacts with the simultaneously applicable rules under regional sea agreements. The article examines the implications of the normative interplay between EU law and regional sea agreements in terms of shaping the environmental regulation of offshore energy production across Europe. In that respect, it explores whether EU law instruments and the EU\u2019s sophisticated institutional framework can enhance the rules and standards under the regional sea agreements, in terms both of adding normative content to them and supporting their enforcement. In light of the mutual cross-fertilization between the two applicable regimes, the article equally looks into the normative impact of regional sea conventions on the EU legal framework and its implementation in the context of offshore energy production.","author":["Giannopoulos, N."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560835","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-wind-power-farmed-fish-coastal-community-perceptions-multi-use-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629621005089","title":"Combining wind power and farmed fish: Coastal community perceptions of multi-use offshore renewable energy installations in Europe","description":"There is increasing competition for space in coastal seas as new industrial sectors, such as Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) and Aquaculture, seek to expand. Multi-Use - involving sharing of space and, in some cases, facilities - can lessen competition and reduce industry costs if societal and economic challenges can be overcome. An example societal challenge is that of gaining Social Licence to Operate (SLO) for \u0027Multifunctional Offshore Installations\u0027 (MOI) combining fish farming with MRE (from wind and waves) in a large floating structure. This article reports a mixed-methods study at two potential MOI deployment sites in 2019, aiming to understand the local context for SLO. A survey was carried out in Reggio Calabria, Italy, with 108 respondents, and in Islay, Scotland, with 127 respondents. Questions concerned opinions about MRE and fish-farming, separately and combined. A facilitated workshop in Reggio Calabria provided additional qualitative data. Most findings were the same in both places. Respondents thought better of MRE than fish-farming but remained moderately likely to eat fish produced in MOI. The majority distrusted regulators to control environmental impacts of the technology. The main differences were that respondents in Reggio Calabria anticipated local benefits from MOI industrial activity, and were more likely to accept development by non-local owners than were people on Islay. We interpreted the findings in a conceptual framework that combines theory for SLO with theory for Action Situations, hypothesising that a community\u2019s diffuse and perhaps heterogenous opinions might \u2018crystalise\u2019 around an issue during an Action Situation. The hypothesis will be tested when a prototype MOI is deployed near Reggio Calabria in 2021.","author":["Billing, S.","Charalambides, G.","Tett, P.","Giordano, M.","Ruzzo, C.","Arena, F.","Santoro, A.","Lagasco, F.","Brizzi, G.","Collu, M."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560858","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orsted-hornsea-project-four-limited-environmental-impact-assessment-scoping-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk\/wp-content\/ipc\/uploads\/projects\/EN010098\/EN010098-000021-EN010098%20-%20Scoping%20Report.pdf","title":"\u00d8rsted Hornsea Project Four Limited Environmental Impact Assessment: Scoping Report","description":"\u00d8rsted Hornsea Project Four Limited (hereafter the Applicant) is proposing to develop Hornsea Project Four Wind Farm (hereafter Hornsea Four). Hornsea Four will be located approximately 65 km offshore the East Riding of Yorkshire in the Southern North Sea and will be the fourth project to be developed in the former Hornsea Zone. Hornsea Four will include both offshore and onshore infrastructure including an offshore generating station (wind farm), export cables to landfall, and connection to the electricity transmission network. The location of Hornsea Four is illustrated on Figure 1-1. The scoping boundary combines the search areas for the onshore and offshore infrastructure. To start the DCO process the Applicant has prepared this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping Report, which presents an initial review of the potential issues associated with the construction, operation and maintenance, and eventual decommissioning of Hornsea Four. The purpose of the Scoping Report is to request a formal Scoping Opinion from the SoS in accordance with Regulation 10 of the 2017 EIA Regulations and to ensure a proportionate EIA.","author":["\u00d8rsted"],"organization":["\u00d8rsted"],"originationDate":"2018-10-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.922921000000","-0.002085000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Orsted.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1560863","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/triton-field-trials-changes-habitats-literature-review-monitoring-technologies","sourceURL":"","title":"Triton Field Trials - Changes in Habitats, a Literature Review of Monitoring Technologies","description":"Marine energy devices are installed in highly dynamic environments and have the potential to affect benthic and pelagic habitats around them. Regulatory bodies often require baseline characterization and\/or post-installation monitoring to determine whether changes in these habitats are being observed. However, a great diversity of technologies is available for surveying and sampling marine habitats. Selecting the most suitable instrument to identify and measure changes in habitats at marine energy sites can become a daunting task.  We conducted a thorough review of journal articles, survey reports, and grey literature to extract information about the technologies used, the data collection and processing methods, and the performance and effectiveness of these instruments. We examined documents related to marine energy development, offshore wind farms, oil and gas offshore sites, and other marine industries around the world over the last 20 years, as well as national and international guidelines for surveying habitats around offshore activities. A total of 120 different technologies were identified across six main habitat categories: seafloor, sediment, infauna, epifauna, pelagic, and biofouling. The technologies were organized into 12 broad technology classes: acoustic, corer, dredge, grab, hook and line, net and trawl, plate, remote sensing, scrape samples, trap, visual, and others. Visual was the most common and the most diverse technology class, with applications across all six habitat categories.  Sampling designs varied considerably among the reviewed studies but transect was the predominant design for surveying seafloor, epifauna, and pelagic habitats. The most common data analyses were univariate and multivariate statistical analyses aimed at calculating and comparing biodiversity indices, characterizing faunal assemblages or sediment classes, or modeling the distribution of animals related to abiotic parameters. Technologies and sampling methods adaptable and designed to work efficiently in energetic environments have greater success at marine energy sites. In addition, sampling designs and statistical analyses should be carefully thought through to identify differences in faunal assemblages and spatiotemporal changes in habitats.","author":["Hemery, L.","Mackereth, K.","Tugade, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery_etal_2022_TFiT_CiH_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1563642","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-understanding-cumulative-impacts-supporting-environmental-decisions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dcceew.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/framework-resilience-based-management_0.pdf","title":"A Framework for Understanding Cumulative Impacts, Supporting Environmental Decisions, and Informing Resilience-Based Management of The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area","description":"The Great Barrier Reef is facing unprecedented pressures, and supporting the resilience of the Reef has become a central focus in its management. A key challenge for managers is to understand the cumulative impacts of multiple stressors and incorporating this knowledge into management decisions. The Cumulative Impact and Structured Decision-Making (CISDM) framework represented in this report is designed to assist Great Barrier Reef Marine Park managers and stakeholders in this challenge. The framework uses qualitative and probabilistic modeling to provide a systems-level understanding of how cumulative stressors affect coral reefs and seagrass ecosystems in the GBRWHA. These ecosystems underpin matters of national environmental significance (MNES), including the outstanding universal value (OUV) of the GBRWHA. The modeling approach enables managers to identify precautionary spatial and temporal boundaries for the assessment of development proposals. These \u2018Zones of Influence\u2019 are integrated with a structured decision-making process that is designed to help managers and stakeholders use the results of the models to make informed choices between a range of possible intervention scenarios to achieve management objectives.","author":["Anthony, K.","Dambacher, J.","Walshe, T.","Beeden, R."],"organization":["Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Melbourne"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Anthony_et_al_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1563643","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecotoxicity-ecological-risk-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/es00071a001","title":"Ecotoxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment","description":"Most of the laws under which EPA operates require protection of \u201chuman health and the environment,\u201d or words to that effect. Since its establishment in 1970, EPA has labored mightily to do both- protect health and protect the environment. However, resource constraints have forced many hard choices. Typically, those activities most closely related to identification and reduction of risks to human health have received the higher priority, leaving few dollars or staff for strictly environmental or ecological protection. Despite these constraints, ecological risk assessment, based on ecotoxicity data, has been an important activity under many programs at EPA, The Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, for example, is concerned about potential impacts of pesticides and toxic chemicals on organisms, including aquatic and terrestrial communities. Its legal mandates come from the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act(TSCA).","author":["Bascietto, J.","Hinckley, D.","Plafkin, J.","Slimak, M."],"organization":["US Department of Energy (DOE)","US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"],"originationDate":"1990-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bascietto_et_al_1990.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1563644","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-interactions-between-local-global-stressors-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0065765","title":"Managing for Interactions between Local and Global Stressors of Ecosystems","description":"Global stressors, including climate change, are a major threat to ecosystems, but they cannot be halted by local actions. Ecosystem management is thus attempting to compensate for the impacts of global stressors by reducing local stressors, such as overfishing. This approach assumes that stressors interact additively or synergistically, where by the combined effect of two stressors is at least the sum of their isolated effects. It is not clear, however, how management should proceed for antagonistic interactions among stressors, where multiple stressors do not have an additive or greater impact. Research to date has focused on identifying synergisms among stressors, but antagonisms may be just as common. We examined the effectiveness of management when faced with different types of interactions in two systems\u2013 seagrass and fish communities\u2013where the global stressor was climate change but the local stressors were different. When there were synergisms, mitigating local stressors delivered greater gains, whereas when there were antagonisms, management of local stressors was ineffective or even degraded ecosystems. These results suggest that reducing a local stressor can compensate for climate change impacts if there is a synergistic interaction. Conversely, if there is an antagonistic interaction, management of local stressors will have the greatest benefits in areas of refuge from climate change. A balanced research agenda, investigating both antagonistic and synergistic interaction types, is needed to inform management priorities.","author":["Brown, C.","Saunders, M.","Possingham, H.","Richardson, A."],"organization":["University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2013-06-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Water Quality","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brown-et-al-2013-Plos-One.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1563645","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/if-cumulative-risk-assessment-answer-what-question","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17520071\/","title":"If cumulative risk assessment is the answer, what is the question?","description":"Cumulative risk refers to the combined threats from exposure via all relevant routes to multiple stressors including biological, chemical, physical, and psychosocial entities. Cumulative risk assessment is a tool for organizing and analyzing information to examine, characterize, and possibly quantify the combined adverse effects on human health or ecologic resources from multiple environmental stressors. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has initiated a long-term effort to develop future guidelines for cumulative risk assessment, including publication in 2003 of a framework that describes important features of the process and discusses theoretical issues, technical matters, and key definitions. The framework divides the process of cumulative risk assessment into three interrelated phases: a) planning, scoping, and problem formulation; b) analysis; and c) interpretation and risk characterization. It also discusses the additional complexities introduced by attempts to analyze cumulative risks from multiple stressors and describes some of the theoretical approaches that can be used. The development of guidelines for cumulative risk assessment is an essential element in the transition of the U.S. EPA risk assessment methodology from a narrow focus on a single stressor, end point, source, pathway, and exposure route to a broader, more holistic approach involving analysis of combined effects of cumulative exposure to multiple stressors via all relevant sources, pathways, and routes.","author":["Callahan, M.","Sexton, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-01-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1563646","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/human-driven-impacts-marine-habitats-regional-meta-analysis-mediterranean-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320710002703","title":"Human-driven impacts on marine habitats: A regional meta-analysis in the Mediterranean Sea","description":"Habitat destruction is one of the main threats to environmental integrity. Assessing the consequences of human impacts is crucial both to predict and prevent structural and functional changes of habitats. However, to date almost all studies on marine threats, from regional to global scales, have been entirely qualitative and generally based on little more than expert opinion. We have developed a meta-analytical approach to quantify overall effects of various stressors on different Mediterranean habitat types and to compare the relative importance of different impacts across a range of habitats. We first qualitatively reviewed and synthesized 366 experiments (either manipulative or correlative) collected in the literature. After a selection procedure, we finally quantitatively meta-analyzed 158 experiments. We showed that fisheries (destructive or not), species invasion, aquaculture, sedimentation increase, water degradation and urbanization have negative effects on Mediterranean habitats and associated species assemblages. We also explored the overlap between the impacts identified as important in the Mediterranean and those identified by experts as being important globally, highlighting the inadequacies of relying on expert opinion alone. Finally, we drew attention to the critical lack of empirical knowledge about marine systems in many areas of the Mediterranean, which impedes the implementation of effective conservation measures. Our study is the first to synthesize experimental analyses on human-driven impacts on marine habitats across such a broad geographic scale.","author":["Claudet, J.","Fraschetti, S."],"organization":["University of Salento"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1565773","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interactive-cumulative-effects-multiple-human-stressors-marine-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01253.x","title":"Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems","description":"Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26%), synergistic (36%), and antagonistic (38%). The overall interaction effect across all studies was synergistic, but interaction type varied by response level (community: antagonistic, population: synergistic), trophic level (autotrophs: antagonistic, heterotrophs: synergistic), and specific stressor pair (seven pairs additive, three pairs each synergistic and antagonistic). Addition of a third stressor changed interaction effects significantly in two-thirds of all cases and doubled the number of synergistic interactions. Given that most studies were performed in laboratories where stressor effects can be carefully isolated, these three-stressor results suggest that synergies may be quite common in nature where more than two stressors almost always coexist. While significant gaps exist in multiple stressor research, our results suggest an immediate need to account for stressor interactions in ecological studies and conservation planning.W","author":["Crain, C.","Kroeker, K.","Halpern, B."],"organization":["University of California Santa Cruz","Stanford University","National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)"],"originationDate":"2008-11-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1565774","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-foresight-how-planning-unpredictable-can-improve-environmental-decision","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0169534714001566","title":"Strategic foresight: how planning for the unpredictable can improve environmental decision-making","description":"Advanced warning of potential new opportunities and threats related to biodiversity allows decision-makers to act strategically to maximize benefits or minimize costs. Strategic foresight explores possible futures, their consequences for decisions, and the actions that promote more desirable futures. Foresight tools, such as horizon scanning and scenario planning, are increasingly used by governments and business for long-term strategic planning and capacity building. These tools are now being applied in ecology, although generally not as part of a comprehensive foresight strategy. We highlight several ways foresight could play a more significant role in environmental decisions by: monitoring existing problems, highlighting emerging threats, identifying promising new opportunities, testing the resilience of policies, and defining a research agenda.","author":["Cook, C.","Inayatullah, S.","Burgman, M.","Sutherland, W.","Wintle, B."],"organization":["Monash University","University of Melbourne","The University of the Sunshine Coast (USC)","Macquarie University","University of Cambridge"],"originationDate":"2014-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1565775","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-assessment-risk-management-essential-integration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10807039891284884","title":"Risk Assessment and Risk Management: An Essential Integration","description":"The integration of Risk Assessment and Risk Management is a necessary step in environmental regulation. The compromises involved in the Risk Management process can not be allowed to violate the scientific integrity of the Risk Assessment. The inclusion of a cost\/benefit analysis necessitates the valuation of ecological processes. These values are based on the costs of replacement in volume, in kind, and in place. The Risk Management is then presented as a Rolling Stewardship where Risk Management is balanced with Cash Management.","author":["Cooper, W."],"organization":["Michigan State University"],"originationDate":"2010-06-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1565776","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interactions-among-ecosystem-stressors-their-importance-conservation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2015.2592","title":"Interactions among ecosystem stressors and their importance in conservation","description":"Interactions between multiple ecosystem stressors are expected to jeopardize biological processes, functions and biodiversity. The scientific community has declared stressor interactions\u2014notably synergies\u2014a key issue for conservation and management. Here, we review ecological literature over the past four decades to evaluate trends in the reporting of ecological interactions (synergies, antagonisms and additive effects) and highlight the implications and importance to conservation. Despite increasing popularity, and ever-finer terminologies, we find that synergies are (still) not the most prevalent type of interaction, and that conservation practitioners need to appreciate and manage for all interaction outcomes, including antagonistic and additive effects. However, it will not be possible to identify the effect of every interaction on every organism\u0027s physiology and every ecosystem function because the number of stressors, and their potential interactions, are growing rapidly. Predicting the type of interactions may be possible in the near-future, using meta-analyses, conservation-oriented experiments and adaptive monitoring. Pending a general framework for predicting interactions, conservation management should enact interventions that are robust to uncertainty in interaction type and that continue to bolster biological resilience in a stressful world.","author":["Cote, I.","Darling, E.","Brown, C."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","Wildlife Conservation Society","Griffith University"],"originationDate":"2016-02-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1568287","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-cumulative-impacts-ecosystem-based-management-through-ocean-zoning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569107000798","title":"Managing for cumulative impacts in ecosystem-based management through ocean zoning","description":"Multiple activities affect the marine environment in concert, yet current management primarily considers activities in isolation. A shift towards a more comprehensive management of these activities, as with recent emphasis on ecosystem-based approaches to management, requires a means for evaluating their interactive and cumulative impacts. Here we develop a framework for this evaluation, focusing on five core concepts: (1) activities have interactive and cumulative impacts, (2) management decisions require consideration of, and tradeoffs among, all ecosystem services, (3) not all stressors are equal or have impacts that increase linearly, (4) management must account for the different scales of activities and impacts, and (5) some externalities cannot be controlled locally but must be accounted for in marine spatial planning. Comprehensive ocean zoning provides a powerful tool with which these key concepts are collectively addressed.","author":["Halpern, B.","McLeod, K.","Rosenberg, A.","Crowder, L."],"organization":["National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of New Hampshire","Duke University"],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1568288","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-map-human-impact-marine-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1149345","title":"A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems","description":"The management and conservation of the world\u2019s oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global datasets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates  that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.","author":["Halpern, B.","Walbridge, S.","Selkoe, K.","Kappel, C.","Micheli, F.","D\u0027agrosa, C.","Bruno, J.","Casey, K.","Ebert, C.","Fox, H.","Fujita, R.","Heinemann, D.","Lenihan, H.","Madin, E.","Perry, M.","Selig, E.","Spalding, M.","Steneck, R.","Watson, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1568289","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-impact-assessment-ecosystem-based-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969720325419","title":"Cumulative impact assessment for ecosystem-based marine spatial planning","description":"Claims for ocean space are growing while marine ecosystems suffer from centuries of insufficient care. Human pressures from runoff, atmospheric emissions, marine pollution, fishing, shipping, military operations and other activities wear on habitats and populations. Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning (MSP) has emerged worldwide as a strategic instrument for handling conflicting spatial claims among competing sectors and the environment. The twofold objective of both boosting the blue economy and protecting the environment is challenging in practice and marine planners need decision support. Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA) was originally developed to provide an overview of the human imprint on the world\u0027s ocean ecosystems. We have now added a scenario component to the CIA model and used it within Swedish ecosystem-based MSP. This has allowed us to project environmental impacts for different planning alternatives throughout the planning process, strengthening the integration of environmental considerations into strategic decision-making. Every MSP decision may entail a local shift of environmental impact, causing positive or negative consequences for ecosystem components. The results from Swedish MSP in the North Sea and Baltic Sea illustrate that MSP certainly has the potential to lower net cumulative environmental impact, both locally and across sea basins, as long as environmental values are rated high and prevailing pressures derive from activities that are part of MSP. By synthesizing innumerous data into comprehensible decision support that informs marine planners of the likely environmental consequences of different options, CIA enables ecosystem-based MSP in practice.","author":["Hammar, L.","Molander, S.","Palsson, J.","Crona, J.","Carneiro, G.","Johansson, T.","Hume, D.","Kagesten, G.","Mattsson, M.","Bergstr\u00f6m, U.","Perry, D.","Caldow, C.","Andersen, J."],"organization":["Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (SwAM)","Chalmers University of Technology","Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences","University of California Santa Barbara","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)"],"originationDate":"2020-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1570414","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-cumulative-effects-across-ecological-scales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29722069\/","title":"Investigating cumulative effects across ecological scales","description":"Species, habitats, and ecosystems are increasingly exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors, fueling a rapidly expanding research program to understand the cumulative impacts of these environmental modifications. Since the 1970s, a growing set of methods has been developed through two parallel, sometimes connected, streams of research within the applied and academic realms to assess cumulative effects. Past reviews of cumulative effects assessment (CEA) methods focused on approaches used by practitioners. Academic research has developed several distinct and novel approaches to conducting CEA. Understanding the suite of methods that exist will help practitioners and academics better address various ecological foci (physiological responses, population impacts, ecosystem impacts) and ecological complexities (synergistic effects, impacts across space and time). We reviewed 6 categories of methods (experimental, meta-analysis, single-species modeling, mapping, qualitative modeling, and multispecies modeling) and examined the ability of those methods to address different levels of complexity. We focused on research gaps and emerging priorities. We found that no single method assessed impacts across the 4 ecological foci and 6 ecological complexities considered. We propose that methods can be used in combination to improve understanding such that multimodel inference can provide a suite of comparable outputs, mapping methods can help prioritize localized models or experimental gaps, and future experiments can be paired from the outset with models they will inform.","author":["Hodgson, E.","Halpern, B."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","University of Washington","University of California Santa Barbara","Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1570415","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/moving-beyond-silos-cumulative-effects-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fevo.2019.00211\/full","title":"Moving Beyond Silos in Cumulative Effects Assessment","description":"Many of the world\u2019s ecosystems are experiencing a suite of changes from anthropogenic activities; the multiple stressors from those activities result in cumulative impacts. Understanding how these activities translate into ecological consequences is exceedingly challenging because of the inherent complexity within natural systems and the variability in how stressors act and how species respond. While there have been substantial advancements within the field of cumulative effects assessment to address these issues and improve our understanding of the consequences of our actions, many challenges remain. Here, we detail advances and remaining challenges, and propose five priorities for addressing these challenges in the near future. In particular, we suggest prioritizing risk-based approaches that account for uncertainty in our understanding and establishing an underlying theory for when we expect particular impacts to occur. We also propose the need for a defined subdiscipline focused on cumulative effects, to help reduce the silos of research that are often disconnected, and to work toward a common set of definitions, methods and the consistent use of open data.","author":["Hodgson, E.","Halpern, B.","Essington, T."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)","University of California Santa Barbara","Imperial College London","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2019-06-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1570609","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/examination-ecological-risk-assessment-management-practices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S016041200600081X?via%3Dihub","title":"An examination of ecological risk assessment and management practices","description":"Ecological risk assessment has grown and evolved since the 1980s, as have new challenges (e.g. global climate change, loss of habitat and biodiversity and the effects of multiple anthropogenic chemicals on ecological systems) that need to be factored into the risk assessment processes. There is also an on-going shift from evaluating adverse health impacts on particular, often small scale, environments to undertaking more complex ecological assessments of whole populations and communities across ecologically meaningful landscapes. These trends are generating an increased demand for much more complex ecological assessments, making it increasingly clear that to achieve its potential as a management tool, methods must be developed to apply ecological risk assessment to larger and more complex scales. This paper reviews the development of the ecological risk assessment paradigm in the United States, identifies ways it is being applied and adapted in other countries, explores future research needs and practice improvements, and examines current issues that need to be considered in taking forward the scientific development of ecological risk assessment as a useful environmental management tool.","author":["Hope, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1570610","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecosystem-based-approach-marine-risk-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ehs2.1256","title":"An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment","description":"Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences. They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs, serving as an essential component of ecosystem-based management (EBM). A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest. Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental, ecological, and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data-poor fisheries management (e.g., toxicity, probability of extinction, habitat alteration impacts). Traditionally, marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure-response relationships, but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an EBM context, providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components. Here, we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment (ERA), highlighting its role in operationalizing EBM, with specific attention to ocean management considerations. This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems. We review how examples of ERAs from the United States fit into this framework, explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct ERAs, and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain. This review discusses future prospects for ERAs as EBM decision-support tools, their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments, and the development of next-generation risk assessments for coupled natural\u2013human systems.","author":["Holsman, K.","Samhouri, J.","Cook, G.","Hazen, E.","Olsen, E.","Dillard, M.","Kasperski, S.","Gaichas, S.","Kelble, C.","Fogarty, M.","Andrews, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-01-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1570611","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-driver-response-relationships-marine-pelagic-ecosystems-improved-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1890\/14-2200","title":"Characterizing driver-response relationships in marine pelagic ecosystems for improved ocean management","description":"Scientists and resource managers often use methods and tools that assume ecosystem components respond linearly to environmental drivers and human stressors. However, a growing body of literature demonstrates that many relationships are non-linear, where small changes in a driver prompt a disproportionately large ecological response. We aim to provide a comprehensive assessment of the relationships between drivers and ecosystem components to identify where and when non-linearities are likely to occur. We focused our analyses on one of the best-studied marine systems, pelagic ecosystems, which allowed us to apply robust statistical techniques on a large pool of previously published studies. In this synthesis, we (1) conduct a wide literature review on single driver\u2013response relationships in pelagic systems, (2) use statistical models to identify the degree of non-linearity in these relationships, and (3) assess whether general patterns exist in the strengths and shapes of non-linear relationships across drivers. Overall we found that non-linearities are common in pelagic ecosystems, comprising at least 52% of all driver\u2013response relationships. This is likely an underestimate, as papers with higher quality data and analytical approaches reported non-linear relationships at a higher frequency (on average 11% more). Consequently, in the absence of evidence for a linear relationship, it is safer to assume a relationship is non-linear. Strong non-linearities can lead to greater ecological and socioeconomic consequences if they are unknown (and\/or unanticipated), but if known they may provide clear thresholds to inform management targets. In pelagic systems, strongly non-linear relationships are often driven by climate and trophodynamic variables but are also associated with local stressors, such as overfishing and pollution, that can be more easily controlled by managers. Even when marine resource managers cannot influence ecosystem change, they can use information about threshold responses to guide how other stressors are managed and to adapt to new ocean conditions. As methods to detect and reduce uncertainty around threshold values improve, managers will be able to better understand and account for ubiquitous non-linear relationships.","author":["Hunsicker, M.","Kappel, C.","Selkoe, K.","Halpern, B.","Scarborough, C.","Mease, L.","Amrhein, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-08-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1570612","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/capturing-expert-uncertainty-spatial-cumulative-impact-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-19354-6","title":"Capturing expert uncertainty in spatial cumulative impact assessments","description":"Understanding the spatial distribution of human impacts on marine environments is necessary for maintaining healthy ecosystems and supporting \u2018blue economies\u2019. Realistic assessments of impact must consider the cumulative impacts of multiple, coincident threats and the differing vulnerabilities of ecosystems to these threats. Expert knowledge is often used to assess impact in marine ecosystems because empirical data are lacking; however, this introduces uncertainty into the results. As part of a spatial cumulative impact assessment for Spencer Gulf, South Australia, we asked experts to estimate score ranges (best-case, most-likely and worst-case), which accounted for their uncertainty about the effect of 32 threats on eight ecosystems. Expert scores were combined with data on the spatial pattern and intensity of threats to generate cumulative impact maps based on each of the three scoring scenarios, as well as simulations and maps of uncertainty. We compared our method, which explicitly accounts for the experts\u2019 knowledge-based uncertainty, with other approaches and found that it provides smaller uncertainty bounds, leading to more constrained assessment results. Collecting these additional data on experts\u2019 knowledge-based uncertainty provides transparency and simplifies interpretation of the outputs from spatial cumulative impact assessments, facilitating their application for sustainable resource management and conservation.","author":["Jones, A.","Doubleday, Z.","Prowse, T.","Wiltshire, K.","Deveney, M.","Ward, T.","Scrivens, S.","Cassey, P.","O\u0027Connell, L.","Gillanders, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1576982","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exposure-effect-approach-evaluating-ecosystem-wide-risks-human-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/72\/3\/1105\/703182","title":"An exposure-effect approach for evaluating ecosystem-wide risks from human activities","description":"Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is promoted as the solution for sustainable use. An ecosystem-wide assessment methodology is therefore required. In this paper, we present an approach to assess the risk to ecosystem components from human activities common to marine and coastal ecosystems. We build on: (i) a linkage framework that describes how human activities can impact the ecosystem through pressures, and (ii) a qualitative expert judgement assessment of impact chains describing the exposure and sensitivity of ecological components to those activities. Using case study examples applied at European regional sea scale, we evaluate the risk of an adverse ecological impact from current human activities to a suite of ecological components and, once impacted, the time required for recovery to pre-impact conditions should those activities subside. Grouping impact chains by sectors, pressure type, or ecological components enabled impact risks and recovery times to be identified, supporting resource managers in their efforts to prioritize threats for management, identify most at-risk components, and generate time frames for ecosystem recovery.","author":["Knights, A.","Piet, G.","Jongbloed, R.","Tamis, J.","White, L.","Akoglu, E.","Boicenco, L.","Churilova, T.","Kryvenko, O.","Fleming-Lehtinen, V.","Leppanen, J.","Galil, B.","Goodsir, F.","Goren, M.","Margonski, P.","Moncheva, S.","Oguz, T.","Papadopoulou, K.","Setala, O.","Smith, C.","Stefanova, K.","Timofte, F.","Robinson, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-02-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1576983","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-managing-cumulative-effects-process-constraints","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/226732682_Evaluating_and_Managing_Cumulative_Effects_Process_and_Constraints","title":"Evaluating and Managing Cumulative Effects: Process and Constraints","description":"Cumulative effects (CEs) result from the combined effect of multiple activities over space or time. This implies a persistence through time and often a transmittal mechanism through space. Environmental legislation often requires a broader CE assessment in addition to the more direct, project-specific impacts. Current efforts to evaluate and manage CEs are hampered by the conceptual problems of defining the key issues, specifying the appropriate spatial and temporal scales, and determining the numerous interactions and indirect effects. These problems can be greatly alleviated by following an explicit process. The process proposed in this paper includes a scoping phase, an analysis phase, and a planning and management phase, with each phase consisting of two to five discrete but interrelated tasks. Numerous approaches have been developed to assess CEs, and these range from simple checklists to complex, physically based models. The utility of each approach depends on the resource of concern, relative risk to those resources, information available, and time frame for the evaluation. In nearly all cases the assessment and regulation of CEs is severely hampered by the variability in site conditions and management effects, inability to predict secondary or indirect effects, lack of data on recovery rates, difficulty of validating predictive models, and uncertainty of future events. Since any proposed activity could contribute to a wide range of potential CEs at different spatial and temporal scales, a tiered or nested approach should be followed to assess CEs. The difficulty of assessing and predicting CEs also suggests that in many cases the most efficient approach is to focus on minimizing on-site impacts. Under some circumstances adaptive management can also be a viable alternative to detailed CE assessments. Regular monitoring and feedback is critical to the successful management and regulation of CEs.","author":["MacDonald, L."],"organization":["Colorado State University"],"originationDate":"2000-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1576984","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/linking-land-sea-based-activities-risk-coastal-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0006320711003909","title":"Linking land- and sea-based activities to risk in coastal ecosystems","description":"The emerging science and policy arena of marine ecosystem-based management is beset with the challenging question of how to assess the urgency of problems influencing different ecosystem components. In this paper, we introduce a synthetic and efficient framework to identify land- or sea-based activities that pose the greatest risk to valued members of marine ecosystems, including mammals, fishes, and invertebrates. Ecosystem-based risk is scored along two axes of information: the exposure of a population to an activity, and the sensitivity of the population to that activity, given a particular level of exposure. Risk is illustrated in a variety of ways, including two-dimensional contour plots and maps showing regional variation in risk. We apply this risk assessment framework to regional populations of indicator species in Puget Sound, WA, USA. This case study provides insight into how risk varies for particular activity\u2013species combinations, and, because it is applied to indicator species, it also provides an estimate of how different activities influence risk to overall ecosystem structure and function. More generally, the risk assessment approach highlights the linkages between land-based activities and risk to marine species and can be used to evaluate the potential impacts of a diversity of human activities on coastal oceans. The framework is scalable, transparent, and repeatable and can be used now to facilitate the implementation of ecosystem-based management, including integrated ecosystem assessments and coastal and marine spatial planning.","author":["Samhouri, J.","Levin, P."],"organization":["Northwest Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1576985","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mechanisms-risk-cumulative-impacts-coastal-ecosystem-services-expert-elicitation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479717304917","title":"Mechanisms and risk of cumulative impacts to coastal ecosystem services: An expert elicitation approach","description":"Coastal environments are some of the most populated on Earth, with greater pressures projected in the future. Managing coastal systems requires the consideration of multiple uses, which both benefit from and threaten multiple ecosystem services. Thus understanding the cumulative impacts of human activities on coastal ecosystem services would seem fundamental to management, yet there is no widely accepted approach for assessing these. This study trials an approach for understanding the cumulative impacts of anthropogenic change, focusing on Tasman and Golden Bays, New Zealand. Using an expert elicitation procedure, we collected information on three aspects of cumulative impacts: the importance and magnitude of impacts by various activities and stressors on ecosystem services, and the causal processes of impact on ecosystem services. We assessed impacts to four ecosystem service benefits \u2014 fisheries, shellfish aquaculture, marine recreation and existence value of biodiversity\u2014addressing three main research questions: (1) how severe are cumulative impacts on ecosystem services (correspondingly, what potential is there for restoration)?; (2) are threats evenly distributed across activities and stressors, or do a few threats dominate?; (3) do prominent activities mainly operate through direct stressors, or do they often exacerbate other impacts? We found (1) that despite high uncertainty in the threat posed by individual stressors and impacts, total cumulative impact is consistently severe for all four ecosystem services. (2) A subset of drivers and stressors pose important threats across the ecosystem services explored, including climate change, commercial fishing, sedimentation and pollution. (3) Climate change and commercial fishing contribute to prominent indirect impacts across ecosystem services by exacerbating regional impacts, namely sedimentation and pollution. The prevalence and magnitude of these indirect, networked impacts highlights the need for approaches like this to understand mechanisms of impact, in order to develop strategies to manage them.","author":["Singh, G.","Sinner, J.","Ellis, J.","Kandlikar, M.","Halpern, B.","Satterfield, T.","Chan, K."],"organization":["University of British Columbia","Cawthron Institute","King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)","University of California Santa Barbara","Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1576986","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-based-approach-cumulative-effect-assessments-marine-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969717323100","title":"A risk-based approach to cumulative effect assessments for marine management","description":"Marine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the cumulative effects of multiple human pressures. Cumulative effect assessments (CEAs) are needed to inform environmental policy and guide ecosystem-based management. Yet, CEAs are inherently complex and seldom linked to real-world management processes. Therefore we propose entrenching CEAs in a risk management process, comprising the steps of risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation. We provide guidance to operationalize a risk-based approach to CEAs by describing for each step guiding principles and desired outcomes, scientific challenges and practical solutions. We reviewed the treatment of uncertainty in CEAs and the contribution of different tools and data sources to the implementation of a risk based approach to CEAs. We show that a risk-based approach to CEAs decreases complexity, allows for the transparent treatment of uncertainty and streamlines the uptake of scientific outcomes into the science-policy interface. Hence, its adoption can help bridging the gap between science and decision-making in ecosystem-based management.","author":["Stelzenm\u00fcller, V.","Coll, M.","Mazaris, A.","Giakoumi, S.","Katsanevakis, S.","Portman, M.","Degen, R.","Mackelworth, P.","Gimpel, A.","Albano, P.","Almpanidou, V.","Claudet, J.","Essl, F.","Evagelopoulos, T.","Heymans, J.","Genov, T.","Kark, S.","Micheli, F.","Pennino, M.","Rilov, G.","Steenbeek, J.","Ojaveer, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1579498","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-popular-spatial-cumulative-impact-assessment-method-marine-systems-seagrass","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969721014698","title":"Evaluation of a popular spatial cumulative impact assessment method for marine systems: A seagrass case study","description":"Human activities put stress on our oceans and with a growing global population, the impact is increasing. Stressors rarely act in isolation, with the majority of marine areas being impacted by multiple, concurrent stressors. Marine spatial cumulative impact assessments attempt to estimate the collective impact of multiple stressors on marine environments. However, this is difficult given how stressors interact with one another, and the variable response of ecosystems. As a result, assumptions and generalisations are required when attempting to model cumulative impacts. One fundamental assumption of the most commonly applied, semi-quantitative cumulative impact assessment method is that a change in modelled cumulative impact is correlated with a change in ecosystem condition. However, this assumption has rarely been validated with empirical data. We tested this assumption using a case study of seagrass in a large, inverse estuary in South Australia (Spencer Gulf). We compared three different seagrass condition indices, based on survey data collected in the field, to scores from a spatial cumulative impact model for the study area. One condition index showed no relationship with cumulative impact, whilst the other two indices had very small, negative relationships with cumulative impact. These results suggest that one of the most commonly used methods for assessing cumulative impacts on marine systems is not robust enough to accurately reflect the effect of multiple stressors on seagrasses; possibly due to the number and generality of assumptions involved in the approach. Future methods should acknowledge the complex relationships between stressors, and the impact these relationships can have on ecosystems. This outcome highlights the need for greater evaluation of cumulative impact assessment outputs and the need for data-driven approaches. Our results are a caution for marine scientists and resource managers who may rely on spatial cumulative impact assessment outputs for informing policy and decision-making.","author":["Stockbridge, J.","Jones, A.","Gaylard, S.","Nelson, M.","Gillanders, B."],"organization":["University of Adelaide","Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority"],"originationDate":"2021-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1579499","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/restoring-fish-ecological-quality-estuaries-implication-interactive-cumulative-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969715308883","title":"Restoring fish ecological quality in estuaries: Implication of interactive and cumulative effects among anthropogenic stressors","description":"Estuaries are subjected to multiple anthropogenic stressors, which have additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects. Current challenges include the use of large databases of biological monitoring surveys (e.g. the European Water Framework Directive) to help environmental managers prioritizing restoration measures. This study investigated the impact of nine stressor categories on the fish ecological status derived from 90 estuaries of the North East Atlantic countries. We used a random forest model to: 1) detect the dominant stressors and their non-linear effects; 2) evaluate the ecological benefits expected from reducing pressure from stressors; and 3) investigate the interactions among stressors. Results showed that largest restoration benefits were expected when mitigating water pollution and oxygen depletion. Non-additive effects represented half of pairwise interactions among stressors, and antagonisms were the most common. Dredged sediments, flow changes and oxygen depletion were predominantly implicated in non-additive interactions, whereas the remainder stressors often showed additive impacts. The prevalence of interactive impacts reflects a complex scenario for estuaries management; hence, we proposed a step-by-step restoration scheme focusing on the mitigation of stressors providing the maximum of restoration benefits under a multi-stress context.","author":["Teichert, N.","Borja, A.","Chust, G.","Uriarte, A.","Lepage, M."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2016-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1579693","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resolving-coastal-conflicts-using-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479713006828","title":"Resolving coastal conflicts using marine spatial planning","description":"We applied marine spatial planning (MSP) to manage conflicts in a multi-use coastal area of Kenya. MSP involves several steps which were supported by using geographical information systems (GISs), multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and optimization. GIS was used in identifying overlapping coastal uses and mapping conflict hotspots. MCDA was used to incorporate the preferences of user groups and managers into a formal decision analysis procedure. Optimization was applied in generating optimal allocation alternatives to competing uses. Through this analysis three important objectives that build a foundation for future planning of Kenya\u0027s coastal waters were achieved: 1) engaging competing stakeholders; 2) illustrating how MSP can be adapted to aid decision-making in multi-use coastal regions; and 3) developing a draft coastal use allocation plan. The successful application of MSP to resolve conflicts in coastal regions depends on the level of stakeholder involvement, data availability and the existing knowledge base.","author":["Tuda, A.","Stevens, T.","Rodwell, L."],"organization":["Griffith University","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2014-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1579694","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multiple-cumulative-impacts-gbr-assessment-current-status-development-improved","sourceURL":"","title":"Multiple and cumulative impacts on the GBR: assessment of current status and development of improved approaches for management","description":"The outlook of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) was recently assessed as poor and declining (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority [GBRMPA], 2014a; GBRMPA, 2014b). Impacts on the Region\u2019s values do not occur in isolation but overlap in time and space, thus reducing the overall resilience and health of the Reef. Understanding cumulative pressures and their impacts has become a priority for environmental policy, management and conservation globally. In Australia, a fuller understanding of cumulative impacts from global and local stressors, and the ability to attribute those impacts to specific drivers and activities, is now a priority, as reflected in the Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan. Despite such prioritisation, reef managers currently rely largely on qualitative tools to assess risks from cumulative impacts associated with development proposals (GBRMPA, 2009).   This Report focuses on coral reef environments and provides: (i) a comprehensive review and synthesis of existing tools and qualitative and quantitative studies that describe the cumulative impacts of local and global pressures on reef organisms and processes, (ii) an overview of important knowledge gaps and future research priorities, and (iii) a roadmap to develop a practical framework (incorporating quantitative approaches for assessing risk of multiple stressors) to support the assessment and management of cumulative impacts on the GBR.   To provide a clearer understanding of the concepts and problems around the science of cumulative impacts on coral reef environments, we reviewed and evaluated the existing knowledge of the cumulative effects of specific pressure combinations. This review also identified essential gaps in the information needed to guide effective management decisions and potential solutions.","author":["Uthicke, S.","Fabricius, K.","De\u0027ath, G.","Negri, A.","Smith, R.","Warne, M.","Noonan, S.","Johansson, C.","Gorsuch, H.","Anthony, K."],"organization":["Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","Coventry University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Uthicke_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1579695","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/structuring-cumulative-effects-assessments-support-regional-local-marine-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X18305256","title":"Structuring cumulative effects assessments to support regional and local marine management and planning obligations","description":"Cumulative effects assessments are a legal requirement in many jurisdictions and are key to informing marine policy. However, practice does not yet deliver fit-for-purpose assessments relative to sustainable development and environmental protection obligations. The complexity of cumulative effect questions, which are embedded in complex social-ecological systems, makes multiple, methodologically diverse assessments a necessity. Using the expansion of marine renewable energy developments in European Union waters as a case study, this paper explores how social-ecological systems thinking and cumulative effects assessment theory can combine to structure CEAs that better support the management and regulation of maritime activities at regional scales. A general perspective for cumulative effects assessment is proposed to remove ambiguity of intent and to orient assessments towards a common objective. Candidate principles for practice are presented for consideration. These principles are integrated into a stepped assessment approach that seeks to improve cumulative effects assessments of localised activities relative to the information needs of decision-makers implementing the ecosystem approach.","author":["Willsteed, E.","Birchenough, S.","Gill, A.","Jude, S."],"organization":["Cranfield University","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","PANGALIA Environmental"],"originationDate":"2018-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1581629","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-change-implications-tidal-marshes-food-web-linkages-estuarine-coastal-nekton","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12237-020-00891-1","title":"Climate Change Implications for Tidal Marshes and Food Web Linkages to Estuarine and Coastal Nekton","description":"Climate change is altering naturally fluctuating environmental conditions in coastal and estuarine ecosystems across the globe. Departures from long-term averages and ranges of environmental variables are increasingly being observed as directional changes [e.g., rising sea levels, sea surface temperatures (SST)] and less predictable periodic cycles (e.g., Atlantic or Pacific decadal oscillations) and extremes (e.g., coastal flooding, marine heatwaves). Quantifying the short- and long-term impacts of climate change on tidal marsh seascape structure and function for nekton is a critical step toward fisheries conservation and management. The multiple stressor framework provides a promising approach for advancing integrative, cross-disciplinary research on tidal marshes and food web dynamics. It can be used to quantify climate change effects on and interactions between coastal oceans (e.g., SST, ocean currents, waves) and watersheds (e.g., precipitation, river flows), tidal marsh geomorphology (e.g., vegetation structure, elevation capital, sedimentation), and estuarine and coastal nekton (e.g., species distributions, life history adaptations, predator-prey dynamics). However, disentangling the cumulative impacts of multiple interacting stressors on tidal marshes, whether the effects are additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, and the time scales at which they occur, poses a significant research challenge. This perspective highlights the key physical and ecological processes affecting tidal marshes, with an emphasis on the trophic linkages between marsh production and estuarine and coastal nekton, recommended for consideration in future climate change studies. Such studies are urgently needed to understand climate change effects on tidal marshes now and into the future.","author":["Colombano, D.","Litvin, S.","Ziegler. S.","Alford, S.","Baker, R.","Barbeau, M.","Cebrian, J.","Connolly, R.","Currin, C.","Deegan, L.","Lesser, J.","Martin, C.","McDonald, A.","McLuckie, K.","Morrison, B.","Pahl, J.","Risse, L.","Smith, J.","Staver, L.","Turner, R.","Waltham, N."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-01-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1581630","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/combining-seascape-connectivity-cumulative-impact-assessment-support-ecosystem-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/1365-2664.13813","title":"Combining seascape connectivity with cumulative impact assessment in support of ecosystem-based marine spatial planning","description":"Cumulative impact assessment (CIA) is a promising approach to guide marine spatial planning (MSP) and management. One limitation of CIA is the neglect of seascape connectivity, which may spread the impact of localized pressures to ambient areas, e.g. through lost dispersal and recruitment of organisms.  We here, for the first time, incorporate seascape connectivity into a traditional CIA model using a connectivity matrix, exemplified by dispersal of propagules estimated through biophysical modelling. Two connectivity impacts are identified: the source impact represents downstream areas losing recruits because of reduced larval dispersal from sites affected by the pressure, and the sink impact represents loss of recruits originating from upstream areas prevented from settlement in the site affected by the local pressure.  By including seascape connectivity in the Swedish MSP-guiding CIA tool Symphony we demonstrate how to practically account for remote effects of local environmental impact. Our example on blue mussel shows how reducing mussel fitness in a given area may have impacts on mussels far from the acting pressures. Overall, results indicate that connectivity impact for blue mussels plays a minor role in most areas, \u0026lt;10% of the ordinary cumulative impact. However, in some smaller areas, e.g. on offshore banks and the Danish Straits, seascape connectivity may increase ordinary cumulative impact with 20%\u201330%. In an example of scenario-based CIA analyses of MSP projections, we demonstrate how impacts of particular management actions, e.g. shipping rerouting and wind power developments, can be tracked far from the original area of influence.  Depending on the dispersal ability of ecosystem components, a local pressure may impact a considerable area through seascape connectivity, transgressing management units and national borders. Although the mean connectivity impact may be modest for a single ecosystem component, the consideration of seascape connectivity across multiple ecosystem components may significantly alter the mapping of cumulative impact and the assessment of different MSP scenarios.  Synthesis and applications. Our extension of Cumulative Impact Assessment offers a new method for mapping and practically integrating seascape connectivity with ecosystem-based MSP and other spatial instruments for policy making, such as marine protected areas.","author":["Jonsson, P.","Hammar, L.","Wahlstrom, I.","Palsson, J.","Hume, D.","Almroth-Rosell, E.","Mattsson, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-12-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1581632","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distribution-breeding-humpback-whale-habitats-overlap-cumulative-anthropogenic-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ddi.13033","title":"Distribution of breeding humpback whale habitats and overlap with cumulative anthropogenic impacts in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic","description":"Aim Species distribution modelling is a useful tool for determining important habitats. By accounting for specific animal behaviour in the model, it is possible to identify finer\u2010scale patterns of habitat use. Together with spatially explicit data on anthropogenic activities, models can be used to assess human impacts and inform conservation management. This study used observations of breeding behaviour to identify fine\u2010scale breeding habitats of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), as well as potential overlap of these habitats with cumulative anthropogenic impacts. Location Eastern Tropical Atlantic, West Africa. Methods Maxent was used to model humpback distribution using pertinent environmental predictors and an integrated dataset of humpback whale occurrences filtered for breeding\u2010specific behaviours. In conjunction with multiple anthropogenic activities, a subsequent cumulative utilization and impact analysis assessed the degree of overlap between predicted breeding habitat and potential anthropogenic impacts. Results Greatest habitat suitability occurred in warm coastal waters of Gabon, and other highly suitable areas occurred off Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island), Cameroon and Angola. Sea surface temperature and height contributed most to the model. Highest overlap between humpback whales and potential impacts from anthropogenic activities occurred off Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island), Cameroon and Angola. Impacts associated with oil and gas development (where oil and gas platforms serve as an indicator for industry activity) appeared to contribute most to potential cumulative impact. Main Conclusions Depth and sea surface temperature of predicted breeding habitats were consistent with previous studies. However, lesser known characteristics such as sea surface height and wind speed, resulting in potentially more sheltered areas for breeding whales, may also be important in delineating finer\u2010scale habitat suitability. Identified areas of high potential cumulative impact occurred within exclusive economic zones of multiple countries and likely represent the minimum level of impact to humpback whales in the region, highlighting the need for additional research and effective management throughout the area.","author":["Chou, E.","Kershaw, F.","Maxwell, S.","Collins, T.","Strindberg, S.","Rosenbaum, H."],"organization":["Wildlife Conservation Society"],"originationDate":"2020-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chou-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1586852","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-cumulative-human-activities-pressures-impacts-north-sea-benthic-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/75\/3\/1080\/4616494?login=true","title":"Assessing cumulative human activities, pressures, and impacts on North Sea benthic habitats using a biological traits approach","description":"The application of a biological traits analysis, in the present study, has allowed benthic habitat sensitivities and their risk of impact to be mapped at a spatial scale appropriate for the assessment of the North Sea ecoregion. This study considered habitat impacts associated with five important marine sectors; bottom fishing, marine aggregate dredging, sediment disposal, renewable energy devices (tidal, waves, and wind) and the oil and gas sectors, both individually and cumulatively. The significance of the \u201cactual\u201d footprint of impact arising from these human activities and their associated pressures (sediment abrasion, sediment removal, smothering, and placement of hard structures) is presented and discussed. Notable differences in sensitivity to activities are seen depending on habitat type. Some of the more substantial changes in benthic habitat function evaluated are potentially associated with the placement of hard structures in shallow mobile sedimentary habitats, which result in a shift in habitat dominated by small, short-living infaunal species, to a habitat dominated by larger, longer-lived, sessile epibenthic suspension feeders. In contrast, the impacts of bottom fishing, dredging and disposal activities are all assessed to be most severe when executed in deep, sedimentary habitats. Such assessments are important in supporting policies (e.g. spatial planning) directed towards ensuring sustainable \u201cblue-growth,\u201d through a better understanding of the potential ecological impacts associated with human activities operating across different habitat types. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the spatial extent of selected human activities and their impacts on seabed habitats using a biological trait-based sensitivity analysis.","author":["Kenny, A.","Jenkins, C.","Wood, D.","Bolam, S.","Mitchell, P.","Scougal, P.","Judd, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-11-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1586853","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-management-cumulative-impacts-californias-network-marine-protected-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569116303647","title":"Assessment and management of cumulative impacts in California\u0027s network of marine protected areas","description":"In response to concerns about human impacts to coastal ecosystems, conservationists and practitioners are increasingly turning to networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). Although MPAs manage for fishing pressure, many species and habitats in MPAs remain exposed to a multitude of stressors, including stressors from global climate change and regional land- and ocean-based activities. To support the adaptive management of MPAs that are subject to multiple interacting stressors, coastal managers need to understand the potential impacts from other single and multiple stressors. To demonstrate how this can be done, we quantify and map cumulative impacts resulting from multiple stressors to California\u0027s network of MPAs, using a widely available cumulative impacts mapping tool. Among individual stressors, those related to climate, including ocean acidification, UV radiation increases, and SST anomalies, were found to have the most intense impacts, especially on surface waters and in the rocky intertidal. Climate stressors are challenging to limit at the local MPA scale, but intense land- and ocean-based impacts that were found to affect a majority of MPAs, such as sediment increases, invasive species, organic pollutants and pollution from shipping and ports, may be more easily regulated at a regional or local scale. This is especially relevant for South and Central coast MPAs where these impacts are the greatest on beaches, tidal flats, and coastal marshes. Accounting for cumulative impacts from these and other stressors when developing monitoring and management plans in California and across the world, would help to improve the efficacy of MPAs.","author":["Mach, M.","Wedding, L.","Reiter, S.","Micheli, F.","Fujita, R.","Martone, R."],"organization":["Stanford University","Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)"],"originationDate":"2017-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1587047","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-based-evaluation-cumulative-effects-ecosystem-restoration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ecs2.1242","title":"Evidence-based evaluation of the cumulative effects of ecosystem restoration","description":"This study adapts and applies the evidence-based approach for causal inference, a medical standard, to the restoration and sustainable management of large-scale aquatic ecosystems. Despite long-term investments in restoring aquatic ecosystems, it has proven difficult to adequately synthesize and evaluate program outcomes, and no standard method has been adopted. Complex linkages between restorative actions and ecosystem responses at a landscape scale make evaluations problematic and most programs focus on monitoring and analysis. Herein, we demonstrate a new transdisciplinary approach integrating techniques from evidence-based medicine, critical thinking, and cumulative effects assessment. Tiered hypotheses about the effects of landscape-scale restorative actions are identified using an ecosystem conceptual model. The systematic literature review, a health sciences standard since the 1960s, becomes just one of seven lines of evidence assessed collectively, using critical thinking strategies, causal criteria, and cumulative effects categories. As a demonstration, we analyzed data from 166 locations on the Columbia River and estuary representing 12 indicators of habitat and fish response to floodplain restoration actions intended to benefit culturally and economically important, threatened and endangered salmon. Synthesis of the lines of evidence demonstrated that hydrologic reconnection promoted macrodetritis export, prey availability, and juvenile fish access and feeding. Upon evaluation, the evidence was sufficient to infer cross-boundary, indirect, compounding, and delayed cumulative effects, and suggestive of nonlinear, landscape-scale, and spatial density effects. Therefore, on the basis of causal inferences regarding food-web functions, we concluded that the restoration program is having a cumulative beneficial effect on juvenile salmon. The lines of evidence developed are transferable to other ecosystems: modeling of cumulative net ecosystem improvement, physical modeling of ecosystem controlling factors, meta-analysis of restoration action effectiveness, analysis of data on target species, research on critical ecological uncertainties, evidence-based review of the literature, and change analysis on the landscape setting. As with medicine, the science of ecological restoration needs scientific approaches to management decisions, particularly because the consequences affect species extinctions and the availability of ecosystem services. This evidence-based approach will enable restoration in complex coastal, riverine, and tidal-fluvial ecosystems like the lower Columbia River to be evaluated when data have accumulated without sufficient synthesis.","author":["Diefenderfer, H.","Johnson, G.","Thom, R.","Buenau, K.","Weitkamp, L.","Woodley, C.","Borde, A.","Kropp, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1587048","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-cumulative-visual-impacts-coastal-areas-baltic-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569115300478","title":"Assessing cumulative visual impacts in coastal areas of the Baltic Sea","description":"Anthropogenic activity such as offshore wind energy farm development, shipping activity, resource extraction platforms or marine aquaculture can have adverse impacts on the visual quality of coastal landscapes. GIS-based viewshed analysis is the most widely used technique to address visual impacts. However, despite the wide application its spatial extent remains limited to local and regional studies. This study presents a GIS-based model for cumulative visual impact assessment on macro-regional scale based on a case study for the Baltic Sea. The viewshed model was deployed over a visibility zone covering 54% (223.641 km2) of the Baltic Sea space using a database of 63,672 observation points integrated by geospatial data on existing and planned sea uses representing potential visual stressors. Results show that areas of highest potential visual impact are sheltered coastal areas with complex geomorphological features such as barrier islands, peninsulas, straits, archipelagos and lagoons in combination with intensive anthropogenic activity and presence of nature protected areas. The methodology can be applied to any coastal area of the world to classify coastal areas due to their cumulative viewshed characteristics and as early monitoring tool for visual impact assessment on transboundary scale.","author":["Depellegrin, D."],"organization":["Klaipeda University","Mykolas Romeris University"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1595543","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav-imagery-characterise-pursuit-diving-seabird","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.820722\/full","title":"Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagery to Characterise Pursuit-Diving Seabird Association With Tidal Stream Hydrodynamic Habitat Features","description":"Tidal stream environments exhibit fast current flows and unique turbulent features occurring at fine spatio-temporal scales (metres and seconds). There is now global recognition of the importance of tidal stream environments for marine megafauna. Such areas are also key to the development of marine renewable energy due to the reliable and predictable nature of tidally driven flows. Bed-derived turbulent features, such as kolk-boils, transport organic material to the surface and may increase the availability of prey species (fish) for foraging marine megafauna (seabirds and marine mammals). Quantification of animal association and interactions with turbulent features is required to understand potential environmental impacts of tidal energy developments in these sites. Downward-facing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery was collected within the Pentland Firth, UK. Resulting imagery was used to quantify the density distribution of pursuit-diving seabirds, called auks (of the family Alcidae), distribution in comparison relation to concurrent surface imagery of kolk-boils and, analyse evaluate spatial relationships with individual kolk-boil features, and quantify body orientation relative to the water flow. Although variability was present, auk density distribution was generally correlated with that of kolk-boils throughout the study area; however, spatial analysis highlighted an overall trend of finer-scale dispersion between individual auks and kolk-boils. Auk orientation on the surface was primarily observed across the flow throughout ebb and flood tidal phases. These results suggest that auks may be associating with kolk-boil peripheries. Similarly, it may be energetically beneficial to orientate across the flow while maintaining observation of current flow or searching for shallow prey species and potential threats in the environment. This work demonstrates that UAV imagery was appropriate for quantification of fine-scale biophysical interactions. It allowed for concurrent measurement of hydrodynamic and predator metrics in a challenging environment and provided novel insights not possible to collect by conventional survey methodology. This technique can increase the evidence base for assessment of potential impacts of marine renewable energy extraction on key marine species.","author":["Slingsby, J.","Scott, B.","Kregting, L.","McIlvenny, J.","Wilson, J.","Yanez, M.","Langlois, S.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Aberdeen","Queens University","Marine Scotland Science","Universit\u00e9 de Lyon"],"originationDate":"2022-03-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.656654000000","-3.126516000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Slingsby-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1595738","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ups-downs-using-active-acoustic-technologies-study-fish-tidal-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.851400\/full","title":"The Ups and Downs of Using Active Acoustic Technologies to Study Fish at Tidal Energy Sites","description":"Active acoustic instruments (echosounders) are well-suited for collecting high-resolution information on fish abundance and distribution in the areas targeted for tidal energy development, which is necessary for understanding the potential risks tidal energy devices pose to fish. However, a large proportion of echosounder data must often be omitted due to high levels of backscatter from air entrained into the water column. To effectively use these instruments at tidal energy sites, we need a better understanding of this data loss and how it may affect estimates of fish abundance and vertical distribution. We examined entrained air contamination in echosounder data from the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) tidal energy test site in Minas Passage, Nova Scotia, where current speeds can exceed 5 m\u00b7s-1. Entrained air depth was highly variable and increased with current speed, and contamination was lowest during neap tides. The lower 70% of the water column and current speeds \u0026lt;3 m\u00b7s-1 were generally well-represented in the dataset. However, under-sampling of the upper water column and faster speeds strongly affected simulated fish abundance estimates, with error highly dependent on the underlying vertical distribution of fish. Complementary sensing technologies, such as acoustic telemetry and optical instruments, could be used concurrently with echosounders to fill gaps in active acoustic datasets and to maximize what can be learned about fish abundance and distribution at tidal energy sites.","author":["Viehman, H.","Hasselman, D.","Douglas, J.","Boucher, T."],"organization":["Echoview Software","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viehman-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1598444","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/mre-brochure","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: An Introduction to Environmental Effects","description":"This brochure was developed by OES-Environmental to provide an overview of the environmental effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) development. The goal of the brochure is to familiarize readers with the latest scientific information on the potential effects of installation and operation of MRE devices.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-28 02:22:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/OES-Environmental-MRE-Brochure_April-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1599989","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reef-fish-diversity-components-indicators-cumulative-effects-highly-impacted-fringe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hero.epa.gov\/hero\/index.cfm\/reference\/details\/reference_id\/7877744","title":"Reef fish diversity components as indicators of cumulative effects in a highly impacted fringe reef","description":"The main goal of our research was to determine which indicators describing cumulative stress might better explain the differences observed in diversity components of reef fish assemblages off Havana City, Cuba. A total of 35,078 individuals of 119 species were counted in 480 stationary point censuses. Counts were distributed among three zones with different levels of pollution and four habitats with different wave stress. Four indexes of diversity components (S, H\u0022, J\u0022 and PIE) were calculated and correlative analyses performed to explore the best indicators of cumulative effects explaining observed variation. High correlation was found between all diversity components and two indexes of cumulative effects (ICE) built after distinct criteria. In the first case, pollution and wave action were combined following an interactive model. In the second case, an empirical ICE was obtained by totaling the abundance indicators of three groups of organisms, namely sponges, sabellid polychaetes and filamentous algae.","author":["Gonzalez-Sanson, G.","Aguilar, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1609848","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-handbook-guidance-competent-authorities-consultation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.scot\/doc\/handbook-environmental-impact-assessment-guidance-competent-authorities-consultees-and-others#:~:text=Our%20Environmental%20Impact%20Assessment%20(EIA,and%20ultimately%20improved%20environmental%20protection.","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook: Guidance for competent authorities, consultation bodies, and others involved in the Environmental Impact Assessment process in Scotland","description":"NatureScot\u0027s Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) handbook offers practical guidance and a ready source of information to anyone involved in the process. Its aim is to help to make the EIA process more effective, in turn prompting better-informed decisions and ultimately improved environmental protection.   In places it illustrates or concentrates on the treatment of natural heritage issues but, even where there is such a focus, the principles are often more widely applicable to other environmental topics.  Unless otherwise indicated, the advice in this Handbook applies to the EIA process in respect of all project types, even though it concentrates on the EIA process in relation to the town and country planning system.","author":["NatureScot"],"organization":["NatureScot"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NatureScot-2018-Environmental-Impact-Assessment-Handbook-V5.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1618730","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/capabilities-acoustic-camera-inform-fish-collision-risk-current-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/4\/483","title":"Capabilities of an Acoustic Camera to Inform Fish Collision Risk with Current Energy Converter Turbines","description":"A diversified energy portfolio may include marine energy in the form of current energy converters (CECs) such as tidal or in-river turbines. New technology development in the research stage typically requires monitoring for environmental effects. A significant environmental effect of concern for CECs is the risk of moving parts (e.g., turbine blades) colliding with animals such as fishes. CECs are installed in energetic locations in which it is difficult to operate sensors to fulfill monitoring requirements for informing collision risk. Collecting data (i.e., about blade strikes or near-misses) that inform interactions of fishes with CECs is usually attempted using active acoustic sensors or video cameras (VCs). Limitations of low-light conditions or water turbidity that preclude effective use of VCs are overcome by using high-resolution multibeam echosounders (or acoustic cameras (ACs)). We used an AC at two sites to test its ability to detect artificial and real fish targets and determine if strike, near-miss, and near-field behavior could be observed. Interactions with fish and artificial targets with turbines have been documented but strike confirmation with an AC is novel. The first site was in a tidal estuary with a 25 kW turbine and water clarity sufficient to allow VC data to be collected concurrently with AC data showing turbine blade strike on tethered artificial fish targets. The second site was a turbid, debris-laden river with a 5 kW turbine where only AC data were collected due to high water turbidity. Data collection at the second site coincided with downstream Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) smolt migration. Physical fish capture downstream of the turbine was performed with an incline plane trap (IPT) to provide context for the AC observations, by comparing fish catches. Discrimination between debris and fishes in the AC data was not possible, because active movement of fishes was not discernable. Nineteen fishes were released upstream of the turbine to provide known times of possible fish\/turbine interactions, but detection was difficult to confirm in the AC data. ACs have been used extensively in past studies to count large migratory fish such as Pacific salmon, but their application for small fish targets has been limited. The results from these two field campaigns demonstrate the ability of ACs to detect targets in turbid water and observe blade strikes, as well as their limitations such as the difficulty of distinguishing small fishes from debris in a high-energy turbid river. Recommendations are presented for future applications associated with CEC device testing.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Staines, G.","Mueller, R.","Seitz, A.","Evans, M.","O\u0027Byrne, P.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Alaska Fairbanks","University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2022-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":[["43.079184061935","-70.753728110129"],["64.558362057366","-149.054723633180"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Staines-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1618924","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-pacific-island-countries-new-integrative-conceptual-framework-potential","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/15\/7\/2606","title":"Wave Energy in the Pacific Island Countries: A New Integrative Conceptual Framework for Potential Challenges in Harnessing Wave Energy","description":"The Central and South Pacific have significant wave energy resources distributed through the region that are currently not being explored. Even though the wave energy resource in the Pacific has been studied, there is limited knowledge on the potential obstacles when inserting this new energy source into a unique and unexplored environment. Pacific Island countries (PICs) have distinctive characteristics that can become barriers to this technology, especially considering that local coastal and marine systems are fundamental for subsistence and local development. Thus, the success of a project relies on local acceptance. The current study developed an integrative conceptual framework for the PICs (ICFPICs) that derived from the integration of the elements of a political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (PESTEL) structured approach and further combined with a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) approach to create a matrix that included relevant internal and external factors influencing a project. Four islands were analyzed through the ICFPICs to demonstrate the varying characteristics and challenges in the Pacific environment; the islands were Tubuai (French Polynesia), Viti Levu (Fiji), Rarotonga (Cook Islands), and \u2018Eua (Tonga). Applying the ICFPICs to each island shows that Tubuai has significant technological issues, Rarotonga has mostly economic issues, Viti Levu is the most developed island but also has several potential issues in the social sphere, while \u2018Eua has the fewest issues and is a viable candidate for further analysis. The ICFPICs can be used by decision makers, project developers, and stakeholders to recognize probable barriers when bringing wave energy technologies to the PICs and make informed decisions during the pre-feasibility stage.","author":["Posterari, J.","Waseda, T."],"organization":["University of Tokyo"],"originationDate":"2022-04-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Posterari-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1618925","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-renewable-energy-source-based-electrical-power-plants-solar-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S136403212200199X#!","title":"Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic","description":"Renewable energy source (RES) based electrical power plants are widely considered green and clean due to their contribution to decarbonizing the energy sectors. It is apparent that RESs do not produce carbon dioxide, however their significant negative impacts on the environment are still found and cannot be ignored. In this paper, the environmental impacts of RES based power plants are analyzed through a comprehensive review considering solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal, ocean current, oceanic wave, ocean thermal, and osmotic effects. Solar thermal power is well known as concentrated solar power. A strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis is carried out and discussed for all RES based power plants. Comparative SWOT analyses for solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power plants are presented. The comparative environmental impact analyses for all existing RES based power plants are tabulated for various attributes. These attributes include but are not limited to human health, noise, pollution, greenhouse gas emission, ozone layer depletion, toxification, flooding, impact on inhabitants, eutrophication, dried up rivers, and deforestation. Based on the analysis, it is found that careful selection of RES for electrical power plants is necessary because improper utilization of RES could be very harmful for the environment.","author":["Rahman, A.","Farrok, O.","Haque, M."],"organization":["Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST)","Australian National University","Central Queensland University"],"originationDate":"2022-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1630709","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-wave-power-artificial-reefs-incidental-no-take-zones","sourceURL":"https:\/\/uu.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1634431\u0026dswid=-1734","title":"Environmental Effects from Wave Power: Artificial Reefs and Incidental No-take Zones","description":"Marine renewable technologies have rapidly been developing over the past decade. Wave power is one of the renewable sources and has the potential securing the renewable electricity production. However, all renewable energy extraction affects the environment in some way and for a true sustainable energy generation, environmental effects need to be investigated. Beside uncertain effects from the technologies to habitats or organisms e.g., collision risks, electromagnetic fields, noise, past studies have also shown benefits on diversity, size and abundance of species around marine renewable technologies as a result of habitat creation by the devices and fishery exclusion in designated offshore park areas.  This thesis deals with environmental effects from heaving point-absorber wave energy converters developed at Uppsala University and deployed on the Swedish west coast at the Lysekil research site and the Soten\u00e4s Project wave power park over a period of four years. The scope was the investigation of artificial reef effects from wave power foundations on local mobile, mega and macrofauna during visual inspections using scuba diving on the first hand. On the second hand, the effects from the incidental no-take zone on decapods and two sea pen species were investigated applying cage fishing and ROV seabed surveys. A third focus was on environmental monitoring around MRE sites and monitoring of MRE installations, both in an experimental and theoretical approach.  In the Lysekil research site, the results highlight that abundance and diversity can be enhanced locally around wave power foundations compared to control areas. The abundance and size of decapods were not significantly different within the wave power park and up to a distance of 360 m outside of it. In the Soten\u00e4s Project wave power park a positive effect on Nephrops norvegicus size and burrow density but not on abundance was found on a scale of up to 1230 m. Sea pen abundance was enhanced inside the wave power park. However, interannual variation was strong.  In conclusion, wave power foundations can influence abundance and diversity of marine organisms around foundations on a very local scale (meters). With the methods in this study, the investigations did not reveal strong effects on the abundance and size of decapods on a larger scale up to 1230 m away from foundations as a result of the no-take zone. However, a focus should be put on a further development of environmental monitoring routines around MRE sites and their evaluation.","author":["Bender, A."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":[["58.204170000000","11.379440000000"],["58.379220000000","11.149070000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:01:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bender-2022-Dissertation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1632833","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-anthropogenic-electromagnetic-fields-emf-early-development-two-commercially","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/5\/564","title":"The Effects of Anthropogenic Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on the Early Development of Two Commercially Important Crustaceans, European Lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.) and Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.)","description":"Proposed offshore windfarm sites could overlap with the brooding and spawning habitats of commercially important crustacea, including European lobster, Homarus gammarus and Edible crab, Cancer pagurus. Concerns have been raised on the biological effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) emitted from subsea power cables on the early life history of these species. In this study, ovigerous female H. gammarus and C. pagurus were exposed to static (Direct Current, DC) EMFs (2.8 mT) throughout embryonic development. Embryonic and larval parameters, deformities, and vertical swimming speed of freshly hatched stage I lobster and zoea I crab larvae were assessed. EMF did not alter embryonic development time, larval release time, or vertical swimming speed for either species. Chronic exposure to 2.8 mT EMF throughout embryonic development resulted in significant differences in stage-specific egg volume and resulted in stage I lobster and zoea I crab larvae exhibiting decreased carapace height, total length, and maximum eye diameter. An increased occurrence of larval deformities was observed in addition to reduced swimming test success rate amongst lobster larvae. These traits may ultimately affect larval mortality, recruitment and dispersal. This study increases our understanding on the effects of anthropogenic, static EMFs on crustacean developmental biology and suggests that EMF emissions from subsea power cables could have a measurable impact on the early life history and consequently the population dynamics of H. gammarus and C. pagurus.","author":["Harsanyi, P.","Scott, K.","Easton, B.","Ortiz, G.","Chapman, E.","Piper, A.","Rochas, C.","Lyndon, A."],"organization":["St Abbs Marine Station","E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","University of Granada","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2022-04-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harsanyi-et-al-2022-EMF.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1634957","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-mre-tropics-overview-mre-potential-oaxaca-mexico","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) in the Tropics: An Overview of MRE Potential in Oaxaca, Mexico","description":"Conventional sources of energy, such as fossil fuels, produce carbon emissions and are depleting as global demand increases. Marine renewable energy (MRE) offers a cleaner way of generating electricity by using waves, tides, currents, and salinity or thermal gradient resources. Although tropical and subtropical regions have a great potential for some of these MRE resources, industry progress in these areas has been slow. One of the main barriers to the development of MRE is the uncertainty surrounding potential environmental and socioeconomic effects. This study focuses on Oaxaca, Mexico, and aims to describe the MRE resources available in the region and provide information on socioeconomic and biological aspects to consider for future MRE development. Off Oaxaca, there is high potential for wave, current, and ocean thermal energy. Local communities, artisanal fishers, and regulatory agencies are key stakeholders to engage with for discussing important habitats, species presence along the coast, potential socioeconomic impacts, and public acceptance. In the area offshore of Oaxaca, there are several marine mammal, fish, seabird, and sea turtle species, and critical habitats such as mangroves and coral reefs. Based on the information gathered, potential interactions between MRE devices and the environment in tropical regions are defined.","author":["Oman, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Cetaceans","Pelagic Fish","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oman_2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1646743","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-aquaculture-market-ocean-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-documents\/market-policy-\/document\/offshore-aquaculture-a-market-for-ocean-renewable-energy.\/","title":"Offshore Aquaculture: A Market for Ocean Renewable Energy","description":"Ocean renewable energy (ORE) and offshore aquaculture are two industries that are likely compatible for colocation; ORE has the potential to provide power for offshore aquaculture and can decrease the environmental impact of operations by providing power at sea and replacing the reliance on diesel. This report defines co-location as the sharing of marine space between aquaculture and ORE as well as ORE providing power to aquaculture operations.  All forms of energy that can be derived directly from the seas and oceans are collectively known as ORE. Energy resources from the ocean are large, geographically diverse, and can be a sustainable alternative to providing power for offshore aquaculture. Each technology used to extract energy from waves, tides, ocean currents, or thermal and salinity gradients presents both advantages and challenges for aquaculture. Wave energy devices can be used for onshore, nearshore, or offshore aquaculture. They are particularly well suited for offshore aquaculture, though co-located wave and aquaculture projects will need to be in areas that avoid waves that are too large for the aquaculture system or too small for the wave energy device to be effective. Tidal energy devices may be more suitable for nearshore aquaculture operations, though the flow speed of tidal currents in energetic tidal channels could be a challenge for aquaculture operations. Both wave and tidal device technologies are more advanced than the other ORE technologies. Ocean current energy is generally located in offshore areas that feature high current velocities. For this reason, ocean current technology may not be suitable for offshore aquaculture because these locations present challenges for underwater operations such as net repairs and diving. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) has the potential to be used for onshore, nearshore, and offshore aquaculture in tropical and subtropical regions. OTEC can provide cold, nutrient-rich water with fewer pathogens and bacteria and can produce desalinated water for use in aquaculture production. Salinity gradient technologies are usually located nearshore and provide brackish water that can be supplied to aquaculture operations; however, these technologies are less developed than other forms of ORE. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and offshore wind are also assessed in this report as alternative renewable energy sources for powering aquaculture operations.   Worldwide, the aquaculture industry continues to increase. This expansion, coupled with increased competition for space among various marine uses, has led to an interest in shifting operations farther offshore. By moving away from coastal areas, aquaculture offers an important market opportunity for ORE. To develop appropriate ORE power systems for aquaculture and advance the co-location of the ORE and offshore aquaculture industries, understanding the energy demands and energy-intensive resource requirements for different aquaculture operations is crucial. Currently, data from the aquaculture industry on specific energy needs is limited, particularly for offshore aquaculture.  This report presents the available energy information for several operations within the global aquaculture sector, including nearshore and offshore Atlantic salmon, nearshore Asian seabass or barramundi, and nearshore oyster and mussel operations. As this report demonstrates, energy demands vary greatly by operation and species. Additionally, each source of energy information reports energy requirements differently, making it difficult to compare systems. The available energy information from marine-based aquaculture operations described in this report helps to provide a picture of the energy requirements worldwide.   Aquaculture projects that are being developed have begun to include renewable energy technologies (ORE as well as solar PV and offshore wind energy) in their designs and planning. The synergistic opportunities for colocated aquaculture and renewable energy can provide a multifunctional use of space and resources, creating opportunities to automate operations for safety and sustainability. Several projects, both past and present, are researching or have successfully implemented renewable energy to meet the identified energy demands of a variety of aquaculture operations. This report highlights 12 case studies, exploring projects that have used ORE, solar PV, offshore wind technologies, or hybrid solutions to meet energy demands of aquaculture. These case studies include all marine-based aquaculture types (finfish, shellfish, crustacean, and seaweed; nearshore and offshore) and a diverse range of renewable energy technologies. The key lessons learned from these projects are related to the lack of funding and the high cost of renewable energy technologies, long and costly consenting and regulatory processes, and uncertainty among stakeholders and regulators about the effects of a device on aquaculture operations. Both offshore aquaculture and ORE are relatively new industries, but the opportunities and challenges related to co-locating these marine uses can be identified from existing and planned projects. The opportunities and challenges for co-locating ORE and offshore aquaculture have been categorized under three themes: technical and operational processes, regulatory processes (including environmental and social aspects), and economic impact. Examples of opportunities under the theme of social acceptance are the sustainable and efficient use of marine space and the development of multi-use platforms. Examples of challenges under the theme of technical and operational processes are limited energy storage and the low levels of ORE device commercialization.   To overcome the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities identified in this report, recommendations are provided to expand the potential for co-location and further understanding of powering offshore aquaculture with ORE. The recommendations are classified using the same themes identified from the opportunities and challenges. These recommendations include increasing the accessibility of information about energy demands for all types of aquaculture (nearshore and offshore; finfish, shellfish, seaweed, etc.; at varied geographic locations), creating partnerships between ORE and aquaculture industries to generate pilot project opportunities, conducting research on the environmental and social effects of co-location, identifying countries with planning and licensing frameworks that may foster co-location, and encouraging governments to provide funding for research efforts and industry development.   Overall, this report provides a comprehensive look into offshore aquaculture as a market for ORE by identifying ORE technologies to be used, aquaculture energy demands, case studies and lessons learned, opportunities and challenges, and finally recommendations to advance the potential for co-location.  Watch the OES Webinar: Study of Offshore Aquaculture as a Market for Ocean Renewable Energy for a full breakdown of the report.","author":["Freeman, M.","Garavelli, L.","Wilson, E.","Hemer, M.","Abundo, M.","Travis, E."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","OceanPixel","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-aquaculture-and-ocean-energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1647130","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/searay-autonomous-offshore-power-system-2022-application-demonstration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cpower.co\/","title":"SeaRAY Autonomous Offshore Power System 2022 Application Demonstration","description":"This project aims to advance the SeaRAY k2 autonomous offshore power system (AOPS) to commercial readiness. The SeaRAY k2 AOPS consists of the SeaRAY k2 WEC with fully integrated station keeping (or the ability to perform adjustments to maintain its position) and the capacity to collect and send data and store energy. It is designed to support unmanned offshore activities and equipment, including subsea vehicles, sensor packages, and operating equipment.","author":["Reenst Lesemann"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-06-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.450685700000","-157.794760200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Collision","Noise","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:20:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1651381","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-support-tools-assess-multi-sector-interactions-emerging-offshore-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1462901122001034","title":"A review of support tools to assess multi-sector interactions in the emerging offshore Blue Economy","description":"Multiple ocean sectors compete for space and resources, creating conflicts but also opportunities to plan for synergistic outcomes that benefit multiple sectors. Planning and management are increasingly informed by qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing multi-sector interactions to identify trade-offs and synergies among sectors and with the environment, but there is a need to critically review the alignment of these tools with the requirements of Blue Economy stakeholders. Through a systematic literature review, an operational maturity analysis, and a survey of Blue Economy stakeholders, we found that the most well-developed tools for assessing interactions between multiple Blue Economy industries, and with the environment, are spatial prioritization tools, such as Marxan and multi-criteria decision support tools; and spatial static tools, such as cumulative effect mapping. More complex process\/dynamic tools such as ecosystem and oceanographic models are well developed for single sectors, particularly water quality assessments and commercial fisheries, but have been less commonly applied in multi-sector contexts. Our review and stakeholder survey highlighted that assessing the environmental and operational suitability of sites for Blue Economy infrastructure in conjunction with operational impacts, trade-offs and decommissioning considerations requires: 1) a toolbox of approaches that covers a range of spatial, temporal and ecological scales; 2) tools that capture interactions and feedbacks among sectors, and with the environment, without being unnecessarily complicated (i.e., tractable to use and allow for effective communication of findings); and 3) continued synthesis of approaches and tools used across sectors such as commercial fishing, aquaculture, offshore renewable energy, and offshore engineering.","author":["Turschwell, M. P.","Hayes, M. A.","Lacharite, M.","Abundo, M.","Adams, J.","Blanchard, J.","Brain, E.","Buelow, B. A.","Bulman, C.","Condie, C. A.","Connolly, R.","Dutton, I.","Fulton, E.","Gallagher, S.","Maynard, D.","Pethybridge, H.","Plag\u00e1nyi, \u00c9.","Porobic, J.","Taelman, S. E.","Trebilco, R.","Woods, G.","Brown, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","University of Tasmania","Nanyang Technological University","Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","EPA Tasmania","Ghent University"],"originationDate":"2022-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:31:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Turschwell-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1674357","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/summary-environmental-monitoring-recommendations-marine-energy-development-considers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/5\/586","title":"A Summary of Environmental Monitoring Recommendations for Marine Energy Development That Considers Life Cycle Sustainability","description":"Recommendations derived from papers documenting the Triton Field Trials (TFiT) study of marine energy environmental monitoring technology and methods under the Triton Initiative (Triton), as reported in this Special Issue, are summarized here. Additionally, a brief synopsis describes how to apply the TFiT recommendations to establish an environmental monitoring campaign, and provides an overview describing the importance of identifying the optimal time to perform such campaigns. The approaches for tracking and measuring the effectiveness of recommendations produced from large environmental monitoring campaigns among the stakeholder community are discussed. The discussion extends beyond the initial scope of TFiT to encourage discussion regarding marine energy sustainability that includes life cycle assessment and other life cycle sustainability methodologies. The goal is to inspire stakeholder collaboration across topics associated with the marine energy industry, including diversity and inclusion, energy equity, and how Triton\u2019s work connects within the context of the three pillars of energy sustainability: environment, economy, and society.    This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Amerson, A.","Harris, T.","Michener, S.","Gunn, C.","Haxel, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Amerson-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1674358","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-measurements-around-tidal-turbine-busy-port-setting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/5\/632","title":"Underwater Noise Measurements around a Tidal Turbine in a Busy Port Setting","description":"Acoustic emissions from current energy converters remain an environmental concern for regulators because of their potential effects on marine life and uncertainties about their effects stemming from a lack of sufficient observational data. Several recent opportunities to characterize tidal turbine sound emissions have begun to fill knowledge gaps and provide a context for future device deployments. In July 2021, a commercial-off-the-shelf hydrophone was deployed in a free-drifting configuration to measure underwater acoustic emissions and characterize a 25 kW-rated tidal turbine at the University of New Hampshire\u2019s Living Bridge Project in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Sampling methods and analysis were performed in alignment with the recently published IEC 62600-40 Technical Specification for acoustic characterization of marine energy converters. Results from this study indicate acoustic emissions from the turbine were below ambient sound levels and therefore did not have a significant impact on the underwater noise levels of the project site. As a component of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory\u2019s Triton Field Trials (TFiT) described in this Special Issue, this effort provides a valuable use case for the IEC 62600-40 Technical Specification framework and further recommendations for cost-effective technologies and methods for measuring underwater noise at future current energy converter project sites.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Haxel, J.","Zang, X.","Martinez, J.","Polagye, B.","Staines, G.","Deng, Z.","Wosnik, M.","O\u0027Byrne, P."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2022-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.079898487483","-70.752301627578"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:46:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haxel-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1674552","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-360-degree-underwater-camera-characterize-artificial-reef-fish-aggregating-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/5\/555","title":"Use of a 360-Degree Underwater Camera to Characterize Artificial Reef and Fish Aggregating Effects around Marine Energy Devices","description":"Marine energy devices must be attached to the seafloor by their foundations, pilings, or anchors, and will have other parts in the water column like the devices themselves, mooring lines, and power export cables running along the seafloor. The installation and presence of these artificial structures will create physical changes that can disrupt or create new habitats, and potentially alter the behavior of mobile organisms such as fish around a device by attracting them to these new artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices. In this study, we tested a new approach for monitoring fish activity around a marine energy device anchor: a 360-degree underwater camera to keep the target (a wave energy converter\u2019s anchor) in the field of view of the camera. The camera was deployed in three configurations (hand-held, tripod, video lander) at sites with different hydrodynamics and underwater visibilities. The video lander was the best configuration: very stable, versatile, and easy to handle. The 360-degree field of view enabled observing and counting fishes, which were more abundant at dusk than dawn or noon, around the anchor. Despite remaining challenges, 360-degree cameras are useful tools for monitoring animal interactions with marine energy devices.  This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022.","author":["Hemery, L.","Mackereth, K.","Gunn, C.","Pablo, E."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery-et-al-2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1674940","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mre-regulator-survey-report-australia","sourceURL":"","title":"MRE Regulator Survey Report: Australia","description":"As marine renewable energy (MRE) is still a new industry, there are many unknowns about the potential environmental effects of MRE deployments. These concerns are largely based in the uncertainty of how wave and tidal devices interact with the environment, or how marine animals behave around devices. This uncertainty makes permitting processes for MRE projects difficult, often requiring extensive monitoring and data collection. This cautious approach may limit the implementation of MRE technologies or create financial barriers to development.  To better understand the viewpoint of regulators and advisors involved in permitting MRE devices, a survey was conducted among multiple OES Environmental countries. The survey was intended to understand the familiarity of regulators with MRE technologies, their perceptions of environmental risk, and their recommendations on best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the potential for data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators and advisors in Australia, conducted in 2021.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2022-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-25.986580000000","134.317647000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Regulator-Survey-Report_Australia_vfinal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1677257","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/rivgen-power-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orpc.co\/case-study\/","title":"Igiugig RivGen\u00ae Power System","description":"ORPC\u2019s RivGen\u00ae Power System generates electricity from river currents and connects directly into existing community grids using smart grid technology. The RivGen device is a horizontal cross-flow hydrokinetic turbine that consists of a proprietary Turbine Generator Unit (TGU) mounted on a chassis. A completed power system includes the device (or multiple devices), mooring system, transmission and data cables to shore, and an onshore station that houses system electronics.   The Igiugig Hydrokinetic Project consists of two ORPC RivGen Power Systems that are connected to the Igiugig Village grid infrastructure. The first grid connected RivGen Power System was installed in 2019 and the second power system was installed in 2023.","author":["Katie Sellers Reynolds"],"organization":["Igiugig Tribal Village Council"],"originationDate":"2026-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.325388000000","-155.913629000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Changes in Flow","Noise","Physical Environment","Fish","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 09:33:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1699661","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/emf-evidence-base","sourceURL":"","title":"Electromagnetic Fields Evidence Base","description":"The evidence base for electromagnetic fields (EMF) consists of 31 key documents that define what we understand about the effects of electric and magnetic fields on sensitive marine animals. The initial evidence base was presented and reviewed during workshops\u00a0at\u00a0EWTEC 2019\u00a0and in\u00a0Australia in 2019. Additional information on EMF can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 5), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 03:48:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1699662","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/underwater-noise-evidence-base","sourceURL":"","title":"Underwater Noise Evidence Base","description":"The evidence base for underwater noise consists of 30 key documents that define what we understand about the risk of underwater noise generated from marine renewable energy devices to marine animals. The initial evidence base was presented and reviewed by experts during workshops at EWTEC 2019, at OREC 2019, and in Australia in 2019. Additional information on underwater noise can be found the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 4), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 05:45:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1699663","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/habitat-change-evidence-base","sourceURL":"","title":"Habitat Change Evidence Base","description":"The evidence base for habitat change consists of 40 key documents that define what we understand about the effects of marine renewable energy devices on benthic and pelagic habitats. The initial evidence base was presented and reviewed in an online Expert Forum in 2020. Additional information on habitat change can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 6), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 03:48:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1699664","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-background-magnetic-fields-marine-energy-sites-challenges-recommendations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/5\/687","title":"Quantifying Background Magnetic Fields at Marine Energy Sites: Challenges and Recommendations","description":"Unknowns around the environmental effects of marine renewable energy have slowed the deployment of this emerging technology worldwide. Established testing methods are necessary to safely permit and develop marine energy devices. Magnetic fields are one potential cause of environmental effects and are created when electricity is generated and transmitted to shore. Further, the existing variation of the background magnetic field at sites that may be developed for marine energy is largely unknown, making it difficult to assess how much additional stress or impact the anthropogenic magnetic field may have. This study investigates two instruments for their ability to characterize the background magnetic fields at a potential marine energy site in Sequim Bay, WA. Based on this evaluation, this study recommends an Overhauser magnetomer for assessing the background magnetic field and demonstrates the use of this sensor at a potential marine energy site.   This article is part of the Special Issue, \u0022Technology and Methods for Environmental Monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy\u0022","author":["Grear, M.","McVey, J.","Cotter, E.","Williams, N.","Cavagnaro, R."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-05-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.079379315845","-123.044869326420"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grear-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1699859","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/oceanographic-changes-evidence-base","sourceURL":"","title":"Changes in Oceanographic Systems Evidence Base","description":"The evidence base for changes in oceanographic systems consists of 38 key documents that define what we understand about the effects of small numbers of wave and tidal energy devices on the physical environment, including water movement, water quality, and sediment. The initial evidence base was presented in a peer-reviewed paper, Whiting et al. (2023). Additional information on changes in oceanographic systems can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 7), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 04:09:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1707426","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-streams-fish-seabirds-understanding-linkages-between-mobile-predators-prey","sourceURL":"https:\/\/esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ecs2.4080","title":"Tidal streams, fish, and seabirds: Understanding the linkages between mobile predators, prey, and hydrodynamics","description":"Driven by the necessity to decarbonize energy sources, many countries are targeting tidal stream environments for power generation. However, these areas can act as foraging hotspots for marine top predators, such as seabirds. Thus, it is important to understand the ecological interactions influencing predator behavior and distribution in these areas, to determine the potential ecological implications of marine renewable devices. This study used concurrent observations of foraging seabirds, physical hydrodynamics, and prey presence across a tidal stream environment, before and after the installation of a commercial turbine array close to the island of Stroma, Scotland. There were three main findings: First, benthic foraging seabirds showed a clear preference for certain sections around Stroma where sandeels were detected, while pelagic foraging seabirds were seen all around Stroma. Second, there was a positive effect of water velocity on the number of pelagic foragers and common guillemots. Third, there was a positive effect of the presence of fish schools on the number of pelagic seabirds and common guillemots, in both the same and the previous transects. Thus, it is possible that seabirds target areas of predictable food sources during periods where prey might be easily accessed (e.g., periods of fast flows). Given the difference in the distribution between seabird categories, it is likely that marine renewable devices will impact each category differently. We conclude that any impact on sandbank locations, sandeels preferred habitat, due to the presence of tidal turbines is likely to alter the distribution of benthic foraging seabirds. For pelagic foraging seabirds and common guillemot, changes in prey presence and accessibility (depth and level of aggregation\/disaggregation) will have a stronger effect on seabird presence. This study highlights the need to include concurrent physical and biological data when assessing the ecological impacts of tidal turbines.","author":["Couto, A.","Williamson, B.","Cornulier, T.","Fernandes, P.","Fraser, S.","Chapman, J.","Davies, I.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2022-05-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.667100000000","-3.118448000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Attraction","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Couto-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1707427","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/collision-risk-evidence-base","sourceURL":"","title":"Collision Risk Evidence Base","description":"The collision risk evidence base consists of 40 key documents that define what we understand about the risk of collision with tidal turbines for marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds. Additional information on collision risk can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science (Chapter 3), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.\u00a0","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 03:48:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1726356","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ak-1000-environmental-monitoring-programme","sourceURL":"","title":"AK-1000 Environmental Monitoring Programme","description":"To demonstrate its compliance with environmental monitoring related conditions of the licenses granted for the installation and testing of the AK-1000 tidal turbine at the EMEC tidal test site, Eday, Orkney, Atlantis has produced an Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP).  This document outlines Atlantis\u0027s monitoring plans for the AK-1000 tidal turbine.    License issued under the Food and Environment Protection Act (FEPA)  Consent under the Coast Protection Act (CPA)  European Protected Species (EPS) License","author":["SAE Renewables"],"organization":["Xodus Group"],"originationDate":"2011-02-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-03 11:49:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Atlantis-EMP-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1726357","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotrenewables-tidal-power-ltd-sr250-deployment-fall-warness-environmental-statement-0","sourceURL":"","title":"Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd SR250 Deployment Fall of Warness: Environmental Statement Volume I - Environmental Statement","description":"Scotrenewables Tidal Power Ltd is seeking permission to install and operate a 250kW tidal turbine, the SR250, at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) tidal test site in the Fall of Warness, Orkney. It is proposed that the SR250 prototype will be installed by March 2011 and be grid connected via the EMEC sub-station with a newly installed cable. Construction of the SR250 prototype is underway with installation planned at EMEC by March 2011. Between January and February 2011 the SR250 mooring system will be installed, and the new cable laid and connected via a duct into the EMEC sub- station facility. Scotrenewables plan to de-risk the testing of the SR250 by undertaking an incremental staged development plan resulting in controlled learning gains at each stage.  This Environmental Statement has been produced to support the licence application under the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA) and consent under the Coast Protection Act 1949 (CPA) for proposed deployment. A European Protected Species Licence will be applied for towards the end of the consent process detailed above. This section forms the Non-Technical Summary of the Environmental Statement.","author":["Orbital Marine Power"],"organization":["Scottish Renewables"],"originationDate":"2010-10-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963384000000","-3.300932000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 05:54:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SR250-EMEC-ES-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1726358","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/churchill-barriers-wave-overtopping-tidal-flow-energy-capture-screening-request","sourceURL":"","title":"Churchill Barriers - Wave Overtopping and Tidal Flow Energy Capture: Screening Request","description":"This report comprises the draft Environmental Appraisal in support of application for a Screening Opinion under The Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2000 and The Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2007, for a tidal energy extraction scheme at Churchill Barrier 1 and\/ or 2 and a wave overtopping solution at Churchill Barrier 2 only.  In this report the baseline environmental information has been collated and notable environmental features in the study area that have the potential to be affected by the proposed project have been identified. This report incorporates information obtained through a desk study exercise undertaken using readily available data sources and consultation with several organisations that hold information of relevance to this review. This information is then used to appraise the potential environmental benefits and impacts associated with the proposed scheme.  This report assesses the potential environmental impacts of all options at a high level for the opening one or both of the Barriers for a tidal energy scheme, in principle. Once the proposals have been fully developed and options have been designed and finalised full planning permission will be sought, supported by updated environmental assessments. The process is staged and based on the Rochdale Envelope1 approach in which there is a noted requirement for design flexibility during the process.  In summary, this report covers the following aspects:    Provides background and scope of the proposed scheme.  Identifies the existing key baseline environmental conditions of the study area.  Appraises the potential significant environmental impacts of the proposed project on notable environmental features.  Sets out recommendations for further environmental assessment work required should the project be taken forward into the design phase and full planning.  Identifies the organisations that would need to be consulted with to inform the detailed design phase.","author":["Harrison, J.","Tobin, F.","Revill, D.","Drabble, R.","Ortigosa, S."],"organization":["JBA Consulting","Orkney Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.891902700000","-2.888496900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 12:48:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Churchill-Barriers-Screening-Request-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1726552","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lashy-sound-tidal-array-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Lashy Sound Tidal Array Scoping Report","description":"In December 2012, Scotrenewables Tidal Power Limited (SRTP) was awarded an \u0027Agreement for Lease\u0027 (AfL) from the Crown Estate for an area of seabed in Lashy Sound for up to 30MW of installed capacity, as part of a leasing round known as, \u0022Further Scottish Leasing (Saltire Prize projects) and demonstration leases - application window 4\u0022. SRTP propose to develop the Lashy Sound Tidal Array hereafter referred to as \u0022the project\u0022 in two phases; Phase 1 up to 10MW (5 turbines) and Phase 2 up to 30MW (15 turbines).  The specific aims of the scoping report are to:    Describe the proposed project;  Set out the current approach to the EIA and the proposed structure and content of the ES;  Summarise the existing baseline information in relation to the tidal array development envelope and the surrounding area;  Identify the issues which are to be assessed as part of the EIA;  Agree the general approach to the assessment and where appropriate the specific methodologies for each technical discipline; and  Identify those issues which can be scoped out of the EIA.","author":["Orbital Marine Power"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Scottish Renewables"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.218511100000","-2.715102100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/LashySound-ScopingReport-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1726553","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-islay-tidal-energy-park-environmental-statement","sourceURL":"","title":"West Islay Tidal Energy Park: Environmental Statement","description":"This Environmental Statement (ES) has been prepared on behalf of West Islay Tidal Energy Park Ltd by DP Marine Energy Ireland Ltd (DPME), who together with DEME Blue Energy NV form the joint venture partnership for the West Islay Tidal Energy Park (WITEP) project. The ES is submitted in support of an application for consent for the WITEP project (the \u201cProject\u201d), a proposed development of a tidal energy park covering an area of approximately 2.28 km2 around 6km off the south-west coast of the island of Islay in Argyll and Bute in Scotland.  The proposed Project comprises of between 15 and 30 tidal energy convertors (TECs) delivering a maximum installed capacity of 30MW together with the associated infrastructure required to export the generated energy to the shore on Islay. The TECs will be horizontal axis open rotor devices, each with an output of between 1.0 and 2.0MW. The infrastructure will include the inter-array cabling, marshalling hub and up to three subsea export cables to mean high water springs (MHWS) mark on Islay. The site location and subsea export cable route to Islay is shown in Figure 1.1.  SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION, POLICY, CONTEXT, EIA \u0026amp; DESCRIPTION    Introduction  Legislative \u0026amp; Policy Context  Site Selection Process and Alternatives Considered  The Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Statement \u0026amp; Consultation  Project Description  Physical Environment   SECTION 2: BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT    Mammals  Benthic Ecology  Otters  Birds  Natural Fish   SECTION 3: HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 12. Commercial Fish 13. Archaeology    Shipping \u0026amp; Navigation  Landscape \u0026amp; Seascape Visual  Traffic \u0026amp; Transport  Recreation and Amenity  Socio-economic  Noise  EMF   SECTION 4: SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS, MITIGATION \u0026amp; MONITORING    Summary of Impacts, Mitigation and Monitoring","author":["DP Energy"],"organization":["DP Energy"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.650000000000","-6.600000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 09:12:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WestIslay-ES-2013-Part1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WestIslay-ES-2013-Part2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WestIslay-ES-2013-Part3.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WestIslay-ES-2013-Part4.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1728296","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scapa-flow-scale-test-site-gravity-base-anchors-marine-licence-application-supporting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/pis_v3_gba.pdf","title":"Scapa Flow Scale Test Site Gravity Base Anchors: Marine Licence Application - Supporting Document","description":"Established in 2003, The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Ltd is the first and only centre of its kind in the world to provide developers of both wave and tidal energy converters with purpose-built, accredited open-sea testing facilities. In addition to EMEC\u2019s grid-connected sites, EMEC offers real-sea test sites in the less challenging conditions of Scapa Flow and Shapinsay Sound. These sites provide a more flexible sea space helping close the gap from tank testing and acting as a stepping-stone towards larger scale projects. Such accessible real sea testing enables marine energy developers and suppliers to learn lessons more cheaply, reducing the need for large vessels.  The scale sites are suitable for, but not limited to, the following testing activities:    Device testing  Component testing  New tools, techniques and supply chain solutions  Monitoring corrosion, biofouling and acoustic instrument packages  Anchoring, cabling, subsea hub and wet-mate connectors  Installation tests  Rehearsal activities  Testing ROVs and vessel activities  Operation and maintenance tests  Training  Health and safety procedures  Decommissioning trials  Research projects   EMEC has various infrastructure available to facilitate testing activities. Bespoke test support buoys can be provided, allowing developers to dissipate electricity generated by their devices and record data. Pre-installed anchor points provide mooring options, and an area of seabed is available for rehearsal or deployment of other tools and techniques. Each test site comprises one berth with pre-laid foundation and attachment points. The pre-laid foundations comprise 5m x 5m x 2m gravity-base frames loaded with densecrete blocks for equipment moorings.  This document has been developed to support a marine licence application, under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, for the continued deployment and removal of the gravity base anchors at the test site. This licence will also cover the deployment and removal of an additional gravity base anchor which will be a temporary deployment.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ScapaFlow-BaseAnchor-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1742198","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/albatern-wavenet-device-isle-muck-deployment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/grebeproject.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/Wave-Energy-Albatern-WaveNet-Scotland.pdf","title":"Albatern WaveNet Device Isle of Muck Deployment","description":"Albatern was founded in 2007 by David Finlay, supported by his father and brother. From 2007 until 2010 the development of the technology was very much on a self-funded basis, to come up with the concept and develop early models. It was validated in test environments, going from the bath to open waters. Isle of Muck is the smallest of four main islands in the Small Isles, part of the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. It is situated on the west coast of Scotland. The project was a collaboration between Albatern and Marine Harvest Scotland. Albatern owns the technology, while the site is provided by Marine Harvest Scotland. The project in itself is a demonstrator project aiming to corroborate the supply of supplementary power to working fish farms by testing the 6-Series WaveNET arrays. Motivation behind the project lays in the fact that aquaculture is one of Albatern\u2019s targeted markets. They believe that their device \u2013 WaveNET, is perfectly apt to deliver power to isolated off-shore fish farm sites, which currently rely on diesel generators.","author":["Campbell, D."],"organization":["Northern Periphery and Arctic Programme"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.844955900000","-6.225700900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 07:19:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Albatern-WaveNet-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1742392","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-wello-oys-wave-energy-converter-emecs-wave-test-facility-orkney","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/wave-clients\/wello-oy\/","title":"Deployment of Wello Oy\u0027s wave energy converter at EMEC\u0027s wave test facility in Orkney: Environmental Statement","description":"Wello Oy (Wello) is planning a full scale demonstration of its \u0027Penguin\u0027 wave energy converter (WEC) at the European Marine Energy Centre\u0027s (EMEC\u0027s) Wave Test Site facility at Billia Croo in Orkney, during summer 2011. The device will have an installed capacity of 500kW and feed electricity into the local grid via EMEC\u0027s pre-installed subsea cable. The device will be installed at a new deepwater berth (~60m) at the north end of the site.  This Environmental Statement (ES) has been produced in line with EMEC\u0027s EIA Guidance for Developers (EMEC, 2008) and covers the following tasks associated with the proposed test:    Mooring system installation  Device installation  Umbilical cable installation and connection to EMEC\u0027s pre-laid subsea cable  Operation and maintenance of all equipment  Testing and monitoring activities  Decommissioning of all equipment","author":["Aquatera Ltd"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd","Wello Oy"],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.959105000000","-3.376339000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 04:39:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wello-Oy-Environmental-Statement-2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1742589","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magallanes-atir-project-environmental-monitoring-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/project_environmental_monitoring_programme1.pdf","title":"Magallanes ATIR: Project Environmental Monitoring Plan","description":"Magallanes have prepared this Project Environmental Monitoring Report (PEMP) in support of a marine licence application under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2014 to install and operate the ATIR. Magallanes will be utilising EMECs Section 36 consent to generate electricity at the suite under the Electricity Act 1989, as it is believed that the project falls within the assessed project envelope. The PEMP documents the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures relating to the ATIR and associated works.","author":["Magallanes Renovables"],"organization":["Magallanes Renovables","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.146500000000","2.818000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:10:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Magallanes-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1742783","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orbital-o2-environmental-monitoring-programme","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/environmental_monitoring.pdf","title":"Orbital O2 Environmental Monitoring Programme","description":"This document has been prepared to support the marine licence application for the deployment, operation and decommissioning of the Orbital O2 2MW Tidal Turbine. The Environmental Monitoring Programme documents the proposed mitigation and monitoring measures relating to the installation, operation and decommissioning of the Orbital O2.","author":["Orbital Marine Power"],"organization":["Orbital Marine Power","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2018-10-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.148616670000","2.822900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 11:17:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Orbital-O2-Environmental-Monitoring-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1742784","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-shallow-water-wave-energy-converter-emec-billia-croo-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/environmental_report_4.pdf","title":"Deployment of a Shallow Water Wave Energy Converter at the EMEC Billia Croo Test Site: Environmental Report and Project-specific Environmental Monitoring Plan","description":"This Project-specific Environmental Report and Environmental Monitoring Plan (PEMP) will support the Marine Licence application of the Belgian wave energy developer Laminaria NV. Laminaria will install their first full-scale Wave Energy Converter (WEC) at the wave energy test site Billia Croo of the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in August 2018.  The WEC consists of a buoyant Power Take Off (PTO) system (the main floater) and will be connected by four individual mooring lines to a variable buoyancy gravity base anchor. The mooring lines will transfer the main floater movements towards the PTO systems located at the bottom of the floater to convert the incident wave energy to electricity.  This document will give an overview of the environmental conditions of and around the Billia Croo wave energy test site to provide a base for the identification of potential environmental impacts of the WEC (main floater and anchor) during the deployment period. This information includes details about the existing marine species, occurrences regarding the periods of the year, benthos and existing protected sites around Billia Croo.  Potential environmental impacts of the WEC have been identified during the Environmental Appraisal process. In order to decrease or manage these potential impacts, monitoring and mitigation measures have been established. The main potential impact identified is the disturbance of marine wildlife due to underwater noise and vibration produced by the WEC and the mobilisation of marine vessels. Due to the WEC\u2019s design, the time required for installation and decommissioning is drastically reduced. The WEC can be installed during one day by the utilisation of one small work vessel and one multi-cat vessel. Due to these marine vessels and the short on-site time required for the installation of the WEC, potential environmental impacts are reduced.  To identify the potential environmental impacts of the WEC occurring during the deployment period at EMEC, several monitoring equipment will be deployed to gain a greater understanding of the device\u2019s interaction with the environment. These include: noise sensor, camera, temperature, load, water ingress, electrical and GPS monitoring. Additional mitigation measures will be identified for future deployment projects.","author":["Laminaria"],"organization":["Laminaria","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2018-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.972091300000","-3.375842500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Laminaria-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1742785","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/swansea-bay-environmental-statement-chapter-23-mitigation-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tidallagoonpower.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/DCO-Application-ES-23.0-mitigation-and-monitoring.pdf","title":"Swansea Bay Environmental Statement: Chapter 23 Mitigation and Monitoring","description":"The preceding, specialist chapters of this ES (Chapters 6 to 22) report assessments of potential impacts that the Project may have upon the receptors described in those chapters during the construction, operation and decommissioning phases. Where likely significant impacts were identified, mitigation measures and their methodologies have been proposed.  This Mitigation and Monitoring chapter provides a summary of those potential significant impacts that have been identified and the means by which they are to be addressed.  Council Directive 85\/337\/EEC of 27th June 1985 (as amended) on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (the EIA Directive) describes the measures that Member States must take to ensure that the developer supplies all the necessary information. Article 5.2 of the EIA Directive states that the information a developer provides should include a description of the measures envisaged in order to avoid, reduce and, if possible, remedy significant adverse effects.  The Project has aimed since its inception to provide an opportunity for enhancement of the area\u2019s natural resources and amenities, without compromising their inherent value. As such, many measures that might have needed consideration at a later stage in the development, as mitigation, have already been incorporated into the development\u2019s design from the outset and as a result of an iterative process between the design team and the environmental assessment team.  For the purposes of this ES, mitigation is applied through three principal approaches:    mitigation incorporated during the design phase;  mitigation for the construction phase;  mitigation through operational site management;   Furthermore, the project will incorporate measures that provide additional opportunities for wildlife and people. These are discussed under the heading of enhancement.  Monitoring is planned as an important method for evaluating the outcomes of mitigation and enhancement measures. Within the environmental assessment chapters, proposals for monitoring have been briefly described. To further define the monitoring proposals an Adaptive Environmental Monitoring Plan (AEMP) has been prepared and this is discussed further below and presented in Appendix 23.1.","author":["Tidal Lagoon Power"],"organization":["Tidal Lagoon Power"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.597700000000","-3.906400000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Swansea-ES-Chapter23.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1744330","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approaches-understanding-cumulative-effects-stressors-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/23479\/approaches-to-understanding-the-cumulative-effects-of-stressors-on-marine-mammals","title":"Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals","description":"Marine mammals face a large array of stressors, including loss of habitat, chemical and noise pollution, and bycatch in fishing, which alone kills hundreds of thousands of marine mammals per year globally. To discern the factors contributing to population trends, scientists must consider the full complement of threats faced by marine mammals. Once populations or ecosystems are found to be at risk of adverse impacts, it is critical to decide which combination of stressors to reduce to bring the population or ecosystem into a more favorable state. Assessing all stressors facing a marine mammal population also provides the environmental context for evaluating whether an additional activity could threaten it.  Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals builds upon previous reports to assess current methodologies used for evaluating cumulative effects and identify new approaches that could improve these assessments. This review focuses on ways to quantify exposure-related changes in the behavior, health, or body condition of individual marine mammals and makes recommendations for future research initiatives.","author":["National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NASEM_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1744720","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-point-absorber-wave-energy-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148122004712","title":"Life cycle assessment of a point-absorber wave energy array","description":"Wave energy has a large global resource and thus a great potential to contribute to low-carbon energy systems. This study quantifies the environmental impacts of a 10 MW array of 28 point-absorber wave energy converters, by means of a process-based life cycle assessment (LCA). Midpoint and Cumulative Energy Demand LCA results are presented over 19 impact categories, representing impacts encompassing human health, ecosystems and resource availability. Three scenarios are undertaken to represent the use phase of the array, identified as a particularly uncertain input, with very little long-term operation of wave energy arrays available to validate assumptions. The resultant global warming potential of the array ranges from 25.1 to 46.0 gCO2e\/kWh over a 95% confidence interval, 23\u201343 times lower than conventional fossil fuel electricity generation. The Energy Payback Time of the array ranges between 2.6 and 5.2 years. LCA results are found to be particularly sensitive to annual energy production across all impact categories, and to assumptions associated with the frequency of marine operations over a number of categories quantifying the production of greenhouse gases. This LCA has been undertaken at an early stage in the WEC product development and will inform innovative research focused on further reducing the environmental impacts of electricity generation.","author":["Pennock, S.","Vanegas-Cantarero, M.","Bloise-Thomaz, T.","Jeffrey, H.","Dickson, M."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","CorPower Ocean"],"originationDate":"2022-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 08:55:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pennock-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1744721","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabirds-marine-renewable-energy-sources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.1201\/9781003047520-9\/seabirds-marine-renewable-energy-sources-andrew-harwood-sue-king","title":"Seabirds and Marine Renewable Energy Sources","description":"Seabirds face a wide range of anthropogenic threats and, increasingly, compete with other marine users for resources. The Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) industry is a relatively recent, but rapidly growing, exploiter of coastal and offshore waters around the world. Offshore wind farms and, to a lesser extent, wet MRE technology (e.g., hydro turbines and attenuators) provide important sustainable sources of energy. However, MRE projects may have negative and positive effects on seabirds, such as causing displacement, fragmenting or creating habitat, posing a collision threat and affecting prey resources.  This chapter provides an overview of the MRE industry, possible effects on seabirds and the roles of planning, monitoring, mitigation and compensation are considered. Whilst our understanding of project-level and cumulative effects has developed rapidly with the industry, significant gaps in knowledge remain. The industry is continuing to evolve, with offshore wind farms moving into deeper water, wet MRE technology developing and new geographic areas are beginning to be exploited. Further targeted monitoring and research are needed to ensure the MRE industry can continue to grow whilst safeguarding important seabird populations.","author":["Harwood, A.","King, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-06-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1744722","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-biodiversity-human-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/edit\/10.1201\/9781003047520\/seabird-biodiversity-human-activities-jaime-ramos-leonel-pereira?refId=cea14ef6-02f4-42f2-a60a-74ecbfc3dfaa\u0026context=ubx","title":"Seabird Biodiversity and Human Activities","description":"Seabirds are global travellers connecting oceans and seas all over the world, and facing multiple threats at local and global scales. Seabirds are long-lived top predators, reflecting changes at lower trophic levels, and are good models to assess ecological changes produced by human societies. Thus, world-wide collaborations are needed to understand seabird ecology and to develop effective conservation measures benefitting both humans and seabird populations.  This book provides a modern overview on seabird biodiversity studies: it begins by covering the most up-to-date techniques to study seabirds, and then focus on pragmatic issues related with interactions between seabirds and humans, the use of seabirds as ecological indicators and conservation of seabirds. It gives an updated insight on all these topics and highlights gaps that need further development for a comprehensive understanding of the relationships between seabirds and human actions.  This book covers the response of the seabird research community to a biodiversity crisis aiming to contribute towards environmental sustainability. It should provide inspiration to a wide range of professionals and students, including the much needed world-wide collaboration between research groups and practitioners. In this way seabird research and conservation provide an inspiration for the solution of global issues such as climate change.","author":["Ramos, J.","Pereira, L."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1749166","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/frequency-characteristics-skate-electroreceptive-central-neurons-responding-electrical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/BF01053489#article-info","title":"Frequency characteristics of skate electroreceptive central neurons responding to electrical and magnetic stimulation","description":"Responses of single neurons in the lateral lobes of the medulla to stimulation of the electroreceptive system by homogeneous sinusoidal electrical and magnetic fields were investigated in acute experiments on the skate Raja radiata. Thresholds of neuronal responses to electrical stimulation varied from 0.03 to 10 \u00b5V\/cm. The optimal frequency ranges for electrical and magnetic reception were in the regions of 0.05\u20135 and 2\u20133 Hz respectively. The possible mechanisms and functional significance of frequency characteristics of central neurons are discussed.","author":["Andrianov, Y.","Broun, G.","Il\u0027inskii, O.","Muraveiko, V."],"organization":["Russian Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"1984-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1749327","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/survival-stillest-predator-avoidance-shark-embryos","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0052551","title":"Survival of the Stillest: Predator Avoidance in Shark Embryos","description":"Sharks use highly sensitive electroreceptors to detect the electric fields emitted by potential prey. However, it is not known whether prey animals are able to modulate their own bioelectrical signals to reduce predation risk. Here, we show that some shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) embryos can detect predator-mimicking electric fields and respond by ceasing their respiratory gill movements. Despite being confined to the small space within the egg case, where they are vulnerable to predators, embryonic sharks are able to recognise dangerous stimuli and react with an innate avoidance response. Knowledge of such behaviours, may inform the development of effective shark repellents.","author":["Kempster, R.","Hart, N.","Collin, S."],"organization":["University of Western Australia"],"originationDate":"2013-01-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kempster-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1749361","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impacts-submarine-power-cables-benthic-elasmobranchs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchspace.auckland.ac.nz\/bitstream\/handle\/2292\/30773\/whole.pdf?sequence=2","title":"The potential impacts of submarine power cables on benthic elasmobranchs","description":"Offshore renewable energy developments are becoming increasingly popular to meet the growing global demand for renewable energy.  Marine sources of renewable energy, and other power transmission requirements, use submarine power cables that are either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC).  Both have the potential to generate weak electromagnetic fields (EMFs) within the elasmobranch sensitivity range.  Thus the question arises: do submarine cables adversely affect elasmobranchs?  To help address this question, the effects of EMFs associated with a 50 Hz 75 amp (A) AC power cable, a 30 A DC cable and a 198 A DC cable were studied through a novel series of laboratory experiments, with and without seawater flow over the cables.  Experiments used two benthic elasmobranch species, the New Zealand eagle ray (Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Hector, 1877) and New Zealand carpet shark (Cephaloscyllium isabellum Bonnaterre, 1788).  Eagle rays showed no response to the active 30 A DC cable 51.8% of the time in seawater flow, and 85.1% of the time in no seawater flow.  In these experiments, the cables were above the tank floor and responses towards active and inactive cables were similar, so were likely triggered by visual and tactile cues.  An improved experimental design was developed to remove these confounding factors, introduce AC fields, and increase EMF strengths to more closely simulate field strengths.  Under these conditions, the sharks showed no response to the active AC cable an overwhelming 98% of the time. In response to the 198 A DC cable, they investigated the active cable zone 8.1% of the time but still showed no response towards the active cable 90.9% of the time.  The sharks habituated to the 198 A DC cable within the first five minutes of an experiment.  Based on these results, it is concluded that submarine AC cables of a similar specification will have little effect and are unlikely to impact benthic elasmobranchs.  Based on the rapid habituation shown by the sharks, the small effect prompted by 198 A DC cables is also not expected to translate into an impact, though further research into other cable specifications and study species is recommended.","author":["Orr, M."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2016-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1755925","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proving-robust-approach-assess-bio-physical-interactions-floating-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/uploads\/resources\/SupergenReport_LL.pdf","title":"Proving a robust approach to assess bio-physical interactions with floating tidal turbines","description":"This ECR research fund supported a feasibility study around Orbital\u2019s O2 floating tidal energy structure (Fig. 1) located in the Fall of Warness, Orkney, Scotland, to inform on industry-relevant flow measures and environmental interactions, thereby proving a low-cost, robust and reproducible monitoring approach. The overall goal of the project was to generate in-situ, industryrelevant data to be used in flow field characterisation (inflow and wake effects), turbine array spacing modelling, as well as for environmental impact assessments. This was achieved using a combination of vessel-mounted transects equipped with water column sensors, concurrent seabird observations and aerial drone surveys.","author":["Lieber, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2022-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.141469000000","-2.811309000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 11:19:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SupergenReport_LL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1756119","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-climate-change-underwater-sound-propagation-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholar.colorado.edu\/downloads\/47429b16t","title":"The Impacts of Climate Change on Underwater Sound Propagation from Tidal Turbines","description":"The reality of climate change has led to an increased desire for renewable energy technologies. Recently, ocean energy has received increasing attention from the scientific community. Tidal energy specifically has immense potential, and as it is incredibly predictable there is the possibility of continuous energy generation from the ocean with the combined use of energy storage systems and tidal energy converters. However, before a mass implementation of tidal energy devices, their environmental impacts need to be better understood, and, in a warming climate it is critical to understand how the changing climate will influence these impacts. In this thesis, global climate models were combined with an Underwater Acoustic Simulator (UAS) to quantify the sound propagation from tidal turbines. This model was applied to 9 sample locations within Europe\u2019s marginal seas simulating sound propagation in modern day climatic conditions (seawater temperature and salinity) and in projected 2050 conditions. The turbine modelled was a 6-m OpenHydro open centre turbine due to its already environmentally conscious design. The locations were in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and English Channel due to the propensity for tidal and wave energy in this region. The resulting sound propagation from the two simulations were subtracted from each other to calculate the change in Sound Exposure Level (SEL) at each location. The simulated changes at each location were averaged and fitted to a normally distributed probability density function (PDF) to predict how underwater sound propagation changes with the climate. In regards to spatial differences the results suggest minimal impacts from temperature and salinity differences between locations on underwater sound attenuation, but relatively large impacts from differences in bathymetry and topography. In regards to changes over time the results showed that SEL tends to decrease with climate change, centering at around a -0.5 dB change. This is a very small change in comparison to the 185 dB of noise created by a tidal turbine. More to the point, six of the nine locations predicted an insignificant average absolute change (less than \u00b1 0.3 dB). These results are helpful in understanding one of the many impacts of climate change on the planet\u2019s key environments, and expanding on how tidal turbines affect the ecosystem in which they are placed.","author":["Zimmerman, C."],"organization":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zimmerman_Clark_sp22_Thesis__1_.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1758637","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-art-review-flexibility-feasibility-emerging-offshore-coastal-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122003124","title":"State-of-the-art review of the flexibility and feasibility of emerging offshore and coastal ocean energy technologies in East and Southeast Asia","description":"The inherently advantageous geographical location of East and Southeast Asia provides a great potential for the development of diverse ocean energy technologies along its densely populated coastlines. This review paper focuses on the flexibility and feasibility of emerging ocean energy technologies in this region, including wave, tidal and ocean-current energy converters, floating photovoltaics, and offshore wind-turbines. Recent research on wave energy in the region has achieved advancements such as modifying oscillating water columns to exchange higher pneumatic energy, reshaping oscillating devices to capture more kinetic energy, and improving overtopping converters to absorb more incident waves. Regarding tidal energy, the paper reviews barrage-based and stream-based turbines and investigates the efficiency improvement, flexibility enhancement and adaptation to the unique regional features. Regarding ocean current energy, research on low-velocity turbines and optimized energy storage systems has made their application in the region more competitive. In addition, offshore deployments of floating photovoltaics have recently drawn the sector\u0027s attention and are beginning to emerge in the region, although their robustness against extreme weather and wave conditions should be addressed. Furthermore, compared to other ocean technologies, offshore wind technologies have attracted the most investment in the region. Due to the fluctuation of wind-energy generation, enhancing the energy flexibility to increase its grid penetration has become a recent focus in both the academic and industrial communities. However, despite the good research and demonstrations, most of the abovementioned ocean technologies still encounter considerable techno-economic and techno-environmental challenges that limit their competitiveness in the East and Southeast Asian markets.","author":["Li, M.","Luo, H.","Zhou, S.","Kumar, G.","Guo, X.","Law, T.","Cao, S."],"organization":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU)"],"originationDate":"2022-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1758831","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integration-multitrophic-aquaculture-approach-marine-energy-projects-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925857421003803","title":"Integration of multitrophic aquaculture approach with marine energy projects for management and restoration of coastal ecosystems of India","description":"Coastal areas of India have a big potential for establishing renewable energy projects, which are generally regarded as green energy sources. However, such projects\u0027 construction work may cause a negative environmental impact on the surrounding waters. Aquaculture projects based on seaweed and fisheries, commonly referred to as integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA), can help to mitigate these impacts. Although the purpose of any IMTA is to recirculate the waste products from cultivated species and not to mitigate the environmental impacts of energy projects, IMTA may serve as a complementary activity to compensate for the environmental impacts of marine energy projects. In return, marine energy projects can provide a few facilities to IMTA projects in their areas. IMTA projects are already practised in some parts of the world; however, rare examples are available with marine energy projects. This study aims to put an idea of potential IMTA projects in the areas of the proposed first offshore wind farm in India. This study also recommends the possible utilisation of the potential tidal energy plant in the estuary as a nursery for a few species in IMTA on the western coast of India. In addition, the current study discussed some major challenges, such as seasonal variations, ecological risks, selection of IMTA components, legal, economic and regulatory and social acceptance. Overcoming these challenges can promote further development of IMTA projects in Indian coastal waters.","author":["Ingle, K.","Polikovsky, M.","Fenta, M.","Ingle, A.","Golberg, A."],"organization":["University of Szeged","Tel Aviv University","Zeal College of Engineering and Research"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1760762","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-dutch-north-sea-white-paper-potential-benefits-dutch-energy-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tocardo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/DNV-Marine-Eneregy-in-the-Dutch-Norh-Sea.pdf","title":"Marine Energy in the Dutch North Sea White Paper: Potential benefits to the Dutch energy system","description":"Marine energy has been gaining attention as a potential contributor to the diversification of the Dutch renewable portfolio and to sustainable energy generation in the North Sea. In July of this year, three motions1 were submitted to the Dutch Parliament, requesting the government to invest in research and demonstrations of marine energy. All three were accepted, indicating the willingness of a majority of the Dutch Parliament to further explore the development and deployment of marine energy in the Netherlands. Thanks to their CO2-free and reliable nature, marine energy technologies may play a role in bulk power generation, balancing of the grid, and the optimization of generation portfolios. Wave energy and tidal energy are currently the most promising technologies to harness the power of the North Sea, whereas salinity gradient technologies may be used in any body of water with a difference in salt concentration, such as in river mouths, where fresh water is discharged at sea, or where the water of the IJsselmeer connects with the Waddenzee. If co-located with offshore wind farms, marine energy technologies can enable a more efficient use of transmission capacity and a multifunctional use of space at sea. Therefore, their role should be clearly defined and integrated within the national renewable policy, considering their potential contribution to the need for multifunctional use of space and infrastructure as stressed in the Draft North Sea Programme 2022-2027. Including marine energy more explicitly in national subsidy schemes could be a way to support and accelerate its commercial development and to reduce the risk of investments. The development of marine energy may also contribute to other purposes that lay outside the scope of this paper, such as creating job and export opportunities for the Dutch offshore and maritime sector, as well as potentially contributing to coastal and river protection projects. Further studies, potentially followed by pilot and demonstration projects, are required to investigate the (additional) risks and benefits of combining such functionalities (coastal and river protection, and power generation).","author":["Tocardo B.V."],"organization":["Tocardo B.V."],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:11:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tocardo-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1763661","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-climate-driven-changes-seabird-demography-implications-assessments-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v690\/p185-200\/","title":"Potential climate-driven changes to seabird demography: implications for assessments of marine renewable energy development","description":"Europe has set ambitious green energy targets, to which offshore renewable developments (ORDs) will make a significant contribution. Governments are legally required to deliver ORDs sustainably; however, they may have detrimental impacts on wildlife, especially those already experiencing declines due to climate change. Population viability analysis (PVA) is the standard method for forecasting population change in ORD assessments, but PVAs do not currently account for climate effects. We quantified climate effects on seabird breeding success for 8 UK species breeding in the North Sea. We assessed the potential for seabirds to mitigate climate-driven changes in breeding success by accessing wider resources through increased foraging ranges around colonies. We demonstrate strong links between breeding success and climate in 5 species. In 4 of these species, future climate projections indicated large declines in breeding success relative to current rates. Only one species was predicted to increase breeding success under future climate. In all 5 species, there was limited opportunity for species to increase breeding success by expanding foraging ranges to access more suitable future climatic conditions. Climate change will have significant ramifications for future breeding success of seabirds breeding in the North Sea, an area undergoing extensive and rapid offshore renewable energy development. We recommend 3 methods for including climate-driven changes to seabird breeding success within ORD assessments: development of predictive climate-driven habitat use models to estimate ORD-wildlife interactions; delivery of a new ORD assessment framework that includes dynamic predictions of climate-driven habitat use and demography of wildlife populations; and consideration of climate-driven changes in the implementation of compensatory measures.","author":["Searle, K.","Butler, A.","Waggitt, J.","Evans, P.","Quinn, L.","Bogdanova, M.","Evans, T.","Braithwaite, J.","Daunt, F."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology","Bioinformatics and Statistics Scotland","Bangor University","Sea Watch Foundation","NatureScot","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2022-06-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Searle-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1763662","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/can-artificial-magnetic-fields-alter-functional-role-blue-mussel-mytilus-edulis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-022-04065-4","title":"Can artificial magnetic fields alter the functional role of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis?","description":"Along European coasts, the rapid expansion of marine renewable energy devices and their buried power cables, raises major societal concerns regarding the potential effects of their magnetic field emissions (MFs) on marine species and ecosystem functioning. MFs occur at a local spatial scale, which makes sessile species the primary target of chronic and high-intensity exposures. Some of them, as ecosystem engineers, have critical functions in coastal habitats whose behavioral alteration may drive profound consequences at the ecosystem level. In this context, the present experimental study explored the effects of short exposure to direct current MFs, on the feeding behavior of a widespread ecosystem engineer, the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). A repeated measure design was carried out with adult mussels successively exposed to control treatment (ambient magnetic field of 47 \u00b5T) and artificial MF treatment (direct current of 300 \u00b5T produced by Helmholtz coils), as measured around power cables. The filtration activity was assessed through valve gap monitoring using an automated image analysis system. The clearance rate was estimated simultaneously by measuring the decrease in algal concentration using flow cytometry. Our findings revealed that mussels placed in MF treatment did not exhibit observable differences in valve activity and filtration rate, thus suggesting that, at such an intensity, artificial MFs do not significantly impair their feeding behavior. However, additional research is required to investigate the sensitivity of other life stages, the effects of mid to long-term exposure to alternative and direct current fields and to test various MF intensities.","author":["Albert, L.","Maire, O.","Olivier, F.","Lambert, C.","Romero-Ramirez, A.","Jolivet, A.","Chauvaud, L.","Chauvaud, S."],"organization":["TBM Environnement","Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale","Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u0027Environnement Marin (LEMAR)"],"originationDate":"2022-05-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1774858","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecosystem-based-natural-capital-evaluation-framework-combines-environmental-socio","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/2516-1083\/ac702a\/meta","title":"An ecosystem-based natural capital evaluation framework that combines environmental and socio-economic implications of offshore renewable energy developments","description":"There is about to be an abrupt step-change in the use of coastal seas around the globe, specifically by the addition of large-scale offshore renewable energy (ORE) developments to combat climate change. Developing this sustainable energy supply will require trade-offs between both direct and indirect environmental effects, as well as spatial conflicts with marine uses like shipping, fishing, and recreation. However, the nexus between drivers, such as changes in the bio-physical environment from the introduction of structures and extraction of energy, and the consequent impacts on ecosystem services delivery and natural capital assets is poorly understood and rarely considered through a whole ecosystem perspective. Future marine planning needs to assess these changes as part of national policy level assessments but also to inform practitioners about the benefits and trade-offs between different uses of natural resources when making decisions to balance environmental and energy sustainability and socio-economic impacts. To address this shortfall, we propose an ecosystem-based natural capital evaluation framework that builds on a dynamic Bayesian modelling approach which accounts for the multiplicity of interactions between physical (e.g. bottom temperature), biological (e.g. net primary production) indicators and anthropogenic marine use (i.e. fishing) and their changes across space and over time. The proposed assessment framework measures ecosystem change, changes in ecosystem goods and services and changes in socio-economic value in response to ORE deployment scenarios as well as climate change, to provide objective information for decision processes seeking to integrate new uses into our marine ecosystems. Such a framework has the potential of exploring the likely outcomes in the same metrics (both ecological and socio-economic) from alternative management and climate scenarios, such that objective judgements and decisions can be made, as to how to balance the benefits and trade-offs between a range of marine uses to deliver long-term environmental sustainability, economic benefits, and social welfare.","author":["Trifonova, N.","Scott, B.","Griffin, R.","Pennock, S.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Massachusetts","Stanford University","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2022-06-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trifonova_2022_Prog._Energy_4_032005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1794173","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/small-artificial-habitats-enhance-nursery-function-juvenile-fish-large-commercial-port","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925857417301490#!","title":"Small artificial habitats to enhance the nursery function for juvenile fish in a large commercial port of the Mediterranean","description":"The concentration of human activities along the shoreline induces high levels of pressure, notably seascape urbanization caused by the proliferation of coastal and marine infrastructures such as ports, harbors, marinas and coastal defense structures. Because they are localized in sheltered and shallow coastal areas, these infrastructures inevitably lead to the loss of natural essential habitats once used as nursery ground by juvenile fish. Some studies have reported the presence of high juvenile densities on breakwaters and jetties suggesting those infrastructures could support the nursery function. However, ports seem unlikely to be used by juveniles due to their vertical and featureless docks. Here we explored the feasibility of using small artificial habitats to enhance the ecological value of ports. We set up a total of 108 artificial habitats in three different locations of the large commercial port of Marseille in the northwestern Mediterranean. We then surveyed juvenile fish on the artificial habitats and control docks on 7 different occasions between June and September 2014. Average species richness and densities were higher on the artificial habitats but displayed high spatial and taxa-specific variations. Hence, small artificial habitats are promising ecological engineering tools to enhance the nursery function inside ports and thus reduce the ecological footprint of those infrastructures.","author":["Mercader, M.","Merci\u00e8re, A.","Saragoni, G.","Chemin\u00e9e, A.","Crec\u0027hriou, R.","Pastor, J.","Rider, M.","Dubas, R.","Lecaillon, G.","Boissery, P.","Lenfant, P."],"organization":["University of Perpignan","French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","Ecocean"],"originationDate":"2017-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.332736300000","5.339753200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1808147","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecologically-sustainable-futures-large-scale-renewables-how-get-there","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/99","title":"Ecologically-sustainable futures for large-scale renewables and how to get there","description":"To arrive at a sustainable future we need offshore renewables to succeed, and to do so we need to work together. There have been ecological showstoppers in the past and there will be again in the future unless we can co-design devices, array layouts and site locations of multiple very large-scale developments such that cumulative ecological effects can be assessed and conflicts with ecological laws, local communities and fishing industries be minimized. In order to effectively spatially manage our marine habitats, weigh-up ecological trade-offs and avoid\/adapt to the worst effects of climate change, we need all those involved to understand, at some degree of detail, how our marine ecosystems function such that impact mitigation efforts can start at the design stage of devices and developments. This paper outlines a straightforward way to convey the most important environmental issues that are concerning renewables developments, as well as in the context of climate change, and at the scales of individuals and ecosystems. It covers a range of suggestions for the design of data collection, analysis and modelling frameworks to deal with these concerns and finishes with suggestions for potential avenues for future collaboration between ecological and engineering sciences.","author":["Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2022-06-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scott-et-al-2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1808148","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mspglobal-international-guide-marinemaritime-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000379196","title":"MSPglobal: international guide on marine\/maritime spatial planning","description":"Since UNESCO\u2019s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO) and the European Commission\u2019s Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (DG MARE) launched in 2017 their Joint Roadmap to accelerate marine\/maritime spatial planning (MSP) processes worldwide1, the number of countries that have initiated, advanced or approved their own MSP processes has increased significantly. Through the active and effective participation of policy mak-ers, representatives of maritime sectors, academia, citizens and other stakeholders in activities organised in all corners of the ocean, the MSPglobal Initiative has contributed to improving cross-border and transboundary cooperation where marine spatial plans already existed or were being prepared, and to promoting planning processes in regions where they have not yet been launched. As we enter this new decade, the goal set by the Joint Roadmap remains today to triple the marine area benefiting from MSP, approved and led by governments and their citizens and effectively implemented in more than 30% of marine areas under national jurisdiction by 2030. This is in line with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and supported by national and regional initiatives in the framework of the United Nations Decades of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and on Ecosystem Restoration.","author":["Ansong, J.","Isaksson, I.","Quesada da Silva, M.","Smith, J.","Su\u00e1rez de Vivero, J.","Varjopuro, R.","Zhang, Z."],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","European Union (EU)","United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UNESCO-MSP-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1808342","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparative-study-laws-policies-supporting-marine-energy-development-china-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X2200104X","title":"A comparative study of laws and policies on supporting marine energy development in China and Korea","description":"Marine energy technologies in China and Korea are still in the follow-up stage compared to advanced countries. However, both countries have abundant marine energy resources, and the research for early commercialization in development, advancement, and verification of marine energy technology is actively underway. However, for early commercialization of marine energy, national policy support, investment, and development strategies are required. In this study, the current technologies, laws, policies and incentive systems in China were compared to those in Korea, and challenges to be solved were reviewed. As a result, it was found that concrete strategies to support marine energy need to be established, and the subsidy system to induce private company participation should be improved. In addition, since recognizing the necessity of marine energy development, both countries are expected to play an important role in the global marine energy market in the future.","author":["Ko, D.","Ge, Y.","Park, J.S.","Liu, L.","Ma, C.","Chen, F.","Peng, J.","Kang, S.","Yi, J.","Liu, W."],"organization":["Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)","Xi\u0027an Jiaotong University","National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)"],"originationDate":"2022-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1808536","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/last-stop-2025-2022-action-plan-deliver-offshore-strategys-ocean-energy-target","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanenergy-europe.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Last-Stop-to-2025.pdf","title":"Last Stop to 2025: A 2022 Action Plan to deliver on the Offshore Strategy\u0027s Ocean Energy Target","description":"When the EU Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy (Offshore Strategy) was released in November 2020, few predicted the crisis that would soon impact Europe\u2019s energy systems. But as the circumstances changed dramatically, the Offshore Strategy only became more and more relevant. Deepening and widening access to Europe\u2019s indigenous renewable energy sources is more critical than ever. The heightened importance of the Offshore Strategy \u2013 almost 2 years later \u2013 proves the strategic foresight of the European Commission\u2019s Green Deal. Prioritising decarbonisation and building of a new prosperity based on sustainable technologies and practices will always be the right path \u2013 irrespective of changing circumstances.  This strategic approach is encapsulated in the European Commission\u2019s deployment targets for tidal and wave energy: 100 MW by 2025, 1 GW by 2030 and 40 GW by 2050. In its Offshore Strategy, the Commission committed to coordinate with national and regional authorities to fund the 2025 and 2030 targets. But while the value of the Offshore Strategy has been reaffirmed by recent events, its implementation remains slow and patchy. As a direct result, Europe is now at risk of missing its 2025 ocean energy deployment target. The \u2018Target 2025\u2019 pipeline of wave \u0026amp; tidal projects2  clearly shows how projects need to reach final investment decision by late 2023, if they are to deploy at sea by the end of 2025.","author":["Collombet, R."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Europe (OEE)"],"originationDate":"2022-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Last-Stop-to-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1808537","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sympatric-seals-satellite-tracking-protected-areas-habitat-based-distribution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.875869\/full","title":"Sympatric Seals, Satellite Tracking and Protected Areas: Habitat-Based Distribution Estimates for Conservation and Management","description":"Marine predator populations are crucial to the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Like many predator taxa, pinnipeds face an increasingly complex array of natural and anthropogenic threats. Understanding the relationship between at-sea processes and trends in abundance at land-based monitoring sites requires robust estimates of at-sea distribution, often on multi-region scales. Such an understanding is critical for effective conservation management, but estimates are often limited in spatial extent by spatial coverage of animal-borne tracking data. Grey (Halichoerus grypus) and harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) are sympatric predators in North Atlantic shelf seas. The United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland represents an important population centre for both species, and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) are designated for their monitoring and protection. Here we use an extensive high-resolution GPS tracking dataset, unprecedented in both size (114 grey and 239 harbour seals) and spatial coverage, to model habitat preference and generate at-sea distribution estimates for the entire UK and Ireland populations of both species. We found regional differences in environmental drivers of distribution for both species which likely relate to regional variation in diet and population trends. Moreover, we provide SAC-specific estimates of at-sea distribution for use in marine spatial planning, demonstrating that hotspots of at-sea density in UK and Ireland-wide maps cannot always be apportioned to the nearest SAC. We show that for grey seals, colonial capital breeders, there is a mismatch between SACs (where impacts are likely to be detected) and areas where impacts are most likely to occur (at sea). We highlight an urgent need for further research to elucidate the links between at-sea distribution during the foraging season and population trends observed in SACs. More generally, we highlight that the potential for such a disconnect needs to be considered when designating and managing protected sites, particularly for species that aggregate to breed and exhibit partial migration (e.g. grey seals), or spatial variation in migration strategies. We demonstrate the use of strategic tracking efforts to predict distribution across multiple regions, but caution that such efforts should be mindful of the potential for differences in species-environment relationships despite similar accessible habitats.","author":["Carter, M.","Boehme, L.","Cronin, M.","Duck, C.","Grecian, J.","Hastie, G.","Jessopp, M.","Matthiopoulos, J.","McConnell, B.","Miller, D.","Morris, C.","Moss, S.","Thompson, D.","Thompson, P.","Russell, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","University College Cork","University of Glasgow","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2022-06-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carter-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1809118","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/uisce-tapa-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dpenergy.com\/project\/uisce-tapa\/","title":"Uisce Tapa Project","description":"The Andrtiz Hammerfest Hydro MK1 was the proposed technology to be deployed on Berth E at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) Test Site. The Mk1 has an 18.4 m diameter rotor and rated power of 1.5 MW. The turbine is a horizontal axis, 3 bladed, seabed mounted tidal turbine, which has been successfully deployed (3 machines) at MeyGen in Scotland. The Mk1 design represents the next generation in seabed mounted tidal turbine development for AHH incorporating a number of new features both to customise elements of the device for operation in the Bay of Fundy, but also to ready the device for commercial scale deployment.The project planned to start with a single turbine and expand to an array.","author":["Sarah Thomas"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-07-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-18 04:18:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1811443","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-potential-social-value-offered-europe-development-deployment-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.etipocean.eu\/knowledge_hub\/a-study-into-the-potential-social-value-offered-to-europe-from-the-development-and-deployment-of-wave-and-tidal-energy-to-2050\/","title":"A study into the potential social value offered to Europe from the development and deployment of wave and tidal energy to 2050","description":"This report, Deliverable 3.4 Socioeconomic Study (\u2018A study into the potential social value offered to Europe from the development and deployment of wave and tidal energy to 2050\u2019), gathers evidence on the direct and indirect impacts, in terms of job creation, training needs and business opportunities along the value chain, to the European society and economy of the development of wave and tidal energy technologies in Europe and their deployment globally to 2050.  This study builds upon the study into the potential economic value of these technologies previously completed in the project (i.e. Deliverable 3.3 GVA Study) and identifies specific opportunities, quantitative social benefits and high-level policy recommendations. Furthermore, the socioeconomic study has a particular focus on the potential benefits that ocean energy technologies can have on coastal communities. To this respect, results, analyses and conclusions have been based on three case studies of the European regions with strongest capabilities and opportunities in ocean energy.  The global methodology involved four main steps as summarised below:    Based on the Gross Value Added (GVA) outputs, the socio-economic study gathered evidence on number and type of jobs along the value chain with a global perspective.  Parallel to this global job creation study, a survey was conducted among a number of key European coastal regions to assess the capabilities and socio-economic opportunities that ocean energy development can offer in these territories.  Three different regions were selected for the case studies. This included identification of key stakeholders in the local area, data gathering and workshop for the dissemination \u0026amp; validation of opportunities with stakeholders.  Finally, results and conclusions of the case studies were used to provide a series of recommendations for other EU regions with similar characteristics and objectives to maximise the impact of ocean energy in their territories.   With regard to the first step, two main deployment scenarios were selected for the job study based on the IEA ETP Faster Innovation Case (FIC), which assume the net zero carbon emissions target would be attained globally by 2050 due to a faster rate of technology innovation. These two scenarios lead to a lower and upper bound of the job creation potential for Europe if the right policies are implemented to deploy 60 GW and 100 GW by 2050 respectively. It is worthwhile mentioning that even if the job study estimates the direct, indirect and induced jobs, the results presented will mainly highlight the potential for direct and indirect jobs creation, as induced jobs are more difficult to interpret. This also facilitates comparison with other studies that have not considered induced jobs into their projections.  View A study into the potential economic value offered to Europe from the development and deployment of wave and tidal energy to 2050 here.","author":["Ruiz-Minguela, P.","Villate, J.","Uriarte, X.","Grispiani, L."],"organization":["Tecnalia","ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)"],"originationDate":"2022-06-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D3.4-Socio-economic-study.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1822787","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-modeling-support-sustainable-offshore-wind-energy-development-california","sourceURL":"https:\/\/consbio.org\/projects\/supporting-sustainable-offshore-wind-energy-development-for-the-state-of-california\/","title":"Spatial Modeling to Support Sustainable Offshore Wind Energy Development for California","description":"Offshore wind energy developed in federal ocean waters off California is poised to help the state achieve its 100% renewable and zero-carbon energy goals. Since 2016, the State has coordinated with governmental partners, including the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the BOEM-California Renewable Energy Intergovernmental Task Force, to identify areas off the state\u2019s coast suitable for potential offshore wind energy development. To support this effort, the Conservation Biology Institute (CBI) used data from the California Offshore Wind Energy Gateway to produce a robust set of spatial models, designed to synthesize information to help stakeholders and decision-makers assess the suitability of offshore wind energy development in federal waters off the coast of California. These models, created using the Environmental Evaluation Modeling System (EEMS) with 239 input datasets, provide a transparent and data-driven means for assessing a range of considerations at a given location, such as energy potential, deployment feasibility, ocean uses, fisheries, and marine life occurrence. Together, these models can be used to inform planning processes for offshore wind energy development, to maximize renewable power generation and to help avoid or minimize potential impacts to existing ocean uses and the environment.  The California Offshore Wind Energy Modeling Platform, powered by EEMS Online technology, provides an interface where stakeholders and decision-makers can interact with and explore the models and their data sources to help support decision-making processes. However, it is also important to understand these do not provide a sensitivity or vulnerability evaluation and should not be used to identify or assess project-level impacts. Additionally, they reflect available data, expert opinion, and currently understood geographic distributions of species and ocean use, without taking potential shifts due to climate change into account.  In the future, CBI\u2019s models could be extended geographically, (e.g. to include California\u2019s state waters or to Oregon for regional planning efforts), and\/or enhanced with additional data and expert input, based on agency and stakeholder priorities. This work could be leveraged to further support strategic planning by combining the thematic models in a least-conflict analysis to highlight areas most suited for exploration of OSW development, under different scenarios. There is a need for continued investment, to keep the analysis current and relevant throughout the different stages of offshore wind energy planning in California.","author":["Degagne, R.","Gough, M.","Joseph, G.","Pizzino, D.","Smith, C.","Strittholt, J."],"organization":["Conservation Biology Institute","California Energy Commission","California Ocean Protection Council","Resources Legacy Fund"],"originationDate":"2022-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.437764497741","-122.798205686390"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 08:54:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CA-OSW-EEMS-Modeling-Report-October-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1824525","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-ocean-report-2022-pilot-edition","sourceURL":"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000381921.locale=en","title":"State of the ocean report 2022: pilot edition","description":"This pilot edition of the State of the Ocean Report (StOR) was proposed and developed to demonstrate the feasibility of keeping the world up to date on the current state of the ocean. Building on examples from IOC-led or joint initiatives, the report is structured around the initial Challenges of the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, 2021\u20132030.1The StOR reveals a lack of reliable benchmarks in many aspects of ocean knowledge. Most sections in the report tend to be descriptive and qualitative, consistent with the recent seminal Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Assessment (IPBES, 2019) that stated: \u2018human actions threaten more species with global extinction now than ever before\u2019. The IPBES further elaborates: \u2018marine ecosystems, from coastal to deep sea, now show the influence of human actions, with coastal marine ecosystems showing both large historical losses of extent and condition as well as rapid ongoing declines (established but incomplete)\u2019. Indeed, a key conclusion from the pilot StOR is that ocean knowledge is generally able to identify (\u2018establish\u2019) issues but falls short of these being comprehensive and, hence, actionable (\u2018incomplete\u2019) \u2013 \u2018one cannot manage what one cannot measure\u2019.There is, therefore, an urgent need for a quantitative description of the state of the ocean, with established benchmarks and the capacity to report changes. The overall aim remains \u2013 to produce (probably annually) a brief, accessible, one-stop overview of the current state of the ocean, and to mobilize global society to act towards \u2018the ocean we need for the future we want\u2019 as a contribution to sustainable development, and in particular to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14. To achieve this, the StOR must be more encompassing. So, for subsequent editions, the IOC will invite contributions from UN agencies and professional organizations, turning the StOR into a pan-UN publication.","author":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"organization":["United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)","United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SotOR-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1824720","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-fish-fisheries-research-inform-scotmer-evidence-gaps-future-strategic-research","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/review-fish-fisheries-research-inform-scotmer-evidence-gaps-future-strategic-research-uk\/","title":"Review of fish and fisheries research to inform ScotMER evidence gaps and future strategic research in the UK","description":"This study provides a review of research of relevance to existing evidence gaps of the potential impacts of Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) developments on fish and commercial fishing in the UK, and identifies recommendations for future research to address them. The broad evidence gaps categories on which the study is focused are based on those identified by the Scottish Marine Energy Research (ScotMER) programme\u2019s fish and fisheries evidence map. These are considered of relevance in an UK-wide context and include the following:  \u2022 FF.01: Accurate mapping of fishing effort and catches in space and time;  \u2022 FF.02: Accurate and validated method to predict fisheries displacement levels and locations;  \u2022 FF.03: Fisheries stakeholders integration and participation process;  \u2022 FF.04: Improvements in Environmental Impact Assessment methodologies;  \u2022 FF.05: Strategic fisheries management;  \u2022 FF.06: Underwater noise and vibrations;  \u2022 FF.07: Electromagnetic fields (EMF);  \u2022 FF:08: Collision risk (tidal turbines); 2  \u2022 FF.09: Accurate spatio-temporal patterns of spawning activity by marine fish species;  \u2022 FF.10: Essential fish habitat (EFH);  \u2022 FF.11: Reef\/fish aggregation effect;  \u2022 FF.12: Inshore populations\/distribution;  \u2022 FF.13: Cumulative pressures and impact pathways;  \u2022 FF.14: Co-existence with commercial fisheries: and  \u2022 FF.15: Chemical\/toxicity effects.  Research of relevance to the above evidence gaps was reviewed using internet search engines. In addition, in parallel, targeted consultation via questionnaires was undertaken with a range of UK and international experts and stakeholders including research institutions and universities, fisheries stakeholders, nature conservation organisations, developers and research and industry groups. Taking account of the findings of the literature review and the consultation exercise, next steps in research to address each evidence gap were identified. Following this, recommendations for future research were proposed. Key recommendations identified in respect of fish receptors relate to improving our understanding of the impacts of offshore wind farms on fish and shellfish species through the implementation of strategic research in operational sites. Other key priority aspects in respect of fish and shellfish relate to improving the evidence base to facilitate the assessment of underwater noise impacts and the development of mapping tools on essential habitat (including spawning grounds). In the case of commercial fisheries, key recommendations identified relate to improving access to fisheries data and the format in which data are made available, as well as the development of standard assessment guidelines and research to allow the assessment of the displacement effects at a strategic level. In addition, the undertaking of trials to demonstrate the viability of fishing within operational sites, as well as the development of technical guidance on wind farm design and its compatibility with fishing were also identified as critical aspects to reduce consenting risks and uncertainty in relation to commercial fisheries receptors.","author":["Xoubanova, S.","Lawrence, Z."],"organization":["Brown \u0026 May Marine","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2022-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement","Attraction","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Xoubanova-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1824721","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/good-practice-guidance-assessing-fisheries-displacement-other-licensed-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/good-practice-guidance-assessing-fisheries-displacement-licensed-marine-activities-literature-review\/","title":"Good Practice Guidance for assessing fisheries displacement by other licensed marine activities: Literature Review","description":"The displacement of fishing activity into other areas as a result of another marine activity has been a concern of fisheries stakeholders, regulators and conservation organisations for many years. There is a paucity of research into the impact of displacement on the commercial fishing sector itself, and there is no standardised methodology which is easily applied to offshore impact assessments. The UK and Scottish governments have established clear goals for the expansion of renewable energy production, including a significant increase in offshore wind which has led to a considerable increase in the areas of seabed available to lease. There has been a concurrent increase in the number of designated and potential Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and No Take Zones4 in British waters (e.g. NatureScot, 2021; JNCC, 2021). This increase in Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) projects, along with technology advancements in offshore infrastructure reducing limitations on developments such as water depth, have highlighted the need for better understanding of the impacts of displacement of commercial fishing activity for commercial fisheries stakeholders. The scope of this report is to review available information and studies which are relevant to displacement of fishing activity to better understand displacement and the interacting factors which may cause or be caused by it, and identify the main constraints on developing a methodology for the assessment of fisheries displacement within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). This work has been commissioned with the objective of producing a Good Practice Guidance document which is accessible and concise, to help clarify the assessment process for stakeholders, regulators and developers.","author":["Xodus Group"],"organization":["Xodus Group","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2022-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Xodus-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1829944","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characteristics-horizontal-axis-micro-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801822011970","title":"Acoustic characteristics of a horizontal axis micro hydrokinetic turbine","description":"A micro hydrokinetic turbine is a device for extracting energy from rivers or tides, and this device represents one of the frontiers for renewable energy technology. A detailed analysis of the acoustic characteristics of these turbines is of great significance for their cleaner production, further development, and use. Based on the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings integration method, the acoustic characteristics of the horizontal axis of a micro hydrokinetic turbine are numerically studied in this work, with emphasis on the acoustic distribution, the acoustic spectrum in the time and frequency domains, and the acoustic directivity in different regions. It is found that the noise of a horizontal axis micro hydrokinetic turbine mainly occurs at the leading edge and tip of the blade due to the appearance and separation of vortices at these locations. The noise signal is mainly caused by the blade passing frequency, especially the first-order frequency, and with the features of a low frequency and broad band. In the progress of downstream propagation, rapid energy dissipation leads to the gradual decrease of the sound pressure level. Furthermore, the noise radiation of the blade has obvious dipole characteristics in the flow direction. The results presented here will contribute to a fundamental understanding of the acoustic characteristics of a turbine.","author":["Wang, X.","Hu, Z.","Yan, Y.","Pei, Y.","Wang, W."],"organization":["Sichuan University","Kunming University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2022-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1838447","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practical-approaches-providing-empirical-data-seabird-behavior-prey-assemblages-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.851476\/full","title":"Practical Approaches for Providing Empirical Data on Seabird Behavior and Prey Assemblages in Tidal Channels","description":"Persisting knowledge gaps relating to the ecological context and potential environmental impacts of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices continue to add substantial costs and uncertainty to MRE projects globally. Increasingly sophisticated technological approaches to environmental monitoring can have fundamental non-trivial shortcomings for environmental impact assessment (EIA), whilst substantial practical and financial costs of deployments can prevent their application. For the tidal stream energy (TSE) sector, there is a need for practical and cost-effective methods that can provide site-specific information on predator behavior and associated prey assemblages. Considering existing knowledge of animal communities in tidal channel environments, a proportional approach using shore-based observation and baited fish trap methods was developed. During April 2021, a trial of these methods was conducted in tidal channel environments in Shetland, UK. The practical application of the proposed approach is demonstrated here with results from three tidal channels including Bluemull Sound, the site of active TSE installations (the Shetland Tidal Array). Observation of predator behavior across the study sites are reported for great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Seabird diving data calculated from the shore-based observations provided metrics relevant to informing EIA and collision risk modelling including dive duration, dives per minute, and % time underwater. Fish trap deployments targeted the benthic and demersal prey of these predators in the three study sites and across a range of depths and hydrodynamic conditions. A variety of fish and invertebrate species known to be important components of benthic-foraging seabird diet were successfully captured by the traps, providing basic biological information on the prey assemblages observed in each site. The fish species observed in the highest abundance were saithe Pollachius virens and cod Gadus morhua. Benefits, limitations, and applications of this approach are discussed along with various factors relating to the performance of both methods. The shore-based observations rapidly identified relevant patterns in predator foraging activity which informed the targeted deployment of fish traps to provide complementary prey data. This novel combined approach has potential to reduce costs and uncertainty in EIA and for supporting the responsible development of the MRE industry.","author":["Fraser, S.","Waggitt, J."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2022-07-15","spatial":{"coordinates":[["60.686217000000","-0.989858000000"],["60.481252000000","-1.173364000000"],["60.313703000000","-1.671010000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fraser-Waggitt-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1838834","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-washington-coast-ecology-management-research-priorities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wdfw.wa.gov\/publications\/01198","title":"State of the Washington Coast: Ecology, Management, and Research Priorities","description":"The outer coast of Washington State lies within the temperate California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (Sherman 1995), the part of the northeast Pacific Ocean which borders southern British Columbia, Canada, the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, California, as well as Baja California, Mexico. Washington\u2019s outer coast runs for over 250 km from Cape Flattery to the Columbia River (Figure 1). The northern shoreline from Cape Flattery south to Point Grenville is characterized by long stretches of rugged, rocky headlands and cliffs, high wave energy, and high species diversity (Strickland and Chasan 1989). This rocky habitat gradually merges with more gravel and sand beaches, alternating with the rocky headlands of the mid\u2010coastline. The southern coast from Point Grenville south to the Columbia River is characterized by long stretches of sand beaches, and includes Washington\u2019s three largest coastal estuaries: Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay and the Columbia River (Strickland and Chasan 1989). The diversity of physical habitats contributes to the richness and variety of ecological communities, which in turn sustain human communities along the coast (Washington State Ocean Policy Work Group 2006).  This document contains four sections. The \u201cIntroduction\u201d describes the scope of the document and details how Washington State agencies classify and map coastal habitats. The second section, \u201cEcology of the Washington Coast,\u201d describes physical habitats and their associated ecological communities, emphasizing intertidal (littoral) habitats found between the low and high tide lines. It also covers the pelagic zone and the sea floor below the low tide line, the subtidal (sublittoral) zone. We do not attempt to comprehensively cover the terrestrial habitats adjacent to the shore (except a brief discussion for sand dunes), nor do we address oceanic habitats beyond the edge of the continental shelf or the deeper benthic zones (except for corals). We were not able to comprehensively cover tidal freshwater ecosystems, such as freshwater scrub\u2010shrub or forested areas, although we do touch on tidal surge areas in the Chehalis River surge plain. We do not include river drainages except to note high areas of productivity at the mouths of major rivers and to identify anadromous fish spawning rivers, but note that terrestrial activities are known to to have strong effects on marine habitats (Halpern et al. 2008). We include information on how key threats to the coast affect each ecological habitat in this section. The third section, \u201cManagement of the Washington Coast,\u201d explains the approaches currently in place to manage coastal ecosystem. The final section, \u201cResearch Priorities for the Washington Coast,\u201d identifies priority areas for for research and monitoring to increase understanding of coastal stressors (including oil spills) and improve management responses.","author":["Skewgar, E.","Dethier, M.","Pearson, S.","Blatz, G.","Warheit, K.","Culver, C."],"organization":["Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW)","University of Washington","Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","Washington State Department of Ecology","Washington Department of Natural Resources","The Nature Conservancy"],"originationDate":"2011-01-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.892700218517","-124.188025680100"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/wdfw.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1839028","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predictive-mapping-seabirds-pinnipeds-cetaceans-pacific-coast-washington","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/9329","title":"Predictive mapping of seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans off the Pacific Coast of Washington","description":"This report supports Washington-led marine spatial planning and responsible stewardship of natural and cultural resources by the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Washington state agencies and the sanctuary continually seek the best available science to improve management of marine uses and stewardship of resources (Etheridge et al., 2010; Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 2015a). This report and associated data provide new, state- and sanctuary-requested information on seabird, pinniped, and cetacean distributions. Through spatial planning, information on species distributions can help to identify high-value conservation areas, minimize adverse effects of ocean uses and mitigate impacts of coastal hazards. Correspondingly, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife has already begun to use the maps of predicted relative density presented in this report to identify ecologically important areas off the Pacific Coast of Washington and apply this information to plan for offshore renewable energy development.  This is the culmination of three years of work to compile information on seabirds, pinnipeds, and cetaceans, and advance a modeling framework that can integrate data sets and develop accurate predictions of relative density for important species off the Pacific Coast of Washington. Previous reports, which evaluated existing datasets of at-sea observations (Menza et al., 2014; Kracker and Menza, 2015) and presented superseded versions of seabird models (Menza et al., 2015), provided base information for this report. In addition to the maps in this published report, all new seabird, pinniped and cetacean predictions will be made publicly available as digital geospatial data through the National Centers for Environmental Information","author":["Menza, C.","Leirness, J.","White, T.","Winship, A.","Kinlan, B.","Kracker, L.","Zamon, J.","Ballance, L.","Becker, E.","Forney, K.","Barlow, J.","Adams, J.","Pereksta, D.","Pearson, S.","Pierce, J.","Jeffries, S.","Calambokidis, J.","Douglas, A.","Hanson, B.","Benson, S.","Antrim, L."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.307637121745","-124.546454412230"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Menza_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1839608","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/mocean-wave-energy-converter-blue-horizon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mocean.energy\/technology","title":"Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon","description":"Mocean Energy concluded the Mocean Wave Energy Converter (WEC): Blue Horizon project to complete the detailed design, build, and testing of a sea-going prototype Mocean WEC, funded by Wave Energy Scotland (WES) through its Novel WEC Programme.   The primary purpose of testing has been to gather performance data and learnings from deployment of the device in order to inform further development of Mocean\u2019s wave energy converter designs. In addition to the power performance of the WEC, the test programme assessed the behaviour and practicalities of the mooring system and the electrical connection.    The Mocean WEC is a hinged raft that differs radically in shape from the classic symmetric twin-pontoon configuration. During the course of the project, Mocean constructed and operated a prototype 10kW WEC, named \u201cBlue X\u201d, with dimensions 19.3m (L) x 4.6m (W) \u00d7 7.6m (H). A notable characteristic of the prototype is that is designed to operate without connection to an umbilical. This design requirement was put in place to facilitate the testing at the performance test site. The rotation of the aft hull with respect to the forward hull drives a gearbox and then a generator. Power from the generator is then conditioned and used onboard the WEC to power local system. Power beyond that needed to power on-board systems is stored in 30 kWh of batteries. Once the batteries are fully charged, excess power is dissipated through an onboard dump resistor.  The mooring system was made of two identical mooring lines, each line consisting of an anchor clump weight then heavy ground chain, lighter riser chain followed by a 3t subsea buoy and connected to each other with further light chain and polyester line. This system allowed 360-degree yaw of the device around the swivel allowing it to self-orientate and maximising energy capture.","author":["Arhontia Athanasiou"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-07-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.893167000000","-2.957833000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Noise","Collision","Displacement","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-23 06:24:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1848135","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-utilization-ageing-fixed-offshore-platform-ocean-thermal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2259\/1\/012019\/meta","title":"Environmental impacts of utilization of ageing fixed offshore platform for ocean thermal energy conversion","description":"Most Malaysian jacket platforms have outlived their design life. As these old platforms have outlived their design life, other alternatives must be considered. As several offshore oil and gas extraction installations approach the end of their operational life, many options such as decommissioning and the development of a new source of energy such as wind farms are introduced. The objective of this paper is to investigate the environmental impacts of utilising ageing fixed offshore platform as a source for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). The environmental impact of utilising an ageing fixed offshore platform as an OTEC source is discussed. OTEC produces energy by taking advantage of temperature variations between the ocean surface water and the colder deep water through cold-water intake piping, which requires a seawater depth of 700 metres. The output of this study shows that OTEC is envisioned to preserve marine life, becoming a new and reliable source of energy, assist clean water production, and reduce the negative impact of climate change. OTEC platforms utilising ageing platforms may lead to 44 % of fish catch in the ocean, remove 13 GW of surface ocean heat for every GW of electricity production per year, generate 1.3105 tonnes of hydrogen per year for each GW of electricity generated. In addition, OTEC platforms can reduce approximately 5106 tonnes of carbon dioxide from the environment for 1 GW of electricity generated per year, and supply 2 million litres of water per day for a 1 MW platform. Since Malaysia\u0027s seawater profile allows for installing a fixed offshore platform as an OTEC power plant, Malaysia has many potentials to profit from the OTEC process.","author":["Zulkifli, M.","Husain, M.","Zaki, N.","Jaafar, A.","Mukhlas, N.","Mukhlas, S.","Soom, E.","Azman, N."],"organization":["Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","Universiti Malaysia Terengganu","Repsol","Brunei Shell Petroleum"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Environmental Impact Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning","Attraction","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zulkifli-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1848136","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-evaluation-tidal-stream-energy-impacts-energy-extraction-hydrodynamics-taiwan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/6\/4\/2191","title":"Modeling Evaluation of Tidal Stream Energy and the Impacts of Energy Extraction on Hydrodynamics in the Taiwan Strait","description":"Tidal stream speeds in straits are accelerated because of geographic and bathymetric features. For instance, narrow channels and shallows can cause high tidal stream energy. In this study, water level and tidal current were simulated using a three-dimensional semi-implicit Eulerian-Lagrangian finite-element model to investigate the complex tidal characteristics in the Taiwan Strait and to determine potential locations for harnessing tidal stream energy. The model was driven by nine tidal components (M2, S2, N2, K2, K1, O1, P1, Q1, and M4) at open boundaries. The modeling results were validated with the measured data, including water level and tidal current. Through the model simulations, we found that the highest tidal currents occurred at the Penghu Channel in the Taiwan Strait. The Penghu Channel is an appropriate location for the deployment of a tidal turbine array because of its deep and flat bathymetry. The impacts of energy extraction on hydrodynamics were assessed by considering the momentum sink approach. The simulated results indicate that only minimal impacts would occur on water level and tidal current in the Taiwan Strait if a turbine array (55 turbines) was installed in the Penghu Channel.","author":["Chen, W-B.","Liu, W-C.","Hsu, M-H."],"organization":["National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction","National United University","National Taipei University"],"originationDate":"2013-04-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.332476064519","119.535790824480"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chen-et-al-2013_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1848330","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electrical-power-generation-ocean-currents-straits-florida-some-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032109000616","title":"Electrical power generation from ocean currents in the Straits of Florida: Some environmental considerations","description":"Ocean currents contain a remarkable amount of kinetic energy and have potential worldwide capability. Initial tests to harness current power focus on the Straits of Florida where the Florida Current has a total flow capacity of about 30 \u00d7 106 m3 s\u22121. Generation of clean electricity from ocean currents off southeast Florida is based on a power extractor comprising open-center turbine technology. This innovative turbine provides safe passage for fish and other aquatic species. The water-column array of energy production units (EPUs) will have a 350 km2 footprint, based on a 600 m (10 rotor diameters) downstream separation distance between EPUs with a lateral separation of 400 m. Water depths for the EPU field are in the range of 100\u2013500 m. With such a large area of water column and benthic habitat utilized, environmental concerns must be overcome, including routing of transmission lines to shore. Risks and vulnerabilities of the proposed ocean current generated electricity include failure of individual EPUs and damage to sensitive coastal marine environments during installation.","author":["Finkl, C.","Charlier, R."],"organization":["VUB Brussels University (Vrije Universiteit Brussel)"],"originationDate":"2009-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.460176796567","-81.486828674202"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","EMF","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1848331","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wese-wave-energy-southern-europe","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wese-project.weebly.com\/","title":"WESE \u2013 Wave Energy in Southern Europe","description":"The WESE project aimed to develop environmental monitoring around wave energy converters (WECs) operating at sea; to develop efficient guidance for planning and consenting procedures in Spain and Portugal for wave energy projects to better inform decision-makers and managers on environmental real risks and reduce environmental consenting uncertainty; to develop and implement innovative maritime spatial planning (MSP) Decision Support Tools (DSTs) for Portugal and Spain for site selection of WE projects; and to develop a Data Sharing Platform that will serve data providers, developers and regulators.   The WESE project conducts environmental monitoring around deployments in Portugal and Spain. Associated project sites include:     WaveRoller  MARMOK-A-5  Biscay Marine Energy Platform   Mutriku wave power plant","author":["Pedro Almeida Vinagre"],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI"],"originationDate":"2022-07-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","EMF","Habitat Change","Changes in Flow","Marine Mammals","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Birds","Fish","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:27:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1854718","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/case-study-novel-permitting-authorization-pacwave-south-us-grid-connected-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421522003664","title":"Case study on the novel permitting and authorization of PacWave South, a US grid-connected wave energy test facility: Development, challenges, and insights","description":"Marine energy (i.e., energy from waves, tides, currents) in the United States is a nascent industry. In particular, permitting processes\u2014an uncertainty for industry advancement that can be costly and time consuming to navigate\u2014have rarely been tested and used for marine energy. The novelty of the marine energy industry and utilization of open ocean permitting processes that were not originally developed for marine energy have led to extensive efforts to gain consensus amongst state and federal regulatory agencies to authorize marine energy projects. In 2021, Oregon State University successfully completed permitting of a wave energy test facility, called PacWave South, off the coast of Oregon, which is designed to advance wave energy research and development. This article documents the multi-year process that Oregon State University used to receive federal and state authorization for a pre-permitted commercial-scale grid-connected facility by detailing the development of the test facility, management of uncertainty and challenges, and key decisions. The PacWave South case study provides insights for the larger marine energy community as the industry advances towards commercialization.","author":["Freeman, M.","O\u0027Neil, R.","Garavelli, L.","Hellin, D.","Klure, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","PacWave","Pacific Energy Ventures LLC"],"originationDate":"2022-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.566394000000","-124.229350000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 09:10:51","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1873459","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/words-waves-ecological-dialogism-approach-discourse-community-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.uhi.ac.uk\/en\/studentTheses\/words-and-waves","title":"Words and Waves: Ecological Dialogism as an Approach to Discourse, Community, and Marine Renewable Energy in Orkney","description":"This thesis explores how relationships between the local community in Orkney and the Marine Renewable Energy sector are enacted through discourse; exploring how, through the embodied process of relating, individual and shared narratives emerge which shape understanding and behaviour.   Adopting ecological dialogism as an approach to meaning making, which recognises the fundamental importance of context, both in terms of the sociocultural context in which discourse takes place, and the physical environment in which it is enacted, it identifies how stories and storytelling have played a powerful role in shaping relationships between people, place and energy technology. It argues for the need to take stories seriously as part of ecologies of meaning making, emphasising how texts of all kinds from official documents to oral conversations can be utilised as part of the storytelling process, and makes the connection between authorship and authority in relationships of power.   It details my experiences during twenty months of fieldwork in Orkney engaging with the marine environment and renewable energy sector and explores the powerful narratives around energy and environment I encountered. By telling the story of \u2018Team Orkney\u2019 I show how an understanding of mutual interdependency and a commitment to collaboration within the sector mirrors wider cultural narratives about the nature of community in Orkney. In the face of external threats this story has been powerful enough to bring together multiple organisations to develop collaborative projects, even in the midst of competing agendas. Maintaining this collaboration has required an enormous amount of \u2018invisible work\u2019 in the form of care for interpersonal relationships, and I explore how stories and storytelling can be understood as part of this work of care. This research suggests that understanding the power of stories and the role of care in the process of technology development is important to our future relationships with energy and environment, in Orkney and beyond.","author":["Ford, R."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2021-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.983477545231","-2.958939979011"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1875780","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-sockeye-salmon-smolt-interactions-hydrokinetic-turbine-kvichak-river","sourceURL":"https:\/\/afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/nafm.10806","title":"Characterizing Sockeye Salmon Smolt Interactions with a Hydrokinetic Turbine in the Kvichak River, Alaska","description":"The development of hydrokinetic turbines has been motivated by the desire to reduce fossil fuel reliance, energy production costs, and greenhouse gas emissions. Detailed information about fish interactions with hydrokinetic turbines is limited; therefore, this study sought to characterize the interactions between a turbine (RivGen; Ocean Renewable Power Company) and Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from one of the most productive populations in the world\u2014that in the Kvichak River, Alaska. By viewing real-time video imagery, our objectives were to quantify the number of Sockeye Salmon smolts that interacted with the turbine and to assess the behaviors\/outcomes of these interactions during the species\u0027 smolt out-migration. From May 21 to June 10, 2021, a total of 2,374 Sockeye Salmon smolts passed through the field of view of cameras placed immediately downstream of the hydrokinetic turbine. The majority of these observed events occurred over a short (5-d) time period from late May to early June during periods of darkness (0000\u20130400\u2009hours). Fish were observed passing through the hydrokinetic turbine in both normal and disoriented manners, with the rotational status\/speed of the hydrokinetic turbine appearing to influence passage behavior. Blade strikes on fish were also observed, all of which occurred when the turbine was rotating at high \u201cproduction\u201d speeds. After temporally and spatially extrapolating the observed fish interactions to account for our subsampling, the results suggest that when monitoring was conducted, the hydrokinetic turbine interacted with approximately 200,000 Sockeye Salmon smolts during this species\u0027 smolt out-migration period. This study adds to the sparse knowledge base on fish interactions with emerging riverine hydrokinetic devices and may inform strategies to mitigate the impacts of developing energy projects on socially and culturally important fisheries.","author":["Courtney, M.","Flanigan, A.","Hostetter, M.","Seitz, A."],"organization":["University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2022-07-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.325004000000","-155.914029000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 04:08:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878691","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conceptualisation-multiple-impacts-interacting-marine-environment-using-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969722018411#!","title":"Conceptualisation of multiple impacts interacting in the marine environment using marine infrastructure as an example","description":"The human population is increasingly reliant on the marine environment for food, trade, tourism, transport, communication and other vital ecosystem services. These services require extensive marine infrastructure, all of which have direct or indirect ecological impacts on marine environments. The rise in global marine infrastructure has led to light, noise and chemical pollution, as well as facilitation of biological invasions. As a result, marine systems and associated species are under increased pressure from habitat loss and degradation, formation of ecological traps and increased mortality, all of which can lead to reduced resilience and consequently increased invasive species establishment. Whereas the cumulative bearings of collective human impacts on marine populations have previously been demonstrated, the multiple impacts associated with marine infrastructure have not been well explored. Here, building on ecological literature, we explore the impacts that are associated with marine infrastructure, conceptualising the notion of correlative, interactive and cumulative effects of anthropogenic activities on the marine environment. By reviewing the range of mitigation approaches that are currently available, we consider the role that eco-engineering, marine spatial planning and agent-based modelling plays in complementing the design and placement of marine structures to incorporate the existing connectivity pathways, ecological principles and complexity of the environment. Because the effect of human-induced, rapid environmental change is predicted to increase in response to the growth of the human population, this study demonstrates that the development and implementation of legislative framework, innovative technologies and nature-informed solutions are vital, preventative measures to mitigate the multiple impacts associated with marine infrastructure.","author":["Komyakova, V.","Jaffr\u00e9s, J.","Strain, E.","Cullen-Knox, C.","Fudge, M.","Langhamer, O.","Bender, A.","Yaakub, S.","Wilson, E.","Allan, B.","Sella, I.","Haward, M."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","James Cook University","C\u0026R Consulting","Uppsala University","University of Otago","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)"],"originationDate":"2022-07-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878699","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-background-information","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/marine-renewable-energy-environmental-information-notes","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Background Information","description":"The Welsh marine environment is an important national asset, home to a diverse range of habitats and species of national and international importance. The waters around Wales\u2019 1,200 km of coastline also contain a rich renewable energy resource with up to 6 GW of generating capacity for wave and tidal stream energy. Wales is well positioned to play a globally leading role in these industries.  To capitalise on this opportunity, it is important that wave and tidal energy develops in a way that is both economically feasible and environmentally sustainable. This requires an appropriate level of understanding of how marine renewable energy projects interact with marine animals and habitats. To date there is a limited number of consented marine renewable energy developments and as such our understanding of these interactions is largely based on learning from single device deployments, small arrays, strategic research projects, and data transferred from other sectors (offshore wind, aquaculture, oil and gas etc).  A series of technical, topic specific Information Notes has been co-produced by a Science and Evidence Advisory Group to provide a shared understanding of how the best available science and evidence is currently applied to key consenting issues. The following topics are included in the Information Note series:  1. Collision risk for animals around turbines;  2. Risk to marine animals from underwater noise;  3. Risk to marine animals from electromagnetic fields emitted by electric cables and marine renewable energy devices;  4. Changes in benthic and pelagic habitats;  5. Changes in oceanographic systems;  6. Encounters of marine animals with mooring systems and subsea cables;  7. Environmental monitoring technologies and techniques for detecting interactions of marine animals with marine renewable energy devices;  8. Data transferability; and  9. Cumulative impact assessment.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-P983.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878700","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-underwater-noise","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Underwater Noise","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.   The acoustic environment is an important characteristic of many marine habitats, and sound is used by many animals for communication, navigation, foraging, and reproduction (Tyack and Miller, 2002). The combination of sounds arising from the natural environment, including animal vocalisations, habitat related sounds, and sounds from the physical environment is known as the acoustic environment, or soundscape.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-uw-n.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878701","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-changes-benthic-pelagic-habitats-caused-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-changes-benthic-and-pelagic-habitats-caused-marine-renewable-energy-devices","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats caused by Marine Renewable Energy Devices","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.  Monitoring benthic and pelagic habitat change at several MRE developments has provided some information about potential effects from single device and small array deployments. The purpose of these monitoring programmes has generally been to detect changes to the local environment after deployment of an MRE device. Monitoring programmes are often designed to detect whether there is a change before and after installation, rather than to detect why a change is happening and this has made it difficult to understand the cause-effect relationships that result in such changes (Dannheim et al. 2018). It is, however, possible to gather experience and understanding from similar industries such as oil and gas and offshore wind farms. Studies of habitat change at offshore wind farms, for example, suggest that new infrastructure can cause changes in habitat that influence local biodiversity and ecosystem resilience over time (Causon and Gill 2018). However, these effects will be highly dependent on the type of MRE development, as the characteristics of habitats are dependent on physical characteristics such as depth, flow speeds, wave exposure, and seabed substrate type. The natural variability in benthic and pelagic habitats in highenergy environments has only been described by a few studies and is not well characterised (Kregting et al. 2016).","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-b-p-h.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878702","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-encounters-marine-animals-mooring-systems-subsea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-encounters-marine-animals-mooring-systems-and-subsea-cables","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Encounters of Marine Animals with Mooring Systems and Subsea Cables","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.   In a tidal stream array development multiple cables are used to carry power from devices to the shore or to subsea \u2018hubs\u2019 which are then connected to a single power export cable. The number and type of cables used will depend on the type and scale of the development. There are some concerns that mooring lines and cables could be a hazard for marine animals due to the possibility of entanglement. Entanglement is sometimes also referred to as entrapment, and in this Information Note is defined as an animal becoming caught in a system without possibility of escape (Garavelli 2020). Large cetaceans and basking sharks are thought to be most at risk from entanglement because of their behavioural traits and size (Benjamins et al. 2014). However, concerns about the possible risk to smaller marine mammals, diving seabirds and large fish have also been raised when considering the potential impacts of large arrays with multiple mooring systems and cables.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-cables.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878703","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-data-transferability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-data-transferability","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Data Transferability","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.  Data transferability refers to the application of existing learning, analyses and datasets from one site or project to another, in some instances across jurisdictional boundaries and\/or across geographies. Data transferability is important in order to support the reduction of risk associated with MRE device development (Copping et al. 2018).","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.330907000000","-3.677002000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-data.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878704","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-environmental-monitoring-technologies-techniques","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-environmental-monitoring-technologies-and-techniques-detecting-interactions-marine","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Environmental Monitoring Technologies and Techniques for Detecting Interactions with Marine Animals","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.  Interactions between the marine environment and MRE devices remain poorly understood, in part because of difficulties associated with observing interactions in highly energetic environments. For highly mobile marine animals such as seabirds, fish and marine mammals these difficulties are compounded by the rare nature of nearfield interactions between animals and MRE devices. These challenges require the design of monitoring equipment and associated systems that can survive in high energy marine environments, can manage power to operate instruments, and can collect, store, and (sometimes) analyse large amounts of data continuously (Hasselman et al. 2020).","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ORJIP-monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878705","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-changes-oceanographic-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-changes-oceanographic-systems","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Changes in Oceanographic Systems","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.   MRE devices are designed to remove energy from the marine system in order to generate electricity and it has been suggested that in some configurations this could lead to near field and far field changes in some of the important physical processes in the ocean or along coastlines. These ocean and coastal processes include hydrodynamics, tidal circulation, wave action, sediment transport and temperature and salinity gradients. However, changes to oceanographic systems resulting from large-scale MRE developments need to be viewed within the context of the ocean as a dynamic system. It is important to compare the magnitude of potential changes caused by MRE developments to the natural variation of key parameters in marine systems (Whiting and Chang, 2020).","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/information-note-changes-in-oceanographic-systems.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878706","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-cumulative-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-cumulative-impact-assessment","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Cumulative Impact Assessment","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.  The Welsh National Marine Plan4 (WNMP) contains a policy framework designed to guide marine decision making in Wales, including policies relating to cumulative impact assessment (CIA) and in the context of supporting sustainable development of the Welsh Marine Area and achieving Good Environmental Status. Cumulative effects, as set out in the WNMP2 are: \u201cthose effects that result from incremental changes caused by two or more past, present and\/or reasonably foreseeable actions. These can be economic, social or environmental in nature. Cumulative effects could arise from single or multiple responses (environmental, economic or social) to single or multiple pressures from single or multiple activities. The term \u201ccumulative\u201d is extended to include the term \u201cin combination\u201d effects as used in some legislation.\u201d","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/information-note-cumulative-impact-assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878707","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-electromagnetic-field-emissions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-electromagnetic-field-emissions","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Electromagnetic Field Emissions","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 for further detailed assessment.  Electrical cables in the marine environment produce a source of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs from electrical cables can combine with the Earth\u2019s natural geomagnetic fields to potentially change the behaviour of species who use EMF for migration, prey location, and orientation.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/information-note-electromagnetic-field-emissions.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878708","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orjip-ocean-energy-information-note-collision-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gov.wales\/information-note-collision-risk","title":"ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Collision Risk","description":"These Information Notes will support careful consideration of how, for a particular development, potential impacts that are considered low risk could be safely retired from further detailed consideration within Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), where available evidence supports this approach. Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-Environmental) has set out a general process for risk retirement1,2 but for developments in Welsh waters, risk retirement should always be discussed between developers and Natural Resources Wales (NRW) at the pre-application stage. In the context of these Information Notes, risk retirement implies that all potential impacts are included for consideration at the project scoping stage, and that following a review of the evidence some impacts may be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of any further detailed assessment to focus EIA on key significant impacts3. In all cases, potential impacts should be acknowledged in EIAs, with evidence-based justifications describing why particular impacts could be \u2018scoped out\u2019 of further detailed assessment.  Collision risk can be defined as the potential for receptors (marine mammals, fish and seabirds) to encounter and collide with the moving parts of MRE devices. At present the greatest concern is associated with collisions between tidal turbines and marine mammals, seabirds, and fish (Sparling et al. 2020). Wave energy devices have fewer submerged moving parts and are generally considered to be more benign with respect to collision risk (Greaves et al. 2016). This Information Note therefore only considers collision risk in relation to marine mammals, seabirds and fish with tidal turbines.","author":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)"],"organization":["Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP)","Aquatera Ltd","MarineSpace Ltd","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/information-note-collision-risk.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878709","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-use-marinas-nursery-grounds-rocky-fishes-insights-four-diplodus-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/24896930","title":"Potential use of marinas as nursery grounds by rocky fishes: insights from four Diplodus species in the Mediterranean","description":"The construction of marinas along the shoreline has caused substantial habitat destruction within the sheltered coastal areas previously used as nursery grounds by many fish species. However, although the negative ecological impacts of these constructions have been reported extensively, their potential roles in the functioning of the coastal zone remain largely unknown. Here, we surveyed the juveniles of 4 Diplodus species in 5 marinas located along the French Mediterranean coast to assess whether rocky fishes can successfully settle inside these artificialized coastal areas. Inter-specific differences in the spatiotemporal use of the various artificial habitats provided by marinas were investigated between April and August over 2 consecutive years. We also tested the potential benefit of pegging additional artificial habitats (Biohuts) on docks and pontoons to increase their value as fish nursery grounds. Our results suggest that although variations in marina and artificial habitat preferences exist between species, Diplodus juveniles repeatedly colonize marinas. Their average abundances on added Biohut habitats were twice as high as on nearby bare surfaces. This suggests that increasing the complexity of the vertical structures of marinas can considerably enhance their suitability for juvenile rocky fishes, especially at the youngest stages, when mortality is highest. Therefore, as long as marina water quality is well controlled, ecological engineering within these man-made habitats might reduce the ecological consequences of urban development by providing suitable alternative artificial nursery grounds for rocky fishes.","author":["Bouchoucha, M."],"organization":["University of Perpignan","French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","French Water Agency Rh\u00f4ne M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Corse (RMC)","University of Montpellier"],"originationDate":"2016-04-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.030206756209","5.145059967763"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878710","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-probability-overlap-between-marine-fish-distributions-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.851757\/full","title":"Modeling the Probability of Overlap Between Marine Fish Distributions and Marine Renewable Energy Infrastructure Using Acoustic Telemetry Data","description":"Understanding the spatiotemporal distributions of migratory marine species at marine renewable energy sites is a crucial step towards assessing the potential impacts of tidal stream turbines and related infrastructure upon these species. However, the dynamic marine conditions that make tidal channels attractive for marine renewable power development also make it difficult to identify and follow species of marine fishes with existing technologies such as hydroacoustics and optical cameras. Acoustic telemetry can resolve some of these problems. Acoustic tags provide unique individual ID codes at an ultrasonic frequency, which are then detected and recorded by acoustic receivers deployed in the area of interest. By matching detection locations of fish species with environmental conditions at proposed sites for tidal energy infrastructure, species distribution models can be developed to predict the probability of species occurrence at sites of current and planned tidal power development. This information can be used to develop statistically robust encounter rate models to aid in quantifying the risk of tidal power development to migratory fish species. We used this approach to develop a predictive model of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) distribution within Minas Passage in the upper Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. Model results suggested increased probability of striped bass presence in Minas Passage during late ebb tide conditions and at relatively high water temperatures. We demonstrate the potential utility of species distribution modeling of acoustic tag detections in predicting interactions with renewable energy infrastructure, and show the importance of physical oceanographic variables influencing species distributions in a highly dynamic marine environment.","author":["Bangley, C.","Hasselman, D.","Flemming, J.","Whoriskey, F.","Culina, J.","Enders, E.","Bradford, R."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Acadia University","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2022-07-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.351697126033","-64.441563292945"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Pelagic Fish","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:04:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bangley-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878714","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-history-implementations-environmental-impacts-economics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/conference-proceedings-of-spie\/12326\/123260N\/Wave-energy-history-implementations-environmental-impacts-and-economics\/10.1117\/12.2646119.full?SSO=1","title":"Wave energy: history, implementations, environmental impacts, and economics","description":"The ocean, covering 70% of the earth\u2019s surface, is regarded as one of the largest reservoirs of renewable energy. Especially, the waves, with violent fluctuations, are widely distributed on the ocean, producing enormous energy yet to be fully exploited. Wave energy is known as clean, renewable energy in the global energy field with broad prospects. Its wide distribution, enormous content and high quality enable the wave energy to possess tremendous potential value in the global energy market. However, the wave energy faces the inevitable issues of relatively low efficiency and instability, and it still requires further scientific researches and more practical tests before fully exploiting the potential value. In this report, the development and current situation of wave energy are mainly discussed, including the history, implementations, environmental impacts, economics. Our group aims to gather comprehensive information about the wave energy, analyze the multiple impacts of the implementations and find out the promising field in the future development of wave energy.","author":["Li, H.","Sun, X.","Zhou, H."],"organization":["Tianjin University"],"originationDate":"2022-08-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Li-et-al-2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878716","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/artificial-habitat-diversity-key-restoring-nurseries-juvenile-coastal-fish-ex-situ","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/rec.12948","title":"Is artificial habitat diversity a key to restoring nurseries for juvenile coastal fish? Ex situ experiments on habitat selection and survival of juvenile seabreams","description":"Man-made infrastructures have become ubiquitous components of coastal landscapes, leading to habitat modification that affects the abundance and diversity of marine organisms. Marine coastal fish have a complex life cycle requiring different essential habitats. One of these habitats is known as a nursery, a place where juveniles can settle in large numbers, survive, and grow to contribute to the adult population. Nurseries are mainly found in shallow, sheltered zones and are thus particularly impacted by urbanization, notably by harbors. The vertical featureless structure of docks is very unlikely to be used by juveniles, which need complex habitats to find food and shelter from predators. Recent attempts to rehabilitate the nursery function in such environments by using artificial habitats have proven efficient in increasing juvenile densities. However, nothing is known about the survival of juveniles in these habitats, preventing any conclusions on the effectiveness of this means of restoration from being drawn. Here, we set up tank experiments to test the relationship between habitat preferences and the survival rate of two species of seabream when facing stalk-attacking combers. Habitat choice was consistent with survival results, indicating that artificial habitats might not represent unintended ecological traps for juveniles. However, the artificial habitats\u0027 effect on survival was variable between species. Therefore, our results suggest that habitat diversity might be of prime importance to sustain juveniles of different species and stress the need for the development of diverse artificial habitats to counteract the effects of seascape homogenization.","author":["Mercader, M."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-03-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.029534198135","5.161571096697"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mercaderetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878718","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-data-catalog-humboldt-wind-energy-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pointblue.org\/tools-and-guidance\/research\/environmental-catalog-for-the-humboldt-wind-area\/","title":"Environmental Data Catalog for the Humboldt Wind Energy Area","description":"The Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management (BOEM) is preparing an Environmental Assessment pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to assess a proposed Humboldt Wind Energy Area (HWEA) related to offshore wind leasing, and potentially, development activities. The HWEA is a 131,840-acre (534 km2 \/206 mi2) open ocean area being considered by BOEM to conduct an offshore wind lease sale in fall 2022 (BOEM 2021). The HWEA is in federal jurisdictional waters beginning approximately 34 km (21 mi) offshore west of the city of Eureka in Humboldt County, California, extending seaward to 56 km (35 mi) offshore, and stretching approximately 45 km (28 mi) from north to south.  The California Coastal Commission, through its consultation responsibilities under Section 307 of the Coastal Zone Management Act, is to decide on whether to concur with the federal consistency determination that will be prepared by BOEM as part of the issuance of the Environmental Assessment and the proposed action to hold a lease sale. The Coastal Commission will assess and base its decision on whether the consistency determination, as well as other information and data provided, meet the state\u2019s enforceable policies, which are documented in Chapter 3 of the California Coastal Act of 1976.  To help the Coastal Commission in this review and assessment process, Point Blue Conservation Science (Point Blue) was tasked with developing a data catalogue and to synthesize the most relevant environmental datasets that are known within the HWEA or vicinity, including the nearshore coastal areas offshore Humboldt County. The intent of this report is to identify the best sources of data currently available on California\u2019s offshore resources, particularly in and around proposed wind energy areas. An important next step that would enhance this data catalogue effort is to identify and develop a single repository for West Coast data. Ideally, this would include regular updates of the datasets and a process to ensure that information has been peer-reviewed and verified. This report describes certain marine resources and associated datasets that are available for the region. The report also includes information on potential gaps in the current knowledge base on data associated with these resources","author":["Johnson, C.","Currier, C.","Howar, J.","Elliott, M.","Rockwood, C.","Jahncke, J."],"organization":["Point Blue Conservation Science","SeaJay Environmental","California Ocean Protection Council"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.937179834620","-124.349845308590"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HWEA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878737","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/commercial-cuttlefish-exposed-noise-offshore-windmill-construction-show-short-range","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749122010673#!","title":"Commercial cuttlefish exposed to noise from offshore windmill construction show short-range acoustic trauma","description":"The installation of marine renewable energy devices (MREDs, wind turbines and converters of wave, tidal and ocean thermal energy) has increased quickly in the last decade. There is a lack of knowledge concerning the effects of MREDs on benthic invertebrates that live in contact with the seabed. The European common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is the most abundant cephalopod in the Northeast Atlantic and one of the three most valuable resources for English Channel fisheries. A project to build an offshore wind farm in the French bay of Saint-Brieuc, near the English Channel, raised concern about the possible acoustic impact on local cuttlefish communities. In this study, consisting of six exposure experiments, three types of noise were considered: 3 levels of pile-driving and 3 levels of drilling. The objectives were to assess possible associated changes in hatching and larva survival, and behavioural and ultrastructural effects on sensory organs of all life stages of S. officinalis populations. After exposure, damage was observed in the statocyst sensory epithelia (hair cell extrusion) in adults compared to controls, and no anti-predator reaction was observed. The exposed larvae showed a decreased survival rate with an increasing received sound level when they were exposed to maximum pile-driving and drilling sound levels (170\u202fdB re 1\u202f\u03bcPa2 and 167\u202fdB re 1\u202f\u03bcPa2, respectively). However, sound pressure levels\u0027s lower than 163\u202fdB re 1\u202f\u03bcPa2 were not found to elicit severe damage. Simulating a scenario of immobile organisms, eggs were exposed to a combination of both pile driving and drilling as they would be exposed to all operations without a chance to escape. In this scenario a decrease of hatching success was observed with increasing received sound levels.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","De Vreese, S.","Fortuno, J-M.","Van der Schaar, M.","S\u00e1nchez, A.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)","University of Padova"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 04:42:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878739","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proteomic-analysis-statocyst-endolymph-common-cuttlefish-sepia-officinalis-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45646-6","title":"A proteomic analysis of the statocyst endolymph in common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis): an assessment of acoustic trauma after exposure to sound","description":"Recent studies, both in laboratory and sea conditions, have demonstrated damage after sound exposure in the cephalopod statocyst sensory epithelium, which secretes endolymph protein. Here, the proteomic analysis of the endolymph was performed before and after sound exposure to assess the effects of exposure to low intensity, low frequency sounds on the statocyst endolymph of the Mediterranean common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), determining changes in the protein composition of the statocyst endolymph immediately and 24\u2009h after sound exposure. Significant differences in protein expression were observed, especially 24\u2009h after exposure. A total of 37 spots were significantly different in exposed specimens, 17 of which were mostly related to stress and cytoskeletal structure. Among the stress proteins eight spots corresponding to eight hemocyanin isoforms were under-expressed possible due to lower oxygen consumption. In addition, cytoskeletal proteins such as tubulin alpha chain and intermediate filament protein were also down-regulated after exposure. Thus, endolymph analysis in the context of acoustic stress allowed us to establish the effects at the proteome level and identify the proteins that are particularly sensitive to this type of trauma.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Monge, M.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Quero, C."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","Vall d\u0027Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878741","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-practices-management-assessment-control-underwater-noise-pollution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/upcommons.upc.edu\/handle\/2117\/22457","title":"Best Practices in Management, Assessment and Control of Underwater Noise Pollution","description":"The origin of this work can be found in the project \u2018Effects and Control of Anthropogenic Noise in Marine Ecosystems\u2019 in the part relative to legal initiatives. In the first phase of the Report on this Project (December 2008) it was concluded that the level of complexity of marine issues, united by the fact that wide scientific gaps and difficulties still need to be covered and resolved, counseled against the immediate drawing up of legal projects concerning underwater acoustic pollution. Nevertheless, it was suggested that a document of \u2018Best Practices\u2019 be elaborated to focus on the \u2018state of the art\u2019 of this issue, and that it be used by public administrations and promoters of projects that will cause acoustic pollution, as much within the framework of environmental impact assessments as in management development plans in protected marine areas. It is of vital importance that activities, which generate acoustic pollution in the oceans, be monitored. Accordingly, this document could derive, in the short term, a Protocol of Applications which will in its own time open the way for the preparation of, if necessary, legislative initiatives within their own right.","author":["Andr\u00e9, M.","Morell, M.","Mas, A.","Sol\u00e9, M.","Van der Schaar, M.","Hou\u00e9gnigan, L.","Zaugg, S.","Castell, D.","Baquerizo, C.","Roch, L."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)"],"originationDate":"2009-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Andre-et-al-2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878742","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-lice-are-sensitive-low-frequency-sounds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/9\/7\/765\/htm","title":"Sea Lice Are Sensitive to Low Frequency Sounds","description":"The salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis is a major disease problem in salmonids farming and there are indications that it also plays a role in the decline of wild salmon stocks. This study shows the first ultrastructural images of pathological changes in the sensory setae of the first antenna and in inner tissues in different stages of L. salmonis development after sound exposure in laboratory and sea conditions. Given the current ineffectiveness of traditional methods to eradicate this plague, and the strong impact on the environment these treatments often provoke, the described response to sounds and the associated injuries in the lice sensory organs could represent an interesting basis for developing a bioacoustics method to prevent lice infection and to treat affected salmons.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Fortuno, J-M.","De Vreese, S.","Van der Schaar, M.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2021-07-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["63.056867289951","7.513401192308"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878743","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ultrastructural-damage-loligo-vulgaris-illex-coindetii-statocysts-after-low-frequency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0078825","title":"Ultrastructural Damage of Loligo vulgaris and Illex coindetii statocysts after Low Frequency Sound Exposure","description":"There is a considerable lack of information concerning marine invertebrate sensitivity to sound exposure. However, recent findings on cuttlefish and octopi showed that exposure to artificial noise had a direct consequence on the functionality and physiology of the statocysts, sensory organs, which are responsible for their equilibrium and movements in the water column. Owing to a lack of available data on deep diving cephalopod species, we conducted a noise exposure comparative experiment on one Mediterranean squid, Illex coindetii, and on the European squid Loligo vulgaris. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed similar injuries in the inner structure of the statocysts, as those found in cuttlefish and octopi. In addition to the ultrastructural description of the lesions, we publish here the first images of the crista-cupula system and inner statocyst cavity of I. coindetii.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Dufort, M.","L\u00f3pez-Bejar, M.","Lombarte, A.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["University of Basilicata","University of Barcelona","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878744","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-exposure-experiments-cuttlefish-indicate-received-sound-pressure-particle","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep45899","title":"Offshore exposure experiments on cuttlefish indicate received sound pressure and particle motion levels associated with acoustic trauma","description":"Recent findings on cephalopods in laboratory conditions showed that exposure to artificial noise had a direct consequence on the statocyst, sensory organs, which are responsible for their equilibrium and movements in the water column. The question remained about the contribution of the consequent near-field particle motion influence from the tank walls, to the triggering of the trauma. Offshore noise controlled exposure experiments (CEE) on common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), were conducted at three different depths and distances from the source and particle motion and sound pressure measurements were performed at each location. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed injuries in statocysts, which severity was quantified and found to be proportional to the distance to the transducer. These findings are the first evidence of cephalopods sensitivity to anthropogenic noise sources in their natural habitat. From the measured received power spectrum of the sweep, it was possible to determine that the animals were exposed at levels ranging from 139 to 142\u2009dB re 1\u2009\u03bcPa2 and from 139 to 141 dB re 1\u2009\u03bcPa2, at 1\/3 octave bands centred at 315\u2009Hz and 400\u2009Hz, respectively. These results could therefore be considered a coherent threshold estimation of noise levels that can trigger acoustic trauma in cephalopods.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Sigray, P.","Lenoir, M.","Van der Schaar, M.","Lalander, E.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","FOI (Swedish Defence Research Agency)"],"originationDate":"2017-04-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878745","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-cnidarians-sensitivity-sound-after-exposure-low-frequency-noise-underwater","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep37979?dom=newscred\u0026src=syn#Sec8","title":"Evidence of Cnidarians sensitivity to sound after exposure to low frequency noise underwater sources","description":"Jellyfishes represent a group of species that play an important role in oceans, particularly as a food source for different taxa and as a predator of fish larvae and planktonic prey. The massive introduction of artificial sound sources in the oceans has become a concern to science and society. While we are only beginning to understand that non-hearing specialists like cephalopods can be affected by anthropogenic noises and regulation is underway to measure European water noise levels, we still don\u2019t know yet if the impact of sound may be extended to other lower level taxa of the food web. Here we exposed two species of Mediterranean Scyphozoan medusa, Cotylorhiza tuberculata and Rhizostoma pulmo to a sweep of low frequency sounds. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed injuries in the statocyst sensory epithelium of both species after exposure to sound, that are consistent with the manifestation of a massive acoustic trauma observed in other species. The presence of acoustic trauma in marine species that are not hearing specialists, like medusa, shows the magnitude of the problem of noise pollution and the complexity of the task to determine threshold values that would help building up regulation to prevent permanent damage of the ecosystems.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Fortuno, J-M.","Durfort, M.","Van der Schaar, M.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2016-12-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878746","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/critical-period-susceptibility-sound-sensory-cells-cephalopod-hatchlings","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.biologists.com\/bio\/article\/7\/10\/bio033860\/1406\/A-critical-period-of-susceptibility-to-sound-in","title":"A critical period of susceptibility to sound in the sensory cells of cephalopod hatchlings.","description":"The cephalopod statocyst and lateral line systems are sensory organs involved in orientation and balance. Lateral lines allow cephalopods to detect particle motion and are used for locating prey or predators in low light conditions. Here, we show the first analysis of damaged sensory epithelia in three species of cephalopod hatchlings (Sepia officinalis, Loligo vulgaris and Illex coindetii) after sound exposure. Our results indicate lesions in the statocyst sensory epithelia, similar to what was found in adult specimens. The novelty is that the severity of the lesions advanced more rapidly in hatchlings than in adult animals; i.e. the degree of lesions seen in hatchlings immediately after noise exposure would develop within 48\u2005h in adults. This feature suggests a critical period of increased sensitivity to acoustic trauma in those species as has been described in developing mammalian cochlea and avian basilar papilla. The hair cells in the lateral lines of S. officinalis followed the same pattern of damage occurrence, while those of L. vulgaris and I. coindetii displayed a decreasing severity of damage after 24\u2005h. These differences could be due to dissimilarities in size and life stages between the three species.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Fortuno, J-M.","Van der Schaar, M.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2018-10-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878747","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seagrass-posidonia-impaired-human-generated-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s42003-021-02165-3","title":"Seagrass Posidonia is impaired by human-generated noise","description":"The last hundred years have seen the introduction of many sources of artificial noise in the sea environment which have shown to negatively affect marine organisms. Little attention has been devoted to how much this noise could affect sessile organisms. Here, we report morphological and ultrastructural changes in seagrass, after exposure to sounds in a controlled environment. These results are new to aquatic plants pathology. Low-frequency sounds produced alterations in Posidonia oceanica root and rhizome statocysts, which sense gravity and process sound vibration. Nutritional processes of the plant were affected as well: we observed a decrease in the number of rhizome starch grains, which have a vital role in energy storage, as well as a degradation in the specific fungal symbionts of P. oceanica roots. This sensitivity to artificial sounds revealed how sound can potentially affect the health status of P. oceanica. Moreover, these findings address the question of how much the increase of ocean noise pollution may contribute in the future to the depletion of seagrass populations and to biodiversity loss.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Durfort, M.","Fortuno, J-M.","Van der Schaar, M.","De Vreese, S.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)","University of Padova"],"originationDate":"2021-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sole-et-al-2021-1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878748","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/does-exposure-noise-human-activities-compromise-sensory-information-cephalopod","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967064512001877#!","title":"Does exposure to noise from human activities compromise sensory information from cephalopod statocysts?","description":"Many anthropogenic noise sources are nowadays contributing to the general noise budget of the oceans. The extent to which sound in the sea impacts and affects marine life is a topic of considerable current interest both to the scientific community and to the general public. Cepaholopods potentially represent a group of species whose ecology may be influenced by artificial noise that would have a direct consequence on the functionality and sensitivity of their sensory organs, the statocysts. These are responsible for their equilibrium and movements in the water column. Controlled Exposure Experiments, including the use of a 50\u2013400 Hz sweep (RL=157\u00b15 dB re 1 \u03bcPa with peak levels up to SPL=175 dB re 1 \u03bcPa) revealed lesions in the statocysts of four cephalopod species of the Mediterranean Sea, when exposed to low frequency sounds: (n=76) of Sepia officinalis, (n=4) Octopus vulgaris, (n=5) Loligo vulgaris and (n=2) Illex condietii. The analysis was performed through scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopical techniques of the whole inner structure of the cephalopods\u0027 statocyst, especially on the macula and crista. All exposed individuals presented the same lesions and the same incremental effects over time, consistent with a massive acoustic trauma observed in other species that have been exposed to much higher intensities of sound: Immediately after exposure, the damage was observed in the macula statica princeps (msp) and in the crista sensory epithelium. Kinocilia on hair cells were either missing or were bent or flaccid. A number of hair cells showed protruding apical poles and ruptured lateral plasma membranes, most probably resulting from the extrusion of cytoplasmic material. Hair cells were also partially ejected from the sensory epithelium, and spherical holes corresponding to missing hair cells were visible in the epithelium. The cytoplasmic content of the damaged hair cells showed obvious changes, including the presence of numerous vacuoles and electron-dense inclusions not seen in the control animals. The lesions described here are new to cephalopod pathology. Given that low-frequency noise levels in the ocean are increasing (e.g. shipping, offshore industry, and naval manoeuvres), that the role of cephalopods in marine ecosystems is only now beginning to be understood, and that reliable bioacoustic data on invertebrates are scarce, the present study and future investigations will bring an important contribution to the sustainable use of the marine environment.","author":["Sol\u00e9, M.","Lenoir, M.","Durfort, M.","L\u00f3pez-Bejar, M.","Lombarte, A.","Van der Schaar, M.","Andr\u00e9, M."],"organization":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC)","University of Barcelona","Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2013-10-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878759","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-spain","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Spain","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Spain from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In Spain, regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE) projects falls to National agencies. The consenting process is based on four legal instruments, within the framework defined by the Integrated National Plan for Energy and Climate 2021-2030 and the Maritime Space Planning Plans. This document describes the regulatory jurisdictions and key regulations for MRE projects in Spain.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2022-08-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 07:06:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Spain_final_4.11.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878771","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/statistical-power-analysis-seabird-monitoring-methods-strong-tidal-streams","sourceURL":"https:\/\/proceedings.ewtec.org\/product\/ewtec-2021-plymouth-uk\/","title":"Statistical power analysis of seabird monitoring methods in strong tidal streams","description":"Due to imprecisions in the assessments of the environmental impacts of marine renewable energy devices on the surrounding environments, regulatory authorities often adopt a conservative approach by requiring extensive and stringent monitoring of potentially impacted species. Field surveys of seabirds, before and after device installation, are required to establish baseline conditions and monitor changes to these baselines, should a project be consented\/licensed. However, assessments of the impact of devices through comparisons of pre- and post-construction species abundances may be unreliable due to the dynamic nature of environmental factors affecting the seasonal and spatial distribution of seabirds, resulting in survey programs with low statistical power to detect all but substantial changes. We hypothesise that including simultaneously collected data on predators, prey, and fine-scale characteristics of the water column in traditional survey designs could improve the ability to detect marine renewable devices\u0027 effects. Using power analysis methods, we show that incorporating hydrodynamic and prey covariates into the models not only increases the power to detect small changes in the number of seabirds due to the presence of devices but also reduced the number the surveys required to achieve similar power. Therefore, we recommend that power analyses covering multiple scenarios are included in the design phase of monitoring programmes to implement statistically robust and cost-effective plans.","author":["Couto, A.","Williamson, B.","Long, C.","Buck. E.","Davies, I.","Scott, B."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2021-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1878975","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fly-or-not-fly-comparing-vantage-point-uncrewed-aerial-vehicle-surveys-assessments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S019592552200172X#!","title":"To fly or not to fly? Comparing vantage point and uncrewed aerial vehicle surveys for assessments of seabird abundance and fine-scale distribution","description":"Marine renewable energy developments (e.g. offshore wind, wave, and tidal) are an increasing feature within the marine environment. It is therefore important to understand the potential impacts of such developments on seabirds that use these environments. Land-based vantage point (VP) surveys are widely used to collect data for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) within tidal stream energy sites. However, tidal stream environments are highly dynamic and present challenges when conducting VP surveys, for example there can be varying detectability of seabirds due to near-surface turbulence. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the use of uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) to quantify animal abundance and distribution. Yet, to be effective for its use in EIAs, this approach needs to be assessed alongside standardised methods. This study provides the first comparison of at-sea abundance and distribution of surface-foraging seabirds in flight within a tidal stream environment using concurrent VP surveys and UAV transects. Applying a combination of GLMMs and GAMs, our results show that the two survey types produced similar counts of surface-foraging seabirds (tern species) in flight and reveal the influence of covariates affecting counts, including tidal state, sea state, and observer ID. Further, we estimated the overlap (Bhattacharyya\u0027s affinity) between tern utilization distributions as a function of tidal state to compare the fine-scale distributions derived from each survey type. The distribution of terns detected, particularly by UAV transects indicated that the highest tern density occurred within the near-shore shallows during the ebb tide and extended into the main channel during the flood tide. Specifically, the UAV transects captured the association of terns with a visible shear line extending into the main channel. Therefore, EIAs may benefit from the use of UAV transect surveys alongside VP surveys to identify fine-scale distributions of seabirds more accurately. Despite these potential benefits, the application of UAVs for use in EIAs may be limited by the species resolution achievable using UAV imagery as well as the impacts of adverse weather conditions and low sun angles (glare). Ultimately, the selection of survey techniques will depend on the specific aims of the EIA, the target species, and species behaviour.","author":["Costagliola-Ray, M.","Lieber, L.","Nimmo-Smith, A.","Masden, E.","Caplat, P.","Wilson, J.","O\u0027Hanlon, N."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University of Plymouth","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.343644297937","-5.533418846283"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Costagliola-Ray-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879071","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-coating-type-colour-deployment-timing-biofouling-native-non-native-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/08927014.2022.2121209","title":"Influence of coating type, colour, and deployment timing on biofouling by native and non-native species in a marine renewable energy context","description":"Biofouling on marine renewable energy devices presents engineering challenges for this developing sector, and has implications for the spread of marine non-native species (NNS) in coastal waters. This is particularly true at sites with abundant energy resource, little existing infrastructure, and few established NNS. Device coatings, such as antifouling paints, could reduce the risk of NNS spread. Settlement on coatings of various types and colours, representing those likely to be used on renewable energy devices, was assessed in the Orkney Islands, northern Scotland. Assemblage composition, but not overall biofouling cover, varied initially among different coloured surfaces, although differences decreased over time. Different coating types (an anticorrosive paint, a biocidal paint and a fouling-release coating) differed in biofouling abundance and composition for the full duration of the experiment. NNS were mostly, but not completely, absent from antifouling surfaces. These results can help informing antifouling strategies for the marine renewable energy industry.","author":["Nall, C.","Schl\u00e4ppy, M.","Cottier-Cook, E.","Guerin, A."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879072","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/echofilter-deep-learning-segmentation-model-improves-automation-standardization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.867857\/full","title":"Echofilter: A Deep Learning Segmentation Model Improves the Automation, Standardization, and Timeliness for Post-Processing Echosounder Data in Tidal Energy Streams","description":"Understanding the abundance and distribution of fish in tidal energy streams is important for assessing the risks presented by the introduction of tidal energy devices into the habitat. However, tidal current flows suitable for tidal energy development are often highly turbulent and entrain air into the water, complicating the interpretation of echosounder data. The portion of the water column contaminated by returns from entrained air must be excluded from data used for biological analyses. Application of a single algorithm to identify the depth-of-penetration of entrained air is insufficient for a boundary that is discontinuous, depth-dynamic, porous, and varies with tidal flow speed.  Using a case study at a tidal energy demonstration site in the Bay of Fundy, we describe the development and application of deep machine learning models with a U-Net based architecture that produce a pronounced and substantial improvement in the automated detection of the extent to which entrained air has penetrated the water column.  Our model, Echofilter, was found to be highly responsive to the dynamic range of turbulence conditions and sensitive to the fine-scale nuances in the boundary position, producing an entrained-air boundary line with an average error of 0.33 m on mobile downfacing and 0.5\u20131.0 m on stationary upfacing data, less than half that of existing algorithmic solutions. The model\u2019s overall annotations had a high level of agreement with the human segmentation, with an intersection-over-union score of 99% for mobile downfacing recordings and 92\u201395% for stationary upfacing recordings. This resulted in a 50% reduction in the time required for manual edits when compared to the time required to manually edit the line placement produced by the currently available algorithms. Because of the improved initial automated placement, the implementation of the models permits an increase in the standardization and repeatability of line placement.","author":["Lowe, S.","McGarry, L.","Douglas, J.","Newport, J.","Oore, S.","Whidden, C.","Hasselman, D."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Vector Institute","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2022-08-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lowe-et-al-2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879073","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/detection-habitat-shifts-cetacean-species-comparison-between-2010-2017-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.877580\/full","title":"Detection of Habitat Shifts of Cetacean Species: A Comparison Between 2010 and 2017 Habitat Suitability Conditions in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean","description":"The simultaneous effects of human activities in the ocean and climate change have already produced a series of responses from the marine ecosystems. With the potential increment of future human activities, such as offshore renewable energy developments, proactive management is required. To facilitate effective management and conservation actions, it is imperative to identify species potentially at risk and their critical habitats. Here we examine 16 cetacean species habitat suitability in the western North Atlantic Ocean using generalized additive models developed from data collected by NOAA- Northeast and Southeast Fisheries Science Centers from 2010 to 2017. The models were based on observed species distribution as a function of 21 environmental covariates and compare species-specific core habitats between 2010 and 2017. We identified seasonal differences in patterns of habitat change across guilds and an average northward shift of 178 km across the study area. The effects of these shifts are still unknown, but for already stressed species, the contraction or displacement of their historical habitat could worsen their population status. Therefore, the imminent development of offshore regions, in addition to the effects of climate change emphasize the need of adaptively managing ecosystems on the face of multiple challenges.","author":["Chavez-Rosales, S.","Josephson, E.","Palka, D.","Garrison, L."],"organization":["Integrative Sciences Group","Northwest Fisheries Science Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-08-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.509770792132","-73.332213105568"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chavez-Rosales-et-al-202.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879074","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydro-environmental-modelling-interaction-tidal-lagoons-around-uk-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orca.cardiff.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/149048\/","title":"Hydro-environmental Modelling and Interaction of Tidal Lagoons around the UK Coast","description":"Despite the great advantages of tidal lagoons, such as predictable renewable energy generation and flood risk reduction, tidal lagoons are expected to have an impact on the coastal and riverine environment. The uncertainties regarding the environmental impacts can potentially affect the development and influence the design of tidal lagoons. Therefore, it is desirable to fully assess their environmental impacts to evaluate the potential impacts associated with lagoons, and to mitigate any adverse impacts by improving the construction design and operation methods where necessary. A comprehensive study regarding the environmental impact of lagoons and their operation should be undertaken at the preliminary design stage and beyond. Furthermore, it is important to explore the accumulative impacts and the interaction of the conjunctive operation of the lagoons in different locations around the coast, which is regarded as an integrated potential effective tidal range energy scheme to provide continuous power.  This research study involves developing a refined two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to provide an accurate assessment of the hydro-environmental impact and the interaction of tidal lagoons. Improvements are made through simulations of island wakes, which provides a similar scenario to the flow patterns around obstacle, such as lagoons, in a macro-tidal environment. Innovative refinements are also made to enhance the modelling accuracy of the hydroenvironmental process within and outside of a lagoon, including full momentum conservation between the subdomains and the independent operation of the turbines and sluice gate blocks. Three state-of-the-art tidal lagoon proposals, namely: West Somerset Lagoon (WSL), Swansea Bay Lagoon (SBL) and North Wales Tidal Lagoon (NWTL), are used as case studies in this research to investigate their impacts and hydro-environmental interactions.  The results show that the operation of the West Somerset Lagoon slightly reduces the tidal range in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. The changes in tidal elevation caused by the WSL and NWTL resulted in a loss of intertidal mudflats of up to 20 km2 in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, while the decrease in the peak water elevations reduces the coastal flood risk. The maximum velocity in the inner Bristol Channel increases by about 0.25-0.75 m\/s with the operation of WSL, which improves the water renewal capacity and increases the maximum suspended sediment concentration in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary, and consequently reduces the risk of hypernutrification and eutrophication. In contrast, the current designs for the SBL and NWTL schemes as modelled in this study showed a decrease in the water residence time by 4% and 45.7% in the lagoon area, respectively. The bed shear stress study and the indicative morphological modelling demonstrated potential erosion in the turbine wake region, influencing the general morphodynamics during lagoon operation. Furthermore, the presence of WSL is likely to cause sediment deposition at two sides of the lagoon impoundment, while increasing slightly the risk of scouring the seabed in the inner Bristol Channel.  In the study of the conjunctive operation of WSL and NWTL, as well as WSL and SBL, the interactions between the lagoons were investigated, but they were found to be minor. The interactions between the lagoons are associated with the lagoon scale, location, tidal phase, et al., therefore a general conclusion could not be obtained. However, the feasibility of relatively continuous tidal power output is presented for the conjunctive operation of WSL and NWTL.","author":["Guo, B."],"organization":["Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2022BinGuoPhD.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879078","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2021-2022-california-current-ecosystem-status-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pcouncil.org\/documents\/2022\/02\/h-2-a-cciea-team-report-1-2021-2022-california-current-ecosystem-status-report-and-appendices.pdf\/","title":"2021-2022 California Current Ecosystem Status Report","description":"Section 1.4 of the 2013 Fishery Ecosystem Plan (FEP) established a reporting process wherein NOAA provides the Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) with a yearly update on the status of the California Current Ecosystem (CCE), as derived from environmental, biological, economic and social indicators. NOAA\u2019s California Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment (CCIEA) team is responsible for this report. This is our 10th report, with prior reports in 2012 and 2014-2021.  This report summarizes CCE status based on data and analyses that generally run through 2021 and some that extend into 2022. Highlights are summarized in the infographic in Box 1.1. Appendices provide additional information or clarification, as requested by the Council and its committees and advisory bodies.","author":["Harvey, C.","Garfield, T.","Williams, G.","Tolimieri, N."],"organization":["Northwest Fisheries Science Center","Southwest Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2022-03-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harvey-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879266","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coupled-bem-two-phase-mixture-model-surrounding-flow-horizontal-axial-turbine-over","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801822014470","title":"Coupled BEM and two-phase mixture model for surrounding flow of horizontal axial turbine over sediment seabed","description":"Horizontal axial turbine (HAT) is widely used to extract kinetic energy from tidal current. The power absorption of HAT is largely decided by the surrounding flow. A two-phase, sediment-laden mixture model is coupled with the blade element momentum method (BEM) for the impact of HAT on surrounding flow over sediment seabed. The mixture model incorporates theoretical relative velocity, turbulence enhancement from particle wake flow and turbulence damping from high concentration sediment. A blade-induced turbulence (BIT) term is introduced into the mixture model to represent the turbulence production at blade edge. The computed velocity and turbulence are improved by the BIT term in the wake region of HAT. Three turbine hub heights are adopted to investigate the impact of the turbine on sediment seabed and the surrounding flow. Results show that with low turbine hub height, long wake region is generated after the turbine, force exerted on the turbine is asymmetric vertically and thrust and power coefficients decrease. The pattern of bed shear stress is highly dependent on the turbine hub height. The bed shear stress is enhanced under the turbine and strong scour and sediment transport tend to occur on the sediment seabed with low turbine hub height.","author":["Li, J.","Chen, X."],"organization":["China Agricultural University"],"originationDate":"2022-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:32:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879334","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabed-morphology-bed-shear-stress-predict-temperate-reef-habitats-high-energy-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0272771422001925","title":"Seabed morphology and bed shear stress predict temperate reef habitats in a high energy marine region","description":"High energy marine regions host ecologically important habitats like temperate reefs, but are less anthropogenically developed and understudied compared to lower energy waters. In the marine environment direct habitat observation is limited to small spatial scales, and high energy waters present additional logistical challenges and constraints. Semi-automated predictive habitat mapping is a cost-effective tool to map benthic habitats across large extents, but performance is context specific. High resolution environmental data used for predictive mapping are often limited to bathymetry, acoustic backscatter and their derivatives. However, hydrodynamic energy at the seabed is a critical habitat structuring factor and likely an important, yet rarely incorporated, predictor of habitat composition and spatial patterning. Here, we used a machine learning classification approach to map temperate reef substrate and biogenic reef habitat in a tidal energy development area, incorporating bathymetric derivatives at multiple scales and simulated tidally induced seabed shear stress. We mapped reef substrate (four classes: sediment (not reef), stony reef (low resemblance), stony reef (medium \u2013 high resemblance) and bedrock reef) with overall balanced accuracy of 71.7%. Our model to predict potential biogenic Sabellaria spinulosa reef performed less well with an overall balanced accuracy of 63.4%. Despite low performance metrics for the target class of potential reef in this model, it still provided insight into the importance of different environmental variables for mapping S. spinulosa biogenic reef habitat. Tidally induced mean bed shear stress was one of the most important predictor variables for both reef substrate and biogenic reef models, with ruggedness calculated at multiple scales from 3 m to 140 m also important for the reef substrate model. We identified previously unresolved relationships between temperate reef spatial distribution, hydrodynamic energy and seabed three-dimensional structure in energetic waters. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the spatial ecology of high energy marine ecosystems and will inform evidence-based decision making for sustainable development, particularly within the growing tidal energy sector.","author":["Jackson-Bu\u00e9, T.","Williams, G.","Whitton, T.","Roberts, M.","Brown, A.","Amir, H.","King, J.","Powell, B.","Rowlands, S.","Jones, G.","Davies, A."],"organization":["Bangor University","Menter M\u00f4n","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2022-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jackson-Bue-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879335","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coupled-wave-energy-converter-nearshore-wave-propagation-models-coastal-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/3\/370","title":"Coupled Wave Energy Converter and Nearshore Wave Propagation Models for Coastal Impact Assessments","description":"Future nearshore wave energy converter (WEC) arrays will influence coastal wave and sediment dynamics, yet there are limited numerical methodologies to quantify their possible impacts. A novel coupled WEC-Wave numerical method was developed to quantify these possible influences on the nearshore coastal wave climate. The power performance of an Oscillating Surge Wave Energy Converter (OSWEC) array was simulated to quantify the wave energy dissipation due to the array. The OSWEC\u2019s effect on the local wave climate was quantified by a novel coupling of two numerical models, WEC\u2013Sim and XBeach. WEC\u2013Sim characterizes the power extraction and wave energy transmission across the OSWEC, while XBeach captures the change in wave dynamics due to the WEC and propagates the waves to shore. This novel methodology provides the ability to directly quantify the impact of the effect of a WEC array on the local wave climate. Three case studies were analyzed to quantify the impact of a single WEC on breaking conditions and to quantify the impact of number of WECs and the array spacing on the local nearshore wave climate. Results indicate that when the WEC is placed 1100 m offshore, one WEC will cause a 1% reduction in wave height at the break point (Hsbp). As the WEC is placed further offshore, the change in Hsbp will become even smaller. Although the change in wave height from one WEC is small, WEC arrays magnify the cross\u2013shore extent, area of influence and the magnitude of influence based on the spacing and number of WECs. For arrays with 10 or 15 WECs, the cross\u2013shore extent was on average 200\u2013300 m longer when the WECs were placed one to two WEC widths apart, compared with being spaced three or four widths apart. When the spacing was one WEC width apart (18 m), there was a 30% greater spatial impact on the nearshore region than arrays spaced three or four widths apart. The trend for the average transmission coefficient is within 5% for a 5, 10 or 15 WEC array, with a cumulative average of 78% transmission across all conditions.","author":["Flanagan, T.","Wengrove, M.","Robertson, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Flanagan-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879336","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/clean-energy-ocean-measuring-environmental-footprint-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"Clean Energy from the Ocean: Measuring the Environmental Footprint of Devices","description":"Marine energy, also referred to as marine renewable energy or marine and hydrokinetic energy, is energy harvested from the movement of water in the oceans or large rivers, and ocean gradients. This includes tides, currents, waves, river flows, temperature gradients and salinity gradients. Offshore wind is excluded, as the source of power is not ocean water. Most marine energy devices use rotating or moving parts to harness energy. The energy may then be used at sea, exported to land via electric power cables, or used to generate stable fuels or products such as ammonia or hydrogen that can be transported for use.  According to research from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, there is an estimated 2,300 terawatt-hours per year of marine energy available in the U.S., which is enough energy to power 220 million homes and provide up to 57 percent of all U.S. electricity generation. The majority of this is from potential wave and tidal energy in Alaska, though each coastal state has access to marine energy resources. Ocean thermal energy conversion in the Gulf of Mexico and around tropical U.S. island territories also provides significant contribution to the total energy potential.  Numerous potential benefits exist from marine energy development. Projects can stimulate local economies and create high-paying jobs in installation and maintenance. Once installed and operational, marine energy provides a secure energy source to reduce vulnerabilities from natural disasters and oil dependence (including eliminating possible oil spills and poor air quality from burning petroleum), as well as the potential for mitigation of climate change with reduced fossil fuel consumption. Marine energy can also provide power for unique areas and applications where other renewables such as solar are not feasible, such as in the Arctic or far offshore. Furthermore, marine energy is more consistently available and predictable than many other renewable energy resources, taking advantage of cyclical and perpetual natural phenomena such as waves and tides. Additional benefits to ecosystem functions with the creation of habitat and marine reserves are also possible.  View the full Magazine Article here.","author":["Rose, D.","Gunn, C.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean-Energy-Sea-Technology-Article.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879337","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-potential-environmental-impacts-offshore-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/364292993_Mapping_potential_environmental_impacts_of_offshore_renewable_energy","title":"Mapping potential environmental impacts of offshore renewable energy","description":"The European Green Deal sets out the ambition to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, while addressing other environmental challenges, boosting the economy, improving people\u0027s health and quality of life, and ensuring an inclusive and just transition (European Commision, 2019). As part of the Green Deal, the Commission adopted the EU Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy to give a strategic direction for the ambitious development and integration of offshore renewable energy by 2030 and 2050 (European Commission, 2020b).  Harnessing offshore renewable energy can produce negative environmental impacts on marine ecosystems, both on biological (flora and fauna, biodiversity, etc.) and physical components (marine dynamics, seafloor integrity, pollution, etc.), which still need to be better understand. The Biodiversity Strategy to 2030 (European Commission, 2020c) recognises the positive climate impacts of offshore energy, but at the same time recognises the potential for negative impacts on sensitive species and habitats. In addition, the environmental impacts must be evaluated on a project-by-project basis as these are site-specific. Hence, there is a need to anticipate the development of ocean energy farms by assessing the potential environmental risks, to minimize the impacts and to identify the ecosystem elements that should be focused. To allow for full biodiversity impacts to be assessed, there exists an urgent need for additional multi and inter-disciplinary research in this area ranging from engineering to policy.  The first section of the present report determines the potential interaction between different offshore renewable energy devices (i.e., wind turbines, wave energy converters, current turbines, photovoltaic and ocean thermal energy conversion systems) and ecosystem components, by identifying the pressures (stressors) and vulnerable group of species, habitats, or ecosystem elements (receptors), based on a literature review.  The second section presents the methodology and results from a risk map, or cumulative impact index, analysis made primarily using GIS software and the open-source program EcoImpactMapper. The analysis uses spatial data for ecological stressors from offshore energy production methods (i.e., wind, tidal and wave energy) with ecological spatial data to estimate areas with high cumulative environmental impact from offshore energy production. Ecosystem sensitivity maps were also produced, showing areas where many ecosystem components susceptible to stressors from offshore energy production overlap. The analysis shows that some stressors caused by offshore energy production can have a spatially large radius of effect, although the highest cumulative impacts clearly occur at the immediate vicinity of the offshore installations.  The third section gives an overview of the most relevant policies, strategies, and directives for managing the environmental impacts of the development of offshore energy, namely the Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy, the Sustainable Blue Economy Strategy, the Habitats and Birds Directives, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the Biodiversity Strategy, as well as the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) and Strategic Environmental Assessment Directives. The next section focusses on the synergies and trade-offs between these policies and strategies. While they are generally aligned with regard to the overarching aims of climate change mitigation, biodiversity protection and sustainable economic development, there are the objectives set out in the Offshore Renewable Energy and the Sustainable Blue Economy Strategies that have potential for conflict with the objective of marine environmental protection. Following the policy evaluation, the section contains a detailed review of the maritime spatial plans of Finland, Ireland, Latvia and Belgium, which are summarised in country-specific evaluations and a comparison table. The evaluations include information about the context in which the plans were created; the MSP process; the form of the final outcome; the treatment of climate and energy as well as marine environmental objectives; how potential trade-offs between these objectives are handled; as well as the implementation of the maritime spatial plans.  The main driver for this work is to support Member States and the EU in fulfilling the 2050 vision of the Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy whilst ensuring that the expansion of offshore energy does not imperil achievement of the Biodiversity Strategy or MSFD.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Menchaca, I.","Seeger, I.","Nurmi, M.","McDonald, H.","Garmendia, J.","Pouso, S.","Borja, A."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2022-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Galparsoro-et-al-2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879338","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comprehensive-overview-environmental-footprints-water-desalination-alleviation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13762-022-04532-x","title":"A comprehensive overview of environmental footprints of water desalination and alleviation strategies","description":"Desalination is considered the most practiced method to overcome the mounting pressure of water scarcity. Regardless of outstanding performance and manifold advantages presented by desalination, growing concerns about its environmental footprints cannot be overlooked. Reject brine disposal releases numerous antifoaming, fouling resistance, antiscalants, antiturbidity, and corrosion inhibition additives into the marine environment; entrapment, entrainment, and impingement of marine organisms in water intake systems besides intensive energy usage which inextricably interwoven with air pollution, greenhouse gasses emission and noise pollution are major environmental adverse effects of desalination systems. This paper comprehensively explores aforesaid impacts besides offering several case-specific mitigative strategies like water\/energy recovery, environmental impact assessment (EIA), CO2 sequestration, careful selection of land, careful intake and outfall design, brine mining, brine treatment, and application of green desalination technologies to countervail and minimize those undesirable environmental footprints. In this context, several green desalination technologies like functional water channels, gas hydrate-based desalination, energy recovery, hybrid desalination, renewable energy-based systems and temperature swing solvent extraction were discussed. Moreover, several brine mining methods were presented to simultaneously take advantage of the presence of precious materials in the reject brine stream, which can be advantageous from an economic standpoint. To ensure the removal of any potentially negative influences of desalination on human beings and the environment, conduction of stringent monitoring procedures is strongly crucial. Finally, it concludes that with considerable technical advancements in conventional desalination technologies and conduction of cutting-edge desalination systems along with the application of renewable energy sources, achieving a pollution-free and sustainable operation is reasonably sensible.","author":["Shokri, A.","Fard, M."],"organization":["Jundi-Shapur University of Technology","Tafresh University"],"originationDate":"2022-10-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Chemicals","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shokri-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879339","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conceptualization-nexus-elements-marine-environment-marine-nexus","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41207-022-00322-6","title":"Conceptualization of NEXUS elements in the marine environment (Marine NEXUS)","description":"The conflict activities observed in the marine environment, such as renewable energy production, aquaculture and tourism, highlight the need for more coherent management at the cross-sectoral level so that human activities in the ocean can be carried out in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. Along these lines, this paper focuses on identifying the interlinkages between the main natural resources in the marine environment, namely water, energy, marine land use, food and climate, by considering them to be nexus elements (Marine NEXUS). In addition, it tries to determine the interactions among them in order to identify the pressures on marine natural resources and their potential for use in the development of coastal communities. An analysis of the estimated interlinkages and complex pathways is performed, based on their impacts on every aspect of the marine environment in Greece. One of the main conclusions drawn from this analysis is that seawater has a very strong impact on food (i.e. the fisheries and aquaculture, in comparison with energy production in the sea). The choice of activities that may be implemented in the oceans (land use element) has a great impact on the food (e.g. fish quantities) and water (e.g. marine pollution) elements of the Marine NEXUS. The influences and the dependences of these five elements are quantified in order to show that the efficient management of natural resources requires a holistic approach that considers the cumulative impacts of the complex interactions among them.","author":["Papadopoulou, M.","Vlachou, A."],"organization":["National Technical University of Athens"],"originationDate":"2022-10-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Marine Spatial Planning","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Papadopoulo-Vlachou-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879340","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-economic-legal-political-context-offshore-renewable-energies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/wene.462","title":"Socio-economic, legal, and political context of offshore renewable energies","description":"Offshore renewable energies have been identified as important clean sources of energy in line with sustainable development goals. However, their use can generate conflicts with other maritime activities, as well as the protection of biodiversity and the marine environment. This article analyses the influence of regulatory frameworks and ocean governance in the implementation of such devices, from a legal\u2013political point of view. In this sense, it studies how the law of the sea addresses potential international conflicts between ocean energy installations and other activities (e.g., navigation) developed by other states. It also studies the importance of preventive legal tools\u2014marine spatial planning, strategic environmental assessment, and environmental impact assessment\u2014to anticipate and reduce clashes with other sea users as well as environmental damages that may be caused by these structures. Likewise, this research analyses different national consent procedures and legal\u2013economic supporting schemes, to identify those that boost the implementation of such projects more quickly. Finally, the relevance of enhancing the involvement of affected coastal communities and local stakeholders in the decision-making processes, as well as in the socio-economic benefits of offshore renewable energy projects to increase their social acceptance, is also emphasized.","author":["Salvador, S.","Ribeiro, M."],"organization":["Universidad de Vigo","University of Porto"],"originationDate":"2023-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879342","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-fields-produced-subsea-high-voltage-direct-current-cables-reduce-swimming","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pnasnexus\/article\/1\/4\/pgac175\/6678016","title":"Magnetic fields produced by subsea high-voltage direct current cables reduce swimming activity of haddock larvae (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)","description":"High-voltage direct current (HVDC) subsea cables are used to transport power between locations and from\/to nearshore and offshore facilities. HVDC cables produce magnetic fields (B-fields) that could impact marine fish. Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) is a demersal fish that is at risk of exposure to anthropogenic B-fields. Their larvae drift over the continental shelf, and use the Earth\u0027s magnetic field for orientation during dispersal. Therefore, anthropogenic magnetic fields from HVDC cables could alter their behavior. We tested the behavior of 92 haddock larvae using a setup designed to simulate the scenario of larvae drifting past a B-field in the intensity range of that produced by a DC subsea cable. We exposed the larvae to a B-field intensity ranging from 50 \u2009to 150\u2009\u00b5T in a raceway tank. Exposure to the B-field did not affect the spatial distribution of haddock larvae in the raceway. Larvae were categorized by differences in their exploratory behavior in the raceway. The majority (78%) of larvae were nonexploratory, and exposure to the artificial B-field reduced their median swimming speed by 60% and decreased their median acceleration by 38%. There was no effect on swimming of the smaller proportion (22%) of exploratory larvae. These observations support the conclusion that the swimming performance of nonexploratory haddock larvae would be reduced following exposure to B-field from HVDC cables. The selective impact on nonexploratory individuals, and the lack of impact on exploratory individuals, could have population-scale implications for haddock in the wild.","author":["Cresci, A.","Durif, C.","Larsen, T.","Bjelland, R.","Skiftesvik, A.","Browman, H."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2022-08-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cresci-et-al-2022_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879344","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/experimental-study-bed-level-changes-vicinity-flap-type-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/17445302.2022.2062158","title":"Experimental study of bed level changes in the vicinity of flap-type wave energy converters","description":"Details are given herein of the bed level changes in vicinity of the oscillating flap by means of physical modelling. Experiments were performed in a wave flume with a movable bed. Based on the results, changing the flap rotation angle (\u03b1) from a constant to an oscillating state caused less bed level changes (reduced range and length). Increasing the h\/L (h=water depth, L=wave length) decreases the range of bed level change profile and was effective on bed form. The H\/h (H=wave height) only affects the range of bed level changes profile in such a way that increasing this parameter first raise and then decreases the bed level changes. Intraction of above three parameters (\u03b1,h\/L and H\/h) with the velocity components show that, by increasing the distance from the oscillating flap, more regular trend of velocity changes was observed. While complex behaviour was recognized in close distances to the structure.","author":["Taheri, O.","Kolahdoozan, M.","Faghihirad, S."],"organization":["Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879345","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-tracking-three-dimensional-movements-acoustic-behaviour-toothed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/2041-210X.13828","title":"Passive acoustic tracking of the three-dimensional movements and acoustic behaviour of toothed whales in close proximity to static nets","description":"Entanglement in net fisheries (static and drift) is the largest known cause of direct anthropogenic mortality to many small cetacean species, including harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), in UK waters. Despite this, little is known about the behaviour of small cetaceans in proximity to nets.  We have developed a passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) system for tracking the fine-scale three-dimensional (3D) movements of echolocating cetaceans around actively fishing nets by localising their acoustic clicks. The system consists of two compact four-channel acoustic recorders with sample-synchronised sensor packages that use 3D motion tracking technology to accurately log orientation, depth, water temperature and ambient light level. Two recorders were used in tandem, with each one attached to and floating above the net floatline. The system can be deployed during normal fishing operations by a trained researcher or experienced fisheries observer. Recordings were analysed in PAMGuard software and the 3D positions of echolocating animals in the vicinity of the system were calculated using an acoustic particle filter-based localisation method.  We present findings from four deployments in UK waters (each 1\u20132 days in duration) in which 12 distinct harbour porpoise encounters yielded a sufficient number of detected clicks to track their movements around the net. The tracks show a variety of behaviours, including multiple instances of animals actively foraging in close proximity to the fishing net.  We show that a relatively inexpensive PAM system, which is practical to deploy from active fishing vessels, is capable of providing highly detailed data on harbour porpoise behaviour around nets. As harbour porpoises are the one of the most difficult species to localise, this methodology is likely to be suitable for elucidating the behaviour of many other toothed whale species in a variety of situations.","author":["Macaulay, G.","Kingston, A.","Coram, A.","Oswald, M.","Swift, R.","Gillespie, D.","Northridge, S."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2022-02-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.663734721748","-1.113502842094"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Macaulayetal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879346","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/software-real-time-localization-baleen-whale-calls-using-directional-sonobuoys-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/10.1121\/1.4943627","title":"Software for real-time localization of baleen whale calls using directional sonobuoys: A case study on Antarctic blue whales","description":"Directional frequency analysis and recording (DIFAR) sonobuoys can allow real-time acoustic localization of baleen whales for underwater tracking and remote sensing, but limited availability of hardware and software has prevented wider usage. These software limitations were addressed by developing a module in the open-source software PAMGuard. A case study is presented demonstrating that this software provides greater efficiency and accessibility than previous methods for detecting, localizing, and tracking Antarctic blue whales in real time. Additionally, this software can easily be extended to track other low and mid frequency sounds including those from other cetaceans, pinnipeds, icebergs, shipping, and seismic airguns.","author":["Miller, B.","Calderan, S.","Gillespie, D.","Weatherup, G.","Leaper, R.","Collins, K.","Double, M."],"organization":["Australian Antarctic Division","University of St Andrews","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2016-03-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-63.126204672524","139.195459365510"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-05 12:56:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Milleretal.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879350","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reef-effect-offshore-structures-occurrence-foraging-activity-harbour-porpoises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.980388\/full","title":"Reef effect of offshore structures on the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises","description":"With increasing numbers of offshore structures being installed and decommissioned, a better understanding of their effect on marine predators is timely. There is some evidence that oil and gas platforms may attract marine mammals, acting as artificial reefs. However, it is unclear whether different man-made structure designs have similar effects or whether artificial structures modify the diel patterns of occurrence and foraging of marine mammals. Here, we used passive acoustics to investigate the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around four artificial structures of different age and complexity. We deployed an array of echolocation click detectors (CPODs) in 2021, along a gradient of distances to these structures and assessed the extent to which porpoises were attracted to them and their effect on porpoises\u2019 diel patterns of occurrence and foraging activity. The probability of porpoise occurrence and foraging activity decreased with distance from offshore structures. A significant increase in porpoise occurrence and foraging was detected during night-time compared to daytime around all four offshore structures (\u0026lt; 200 m). Comparing pre- and post-installation porpoise detections, the daily patterns of occurrence and foraging activity shifted from a weak diel pattern before the structure was installed, to a strong nocturnal pattern when the structure was present. These findings provide evidence that marine mammals are attracted to man-made structures and that porpoises modify their diel patterns of occurrence and foraging activity around them. This research suggests that offshore structures play an important role as foraging areas for some marine mammals and provides key information for decommissioning considerations and the planning of decommissioning activities.","author":["Fernandez-Betelu, O.","Graham, I.","Thompson, P."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2022-09-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.302630400000","-2.962292800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fernandez-Betelu-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879351","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-model-identification-suitable-areas-development-wave-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/364293834_Development_of_a_model_for_the_identification_of_suitable_areas_for_the_development_of_wave_energy_projects_in_the_European_Atlantic_region_in_the_context_of_maritime_spatial_planning_and_its_implemen","title":"Development of a model for the identification of suitable areas for the development of wave energy projects in the European Atlantic region in the context of maritime spatial planning and its implementation into a Decision Support Tool","description":"The present report describes the process undertaken during the development of a model for the identification of suitable areas for the development of wave energy projects in the European Atlantic in the context of maritime spatial planning and its implementation into a web-based Decision Support Tool.  The approach implemented is based on the previous work developed by Galparsoro et al. (2020) in the framework of WESE project (Wave Energy in Southern Europe; Project funded by the European Commission. Agreement number EASME\/EMFF\/2017\/1.2.1.1\/02\/SI2.787640). The scope of such project was the development of a model and a decision support tool for the identification of the most suitable areas for the development and deploying of wave energy projects in the Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic area. As the objective of SafeWAVE is equivalent to that of the WESE project, the same approach was adopted, but modifications, adaptations and improvements were applied to fit with the objectives of SafeWAVE. In addition, the adaptation and improvement of the model was enriched by the consultation and discussion with WEC industrial developers and scientists. The objective of the workshop was to share and discuss the approach and assumptions made during the development and operationalisation of the site suitability model. The main focus was put on the structure and technical factors considered within the model. There was a general agreement on that the main factors were already considered but additional feedback was obtained in relation to information sources and the way such factors could be integrated into the model. In particular, regarding the wave energy resource and the estimation of the production capacity, the oceanographic conditions for construction and maintenance of the devices, the calculation of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), as well as the other aspects related to the deployment of the farms such as depth, slope, seafloor type, distance to substation and distance to port.  The conceptual model was then operationalized in a Bayesian Network. The spatial data to feed the model were obtained from different publicly available datasets. The geographical scope of the model is the European Atlantic region which covers the EEZs of Ireland, the UK, France, Spain and Portugal. Accounting for a total area of 3,676,970 km2.  The model developed was implemented into a web-based decision support tool called VAPEM (https:\/\/aztidata.es\/vapem\/) and which was previously described by Galparsoro et al. (2020).  The model presented here is still subjected to modifications and improvements. Preliminary results of the suitable areas for development of WEC farms will be contrasted with WEC developers and scientists to reach a consensus and a final model that will be used to produce the final suitability maps under Task 6.3.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Mandiola, G.","Gariner, R.","de Santiago, I.","Villar\u00edn, E.","Iglesias, G.","Machado, I.","Soulard, T.","Bourhis, E.","Zubiate, L.","Menchaca, I.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","CorPower Ocean","University College Cork","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)"],"originationDate":"2022-10-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Galparsoro-et-al-2022_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1879362","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-coastal-environment-marine-birds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1652\/1400-0350(2002)008[0017:ETCEFM]2.0.CO;2","title":"Evaluating the Coastal Environment for Marine Birds","description":"The marine environment is being increasingly exploited by fisheries and the oil and gas industry. Conservationists urgently need the ability to identify the processes that determine patterns of abundance of marine species. We describe a preliminary Geographic Information System (GIS) in which spatial data on environmental variables (seabird colony locations, sea depth and seabed sediments) are integrated with realistic energy constraints faced by marine birds during the breeding season. A simple foraging model predicts the spatial variation in the quality of given locations as potential feeding sites under different feeding conditions and stages of the breeding cycle. We show how the approach can be used to help managers identify key marine areas and assess the impacts of environmental change or damage.","author":["Wanless, S.","Bacon, P.","Harris, M.","Webb, A."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","English Nature"],"originationDate":"2002-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/wanlessetal2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1887859","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-holistic-characterization-near-seabed-renewable-energy-installations-shallow","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.earthdoc.org\/content\/papers\/10.3997\/2214-4609.202221112","title":"Towards Holistic Characterization of the Near Seabed for Renewable Energy Installations in Shallow Marine Environments","description":"The development of renewable energy resources in a marine environment needs to consider the seabed geological conditions that will control the safe development of seabed installations and cable corridors. In shallow marine environments, surface and guided waves present in ocean-bottom sensor and streamer seismic data acquired for deep exploration are considered a source of information that can be exploited by a variety of well-established geophysical solutions for characterizing the seabed. Here, we discuss a workflow for the analysis and joint inversion of surface and guided waves, and we list derived shallow parameters that can provide critical information to project proponents and regulators for the safe development of marine renewable energy.","author":["Clementi, M.","Boiero, D.","Leone, C.","Masnaghetti, L."],"organization":["SLB (Schlumberger)"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1887860","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/powering-blue-economy-assessment-marine-renewable-energies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-030-96519-8_6","title":"Powering the Blue Economy: An Assessment of Marine Renewable Energies","description":"Climate change and related consequences are some of the most pressing for humanity in the twenty-first century. The threat related to climate change is existential in nature and needs to be mitigated via various mechanisms. Transitioning away from fossil fuels in favor of renewable energy resources ensures reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and lowers carbon footprint of anthropogenic activities. However, relying solely on a few forms of renewable energy such as solar and onshore wind energy may not be sufficient to meet the future energy demand. In addition, issues related to intermittency of these resources are a challenge which needs to be overcome by exploring other forms of clean energy sources. This chapter focuses on two forms of ocean energy resources viz. offshore wind energy and ocean thermal energy, as possible choices for furthering the clean energy transition while examining them from the lens of furthering the blue economy.","author":["Guduru, S.","Narula, K."],"organization":["National Maritime Foundation","University of Geneva"],"originationDate":"2022-10-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1887861","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-impact-scotlands-renewable-energy-sector-2022-update","sourceURL":"","title":"The Economic Impact of Scotland\u0027s Renewable Energy Sector - 2022 Update","description":"Renewable electricity generation will an essential component of any net zero energy system. The deployment of renewable energy technologies such as onshore and offshore wind, solar photovoltaics, heat pumps and marine renewables is therefore paramount in the drive towards ending Scotland\u2019s contribution to climate change. However, as well as serving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the deployment of renewable energy brings considerable benefits to the Scottish economy. These benefits come from the activities and employment of the renewable energy sector as well as the activity supported by renewables across the wider economy via spill-over impacts. Using a model of the Scottish economy, this report estimates the amount of economic activity that renewables currently support in Scotland.","author":["University of Strathclyde","Scottish Renewables"],"organization":["Scottish Renewables","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2022-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FAI-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1887863","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-use-platforms-sea-sustainable-solution-aquaculture-biodiversity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.1201\/9781003360773-89\/multi-use-platforms-sea-sustainable-solution-aquaculture-biodiversity-demmer-lewis-neill","title":"Multi-use platforms at sea: A sustainable solution for aquaculture and biodiversity","description":"Offshore management is a future challenge for the development of offshore renewable energy (ORE) industries and aquaculture because of the worldwide increase of demand for both industries. The synergetic development of marine renewable energy infrastructure with mariculture has been hypothesized as a way to share services and reduce costs. In the Irish Sea, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) represent 40% to 50 % of the total gross turnover of Welsh shellfish industries. Also, the strong tidal currents (\u0026gt; 2m\/s) occurring in North Wales, make this area an attractive place for the development of tidal renewable energy projects. A numerical approach has been developed using 2D hydrodynamic model (TELEMAC) coupled with particle tracking model (Matlab) to study connectivity between ORE and aquaculture sites. The study show that the location of ORE could potentially influence the connectivity between populations in the Irish Sea and so the importance to plan future multi-use platforms at sea location.","author":["Demmer, J.","Lewis, M.","Neill, S."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1889988","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-tidal-stream-turbines-circulation-sediment-transport-muskeget-channel-ma","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2013\/00000047\/00000004\/art00013","title":"The Impact of Tidal Stream Turbines on Circulation and Sediment Transport in Muskeget Channel, MA","description":"The Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) is configured to evaluate the potential impact of the proposed Muskeget Tidal Energy Project on circulation and sediment transport in the surrounding region. The extraction of tidal kinetic energy from the water column is modeled by augmenting the momentum equations with additional drag terms parameterized using local flow velocities and parameters specific to the installed turbine farm. Model-computed power output compares well with estimates based on velocities derived from a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). Total extracted power from the proposed installations during a spring ebb tide represents roughly 9% of the natural power in the deep section of the channel and 30% of the natural tidal dissipation in the turbine installation region. Due to this low level of extraction, turbine installations at the proposed transects result in relatively minor differences in the tidal current magnitude (2.5%), water level (0.8%), sediment flux (0.6%), and bed level (9%). Computations also indicate that the proposed installation generates minimal impacts to the tidal harmonics (3.3% change in amplitude and 1-min delay in phase) and tide-induced depth-averaged residual currents (2.8%). Model-computed extraction at increased levels is associated with greater perturbations to the natural conditions.","author":["Hakim, A.","Cowles, G.","Churchill, J."],"organization":["University of Massachusetts","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2013-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.313802152737","-70.389031484694"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 12:49:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hakim-et-al-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1889989","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-level-rise-tidal-power-plants-gulf-maine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/jgrc.20221","title":"Sea level rise and tidal power plants in the Gulf of Maine","description":"[1] The response of the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine to large-scale tidal power plants and future sea-level rise is investigated using an established numerical tidal model. Free stream tidal turbines were simulated within the Bay of Fundy by implementing an additional bed friction term, Kt. The present-day maximum tidal power output was determined to be 7.1 GW, and required Kt\u2009=\u20090.03. Extraction at this level would lead to large changes in the tidal amplitudes across the Gulf of Maine. With future SLR implemented, the energy available for extraction increases with 0.5\u20131 GW per m SLR. SLR simulations without tidal power extraction revealed that the response of the semidiurnal tides to SLR is highly dependent on how changes in sea level are implemented in the model. When extensive flood defenses are assumed at the present-day coast line, the response to SLR is far larger than when land is allowed to (permanently) flood. For example, within the Bay of Fundy itself, the M2 amplitude increases with nearly 0.12 m per m SLR without flooding, but it changes with only 0.03 m per m SLR with flooding. We suggest that this is due to the flooding of land cells changing the resonant properties of the basin.","author":["Pelling, H.","Green, J."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2013-05-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.387742637870","-66.997482737066"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pelling-Green-2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1889990","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/eukaryotic-diversity-marine-biofouling-coastal-offshore-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.971939\/full","title":"Eukaryotic diversity of marine biofouling from coastal to offshore areas","description":"Marine biofouling communities, including biofilms, are composed of many eukaryotes with high taxonomic and functional diversities. However, molecular characterization of eukaryotic diversity of marine biofouling has been barely developed due to the only recent interest in research areas such as marine renewable energies, antifouling technologies, or plastic pollution. The aim of this study was to compare the diversity and taxonomic composition of biofouling through different metabarcoding approaches used to detect the widest range of taxa from samples collected in several contrasted marine environments (French Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts). Thus, we assessed four DNA extraction methods and six primers pairs targeting the 18S rDNA gene (including the V1-V2, V4TAR, V4UNI, V7 and V9 regions) and the COI gene, the latter with two databases (BOLD and MIDORI). In addition the influence of primers selection was analyzed at three sites to compare geographic variations in eukaryotic diversity. Although none of the extraction methods greatly altered the community diversity or composition. we have observed that eukaryotic biofouling community diversity and structure varied depending on primers pairs, reference databases and sites. 18S rDNA regions allowed the detection of more taxa at the species level, including microeukaryotes, while the COI recovered more ASVs, but with a large proportion that remained taxonomically unassigned probably because BOLD and MIDORI specifically targeted metazoans. Interestingly, the spatial pattern obtained with both COI and 18S rDNA markers were similar showing that spatial selection occurred throughout a wide diversity of eukaryotic taxa. These results encouraged the use of these two complementary markers for future metabarcoding investigations but also highlighted the relevance of completing databases to enhance the identification of biofouling eukaryotes.","author":["Portas, A.","Quillienn, N.","Culioli, J.","Briand, J."],"organization":["University of Toulon","France Energies Marines","Aix-Marseille University"],"originationDate":"2022-10-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Portas-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1890187","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantitative-evaluation-four-flow-shield-designs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/98","title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Four Flow Shield Designs","description":"Turbulence-induced pseudosound, or flow noise, is a ubiquitous challenge encountered when making underwater acoustic measurements in energetic environments, such as tidal channels or rivers. Flow noise is observed at relatively low frequencies \u2013 though both the extent of affected frequencies and the magnitude of flow noise increase with current speeds. In strong currents (i.e., above 3 m\/s), flow noise has been observed at frequencies above 500 Hz, complicating the characterization of low-frequency sound emissions from current energy converters. The magnitude of flow noise is also dependent on the dimensions of the recording transducer: turbulent length scales larger than the longest dimension of the transducer will engulf the transducer, resulting in the highest levels of flow noise, while length scales smaller than the transducer will either completely or partially cancel around the body of the transducer.  Flow noise is relatively straightforward to identify in acoustic recordings because of its characteristic decrease in intensity with increasing frequency due to the roll-off in turbulent kinetic energy. While this makes it easy to identify and isolate flow-noise contamination from data, flow noise may still mask low-frequency sounds of interest. As such, flow noise mitigation through mechanical design is desirable. A variety of flow noise mitigation approaches have been used in the literature with varying success, but few have been quantitatively evaluated.  Here, we aim to quantitatively assess two distinct approaches to flow noise mitigation: straightening the flow around the hydrophone transducer and increasing the effective diameter of the transducer. The first approach involves a shroud or housing around the hydrophone designed to straighten (i.e., reduce turbulence in) the flow around the hydrophone. In this work, we test three such designs: an open cell foam housing, a thin nylon shroud, and a ballistic nylon shroud. The second approach increases the effective dimensions of the hydrophone transducer in the direction of the flow, which increases the length scales of turbulent pressure fluctuations that contribute most significantly to flow noise. In this work, we test this approach using an oil-filled polyurethane covering that effectively increases the largest dimension of the hydrophone transducer by approximately a factor of four.  The four flow shield designs are evaluated in a narrow tidal channel in Sequim Bay, WA. Each flow shield is deployed on a hydrophone alongside a second unshielded hydrophone for one tidal cycle. Concurrent flow measurements are made with an acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV) to provide contextual information about flow speeds and turbulence, and an acoustic projector deployed nearby is used to assess attenuation associated with the flow shield. Results from each design are presented, including comparison of flow noise and received levels between the shielded and unshielded hydrophones. We also make recommendations for future testing and design refinement.","author":["Cotter, E.","Barker, A.","McVey, J.","Staines, G.","Walters, E.","Weicht, L.","Haxel, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter_Flow_Noise_UMERC_METS_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1890188","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/drifting-acoustic-measurements-tidal-turbine-radiated-noise-urban-waterway","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/99","title":"Drifting acoustic measurements of tidal turbine radiated noise in an urban waterway","description":"From communication to foraging, a broad range of marine animal activities depend on sound. The introduction of a new anthropogenic noise source could, under some circumstances, have consequences for individuals or populations. Therefore, understanding the radiated noise produced by a novel source is critical to establishing its potential for environmental impact. The international consensus standard (IEC TS 62600-40:2019) establishes the methodology for radiated noise measurements around marine energy converters. Following these guidelines, we used drifting passive acoustic platforms, the Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstems (DAISYs), to collect data around a cross-flow tidal turbine installed at the University of New Hampshire\u2019s Tidal Deployment Platform in Portsmouth, NH. Our goals were (1) to measure radiated noise from the operating tidal turbine, (2) to evaluate the potential for source localization with multiple DAISYs to objectively identify sound sources, and (3) to develop feedback to inform future revisions to the consensus standard.  Over two days in July 2021, we performed 39 drifts in the vicinity of a New Energy turbine deployed adjacent to the Memorial Bridge. The platform deployment method meant that only the rotor was below water, while the generator and power electronics were airside. During these drifts, the water currents varied from 0.2-2.2 m\/s, and the turbine power output varied from 0-4.67 kW. Spectrograms and periodograms of the drifts were generated for frequencies up to 200 kHz and compared across drifter locations and turbine power states. Ambient noise levels at the site were high due to relatively high vessel traffic density and vehicular traffic noise propagating from the bridge piers. Consequently, we could identify no distinctive turbine noise signature in any measurements (i.e., ambient noise levels appear to have generally exceeded radiated noise from the turbine). To assess source localization by groups of DAISYs, hammer strikes to the turbine shaft were used to create a \u201ccooperative\u201d, impulsive noise source at a known location. These signals were identifiable in the time series data and could be localized, although low signal-to-noise ratios resulted in poor accuracy for the time delay of arrival localization techniques. In contrast, when DAISYs and cooperative strikes were used to test localization at a similar site with significantly less ambient noise in April 2022, the sounds could be localized with accuracy. This shows that the localization can yield valuable results if the signal-to-noise ratio is high enough. Overall, this work confirms observations of the turbine at the Tidal Deployment Platform by a team of researchers from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory using similar drifting measurements that concluded the radiated noise from this turbine has a negligible contribution to the environment compared to boats and vehicles. To identify and localize acoustic signals from cross-flow tidal turbines, future work will require environmental conditions with lower ambient noise and\/or turbines with more intense radiated noise.","author":["Jones, L.","Crisp, C.","Haxel, J.","Polagye, B.","Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/LJones_PMEC_Living_Bridge.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1890189","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/taking-broader-look-environmental-ecological-effects-marine-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/100","title":"Taking a Broader Look at Environmental and Ecological Effects of Marine Energy Development","description":"To advance the marine energy industry, there is a need to not only focus research on designing and testing devices, but also to examine potential environmental effects on marine animals and habitats. To date, the environmental focus has been on interactions of small numbers of marine energy devices with the environment, including collision by animals with turbine blades, underwater sound and electromagnetic field emissions, habitat alteration, and changes in oceanographic processes. The international collaboration Ocean Energy Systems (OES)-Environmental, representing 16 nations, is expanding its view of potential environmental and ecological effects of marine energy development to include a broader look at higher level effects, including cumulative effects, an ecosystem approach, and scaling up effects from single devices to arrays.  Cumulative effects result from interacting activities either across space or through time in one location, due to sequential or overlapping activities. The understanding of environmental effects from marine energy has matured to a point where there is sufficient information to make consideration of potential cumulative effects a tangible question. Consequently, although many knowledge gaps remain, now is a good time for OES-Environmental to join other marine industries in considering cumulative effects. With this topic, we investigate cumulative effects of marine energy developments, how these effects combine with or affect other human uses of the ocean, and the tools and research studies that can be used to best assess these effects.  To address the potential effects to the broader marine ecosystem, the ecosystem approach undertaken by OES-Environmental is defined by the international Convention on Biological Diversity, which currently does not address marine energy. While the ecosystem approach is a large concept that integrates environmental, economic, and social sciences, the current work of OES-Environmental focuses mainly on the environmental aspects of the approach. We are exploring how marine energy development and operation may affect the ecosystem into which it is deployed, and how ecosystem services are affected and\/or assisted by marine energy. A conceptual framework is under development to qualitatively describe the interactions between an ecosystem\u2019s components and marine energy systems.  Future large arrays of marine energy will be in operation for decades and scaling up our understanding of environmental effects on marine animals and habitats is crucial. Although our knowledge on stressor-receptor interactions for single devices and small arrays continues to improve, remaining uncertainties complicate the task of predicting how marine animals and habitats will interact with and be affected by large-scale arrays. We are examining how to apply the knowledge of stressor-receptor interactions from single devices to effects from arrays. We are also exploring interactions that are not significant around single devices but may become important around large-scale arrays, such as changes to oceanographic systems or displacement of marine organisms by marine energy developments.  By exploring these new topics, OES-Environmental lays out the pathways to expand our understanding of the environmental and ecological effects across the appropriate spatiotemporal scales, based on existing research, leveraging information on devices, and highlighting gaps in scientific knowledge. The investigation of each topic will result in a white paper that will identify main knowledge gaps, limitations encountered during the work, future research needs, and plans for a robust scientific approach for testing hypotheses that can be applied to increase our knowledge of the environmental effects of marine energy development at greater spatial, temporal, and technological scales.","author":["Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Hasselman, D.","Fulton, E.","Marchand, M.","Safi, G.","Garavelli, L.","McGarry, L.","Overhus, D.","Rose, D.","Farr, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2022-09-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UMERC-METS_Hemery_etal_Broader_Look.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1890190","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-around-calwave-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/101","title":"Acoustic Characterization around the CalWave Wave Energy Converter","description":"A key step towards streamlined permitting of marine renewable energy (MRE) activities is a better understanding of potential environmental effects. In particular, sound generated by marine energy installations in the ocean environment remains a particular concern despite the limited evidence showing low levels of MRE sounds relative to other anthropogenic sounds. In an effort to increase understanding of potential environmental effects of marine energy projects and help reduce barriers to marine energy deployments, a new acoustic monitoring technology, the NoiseSpotter\u00ae, was developed and recently demonstrated around CalWave\u2019s operational scaled xWaveTM wave energy converter (WEC). The technology improves upon traditional acoustic sensing techniques by use of a cost-effective, compact array of acoustic particle velocity sensors that characterizes, classifies, and provides accurate location information for anthropogenic and natural sounds in real time. The NoiseSpotter\u00ae\u2019s ability to make direct measurements of acoustic particle velocity also helps address growing concerns on the effects of the kinetic elements of sound on fishes and invertebrates.  We present results from co-deployments of NoiseSpotter\u00ae with the operational CalWave WEC that were conducted over a 9-day period in fall 2021 offshore of Scripps Research Pier in San Diego, California. The NoiseSpotter\u00ae was deployed over durations ranging from hours to days, at distances of 100 m and 200 m from the CalWave WEC, and at the four cardinal directions from the WEC. Acoustic particle velocity and pressure measurements were obtained at 35 cm, 50 cm, and 75 cm above the seabed, in the frequency band 50 Hz to 3 kHz. Each vector measurement of particle velocity inherently provides directional information (acoustic bearing) regarding the source of sound, allowing the measurements to spatially discriminate sounds emitted by the WEC from other ambient sounds.  Results from a multi-day deployment of the NoiseSpotter\u00ae at 100 m from the CalWave WEC revealed a rich library of sounds that include:    Low-level (~95 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa relative to an ambient noise floor between 80-90 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa) sounds from the WEC associated with the deliberate actuation of mechanical components,  Sounds from a hovering helicopter,  Marine mammal vocalizations, and  Small boat engines.   Sound levels from the WEC were placed within the context of ambient sounds, and reveal little deviation from the ambient soundscape. The azimuthal anisotropy of WEC sound was investigated via deployments along four cardinal directions around the WEC. While a noticeable increase was observed along the north-south orientation, the sound levels along all directions still showed little deviation relative to the ambient noise floor. Analysis of low-level WEC sounds demonstrate the utility of a directional acoustic sensing technology like the NoiseSpotter\u00ae in distinguishing marine energy sounds from the myriad other sounds in the surrounding ocean environment.","author":["Raghukumar, K.","Chang, G.","Spada, F.","Petcovic, D.","Boerner, T."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","CalWave Power Technologies"],"originationDate":"2022-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.868525000000","-117.263680000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-05 05:18:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UMERC_METS2022_Raghukumar.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1892507","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/implementation-spatial-environmental-assessment-toolkit","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/86","title":"Implementation of the Spatial Environmental Assessment Toolkit","description":"The development and success of commercial scale marine energy (ME) projects are connected to a thorough understanding of how ME devices interact with the surrounding environment. Quantification of these effects can help facilitate effective site planning and communication between developers, regulators, and stakeholders. Understanding the interplay of ME conversion technologies and the local environment can be achieved by combining calibrated and validated numerical models, site-specific receptor information, and risk assessment tools. These components have been integrated into the Spatial Environmental Assessment Toolkit (SEAT).  The SEAT is designed to help assess coastal, estuarine, and riverine sites where wave or current energy converters may be deployed. The change in wave fields and\/or currents due to the presence of ME devices could result in modified circulation and sediment transport patterns. These changes could have an effect on local habitats, water quality, and the transport of larvae or sediment that are important to the local ecosystem, and therefore must be understood. Open-source numerical models, such as the spectral wave model SWAN and hydrodynamic model Dflow-FM, have been modified by Sandia National Laboratories to simulate the energy transfer of wave energy converters and current energy converters. The modified models, SNL-SWAN and Dflow-FM-CEC, incorporate device-specific characteristics, including size, power matrices, and\/or rating curves to account for the energy produced by each device and the potential changes to the local environment. In addition, Sandia has developed Paracousti, a high-fidelity underwater sound propagation tool for evaluating changes to pressures and particle velocities within the marine environment from arrays of current- and wave-energy converters.  The framework outlined in the SEAT produces quantitative metrics for the potential risk resulting from the presence of devices and scaled by the spatial distribution of site-specific receptors. The results can be displayed in spatial gradients and summarized by receptor type. The analysis has been developed into a plug-in to the open-source, publicly available QGIS geospatial data program. This plug-in allows the user to integrate model results, receptor data, and site-specific thresholds to produce maps of risk at a site of interest. The use of the plug-in allows end-users to compare different array configurations and\/or device types and integrate additional spatial information in their assessment of a site.  Two test cases, using publicly available, site-specific data have been developed for the PacWave South Site on the Oregon Coast and the Tanana River Current Energy Converter deployment site in Nenana, Alaska. The results demonstrate the ability for the SEAT to integrate different data types using the QGIS plug-in to assess a site\u2019s potential environmental response due to the presence of ME devices.","author":["McWilliams, S.","Jones, C.","Roberts, J.","Pendleton, E."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McWilliams_UMERC_METS_poster_FINAL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1892508","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/operation-tidal-turbine-moored-vessel-agate-pass-wa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/85","title":"Operation of a tidal turbine from a moored vessel in Agate Pass, WA","description":"In spring 2022 R\/V Russell Davis Light was moored in Agate Pass, Washington, to perform the first saltwater test of a university-developed tidal turbine designed for sustained deployment as a bottom lander to power oceanographic sensors. The system, as deployed, was self-contained in that all system components associated with a hypothetical bottom-lander configuration were present. Potential benefits of the deployment in a moored configuration were the ability to intervene rapidly in the event of a critical system failure and the ability to regularly inspect the system for signs of premature failure. The Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP), a custom environmental monitoring system, was also used throughout the deployment. The AMP was equipped with an acoustic Doppler current profiler ADCP that passed current velocities to the tidal turbine for control purposes. In addition, the AMP was equipped with a pair of stereo optical cameras with triggered LEDs for artificial illumination and two high-frequency imaging sonars with combined fields of view covering the rotor and areas up to 10 m up and downstream of the rotor. Both the tidal turbine and AMP systems sampled with greater than 95% up-time, with downtime being driven primarily by user-interventions to modify settings.  Prior to testing at Agate Pass the tidal turbine system had undergone extensive vessel-based tow testing in a freshwater lake (Lake Washington, Seattle, WA) and laboratory dynamometry testing. As such, a priori expectations for system performance in Agate Pass were used in deployment planning and contrasted with post-deployment analysis. I will present descriptions of the system architecture and turbine performance. I will also present snapshots of observed biological interactions with the turbine and co-registration and tracking of targets with the acoustic and optical cameras. Topics including planning, site selection, mooring design, operations\/logistics, personnel requirement, and costs inform a personal assessment of whether the benefits of a moored vessel deployment outweigh the costs.  I gratefully acknowledge the support (in alphabetic order) of the following individuals that were critical in the design, fabrication, deployment, and operations at Agate Pass: Paul Aguilar, Eric Boget, Ben Cunningham, Cameron Fisher, James Joslin Derek Martin, Tim McGinnis, Nick Michel-Hart, Jennie Moufat, Brian Polagye, Andy Reay-Ellers, Cassie Riel, Mitchell Scott, Harlin Wood, Kevin Zack. Of particular note are the contributions of three additional people without whom the Agate Pass test would not have been successful: Jesse Dosher (software), Paul Gibbs (mechanical design lead), Paul Murphy (AMP).","author":["Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2022-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.715798800000","-122.561150400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-08 05:41:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bassett-METS2022_Poster.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1892509","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benefits-real-time-object-detection-environmental-monitoring-marine-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orec2022.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/102","title":"Benefits of real-time object detection for environmental monitoring of marine energy devices","description":"Instrumentation systems such as the Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP) have significantly advanced the state of the art in marine energy monitoring. However, high bandwidth instruments on these systems, such as optical cameras and imaging sonars, can produce large quantities of data when acquiring continuously, burdening researchers with the costs of storage and review. Periodic acquisition reduces the data burden, but risks missing rare events, such as marine animal interaction. Event detection is therefore necessary to automate collection of high bandwidth data. Building on the technologies and methodologies developed for the AMP, MarineSitu has made substantial progress in the use of object detection algorithms (e.g., YOLOv3) to detect events in camera and sonar data. The benefits of this approach are quantified through a review of results from several recent projects. Detector accuracy, data volume, and review time are compared across projects and against continuous and periodic approaches to acquisition.","author":["Murphy, P.","Joslin, J.","Scott, M."],"organization":["MarineSitu","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2022-09-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/5_UMERC_2022_Paul_Murphy_Updated_9_13.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1897764","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-observations-scour-behavior-around-oscillating-water-column-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/3\/320","title":"Field Observations of Scour Behavior around an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter","description":"This study provides the first ever published measurements of scour and morphological change around an Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC) device at a real-world site, with the intention of informing future designs to reduce costs of the technology. A 200-kW prototype OWC WEC was deployed at King Island, Tasmania, Australia in January 2021, providing a unique opportunity to monitor the device using a combination of dive footage, multi-beam surveys and bedrock surveys. Settlement of the device was observed and monitored before ceasing once the foundation made contact with the underlying bedrock at the site. It is hypothesized that the settlement is caused by scour undermining the gravity structure\u2019s foundations. The processes causing this scour are explored and possible future design modifications are suggested to reduce the risk of scour and settlement.","author":["Lancaster, O.","Cossu, R.","Heatherington, C.","Hunter, S.","Baldock, T."],"organization":["University of Queensland","BMT","Wave Swell Energy Ltd"],"originationDate":"2022-02-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.065635000000","144.058830000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 07:16:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lancaster-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1925809","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-marine-energy-systems-collision-risks-marine-animals-priority","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ojs.aprh.pt\/index.php\/rgci\/article\/view\/496","title":"Environmental impacts on marine energy systems: collision risks for marine animals and priority species for monitoring in Brazil","description":"The urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to slow global warming is the driving force behind the development of the renewable energy sector. To keep the global temperature rise below 1.5\u00baC, renewable energy must grow 74% by 2050, which requires an eight-fold increase in the annual growth rate. Brazil has great potential for the development of technologies for the conversion of marine energy from waves and tides, which raises the debate on the possible environmental impacts of these projects. The review seeks to synthesize knowledge about potential collision risks for marine animals, such as mammals, fish and birds, in renewable marine energy (RME) devices, as well as to identify priority species for environmental monitoring along the Brazilian coast.      RESUMO  O Brasil possui grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de convers\u00e3o de energia marinha das ondas e mar\u00e9s, o que aflora a discuss\u00e3o sobre os poss\u00edveis impactos ambientais desses empreendimentos. Este artigo busca sintetizar os conhecimentos sobre os riscos de colis\u00e3o de animais marinhos, como mam\u00edferos, peixes e p\u00e1ssaros, com dispositivos de energia marinha renov\u00e1vel (EMR), bem como identificar as esp\u00e9cies priorit\u00e1rias para o monitoramento ambiental ao longo da costa brasileira. O risco de colis\u00e3o de mam\u00edferos marinhos com dispositivos de EMR \u00e9 influenciado por fatores regionais e comportamentais. O risco de colis\u00e3o em comunidade de peixes \u00e9 influenciado pelo comportamento de evas\u00e3o, a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o dos peixes nos locais de EMR e as etapas do empreendimento (instala\u00e7\u00e3o, opera\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o). O risco de colis\u00e3o de aves marinhas \u00e9 influenciado pelo comportamento das esp\u00e9cies (distribui\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica, uso sazonal do habitat, tempo e profundidade de mergulho) e pela localiza\u00e7\u00e3o das estruturas de EMR (superf\u00edcie e\/ou coluna de \u00e1gua). O levantamento de esp\u00e9cies priorit\u00e1rias para o monitoramento do risco de colis\u00e3o com dispositivos de EMR no Brasil foi constitu\u00eddo por 5 esp\u00e9cies de mam\u00edferos marinhos, 13 t\u00e1xons de aves marinhas, 5 esp\u00e9cies de tartarugas marinhas amea\u00e7ados de extin\u00e7\u00e3o e por 18 esp\u00e9cies ou grupos de esp\u00e9cies de peixes de import\u00e2ncia econ\u00f4mica para o pa\u00eds. A revis\u00e3o das pesquisas n\u00e3o registrou ocorr\u00eancia de colis\u00f5es com animais marinhos. No entanto, n\u00e3o significa que n\u00e3o ocorreram, mas que podem n\u00e3o ter sido observadas devido aos desafios do monitoramento. O estudo concluiu que as pesquisas de intera\u00e7\u00e3o de animais marinhos com dispositivos de EMR devem ser fomentadas, mesmo que em prot\u00f3tipos e projetos n\u00e3o comerciais, a fim de reduzir as lacunas do conhecimento e auxiliar o desenvolvimento da EMR de forma ambientalmente adequada.","author":["Silva, C.","Dagola, P.","Moreira, M.","Santos, L."],"organization":["Fluminense Federal University"],"originationDate":"2022-11-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Silva-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1925811","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mitigating-negative-impacts-marine-renewable-energy-biodiversity-role-international","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.pan.pl\/dlibra\/show-content?id=124932","title":"Mitigating Negative Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy on Biodiversity: The Role of International Environmental Law","description":"Transition of the global energy sector is in progress. The share of renewable energies has increased over time and achieved 36.6% of global electricity capacity in 2020. Marine Renewable Energy plays a substantial role in this transition. However, while marine renewable energy will contribute to less GHG emissions, and thus enhance compliance with the Paris Agreement, there are concerns over potential impacts marine renewable energy installations may have on biodiversity. Such impacts include, among others, habitat loss, collision risks, noise and electromagnetic fields. This paper addresses these issues from the perspective of international environmental law, illustrating how potentially conflicting objectives (mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and preserving biodiversity) can be accommodated. This requires a discussion of broader concepts such as no harm and precautionary action as well as detailed rules extending from marine protected areas to the discussion of specific treaty issues, even public participation, including participation of indigenous peoples. The paper aims at illustrating the ability of international law to ensure not just an environmentally sound but a biodiversity-compatible transition towards marine renewable energy.","author":["Marauhn, T.","B\u00f6hringer, A-M.","Ja\u015b-Nowopolska, M."],"organization":["Justus Liebig University Giessen"],"originationDate":"2022-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1926006","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evidence-effects-decommissioning-man-made-structures-marine-ecosystems-globally","sourceURL":"https:\/\/environmentalevidencejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13750-022-00285-9","title":"Evidence for the effects of decommissioning man-made structures on marine ecosystems globally: a systematic map","description":"Many marine man-made structures (MMS), such as oil and gas platforms or offshore wind turbines, are nearing their \u2018end-of-life\u2019 and require decommissioning. Limited understanding of MMS decommissioning effects currently restricts the consideration of alternative management possibilities, often leaving complete removal as the only option in certain parts of the world. This evidence-base describes the ecosystem effects of marine MMS whilst in place and following cessation of operations, with a view to informing decision-making related to their potential decommissioning.","author":["Lemasson, A.","Somerfield, P.","Schratzberger, M.","McNeill, C.","Nunes, J.","Pascoe, C.","Watson, S.","Thompson, M.","Couce, E.","Knights, A."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-10 10:21:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lemasson-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1926007","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/robust-ocean-zoning-conservation-fishery-marine-renewable-energy-co-location-strategy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261922014234","title":"Robust ocean zoning for conservation, fishery and marine renewable energy with co-location strategy","description":"With the increasing human-dominated seascape, maritime exploitation like fishery and marine renewable energy (MRE) is soaring in both abundance and intensity, which brings forward the ocean zoning problem to balance conservation, fishery, and MRE. What complicates the ocean zoning problem is the ambiguity of values (conservation, fishery, and MRE) and opportunity cost due to the scarce data and the complexity of the eco-economy system. To address the ocean zoning problem with ambiguity, we characterize these ambiguous values\/cost as ambiguity sets containing all possible distributions from the robust optimization perspective and formulate the values of conservation, fishery, and MRE as three objectives in the setting of risk-averse decision-makers. Furthermore, we adopt the co-location strategy of fishery and MRE as constraints and assign a higher priority to the conservation objective. After deriving and solving an ambiguous multi-objective risk-averse ocean zoning model, we perform the model analysis of the conflict, ambiguity, and Pareto optimality. A case study of the Huanghai sea under the jurisdiction of the West Coast of Qingdao justifies several significant insights. First, the MRE is fully willing to co-locate with the fishery under the pressure of economy and ocean use intensity. Second, the robust strategies incorporating the decision-dependent expectation and lower covariance can ensure the objectivity and rationality of ocean zoning for conservation, fishery, and MRE. Third, the risk-averse degree from ambiguous value plays a pivotal role in the fulfillment of aspiration levels and the zoning strategies. Overall, our method can improve the space allocation performance and provide a coordinated-development strategy for conservation and development.","author":["Jia, R.","Gao, J.","Gao, F."],"organization":["Ocean University of China"],"originationDate":"2022-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.823778000000","120.321878000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1926203","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-information-siting-operation-floating-tidal-turbines-us-waters","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental Information for Siting and Operation of Floating Tidal Turbines in U.S. Waters","description":"The deployment and operation of a floating tidal technology in the United States require assessing environmental conditions and satisfying all environmental permitting requirements. Two locations in the United States are chosen to evaluate the potential for deployment of the Orbital Marine Power Ltd. floating technology: San Juan Islands (Washington) and Western Passage (Maine). This report describes the information gathered on logistical, regulatory, and environmental conditions for siting and deploying the technology in the two locations. In each location, the state and federal regulations required for deploying are defined, as well as the additional requirement for social license. To evaluate the potential for siting and deployment, bathymetry and tidal current velocities are assessed, and the presence of species and critical habitats is defined for each location. This information is then used to evaluate the potential environmental effects of floating tidal technologies in coastal waters of the San Juan Islands and Western Passage. This initial assessment of logistical, regulatory, and environmental conditions for the deployment of a floating tidal technology is a first step toward the achievement of environmental compliance.","author":["Copping, A.","Garavelli, L.","Overhus, D.","Tugade, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.591168200000","-123.013318900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:13","signatureProject":["TEAMER"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-TEAMER-Orbital-Marine_RFTS-1_FINAL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1930855","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/entanglement-evidence-base","sourceURL":"","title":"Entanglement Evidence Base","description":"The evidence base for entanglement includes 10 key documents from marine renewable energy, wind energy, and other analogous industries to aid understanding of this interaction. Additional information on entanglement can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 8), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.\u00a0","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-13 08:45:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1953889","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/providing-detailed-estimate-mortality-using-simulation-based-collision-risk-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0276757","title":"Providing a detailed estimate of mortality using a simulation-based collision risk model","description":"Marine renewables could form a significant part of the green energy mix. However, a potential environmental impact of tidal energy converters (TECs) is collision risk between a device and animal, which has been a significant barrier in the consenting process. While it is important to understand the number of collisions of an animal with the device, the relative speed at which an animal collides with the device, and the point on the animal where collision occurs, will determine whether a collision is fatal, which is important in understanding population-level impacts. Using a simulation-based collision risk model, this paper demonstrates a novel method for producing estimates of mortality. Extracting both the speed and the location of collisions between an animal and TEC, in this instance a seal and horizontal axis turbine, collision speed and location of collision are used to produce probabilities of mortality. To provide a hypothetical example we quantified the speed and position at which a collision occurs to estimate mortality and, using collision position, we determine all predicted collisions with the head of the animal as fatal, for example, whilst deeming other collisions non-fatal. This is the first collision risk model to incorporate speed at the point of contact and the location where the collision occurs on the animal, to estimate the probability of mortality resulting from a collision. The hypothetical scenarios outline how these important variables extracted from the model can be used to predict the proportion of fatal events. This model enables a comprehensive approach that ultimately provides advancements in collision risk modelling for use in the consenting process of TECs. Furthermore, these methods can easily be adapted to other renewable energy devices and receptors, such as wind and birds.","author":["Horne, N.","Culloch, R.","Schmitt, P.","Wilson, B.","Dale, A.","Houghton, J.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Marine Scotland Science","APEM Ltd","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2022-11-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Horne-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1956807","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-project-environmental-implication-sustainable-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456912200391X?via%3Dihub","title":"Marine renewable energy project: The environmental implication and sustainable technology","description":"Although sustainable marine technology brings benefits to economic development, it also affects the marine environment due to the changes in the behavior of marine animals or marine eco-environment. Therefore, to seek a sustainable solution, this review considers the impact of marine renewable energy technology in the marine environment in order to achieve the environmental implications and sustainable technology development for sustainable marine renewable energy activity. Meantime, compared with existing marine renewable energy research, this study also resolves some potential problems, such as the challenges of high difficulty in sampling values or the limitation of ecological target data. Finally, the study identifies the future research framework on research patterns, including marine renewable energy, marine environment, sustainable technology, regional research, and sustainable marine activity solutions, respectively. It should be emphasized that the contribution of this paper lies in investigating the comprehensive impacts of technological development on the marine ecological environment, not just the value brought by technology itself.","author":["Cui, Y.","Zhao, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-12 03:51:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1958353","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-environmental-sustainability-matrix-deepgen-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801822023149","title":"Evaluation of environmental sustainability matrix of Deepgen tidal turbine","description":"Tidal energy is a reliable, consistent and abundant source of renewable energy. However, there are many concerns with different tidal energy devices relating to their environmental impacts over the lifetime. It is essential to address these issues by assessing the environmental impacts of these technologies throughout all phases of life cycle. In this context, a cradle to grave life cycle assessment (LCA) study is performed hereby on 1 MW Deepgen tidal turbine. ReCiPe LCA method has been used to evaluate 18 different environmental impacts; i.e., global warming in 100 years horizon, stratospheric ozone depletion, ionising radiation, ozone formation (human health), fine particulate matter formation, ozone formation (terrestrial ecosystems), terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, terrestrial ecotoxicity, freshwater ecotoxicity, marine ecotoxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity, human non-carcinogenic toxicity, land use, mineral resource scarcity, fossil resource scarcity and water consumption. According to the findings, steel, copper and glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) carry the highest contributions across all impact categories. Steel contributes about 30%, on average, across all impact categories; copper contributes significantly to eutrophication and toxicity impacts while GFRP contributes significantly to marine eutrophication. Total global warming emission of the turbine stands at approximately 1 ktCO2 eq which establishes the turbine as a lower GHG impact carrying solution. Findings from the study will serve as a benchmark to deploy more tidal power turbines around the world.","author":["Rashedi, A.","Khanam, T.","Jeong, B.","Hussain, M."],"organization":["University of Strathclyde","Charles Darwin University (CDU)","University of Haripur"],"originationDate":"2022-12-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rashedi-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1958354","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enabling-indigenous-innovations-re-centre-social-licence-operate-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X22004316","title":"Enabling Indigenous innovations to re-centre social licence to operate in the Blue Economy","description":"Sustainable, inclusive and equitable development and expansion of the Blue Economy hinges on deliberative and responsible negotiations and an understanding of the distribution of benefits, resource ownership and risks within community and interest groups and Indigenous Peoples. In this review we examine questions of governance and mechanisms for Indigenous participation and inclusion in the distribution of economic benefits, and monitoring and managing environmental and cultural impacts of Blue Economy industries. We suggest a shift in practice of social licence to operate such that consent is granted by Indigenous groups based on their perspective of social licence at all stages of the project life-cycle and at each interface where new social and cultural risks and opportunities emerge. Such a shift in practice across the Blue Economy requires the consideration of multiple collaborative arrangements and a platform for Indigenous driven transformation in how Indigenous Peoples participate in Blue Economy sectors and in business agreements based on their particular historical, social, cultural and economic context and goals. Such as an arrangement centres on new competencies that includes adaptive capacities within the particular blue economic partnership governance systems.","author":["Lyons, P.","Mynott, S.","Melbourne-Thomas, J."],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Victoria","Centre for Marine Socioecology"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lyons-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1958355","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-willingness-pay-research-demonstration-tidal-stream-energy-south-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X22000288","title":"The public willingness to pay for the research and demonstration of tidal stream energy in South Korea","description":"South Korea has established a plan to install 700 MW of tidal stream energy (TSE) generation by 2030, and is pursuing the research and demonstration (R\u0026amp;D) of TSE. A significant amount of public funds will be invested in the R\u0026amp;D led by government-funded research institutes and public corporations. Thus, the government is seeking information about the aggregate willingness to pay (WTP) for the R\u0026amp;D. The purpose of this research is to explore the WTP by employing contingent valuation (CV). To this end, a CV survey of 1000 interviewees in South Korea was carried out using a closed-ended question during May 2020. Because 56.7% of all interviewees gave a zero WTP value, a spike model allowing for many zero values was adopted. The mean WTP was found to be KRW 4290 (USD 3.49) per annum per household and held statistical significance. This aggregate WTP for the R\u0026amp;D amounts to KRW 87.30 billion (USD 71.03 million) per year from a national perspective. The costs incurred by the R\u0026amp;D, which have not yet been accurately measured, can be compared to the aggregate WTP for the R\u0026amp;D. If the latter is greater than the former, the R\u0026amp;D may be socially profitable.","author":["Choi, K.","Kim, J.","Yoo, S."],"organization":["Seoul National University"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1980113","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nefmc-research-priorities-data-needs-2021-2025","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nefmc.org\/library\/nefmc-research-priorities-and-data-needs-for-2021-2025","title":"NEFMC Research Priorities and Data Needs for 2021-2025","description":"The New England Fishery Management Council, one of eight regional councils established by federal legislation in 1976, is charged with conserving and managing fishery resources from three to 200 miles off the coasts of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. This document is the New England Fishery Management Council\u0027s five-year research priority list for 2021-2025. There is a PDF version and an Excel version.","author":["New England Fishery Management Council"],"organization":["New England Fishery Management Council"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NEFMC_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1987225","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-vessel-traffic-ocean-noise-gray-whale-stress-hormones","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-14510-5","title":"Effects of vessel traffic and ocean noise on gray whale stress hormones","description":"Human use of marinescapes is rapidly increasing, especially in populated nearshore regions where recreational vessel traffic can be dense. Marine animals can have a physiological response to such elevated human activity that can impact individual health and population dynamics. To understand the physiological impacts of vessel traffic on baleen whales, we investigated the adrenal stress response of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) to variable vessel traffic levels through an assessment of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGC) concentrations. This analysis was conducted at the individual level, at multiple temporal scales (1\u20137 days), and accounted for factors that may confound fGC: sex, age, nutritional status, and reproductive state. Data were collected in Oregon, USA, from June to October of 2016\u20132018. Results indicate significant correlations between fGC, month, and vessel counts from the day prior to fecal sample collection. Furthermore, we show a significant positive correlation between vessel traffic and underwater ambient noise levels, which indicates that noise produced by vessel traffic may be a causal factor for the increased fGC. This study increases knowledge of gray whale physiological response to vessel traffic and may inform management decisions regarding regulations of vessel traffic activities and thresholds near critical whale habitats.","author":["Lemos, L.","Haxel, J.","Olsen, A.","Burnett, J.","Smith, A.","Chandler, T.","Nieukirk, S.","Larson, S.","Hunt, K.","Torres, L."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Florida International University","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Seattle Aquarium","George Mason University"],"originationDate":"2022-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.658052258349","-124.133324432070"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lemos-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1987226","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/community-acceptance-blue-energy-understanding-future-research-trajectories","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781003280248-6\/community-acceptance-blue-energy-stephen-axon","title":"Community Acceptance of Blue Energy: Understanding Future Research Trajectories for Understanding \u0022Place-Technology-Fit\u0022 Perceptions","description":"Offshore renewable, or Blue Energy, Installations are a crucial component of many countries\u2019 energy policies and pathways towards a sustainable low-carbon future. Yet Blue Energy installations face many challenges; chief amongst them is community (un)acceptance which largely derives from place-technology-fit perceptions\u2014the concept that technologies do, or do not, fit in a particular place. Little research has been undertaken in this area. This chapter outlines suitable methodologies and future research directions in five areas in Blue Energy place-technology-fit perception studies. These are as follows: (1) residential comparative fit perceptions; (2) narrative analyses of perceptions; (3) politicised and industrialised variances of fit; (4) mapping fit preferences, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and planning approval sites for development; and (5) reconceptualising coastscapes as increasingly placeful. This chapter calls for increasing attention to be paid to coastscapes and Blue Energy dynamics, to ensure that such knowledge can be applied to enhancing low-carbon electricity for a sustainable future.","author":["Axon, S."],"organization":["Southern Connecticut State University"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/1987227","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-impact-innovation-marine-energy-generation-related-technologies-carbon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S030147972202391X","title":"Modeling the impact of innovation in marine energy generation-related technologies on carbon dioxide emissions in South Korea","description":"South Korea has invested extensively in developing revolutionary marine and ocean technologies to accomplish renewable energy goals. Despite that, the available literature offers no insight into the environmental benefits of innovation in marine energy generation, distribution, or transmission-related technologies (IMET). This study examines the nexus between carbon dioxide emissions (CO2e) and IMET in South Korea (1990Q1-2018Q4). Control variables include international collaboration in green technology development (ICGD), gross domestic product (per capita) (GDPPC), expansionary commercial policy (ECP), and renewable energy use (REC). First, the findings validated the long-run relationship among ICGD, GDPPC, ECP, REC, IMET, and CO2e. Second, the findings asserted that increasing IMET assisted in the generation of low-carbon renewable energy, thereby contributing to the improvement of environmental quality. Third, the estimates revealed that an increase in GDPPC and ECP was positively associated with an upsurge in CO2e. Fourth, the data depicted that ICGD facilitated co-green technologies development, which de-escalated CO2e. Fifth, REC was negatively associated with a decrease in CO2e. Based on current estimates, this article recommended that governments implement policies that encourage companies and academia to participate in IMET to promote the green economy.","author":["Jiang, Q.","Khattak, S."],"organization":["Xiamen University","Jimei University"],"originationDate":"2023-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2006489","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/governance-clean-energy-sector-kazakhstan-impediments-investment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1504\/IJTIP.2018.094413","title":"Governance of the clean energy sector in Kazakhstan: impediments to investment","description":"This paper aims to identify the impediments to the development of the renewable energy sector in Kazakhstan through the lens of governance by drawing on the definition of governance as the execution of policy. The paper investigates the execution of the nation\u0027s policy on renewables by looking into the investment process, and provides an assessment of governance quality based on the interplay between state capacity and bureaucratic autonomy. Critical impediments to investment in renewables include the multiplicity of provisions and agencies involved; the unstructured and ineffectual relations between renewable energy producers and operators; the ineffectual governance structures and mechanisms; the inconsistent development of the legal and regulatory framework; and the uncertainty regarding the resolution of legal disputes. Assessment of each of these indicates a very high degree of bureaucratic autonomy and limited state capacity, which, complemented by continuous dominance of the oil and gas sector, significantly impedes the government\u0027s attempts to expand the renewable energy sector. As reliance on oil and oil revenue continues, in the long-term the nation\u0027s energy security is jeopardised. The paper contributes to knowledge by enhancing the understanding of governance of the renewables sector and providing insights into ways to facilitate investment.","author":["Koulouri, A.","Mouraviev, N."],"organization":["Abertay University"],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2006683","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-governance-challenges-conflicts-energy-transition-renewable-electricity-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-319-67855-9_9","title":"New Governance Challenges and Conflicts of the Energy Transition: Renewable Electricity Generation and Transmission as Contested Socio-technical Options","description":"The emergence of renewable energy sources (RES) has broadened the scope of socio-technical options for energy systems. While the conventional fossil-nuclear system has been a highly centralized one, both technological and in economic respects, RES can be implemented in a highly decentralized manner\u2014but can also fit to the traditional centralized pathway. This new option space is associated with many conflicts. The paper reconstructs one basic conflict by conceptualizing future energy options as a strategic action field with incumbents and challengers as stylized key actors. We illustrate this approach by various cases from Germany, Austria, the Mediterranean, and China. The paper argues against a popular stylization of the strategic action field of RES along the dichotomy of centralized versus decentralized options and sketches a mixed future as the more plausible\u2014and more desirable\u2014one. The paper ends by sketching the design of a global super smart grid as the backbone for such a mixed option.","author":["Reusswig, F.","Komendantova, N.","Battaglini, A."],"organization":["International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis","Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research"],"originationDate":"2018-01-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2020433","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-environmental-impact-assessment-module-eiam-dtocean-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.icoe-conference.com\/publication\/development-of-an-environmental-impact-assessment-module-eiam-in-the-dtocean-project\/","title":"Development of an Environmental Impact Assessment Module (EIAM) in the DTOcean project","description":"The \u201cOptimal Design Tools for Ocean Energy Arrays\u201d or DTOcean project, was a FP7 (Call ENERGY 2013) European Project, whose objectives were the acceleration of the industrial development of ocean energy power generation knowledge and providing a performant design tool, in the form of a software package, for deploying the first generation of wave and tidal energy converter arrays. The software generated by the DTOcean project automates the design of a feasible array of ocean energy converters (OECs) for a relevant geographical location and technology type. The design process is modularized into the following stages: Hydrodynamics, Electrical Sub-Systems, Moorings and Foundations, Operations and Maintenance. The software also evaluates each stage of the design, and the design as a whole, using three thematic assessments, which are: Economics, Reliability and Environmental. The challenge and ultimate goal of the project was to optimize the designs created by the software, against a suitable metric, chosen as the levelized cost of energy (LCOE).","author":["Duarte, R.","Charbonier, K.","Lejart, M.","Monbet, P.","Filipot, J-F."],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2018-06-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Duarte_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2055703","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/push-tidal-power-faces-its-biggest-challenge-yet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/innovation\/push-tidal-power-face-biggest-challenge-180974369\/","title":"The Push for Tidal Power Faces Its Biggest Challenge Yet","description":"The renewable energy source (tidal power) has never quite lived up to its potential, but a new experiment in Nova Scotia could flip the script.","author":["Royte, E."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.692300000000","62.657200000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2058033","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-multibeam-imaging-sonar-observation-marine-mammals-fish-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0275978","title":"Use of multibeam imaging sonar for observation of marine mammals and fish on a marine renewable energy site","description":"Environmental data is crucial for planning, permitting, execution and post construction monitoring of marine renewable energy projects. In harsh conditions in which marine renewable energy is harvested, integrated monitoring platforms comprising multibeam imaging sonar systems coupled with other sensors can provide multiparametric data of the marine environment surrounding marine renewable energy installations. The aim of this study was to test the possibilities of observing the occurrence of fish and marine mammals using a multibeam imaging sonar system deployed at a wave power test site. The results obtained from a ten-day data set proved the platform as suitable for long time underwater monitoring and also revealed that the occurrence of fish and marine mammals was distributed across characteristic time and space domains. Large fish [\u0026gt;0.4 m] frequently occurred at night-time and near the benthic zone. Small fish [\u0026lt;0.2 m] frequently occurred during daylight and within the pelagic zone. The occurrence of seals was periodically distributed along a daily cycle, with intervals of 1\u20132 hours between maxima and minima. In conclusion, the use of multibeam imaging sonar can be a reliable technique for the qualitative and quantitative observations of fish and marine mammals in general and at marine renewable energy sites specifically, including protected and economically important species.","author":["Francisco, F.","Bender, A.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2022-12-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:00:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Francisco-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2058228","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-sites-use-ocean-energy-mexican-caribbean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/15567249.2022.2160524","title":"Potential sites for the use of ocean energy in the Mexican Caribbean","description":"Increasing demand for electricity and the need for sustainable energy sources, make ocean energy a viable alternative for its generation in coastal regions. In this study, wave, marine currents and thermal gradient resources were evaluated to identify potential sites for energy harvesting in the Mexican Caribbean. From a techno-economic review of the literature, a marine current turbine from Nova Innovation 100 kW, an OWC (350 kW), and an OTEC (1 MW) plant were considered, examining theoretical energy potentials and the LCOE of each. A potential environmental impact assessment was also carried out, including a study of the regulatory framework and the socio-economic conditions in the region. The results show that energy harvesting from the sources analyzed is viable, especially in the north of the area, where most of the sites that fit the proposed criteria were found, e.g. Cancun for wave energy (power availability of 45.6 MWh\/m\/yr) and current energy (power availability of 4.4 MWh\/m2yr), and the east coast of Cozumel for OTEC deployment (power availability of 1.69 GWh\/km2\/yr). Of the three harvesting technologies studied, the best LCOE obtained was for OTEC (862.2 US$\/MWh) with a capacity factor of 0.965%. This was expected, given that the technologies analyzed for current and wave energy are not efficient for the resource conditions in the Mexican Caribbean.","author":["Chavez, V.","B\u00e1rcenas, J.","Martinez, L.","Mateos, E.","Zuniga-Rios, A.","Guimarais, M.","Wojtarowski, A.","Landgrave, R.","Canch\u00e9, C.","Silva, R."],"organization":["National Autonomous University of Mexico","Universidad del Caribe","Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda UNAM","Instituto Mexicano de Tecnolog\u00eda del Agua"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.616765000000","-97.016767000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2058229","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-ecological-impacts-marine-energy-development-malaysia","sourceURL":"","title":"Social and Ecological Impacts of Marine Energy Development in Malaysia","description":"The excessive usage of fossil fuels in Malaysia is increasing yearly to meet the increasing domestic demands. However, this will impact the environment as fossil fuels will emit hazardous gases into the atmosphere. The development of marine energy in Malaysia is still in early periods compared with China, the U.K, and America. Notably, the impact of marine energy extraction on shallow water regions is not yet fully understood, such as the changes in the topography, the effect on marine life, and the cost of development and maintenance for tidal stream energy. This paper is focused on the social and ecological impact of potential marine energy development in Malaysia. Significantly, this study relies on published data to analyse and identify potential sites for harnessing tidal stream energy. Numerical calculation shows that the coastal region receives higher available energy compared to the deep sea. Three sites are found to be the best location for tidal energy exploration in Malaysia, namely Pangkor Island, Port Klang, and the Malacca coastline. From these three sites, the available energy per year for Pangkor Island is 193.668 MWh, while for Port Klang and Malacca coastline are at 241.66 MWh, and 433 MWh respectively. Apart from the economical aspect, the social aspect of tidal energy exploration is also examined. The purpose of the Renewable Energy Act 2011 and Electricity Supply Act 1990 is to ensure proper legislation for the implementation of marine renewable energy in Malaysia, specifically regarding zones of the ocean, licensing, and installation requirements.","author":["Fadzil, N.","Rahman, A.","Abdul-Rahman, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-10-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fadzil-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2058230","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-wave-energy-converter-impact-coastal-erosion-case-study-palm-beach-azur","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/14\/24\/16595","title":"Modelling of a Wave Energy Converter Impact on Coastal Erosion, a Case Study for Palm Beach-Azur, Algeria","description":"Facing the exhaustion of fossil energy and in the context of sustainable development, strong incentives are pushing for the development of renewable energies. Nuclear energy and fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas provide most of the energy produced today. As a result, greenhouse gases are released and climate change becomes irreversible. Furthermore, radioactive waste disposal causes severe radiation pollution in nuclear power. Alternatives such as marine energy are more sustainable and predictable. It has none of the detrimental effects of fossil and nuclear energies and is significant in terms of environmental sustainability by defending the coastline from erosion. Here, we study the Palm Beach-Azur region near Algiers on the Mediterranean Sea. The study aims to use wave energy converters (WEC) to generate clean energy and reduce coastline erosion. The results of this study show that in the presence of wave energy converters, the wave height decreased by 0.3 m, and sediment deposition increased by 0.8 m. Thus, sand deposit prediction demonstrates that the presence of WEC decreases marine erosion and contributes to an accumulation of sediments on the coast. Moreover, this confirms that WECs can serve a dual role of extracting marine energy by converting it into electrical energy and as a defence against marine erosion. Therefore, WECs justify their efficiency both in energy production and economic and environmental profitability due to coastal protection.","author":["Moradi, M.","Chertouk, N.","Ilinca, A."],"organization":["University of Quebec"],"originationDate":"2022-12-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.743178000000","2.837971000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moradi-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2060359","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-france","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: France","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in France. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE) in France extends out to the limits of the Economic Exclusive Zone (200 nautical miles) and is the responsibility of several \u201cFrench Departments\u201d. Any MRE developer is subject to request three types of authorizations from administrative authorities (the maritime and regional Prefects): a concession to use the public maritime domain, an environmental permit, and a declaration of public utility. Different kinds of MRE are being developed or will be developed in France, both along the coasts of mainland France and overseas. Tidal, wave, and wind energy are available both nearshore and offshore of mainland and overseas France, while thermal energy is only available overseas.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2023-01-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:27:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_France_final_4.11.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2062882","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/wavenet-wave-energy-converter-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy-xprt.com\/products\/wavenet-model-6-series-array-based-wave-energy-device-578978","title":"WaveNET Wave Energy Converter Array","description":"WaveNET devices are built from individual Squid generating units. The floating structure of the WaveNET is flexible in all directions and capable of capturing power from the ocean regardless of wave direction and array orientation. It\u2019s also configurable to match site conditions and project power requirements.  The WaveNET Squid array project was deployed and tested in 2014 at the FloWave Ocean Energy Research facility in the circular wave pool in Edinburgh, Scotland. Albatern used the facility to test mooring designs, loadings and to asses the array\u2019s behaviour in waves approaching from different directions at the same time.   The first development scale of WaveNET is Series-6, designed to operate in a minimum water depth of 20m and to generate electricity in waves with heights ranging from 0.3m to 6m. Albatern is currently testing Series-6 devices, the first commercial development scale of WaveNET on its road map to grid-scale power generation. WaveNET Series-6 arrays are being tested at a commercial scale on real operating sites in Scottish waters for smaller scale off-grid power requirements.","author":["info@albatern.co.uk"],"organization":["Albatern Wave Energy"],"originationDate":"2022-12-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.804200600000","-6.281827100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 07:51:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2063076","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tapping-oceans-large-renewable-energy-sources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ocean.economist.com\/innovation\/articles\/tapping-the-oceans-large-renewable-energy-sources","title":"Tapping the ocean\u0027s large renewable energy sources","description":"The world\u2019s oceans offer huge potential to provide renewable energy and help countries meet net-zero energy targets, but much of it is still untapped. Creating wind farms could protect and restore the marine environment while generating revenue and jobs.","author":["World Ocean Intiative"],"organization":["World Ocean Intiative"],"originationDate":"2022-11-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072532","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ifremer-test-site-sainte-anne-du-portzic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/rd-technologiques.ifremer.fr\/R-D-Technologiques\/Equipements\/Site-d-essais-en-mer-Sainte-Anne-du-Portzic","title":"Ifremer Test Site in Sainte-Anne-du-Portzic","description":"The Ifremer test site in Sainte-Anne du Portzic is located on the North side of the Brest Strait, that links the Altantic Ocean in the west to the bay of Brest in the East.  It has been used for more than 30 years for offshore testing of various instruments and technical developments, and is well suited for Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) intermediate scale prototype and\/or subsystems testing and validation at TRL 5-6, at the transition between the laboratory and the full-scale demonstration in the real environment.The Ifremer test site in Sainte-Anne du Portzic is part of the THeoREM Research Infrastructure for marine engineering research, where it is complementary with the other facilities of the network, such as waves and current tanks, mechanical test benches and the SEM-REV offshore test site. It is also part of the Carnot MERS Institute.","author":["Martin Tr\u00e4sch"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-03-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.357981400000","-4.551475100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 08:33:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072533","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introduction-marine-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Introduction to Marine Energy","description":"Interested in marine energy? Want to learn about different types of marine energy resources and technologies, their associated challenges and considerations, and how NREL is addressing these challenges? Tune in to discover how NREL researchers, like Aryana Nakhai, Levi Kilcher, and Mike Lawson, are clearing a path for marine energy to make a substantial contribution to our renewable energy-powered future. This video is part of a larger series of educational videos on marine energy that bring research off the page and into an easy-to-understand format.","author":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072538","type":["Document","Document\/Video"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-101-marine-hydrokinetic-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Energy 101: Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy","description":"See how marine and hydrokinetic technologies harness the energy of the ocean\u0027s waves, tides, and currents and convert it into electricity to power our homes, buildings and cities.","author":["U.S. Department of Energy"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072550","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainability-environmental-impact-renewable-energy-sources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dm0oDwAAQBAJ\u0026dq=social+and+ecological+impacts+energy+development\u0026lr=","title":"Sustainability and Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy Sources","description":"The world\u0027s dependence on fossil fuels is widely acknowledged to be a major cause of rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Thus there is an urgent need to develop energy sources with lower environmental impact, with attention focusing on renewable energy sources. Concise, authoritative, up-to-date and readable, this book reviews various energy technologies, as well as taking a critical look at the political, social and economic aspects. Throughout, the emphasis is on renewable energy sources (wind, wave, solar, biomass, etc), but a discussion of fossil fuels and nuclear power is also presented.","author":["Hester, R.","Harrison, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072562","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dark-side-light-transdisciplinary-research-agenda-light-pollution-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/pdf\/26268230.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A2a891683cb80f164a746365963dfaec0\u0026ab_segments=\u0026origin=\u0026acceptTC=1","title":"The Dark Side of Light: A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for Light Pollution Policy","description":"Although the invention and widespread use of artificial light is clearly one of the most important human technological advances, the transformation of nightscapes is increasingly recognized as having adverse effects. Night lighting may have serious physiological consequences for humans, ecological and evolutionary implications for animal and plant populations, and may reshape entire ecosystems. However, knowledge on the adverse effects of light pollution is vague. In response to climate change and energy shortages, many countries, regions, and communities are developing new lighting programs and concepts with a strong focus on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. Given the dramatic increase in artificial light at night (0 - 20% per year, depending on geographic region), we see an urgent need for light pollution policies that go beyond energy efficiency to include human well-being, the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and inter-related socioeconomic consequences. Such a policy shift will require a sound transdisciplinary understanding of the significance of the night, and its loss, for humans and the natural systems upon which we depend. Knowledge is also urgently needed on suitable lighting technologies and concepts which are ecologically, socially, and economically sustainable. Unless managing darkness becomes an integral part of future conservation and lighting policies, modern society may run into a global self-experiment with unpredictable outcomes.","author":["H\u00f6lker, F.","Moss, T.","Griefhan, B.","Kloas, W.","Voigt, C.","Henckel, D.","Hanel, A.","Kappeler, P.","Volker, S.","Schwope, A.","Franke, S.","Uhrlandt, D.","Fischer, J.","Klenke, R.","Wolter, C.","Tockner, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TheDarkSideofLight_Holker_F.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072563","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-technologies-high-seas-challenges-opportunities-strengthen","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.elgaronline.com\/configurable\/content\/journals$002fcilj$002f11$002f2$002farticle-p202.xml?t:ac=journals%24002fcilj%24002f11%24002f2%24002farticle-p202.xml","title":"Marine renewable energy technologies on the high seas: challenges and opportunities to strengthen international environmental and renewable energy governance","description":"Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) offer an extensive area of about half of the Earth\u2019s surface with an unparalleled potential for the use of marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies to provide energy security and competitiveness to States and in the fight against climate change. However, the expansion of MRE technologies into ABNJ as well as the environmental impacts associated with their development can entail risks and threats to security and biodiversity. This paper focuses on highlighting key regulatory and governing challenges associated with the deployment of MRE technologies in ABNJ as well as an initial exploration of regulatory alternatives and forms of governance that could provide an effective way to enhance the sustainable and secure development of the MRE industry in ABNJ.","author":["Soria-Rodr\u00edguez, C."],"organization":["University of Jaen","Vrije Universiteit"],"originationDate":"2022-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072567","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/ness-duncansby-tidal-array","sourceURL":"","title":"Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array","description":"ScottishPower Renewables is at an early stage in investigating the potential for a 95 megawatt tidal project off the north coast of Caithness at Duncansby. This site was secured as part of The Crown Estate\u2019s Pentland Firth leasing round and will be developed in phases. It is anticipated that phase one of this project will have a capacity of up to 30 megawatts and the aim is to develop up to a further 65 megawatts of cleaner greener energy after this initial stage is complete.  95 tidal devices will be deployed, each consisting of a tripod base support structure, modular nacelle, hub and blades which are connected onshore via a subsea umbilical. The rotor diameter will be 16-23m and the turbine will have a total maximum height of 28-39m.  A review of various foundation and batch deployment options has confirmed that the tripod base arrangement is the optimum approach. Due to the energetic waters of the Pentland Firth, the foundations may require to be pinned to the seabed as an alternative to gravity based anchoring.","author":["info@scottishpowerrenewables.com"],"organization":["SAE Renewables"],"originationDate":"2022-12-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.657079700000","-3.054334200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-20 06:16:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072569","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/gsk-montrose-tidal-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/GSK-Montrose-Non-Technical-Summary.pdf","title":"GSK Montrose Tidal Array","description":"The proposal is to develop a tidal array in the River South Esk Estuary. The tidal stream array will be installed in 2 phases over a period of 14 months, eventually having a capacity of up to 0.7MW and will contribute to meeting the Scottish Government\u2019s targets of providing 100% of Scotland\u2019s electricity from renewable sources by 2020.   The project comprises 15 tidal turbines with gravity foundations. These transmit electricity to the shore with armoured cables where they are connected to a shore station. The shore-station comprises control systems and power conditioning equipment including switch gear and a transformer. The power is then transmitted to the GSK Montrose site using a buried electrical cable. The offshore site is marked by navigational markers and appropriate warning signs.  The project license application was rejected and project was cancelled.","author":["gsk@swanturbines.com"],"organization":["GSK"],"originationDate":"2023-01-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.706390000000","-2.475028000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072576","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/churchill-barriers-wave-overtopping-tidal-flow-energy-capture","sourceURL":"","title":"Churchill Barriers - Wave Overtopping and Tidal Flow Energy Capture","description":"A Tidal energy extraction scheme is proposed at Churchill Barrier 1 and\/ or 2 and a wave overtopping solution at Churchill Barrier 2.  Five options were proposed:    Re-facing Barrier 2 to be optimised as a wave overtopping solution with energy capture at Barrier 1 and\/or 2.  Remove section of Barrier and replace with bridge and free flow turbines for energy capture at Barrier 1 and\/or 2.  Remove section of Barrier and replace with structure for vertical axis turbines for energy capture at Barrier 1 and\/or 2.  Remove section of Barrier and replace with structure for horizontal axis turbines for energy capture at Barrier 1 and\/or 2.  Beach recharge at Barrier 2 with energy capture at Barrier 1 only   Up to 20 turbines and a new road created (proposed).","author":["Orkney Islands Council"],"organization":["JBA Consulting"],"originationDate":"2023-01-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.893005600000","-2.898500500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072916","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-resolving-risk-turbine-collision-fish","sourceURL":"","title":"Towards Resolving the Risk of Turbine Collision on Fish","description":"The most important concern for permitting tidal and river turbines is the collision risk of marine animals with the turbine blades. Our understanding of the risk to individual fish from colliding with turbine blades is poor; if these collisions were to occur, it is unknown whether fish will sustain recoverable injuries or be killed. Equally unknown is the impact these collisions might have on populations, particularly for threatened, endangered, or commercially managed fish species. In addition to observations of interactions of fish with turbines, numerical models need to be developed or expanded to predict impacts on fish populations. These models could replace expensive and technically challenging monitoring programs in high energy, often murky, tidal or river waters.  In this project, a multi-pronged approach was taken to (1) assess the state of knowledge and key uncertainties in studies of collision risk, (2) lay out the steps needed to estimate collision risk effects on fish populations, and (3) identify knowledge gaps and the research needed to fill them. This approach included a workshop with experts, a literature review of modeling and empirical studies, the development of a research framework, and the identification of case studies to address through future work.  First, parameters needed for models for collision risk of fish and data available from empirical studies were compared. This comparison highlighted the discrepancy between parameters needed in models and available data. Empirical data are lacking for collision risk assessment, mainly due to the difficulty in monitoring encounter and collision events. Therefore, collision risk models include a large range of parameters that are mainly based on broad assumptions. Significant parameters to consider in collision risk assessment and consequences on populations were identified in this project such as fish length, detection distance of the turbine, or time the fish spends in risk area or depth.   Next, a research framework was developed using the status of key species to assess the consequences of collision on individual fish and potential impacts on listed and managed populations. The research framework highlights the priorities needed to assess fish collision risk for a tidal or river energy project development. Based on the regulatory status of fish species of interest, the framework identifies the preferred scale and type of study, including the variability among fish species of regulatory interest which can be adapted to migratory and sessile fish, pelagic or demersal fish, fish with different life histories or seasonality, and fish in temperate or tropical regions. From this framework, species were selected to pursue the further development of case studies for collision risk assessment.  Targeted research studies should be developed to fill the data gaps between parameters needed for models and data available from empirical studies. For protected species, the development and use of technologies to determine fish presence and assess their behavior in the nearfield is recommended. Long-term monitoring around deployed turbines will be needed to determine potential interactions between fish and turbines and better understand the likelihood of collisions. These data will inform encounter rate and collision risk models for fish individuals. For managed fish species, it is recommended to work with fisheries agencies that can provide stock assessments and use specific repeated protocols to collect their data. These data can then be used in a model to evaluate the potential effects of collision risk on the population.  Based on existing studies of collision risk and identified knowledge gaps, next steps to resolve the risk of turbine collision on fish were proposed. For example, comparing model results between sites and species to highlight patterns among study designs and species, and initiate a data transferability approach; or applying population-level effects to localized populations that overlap with marine energy development areas.   This project is a first step towards the future development of effective and robust numerical models for assessing the collision risk of fish around turbines. This overall effort will achieve a balanced and accurate estimate of the severity of collision risk to fish at the population scale.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Rose, D.","Staines, G.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garavelli_et_al_2022_Seedling_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072917","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-framework-tidal-current-power-plant-site-selection-based-gis-mcdm-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0360544222023581","title":"A decision framework for tidal current power plant site selection based on GIS-MCDM: A case study in China","description":"To reach carbon neutrality, renewable energy development will gradually accelerate. Tidal current energy, with high energy density, long-term predictability and potentially large reserves, is an important research direction. As the prerequisite for tidal current energy development, Tidal Current Power Plant Site Selection (TCPPSS) affects its future benefits. Although some studies have been conducted on TCPPSS, further work is still needed on criteria system, research scales and methods. In this paper, a three-stage decision framework is proposed based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) to determine potential marine areas, extract and evaluate site alternatives. In this framework, a scientific criteria system with exclusion and evaluation criteria is established. To reduce subjective deviations in Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a combinative weighting method based on Fuzzy Group decision making AHP (FGAHP) and CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) is developed to calculate the criteria weights. Considering the maximum group utility and minimum individual regret, VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), a compromise method, is used to rank the alternatives. The proposed framework is applied to a case of Shandong Province, Eastern China. The results are verified through sensitivity analysis and can provide a direct reference for decision-makers.","author":["Shao, M.","Zhao, Y.","Sun, J.","Han, Z.","Shao, Z."],"organization":["Ocean University of China","Wuhan University"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072924","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-range-electricity-generation-comparison-between-estuarine-barrages-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S240584402202669X","title":"Tidal range electricity generation: A comparison between estuarine barrages and coastal lagoons","description":"The potential power from coastal tidal range is becoming better appreciated due to the need to mitigate global warming. Great Britain (GB) is ideally situated to exploit tidal power but currently has no operational systems. Historically, estuaries have been proposed as sites for barrages, but more recently coastal lagoons are favoured due to a lower environment impact. To contrast the differences between barrages and lagoons two potential schemes are analysed using the Lancaster 0-D Tidal Range Model. Both schemes were analysed with a range of turbine numbers and generator ratings. The schemes are compared in terms of energy generation, flood protection, navigation, and selected environmental impacts.  The analysis indicates that the schemes are not categorically different, characterised by the shape and alignment of the impoundment. Barrages impoundments across estuaries are generally shorter than lagoons impounding similar volumes, with lower civil engineering costs. Whilst estuaries tend to have slightly higher tidal ranges, they also create unique ecological conditions with diverse natural ecosystems that are increasingly valued. The analysis shows that 2-way generation and pumping can match the full tidal range and help preserve inter-tidal areas.","author":["Vandercruyssen, D.","Baker, S.","Howard, D.","Aggidis, G."],"organization":["Lancaster University","UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072958","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-offshore-renewable-energy-south-america-current-status-future-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/2\/1740","title":"A Review of Offshore Renewable Energy in South America: Current Status and Future Perspectives","description":"This paper addresses the current status and future research and development perspectives associated with technologies to harness offshore renewable energy, including offshore wind, waves, tides, ocean currents, and thermal and salinity gradient, in South America (SA). It focuses on five countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Uruguay. At first, a comprehensive survey presents the number of scientific papers classified based on the resource to show the tendency and importance of such subjects in the academic community. Each country\u2019s electricity matrix and grid connection are shown to understand the region\u2019s renewable source participation situation. The potential of offshore renewable resources is addressed by considering the published technical papers in scientific journals. The main conflicts and synergies associated with ocean space utilization are presented by considering the exclusive economic zone of each country. The status of the regulatory frameworks to promote and development of offshore renewable energies is presented. Two sections are dedicated to presenting the active, decommissioned and planned projects, research groups and laboratory infrastructures to develop the technologies. The last section discusses the future perspectives on the development of this sector in SA. It is observed that SA, with more than 25,000 km of coastline, has a great potential for offshore renewable energy; however, so far, these resources have not been explored commercially. Larger investment in the sector, establishing an adequate legal framework and deploying full-scale demonstration projects at sea are necessary for the commercialization of such technologies in SA.","author":["Shadman, M.","Roldan-Carvajal, M.","Pierart, F.","Haim, P.","Alonso, R.","Silva, C.","Osorio, A.","Almonacid, N.","Carreras, G.","Amiri, M.","Arango-Aramburo, S.","Rosas, M.","Pelissero, M.","Tula, R.","Estefen, S.","Pastor, M.","Saavedra, R."],"organization":["Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","Universidad Nacional de Colombia","Corporation Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences (CEMarin)","Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo","Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Nacional (UTN)","Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica de Uruguay","Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)","Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)","Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas Medioambientales y Tecnologicas (CIEMAT)"],"originationDate":"2023-01-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-27 04:05:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072959","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/magnetic-fields-generated-submarine-power-cables-have-negligible-effect-swimming","sourceURL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/14745\/","title":"Magnetic fields generated by submarine power cables have a negligible effect on the swimming behavior of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) juveniles","description":"Submarine power cables carry electricity over long distances. Their geographic distribution, number, and areal coverage are increasing rapidly with the development of, for example, offshore wind facilities. The flow of current passing through these cables creates a magnetic field (MF) that can potentially affect marine organisms, particularly those that are magnetosensitive. The lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a migratory species that is widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean and Barents Sea. It migrates between coastal spawning grounds and pelagic offshore feeding areas. We tested whether lumpfish respond to MFs of the same intensity as those emitted by high voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine power cables. Laboratory experiments were conducted by placing juvenile lumpfish in an artificial MF gradient generated by a Helmholtz coil system. The intensity of the artificial MF used (230 \u00b5T) corresponded to the field at 1 m from a high-power submarine cable. The fish were filmed for 30 min with the coil either on or off. Swimming speeds, and presence in the different parts of a raceway, were extracted from the videos and analyzed. Juvenile lumpfish activity, defined as the time that the fish spent swimming relative to stationary pauses (attached to the substrate), and the distance travelled, were unaffected by exposure to the artificial MF. The swimming speed of juvenile lumpfish was reduced (by 16%) when the coil was on indicating that the fish could either sense the MF or the induced electric field created by the movement of the fish through the magnetic field. However, it seems unlikely that a 16% decrease in swimming speed occurring within 1 m of HVDC cables would significantly affect Atlantic lumpfish migration or homing.","author":["Durif, C.","Nyqvist, D.","Taormina, B.","Shema, S.","Skiftesvik, A.","Freytet, F.","Browman, H."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","Regio Politecnico di Torino (Royal Turin Polytechnic)"],"originationDate":"2023-01-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Durif-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072985","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/categorizing-active-marine-acoustic-sources-based-their-potential-affect-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/9\/1278","title":"Categorizing Active Marine Acoustic Sources Based on Their Potential to Affect Marine Animals","description":"Marine acoustic sources are widely used for geophysical imaging, oceanographic sensing, and communicating with and tracking objects or robotic vehicles in the water column. Under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act and similar regulations in several other countries, the impact of controlled acoustic sources is assessed based on whether the sound levels received by marine mammals meet the criteria for harassment that causes certain behavioral responses. This study describes quantitative factors beyond received sound levels that could be used to assess how marine species are affected by many commonly deployed marine acoustic sources, including airguns, high-resolution geophysical sources (e.g., multibeam echosounders, sidescan sonars, subbottom profilers, boomers, and sparkers), oceanographic instrumentation (e.g., acoustic doppler current profilers, split-beam fisheries sonars), and communication\/tracking sources (e.g., acoustic releases and locators, navigational transponders). Using physical criteria about the sources, such as source level, transmission frequency, directionality, beamwidth, and pulse repetition rate, we divide marine acoustic sources into four tiers that could inform regulatory evaluation. Tier 1 refers to high-energy airgun surveys with a total volume larger than 1500 in3 (24.5 L) or arrays with more than 12 airguns, while Tier 2 covers the remaining low\/intermediate energy airgun surveys. Tier 4 includes most high-resolution geophysical, oceanographic, and communication\/tracking sources, which are considered unlikely to result in incidental take of marine mammals and therefore termed de minimis. Tier 3 covers most non-airgun seismic sources, which either have characteristics that do not meet the de minimis category (e.g., some sparkers) or could not be fully evaluated here (e.g., bubble guns, some boomers). We also consider the simultaneous use of multiple acoustic sources, discuss marine mammal field observations that are consistent with the de minimis designation for some acoustic sources, and suggest how to evaluate acoustic sources that are not explicitly considered here.","author":["Ruppel, C.","Weber, T.","Staaterman, E.","Labak, S.","Hart, P."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","University of New Hampshire","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Cetaceans","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ruppel-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072986","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/boem-center-marine-acoustics","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/center-marine-acoustics","title":"BOEM Center for Marine Acoustics","description":"Understanding the complexity of ocean sound - specifically the impacts of man-made sound on marine life - has been a decades-long priority for BOEM and its predecessor agencies. The task is vitally important to our stakeholders, including the industries we regulate, other federal partners, the research community, and the general public. BOEM has invested more than $95 million on protected species and acoustics-related research since 1998, relying on specialists in marine biology, ecology, and acoustics to produce, evaluate, and incorporate the best available science into our management decisions. This research and BOEM\u2019s engagement in environmental reviews has significantly improved scientific understanding of how anthropogenic noise affects marine life.\n\nMarine acoustics issues have increased in national and international significance over the last several decades. As a result, the bureau\u2019s studies and environmental risk assessment work have expanded to consider a wider variety of marine species, such as marine mammals, turtles, fishes, and invertebrates, as well as more sound sources. Potentially impactful sound sources are used across BOEM\u2019s programs and at all stages of development, including:\n\n\n Seismic surveys\n Site assessments for offshore wind\n Pile driving\n Dredging\n Drilling\n Vessel and helicopter operation\n Explosive removal of platforms\n\n\nUnderstanding the science of marine acoustics and its policy applications requires highly specialized knowledge and experience in physics and bioacoustics (how animals use and are affected by sound). To answer the call, BOEM launched the Center for Marine Acoustics (CMA) in 2020 to build its expertise, strengthening the Bureau\u2019s role in managing and understanding underwater sound. The CMA provides expertise and leadership to drive best practices, expand research on underwater sound, seek policy improvements, and improve messaging related to marine acoustic issues. We will push for innovation while championing consistency, high scientific rigor, and efficiency where needed. The CMA\u2019s products and services will support environmental assessment work across all of BOEM\u2019s program areas. The CMA will work hand in hand with BOEM\u2019s Environmental Studies Program to identify and fill priority data gaps to improve BOEM\u2019s decision-making. We will partner strategically with external organizations to achieve what cannot be done alone. The Center establishes BOEM as a driving force within the regulatory community, positioning BOEM as a recognized leader on marine acoustics within the federal government and internationally.\n\n\n CMA Recent Work\n CMA Additional Resources","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-09 06:39:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072987","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geological-geophysical-gg-surveys-fact-sheet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/about-boem\/BOEM-Regions\/Atlantic-Region\/GandG-Overview.pdf","title":"Geological and Geophysical (G\u0026G) Surveys Fact Sheet","description":"Why Are Geological and Geophysical (G\u0026amp;G) Surveys Conducted?  G\u0026amp;G surveys are conducted to: (1) obtain data for oil and gas (O\u0026amp;G) exploration and production, (2) aid in siting offshore (i.e., O\u0026amp;G, renewable energy) structures, and (3) locate marine mineral resources. More specifically, G\u0026amp;G surveys are necessary to make informed decisions about O\u0026amp;G resources, engineering decisions regarding the construction of offshore projects, and informed estimates regarding the composition and volume of sand and gravel resources. Such data are also used to ensure the proper use and conservation of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) energy resources and the receipt of fair market value for the leasing of public lands.  What Are the Potential Impacts to Marine Life?  Some marine species rely on sound to communicate and gain information about their environment that is critical to survival and reproductive success. Humanmade (anthropogenic) sound can affect certain species of marine life in a variety of ways, from minor behavioral modifications to major impacts, such as permanent or temporary hearing loss. The potential for impacts is largely tied to: (1) the individual animal (species, age, hearing range, prior exposure to sound source), (2) what the animal is doing at the time of exposure (feeding, migrating, mating), (3) the context and characteristics of the sound being heard, and (4) other physical environmental factors.","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-05 10:35:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/GandG-Overview.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072988","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socioeconomic-impacts-wave-energy-knowledge-service-providers-oregon","sourceURL":"","title":"Socioeconomic Impacts of Wave Energy Knowledge and Service Providers to Oregon","description":"Wave energy research and development has been ongoing in Oregon for at least two decades. Substantial interest started in the early 2000\u2019s, flattened in the 2010\u2019s, and is on the rise again. The Oregon wave energy sector recently experienced several sizable developments in 2020 and 2021, making this a critical moment to examine the status, trajectory, and socio-economic opportunities of the sector. Specifically, in what ways do the facilities and knowledge and service providers at Oregon State University (OSU) facilitate wave energy development in Oregon and beyond? Business Oregon funded a study to answer this timely question, through research that assessed and documented benefits and challenges from both the \u201csupply side\u201d (providers of knowledge and services) and \u201cdemand side\u201d (consumers of this knowledge and these services), described the pre-commercial stage of development, and explained the current state and the trajectory of the wave energy sector in Oregon. Readers are encouraged to examine the full report to thoroughly understand the study.","author":["Garrett, J.","Thompson, P.","Conway, F."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)","Business Oregon"],"originationDate":"2022-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 08:02:51","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/pmec-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072990","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/are-wave-tidal-energy-plants-new-green-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/acs.est.6b00156","title":"Are Wave and Tidal Energy Plants New Green Technologies?","description":"Wave and tidal energy plants are upcoming, potentially green technologies. This study aims at quantifying their various potential environmental impacts. Three tidal stream devices, one tidal range plant and one wave energy harnessing device are analyzed over their entire life cycles, using the ReCiPe 2008 methodology at midpoint level. The impacts of the tidal range plant were on average 1.6 times higher than the ones of hydro-power plants (without considering natural land transformation). A similar ratio was found when comparing the results of the three tidal stream devices to offshore wind power plants (without considering water depletion). The wave energy harnessing device had on average 3.5 times higher impacts than offshore wind power. On the contrary, the considered plants have on average 8 (wave energy) to 20 (tidal stream), or even 115 times (tidal range) lower impact than electricity generated from coal power. Further, testing the sensitivity of the results highlighted the advantage of long lifetimes and small material requirements. Overall, this study supports the potential of wave and tidal energy plants as alternative green technologies. However, potential unknown effects, such as the impact of turbulence or noise on marine ecosystems, should be further explored in future research.","author":["Douziech, M.","Hellweg, S.","Verones, F."],"organization":["ETH Zurich","Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)"],"originationDate":"2016-06-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072998","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-dynamics-sediment-waves-complex-morphological-tidal-dominant-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/12\/12\/431","title":"Development and Dynamics of Sediment Waves in a Complex Morphological and Tidal Dominant System: Southern Irish Sea","description":"With the recent push for a transition towards a climate-resilient economy, the demand on marine resources is accelerating. For many economic exploits, a comprehensive understanding of environmental parameters underpinning seabed morphodynamics in tidally-dominated shelf seas, and the relationship between local and regional scale sediment transport regimes as an entire system, is imperative. In this paper, high-resolution, time-lapse bathymetry datasets, hydrodynamic numerical modelling outputs and various theoretical parameters are used to describe the morphological characteristics of sediment waves and their spatio-temporal evolution in a hydrodynamically and morphodynamically complex region of the Irish Sea. Analysis reveals sediment waves in a range of sizes (height = 0.1 to 25.7 m, and wavelength = 17 to 983 m), occurring in water depths of 8.2 to 83 mLAT, and migrating at a rate of 1.1 to 79 m\/yr. Combined with numerical modelling outputs, a strong divergence of sediment transport pathways from the previously understood predominantly southward flow in the south Irish Sea is revealed, both at offshore sand banks and independent sediment wave assemblages. This evidence supports the presence of a semi-closed circulatory hydrodynamic and sediment transport system at Arklow Bank (an open-shelf linear sand bank). Contrastingly, the Lucifer\u2013Blackwater Bank complex and associated sediment waves are heavily influenced by the interaction between a dominant southward flow and a residual headland eddy, which also exerts a strong influence on the adjacent banner bank. Furthermore, a new sediment transfer system is defined for offshore independent sediment wave assemblages, whereby each sediment wave field is supported by circulatory residual current cells originating from offshore sand banks. These new data and results improve knowledge of seabed morphodynamics in tidally-dominated shelf seas, which has direct implications for offshore renewable developments and long-term marine spatial planning.","author":["Creane, S.","Coughlan, M.","O\u0027Shea, M.","Murphy, J."],"organization":["University College Cork","University College Dublin","Gavin and Doherty Geosolutions"],"originationDate":"2022-11-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.110644706226","-5.253533143421"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Creane-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2072999","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/irish-sea-bed-load-parting-zone-it-mid-sea-hydrodynamic-phenomenon-or-geological","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S027277142100500X?via%3Dihub","title":"The Irish Sea bed load parting zone: Is it a mid-sea hydrodynamic phenomenon or a geological theoretical concept?","description":"On tidally-dominated shelf seas, hydrodynamic flow exerts shear stress on the seabed, inducing sediment transport and seabed evolution. Net sediment transport pathways and associated bed load partings zones (the \u2018head\u2019 of sediment transport pathways) are important elements of this sediment dispersal process. A robust comprehension of these dynamics on a local and regional scale are crucial for a range of offshore activities, including the rapidly growing offshore renewable energy industry. Previous studies infer a bedload parting zone (BLP) in the central Irish Sea, yet this predominantly bedform-derived BLP remains to be fully supported by underlying hydrodynamics. This study reviews how sediment transport pathways in the Irish Sea are defined to date, investigates whether a hydrodynamic regime capable of supporting this inferred BLP exists, and if proven, aims to elucidate its origin.  Tidal asymmetry indicators, derived from the phase and amplitude relationships of numerically modelled M\u2082 and M\u2084 tidal constituents, reveal the existence of a symmetrical tidal zone in the proximity of the inferred BLP. New numerically modelled residual tidal current and bed shear stress vectors reinforce the presence of this distinct tidal character change and further reveal strong opposing tidal flows extending from this region, thus supporting the presence of a tidal flow capable of producing divergent bedload patterns. Analysis of tidal propagation through the Irish Sea Basin concludes that the origin of the BLP is mainly attributed to the intersection of the north and south tidal fronts at an inclined angle due to Coriolis Forcing and coastline interactions. Minor factors impacting the shape and location of the BLP are the change in tidal character at (a) abrupt bathymetry changes, (b) headlands and intricate coastline topography, and (c) large-scale constrictions. Further investigation into localised morphodynamics is needed. These findings are highly valuable to efficient marine spatial planning, underpinning a movement towards a climate resilient economy. The integrated approach used in this body of work can be applied to tidally-dominated continental shelves beyond the Irish Sea.","author":["Creane, S.","O\u0027Shea, M.","Coughlan, M.","Murphy, J."],"organization":["University College Cork","Gavin and Doherty Geosolutions","University College Dublin"],"originationDate":"2021-12-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.862628710143","-5.264519284536"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073000","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-seabed-mobility-index-irish-sea-modelling-seabed-shear-stress-classifying-sediment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434321002302?via%3Dihub","title":"A new seabed mobility index for the Irish Sea: Modelling seabed shear stress and classifying sediment mobilisation to help predict erosion, deposition, and sediment distribution","description":"The seafloor is increasingly being used for siting renewable energy and telecommunication infrastructure as well as supporting key fisheries and biodiversity. Understanding seabed stability and sediment dynamics is, therefore, a fundamental need for offshore engineering and geoscience and biological studies. In this study we aim to quantify the levels of sediment mobility in the Irish Sea: an area of increasing socio-economic interest and subsequent seabed pressures. The temporal and spatial interaction between bathymetry, hydrodynamics and seabed sediments leads to a complex pattern of erosion, bedload transport and deposition which can affect seabed infrastructure and modify habitats. Information on current and wave conditions were obtained from numerical modelling to assess their role in generating seabed hydrodynamic conditions. These outputs were coupled with observed seabed grain-size data to predict the exceedance of sediment mobility thresholds by bed shear stress values for a period of one year according to empirical formulae. Exceedance frequency values were used to calculate a number of sediment disturbance and mobility indexes to allow for a robust assessment of sediment dynamics. Sediment in the Irish sea, on average, is being mobilised 35% of the time during the year, with 35% of the spatial area studied being mobilised over 50% of the time. Even in areas of low sediment mobilisation frequency (\u0026lt;5%), there are implications for bedform dynamics. The spatial patterns of the calculated sediment mobility are discussed in the context of current seabed geomorphology and the implications for both engineering and environmental considerations.","author":["Coughlan, M.","Guerrini, M.","Creane, S.","O\u0027Shea, M.","Ward, S.","Van Landeghem, K.","Murphy, J.","Doherty, P."],"organization":["University College Dublin","Gavin and Doherty Geosolutions","University College Cork","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2021-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.148289000000","-5.274362000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Coughlan-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073006","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/magallanes-renovables-atir-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/magallanes-renovables\/","title":"Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC","description":"Magallanes Renovables S.L. is a limited company registered in Spain that started its business activity in 2007 and, since then, has focused its activity on the development of a floating platform and its different systems in order to harness the energy of tidal currents and to convert it into electrical energy.   The company\u2019s \u201cATIR\u201d concept is a floating energy generation platform that is fitted with two open-bladed counter-rotating rotors, each with a combined generating capacity of up to 1.5 MW. At 45 m in length, the ATIR is composed of three main elements: upper block, vertical block (otherwise known as the mast) and lower block (otherwise known as the nacelle). The upper block is the visible block of the platform, and through which the platform is accessible for maintenance. The upper block accommodates the pumps, transformers, converters, switchgears and electrical panels. The vertical block is mainly a structural element attaching the lower block to the upper block. It is a hollow space through which the communication and low-voltage cables connect the equipment housed in the lower block with the parts of the systems within the upper block. The lower block is devoted to the mechanical system comprising the shafts, ball bearings, gear boxes and generators. Out of the lower block but aligned with the main shaft is the hub with three blades, comprising the rotor. Each rotor blade is approximately 8.5 m in length.","author":["Paula Regojo"],"organization":["Magallanes Renovables"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.141316700000","-2.818170000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-21 07:54:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073399","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-maintenance-wave-energy-converters-lysekil-research-site-comparative-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/6\/2\/39","title":"Deployment and Maintenance of Wave Energy Converters at the Lysekil Research Site: A Comparative Study on the Use of Divers and Remotely-Operated Vehicles","description":"Ocean renewable technologies have been rapidly developing over the past years. However, current high installation, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning costs are hindering these offshore technologies to reach a commercialization stage. In this paper we focus on the use of divers and remotely-operated vehicles during the installation and monitoring phase of wave energy converters. Methods and results are based on the wave energy converter system developed by Uppsala University, and our experience in offshore deployments obtained during the past eleven years. The complexity of underwater operations, carried out by either divers or remotely-operated vehicles, is emphasized. Three methods for the deployment of wave energy converters are economically and technically analyzed and compared: one using divers alone, a fully-automated approach using remotely-operated vehicles, and an intermediate approach, involving both divers and underwater vehicles. The monitoring of wave energy converters by robots is also studied, both in terms of costs and technical challenges. The results show that choosing an autonomous deployment method is more advantageous than a diver-assisted method in terms of operational time, but that numerous factors prevent the wide application of robotized operations. Technical solutions are presented to enable the use of remotely-operated vehicles instead of divers in ocean renewable technology operations. Economically, it is more efficient to use divers than autonomous vehicles for the deployment of six or fewer wave energy converters. From seven devices, remotely-operated vehicles become advantageous.","author":["R\u00e9mouit, F.","Chatzigiannakou, M.","Bender, A.","Temiz, I.","Sundberg, J.","Engstro\u0308m, J."],"organization":["Uppsala University"],"originationDate":"2018-04-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 12:01:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073418","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/open-sea-lab","sourceURL":"https:\/\/meric.cl\/open-sea-lab\/","title":"Open Sea Lab","description":"This initiative corresponds to a joint effort between the public, private sector and universities, to promote the development of marine energy in our country, which for three years will allow Chile to lead one of the most relevant scientific research on marine energy and expand the generation towards new renewable and clean sources.It consists of a unique experimental project in Latin America, where six RD groups and business teams from Chile, Italy and the United States will join forces to study the behaviour of a laboratory in the open sea.The \u0022Open Sea Lab\u0022 platform provides important information on ocean conditions, not only for research on marine energy, but also on many other relevant areas of the coastal ocean, such as climate change, currents and swells. For this, submerged sensors will collect data on the energy produced, the magnitude and direction of the waves and currents, the temperature, turbidity, pH, oxygen and the forces exerted on anchor lines, all data of high scientific interest.This important information, combined with data from an X-band radar and a weather station on land, allow to obtain a complete characterization of the behaviour of the wave device in real time and of the sea state at the site.The MERIC program was completed in November 2025.","author":["Open Sea Lab"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-11-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.498730000000","-71.633710000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Fish","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Birds","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-18 05:01:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073434","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-policy-people-prospects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/chapters\/edit\/10.4324\/9781003058151-10\/marine-renewable-energy-wickizer-brandt-robertson-boudet","title":"Marine Renewable Energy: Policy, People, and Prospects","description":"Marine renewable energy is poised to grow in the coming decades, contributing to the shift toward a sustainable energy regime. However, realizing marine renewable energy\u2019s potential will require a reliable, efficient policy apparatus, as well as the recognition of potential conflicts related to its development and the importance of stakeholder preferences. In this chapter, we examine the state of offshore wind, wave, and tidal energies. Specifically, we analyze each respective technology, its present level of deployment, and projected future growth and costs. We then present insights related to attitudes toward marine renewable energy, focusing on the relevance of technology, people, place, and process. Finally, we appraise the marine renewable energy policy landscape, discussing the relevance of the law of the sea, leasing and zoning, marine spatial planning, and the relationship between marine renewable energy growth and broader energy policies related to decarbonization.","author":["Wickizer, B.","Brandt, D.","Robertson, B.","Boudet, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073435","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-value-strategic-evidence-surveys-support-tidal-steam-energy-sector-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/value-strategic-surveys-support-tidal-stream-sector-report","title":"Understanding the Value of Strategic Evidence Surveys to Support the Tidal Steam Energy Sector in Wales","description":"The waters around Wales are home to a diverse range of habitats and species of national and international importance. They also contain a rich renewable energy resource with up to 6 GW of generating capacity potential for wave and tidal stream energy. Wales is well positioned to play a leading role in these emerging sectors; however, it is important that the sectors develop in a way that is both economically feasible and environmentally sensitive. A recently published report \u2013 \u2018Review of Monitoring Methodologies and Technologies Suitable for use in High Energy Environments in Welsh waters\u2019 1 , suggested merit in gathering strategic evidence for key marine features (marine mammals, birds and fish) to support the tidal stream sector. In response, the Welsh Government has commissioned The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) to provide advice on the value of surveys for new strategic evidence on migratory fish, marine mammals, and diving seabirds in relation to tidal stream resource areas around Wales.  The advice, presented in this report will help to inform understanding of the need for, and practical considerations related to, potential surveys for strategic evidence which can support the sustainable growth of the tidal stream sector. The project had four objectives:    Objective 1: What could strategic survey evidence tell us?  Objective 2: Which methods work where?  Objective 3: How many data are needed and what would they cost?  Objective 4: Making strategic evidence available.   Strategic evidence in this case is defined as information on the presence, abundance, distribution, and also behaviour of the animals in and around tidal energy resource areas (RAs). For the strategic evidence to be useful it should be relevant to two areas. Firstly, it should support the overall planning and consenting processes of a developing tidal energy sector. Secondly, it should help fill some known scientific evidence gaps on the effects of tidal energy devices on marine animals.  Evidence gaps on tidal energy have been identified by Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme \u2013 Ocean Energy (ORJIP-OE2 ). It was determined that strategic evidence could help fill many of these gaps, either completely or partly.  The Review of Monitoring Methodologies and Technologies Suitable for use in High Energy Environments in Welsh waters identified methodologies for collecting suitable data on migratory fish, marine mammals, and diving seabirds. The ability of each methodology to provide useful strategic evidence versus the costs and risks were examined. The findings in this report are largely comparable with the previous study, although it was recommended that Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) methods should be considered further. For migratory fish, Environmental DNA (eDNA) and arrays of acoustical tracking devices are most likely to provide useful data. For marine mammals and diving seabirds a combination of visual surveys from boats and land would be most useful and cost effective. For marine mammals PAM would also be very useful at filling gaps in visual surveys. Visual surveys and PAM for marine mammals and seabirds are tried and tested methods with low risk, albeit high cost.  Before any new surveys for strategic evidence are planned it is important to consider what the objective of the strategic evidence would be. In simple terms: what is the scientific question that strategic evidence is trying to answer? Once the objective of the strategic evidence has been defined, the next step is to determine what information is needed to meet this objective. In many cases it may be possible to use existing data as part of this information. It may also be necessary to collect new data to fill in the gaps.  Overarching strategic evidence objectives for each key feature relevant to each stage of the planning process were suggested. The existing data on each key feature was examined before recommendations on where new data would be needed were made. The review concluded that there are very few existing data on migratory fish in the marine area. For marine mammals and diving sea birds there are good data already available which could be sufficient for planning and policy. But in all cases, there are insufficient data to fill the current evidence needs in either consenting or scientific gaps.  For migratory fish, any new strategic evidence would be useful. There are, however, no guidelines or established methods on how many data should be collected and therefore this needs to be considered in planning strategic surveys. For marine mammals and diving seabirds, monthly surveys for a minimum of two years were recommended. This is in line with industry guidelines for offshore renewable energy developments.  A range of options were considered for survey work that should provide useful strategic evidence. For each option, the indicative costs, the risks of not being able to provide sufficient data, and the benefit of the data to the tidal sector were taken into account. These options are summarised in the table below.  Any work involving the use of boats and equipment such as acoustic recorders will have a high cost. However, savings can be made if boat surveys are combined (boat costs usually being the most significant). Due to the methodologies being relatively novel, and logistical issues in capturing and tagging rare fish, all migratory fish options are considered high risk. In contrast, the methods for surveying marine mammals and diving seabirds are tried and tested across numerous commercial projects and are therefore, much lower risk. In all cases the benefit of new strategic evidence to the tidal sector is proportional to the scale of the survey work.  A programme of strategic surveys will only be useful if the data are accessible to those who need them. A number of recommendations on data standardisation, storage and publication of metadata are made. Considering these factors from the beginning will pay dividends and help avoid unforeseen costs.  Overall, this advice concludes that monthly surveys for marine mammals and diving seabirds are likely to be useful across multiple areas of the planning and consenting processes and to address evidence gaps.  The main concern for migratory fish is that of collision risk causing population level impacts. However, this risk is a perceived risk rather than a proven risk. If this risk is not realised, then value of surveying for migratory fish is reduced. The very high cost of tagging studies versus the real risk of collecting insufficient data is of concern. For this reason it is recommended that the acoustic tagging arrays options are considered as research proposals at this stage and warrant further discussion. eDNA studies would be useful and in contrast to tagging studies are relatively low cost. While it is not recommended to carry out eDNA studies on their own, combining the work with marine mammal and or seabird surveys could be cost-effective.  The next steps from this project would be to consider which, if any, options could be taken forward. Any options progressed will need to be planned and costed in detail, bringing in the relevant scientific and fieldwork experience. The benefits of this include pooling expertise on data processing, ensuring suitable statistical power and maximising efficiencies.  Finally, the report recommends that any strategic evidence programme is centrally coordinated in Wales. Centralising the objective setting, the survey planning, and the data coordination is likely to be the most impactful action to support a developing sustainable tidal sector. The cost of strategic coordination is minimal, but the benefits would be felt by all.","author":["Wood, D.","Griffith, A.","Basic, T.","de Winter, S.","Davison, P.","Williams, O."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2022-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/value-strategic-surveys-support-tidal-stream-sector-report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073436","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-25-monitoring-fish-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Deliverable-2.5-Monitoring-fish-communities.pdf","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 2.5 Monitoring fish communities","description":"The ocean energy development is one of the main pillars of the EU Blue Growth strategy. However, while the technological development of devices is growing fast, their potential environmental effects are not wellknown.  The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on the potential environmental impacts from Wave Energy projects. In the project scope, Work Package 2 aims to collect, process, analyse, and share environmental data related to four priority areas of research: i) Electromagnetic Fields, ii) Acoustics (noise), iii) Seafloor integrity, and iv) Fish communities. Four sites where Wave Energy Converters are operating in Portuguese, Spanish and French coastal waters will be monitored, representing different types of technology, different types of locations (onshore, nearshore, and offshore), and different types of project scales (single devices and arrays of devices), hence, different types and\/or magnitudes of environmental impacts.  The aim of the present report (Deliverable 2.5) is to present the work done related to the conditioning and tunning activities of ITSASDRONE (an autonomous marine surface drone), test and check its operational procedure and navigation system and, finally, explore the association between Wave Energy Converters and fish aggregations around the Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO Oy which was deployed off the coast Armintza, Basque Country, Spain in August 2021. On 19th of December 2021 the WEC was towed to harbour for inspection, maintenance, and repairs due to the detection on the 28th of November an alarm of leakage. Although the plan was to repair Penguin WEC-2 and bring it back to its localization in BiMEP area, after more than 10 months, the penguin is still in the port of Bilbao. We, therefore, decided to carry out the monitoring work around the HarshLab floating laboratory device of Tecnalia.  Even if HarshLab could be considered as a good model of the possible reef or fish attraction effect due to its similar dimensions with the WECs, it does not have specific elements of the WECs that can intervene or affect this potential effect. Underwater noise generated by the moving parts of the harnessing machine inside the WEC, and the electromagnetic fields of the exporting electrical cables could generate an avoidance effect and compensate the attraction of the floating structures of the devices.  According to the results of the project, the ITSASDRONE proved to be a viable autonomous vehicle for fish school monitoring under the conditions of this study. It still needs some technological improvement related to navigation system, but in general, the ITSADRONE meets the objectives for which it was conceived and could be an excellent monitoring technique due to its capacity to work remotely and in near shore areas.  Schools of unidentified small pelagic fish were observed distributed throughout the water column, predominantly near the bottom in the device area. The acoustic sensors showed a relatively high abundance in the BiMEP area, in general as high or higher than in the access route from Armintza harbour. However, those results are preliminary result, and they should be considered as baseline information. Future studies are needed to further explore the association between WECs and fish aggregations.","author":["Uriarte, A.","Boyra, G.","Ferarios, J.","Gabi\u00f1a, G.","Quincoces, I.","Sobradillo, B.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2022-12-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 09:03:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Deliverable-2.5-Monitoring-fish-communities.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073440","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/insights-management-offshore-energy-resources-toward-ecosystem-services-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/367072731_Insights_from_the_management_of_offshore_energy_resources_Toward_an_ecosystem-services_based_management_approach_for_deep-ocean_industries","title":"Insights from the management of offshore energy resources: Toward an ecosystem-services based management approach for deep-ocean industries","description":"The deep ocean comprises complex ecosystems made up of numerous community and habitat types that provide multiple services that benefit humans. As the industrialization of the deep sea proceeds, a standardized and robust set of methods and metrics need to be developed to monitor the baseline conditions and any anthropogenic and climate change-related impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services. Here, we review what we have learned from studies involving offshore-energy industries, including state-of-the-art technologies and strategies for obtaining reliable metrics of deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem function. An approach that includes the detection and monitoring of ecosystem services, with open access to baseline data from multiple sectors, can help to improve our global capacity for the management of the deep ocean.","author":["Bravo, M.","Brandt, M.","van der Grient, J.","Dahlgren, T.","Esquete, P.","Gollner, S.","Jones, D.","Levin, L.","McClain, C.","Narayanaswamy, B.","Sutton, T.","Victorero, L.","Cordes, E."],"organization":["University of Buenos Aires","Norwegian Research Centre Climate and Environment (NORCE)","South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute","University of Gothenburg","University of Aveiro","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","University of California San Diego","Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Nova Southeastern University","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","Temple University"],"originationDate":"2023-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bravo_et_al_Insights_from_the_management_of_offshore_energy_resources.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073478","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evolution-future-prospects-chinas-wave-energy-policy-perspective-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/4\/3274","title":"The Evolution and Future Prospects of China\u0027s Wave Energy Policy from the Perspective of Renewable Energy: Facing Problems, Governance Optimization and Effectiveness Logic","description":"Wave energy is a kind of new marine renewable energy with broad development prospects. Many countries have launched aggressive public policies to promote the use of wave-energy technology. In this paper, 729 wave-energy policy documents were visually analyzed by Citespace software, and 31 Chinese wave-energy policy documents were visually analyzed by Nvivo software. It was found that, on the one hand, wave-energy policy research presents an upward trend. Compared with foreign wave-energy policy research, the research foundation of China\u2019s wave-energy policy is weak, the research is not in-depth enough, and the research enthusiasm is not high. On the other hand, China\u2019s wave-energy policy is gradually improving, showing a development trend from extensive to detailed, with diversified policy tools and specific policy objectives, although there is still room for improvement.","author":["Qi, M.","Dai, X.","Zhang, B.","Li, J.","Liu, B."],"organization":["Shandong University","Chinese Academy of Social Sciences","Yanshan University"],"originationDate":"2023-02-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Qi-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073485","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/site-selection-combined-offshore-wind-wave-energy-farms-systematic-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/16\/4\/2074","title":"Site Selection of Combined Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Farms: A Systematic Review","description":"Growing energy demand worldwide and onshore limitations have increased interest in offshore renewable energy exploitation. A combination of offshore renewable energy resources such as wind and wave energy can produce stable power output at a lower cost compared to a single energy source. Consequently, identifying the best locations for constructing combined offshore renewable energy farms is crucial. This paper investigates the technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of Combined Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Farm (COWWEF) site selection. Past literature was evaluated using a systematic review method to synthesize, criticize, and categorize study regions, dataset characteristics, constraints, evaluation criteria, and methods used for the site selection procedure. The results showed that most studied regions belong to European countries, and numerical model outputs were mainly used in the literature as met-ocean data due to the limited coverage and low spatiotemporal resolution of buoy and satellite observations. Environmental and marine usage are the main constraints in the site selection process. Among all constraints, shipping lanes, marine protected areas, and military exercise areas were predominately considered to be excluded from the potential sites for COWWEF development. The technical viability and economic feasibility of project deployment are emphasized in the literature. Resource assessment and distance to infrastructures were mostly evaluated among techno-economic criteria. Wind and wave energy power are the most important criteria for evaluating feasibility, followed by water depth, indicators of variability and correlation of the energy resources, and distance to the nearest port. Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods and resource-based analysis were the most-used evaluation frameworks. Resource-based studies mainly used met-ocean datasets to determine site technical and operational performance (i.e., resource availability, variability, and correlation), while MCDM methods were applied when a broader set of criteria were evaluated. Based on the conducted review, it was found that the literature lacks evaluation of seabed conditions (seabed type and slope) and consideration of uncertainty involved in the COWWEF site selection process. In addition, the market analysis and evaluation of environmental impacts of COWWEF development, as well as impacts of climate change on combined exploitation of offshore wind and wave energy, have rarely been investigated and need to be considered in future studies. Finally, by providing a comprehensive repository of synthesized and categorized information and research gaps, this study represents a road map for decision-makers to determine the most suitable locations for COWWEF developments.","author":["Hosseinzadeh, S.","Etemad-Shahidi, A.","Stewart, R."],"organization":["Griffith University","Edith Cowan University"],"originationDate":"2023-02-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hosseinzadeh_et_al_Site_Selection_of_Combined.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073497","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-riverine-hydrokinetic-energy-systems-colombia-other-world-regions-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.scielo.org.co\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext\u0026pid=S0012-73532021000200256","title":"Development of riverine hydrokinetic energy systems in Colombia and other world regions: a review of case studies","description":"At a global level, hydrokinetic power has been considered as a renewable energy source, and it has become an attractive alternative for the rural electrification of non-interconnected areas with the presence of water resources. Aspects such as the low rural electrification rate, the increase in energy demand, the decrease in fossil reserves and the climate change, are some of the factors that have driven the use of this technology for the electricity production. The aim of this work is to give a review of the hydrokinetic energy potential of water resources, the requirements and impacts of the implementation of hydrokinetic technology in different countries, and the current development in the Colombian case. At present, it can be observed that the implementation of this technology in different regions of the world, especially in Colombia, has several challenges and barriers, including gaps in knowledge, information and data, such as well as limitations of water resources and infrastructure, finally, impacting on a low adoption of this technology. On the other hand, publications on studies of implementation and potential of hydrokinetic technology have been increasing over time, indicating that this topic has been gaining interest despite the challenges.","author":["Aristiz\u00e1bal-Tique, V.","Villegas-Quiceno, A.","Arbel\u00e1ez-P\u00e9rez, O.","Colmenares-Quintero, R.","V\u00e9lez-Hoyos, F."],"organization":["Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia"],"originationDate":"2021-11-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073499","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impacts-anthropogenic-sounds-early-stages-benthic-invertebrates-larvosonic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/lom3.10527","title":"Assessing the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on early stages of benthic invertebrates: The \u0027Larvosonic system\u0027","description":"Noise produced by human activities has increased in the oceans over the last decades. Whereas most studies have focused on the impact of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals and fishes, those focusing on marine invertebrates are rarer and more recent, especially when considering peri-metamorphic benthic stages, highly sensitive to anthropogenic perturbations. A careful review of the literature reveals a simplistic characterization of the acoustics within the containers used to quantify larval and juvenile responses to noise, thus weakening the conclusions of such works. To address this problem, we developed the Larvosonic system, a laboratory tank equipped with acoustic assets to assess the impacts of noise on young stages of marine invertebrates. We first provide a careful analysis of the tank sound field using different sound types, and we assess the effects of expanded polystyrene units on the sounds emitted by a professional audio system in order to dampen reverberation and resonance. Then, we apply this acoustic calibration to the effects of both pile driving and drilling noises on postlarvae of the scallop bivalve Pecten maximus. Acoustic recordings highlight that diffuser and bass trap components constitute effective underwater sound absorbents, reducing the reflection of the whole frequency bandwidth. Scallop experiments reveal that both type and level of the tested noise influenced postlarval growth, with interactive effects between trophic environment and noise level\/spectra. The Larvosonic system thus constitutes an efficient tool for bioacoustics research on bentho-planktonic invertebrate species.","author":["Olivier, F.","Gigot, M","Mathias, D.","J\u00e9z\u00e9quel, Y.","Meziane, T.","L\u0027Her, C.","Chauvaud, L.","Bonnel, J."],"organization":["Laboratoire de biologie des organismes et des ecosystemes aquatiques (BOREA)","Laboratoire des Sciences de l\u0027Environnement Marin (LEMAR)","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Multi-Modal Environmental Observation Society (SOMME)","Sercel"],"originationDate":"2023-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 04:44:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Olivier-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073501","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-tidal-stream-energy-exploitation-estuarine-circulation-its-seasonal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/10\/1545","title":"Effects of Tidal Stream Energy Exploitation on Estuarine Circulation and Its Seasonal Variability","description":"Residual flows are of major importance in coastal areas, driving environmental processes such as sediment transport or nutrient dispersion. Consequently, in those areas where a large tidal stream energy resource is available, prior to the installation of a tidal farm, it is imperative to assess how energy extraction affects the residual flows and, in particular, upwelling events. In this paper, the potential effects of different configurations of tidal stream farms on the residual circulation and its seasonality are analysed by means of a case study: Ria de Ortigueira, the westernmost of the Galician Rias Altas (NW Spain). For this purpose, a 3D numerical model was implemented and validated against field measurements. Next, a total of eight case studies, including the operation of bottom-fixed and floating converters under typical summer and winter scenarios, considering upwelling favourable winds, were studied. Overall, when a tidal farm operates, regardless of its configuration and the forcings considered, the resulting general residual flow pattern does not experience significant modifications. This pattern is characterized by a 2D circulation in the inner ria and a positive estuarine circulation in the middle and outer ria. The largest modifications of the residual flow are apparent in the vicinities of the plant, with maximum values of about 0.05 ms\u22121. Outside this area, the alteration is lower than 0.01 ms\u22121 and virtually negligible at some distance from the farm where upwelling events develop.","author":["Sanchez, M.","Fouz, D.","L\u00f3pez, I.","Carballo, R.","Iglesias, G."],"organization":["University of Santiago de Compostela","University College Cork","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2022-10-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.707848440255","-7.858285307348"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sanchez-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073502","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shifting-tides-anthropocene-entanglements-unravellings-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.manchesterhive.com\/display\/9781526161734\/9781526161734.xml","title":"Shifting tides: Anthropocene entanglements and unravellings in the Bay of Fundy","description":"Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Nova Scotia, in this chapter I explore the ways in which independent and community fishers in the Bay of Fundy are seeking to carry forward old ways of living with tidal waters through the shifting present and into uncertain futures. Recent initiatives to develop tidal energy in the Bay of Fundy have intensified efforts to stake out claims to legitimate uses and ways of knowing based in everyday, practical encounters with, and intergenerational memories of, its tidal waters. In considering this particular case of living with marine tides, I attend to the ordinary practices of care for (and in) entangled socio-ecologies, the performance of memory and tradition, and the politics of resistance enacted through everyday ways of living and working on the Bay. Throughout, I reflect on the ways in which marine tides are never just a background or resource, but always active participants in the co-constitution of rapidly shifting socio-ecologies in the Bay of Fundy and beyond.","author":["Fredriksen, A."],"organization":["University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2023-02-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.351279220056","-64.421142214576"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-12 09:46:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073504","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supplemental-data-regarding-behavioral-response-rock-crabs-emf-subsea-cables-potential","sourceURL":"","title":"Supplemental Data Regarding the Behavioral Response of Rock Crabs to the EMF of Subsea Cables and Potential Impact to Fisheries","description":"This study supplements and builds upon the findings from Love et al. (2017a) on red rock crab behavior to increase our understanding of potential consequences that renewable energy projects may have to commercial harvest. Our primary objective was to verify the response of rock crab in the presence of energized cables associated with MRE installations, while also controlling for environmental conditions. To do this, we quantified and mapped local magnetic fields near an energized cable at the study site, determined if the energized cable altered crab responses, and described and quantified variables that were most likely to affect crab responses, including water current direction\/velocity, magnetic field strength, and physical characteristics of each crab. Our experimental design specifically addressed three questions and the following null (H0) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses:  1) Will the requirement of crossing an artificial magnetic field from an energized power cable affect the rate at which crabs will enter a baited trap? HO: There is no difference in the rate crabs enter a baited trap with or without needing to cross an electromagnetic field  HA: There is a difference in the rate crabs enter a baited trap with or without needing to cross an electromagnetic field  2) Does the presence of a submarine power cable and associated artificial magnetic field affect the direction of crab travel? HO: There is no difference in the direction of travel with or without the presence of a submarine power cable  HA: There is a difference in the direction of travel with or without the presence of a submarine power cable  3) Does water current direction\/velocity, magnetic field strength, or physical characteristics of the crabs influence the direction of travel or rate to which crabs will enter a baited trap? HO: There is no relationship between the rate crabs enter a baited trap or the direction they travel and water current direction\/velocity, magnetic field strength, or physical characteristics of the crabs  HA: There is a relationship between the rate crabs enter a baited trap or the direction they travel and water current direction\/velocity, magnetic field strength, or physical characteristics of the crabs","author":["Williams, J.","Jaco, E.","Scholz, Z.","Williams, C.","Pondella, D.","Rasser, M.","Schroeder, D."],"organization":["Occidental College","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.373064279940","-120.025241041170"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Williams-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073507","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-sensitivity-giant-scallop-placopecten-magelanicus-life-stage-intensity-frequency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/asa.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1121\/10.0017171","title":"Sound sensitivity of the giant scallop (Placopecten magelanicus) is life stage, intensity, and frequency dependent","description":"There is increasing concern that anthropogenic sounds have a significant impact on marine animals, but there remains insufficient data on sound sensitivities for most invertebrates, despite their ecological and economic importance. We quantified auditory thresholds (in particle acceleration levels) and bandwidth of the giant scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) and subsequently sought to discern sensitivity among two different life stages: juveniles (1\u2009yr olds) and subadults (3\u2009yr olds). We also leveraged a novel valvometry technique to quantify the amplitude of scallop valve gape reductions when exposed to different sound amplitudes and frequencies. Behavioral responses were obtained for lower frequencies below 500\u2009Hz, with best sensitivity at 100\u2009Hz. There were significant differences between the auditory thresholds of juveniles and subadults, with juveniles being more sensitive, suggesting ontogenetic differences in hearing sensitivity. Scallops showed intensity and frequency dependent responses to sounds, with higher valve closures to lower frequencies and higher sound levels. To our knowledge, these are the first data highlighting life stage, intensity, and frequency responses to sound in a marine benthic invertebrate. These results demonstrate clear sound sensitivity and underscore that the potential impacts of anthropogenic sound in valuable ecological resources, such as scallops, may be dependent on sound characteristics.","author":["J\u00e9z\u00e9quel, Y.","Cones, S.","Mooney, T."],"organization":["Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"],"originationDate":"2023-02-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jezequel-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073513","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/west-orkney-south-wave-energy-site","sourceURL":"","title":"West Orkney South Wave Energy Site","description":"E.ON Climate and Renewables Developments Ltd is proposing to develop two adjacent wave energy projects off the west coast of Orkney called West Orkney Middle South and West Orkney South. If both of these areas are developed to their full potential, they could provide up to 100 megawatts (MW) of capacity, making a significant contribution to the Scottish Government\u2019s renewable energy and emissions reduction targets. The project proposes a demonstration project consisting of a single wave energy converter or small array of up to 20 WECs with a total capacity not exceeding 10MW. Each lease also contains an option to develop a commercial wave energy array of up to 50MW.","author":["E.ON Climate"],"organization":["E.ON"],"originationDate":"2023-01-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.021900000000","-3.522500000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:00:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073515","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-megavertebrates-fishery-resources-nantucket-sound-muskeget-channel-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/coastalstudies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/Muskeget_PCCS_Final_REPORT2-web.pdf","title":"Marine Megavertebrates and Fishery Resources in the Nantucket Sound \u2013 Muskeget Channel Area: Assessing Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy Installations on Marine Megavertebrates - Recommendations for the Proposed Muskeget Channel Tidal Energy Project","description":"This report draws on the body of environmental assessment work done on marine renewable energy installations (MREI) in other regions, particularly in Europe, and summarized in a companion report \u2013 Ecology and Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Installations. A combination of several techniques is required in order to appropriately monitor marine megavertebrate species around tidal turbine sites; these techniques are reviewed, and some of the particular challenges of monitoring at tidal turbine sites are identified.     A methodology plan specific to the proposed tidal energy project for Muskeget Channel by the Town of Edgartown is outlined in this report. This methodology plan is based on accepted survey and mitigation techniques, previous research and practical experience at other MREI sites and established, good scientific practice.     Muskeget Channel is located between the islands of Martha\u2019s Vineyard and Nantucket. Water depths in the channel range between 40 and 160 feet, with Wasque Shoals to the west and Mutton Shoal to the east. Muskeget Channel allows for the exchange of water between Nantucket Sound to the north and the Atlantic Ocean and continental shelf to the south.     The Town of Edgartown is proposing to develop an initial 5MW tidal energy pilot project in Muskeget Channel. Edgartown holds a Preliminary Permit from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), giving it the exclusive right to explore the development of the resource for energy. Edgartown is required to submit a Draft Pilot License Application that will allow the town to deploy, operate and monitor this pilot-scale turbine installation. This application must include information on initial consultation with cooperating federal resource agencies; draft study plans, including one on protected species, and an outline of work that will be completed during deployment of the pilot project.     The Town of Edgartown engaged Harris Miller Miller \u0026amp; Hanson (HMMH) as its Principal Investigator (PI) and program manager. HMMH was successful in obtaining U.S. Department of Energy funding for the study: Environmental Effects of Sediment Transport Alteration and Impacts on Protected Species: Edgartown Tidal Energy Project.","author":["Leeney, R.","Nichols, O.","Sette, L.","LaFond, S.","Hughes, P."],"organization":["Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies","Harris Miller Miller \u0026 Hanson Inc (HMMH)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.290008600000","-70.546709200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:32:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leeney_et_al_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073551","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-wave-swell-energy-test-site-grassy-harbour-king-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/kingisland.tas.gov.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/DA-2019-18-Wave-Energy-Converter-Grassy-Harbour.pdf","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment: Wave Swell Energy Test Site, Grassy Harbour, King Island, Tasmania","description":"Marine Solutions conducted an environmental survey in Grassy Harbour, King Island on the 19th of December 2022, to facilitate an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the UniWave installation. The objective of the EIA is to determine if the 2-year deployment and operation of the UniWave had any detectable impact on the ocean, seafloor and ecology of the immediately surrounding area.   A suite of environmental data was collected in surveys at the UniWave site, and at two control sites at a nearby reef and inside the Grassy Harbor marina. The environmental data collection at all three locations included underwater habitat surveys, water quality profiling and sediment analysis (contaminant and particle size). An additional bathymetric mapping of the seabed around the UniWave installation was conducted.   The bathymetric mapping revealed a gently sloping uniform seabed with no notable depressions or crests around the UniWave installation. A dive survey found that the hull of the unit had been colonized by green and brown algae. These were representative of the species in the surrounding area and expected for a benign submerged installation of this duration.   Measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity in the receiving environment showed a shallow, fully mixed water column with little fluctuation across sites and depths and did not appear to be influenced by the UniWave. Similarly, concentrations of heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons were low in the vicinity of the installation. By comparison, there were slightly elevated levels of arsenic and nickel observed in the control site in the marina.   Sediment particle size varied across the three sites and was largely related to local habitat structure. The substrate near the UniWave installation and the marina largely consisted of fine and coarse sand whereas the substrate near the reef consisted of a mixture of very fine sand and silt along with large pieces of coarse sediment and shell grit. Particle size analysis did not show any evidence of deposition or erosion caused by the presence of the UniWave structure.","author":["Marine Solutions"],"organization":["Wave Swell Energy Ltd","Marine Solutions"],"originationDate":"2023-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-40.067776800000","144.053544000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 07:14:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Solutions_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073560","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-nuyakuk-river-small-scale-hydroelectric-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cedar.wwu.edu\/wwu_honors\/500\/","title":"Environmental Impact Assessment: Nuyakuk River Small Scale Hydroelectric Project","description":"In this assessment you will find information and analysis of the proposed hydroelectric project for the Nuyakuk River, located in the Wood-Tikchik State Park in Southwestern Alaska. The purpose of this EIA is to determine the potential sources of environmental harm in the Nushagak Cooperative\u2019s Hydroelectric project proposal to build a 12 MW run of river small scale hydroelectric plant on the Nuyakuk River. The Nuyakuk River is located in the Wood-Tikchik State Park and is a tributary of the Nushagak River. The plant is projected to provide electricity and optical fiber to the communities of Aleknagik, Koliganek, New Stuyahok, Elwok, and Levelock (Nuyakuk River, 2021). The plant will also be supporting the electrical needs of Bristol Bay\u2019s wild salmon industry (Nuyakuk River, 2021). An alternative action was considered for this project, with the alternative action remaining the same as the proposed action, but with special mitigation measures towards protecting native plants and wildlife in the affected area. After extensive research and analysis, our team determined that there are no significant impacts from the construction or maintenance of this project. The project was proposed and is being developed by, the Nushagak Cooperative.","author":["Squire, R.","Owen, A.","Ngo-Ly, J.","Sanderson, T."],"organization":["Western Washington University"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Environmental Impact Assessment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:01:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Squire-et-al-2021_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073569","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-assemblages-three-common-artificial-reef-designs-during-early-colonization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925857420302822","title":"Fish assemblages of three common artificial reef designs during early colonization","description":"In this study, we compared the early fish colonization of three types of artificial reefs deployed in the coastal waters of Saba and St Eustatius in the Caribbean: reef balls\u00ae, layered cakes and piles of locally obtained basaltic rock. As an indicator of performance, three fish assemblage parameters (abundance, biomass, species richness) were measured using underwater visual censuses at 11 months post-deployment and 4 months after restoration from hurricane damage. All artificial reef plots showed higher values for fish abundance, biomass and species richness than control plots covered by bare sand, which shows that artificial reefs can locally enhance the fish assemblage. However, the effect differed among artificial reef plots. Fish abundance was 3.8 times higher on the layered cake plots compared to the reef ball plots, while fish biomass was 4.6 times higher. Rock pile plots had intermediate values. Species richness did not differ significantly among different artificial reef plots. Three-dimensional modelling revealed that layered cakes had a smaller gross volume, shelter volume and total surface area than reef balls. The availability of multiple small shelters in the layered cake design appeared to be more relevant than other physical parameters, as the layered cake plots had higher fish abundance than the reef balls plots. We concluded that on Saba and St. Eustatius, layered cake plots performed better than reef ball plots after one year of colonization. Rock pile plots, made of local volcanic rock, showed an intermediate performance, and were 4\u201310 times cheaper to construct. If observed differences are consistent with other locations and persist during further colonization, current efforts to deploy reef balls could better be allocated to deploy artificial reef structures with a higher shelter density.","author":["Hylkema, A.","Debrot, A.","Osinga, R.","Bron, P.","Heesink, D.","Izioka, A.","Reid, C.","Rippen, J.","Treibitz, T.","Yuval, M.","Murk, A."],"organization":["van Hall Institute","Wageningen University and Research Centre","University of Haifa","Saba Conservation Foundation"],"originationDate":"2020-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["17.517459151302","-63.004203544651"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hylkema-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073573","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-devices-might-affect-natural-environment-scientists-plan-research-better","sourceURL":"https:\/\/seagrant.oregonstate.edu\/sites\/seagrant.oregonstate.edu\/files\/sgpubs\/onlinepubs\/g14001.pdf","title":"Wave-Energy Devices Might Affect the Natural Environment: Scientists plan research to better understand effects","description":"Harnessing the energy of waves is a developing field. There are still many areas within the wave-energy industry that require further research, including potential effects on the environment. The Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC) test sites will allow researchers to monitor and better understand any effects so that informed decisions about marine energy development can be made. The environmental effects are unique to each wave-energy device, due to variations in size, material, operation, and placement. Further, the cumulative effects of a commercial installation of many devices may be greater than those of only a few devices being tested.","author":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)","Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC)","University of Washington"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-02-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","EMF","Entanglement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave-Energy-Dives-Might-Affect-Environment_2-2022_OSU-et_al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073575","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-53-refinement-risk-based-adaptive-management-approach-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Deliverable-5.3-Refinement-and-validation-of-risk-based-adaptive-management-approach.pdf","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 5.3 Refinement of a Risk-based Adaptive Management Approach with industry, regulatory and societal stakeholders","description":"The development of a Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector is increasingly becoming one of the key low-carbon energy solutions for coastal nations in their drive both to tackle the impacts of a changing climate and to provide energy security in the face of this global challenge. While MRE development has led to significant growth in the design, testing and deployment of novel technologies, the challenge of gaining permissions to test and deploy these installations and the lack of detailed quantitative data as to their impact on the environment has represented a block to progress. While certainty about the impacts of the devices is some way off, there is an opportunity in the meantime to revisit consenting processes in order to determine whether changes to these could help to release this bottleneck.  SafeWAVE Deliverable 5.2 explored the use of ecological or environmental Risk Based Approach (RBA) in the MRE development context by reviewing the current state of knowledge around the use of RBAs, analysing five key RBAs (in short, the Environmental Risk Evaluation System, The Ecological Risk Assessment framework, Risk Retirement, Survey Deploy Monitor and ISO. See further details in the list in Section 5 below) that have been developed and finding the crosswalks and differences between them. Ultimately that deliverable made recommendations as to what work might be required to progress and make the use of RBA in consenting processes a practical reality.  This deliverable built on the work of SafeWAVE Deliverable 5.2 and on the depth of knowledge provided by the body of scientific work behind the five most relevant RBAs. The five RBAs were examined together, and a \u201csimple stepwise approach\u201d was created which reduced the complexity of the RBA but ensured that all the detailed scientific work was considered. The simple stepwise approach is presented here, each step is explained at a high level, and the links to the five core approaches are also shown.","author":["Verling, E.","Menchaca, I.","Galparsoro, I.","Machado, I.","O\u0027Hagan, A-M.","Bald, J."],"organization":["University College Cork","AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Hidromod","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","CorPower Ocean","Wello Oy","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2023-02-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verling-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073580","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resolving-key-uncertainties-seabird-flight-avoidance-behaviours-offshore-wind-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/group.vattenfall.com\/uk\/contentassets\/1b23f720f2694bd1906c007effe2c85a\/aowfl_aberdeen_seabird_study_final_report_20_february_2023.pdf","title":"Resolving Key Uncertainties of Seabird Flight and Avoidance Behaviours at Offshore Wind Farms: Final Report for the study period 2020-2021","description":"The main aim of the EOWDC Bird Collision Avoidance Study has been to improve our understanding of seabird flight behaviour inside an offshore wind farm. This should be achieved through collection of as detailed seabird flight data as possible rather than through estimation of avoidance rates for collision risk modelling per se. The focus is on seabird flight behaviour during the breeding period and post-breeding period when densities are highest in the Aberdeen area. The technical improvements of the monitoring equipment employed in the Aberdeen Offshore Wind Farm made it possible to track seabirds inside the array and measure meso-avoidance more confidently than before. It has been possible to match video camera recordings of seabird movements to a sample of their radar tracks. A total of 1,753 coupled tracks were recorded during 2020 and 1,370 tracks during 2021, which was beyond expectations and formed the basis for robust assessments of flight behaviours of target species in different parts of the wind farm array. The target sample size for species-specific meso-avoidance of 250 was reached for all key species, and the target for micro-avoidance of 100 was reached for herring gull (Larus argentatus) and black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla, hereafter referred to as kittiwake). The level of mesoavoidance recorded was 0.5 for kittiwakes, 0.7 for herring gulls and 0.5 for Northern gannets (Morus bassanus, hereafter referred to as gannet) and great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus). Together with the recorded high levels of micro-avoidance in all target species (\u0026gt; 0.96) it is now evident that seabirds will be exposed to very low risks of collision in offshore wind farms during daylight hours. This was also substantiated by the fact that no collisions or even narrow escapes were recorded in over 10,000 bird videos during the two years of monitoring covering the April \u2013 October period.    The results from the EOWDC study strongly indicate that the within wind farm avoidance response of the studied species of seabirds towards turbines mainly takes place within 100-120 m distance from rotors and that the response intensifies as the seabirds approach the rotor blades. In proximity to the rotors the recorded meso-avoidance response behaviour for all four species was manifested as a complex 3-dimensional pattern. Commuting gannets appeared to reduce flight altitude, whereas herring gulls and kittiwakes displayed a slight increase in mean flight height as they approached the rotor blades. When assessing the recorded flight orientation of the birds relative to the rotors commuting gannets and kittiwakes appeared to deflect around 80 m distance from the rotors and herring gulls at 50 m. The flight models revealed that turbulence and wind speed had the strongest effect on the profiles of flight behaviour of all target species. The pattern of responsive flight behaviour seemed to break down during situations with strong turbulence, while wind speed mainly affected the distance at which the increase in flight height took place. The trends resolved by the flight models were apparent irrespective of whether the birds were recorded as feeding or commuting.","author":["Tj\u00f8rnl\u00f8v, R.","Skov, H.","Armitage, M.","Barker, M.","J\u00f8rgensen, J.","Mortensen, L.","Thomas, K.","Uhrenholdt, T."],"organization":["Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)","RPS group","Vattenfall"],"originationDate":"2023-02-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.222191831063","-1.971880304795"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tjornlov-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073592","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-artificial-reef-design-attraction-herbivorous-fish-coral-recruitment-survival","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925857422003433?via%3Dihub","title":"The effect of artificial reef design on the attraction of herbivorous fish and on coral recruitment, survival, and growth","description":"Fish assemblages of different types of artificial reefs can differ greatly in abundance, biomass and composition, with some reef types harboring over five times more herbivores than others. It is assumed that higher herbivorous fish abundance results in a higher grazing intensity, affecting the benthic community by means of enhanced coral recruitment, survival and growth. Territorial fish species might affect this process by chasing away other fish, especially herbivores. In this study we compared the fish assemblage, territorial behavior and grazing intensity by fish on two artificial reef types: reef balls and layered cakes, differing greatly in their fish assemblage during early colonization. In addition, the effect of artificial reef type on benthic development and coral recruitment, survival and growth, was investigated. Although layered cakes initially harbored higher herbivorous fish biomass, this effect was lost during consecutive monitoring events. This seems to be the result of the higher territorial fish abundance around the layered cakes where almost four times more chasing behavior was recorded compared to the reef balls. This resulted in a more than five times lower fish grazing intensity compared to the reef-ball plots. Although macroalgae were effectively controlled at both reefs, the grazing intensity did not differ enough to cause large enough structural changes in benthic cover for higher coral recruitment, survival or growth. The high turf algae cover, combined with increasing crustose coralline algae and sponge cover likely explained reduced coral development. We recommend further research on how to achieve higher grazing rates for improved coral development on artificial reefs, for example by facilitating invertebrate herbivores","author":["Hylkema, A.","Debrot, A.","Cammenga, R.","van der Laan, P.","Pistor, M.","Murk, A.","Osinga, R."],"organization":["van Hall Institute","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Rijkswaterstaat","Saba Conservation Foundation","St. Eustatius National Parks Foundation (STENAPA)"],"originationDate":"2023-03-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["17.517459151302","-63.004203544651"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hylkema-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073594","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-sea-impacts-climate-interventions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/full\/10.1126\/science.ade7521","title":"Deep-sea impacts of climate interventions","description":"Scientists, industry, and policy-makers have turned increasing attention toward the ocean as a source of climate change mitigation solutions. Efforts to develop ocean-based climate interventions (OBCIs) to remove and sequester carbon dioxide (CO2), manage solar radiation, or produce renewable energy have accelerated. Questions have been raised about OBCI costs, governance, impacts, and effectiveness at scale, but limited attention has been given to ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystems (1) and particularly to impacts on deepsea ecosystems (\u0026gt;200-m water depth), an ocean region that is understudied but fundamental for Earth\u2019s healthy function. The deep sea, with low energy supply; typically cold, stable conditions; and a low density of organisms with reduced metabolism, requires specific attention. Here we discuss OBCIs that could affect deep-ocean ecosystems and their services, identify governance challenges, and highlight the need for an integrated research framework to help centralize consideration of deep-sea impacts in mitigation planning.","author":["Levin, L.","Alfaro-Lucas, J.","Colaco, A.","Cordes, E.","Craik, N.","Danovaro, R.","Hoving, H-J.","Ingels, J.","Mestre, N.","Seabrook, S.","Thurber, A.","Vivian, C.","Yasuhara, M."],"organization":["University of California San Diego","University of Victoria","Universidade dos A\u00e7ores","Temple University","University of Waterloo","Polytechnic University of Marche","GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel","Florida State University","Universidade do Algarve","National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Hong Kong","GESAMP: Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection"],"originationDate":"2023-03-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Levin_et_al_Deep-sea_impacts_of_climate_interventions.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073614","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/5th-scotmer-symposium-marine-mammals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/playlist?list=PLTVd_Cz6dRYZ7axJ_7EvNWfweFb0UfjSF","title":"5th ScotMER Symposium: Marine Mammals","description":"The 5th Symposium of the Scottish Marine Energy Research Programme (ScotMER), organized by Marine Scotland, presented recent research on seabirds, fish and fisheries, marine mammals, diadromous fish, ecosystem level research and socioeconomics, in relation to offshore renewable developments in Scotland.  The Marine Mammals session featured the following presentations:     Dynamic Energy Budgets of Marine Mammals (Cormac Booth, SMRU Consulting)   Habitat Preference and Distribution of Seals (Debbie Russell, University of St Andrews)  Tracking Seals Around Tidal Turbines (Gordon Hastie, University of St Andrews)  ECOMMAS \u0026amp; COMPASS (Jack Lucas, Susanna Quer, Evelyn Philpott \u0026amp; Monika Kosecka, Marine Scotland Science)","author":["Marine Scotland"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-01-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:33:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073667","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/orbital-marine-power-o2-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/orbital-marine-power\/","title":"Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC","description":"Orbital Marine Power is a Scottish engineering company focused on the development of tidal energy turbine technology with the potential to produce a step-change reduction in the cost of energy from tidal stream. The company is based in Orkney and Edinburgh.   Orbital Marine Power\u2019s tidal technology is a floating tidal stream energy generator. The Orbital O2 2 MW turbine comprises a 74 m long cylindrical floating steel superstructure, which houses power conversion and auxiliary systems and provides reference and attachment for two leg structures with nacelles mounted at their ends. A key innovation building on the company\u2019s previous SR2000 iteration was the introduction of full wing leg configuration, enabling the 20 m diameter rotors to be brought up above the water line for onsite access and maintenance. A modular gravity-based anchoring system recycled ballast from the SR2000. Each of the mooring lines used to anchor the O2 is strong enough to pick up 50 double decker buses.  The Orbital O2 is fundamentally designed for ease of access and inexpensive maintenance. As a floating device, scheduled and unscheduled maintenance operations on electrical, control and hydraulic systems can be carried out onboard the device simply by transferring personnel from a small vessel such as a RIB onto the hull of the Orbital O2. From here personnel can enter the hull and access the majority of equipment.","author":["Millie Green"],"organization":["Orbital Marine Power"],"originationDate":"2025-06-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.145200000000","-2.816650000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Changes in Flow","Collision","Marine Mammals","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 11:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073676","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrokinetic-energy-conversion-global-riverine-perspective","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aip.scitation.org\/doi\/full\/10.1063\/5.0092215","title":"Hydrokinetic energy conversion: A global riverine perspective","description":"Free-flowing rivers have been impacted by anthropogenic activity and extensive hydropower development. Despite this, many opportunities exist for context-specific energy extraction, at locations deemed undesirable for conventional hydropower plants, in ways that reduce the scale of operation and impact. Hydrokinetic energy conversion is a renewable energy technology that requires accurate resource assessment to support deployment in rivers. We use global-scale modeled river discharge data, combined with a high-resolution vectorized representation of river networks, to estimate channel form, flow velocities, and, hence, global hydrokinetic potential. Our approach is based directly on the transfer of kinetic energy through the river network, rather than conventional, yet less realistic, assessments that are based on conversion from gravitational potential energy. We show that this new approach provides a more accurate global distribution of the hydrokinetic resource, highlighting the importance of the lower-courses of major rivers. The resource is shown to have great potential on the continents of South America, Asia, and Africa. We calculate that the mean hydrokinetic energy of global rivers (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) is 5.911\u2009\u00b1\u20090.009 PJ (1.642\u2009\u00b1\u20090.003 TWh).","author":["Ridgill, M.","Lewis, M.","Robins, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-07-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hydrokinetic-energy-conversion-Robins-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073678","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-hydrokinetic-energy-case-study-eastern-yamuna-canal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214785320364774","title":"Assessment of hydrokinetic energy \u2013 A case study of eastern Yamuna canal","description":"With the exploitation of most of the conventional hydropower sites, novel and innovative technologies are being developed to harness the hydropower. In this era, hydrokinetic technologies have emerged as the promising solutions to tap the vast hydrokinetic energy available in riverine system. Various studies on the hydrokinetic technology are being carried out. The main issue regarding the hydrokinetic energy is the assessment of hydrokinetic potential of the vast network of rivers and canals. Under the present paper, a methodology is presented to assess the hydrokinetic potential of eastern Yamuna main canal. Based on the analysis, it has been observed that eastern Yamuna canal has the maximum potential of 26.48\u202fMW. Further, for maximum flow velocity, 904 arrays are required with two units per array to tap the hydrokinetic potential of Yamuna canal. The requirement of array increases with the reduction in flow velocity.","author":["Saini, G.","Kumar A.","Saini, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-08-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["27.059270572050","78.758106132096"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073679","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-hydrokinetic-energy-potentials-selected-rivers-kwara-state-nigeria","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.eeer.org\/upload\/eer-2018-028.pdf","title":"Evaluation of hydrokinetic energy potentials of selected rivers in Kwara State, Nigeria","description":"This Hydrokinetic energy system is the process of extracting energy from rivers, canals and others sources to generate small scale electrical energy for decentralized usage. This study investigates the application of Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in Geographical Information System (GIS) environment to evaluate the theoretical hydrokinetic energy potentials of selected Rivers (Asa, Awun and Oyun) all in Asa watershed, Kwara state, Nigeria. SWAT was interfaced with an open source GIS system to predict the flow and other hydrological parameters of the sub-basins. The model was calibrated and validated using observed stream flow data. Calibrated flow results were used in conjunction with other parameters to compute the theoretical hydrokinetic energy potentials of the Rivers. Results showed a good correlation between the observed flow and the simulated flow, indicated by ash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and R2 of 0.76 and 0.85, respectively for calibration period, and NSE and R2 of 0.70 and 0.74, respectively for the validation period. Also, it was observed that highest potential of 154.82 MW was obtained along River Awun while the lowest potential of 41.63 MW was obtained along River Asa. The energy potentials obtained could be harnessed and deployed to the communities around the watershed for their energy needs.","author":["Adeogun, A.","Ganiyu, H.","Ladokun, L.","Ibitoye, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-04-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["9.142157914702","4.805191488117"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Evaluation-hydrokinetic-energy-potentials-selected-rivers-Nigeria-Ladokun-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073793","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-policy-institutional-context-marine-energy-innovation-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/spp\/article-abstract\/33\/5\/365\/1623028","title":"Energy policy and institutional context: Marine energy innovation systems","description":"A process of UK energy policy review in the early 2000s has seen renewable energy technologies moving from the policy margins to centre-stage. The review process drew on international experiences of renewables innovation, including an innovation systems framework that emphasises \u2018social capital\u2019 (collaborative learning between distributed agents). However, the UK energy system reflects a longstanding policy commitment to \u2018financial capital\u2019 (market competition and avoiding \u2018picking winners\u2019). This paper analyses policy tensions between social and financial capital by focusing on marine energy innovation, especially in the emerging Scottish policy arena. Recent initiatives to promote renewables innovation in the UK, though significant, face continuing challenges.","author":["Winskel, M.","McLeod, A.","Wallace, R.","Williams, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073794","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biologists-guide-galaxy-leveraging-artificial-intelligence-very-high-resolution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/3\/595","title":"A biologist\u0027s guide to the galaxy: Leveraging artificial intelligence and very high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor marine mammals from space","description":"Monitoring marine mammals is of broad interest to governments and individuals around the globe. Very high-resolution (VHR) satellites hold the promise of reaching remote and challenging locations to fill gaps in our knowledge of marine mammal distribution. The time has come to create an operational platform that leverages the increased resolution of satellite imagery, proof-of-concept research, advances in cloud computing, and machine learning to monitor the world\u2019s oceans. The Geospatial Artificial Intelligence for Animals (GAIA) initiative was formed to address this challenge with collaborative innovation from government agencies, academia, and the private sector. In this paper, we share lessons learned, challenges faced, and our vision for how VHR satellite imagery can enhance our understanding of cetacean distribution in the future.","author":["Khan, C.","Goetz. K.","Cubaynes, H.","Robinson, C.","Murnane, E.","Aldrich, T.","Sackett, M.","Clarke, P.","LaRue, M.","White, T.","Leonard, K.","Oritz, A.","Lavista Ferres, J."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2023-03-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073795","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-geographic-information-system-gis-techno-economic-te-software-tools-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/14750902221150050","title":"A review of geographic information system (GIS) and techno economic (TE) software tools for renewable energy and methodology to develop a coupled GIS-TE software tool for marine renewable energy (MRE)","description":"Accurate and up-to-date Geographic Information System (GIS) and Techno Economic (TE) tools are pertinent to helping to develop the renewable energy sector. This paper reviews the state of the art in existing GIS and TE tools for renewable energy and proposes a methodology to develop a coupled GIS-TE software tool that is geared specifically to Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) applications and bespoke to Irish and Western UK waters. Methods for approaching GIS and TE analysis within existing tools for renewable energy are presented and compared. Many existing tools of this nature have some interesting functionalities, but most are unsuitable for MRE; are limited by a lack of information on both the technology and the site; and focus solely either on GIS or TE aspects of analysis. Additionally, almost all of those with a TE focus are not open access. The proposed tool aims to incorporate increased resolution and site relevance of resource data; the most up-to-date geospatial data for site selection; and will provide site specific TE indicators and recommendations for contemporary MRE devices. The result will be the development an open-access GIS-TE software tool for MRE.","author":["O\u0027Connell, R.","Murphy, J.","McAuliffe, F.","Dalton, G."],"organization":["University College Cork","Plataforma Oce\u00e1nica de Canarias (PLOCAN)"],"originationDate":"2023-01-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073800","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/accelerating-development-marine-energy-exploring-prospects-benefits-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0040162512000704","title":"Accelerating the development of marine energy: Exploring the prospects, benefits and challenges","description":"Energy system scenarios and modelling exercises may under-represent the learning potential of emerging technologies such as marine energy. The research described here was devised to represent this potential, and thereby explore the possible role of marine energy in future energy systems. The paper describes a scenario for the accelerated development of marine energy technology, and the incorporation of this scenario into wider scenarios of UK energy system decarbonisation from now to 2050. The scenarios suggest that the accelerated development of marine energy could contribute significantly to the decarbonisation of energy supply in the UK, especially over the medium to long term. However, this is predicated on sustained innovation, learning and cost reduction over time. Encouragingly, a number of recently established policy support programmes are now beginning to stimulate the development of marine energy in Scotland, the UK and beyond. As the paper discusses, building on these initiatives, and \u2018realising\u2019 the accelerated development of marine energy, present a number of challenges, and will increasingly require international efforts. However, the potential rewards are very substantial.","author":["Jeffrey, H.","Jay, B.","Winksel, H."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2013-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Accelerating-the-development-marine-energy-2013-Jeffrey-et-al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073801","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/internationalization-strategy-overcome-industry-barriers-assessment-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421510008529","title":"Internationalization as a strategy to overcome industry barriers\u2014An assessment of the marine energy industry","description":"Research on conditions to develop new innovations within emerging renewable energy industries is often done with a national focus. However, recent research on international entrepreneurship has revealed that firms operate on international levels very early in their life time. Thus, based on former research on international entrepreneurship and case examples, we build the propositions that firms in the marine energy industry use internationalization as a strategy to overcome industry barriers. Our primary source of data is a unique dataset from a global survey of all the companies in the marine energy industry who are aiming to commercialize a wave or tidal energy device.  This paper is organized in two steps: first we identified the most challenging industry barriers perceived by companies. Second we use these to form propositions which we assess through empirical data. The two most challenging barriers perceived by the companies are need for capital and need for supportive political schemes. Our findings reveal that internationalization certainly is a common strategy to access capital and attractive support schemes in foreign countries. The early internationalization has implications for researchers, managers and policy makers.","author":["Lovdal, N.","Neumann, F."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Internationalization-as-a-strategy-to-overcome-industry-barriers-2011-Lovdal-et-all.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073831","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-current-energy-harvesting-technologies-review-current-status-life-cycle","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032123001259","title":"Tidal current energy harvesting technologies: A review of current status and life cycle assessment","description":"As an abundant, clean, and predictable source of renewable energy, tidal current energy provides a cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. Tidal current energy harvesting technologies are still at their early stages of development. Even some advanced demonstration projects with full-scale tidal current energy converters (TCECs) still face considerable technical barriers, and their environmental impacts are unclear. This study presents a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art of tidal current energy harvesting schemes and life cycle assessment (LCA) studies of TCECs. By reviewing the state-of-the-art of research and development efforts of tidal current energy harvesting technologies, key advancements required for their successful commercialization at the utility scale in the tidal current energy industry are identified. Detailed LCA studies of TCECs are presented to indicate their energy consumption and environmental impacts. Additionally, some comprehensive comments of development of TCECs and LCA are presented, which can be used to guide decision making towards more sustainable energy practices.","author":["Li, G.","Zhu, W."],"organization":["University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2023-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073834","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/european-offshore-renewable-energy-towards-sustainable-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineboard.eu\/publications\/european-offshore-renewable-energy-towards-sustainable-future","title":"European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future","description":"We have reached a critical juncture for addressing climate change and must find ways to urgently and dramatically reduce our carbon emissions. Extraction of energy from offshore renewable energy sources is seen as one of the key measures that will enable this reduction. The EU highlights offshore renewable energy as a key enabler for achieving its carbon neutrality ambitions by 2050, as outlined in the EU Green Deal. However, to achieve the EU Green Deal vision, offshore renewable energy capacity in European must increase 30-fold compared to current installed capacity. Several offshore renewable energy extraction technologies are already reaching high levels of maturity, and this need for significant expansion of offshore renewable energy is also driving innovation in less established technologies.  However, in the rush to develop and install new offshore renewable energy devices across the European sea basins, we cannot ignore the potential environmental and societal impacts that they could have. We must take steps to ensure that the expansion of this sector is managed sustainably, responsibly and equitably.  Building on the recommendations made in EMB Vision Document No. 2 on Marine Renewable Energy from 2010, and at a critical juncture for the industry, Future Science Brief No. 9 provides an overview of the current offshore renewable energy technology, and the extent of European deployment to date. It discusses the environmental and socioeconomic considerations that must be considered throughout the lifetime of an offshore renewable energy system. The publication presents the key knowledge, research, and capacity gaps that must be addressed to ensure sustainable delivery of the EU Green Deal objectives. It closes with key policy, research, capacity, and data recommendations to take the sector forward.","author":["Soukissian, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A-M.","Azzellino, A.","Boero, F.","Brito e Melo, A.","Comiskey, P.","Gao, Z.","Howell, D.","Le Boulluec, M.","Maisondieu, C.","Scott, B.","Tedeschi, E.","Maheri, A.","Pennock, S."],"organization":["Polytechnic University of Milan","Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Simply Blue Energy","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","University of Aberdeen","University of Trento","University of Edinburgh","Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR)","University College Cork","Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)","Howell Marine Consulting","European Marine Board (EMB)"],"originationDate":"2023-04-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Collision","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Soukissian-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073835","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/managing-human-activity-marine-mammals-biologically-based-relativistic-risk-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1090132\/full","title":"Managing human activity and marine mammals: A biologically based, relativistic risk assessment framework","description":"Presented here is a broadly applicable, transparent, repeatable analytical framework for assessing relative risk of anthropogenic disturbances on marine vertebrates, with the emphasis on the sound generating aspects of the activity. The objectives are to provide managers and action-proponents tools with which to objectively evaluate drivers of potential biological risk, to identify data gaps that limit assessment, and to identify actionable measures to reduce risk. Current regulatory assessments of how human activities (particularly those that produce sound) influence the likelihood of marine mammal behavioral responses and potential injury, rely principally on generalized characterizations of exposure and effect using simple, threshold-based criteria. While this is relatively straightforward in regulatory applications, this approach fails to adequately address realistic site and seasonal scenarios, other potential stressors, and scalable outcome probabilities. The risk assessment presented here is primarily based on a common and broad understanding of the spatial-temporal-spectral intersections of animals and anthropogenic activities, and specific examples of its application to hypothetical offshore wind farms are given. The resulting species- and activity-specific framework parses risk into two discrete factors: a population\u2019s innate \u2018vulnerability\u2019 (potential degree of susceptibility to disturbance) and an \u2018exposure index\u2019 (magnitude-duration severity resulting from exposure to an activity). The classic intersection of these factors and their multi-dimensional components provides a relativistic risk assessment process for realistic evaluation of specified activity contexts, sites, and schedules, convolved with species-specific seasonal presence, behavioral-ecological context, and natural history. This process is inherently scalable, allowing a relativistic means of assessing potential disturbance scenarios, tunable to animal distribution, region, context, and degrees of spatial-temporal-spectral resolution.","author":["Southall, B.","Tollit, D.","Amaral, J.","Clark, C.","Ellison, W."],"organization":["Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","University of California Santa Cruz","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Marine Acoustics Inc","Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology"],"originationDate":"2023-02-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073844","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-opportunities-challenges-community-development-coastal-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Strengthening_Fishing_Communities_and_In\/7czhRyQQHQoC?hl=en\u0026gbpv=1\u0026dq=marine+technology+in+native+communities\u0026pg=PA87\u0026printsec=frontcover","title":"Marine renewable energy: opportunities and challenges for community development in coastal area of Indonesia","description":"Coastal community profiles are usually seen as a dilemmatic condition between poor population - with unequal energy provision and traditional livelihoods to meet daily needs - and specific areas with substantial marine resources potential. One of the immediate and significant challenges confronted by coastal communities in Indonesia related to food security and direct economic productivity is access to energy. Marine renewable energy provides opportunities and challenges, not only for national energy production from renewable sources, but also for community development in coastal areas. Three case studies have been performed in three different coastal communities in order to capture actual information regarding coastal community profiles and needs. The investigations in Aceh, West Nusa Tenggara and West Papua found that marine renewable energy could become part of sustainable solutions to promote coastal community development. One of the socio-economic impacts that could be beneficial at community level is job creation that would support regional and national GDP of Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesia should be able to face identified challenges in developing marine energy sector in order to strengthen its position in the ASEAN economic community.","author":["Iswadi, A.","Owen, A.","Garniati, L.","Sugardjito, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073850","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/indigenous-environmental-justice-within-marine-ecosystems-systematic-review-literature","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/13\/8\/4217","title":"Indigenous Environmental Justice within Marine Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Indigenous Peoples\u0027 Involvement in Marine Governance and Management","description":"We develop and apply a systematic review methodology to identify and understand how the peer-reviewed literature characterises  Indigenous peoples\u2019 involvement in marine governance and management approaches in terms of equity and justice worldwide. We reviewed the peer-reviewed English-language research articles between January 2015 and September 2020 for examples of Indigenous peoples\u2019 involvement in marine governance and management using the analytical lens of environmental justice. The majority of research studies highlighted that Indigenous peoples experienced some form of environmental injustice linked to existing marine governance and management, most notably in the context of inequitable decision-making procedures surrounding the establishment and operation of marine protected areas. However, there are significant gaps in the current literature, including a notable absence of studies exploring Indigenous women and other gender minorities\u2019 involvement in marine planning and management and the limited number of studies about Indigenous peoples living throughout Asia, the Arctic, Russia, and Africa. More studies are needed to explore collaborative and intersectional approaches, including co-governance and co-management and ecosystem-based management, and critically evaluate what constitutes inclusive, equitable, and just marine governance and management processes, practices, and outcomes for different Indigenous peoples occupying diverse social\u2013ecological systems.","author":["Parsons, M.","Taylor, L.","Crease, R."],"organization":["University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2021-04-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Indigenous-Environmental-Justice-within-Marine-Ecosystems-2021-Parsons-et-al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073851","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sound-exposure-guidelines-fishes-sea-turtles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-319-06659-2","title":"Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles","description":"This Technical Report presents the outcome of a Working Group that was established to determine broadly applicable sound exposure guidelines for fishes and sea turtles. After consideration of the diversity of fish and sea turtles, guidelines were developed for broad groups of animals, defined by the way they detect sound. Different sound sources were considered in terms of their acoustic characteristics and appropriate metrics defined for measurement of the received levels. The resultant sound exposure guidelines are presented in a set of tables. In some cases numerical guidelines are provided, expressed in appropriate metrics. When there were insufficient data to support numerical values, the relative likelihood of effects occurring was evaluated, although the actual likelihood of effects depends on the received level. These sound exposure guidelines, which are based on the best scientific information at the time of writing, should be treated as interim. The expectation is that with more research the guidelines can be refined and more cells in the tables completed. Recommendations are put forward defining the research requirements of highest priority for extending these interim exposure guidelines.","author":["Popper, A.","Hawkins, A.","Fay, R.","Mann, D.","Bartol, S.","Carlson, T.","Coombs, S.","Ellison, W.","Gentry, R.","Halvorsen, M.","Lokkeborg, S.","Rogers, P.","Southall, B.","Zeddies, D.","Tavolga, W."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Loughine Limited","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","Loggerhead Instruments","Virginia Wesleyan University","Pro Bio Sound, LLC","Bowling Green State University","Marine Acoustics Inc","ProScience Consulting, LLC","CSA Ocean Sciences Inc","Institute of Marine Research (IMR)","Georgia Institute of Technology","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","JASCO Applied Sciences","Mote Marine Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2014-07-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Popper_et_al_Sound_Exposure_Guidelines_for_Fishes_and_Sea_Turtles.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073852","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/riding-wave-challenges-opportunities-marine-renewable-energies-canadas-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/books\/edition\/Strengthening_Fishing_Communities_and_In\/7czhRyQQHQoC?hl=en\u0026gbpv=1\u0026dq=marine+technology+in+native+communities\u0026pg=PA87\u0026printsec=frontcover","title":"Riding the wave: Challenges and opportunities for marine renewable energies in Canada\u0027s energy transition","description":"Canada has committed to reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Achieving this objective will require a rapid transition to renewable energy sources to decarbonize existing electricity supply and power new end uses. The roles that different renewable technologies will play in a future energy mix is up for debate; we must decide where and to what extent renewable power sources will be developed and scale them up quickly to enable a transition away from emitting sources. While Canada has over 2300 gigawatts (GW) of potential marine renewable energy (MRE), over 20 times its existing hydroelectric capacity, no utility scale MRE developments exist in Canada at present. In this report, we assess the opportunities for MRE and the barriers to its development in Canada. Specifically, we assess 1) the status of the major MRE technologies: offshore wind, tidal, and wave; 2) the total potential MRE capacity across the country; 3) the current economic landscape for MRE; 4) the ecological and other environmental risks of MRE technologies; 5) the public perception of MRE, and 6) some potential roles for and advantages of MRE over other renewable sources. We conclude by pointing out some relative advantages of marine renewable power as compared to other renewables, some key impediments to MREs growth, and some key questions that remain for the future of these technologies. We find that, on average, MREs are more predictable and consistent than terrestrial renewables in providing power. They are also abundant in coastal and island regions, where they are not bound by the spatial constraints of terrestrial renewables. We also find that most forms of MRE are unlikely to significantly affect ecosystems based on currently available research. Marine renewable technologies can provide energy security to remote coastal communities that currently rely on diesel and have the potential to support a just transition by providing jobs to workers in dying coastal and offshore industries such as oil and natural gas extraction. However, several factors have prevented Canada from capitalizing on its wealth of MRE resources and expanding the sector: namely 1) an often-convoluted regulatory environment; 2) a history of poor public perception and engagement; 3) a lack of available capital investment; 4) a need for additional evidence to support the viability of novel MRE technologies; and 5) economic competition from terrestrial wind and solar. Moving forward, we propose that an expansion of the MRE sector will require continued capital investment in research and deployment of test arrays, changes to the regulatory landscape to streamline development and responsible project planning with community engagement and support.","author":["Forrest, D.","Li, X.","Aviles, M.","Pustova, M.","Roberts, A."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2022-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Challenges-opportunities-for-marine-energy-transistion-Canada-UBC-Working-Paper-2022-02.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073880","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/moving-toward-spatial-solutions-marine-conservation-indigenous-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26267930","title":"Moving Toward Spatial Solutions in Marine Conservation with Indigenous Communities","description":"Community and resource user support has often been declared as essential to achieving globally agreed targets for marine protection. Given that indigenous people in Canada have resource use rights, we engaged two indigenous communities in British Columbia for their views on marine planning and protected areas. We developed a three-phased approach for executing our research: building research partnerships, carrying out individual interviews, and holding community discussion sessions. Participants expressed a common goal of recovering depleted species and ensuring the sustainability of indigenous fishing. We found strong support for spatial protection measures, and significant overlaps amongst participants in the areas suggested for protection. The most common type of protection recommended by participants was the exclusion of commercial and recreational fisheries while allowing for indigenous fishing; this stands in contrast to the emphasis on strict no-take MPAs advocated in the literature. Similarities in the goal, and level and areas of protection point to a gap in conservation approaches: the conservation of important areas and resources to indigenous people, allowing the continued practice and adaptation of their culture.","author":["Ban, N.","Picard, N.","Vincent, A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moving-Toward-Spatial-Solutions-Marine-Conservation-Indigenous-Communities-2008-Ban-et-al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073881","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referenceworkentry\/10.1007\/978-3-030-38948-2_197-1","title":"Ocean Energy","description":"Ocean energy is one of several viable alternatives for generating electricity in coastal regions. Given that the world\u0027s coasts represent \u0026lt;15% of the planet\u0027s continental surface, with half of the world\u0027s cities of over 100,000 inhabitants found here, ocean energy is particularly attractive. Indeed, the potential population that could benefit from Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) is substantial. Harvesting energy can take place using the movement of water through waves, currents, tides, and through differences in temperature and salinity. Various MRE technologies are being developed and tested around the world: some are floating devices, other are submerged or anchored to the seabed. Along with the development of new technologies, the impacts of MRE on the environment should be monitored, mitigated, and kept at a minimum to reduce risk-related uncertainties. At the same time, it is vital to consider the perception of these new technologies and their acceptance locally before installing the devices. This chapter examines ocean energy from different viewpoints. First, a brief description of how different ocean energy devices work is given. There follows  a revision of the potential environmental impacts these devices may have. In the third section the need to evaluate the social perception and acceptance of the new technologies regarding the possibility of installing MRE devices is highlighted. The chapter ends with a brief description of how MRE may help in the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development goals.","author":["Martinez, M.","Chavez, V.","De la Cruz, V.","P\u00e9rez-Maqueo O.","Wojtarowski, A.","Silva, R."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda UNAM"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073886","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-acoustic-noise-wave-energy-converter-farm-its-impact-marine-mammals-pacwave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148123004627","title":"Modeling the acoustic noise from a wave energy converter farm and its impact on marine mammals at the PacWave South site, offshore Newport Oregon","description":"Marine hydrokinetic devices, such as wave energy converters (WECs), can unlock untapped energy from the ocean\u0027s currents and waves. Acoustic impact assessments are required to ensure that the noise these devices generate will not negatively impact marine life, and accurate modeling of noise provides an a priori means to viably perform this assessment. We present a case study of the PacWave South site, a WEC testing site off the coast of Newport, Oregon, demonstrating the use of ParAcousti, an open-source hydroacoustic propagator tool, to model noise from an array of 28 WECs in a 3-dimensional (3-D) realistic marine environment. Sound pressure levels are computed from the modeled 3-D grid of pressure over time, which we use to predict marine mammal acoustic impact metrics (AIMs). We combine two AIMs, signal to noise ratio and sensation level, into a new metric, the effective signal level (ESL), which is a function of propagated sound, background noise levels, and hearing thresholds for marine species and is evaluated across 1\/3 octave frequency intervals. The ESL model can be used to predict and quantify the potential impact of an anthropogenic signal on the health and behavior of a marine mammal species throughout the 3-D simulation area.","author":["Harding, J.","Preston, L.","Johnson, E.","Roberts, J.","Jones, C.","Raghukumar, K.","Hafla, E."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Montana State University","Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2023-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.511319546439","-124.203922427210"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 09:06:52","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harding-et-al-2023_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073900","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-measures-indigenous-land-sea-management-effectiveness-challenges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26500648","title":"Integrated Measures of Indigenous Land and Sea Management Effectiveness: Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Conservation Partnerships in Australia","description":"As partnerships between Indigenous peoples and conservation practitioners mature, new methods are being sought to assess their effectiveness. The increasing diversity of income sources mobilised by Indigenous land and sea managers in Australia is intensifying the pressures on them to demonstrate their \u2018effectiveness\u2019 through a range of frameworks, tools and criteria. In this review, we use Indigenous land and sea management in Australia as a lens to explore the politics and practicalities of measuring the effectiveness of Indigenous conservation partnerships. We first outline current approaches to measuring effectiveness, followed by an explanation of some of the challenges. Available literature is then supplemented with the collective knowledge and experience of the authors to identify practical and achievable ways forward. We suggest four ways by which Indigenous groups and institutional investors can work together to establish meaningful criteria for ensuring effective conservation outcomes: i) develop new mutually-agreed definitions; ii) embrace the complexity of Indigenous-conservation alliances, iii) reflect regularly and collaboratively, and iv) negotiate which indicators of effectiveness can be aggregated across large scales. Well-executed evaluations of effectiveness can be powerful tools for enhancing conservation that conforms to local Indigenous values, facilitates adaptive management, and strengthens relationships between investors and Indigenous groups. By focusing on principles, process, flexibility and trust, generative \u2018good faith\u2019 approaches have the potential to support win-win outcomes for people and the environment and contribute significantly to global conservation and sustainability targets.","author":["Austin, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073901","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-coupled-model-marine-energy-economic-environment-system","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/48639559","title":"Research on Coupled Model of the Marine Energy-Economic-Environment System","description":"With the implementation of the marine strategy in China and around the world, the development and utilization of the world\u2019s oceans have been greatly increased. However, there are contradictions and pressures between exploitation of resources and protection of the environment in the development of the marine economy. Based on the coupling among marine resources, environment, and economy, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for coupling utilization of marine resources, protection of the environment, and development of the marine economy and explores the coupling and coordination relationships among the three. In the structure of the marine energy-economic-environment system, if the economic subsystem develops too fast, it will cause the a loss of energy and damage to the ecological environment. Based on the perspective of coupled development, the study of the degree of coordination within the marine energy-economic-environment system is conducive to the development and utilization of marine energy while protecting the marine environment and promoting the scientific, reasonable, and healthy development of the marine economy. This paper first introduces research into the marine energy-economic-environment system and then constructs a coupled model of the marine energy-economic-environment system based on big data, which can mine the value behind the data quickly, accurately, and effectively by using big data technology.","author":["Lin, X.","Chen, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073903","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/boem-ferc-guidelines-regulation-marine-hydrokinetic-energy-projects-ocs-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/about-boem\/regulations-guidance\/guidance-portal","title":"BOEM \/ FERC Guidelines on Regulation of Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Projects on the OCS","description":"The staffs of the U.S. Department of the Interior\u0027s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission or FERC) are issuing these guidelines as part of an ongoing effort to clarify jurisdictional responsibilities for marine hydrokinetic (MHK) projects on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). This document replaces the guidelines provided in version 2, dated July 19, 2012. The goal is to develop a cohesive, streamlined process that will help accelerate the development of MHK (i.e., wave, tidal, and ocean current) energy projects, consistent with the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the U.S. Department of the Interior and FERC (executed April 9, 2009, see Attachment A - Memorandum of Understanding Between the Department of the Interior and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, April 9, 2009). As recognized by the MOU, BOEM has jurisdiction to issue leases on the OCS for MHK projects, and FERC has jurisdiction to issue licenses for these same projects. This document is designed to provide information to applicants and stakeholders about the responsibilities of each agency and how to best navigate the process of obtaining an MHK lease and license on the OCS. It uses a format of frequently asked questions (FAQs) to address regulatory issues. The FAQs are divided into the following topic areas: introduction, general requirements and definitions, procedures for obtaining a lease and license, municipalities and competition, lease and license terms, financial assurance requirements, fee structures, hybrid project considerations, straddle project considerations, and contact information. These guidelines are intended to explain and provide more detail about the roles of BOEM and FERC in authorizing the use of the OCS for MHK activities. At this time, little information relating to design, construction, and operations requirements, or to inspection and compliance procedures, is included. Such information will be developed as MHK projects are authorized, and subsequently may be incorporated, as appropriate. This document is not a substitute for the statutes and regulations governing BOEM renewable energy leases and FERC licenses. It is not intended to be a rule or regulation. BOEM and FERC may later promulgate regulations, if necessary. Further, this guidance is not designed or intended to anticipate every possible scenario that could arise in developing MHK projects on the OCS. For specific guidance, prospective lessees, licensees, and other participants should rely on relevant statutes and regulations, and information and instructions provided by agency contacts, supplemented as necessary with your own source for legal advice. These guidelines may receive additional revisions periodically, as warranted by statute and regulation or policy changes as lessons are learned during MHK development on the OCS. The dates of any revisions will be annotated in this document. The most current version is available at https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/guidance and https:\/\/www.ferc.gov\/industries\/hydropower\/geninfo\/licensing\/hydrokinetics.asp .","author":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEMFERC2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073909","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-submission-spatial-data-atlantic-offshore-renewable-energy-development-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/about-boem\/regulations-guidance\/guidance-portal","title":"Guidelines for Submission of Spatial Data for Atlantic Offshore Renewable Energy Development Site Characterization Surveys","description":"The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) requires an applicant to submit a Site Assessment Plan (SAP), Construction and Operations Plan (COP), or General Activities Plan (GAP), as applicable, for review prior to the approval of any renewable energy facility, structure, or cable proposed on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in accordance with 30 CFR part 585, subpart F. BOEM regulations require an applicant to include the results of site characterization surveys, with supporting data, as part of a plan.  BOEM uses the results of site characterization studies submitted with a plan to evaluate the impact of proposed activities on physical, biological, and socioeconomic resources, as well as the seafloor and sub-seafloor conditions that could affect the construction, installation, and operation of an offshore renewable energy facility.    BOEM has provided recommendations for conducting and reporting the results of baseline collection studies to support the acquisition of site characterization data, in separate guidelines. These guidelines are: Guidelines for Providing Avian Survey Information for Renewable Energy Development on the OCS;  Guidelines for Providing Geophysical, Geotechnical and Geohazard Information;  Guidelines for Providing Archaeological and Historic Property Information; 2  Guidelines for Providing Information on Fisheries for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic OCS;  Guidelines for Providing Benthic Habitat Survey Information for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic OCS; and  Guidelines for Providing Information on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic OCS.   These guidelines may be updated periodically, and a new version will supersede previous versions.  The above guidelines can be found at https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/guidance.  The purpose of this document is to provide a general framework for the submission of spatial data from the site characterization surveys. They are intended to supplement the above listed guidelines by standardizing the data submission format. The collection of data related to site characterization activities includes geological, geotechnical, shallow hazards, archaeological, benthic habitat, and biological surveys. In an effort to minimize the submission of duplicative and redundant data collected during survey activities, BOEM prefers to receive one standardized dataset. BOEM recognizes, however, that in some cases the submission of multiple datasets is necessary or unavoidable; this will not preclude BOEM\u2019s consideration of plans. Any questions about these guidelines may be addressed on a case-by-case basis during pre-survey meetings as recommended in each of the survey guidelines.","author":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"organization":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2020-05-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_May2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073915","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-providing-information-marine-mammals-sea-turtles-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/about-boem\/regulations-guidance\/guidance-portal","title":"Guidelines for Providing Information on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","description":"I. Guidance Document Statement  The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) issues guidance documents to clarify, supplement, and provide more detail about certain BOEM regulatory requirements and to outline information required of the lessee to support their various submittals. This guidance document sets forth a policy and an interpretation of a regulatory requirement to provide a clear and consistent approach to complying with that requirement. A lessee may use an alternate approach for compliance; however, early and frequent coordination with BOEM will be especially critical to ensure the work conducted meets BOEM\u2019s regulatory requirements.  II. Introduction to Guidelines  Before the U.S. Department of the Interior, BOEM will approve the siting of a facility proposed for a renewable energy project on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), a lessee must submit the results of its site characterization surveys to BOEM with its Site Assessment Plan (SAP), Construction and Operations Plan (COP), or General Activities Plan (GAP). The purpose of this national guidance document is to provide recommendations for complying with the marine mammal and sea turtle information requirements in 30 CFR Part 585 Subpart F.  BOEM requires the results of site characterization studies to evaluate the impact of proposed activities on physical, biological, and socioeconomic resources as well as the seafloor and subseafloor conditions which could be affected by the construction, installation, and operation of meteorological towers, buoys, cables, wind turbines, and supporting structures. The information will be used by BOEM, other Federal agencies, and potentially affected states in the preparation of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents; interagency consultations, such as Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA); and to meet other statutory and regulatory requirements. Early communication with BOEM and adherence to these guidelines should ensure BOEM\u2019s information needs are met. Survey results obtained through procedures consistent with these guidelines should be sufficient for BOEM\u2019s decision-making process. BOEM may stipulate through lease and grant terms that lessees and grantees submit a SAP, COP, or GAP survey plan, and schedule a pre-survey meeting with BOEM to discuss the plan prior to conducting survey activities in the leased or granted area.  Site characterization activities in this document refer only to marine mammal and sea turtle surveys. BOEM provides recommendations for conducting and reporting the results of other baseline 2 collection studies in separate guidelines: https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/Survey-Guidelines\/. These national guidelines may be updated periodically, as new information or methodologies become available. This version supersedes any previous versions.  The overall purpose of the required information is to describe the key species and habitat within the survey area possibly affected by the proposed operations. The marine mammal and sea turtle survey plan should aim to:    Identify and confirm which marine mammal and sea turtle species are using the project site, and when these species may be present, where development is proposed; Special consideration should be given to identifying threatened and endangered species.    Establish a pre-construction baseline which may be used to assess whether detectable changes associated with proposed operations occurred in post-construction abundance and distribution of marine mammal and sea turtle species;  Collect additional information aimed at reducing uncertainty associated with baseline estimates and\/or to inform the interpretation of survey results; and  Develop an approach to quantify any substantial changes in the distribution and abundance of marine mammal and sea turtle species associated with proposed operations.   For all projects, lessees should also describe the measures to be taken to minimize or eliminate potential impacts to migratory bird species in their COP, SAP, or GAP. In addition, for projects involving the installation of wind energy turbines on the Atlantic OCS, the lessee should prepare a marine mammal and sea turtle survey plan that describes its methods for collecting sufficient information on the occurrence and habitat of marine mammals and sea turtles in the lease area to allow BOEM and other agencies with jurisdiction to make well-founded decisions in context with the regional biology.","author":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"organization":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073916","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-seabed-sediments-contrasting-offshore-renewable-energy-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1156486\/full","title":"Characterizing seabed sediments at contrasting offshore renewable energy sites","description":"Due to the impacts of climate change, there is an urgent need to scale up existing, and develop novel, renewable energy technologies. Although there are many types of renewable energy technology, ocean renewable energy, including established offshore wind, and novel wave and tidal energy converters, offers many opportunities due to the abundance of the resource, availability of sea space, and (for tidal) predictability. However, the extraction of energy from the ocean environment will influence sediment dynamics and morphodynamics at various temporal and spatial scales. Detailed knowledge of seabed properties is also important for device installation, affecting foundation design and cabling. In this study, 36 seabed sediment samples were collected across a region of the Irish Sea extending from the west of Anglesey into Liverpool Bay up to a maximum distance of around 35 km offshore \u2013 a region where there are many existing and planned ocean renewable energy projects. Particle size analysis at quarter phi intervals was used to calculate the statistical properties of the seabed sediment samples, including Mean grain size, Sorting, Skewness and Kurtosis. These properties were compared against the outputs of wave (SWAN) and tidal (TELEMAC) models of the region to investigate the relationship between environmental variables and sediment characteristics, and to determine the impact and challenges of renewable energy technologies deployed in the region. Most of the sediments in the study area are medium sand, polymodal, very poorly sorted, coarse skewed, and very platykurtic. We found that mean water depth and peak current speed have the largest influence on Median grain size, and Sorting can be affected by tidal range, in addition to water depth and peak current speed. Moreover, minimal influence of wave climate was found on the sediments. A thorough discussion based on a literature review of the environmental issues of various energy converters (tidal energy converter (both individual and arrays), tidal barrage\/lagoons, and wind turbines) was used to determine how devices in the study region, and at other sites throughout the world, would interact with sediment dynamics. We make recommendations on ways to minimize environmental impacts of ocean energy technologies.","author":["Amjadian, P.","Neill, S.","Barclay, V."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2023-04-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Amjadian_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073917","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-economy-regulatory-review-submission-marine-renewable-energy-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/news-and-updates\/2023-04-06\/blue-economy-regulatory-review-submission-marine-renewable-energy-and-environmental-protection","title":"Blue Economy Regulatory Review Submission: Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Protection","description":"Canada\u2019s goal, in the words of Deputy Prime Minister Chrystia Freeland, is to \u201cbecome a global leader in the growing clean economy.\u0022 In tidal energy, offshore wind, and clean hydrogen production, Canada has the resources, technology, labour force, and infrastructure to achieve that. Marine renewable energy (MRE) can help Canada meet its clean energy targets, contribute to our economy, and reduce reliance on imported energy.  Thanks in large part to government collaboration \u2013 through policy, funding, regulation and other supports \u2013 Canada has become a global leader in MRE research and development. With investment from the Government of Canada, the Province of Nova Scotia, and its project and technology developers, the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) is Canada\u2019s internationally-recognized standard bearer for MRE research and development.  The success of this effort has relied on investor confidence that, if they can develop technologies and capabilities that are viable and safe, they can eventually generate revenue to recover their investment. To date, the investment in Canada\u2019s tidal stream energy sector has been significant: over $200 million. Investment in Canada\u2019s offshore wind energy sector is expected to be higher still, reaching billions of dollars - all because of Canada\u2019s enormous clean energy resource potential. In Nova Scotia alone, this includes:    2.5 gigawatts (GW) of tidal potential, with a strategic target of 300 megawatts (MW)  1,000+ GW of offshore wind energy potential, with a strategic target of 5 GW    However, due to the lack of a transparent regulatory process, all of this renewable energy and investment, including the FORCE facility, is at risk of being stranded.  On March 20, 2023, as this submission was being written, Sustainable Marine Energy Canada (SMEC) - a company that achieved an important milestone for Canada with a first-ever grid connected floating tidal energy platform in Grand Passage, NS \u2013 advised Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) that it was \u201cwithdrawing [their] application, and [would] not be continuing the development of [their] Pempa\u2018q instream tidal energy Project\u201d at FORCE, citing the lack of a \u201cpathway to deliver [their] project at FORCE, let alone one that aligns with other provincial and federal instruments.\u201d It would be wrong to believe that SMEC is alone in this concern.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2023-04-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073932","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/depth-use-migratory-behaviour-homing-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-scottish-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/72\/2\/568\/2801299?login=true","title":"Depth use and migratory behaviour of homing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Scottish coastal waters","description":"Knowledge of swimming depths and migration routes of homing Atlantic salmon in open coastal zones is urgently required to inform decisions on managing the species, e.g. for the sustainable development of marine renewable energy. In May\u2013June 2013, pop-up satellite tags programmed to detach from fish after 1\u201310 d were fitted to 50 adult salmon on the northern coast of Scotland. Most of the tags returned water depth recorded at regular intervals (n \u00bc 47) and gave a geographic location following detachment (n \u00bc 44). In general, salmon were found near the surface during the study, with the median number of records at 0\u20135 m depth ranging from 72 to 85%, depending on the extent of known potential systematic bias. Depth use varied among individuals (8\u2013100% at 0\u20135 m) and cluster analysis suggested that the sample of fish could be split into two groups, representing different patterns of depth use. These clusters were also associated with pop-up location. There was a small but significant increase in recorded depth at night compared with during the day, contrasting with findings of salmon at sea in other contexts. The mean maximum dive depth was 64 m (range 13\u2013118 m), of similar order to the likely available water column depth. These results suggest that salmon will potentially interact with man-made obstacles, e.g. renewable energy generators, throughout the water column and particularly in surface waters.","author":["Godfrey, J.","Stewart, D.","Middlemas, S.","Armstrong, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2015-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:14:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Godfrey-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073943","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-providing-information-fisheries-renewable-energy-development-atlantic-outer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/about-boem\/regulations-guidance\/guidance-portal","title":"Guidelines for Providing Information on Fisheries for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","description":"Before the U.S. Department of the Interior, BOEM will approve the siting of a facility proposed for a renewable energy project on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), a lessee must submit the results of its site characterization surveys to BOEM with its Site Assessment Plan (SAP), Construction and Operations Plan (COP), or General Activities Plan (GAP). The purpose of this guidance document is to provide recommendations for complying with the information requirements in 30 CFR Part 585 Subpart F.  BOEM requires the results of site characterization studies to evaluate the impact of proposed activities on physical, biological, and socioeconomic resources as well as the seafloor and subseafloor conditions which could be affected by the construction, installation, and operation of meteorological towers, buoys, cables, wind turbines, and supporting structures. The information will be used by BOEM, other Federal agencies, and potentially affected states in the preparation of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents; interagency consultations, such as Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA); and to meet other statutory and regulatory requirements. Early communication with BOEM and adherence to these guidelines should ensure that BOEM\u2019s information needs are met. Survey results obtained through procedures consistent with these guidelines should be sufficient for BOEM\u2019s decision-making process. BOEM may stipulate through lease and grant terms that lessees and grantees submit a SAP, COP, or GAP survey plan, and schedule a pre-survey meeting with BOEM to discuss the plan prior to conducting survey activities in the leased or granted area.  Site characterization activities in this document refer only to fishery surveys. BOEM provides recommendations for conducting and reporting the results of other baseline collection studies in 2 of 14 separate guidelines: https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/Survey-Guidelines\/. These guidelines may be updated periodically, as new information or methodologies become available. This version supersedes previous versions.  The overall purpose of the required information is to describe the key species and habitat within the survey area possibly affected by the proposed operations. The fisheries survey plan should aim to:    Identify and confirm which dominant benthic, demersal, and pelagic species are using the project site, and when these species may be present where development is proposed;  Establish a pre-construction baseline which may be used to assess whether detectable changes associated with proposed operations occurred in post-construction abundance and distribution of fisheries;  Collect additional information aimed at reducing uncertainty associated with baseline estimates and\/or to inform the interpretation of research results; and  Develop an approach to quantify any substantial changes in the distribution and abundance of fisheries associated with proposed operations.   For all projects, lessees should also describe the measures to be taken to minimize or eliminate potential impacts to fishery resources in their SAP, COP, or GAP. In addition, for projects involving the installation of wind energy turbines on the Atlantic OCS, the lessee should prepare a fishery survey plan that describes its methods for collecting sufficient information on the biology of the project area to allow BOEM and other agencies with jurisdiction to make well-founded decisions in context with the regional biology.","author":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"organization":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM2019_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073944","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidelines-information-requirements-renewable-energy-site-assessment-plan-sap","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/about-boem\/regulations-guidance\/guidance-portal","title":"Guidelines for Information Requirements for a Renewable Energy Site Assessment Plan (SAP)","description":"This document provides guidance on the information requirements for a Site Assessment Plan (SAP) for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) renewable energy activities on a commercial lease, as required for site assessment activities pursuant to 30 CFR \u00a7\u00a7 585.605-.618. In response to stakeholder requests, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) is providing these guidelines to clarify and supplement information requirements for SAP submittals. This information is necessary for BOEM to complete analyses under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other applicable laws and regulations.  The purpose of this document is to further explain the applicable provisions of BOEM\u2019s renewable energy regulations, found at 30 CFR Part 585, and provide examples of documentation that you should submit to help BOEM evaluate whether the requirements found in the regulations have been met. The regulated community should rely on this document as guidance as it does not set information or data standards or prescribe additional requirements.  Since the publication of its initial SAP Guidance in 2016, BOEM has accrued substantial additional experience analyzing the impacts of and issuing approvals for the use of meteorological and oceanographic (metocean) buoys. BOEM is also aware that the offshore wind industry is trending strongly in the direction of using metocean buoys instead of bottom-founded towers to conduct site assessment activities. Accordingly, BOEM has updated this document in the following key ways:    Clarified the data requirements specific to metocean buoys;  Included recent updates to best management practices; and  Included a sample SAP template designed specifically for metocean buoys.","author":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"organization":["BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs"],"originationDate":"2019-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEMJUNE2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073948","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/report-post-monitoring-sea-ecosystem-seabed-after-deploying-wec-aquatory-bar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sigma-energy.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/IBM-UCG-Report-ENG.pdf","title":"Report on the post monitoring of the sea ecosystem \u2013 seabed after deploying the WEC in the aquatory of Bar, Montenegro","description":"Researching the macrozoobenthos where the WEC is located has been carried out in line with the Agreement. Extensive biological research on biodiversity was carried out during the zerostate analysis. The research included plankton as well as nekton analyses. The sampling of the seawater was done in close proximity to the deployment location to analyse the plankton component (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton), chlorophyll a as well as the water\u2019s microbiological quality. The analysis of phytobenthos, macrozoobenthos, and infauna has been carried out with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) on a surface of 50x50m and sediment samples while the ichthyofauna analysis has been carried out in the aquatory in front of the Port of Bar.Given that this is a one-time survey that needs to show the impact of the WEC on living organisms at the location and its close proximity, we have agreed to investigate benthic organisms that actually suffer the most and are directly impacted by all changes at the location.The zero-state (base-study) analysis has shown that the communities on the seabed at the site show no presence of algae. One of the reasons is the moveable seabed that does not allow these sessile organisms to attach, and the other is a depth of almost 30m and a small amount of light reaching the seabed, thus creating unfavourable conditions for the development of the plant component.Based on the listed facts, in our research of benthos components we have analysed the state of the macrozoobenthos from a qualitative perspective as well as quantitatively through sediment samples.","author":["Joksimovi\u0107, A."],"organization":["University of Montenegro"],"originationDate":"2022-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:19:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joksimovic-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073951","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-strategic-framework-structure-cumulative-impact-assessment-cia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/95","title":"A new strategic framework to structure Cumulative Impact Assessment (CIA)","description":"In order to alleviate climate change consequences, UK governments are pioneering offshore energy developments with increasing commitment. The North Sea is a dynamic ecosystem with strong bottom-up\/top-down natural and anthropogenic drivers facing rapid climate change impacts. Therefore, to ensure the compatibility of such large-scale developments with nature conservation obligations, cumulative effects need to be evaluated through cumulative impact assessments (CIA). However, by excluding climate change impacts, CIA lacks spatio-temporal appropriate baselines linking ecosystem components (e.g. physical indicators) to population dynamics which leads to uncertain predictions at populations levels. This study presents an overview of a framework for CIA using a holistic and pragmatic ecosystem approach based on spatio-temporal Bayesian network in order to identify pressure pathways, keystone components, ecosystem connectivity and resilience as well as population-level changes. We will also present potential fine-scale environmental monitoring solutions and data sources generated at MRED (Marine Renewable Energy Developments) site levels. Finally, we will discuss the usefulness of the two components that make up this framework: a database and an application of standardised shared tools that will pave the way to more transparent and multi-disciplinary collaborations. This framework will provide a multi-dimensional decision-making toolkit that would also lead towards more efficient SEAs (Strategic Environmental Assessment) as well as providing the ability to embed the CIAs of projects into regional and multinational schemes.","author":["Declerck, M.","Trifonova, N.","Black, J.","Hartley, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Hartley Anderson"],"originationDate":"2022-12-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Declerck-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073952","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safe-passage-fish-case-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032122009157","title":"Safe passage for fish: The case for in-stream turbines","description":"Current hydro power turbine technology is reviewed regarding safe fish passage. Much of the literature has focused on dam turbine configurations, while some have recommended to develop in-stream turbines as an alternative and potentially more environmentally- and ecologically-friendly option. Throughout the literature, several key design parameters and considerations appear consistently, with which future turbines are recommended to be designed if installed near fish habitats or migratory routes. Design parameters and recommendations are compiled and examined here, and conclusions about future developments of hydro turbines are provided. Additionally, the criteria and considerations are applied to an in-stream turbine design, which is shown to exhibit fish-friendly operation over a wide range of riverine velocities with mitigated fish access to the tip region. It is shown that in-stream turbines are a future-friendly (environmentally, ecologically and socially) technology that can provide sustainable energy generation to people throughout the world as an alternative to dams, including those in off-grid communities with little-to-no access to electricity.","author":["Brown, E.","Sulaeman, S.","Quispe-Abad, R.","M\u00fcller, N.","Moran, E."],"organization":["Michigan State University"],"originationDate":"2023-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Changes in Flow","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brown-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073953","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bigger-picture-developing-low-cost-graphical-user-interface-process-drone-imagery","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/91","title":"The bigger picture: developing a low-cost graphical user interface to process drone imagery of tidal stream environments","description":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, offer the ability to collect cost-effective fine-scale imagery that is suitable for the capture of concurrent hydrodynamic and faunal data within tidal stream environments. This is a necessary stage of information gathering to inform tidal energy device design, advise control and maintenance strategies and better inform environmental consenting processes. For this study a total of sixty-three UAV surveys were undertaken within the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, Scotland, UK, over two 4-day periods in 2016 and 2018. The aims of this data collection effort were to characterise bathymetrically driven hydrodynamic features, comprising of kolk-boil distribution, presence, and area, as well as marine life such as seabird distributions, presence, and orientation relative to the flow. To achieve this, a method to extract quantifiable metrics from UAV imagery was required. This paper details the processes and methodology to create a graphical user interface (GUI) to provide these outputs rather than examining specific results. It includes an explanation of the criteria that the GUI needed to meet to be able to process the imagery, a description of the workflow and an explanation of the sub-routines required such as image registration and calibration. The outputs of the GUI, and their relevance to tidal energy developments, are also discussed. Finally, this paper details future work incorporating computer vision techniques to improve the accuracy, reliability, and processing speed of the GUI.","author":["Slingsby, J.","Scott, B.","Kregting, L.","McIlvenny, J.","Wilson, J.","Yanez, M.","Williamson, B."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Aberdeen","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Marine Scotland Science","Universit\u00e9 de Lyon"],"originationDate":"2023-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.659108566698","-3.123383628770"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Slingsby-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2073954","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/introducing-energy-marine-environments-lab-scale-static-magnetic-field-submarine-cable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749123006279","title":"Introducing energy into marine environments: A lab-scale static magnetic field submarine cable simulation and its effects on sperm and larval development on a reef forming serpulid","description":"Non-chemical sources of anthropogenic environmental stress, such as artificial lights, noise and magnetic fields, are still an underestimate factor that may affect the wildlife. Marine environments are constantly subjected to these kinds of stress, especially nearby to urbanized coastal areas. In the present work, the effect of static magnetic fields, associated with submerged electric cables, was evaluated in gametes and early life stages of a serpulid polychaete, namely Ficopomatus enigmaticus. Specifically, biochemical\/physiological impairments of sperm, fertilization rate inhibition and incorrect larval development were assessed. We evaluated differences between two selected magnetic field induction values (0.5 and 1 mT) along a range of exposure times (30 min\u201348 h), for a sound evaluation on this species. We found that a magnetic induction of 1 mT, a typical value that can be found at distance of tens of cm from a submerged cable, may be considered a biologically and ecologically relevant for sessile organisms and for coastal environments more generally. This value exerted statistically significant effects on membranes, DNA integrity, kinetic parameters and mitochondrial activity of sperm cells. Moreover, a significant reduction in fertilization rate was observed in sperm exposed to the same magnetic induction level (1 mT) for 3 h, compared to controls. Regarding early larval stages, 48-h exposure did not affect the correct development. Our results represent a starting point for a future focus of research on magnetic field effects on early life stages of aquatic invertebrates, using model species as representative for reef-forming\/encrusting organisms and ecological indicators of soft sediment quality.","author":["Oliva, M.","De Marchi, L.","Cuccaro, A.","Fumagalli, G.","Freitas, R.","Fontana, N.","Raugi, M.","Barmada, S.","Pretti, C."],"organization":["National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences (CoNISMa)","University of Aveiro","University of Pisa"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074007","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/engaging-regulatory-community-aid-environmental-permittingconsenting-processes-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"Engaging the Regulatory Community to Aid Environmental Permitting\/Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The relatively new marine renewable energy (MRE) industry has faced regulatory challenges due to the uncertainty surrounding potential environmental impacts that have often stalled its advancement. While the MRE industry continues to move forward, barriers and challenges remain for environmental permitting (consenting), including a lack of awareness of existing knowledge on environmental effects. A fundamental struggle for MRE is the high costs of baseline environmental assessments and post-installation monitoring and long timelines for obtaining permits, which leads to uncertainty and risk for financing developments. The OES-Environmental1 initiative set out to work with international regulators to decrease such barriers for permitting MRE developments.","author":["Freeman, M.","Overhus, D.","Rose, D.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2020-05-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ICOE_2020_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074038","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/computational-platform-assess-coastal-impact-marine-energy-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/370375112_A_Computational_Platform_to_assess_the_Coastal_Impact_of_the_Marine_Energy_Farms","title":"A Computational Platform to assess the Coastal Impact of the Marine Energy Farms","description":"The aim of the present work is to describe a computational platform (CSIAM-Computational System for Impact Assessment of the Marine energy farms) that can easily be implemented to identify the expected coastal impact of a particular marine energy farm. Several case studies are discussed in order to present the versatility of this tool, including coastal areas from Portugal (central part), Italy (Sardinia) or Romania (the Danube Delta), respectively. Various spatial configurations were considered, starting from individual wave energy converters, such as the Wave Dragon and ending with generic marine farms defined by particular absorption properties and distances from the shore. Furthermore , considering the ERA5 wave data (from 2012 to 2021), some extreme sea states were identified for each target area, the significant wave heights reaching maximum values of 8 m in the case of Iberian Peninsula. Based on these results, we can conclude that the CSIAM interface can be efficiently used in the early development of a particular project, being possible to identify the best correlation between the spatial layout and the far-fields effects.","author":["Rusu, E.","Onea, F."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2023-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rusu-Onea-ICACER-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074045","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-technical-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-potential-coastal-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629623001585","title":"A socio-technical assessment of marine renewable energy potential in coastal communities","description":"Coastal communities face unique socio-ecological risks and vulnerabilities due to their geography and related resource dependencies. The resilience of such communities and their capacity to adapt to social, economic, and environmental change is consequently shaped by the diverse characteristics and values that guide their development. Marine renewable energy (MRE) is one promising solution for augmenting coastal resilience and environmental sustainability while increasing energy security, energy affordability, and socioeconomic benefits. The socio-technical nature of energy transitions more broadly necessitates place-based and multidisciplinary analyses to gain a full picture of the needs of communities. This article uses potential MRE development (specifically tidal energy) in two coastal communities as a lens to explore how social perceptions and MRE\u0027s technical potential might be integrated to improve alignment between community values and energy development. We draw on semi-structured interviews with community representatives from Sitka, Alaska and the San Juan Islands in Washington State and present findings on how energy development objectives are shaped by community values, resource relations, and institutional relations. Through modeling exercises, we also show the grid benefits of MRE deployment in the San Juan Islands, highlighting MRE\u0027s role in deferring costly electric infrastructure upgrades and reducing fuel imports when paired with solar photovoltaic (PV) or battery storage. These findings offer viable pathways for future MRE research, commercial validation, and deployment that directly respond to the place-based opportunities and challenges of coastal communities.","author":["Kazimierczuk, K.","Henderson, C.","Duffy, K.","Hanif, S.","Bhattacharya, S.","Biswas, S.","Jacroux, E.","Preziuso, D.","Wu, D.","Bhatnagar, D.","Tarekegne, B."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074126","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-environment-coloring-book","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and the Environment: A Coloring Book","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) devices generate electricity from the ocean\u2019s waves, tides, and currents. As these devices are installed in the ocean to provide clean energy and help address climate change, it is possible that they could affect the marine environment. However, scientists and engineers are making sure animals and their habitats will not be harmed.  As you look through the Marine Renewable Energy Coloring Book, you will learn more about how marine renewable energy devices interact with the environment. Find and color the animals and the marine renewable energy devices! How many different animals can you count?        For more information and resources, visit the Marine Renewable Energy Educational Resources page.   Individual Pages     Marine Renewable Energy \u0026amp; the Environment      Marine Renewable Energy Device Sizes      Collision Risk for Marine Animals around Turbines      Collision Risk for Marine Animals Around Turbines      Risks from Underwater Noise Generated by MRE      Risks from Underwater Noise Generated by MRE      Electromagnetic Fields Effects from MRE      Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats Caused by MRE      Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats Caused by MRE      Changes in Oceanographic Systems - Wave      Changes in Oceanographic Systems - Tidal      Entanglement Risk with Marine Renewable Energy      Displacement of Animals from MRE Development      MRE in Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems      Environmental Effects of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion      Marine Renewable Energy Environmental Monitoring     Social and Economic Effects of MRE     Social and Economic Effects of MRE","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-02-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-25 06:47:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Renewable-Energy-Coloring-Book_2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Changes-in-Habitats-1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Changes-in-Habitats-2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Changes-in-Oceanographic-Systems_Tidal.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Changes-in-Oceanographic-Systems_Wave.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Collision-1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Collision-2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Displacement.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Electromagnetic-Fields.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Entanglement.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Environmental-Monitoring.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_MRE-Device-Sizes.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Ocean-Thermal-Energy-Conversion.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Social-and-Economic-Effects-2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Tropical-and-Subtropical.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Underwater-Noise-1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book-2024_Underwater-Noise-2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book_2024_MRE-and-Environment.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRE-Coloring-Book_2024_Social-and-Economic-Effects-1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074135","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/no-observed-effects-subsea-renewable-energy-infrastructure-benthic-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/5\/1061","title":"No Observed Effects of Subsea Renewable Energy Infrastructure on Benthic Environments","description":"For the tidal energy industry to move forward to commercialisation, understanding the interaction between the environment and tidal energy converters (TEC) is essential. The benthic environment may be particularly vulnerable to development by changing the existing physical and ecological characteristics. To assess measurable changes of the infrastructural and operation activity of the Deep Green subsea TEC known as the kite, developed by Minesto, benthic surveys were carried out in the Narrows, Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland. At the Minesto site and two other locations, scientific divers carried out circular cardinal-direction benthic camera surveys prior to and after five years of operation. A diverse assemblage of sessile, vagile and mobile species associated with substrate types were identified. No significant changes at any of the sites were recorded in the abundance of species, substrate type or species diversity over the five-year period. The results show that no impact on benthic communities was detected as a result of the operation and deployment of the infrastructure associated with the technology.","author":["Smyth, D.","Kregting, L."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast","The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited"],"originationDate":"2023-05-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.389290000000","-5.570818000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smyth-Kregting-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074136","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-position-paper","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/impact#publications","title":"Wave Energy Position Paper","description":"This report is intended to show the potential benefit of Wave Energy as a UK industry and a contributor to sustainable development goals and achieving the UK net zero GHG emissions target for 2050. To assess the viability of new forms of renewable energy, the UK Government\u2019s clean growth strategy has set out three tests:  \u2022 Can we see a clear cost reduction pathway for this technology, so we can deliver low cost solutions?  \u2022 Can the UK develop world-leading technology in a sizeable global market?  \u2022 Does this deliver maximum carbon emission reduction?    In this report, we show that with targeted action, Wave Energy can meet these tests and provide a significant source of energy and growth for the UK economy. The role of Wave Energy in our future energy system is framed within the UK Government\u2019s overall strategy to cut emissions, increase efficiency, and help lower the amount consumers and businesses spend on energy whilst supporting economic growth. Wave Energy delivers five key aims:    Delivering net zero  Wave Energy will be required to meet net zero emissions; exploitable wave resource in the UK has the potential to deliver in-grid electricity of around 40-50 TWh\/year, which would contribute approximately 15% of the UK\u2019s current electricity demand and valuable grid balancing energy system benefits.   Achieving value for money  Wave Energy is one of the few domestically led technology sectors in the net zero mix that advances our low carbon economy with significant UK content.    Supporting communities  Wave Energy resource maps directly to fragile communities, generating significant impact on community identity, reflecting their local environmental and economic context.      Maintaining energy security    Wave Energy delivers security of supply chain infrastructure with an abundant local energy resource that is well matched to demand.    Advancing the low carbon economy    Wave Energy delivers economic benefit, creating high value jobs and supporting growth in coastal communities.","author":["Greaves, D.","Jin, S.","Jeffrey, H.","Cochrane, C.","Pennock, S.","Richards, L."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave_Energy_Innovation__Position_Paper-Supergen-ORE-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074138","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-roadmap-realising-potential-wave-energy-next-10-15-years","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/impact#publications","title":"Wave Energy Roadmap - Realising the Potential of Wave Energy in the next 10 to 15 years","description":"Wave Energy has the potential to provide a significant source of renewable energy and economic growth for the UK and to contribute to the UK Government\u2019s climate change objectives [1]. The UK has the necessary infrastructure, markets, technology, legislation and regulation in place and, with key strategic interventions, a successful Wave Energy sector can be delivered with significant benefits to the UK.  We need a diverse renewable energy resource for the UK\u2019s net zero 2050; Wave Energy will be an essential component of the mix and brings valuable grid-balancing energy system benefits. Exploitable wave resource in the UK has the potential to deliver in-grid electricity of 40-50 TWh\/year, contributing approximately 15% of the UK\u2019s current electricity demand, and to have 22GW installed capacity by 2050 [2]. Wave Energy is one of the few domestically led technology sectors that advances our low carbon economy with significant UK content (estimates suggest that the wave industry could secure approximately 80% UK content in the domestic market [2]). The resource maps directly to fragile coastal communities, generating significant impact on community identity, delivering economic benefit and creating high value jobs and economic growth. 8,100 new jobs are estimated in Wave Energy by 2040 [3] and industry support would deliver a GVA benefit ratio of 6:1 [2]. Furthermore, Wave Energy is an abundant local energy resource for the UK, it is well matched to demand and delivers security of supply chain infrastructure.   As an early leader, the UK Wave Energy sector has accumulated considerable experience, expertise and knowledge from the development and deployment of various prototypes and has a strong community of academics and industry. However, the development of Wave Energy will have to accelerate rapidly in order to reach its potential contribution to the UK\u2019s net zero target by 2050. This Road Map for Wave Energy sets out the logical steps to be taken through targeted technology development and support mechanisms needed to encourage inclusivity, collaboration and sharing in order to reach the milestones of \u00a390\/MWh Levelised Cost of Energy (LCoE) by 2035 and 22GW installed capacity by 2050. This technology push should be complemented by market pull mechanisms that increase as the technology is proven and the market begins to develop, and then shrink as the market becomes established and self-sustaining.   Achieving a step change reduction in the Wave Energy technology unit cost is fundamental to unlocking further investment and development. This is addressed in the early stage of the Road Map, with a focus on design and validation of Wave Energy Converter (WEC) technologies to prove availability and survivability at reduced unit cost. This may be achieved through design innovation and use of alternative component technologies in existing WECs or novel WEC concepts. Targeted research to demonstrate survivability with significant cost reduction is the first step, followed by demonstration of the viability of pilot WEC farms.     Although the main focus of Wave Energy\u2019s contribution to net zero targets is at utility scale, niche markets in Wave Energy have developed rapidly and are seen as an important stepping-stone and an effective route to demonstrating the benefit of integrating Wave Energy within the energy system alongside other renewables. Here, niche applications are targeted in parallel with utility-scale WEC design.  As the volume of in-sea Wave Energy demonstration and deployment increases, interdisciplinary research is targeted to improve understanding of interactions with marine ecology and environment, achieve cost reductions in impact assessment and to streamline policy, planning and consenting. Opportunities to exploit technology transfer from other sectors will also grow as deployments increase, enabling lowering of LCoE and risk reduction in operations management, maintenance and safety.   From 2040 onwards, large-scale deployment of Wave Energy will deliver the most dramatic LCoE reductions, with research and innovation continuing in parallel to further improve performance and drive costs down. The global potential for Wave Energy is vast and, with strategic investment, Wave Energy could not only be a significant contributor to our future renewable energy mix but also a lucrative export market for the UK.","author":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave_Energy_Road_Map-Supergen-ORE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074140","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-response-presence-hydrokinetic-turbines-sustainable-energy-solution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-33000-w","title":"Fish response to the presence of hydrokinetic turbines as a sustainable energy solution","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines such as vertical axis turbines (VATs) may provide decentralised, clean, sustainable energy for remote communities that lack access to the main energy grid or renewable resources. As traditional hydropower adversely alters aquatic ecosystems, it is essential to evaluate the environmental consequences of deploying VATs in riverine ecosystems to meet current and future energy needs. This study explores the implications of VATs on fish movement by observing fish swimming behaviour under two discharges, turbine operation states, and cross-sections confinements using scaled laboratory experiments. Our findings reveal that for cross-sectional confined conditions neither discharge, turbine presence, nor device operation, prevented fish from passing around and through the turbine both in the up- and downstream directions. However, fish spent the least time near the turbine vicinity and within the turbine\u2019s turbulent, low-velocity wake, indicating avoidance behaviour. Swimming in a less confined test section further reduced the time spent within the turbine\u2019s vicinity and wake, increasing the distance fish kept away from the device. Our results contribute to an understanding of VATs as low-risk hazards for fish swimming behaviour, advancing the potential of deploying VATs in rivers, estuaries or sea as a renewable energy solution for remote communities.","author":["M\u00fcller, S.","Muhawenimana, V.","Sonnino-Sorisio, G.","Wilson, C.","Cable, J.","Ouro, P."],"organization":["Cardiff University","University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2023-05-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Muller-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074162","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oceanic-response-widespread-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dspace.library.uvic.ca\/handle\/1828\/14883","title":"Oceanic response to widespread Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a form of marine renewable energy that harnesses the temperature gradient between warmer surface waters and cooler deep waters to power a heat engine and produce electricity. OTEC has capacity to produce immense amounts of continuously available, renewable energy, although to date the technology has only been implemented in small-scale, pilot plants. Some have proposed widespread implementation of OTEC technology to contribute to the world\u2019s energy needs. Prior to widespread implementation of OTEC technology, the biological, physical, and chemical implications of such a deployment must be quantified. The technology has many prospective benefits, such as the production of renewable electricity and desalinated water, a temporary cooling of surface waters, and a potential increase in biological production stimulated by the upwelling of cool, nutrient rich waters. Nevertheless, there are negative environmental impacts associated with the technology that must be considered. These impacts potentially include the disruption of large-scale ocean circulation patterns and a significant alteration of surface water properties in zones of OTEC upwelling. This study presents several multicentury simulations of the UVic Earth Systems Climate Model version 2.9 to better understand the projected magnitude and significance of the impacts of widespread OTEC implementation.","author":["Nikoloff, A.","Eby, M.","Weaver, A."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2023-03-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nikoloff_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074163","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-44-use-cases-profiles","sourceURL":"","title":"SafeWAVE Deliverable 4.4 Use cases and profiles","description":"In the SAFEWAVE project, examples of case studies and profiles, in the marine energy industry, were developed to assist existing and new users of the platform, but also to guide further developments of the platform. These case studies aim to show possible actions and experiences that the platform allows to carry out and they reflect the use of the data. These were developed using widely used requirement definition concepts like: \u201cAs a \u0026lt;role\u0026gt;, I want \u0026lt;goal\/desire\u0026gt;, so that \u0026lt;benefit\u0026gt;\u201d.  Its objective is to show different features aimed at different user profiles, so that they can contribute to improving the needs of regular users and\/or show the platform\u0027s skills to first-time users. After signing up on the platform, any user has access to the available data.   The platform is always in continuous improvement, in terms of features but also due to the increase in data availability. It is aimed at data providers, authorities, developers, researchers, students, and regulators, as well as the partners of the project or the public in general.  Below, is a list of case studies that reflect the experience of different user profiles when accessing the platform. These case studies will also be included for direct access in the platform.","author":["Leit\u00e3o, J.","Cardoso, S.","Santos, H."],"organization":["Hidromod"],"originationDate":"2022-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leitao_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074164","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-monitoring-sea-ecosystem-seabed-after-deploying-wec-aquatory-bar-montenegro","sourceURL":"","title":"Post Monitoring of the Sea Ecosystem \u2013 Seabed After Deploying the WEC in the Aquatory of Bar, Montenegro","description":"Researching the macrozoobenthos where the WEC is located has been carried out in line with the Agreement. Extensive biological research on biodiversity was carried out during the zerostate analysis. The research included plankton as well as nekton analyses. The sampling of the seawater was done in close proximity to the deployment location to analyse the plankton component (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton), chlorophyll a as well as the water\u2019s microbiological quality. The analysis of phytobenthos, macrozoobenthos, and infauna has been carried out with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) on a surface of 50x50m and sediment samples while the ichthyofauna analysis has been carried out in the aquatory in front of the Port of Bar. Given that this is a one-time survey that needs to show the impact of the WEC on living organisms at the location and its close proximity, we have agreed to investigate benthic organisms that actually suffer the most and are directly impacted by all changes at the location. The zero-state (base-study) analysis has shown that the communities on the seabed at the site show no presence of algae. One of the reasons is the moveable seabed that does not allow these sessile organisms to attach, and the other is a depth of almost 30m and a small amount of light reaching the seabed, thus creating unfavourable conditions for the development of the plant component. Based on the listed facts, in our research of benthos components we have analysed the state of the macrozoobenthos from a qualitative perspective as well as quantitatively through sediment samples.","author":["University of Montenegro","Joksimovi\u0107, A."],"organization":["University of Montenegro"],"originationDate":"2022-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/University_of_Montenegro_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074165","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-individual-movement-habitat-use-behavior-non-breeding-marine-birds-relation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v711\/p77-99\/","title":"Assessing individual movement, habitat use, and behavior of non-breeding marine birds in relation to prey availability in the US Atlantic","description":"Resource availability is a key factor driving marine bird movements and distributions, but direct information on prey availability is difficult to obtain at relevant scales. We present novel methods for describing multi-scale trophic associations, combining movement analyses of marine birds with estimates of forage fish surface aggregations from digital aerial survey data and species occupancy from bottom trawl survey data. We analyzed satellite telemetry data from northern gannets Morus bassanus, red-throated loons Gavia stellata, and long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis in the US Atlantic during the non-breeding period. Using discrete-time hidden Markov models to distinguish area-restricted (i.e. putative foraging) from transit movements, we examined how environmental factors influence movement, and how forage fish species distributions and surface aggregations influence habitat use by gannets and loons that have greater dietary reliance. Our results suggest that chlorophyll a concentration significantly affected movement behavior across species, highlighting the importance of higher-productivity areas around estuaries during colder months when regional productivity is low. Though variable across species and seasons, spatial cross-correlation analysis revealed that herring species (Family Clupeidae), including Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, may be important resources; it also showed positive spatial correlations with forage fish aggregations. This suggests that prey patch dynamics and factors driving aggregation formation may be as important as species composition. However, spatial patterns were generally low (\u0026lt;0.3), suggesting a mismatch in spatiotemporal resolution, exemplifying the challenges in quantifying trophic relationships in marine systems. Disentangling predator-prey relationships is critical to understanding the mechanisms driving marine bird behavior in rapidly changing marine systems.","author":["Gulka, J.","Berlin, A.","Friedland, K.","Gilbert, A.","Goetsch, C.","Montevecchi, W.","Perry, M.","Stenhouse, I.","Williams, K.","Adams, E."],"organization":["Biodiversity Research Institute","US Geological Survey (USGS)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","Memorial University of Newfoundland"],"originationDate":"2023-05-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gulka_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074185","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/probability-atlantic-salmon-post-smolts-encountering-tidal-turbine-installation-minas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/5\/1095","title":"Probability of Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolts Encountering a Tidal Turbine Installation in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy","description":"Tidal stream energy is a renewable energy resource that might be developed to offset carbon emissions. A tidal energy demonstration (TED) area has been designated in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, for testing and installing marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines. Regulations require quantification of the potential for MHK turbine installations to harm local populations of marine animals. Here, we use acoustic telemetry to quantify the probability that post-smolt inner Bay of Fundy salmon encounter a turbine installation at the TED area. Previous work has quantified the detection efficiency of Innovasea HR acoustic tags as a function of the current speed and range from a moored HR2 receiver and also demonstrated that drifters carrying HR tags will be effectively detected when the drifter track crosses the array of HR2 receivers in Minas Passage. Salmon smolts were tagged and released in Gaspereau and Stewiacke Rivers, Nova Scotia, in order that the HR2 receiver array could monitor seaward migration of the post-smolts through Minas Passage and particularly through the TED area. Presently, we formulate and apply a method by which tag signals detected by the HR2 array can be used to estimate the expected number of times that a post-smolt would encounter a single near-surface MHK turbine installation during its seaward migration.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Karsten, R.","Solda, C.","Hardie, D.","Hasselman, D."],"organization":["Acadia University","Dartmouth College","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2023-05-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:03:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sanderson_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074193","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fishing-gear-related-injury-california-marine-wildlife","sourceURL":"https:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/jwd\/article\/45\/2\/355\/124278\/FISHING-GEAR-RELATED-INJURY-IN-CALIFORNIA-MARINE","title":"FISHING GEAR\u2013RELATED INJURY IN CALIFORNIA MARINE WILDLIFE","description":"We reviewed medical records from select wildlife rehabilitation facilities in California to determine the prevalence of injury in California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), gulls (Larus spp.), and pinniped species (Zalophus californianus, Mirounga angustirostris, and Phoca vitulina) due to fishing gear entanglement and ingestion from 2001 to 2006. Of 9,668 Brown Pelican, gull, and pinniped cases described during the 6-yr study period (2001\u201306), 1,090 (11.3%) were fishing gear\u2013related. Pelican injuries caused by fishing gear were most common in the Monterey Bay region, where 59.6% of the pelicans rescued in this area and admitted to a rehabilitation center were injured by fishing gear over the 6-yr period. The highest prevalence of fishing gear\u2013related injury in gulls was documented in the Los Angeles\/Orange County region (16.1%), whereas the highest prevalences in pinnipeds were seen in the San Diego region (3.7%). Despite these higher prevalences of gull and pinniped fishing gear\u2013related injuries in these specific regions, there was no statistical significance in these trends. Juvenile gulls and pinnipeds were more commonly injured by fishing gear than adults (gulls: P=0.03, odds ratio=1.29; pinnipeds: P=0.01, odds ratio=2.07). Male pinnipeds were twice as likely to be injured by fishing gear as females (P\u0026lt;0.01, odds ratio=2.19). The proportion of fishing gear\u2013related injury cases that were successfully rehabilitated and released (percentage of cases successfully rehabilitated to the point of release out of the total number of fishing gear\u2013related injury cases) was high in all three species groups (pelicans: 63%; gulls: 54%; pinnipeds: 70%). Fishing gear\u2013related injuries in Brown Pelicans and gulls were highest in the fall, but there was only a significant difference between seasons for fishing gear\u2013related injuries in pelicans. Fishing gear\u2013related injuries in pinnipeds most commonly occurred in summer; however, a statistical difference was not detected between seasons for pinnipeds. Derelict fishing gear\u2014lost, abandoned or discarded sport and commercial line, nets, traps, etc.\u2014in the marine environment is a significant cause of injury in California coastal marine wildlife. We evaluated data for stranded animals only; our results may underestimate the true number of coastal marine animals injured by lost or discarded fishing gear in California.","author":["Kaplan Dau, B.","Gilardi, K.V.K.","Gulland, F.","Higgins, A.","Holcomb, J.B.","Leger, J.S.","Ziccardi, M.H."],"organization":["University of California Davis","Marine Mammal Center","Project Wildlife","International Bird Rescue","Sea World California"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kaplan_Dau_et_al_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074194","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/high-rates-vessel-noise-disrupt-foraging-wild-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena","sourceURL":"https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rspb.2017.2314","title":"High rates of vessel noise disrupt foraging in wild harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)","description":"Shipping is the dominant marine anthropogenic noise source in the world\u0027s oceans, yet we know little about vessel encounter rates, exposure levels and behavioural reactions for cetaceans in the wild, many of which rely on sound for foraging, communication and social interactions. Here, we used animal-borne acoustic tags to measure vessel noise exposure and foraging efforts in seven harbour porpoises in highly trafficked coastal waters. Tagged porpoises encountered vessel noise 17\u201389% of the time and occasional high-noise levels coincided with vigorous fluking, bottom diving, interrupted foraging and even cessation of echolocation, leading to significantly fewer prey capture attempts at received levels greater than 96 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa (16 kHz third-octave). If such exposures occur frequently, porpoises, which have high metabolic requirements, may be unable to compensate energetically with negative long-term fitness consequences. That shipping noise disrupts foraging in the high-frequency-hearing porpoise raises concerns that other toothed whale species may also be affected.","author":["Wisniewska, D.","Johnson, M.","Teilmann, J.","Siebert, U.","Galatius, A.","Dietz, R.","Madsen, P."],"organization":["Aarhus University","Stanford University","University of St Andrews","University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation"],"originationDate":"2018-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074195","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cumulative-effects-offshore-renewables-pragmatic-policies-holistic-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925523001191","title":"Cumulative effects of offshore renewables: From pragmatic policies to holistic marine spatial planning tools","description":"To alleviate climate change consequences, the UK government is pioneering offshore renewable energy developments at an ever-increasing pace. The North Sea is a dynamic ecosystem with strong bottom-up\/top-down natural and anthropogenic drivers facing rapid climate change impacts. To ensure the compatibility of such large-scale developments with nature conservation obligations, regulatory processes set out that all effects need to be evaluated through cumulative impact assessments (CIA). However, by excluding climate change impacts and bottom-up effects of renewable developments, the CIA lacks spatio-temporal baselines linking oceanic ecosystem indicators to population dynamics, leading to uncertain predictions at population levels. CIA is currently required in Europe under the Strategic Environmental Assessment and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), suggesting that these two policy areas should be more closely aligned. This study presents an overview of the current CIA policy framework, enabling an ecosystem-based approach linking lower ecosystem components to top-predator populations using the UK as a case study. At the UK level, CIA requirements mirror the EU ones under the Marine and Coastal Access Act, the UK Marine Policy Statement, and the UK National Policy Statement. Firstly, we show how CIA and MSFD requirements are integrated into the UK licensing and maritime planning frameworks. Secondly, we provide policy pathways embedding the MSFD as a baseline for CIAs with European and UK regulations. Thirdly, we propose a framework encompassing a shared monitoring effort, an ecosystem modelling approach connected with two existing online databases supported with funds from Contracts for Difference. This integrated approach will enable a holistic and pragmatic ecosystem-based framework for more accurate and rapid methods for producing CIAs for offshore renewable energy developments.","author":["Declerck, M.","Trifonova, N.","Hartley, J.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","Hartley Anderson"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074200","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-ocean-energy-review-2021","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/uk-ocean-energy-review-2021","title":"UK Ocean Energy Review 2021","description":"The report is an expansion of the UK chapter of the IEA-OES Annual Report 2021 and summarises the progress of wave, tidal stream and tidal range technology, markets and policy achieved by the UK in the last year. The Ocean Energy Systems (OES) under the International Energy Agency (IEA), is an organisation advancing development and deployment of ocean energies in more than 20 countries.  The report outlines the UK\u2019s current supporting policies for ocean energy, and associated strategy at national and regional levels. A comprehensive summary of current and planned deployment of UK projects at UK test centres and demonstration zones accompanies an update on sector progress from research and development at key institutions. In addition to this, the report provides an update on key public funding programs. Finally, the report concludes with a summary of relevant national events held in the UK last year and the ones that are expected to be held this year.","author":["University of Edinburgh","Jeffrey, H.","Grattan, K."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","Wave Energy Scotland","Energy Technology Partnership (ETP)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:04:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/policy_and_innovation_group_uk_ocean_energy_review_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074201","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-ocean-energy-review-2022","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/uploads\/resources\/Policy-and-Innovation-Group-UK-Ocean-Energy-Review-2023-proof-V-May-5.pdf","title":"UK Ocean Energy Review 2022","description":"The UK\u2019s position as a leading nation in the global effort to slow climate change has now become synonymous with our position as one of the leading nations in the research,  innovation and development of the ocean  energy sector. The value of this position has only been emphasised in light of Russia\u2019s  ongoing illegal invasion of Ukraine, with the UK looking to further develop renewable  energy technologies, such as wave and  tidal, that can complement and strengthen  the existing domestic energy mix. The  maturation of the sector continues to move at pace, with tidal stream looking to move from single device deployment to arrays and the wave sector seeing increased tank testing and deployment of prototypes. With regards to the policy landscape, recent government energy strategies, both at a UK and devolved level, make explicit reference to the untapped potential of the ocean energy sector for energy generation and energy security. This is only bolstered by the success of market pull  mechanisms such as the Contracts for  Difference scheme, which has delivered  increased sectoral confidence as a number of device developers were granted contracts. Across the UK, industry, academia and  government continue to tie the ocean energy sector to net-zero ambitions, energy security strategies and the Just Transition. However, there is still a pressing need for a reduction in the overall costs of ocean energy to ensure the sector becomes competitive with more mature renewable technologies, there is reason to believe that both wave and tidal energy have a vital role to play in the future of UK energy production.","author":["University of Edinburgh","Jeffrey, H.","Grattan, K."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","Wave Energy Scotland"],"originationDate":"2023-05-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Policy-and-Innovation-Group-UK-Ocean-Energy-Review-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074202","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/strategic-priorities-net-zero-energy-research-perspective-supergen-early-career","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/uploads\/Strategic-priorities-for-net-zero-energy-research-a-perspective-from-Supergen-early-career-researchers.pdf","title":"Strategic priorities for net zero energy research \u2013 a perspective from Supergen early career researchers","description":"Given the significance of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) taking place in Glasgow this year, the Supergen (Sustainable Power Generation and Supply) programme identified COP26 as a crucial opportunity to connect UK energy research to wider climate change, net zero and renewable agendas. The six Supergen Hubs collaborated to deliver the Net Zero Conference (NZC) from 1-3 September 2021, demonstrating the impact of UK energy research in achieving net zero, setting out a vision for a net zero energy future and exploring cross-cutting themes such as internationalisation, industrial partnerships and equality, diversity and inclusion. The NZC opened with the Early Career Researcher (ECR) Forum organised by a cross-Hub group of ECRs, focusing on three overarching topics of greening the economy and society, the future of sustainable transport and securing a global transition to clean energy. This briefing paper summarises the outcomes of the flash talk presentations and discussions presented during the ECR Forum and puts forward the current thinking on challenges and opportunities in achieving net zero, from the perspective of ECRs working within energy research.","author":["Pillai, A.","Kumar, S.","Greenhalgh, R.","Joshi, A.","Ola, O.","Taylor, D."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2021-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Strategic-priorities-for-net-zero-energy-research-2020_Pillai-A-et-al.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074234","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stressor-specific-guidance-document-collision-risk","sourceURL":"","title":"Stressor-Specific Guidance Document: Collision Risk","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This stressor-specific document presents an overview of the scientific information that is known for collision risk. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   The presence of MRE devices\u2014particularly tidal, ocean current, or riverine turbines\u2014is thought to pose a risk of collision to marine animals. The concern is that a collision with moving device parts (e.g., turbine blades) or a moving device (e.g., tidal kite) could cause irreversible injuries or death to an individual, which may affect its survival and the long-term status of populations. An animal could come into close contact with an MRE device or its parts in the course of its natural movement, if it is not strong enough to avoid currents, or is attracted to the device for purposes of feeding, seeking shelter, or out of curiosity. Marine mammals, especially protected or threatened populations, endangered or commercially and recreationally important fish species, sea turtles, and endangered seabirds are of greatest concern for collision risk.  Check out the links within the stressor-specific guidance document for collision risk for additional tools, resources and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-22 06:59:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Collision-Risk-Stressor-Specific-Guidance-Document_April2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074237","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stressor-specific-guidance-document-entanglement","sourceURL":"","title":"Stressor-Specific Guidance Document: Entanglement","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This stressor-specific document presents an overview of the scientific information that is known for entanglement. It is not intended to replace any regulatory requirements or prescribe action for a particular risk. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   MRE devices may have unique mooring and anchoring systems depending on the technology type. For example, tidal kites have turbines, lines, and cables that can be highly dynamic. In the case of tidal kites, model results predict most marine mammals will not encounter the device when it is operating and if an encounter happens the tether is likely to remain taut. While there has been no evidence of entanglement with MRE systems to date, the potential for this risk may vary depending on line or cable configuration, depth, location, device type, physical characteristics of the line or cable (e.g., type, dimension, weight, bend ratio, etc.) and animal behavior and size.  Check out the links within the stressor-specific guidance document for entanglement for additional tools, resources and information.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-24 06:11:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Entanglement_Stressor-Specific_Guidance_Document_final_7_15_24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074247","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/imaging-sonar-observations-salmonid-interactions-vertical-axis-instream-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/rra.4171","title":"Imaging-sonar observations of salmonid interactions with a vertical axis instream turbine","description":"Anthropogenic activities and their influences on aquatic systems is an important topic, especially considering the growing interest in using the earth\u0027s resources in a sustainable way. One of those anthropogenic activities is the introduction of renewable technologies into the aquatic environment such as instream turbines. Environmental studies around those technologies are often still ongoing due to their novelty. During the spring of 2018, juvenile individuals of two salmonid species, Atlantic salmon and brown trout were released upstream a vertical axis instream turbine in the river Dal (Dal\u00e4lven) in eastern Sweden. The aim of this study was to investigate the swimming behavior of the salmonids around a small-scale prototype vertical axis instream turbine. The swimming pattern and the possible response of avoiding the vertical axis instream turbine were documented with a multi beam sonar. A control area, next to the turbine, was used as reference. No consistent results were shown for trout as they were passing the control area with a statistically high variation, and specimens were rarely observed in proximity of the turbine, neither if the turbine was operating nor at stand still. Salmon clearly avoided the operating turbine, but did not avoid the turbine when it was at stand still, and was often observed swimming straight through the turbine area. These findings indicate that operating this type of instream turbine in a river affects the swimming behavior of Atlantic salmon but is unlikely to affect its migration paths. For brown trout, the statistical results are inconclusive, although data indicate a response of avoiding the turbine. The species are in little risk to suffer physical harm as no fish entered the rotating turbine, despite very turbid water conditions.","author":["Bender, A.","Langhamer, O.","Francisco, F.","Forslund, J.","Hammar, L.","Sundberg, J.","Molander, S."],"organization":["Uppsala University","Chalmers University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2023-06-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.564456000000","17.430671800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:54:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bender_et_al_2023_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074260","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/public-perceptions-wave-energy-development-west-coast-north-america-risks-benefits","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569123001916","title":"Public perceptions of wave energy development on the west coast of North America: Risks, benefits, and coastal attachment","description":"While solar and wind energy continue to grow as significant sources of renewable energy, a global energy transition away from fossil fuels will require an expanding portfolio of generating resources. Marine renewable energy has the potential to contribute greatly in the coming decades, as the more predictable nature of wave energy can support the resiliency of the power grid and complement solar and inland wind generation. Yet, the broad deployment of marine energy technologies like wave energy will depend on public support, making it critical to identify the relevant factors associated with public attitudes and risk\/benefit perceptions. This paper draws on social representations theory to specifically examine perceptions of wave energy on the west coast of North America, a site chosen because of the high suitability for wave energy generation and the fact that one of only three wave energy test sites in the world is under development off the coast of Oregon. Using an online survey in June 2020, we recruited a sample of 2000 respondents from California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. We found a majority of respondents held positive attitudes to wave energy, but respondents also had low familiarity \u2013 with a quarter of respondents lacking sufficient information to form an opinion. We used logistic regression to identify factors correlated with wave energy attitudes, finding that respondents who were more supportive of wind and solar energy, more optimistic about new technology, and reported more familiarity with wave energy were significantly more likely to have a positive impression of wave energy. Respondents with higher levels of place attachment to coastal areas were more split, as they perceived higher benefits of wave energy \u2013 but also higher risks. Our results indicate broad appeal of wave energy on the west coast, but we caution policymakers and developers to not take initial siting processes for granted. As experience has shown for offshore wind, broad appeal does not guarantee a smooth siting process in a local context. The role of place attachment to coastal areas must be taken seriously or risk alienating local communities.","author":["Stelmach, G.","Hazboun, S.","Brandt, D.","Boudet, H."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","Renewable Northwest Project"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074274","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geospatial-analysis-technical-economic-suitability-renewable-ocean-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.msp.wa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/PNNL_EnergySuitability_Final-Report.pdf","title":"Geospatial Analysis of Technical and Economic Suitability for Renewable Ocean Energy Development on Washington\u0027s Outer Coast","description":"To support the State of Washington\u2019s marine spatial planning efforts, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Parametrix were asked to conduct a spatial analysis of basic siting factors to determine where marine renewable energy development may be feasible on the Washington coast. The scope of the study includes tidal, wave, and offshore wind power generating technologies. The devices we selected to represent these technologies are the core device types anticipated to be commercially-viable in the Pacific Northwest. The scope includes projects that would commence a planning or feasibility phase within the next five to seven years. This time horizon serves to narrow the focus to existing, tested technologies deployed within a few miles of shore, with the exception of offshore wind floating platform technology which would most likely be deployed within 20 miles of shore.  This study uses a multi-criteria decision analysis framework of weighted additive algorithms to evaluate site suitability. Attributes of suitability used in this analysis represent fundamental economic and technical feasibility considerations and include energy potential, water depth, proximity to shore, ports, and transmission infrastructure. Socioeconomic, legal, regulatory, national security, and environmental factors\u2014key factors to consider in planning for renewable energy development\u2014are beyond the scope of this study. The separation of fundamental suitability factors from other considerations influencing marine spatial planning is intentional and intended to respect Washington State\u2019s stakeholder-informed planning process.  We developed conceptual models to organize attributes of suitability. Eight models were needed to represent the breadth of existing ocean energy generation devices suitable for Washington coast deployment. Available literature and expert advisors familiar with the industry, technologies, and devices informed the application of scores and weights to attributes for each model. Additive algorithms enabled a numerical translation of composite suitability that could then be represented spatially in a geographic information system. At the same time, we developed a geospatial database for the Washington coast containing available geospatial datasets corresponding to attribute suitability and based on Bureau of Ocean Energy Management\u2019s (BOEM) Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) leasing blocks. The dataset divides each BOEM block into sixteen, 1.44 square kilometer (0.56 square mile [mi2]) sections, for a total of 24,291 units (referred to as aliquots). These are the minimum units for this analysis, and are what is referred to as sites within this report. Multiple sites comprise areas of suitability.  The results of this analysis are represented in a series of eight maps depicting suitability for tidal, wave, and offshore wind devices. Results suggest that there is a wider range of sites with higher suitability scores off the southern half of the Washington coast than the northern coast, although results differ based on device type. Fixed foundation wind energy models and nearshore wave device models closely followed this pattern, though it is less distinct in the mid- and deepwater wave model results. Most areas with high suitability occur within 25 miles or less of the coast. Results also suggest that the Washington coast has limited areas suitable for tidal energy development.  This study provides the base data layer\u2014siting suitability based on technical and economic attributes\u2014needed to inform planning for this potential new use of Washington coastal waters. The data identify areas meeting basic feasibility requirements for ocean energy that, if developed, may create conflict with existing uses. The results of this study are in no way intended to serve as a recommendation for project siting. Rather, these results are designed to inform a comprehensive marine spatial planning process that considers existing and future ocean uses against local and regional priorities.  This suitability analysis approach was first developed by Oregon Wave Energy Trust and Parametrix to evaluate wave energy development off the Oregon coast (OWET 2009, 2010).","author":["Van Cleve, F.","Judd, C.","Radil, A.","Ahmann, J.","Geerlofs, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Parametrix","Washington Department of Natural Resources"],"originationDate":"2013-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.067488200000","-124.850121300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PNNL-Van-Cleve-et-al-2013-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074300","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/diving-just-transition-how-are-fisheries-considered-during-emergence-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629623001950","title":"Diving into a just transition: How are fisheries considered during the emergence of renewable energy production in Scottish waters?","description":"Infrastructure at sea to accommodate a transition to renewable energy and meet global climate commitments is proliferating around the world. Although there is seemingly more space at sea than on land for these new developments, anticipated and existing conflict with existing marine users such as the fishing industry have raised concerns. Yet, countries around the world have committed to a just energy transition, which should avoid disproportionate impacts on specific communities. This study introduces a framework that considers three dimensions of justice at different project planning stages to analyse whether strategies to foster justice for fisheries align with remaining barriers to justice. It was used to understand how existing and planned cable and renewables projects in Scottish waters account for energy justice in relation to the fishing industry. Procedural justice aspects of project planning have improved over time, with greater involvement of the fishing industry during the siting and design of projects. However, resource constraints limited the involvement of smaller fishing fleets, indicating a barrier to recognitional justice. Distributional justice at project level was steered by decision-making at a national level, and national targets for renewable energy generation made the fishing industry feel they are not on equal footing with project developers. The findings of this study provide key insights into the multiple dimensions of energy justice and their implications for the consideration of fisheries. Identified best practices and potential barriers to a just transition can be helpful for other nations seeking to introduce new developments into their marine space.","author":["Withouck, I.","Tett, P.","Doran, J.","Mouat, B.","Shucksmith, R."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","Flanders Marine Institute"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Withouck_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074309","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nrel-programs-channel-students-toward-future-water-power-workforce","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1838132","title":"NREL Programs Channel Students Toward the Future Water Power Workforce","description":"Water power is a flourishing segment of the renewable energy industry, and resilient, reliable technologies like marine energy and hydropower are poised to play a significant role in our energy demands in the years to come. Continuing this trajectory of growth, however, requires new talent and innovation. As part of the effort to thoughtfully attract the best and most qualified workers, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory\u0027s (NREL\u0027s) Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) and workforce development programs raised student awareness of and made connections to water power career opportunities throughout fiscal year 2021.","author":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NREL-Workforce-Development_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074312","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/water-power-stem-workforce-development","sourceURL":"","title":"Water Power STEM Workforce Development","description":"As interest in renewable energy grows, marine energy (ME) technologies will continue to play a growing role in reaching our nation\u0027s clean energy objectives. As it is still a nascent industry, developing a ME workforce will require a wide range of expertise and tight competition with other energy sectors. The industry needs to attract and train talent to help develop the workforce pipeline. WPTO efforts to address these needs include more programs, improved program accessibility, and an increased awareness of ME as a renewable energy career (secondary school, vocational and apprenticeship programs, and undergraduate curricula). There is much more work to be done.","author":["Cardinal, A."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074315","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-mitigation-hierarchy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/about-wren","title":"Short Science Summary: The Mitigation Hierarchy","description":"The mitigation hierarchy is a widely\u00a0used framework to inform conservation\u00a0decisions. The hierarchy offers a structured set of steps for how projects\u00a0can lessen negative impacts or lead to an increase in biodiversity. In its\u00a0simplest form, the mitigation hierarchy\u00a0includes three stages: (1) avoid creating\u00a0impacts from the outset, (2) minimize\u00a0the impacts that cannot be avoided, and (3) compensate for or offset the impacts that cannot be minimized. Proper application of the hierarchy should decrease impacts of the project over time,\u00a0such that most of the impact is alleviated through avoidance, leaving a modest\u00a0amount remaining to minimize, and only\u00a0a residual to compensate. In practice,\u00a0avoidance should be prioritized and can\u00a0be a cost-effective means of mitigation.\u00a0Whereas compensation should be considered the lowest priority and should\u00a0only be applied in situations in which the\u00a0previous mitigation steps were unable to\u00a0fully alleviate undesirable impacts.\u00a0","author":["WREN","Dempsey, L.","Hein, C.","M\u00fcnter, L."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","nateco AG"],"originationDate":"2023-06-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-20 05:23:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/WREN-Short-Science-Story-Mitigation-Hierachy.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/WREN-Mitigation-Hierarchy_Spanish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074323","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/inspiring-tomorrows-water-power-workforce-lead-clean-energy-revolution","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1896904","title":"Inspiring Tomorrow\u0027s Water Power Workforce to Lead the Clean Energy Revolution","description":"Renewable water power, including hydropower and marine energy, will play a key role in building a reliable and flexible 100% clean energy future. That future needs a larger, modern workforce - one that\u0027s more diverse, equitable, and inclusive - to power and improve these technologies. And researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are committed to fostering tomorrow\u0027s water power workforce through science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and workforce development programs. Through events, online resources, and more, the lab aims to engage and inspire students to dive into careers in water power.","author":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2022-10-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Inspiring-Tomorrows-Water-Power-Workforce_NREL_10-22.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074326","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-impact-tidal-power-extraction-eastern-scheldt-storm-surge-barrier-through","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148123007711","title":"Assessment of the impact of tidal power extraction from the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier through the evaluation of a pilot plant","description":"Hydraulic structures can be a promising place for tidal energy extraction due to the high flow velocities, easy access to the power grid and easy access for maintenance. However, quantification of the impacts of a tidal power plant in a hydraulic structure is not straight forward. In 2015 a pilot plant consisting of an array of five Tocardo tidal turbines was installed in the Eastern Scheldt Storm Surge Barrier in the Netherlands. This pilot was accompanied by monitoring studies to verify that the operation of the plant had no adverse impact on the barrier and its surroundings. This paper presents the assessment of the hydraulic impact of the tidal power plant in the storm surge barrier based on an analysis of water level and current measurements, combined with numerical modeling and followed by an assessment of the environmental impact with emphasis on the effects on the intertidal areas in the estuary. This validation approach by a pilot plant is imperative to understand the interaction between tidal turbines and the hydraulic structure on the local scale. This understanding gives extra credibility to the predictions of the extrapolated large-scale and large array assessments which will always be fully numerical.","author":["Fockert, A.","Bijlsma, A.","O\u0027Mahoney, T.","Verbruggen, W.","Scheijgrond, P.","Wang, Z."],"organization":["Deltares (NL)","Bluespring","Delft University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.608818006358","3.683176989629"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/fockertetal2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074327","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-detection-efficiency-high-residency-acoustic-signals-estimating-probability","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/6\/1172","title":"Measuring Detection Efficiency of High-Residency Acoustic Signals for Estimating Probability of Fish\u2013Turbine Encounter in a Fast-Flowing Tidal Passage","description":"Semidiurnal tidal currents can exceed 5 ms\u22121 in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, where a tidal energy demonstration area has been designated to generate electricity using marine hydrokinetic turbines. The risk of harmful fish\u2013turbine interaction cannot be dismissed for either migratory or local fish populations. Individuals belonging to several fish populations were acoustically tagged and monitored by using acoustic receivers moored within the Minas Passage. Detection efficiency \u03c1 is required as the first step to estimate the probability of fish\u2013turbine encounter. Moored Innovasea HR2 receivers and high-residency (HR) tags were used to obtain detection efficiency \u03c1 as a function of range and current speed, for near-seafloor signal paths within the tidal energy development area. Strong tidal currents moved moorings, so HR tag signals and their reflections from the sea surface were used to measure ranges from tags to receivers. HR2 self-signals that reflected off the sea surface showed which moorings were displaced to lower and higher levels on the seafloor. Some of the range testing paths had anomalously low \u03c1, which might be attributed to variable bathymetry blocking the line-of-sight signal path. Clear and blocked signal paths accord with mooring levels. The application of \u03c1 is demonstrated for the calculation of abundance, effective detection range, and detection-positive intervals. High-residency signals were better detected than pulse position modulation (PPM) signals. Providing that the presently obtained \u03c1 applies to tagged fish that swim higher in the water column, there is a reasonable prospect that probability of fish\u2013turbine encounter can be estimated by monitoring fish that carry HR tags.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Bangley, C.","McGarry, L.","Hasselman, D."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Dalhousie University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2023-06-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:02:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sandersonetal2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074328","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/information-support-environmental-assessment-tidal-lagoon-developments-wales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/naturalresources.wales\/guidance-and-advice\/business-sectors\/marine\/tidal-lagoon-development-in-wales-information-to-support-environmental-assessments\/?lang=en","title":"Information to support Environmental Assessment of tidal lagoon developments in Wales","description":"This guidance has been produced by Natural Resources Wales (NRW) to provide advice to developers about the information needed to inform environmental assessments of tidal lagoon developments in Welsh waters. The document provides an overview of the key environmental implications of tidal lagoon development in Wales.  The guidance is not exhaustive and does not replace the need for detailed project-level assessments, because these will be needed to take account of case specific information. It also does not take the place of the dialogue that will be needed with NRW marine licensing or advisory teams and is not a substitute for any formal consultation on the scope of assessments that may be required by legislation.  Some effects can only be addressed by considering project design and location at an early stage. It is recommended that developers engage with NRW at the start of project planning to ensure that significant environmental effects and consenting risks can be understood and minimised early in the project planning and design process.  NRW has published generic guidance on Scoping and Preparing an Environmental Impact Assessment for Marine Development and detailed guidance on more technical matters. Wherever possible this document avoids duplication of that guidance by focusing on additional information that is specifically relevant to the assessment of tidal lagoons. This guidance should therefore be read in conjunction with our generic and technical guidance that is signposted throughout this document.  The guidance is divided into three parts. Part A provides an overview of the general issues relevant to assessments of tidal lagoons. Part B provides information to assist with the assessment of the implications of a project for environmental receptors. Part C provides guidance on the implications of tidal lagoons for other functions and uses of the marine environment that NRW advises on. The three parts of the guidance are complementary and should be read together to ensure a full understanding of assessment requirements.  This guidance is provided by the advisory arm of NRW and is without prejudice to advice NRW may give in response to consultation on an individual development, or decisions NRW may take in the determination of Marine Licences.","author":["Natural Resource Wales"],"organization":["Natural Resource Wales"],"originationDate":"2023-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.451991951133","-3.160253310319"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CyfoethNaturiol.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074343","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/kunming-montreal-global-biodiversity-framework-challenge-future-options-address","sourceURL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/apoc\/8\/1\/article-p175_011.xml","title":"Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework: Challenge and Future Options to Address Anthropogenic Underwater Noise","description":"The ocean, which plays an essential role in supporting human life, continues to deteriorate due to anthropogenic underwater noise. This unseen form of pollution is a significant emergent threat to marine and coastal biodiversity. Substantial discussions have occurred on the problem under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) yet further action is needed. The adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) in 2022 provides a potential partial solution to address the problem. This article reviews the current development of the GBF concerning the protection of the marine environment, particularly from the threat of anthropogenic underwater noise. It is argued that the GBF, along with its monitoring framework, could provide an opportunity to strengthen further action for the conservation of marine and coastal biodiversity against this problem. The importance of capacity-building to ensure that developing countries have the capacity to address anthropogenic underwater noise is emphasized.","author":["Maruf, M."],"organization":["Dalian Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2023-06-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074350","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-learning-study-marine-renewable-energy-sustainability-education-irish-context","sourceURL":"https:\/\/headconf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/pdfs\/16150.pdf","title":"Deep learning: a study on marine renewable energy and sustainability education in an Irish context","description":"In 2020-2022 a select group of Irish educators, marine renewable energy proponents and sustainability stakeholders entered into dialogue with a view to enhancing post-primary educational resources. The paucity of educational resources in this field was highlighted, most notably Irish language resources. This dialogue led to the development and piloting of a bilingual (Irish and English) cross-curricular programme of learning - a Transition Year Unit - targeted at students aged 15-17. This pilot study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the learning unit with respect to enhancing knowledge in these novel areas. The methodology is a mixed methods case study. Data gathering processes include student questionnaires, stakeholder focus groups, and expert interviews. The main finding is the importance of stakeholder input into curriculum development to ensure the effectiveness of the Transition Year Unit of Learning, and to enhance learner engagement. Furthermore, the study recommends that dissemination include a web-based \u2018Deep Learning\u2019 educational platform with downloadable resources to enhance nationwide impact","author":["Logue, P.","Nash, R.","Walsh, M.","Faney, M.","Donnghaile, D."],"organization":["Atlantic Technological University"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Logue_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074380","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/co-designing-multi-criteria-approach-ranking-hazards-australias-emerging-offshore-blue","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S146290112300165X","title":"Co-designing a multi-criteria approach to ranking hazards to and from Australia\u0027s emerging offshore blue economy","description":"A multi-sectoral assessment of risks can support the management and investment decisions necessary for emerging blue economy industries to succeed. Traditional risk assessment methods will be challenged when applied to the complex socio-ecological systems that characterise offshore environments, and when data available to support management are lacking. Therefore, there is a need for assessments that account for multiple sectors. Here we describe the development of an efficient method for an integrated hazard analysis that is a precursor to full risk assessments. Our approach combines diverse disciplinary expertise, expert elicitation and multi-criteria analysis to rank hazards, so it encompasses all types of hazards including human-caused, natural and technological. We demonstrate our approach for two sectors that are predicted to grow rapidly in Australia: offshore aquaculture and marine renewable energy. Experts ranked Climate Change as the hazard with the highest overall concern, but hazards including Altered Ecosystem Function, Biosecurity, Cumulative Effects, Structural Failure and Social Licence were also highly ranked. We show here how outputs from this approach (multi-criteria scores and ranks) could be used to identify hazards that; i) could be safely retired, ii) should be progressed to more quantitative risk assessments or iii) require ongoing information collection. The approach can encompass all types of hazards, which enables it to holistically consider priorities. The expert-based multi-criteria approach outlined here represents a pragmatic way to solve some of the challenges of applying risk assessments to emerging industries by using a method that can be applied across multiple blue economy sectors.","author":["Turschwell, M. P.","Brown, C.","Lacharite, M.","Melbourne-Thomas, J.","Hayes, K.","Bustamante, R.","Dambacher, J.","Evans, K.","Fidelman, P.","MacDonald, D. H.","Putten, I. V.","Wood, G.","Abdussamie, N.","Bates, M.","Blackwell, D.","D\u0027Alessandro, S.","Dutton, I.","Ericson, J.","Frid, C.","McDougall, C.","Fulton, E."],"organization":["Griffith University","University of Tasmania","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Queensland","James Cook University","Edith Cowan University","Cawthron Institute","Deloitte","Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Turschwell_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074389","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/helcom-guidelines-monitoring-continuous-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/portal.helcom.fi\/meetings\/STATE%20-%20CONSERVATION%2014-2021-824\/MeetingDocuments\/3MA-5%20Updated%20HELCOM%20Guidelines%20for%20monitoring%20continuous%20noise.pdf","title":"HELCOM Guidelines for monitoring continuous noise","description":"Continuous anthropogenic noise may exert a significant pressure on the marine environment due to its constancy and extent over vast areas. The aim of these guidelines is to provide a standardized procedure to ensure that the output data from the monitoring are compatible with the HELCOM pre-core indicator \u2018Continuous low frequency anthropogenic sound\u2019.  The procedure for data to the pre-core indicator \u2018Continuous low frequency anthropogenic sound\u2019 is to record ambient noise in the Baltic Sea, process the data to achieve temporal averages for selected frequency bands and store the data nationally. Subsequently, as part of the regional monitoring sub-programme the procedure includes storing the processed data together with modelled maps in a common data-sharing platform and a soundscape planning tool that will be open access. This way, data on measured and modelled sound pressure levels from the monitoring sub-program will provide spatiotemporal information that can be used for assessment of short-term status and long-term trends in sound pressure levels locally and regionally.","author":["Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission"],"organization":["Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-05-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HELCOMGuidelines.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074428","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparative-life-cycle-assessment-tidal-stream-turbine-blades","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/108","title":"Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of tidal stream turbine blades","description":"Renewable energy allows electricity generation with lower environmental and resource impact than generation from fossil fuels. However, the manufacture, use and ultimate disposal of the equipment used to capture this energy has an environmental impact, which should be minimised. Tidal turbine blades are currently primarily manufactured from glass-fibre reinforced polymers. Such blades cannot be recycled at the end of their life, and are disposed of in landfill or by incineration. As the tidal energy industry grows, the volume of non-recyclable waste is a potential problem. Here we consider the environmental impact of ten combinations of material and disposal method for tidal stream turbine blades, including recyclable options. Our findings suggest that glass fibre blades have greenhouse gas emissions of around 15,500 kgCO2e for the scope considered, and a significant environmental impact in all impact categories, which would be increased by changing to carbon fibre (99% mean increase from glass fibre across impact categories) or steel (134% mean increase from glass fibre across impact categories) blades, but that composite materials using flax fibre and recyclable resin may have lower impact (26% mean decrease from glass fibre across impact categories), provided they are treated correctly after use. These materials may also offer the potential for lower cost blades in future.","author":["Walker, S.","Thies, P.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Derby","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2022-12-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 10:54:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Walker_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074429","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-barriers-fish-impacts-remediation-face-increasing-demand-freshwater-climate","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S027277142300166X","title":"Tidal barriers and fish \u2013 Impacts and remediation in the face of increasing demand for freshwater and climate change","description":"Worldwide, tidal barriers (e.g. barrages, dikes, tide gates) are constructed in the lower reaches and estuaries of rivers to limit saltwater incursion into upstream freshwater reserves, facilitate water diversion and abstraction, limit flooding, reclaim land and generate electricity. While performing these functions, tidal barriers also affect fish through: 1) reduced connectivity; 2) loss of tidal flux; 3) conversion of upstream estuarine habitats to freshwater; and 4) diminished freshwater discharge, which compresses the spatio-temporal salinity regime of downstream estuarine habitats. As such, tidal barriers commonly cause declines of diadromous and estuarine associated fish species, with a subsequent loss of ecosystem services. These impacts will be exacerbated as climate change promotes sea-level rise and alters freshwater flow regimes and will be amplified by increasing demands for freshwater by a growing human population. As a result, more tidal barriers are likely. Nevertheless, in estuaries with tidal barriers, management that promotes connectivity and more natural ecosystem function is increasing but remains complex from ecological, economic and engineering perspectives. We present case studies from the Netherlands, southeastern United States and southern Australia to characterise impacts on fishes in different biogeographical regions and document contemporary approaches to restoring ecosystem function and fish populations in systems with tidal barriers. To meet these goals, we suggest three key considerations for future research and management are provision of fish passage, reinstating tidal flux and delivering environmental flows","author":["Bice, C.","Huisman, J.","Kimball, M.","Mallen-Cooper, M.","Zampatti, B.","Gillanders, B."],"organization":["University of Adelaide","South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)","University of South Carolina","Charles Sturt University","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Science","Fishway Consulting Services"],"originationDate":"2023-08-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bice_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074439","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-net-zero-policy-support-cost-effective-delivery-12gw-wave-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/new-report-on-the-policy-support-required-for-the-delivery-of-wave-and-tidal-stream","title":"Ocean Energy and Net Zero: Policy Support for the Cost Effective Delivery of 12GW Wave and Tidal Stream by 2050","description":"This report outlines the policy support mechanisms and the associated costs that are required to accelerate the commercialisation of the wave and tidal stream energy sectors. One of the primary challenges facing these technologies is the need to drive down the overall cost of energy generation and achieve cost parity with the wholesale market price. This can be achieved in part through the targeted application of technology push and market pull policy support mechanisms, which can drive both sector innovation and market growth for wave and tidal stream energy devices.  This report will analyse the use of existing market pull and technology push policy support mechanisms and evaluate their success and impact to date. While this report will focus primarily on the future of the wave and tidal sectors within the UK, it will also look to compare levels of investment and success with comparable policy implementation in the European Union. This section will culminate in analysis of current funding levels in the sector to date and provide commentary regarding whether the levels of investment offered so far are compatible with the aims of growing the sector.  This report will then present a number of future evidence-based scenarios, evaluating the impact of both technology push and market pull policy support mechanisms, with a particular emphasis on the Contracts for Difference (CfD) scheme and the attainment of high technology learning rates. It will forecast the associated levels of investment required for the ocean energy sector to achieve parity with the wholesale market price of electricity and the requisite funding required at a national level to achieve the deployment of 6GW of wave energy and 6GW of tidal stream energy by 2050.  This report is the fourth in a series that outlines the policy mechanisms and innovations that will be required to unlock both the economic value and system benefits associated with commercial scale wave and tidal stream energy deployments. Previous publications have estimated the potential benefits of 6GW of wave and 6GW of tidal stream to the UK to be:    \u00a311 billion - \u00a341 billion in gross value added (GVA) to the UK economy;  \u00a31 billion per annum reduction in dispatch cost.   This report has built on these results and delivered comprehensive analysis that aims to find the optimal balance between financial investment in both technology push and market pull policies and the delivery of 6GW of wave and 6GW of tidal stream at the best value for both the consumer and the taxpayer.","author":["Wong, P.","Grattan, K.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["Policy and Innovation Group","University of Edinburgh","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2023-07-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean-Energy-and-Net-Zero-Policy-Support-for-the-Cost-Effective-Delivery-of-12GW-Wave-and-Tidal-Stream-by-2050.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074465","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-sector-2023","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/industry-news\/2023-state-of-the-sector-report\/","title":"State of the Sector 2023","description":"The Marine Energy Wales annual State of the Sector Report, released today, highlights the remarkable progress and achievements of Wales in the marine renewable energy sector. With a focus on infrastructure, supply chain, skills, and training, the report showcases Wales\u2019 determination to become a global leader in this field.  Key Highlights  The report unveils a record-breaking \u00a3103.4 million investment and spending in the Welsh marine energy sector, nearly quadrupling the previous year\u2019s figures. This surge is attributed to infrastructure expansions that are paving the way for future deployments and sector growth. The report also sheds light on the sector\u2019s employment landscape, gender distribution, and the economic potential of various technologies.","author":["Marine Energy Wales"],"organization":["Marine Energy Wales"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW_2023_Eng.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW_2023_Wel.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074486","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ecological-effects-low-toxicity-oil-based-mud-drilling-beatrice-oilfield","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0025326X84901413","title":"Ecological effects of low toxicity oil-based mud drilling in the Beatrice oilfield","description":"To investigate the effects of drilling discharges on the seabed fauna, surveys were carried out in the Beatrice oilfield after drilling 13 wells with water-based muds, and then after one and five further wells had been drilled using low toxicity oil-based muds. Localized benthic effects were found after the water-based mud drilling. After the use of oil-based muds, the nature of the effects was different, although there was little increase in the area involved. Possible reasons for this are discussed and burial and organic enrichment are suggested as the major influences. It is concluded that the use of low toxicity oil-based mud at Beatrice has resulted in only limited benthic effects, suggesting that the use of these muds is environmentally acceptable.","author":["Addy, J.M.","Hartley, J.P.","Tibbetts, P.J.C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2003-03-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.116670000000","3.083330000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074499","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/critical-interference-mechanisms-marine-renewable-energy-powered-ocean-observing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1963947","title":"Critical Interference Mechanisms for Marine Renewable Energy\u00adpowered Ocean Observing Platforms","description":"Marine renewable energy devices, such as wave energy converters or tidal turbines, not only have the potential to provide clean, reliable power to the grid but may also offer new opportunities for ocean exploration by providing power for oceanographic sensors where other sources cannot. However, an important consideration in making this vision a reality is understanding whether the marine energy devices may interfere with oceanographic measurements. Interference may occur through several pathways, including sound produced by the device and the motion of the device itself. In this report, we provide an overview of interference pathways and their implications before exploring two use cases for marine energy\u00adpowered ocean observing platforms: a tidal\u00adpowered passive acoustic monitoring system and wave\u00adpowered wave measurement buoys. For each use case, we review the relevant literature and underlying physics of the systems as they are relevant to the desired measurements before making recommendations for design of such systems.","author":["Cotter, E.","McVey, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CotterMcVey2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074501","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-scotland","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Scotland","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Scotland from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In Scottish waters a marine license must be obtained in order to undertake activities to develop a marine renewable energy (MRE) site. The consenting process in Scotland is dependent on the generation capacity of the proposed project and whether it is located in Scottish inshore or offshore waters. Marine licences are issued by the Marine Scotland \u2013 Licensing Operations Team (MS-LOT), on behalf of Scottish Ministers. In Scotland, the foreshore and seabed out to a distance of 12 nm are presumed to belong to The Crown, with management of this resource being the responsibility of Crown Estate Scotland.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Aquatera Ltd"],"originationDate":"2023-07-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:29:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Scotland_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074515","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-impact-1-8-khz-active-sonar-stocks-juvenile-fish-during-sonar-exercises","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ffi.no\/en\/publications-archive\/the-potential-impact-of-1-8-khz-active-sonar-on-stocks-of-juvenile-fish-during-sonar-exercises","title":"The potential impact of 1-8 kHz active sonar on stocks of juvenile fish during sonar exercises","description":"The mortality threshold for juvenile herring exposed to sonar signals is 180-190 dB (re 1\u03bcPa), and for other species even higher. This report analyses the potential impact of sonar transmissions on recruitment to important economical and ecological fish stocks in Norwegian waters, based on a worst-case scenario approach and a real Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW) exercise. The analysis has shown that sonar intense exercises in a herring spawning area will affect less than 0.3\u2030 of the total stock of juvenile fish. This constitutes less than 1% of the natural daily mortality. The effect of the sonar on juvenile herring, is thus considered to be insignificant. For other species of fish, the effect is expected to be even less. Consequently, there is no need for drastic limitations on the use of active sonar in Norwegian waters, based on the direct physiological impact on juvenile fish. However, for herring, CW-transmissions (Continuous Wave) at frequencies within the frequency band corresponding to the swim bladder resonance escalate the impact significantly. Although the impact is still small (1\u2030) compared to daily natural mortality (5%), moderate restrictions on the use of CW-signals at specific frequencies, areas and time periods related to the presence of high densities of juvenile herring should be considered. Further studies are necessary to investigate possible behavioural effects of sonar signals on herring.","author":["Kvadsheim, P.","Sevaldsen, E."],"organization":["Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)"],"originationDate":"2005-11-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kvadsheim-Sevaldsen-2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074518","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/keeping-noise-down-approaches-mitigation-regulation-human-caused-ocean-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/brill.com\/display\/book\/edcoll\/9789004380271\/BP000054.xml","title":"Keeping the Noise Down: Approaches to the Mitigation and Regulation of Human-Caused Ocean Noise","description":"Most marine animals, including marine mammals, fish, and invertebrates, use sound for almost all aspects of their life, including reproduction, feeding, predator and hazard avoidance, communication, and navigation. In the marine environment, vision is only useful over tens of meters, whereas sound can be heard for thousands of kilometers. The potential area impacted by even one noise source can extend to millions of square kilometers. Ocean background human-caused noise levels have doubled every decade for the last several decades in some areas, mainly from commercial shipping.  So, how should a transboundary pollutant such as noise be regulated?  This chapter reviews approaches to mitigation and regulation of marine noise internationally.","author":["Weilgart, L."],"organization":["OceanCare","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2019-04-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Weilgart-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074522","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-deep-dive-world-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-031-06836-2#bibliographic-information","title":"Marine Mammals A Deep Dive into the World of Science","description":"This highly-readable Open Access textbook provides basic background information about marine mammals and anthropogenic impacts on them. The book includes inspiring exercises for education school programs in natural sciences. The book also provides advice on career paths using case studies of marine scientists and veterinarians describing their journeys from student to profession. By sharing real-life career paths, readers find answers to questions such as \u201cWhat needs to be considered when choosing a career in science?\u201d and \u201cWhat kind of tasks do scientists undertake on a daily basis?\u201d  Marine mammals are amongst some of the most celebrated creatures on Earth, with their high intelligence, social and communicating skills, and capacity for deep diving. Alongside general information about marine mammals, the book aims at generating awareness of the impact of litter and noise pollution on the marine environment using marine mammals as an example. Huge numbers of marine animals, including marine mammals, die every year from entanglement in fishing gear, by ingestion of litter or because of chemical pollution.   In the last decade many technological and scientific tools have been developed to aid research, for instance miniaturised sound recorders which can be attached to cetaceans and seals and record noise levels around them, their vocal production as well as their diving behaviour.      This Open Access textbook can be used by undergraduate students interested in the fundamentals of marine mammal biology and medicine, and in pursuing the profession of a marine scientist.","author":["Brennecke, D.","Knickmeier, K.","Pawliczka, I.","Siebert, U.","Wahlberg, M."],"organization":["Kiel University","University of Gda\u0144sk","University of Southern Denmark","University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/brennecke_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074524","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-justice-coastal-communities-case-meaningful-marine-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113491","title":"Energy justice \u0026 coastal communities: The case for Meaningful Marine Renewable Energy Development","description":"Global climate change has prompted many national plans for rapid emissions reductions. For example, the United States recently committed to transitioning to 100% carbon-free electricity by 2035 and net-zero emissions economy-wide by 2050. Parallel to conversations surrounding emissions reductions is the call for energy justice, or the demand for more equitable distribution of energy-related burdens and benefits among communities. To date, energy justice has evolved as a mostly academic conversation, which may limit its utility to praxis. In response, we offer an interdisciplinary framework that aims to organize existing knowledge and lessons learned from energy development. Specifically, we developed the Meaningful Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) Development Framework and conducted a literature review using MRE as a case study. MRE was chosen because it is a nascent renewable energy technology in the US with projects mostly in demonstration stages and no commercial deployment, making it a useful case study to apply lessons learned from other energy sectors and other countries. Discussion of current resources being developed among the MRE community and their implications for furthering energy justice priorities are also explored. We conclude the review with a compiled list of questions meant to support stakeholders in translating theoretical concepts of Meaningful MRE Development to practice. Although the Meaningful MRE framework was developed using MRE as a use case, our interdisciplinary theoretical framework can be applied beyond MRE to other sustainable and renewable energy projects.","author":["Caballero, M.","Gunda, T.","McDonald, Y."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Vanderbilt University"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 09:00:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/caballero_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074529","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/orbital-marine-power-sr250-emec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/about-us\/our-tidal-clients\/orbital-marine-power\/","title":"Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC","description":"Initial tests involved short-term deployments of the device on its moorings followed by disconnection and towing back to harbor for inspection. The testing program was undertaken in incremental stages, culminating in a three-month period of continuous grid-connected operation at the end of 2012. In exporting power to the UK grid, the SR250 became the world\u2019s first floating tidal energy device to generate power into a grid.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Orbital Marine Power"],"originationDate":"2023-07-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.148701700000","-2.808794000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Invertebrates","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 05:55:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074536","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biology-meso-scale-distribution-patterns-north-sea-cephalopods","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/271306\/1-s2.0-S0165783610X00091\/1-s2.0-S0165783610001335\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjECEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIE3Fen%2Balxqjv51EXyZcsRdtesR7h8Z9g%2FTEMbMvyU1lAiEA8Cj9KxH6qbCp4rCCfKRr%2BRke9nqoTlfwqk7bn2CGkYQqvAUIqf%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDCAh04N4MXmVA%2F8bOiqQBRq04Qn8d62CfNX6SEf%2BW2jdkD4maXR67iOP%2F5yP2CukN5OUb8b7zjKUjhRD6MmD%2BNYynVB7nndKEUHEoGJA6F7EFbevGsDLduP0m4LDcMA0fIxoBwK0pgU3UoqaoHojDjlbKcaVLraL7w4VKuHVLZBdK798naCF4WN7RslMcRcSJz5cAbSF7S30vhw79AGQE0EjS%2B%2Fu3ddbrWYvCvj7rKmxTlvEqj81Hs7HYQZ%2By5icQg9RyDJmm55FPu%2BpPsO9vmOolaVAXdcfwp813DVNtf9eR09ugzP8T2lS2uS0d5J6gfFdcE84JiWvfPMDtCCsQo44Sx9e9apwU8N3C2CR3gNFA2vG%2Bw0HKJT%2BSyUZfoqmdSzDWo0FWkneloD0VKivsqhKgUqhJ%2FDawgPirYKlzpnixBlqP%2By7kbOK6mlQYtOaklWRNM3sXrEeVT1KQrEEW7O%2BjkcaA4%2FprV7tzbDvh4%2FHeV4TBoQjQJjlz8yY89Gf8iAqdvgLNvqVXqBmrDDQ7%2BpggX6ZHYU7MZrojEgKCUxOlWj%2BVl3Lc%2BeLBTvTtyo2IvEPROYsbtImaRof2k4a6coKSNbGE24h6Wi%2BZ%2B9kFzupGOUiaThV2ItfBQOX8wyzeCms1V5SwTk0HhOgqMFCip%2BCk58uFTucJAs09wOE83BW4blB3jnfQ6oJVHraWW5dywh8S0dM14nG7Yg4gTCyE9wU9lfEi9hMOBuG2rpNLAC7O7ndfsBzP7aRUAJ%2BAdB13XSTeVxfmqZu5szobljFW9AVkQILK%2B4wYj7f4ky%2BoO3f8hDw6JWdHu2sFrKgZlL2AHYTQk3mwGtpBRLmK0JYltoj%2BUx%2BQ9xy49bg7FH0FtqIcglpdzo7nat%2FL6hr3hDlMI245aUGOrEBk%2FompIYXlhrU6NUp9ez2Tz2%2FLmAsj8N05N1dlwOF3Bp%2BvSwVvxHE0MvoCGvgB5NPBajy3dSB18cT0dR8uCVx780Y%2BhTsyL44N8487ia%2BxJvluxF%2FV%2B37WMT48gP0RJ5JxbILQTKbilZR3zsyRUBd0bQVjJmfzSpAnEICcKfQObd34%2FeBuQJEsN383mMP21kX2cqFir5A4mnyBtxiOHPKmsRVbt3TNB58dNrldpzyqvkT\u0026X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256\u0026X-Amz-Date=20230720T164258Z\u0026X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host\u0026X-Amz-Expires=300\u0026X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYVEOBIOH5%2F20230720%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request\u0026X-Amz-Signature=ecdf46ad3bb17b8badcfc91d83426cad78d075d9c8bf1f5af0d3a68f32b80aa5\u0026hash=6985b6ec19d8e8c09f18783950ee9348962b0eef15a16e563eccd59ea23f67e7\u0026host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61\u0026pii=S0165783610001335\u0026tid=spdf-76d826b5-7da7-4966-835e-711cd16f41d1\u0026sid=49ed57b826ab6042471ad5b9e229dec325","title":"Biology and meso-scale distribution patterns of North Sea cephalopods","description":"Between 2007 and 2009, 132,178 cephalopods were sampled in the North Sea during ICES International Bottom Trawl Surveys. Most abundant were the long-finned squids Alloteuthis subulata (124,751 animals) and Loligo forbesii (3415 animals). Short-finned squids such as Todaropsis eblanae, Todarodes sagittatus and Illex coindetii were rare (195 animals). During winter, A. subulata individuals, mostly immature and maturing, were concentrated in the central and northern parts of the North Sea. In summer, the abundance of A. subulata, mostly maturing and mature, increased in the southeastern part suggesting a southward migration to spawning grounds. L. forbesii individuals, some fully mature, were abundant in the northwestern part of the North Sea during winter indicating spawning areas in this region. In summer, L. forbesii individuals, mostly immature, occurred in lower numbers throughout the North Sea. Our data provide new information on abundance, distribution, migration, and possible recruitment areas of North Sea cephalopods.","author":["Oesterwind, D.","Remmet ter Hofstede, B.","Heinz, B.","Uwe, P."],"organization":["Kiel University","IMARES - Wageningen UR","Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory","Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT)"],"originationDate":"2010-06-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oesterwind-Remment-ter-Hofstede-Heinz-Uwe-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074537","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/macrobenthos-beatrice-oilfield-moray-firth-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/proceedings-of-the-royal-society-of-edinburgh-section-b-biological-sciences\/article\/abs\/macrobenthos-of-the-beatrice-oilfield-moray-firth-scotland\/91D5DFF8DAB20A45A4EF16C26B01D0A7","title":"The macrobenthos of the Beatrice Oilfield, Moray Firth, Scotland","description":"The benthic ecology of the Beatrice Oilfield area is described from preproduction surveys carried out in 1977, 1980 and 1981. and from earlier published information. Variations in the water depth (from 33m to \u0026gt; 60 m) over the area were mirrored by sedimentary and faunal gradients. The sediments ranged from very fine, through fine to medium sands and were inhabited by faunal communities characterised by Thyasira flexuosa, Tellina fabula and Tellina pygmaea, respectively. Two fades of the fine sand community were noted, typified by the abundance of Thyasira flexuosa in muddier sediments and Crenella decussala in coarser deposits. Localised patches of shell gravel in which the fauna was characterised by reduced densities of Tellina fabula with elevated numbers of Scoloplos armiger and Lumbrineris gracilis occurred in medium depths. Examination of the faunal composition indicates that the Beatrice Oilfield lies at the interface between Glemarec\u0027s infralittoral and coastal \u00e9tages.  Comparison with earlier reports of the benthic communities of the area suggests a degree of long term persistence of the fauna in qualitative and quantitative terms. A list of all taxa found during the recent surveys is given; this includes a number of new records from the North Sea.","author":["Hartley, J.P.","Bishop, J.D.D."],"organization":["University of Cambridge","University of Cambridge"],"originationDate":"2011-12-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["57.750000000000","-3.500000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074538","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-vulnerability-animal-community-pressure-marine-systems-disentangling-pressure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/article\/72\/5\/1470\/772310","title":"Mapping the vulnerability of animal community to pressure in marine systems: disentangling pressure types and integrating their impact from the individual to the community level","description":"Assessing the vulnerability of biological communities to anthropic pressures in marine systems may be challenging because of the difficulty to properly model each species\u0027 response to the pressure due to lack of information. One solution is to apply factor-mediated vulnerability assessment which combines (i) information on species ecological traits and conservation status organized in a matrix of so-called \u201cvulnerability factors\u201d, (ii) a conceptual model of how these factors affect species vulnerability, and (iii) data on the spatial distribution and abundance of each species issued from at-sea surveys. Such factor-mediated vulnerability assessment was originally introduced in the seabird\u2013wind farm context by Garthe and H\u00fcppop (2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 724\u2013734) and has since then been expanded to many case studies. However, the mathematical formulations that were proposed at that time are overly simplistic and may overlook critical components of the impact assessment. Our study briefly reviews the original approach and highlights its hidden assumptions and associated interpretation problems, for example, the overestimation of disturbance pressure to the detriment of collision, or the very high contribution of log abundances in vulnerability maps. Then, we propose a revised framework that solves these issues and permits easy transposition to other community-pressure case studies. To illustrate the usefulness and generality of the revised framework, we apply it to two case studies, one concerning the vulnerability assessment of a seabird community to offshore wind farms in the Bay of Biscay, and another focusing on the vulnerability assessment of the benthic megafauna community to trawling pressure in the Barents Sea.","author":["Certain, G.","Jorgensen, L.L.","Christel, I.","Planque, B.","Bretagnolle, V."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:33:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Certain-Jorgensen-Christel-Planque-Bretagnolle-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074539","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/aerial-surveys-aggregations-seaducks-divers-grebes-uk-inshore-areas-outside-breeding","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hub.jncc.gov.uk\/assets\/6c30de26-09d9-47a5-8f1e-4e08e1ba57b3","title":"Aerial surveys of aggregations of seaducks, divers and grebes in UK inshore areas outside the breeding season in 2007\/08","description":"Between December 2007 and March 2008, JNCC conducted a series of aerial surveys of non-breeding aggregations of seaducks, divers and grebes within a number of Scottish inshore areas. The aim of the surveys was to collect data on the numbers and distribution of inshore waterbirds in areas of the UK known to be important for these groups of species.  The surveys were carried out as part of JNCC\u0027s annual programme of surveillance of non-breeding populations of inshore waterbirds in the UK. The areas surveyed by aircraft were: Luce Bay; the Firth of Clyde; the Sound of Gigha; Loch Indaal (Islay); Coll and Tiree; Wester Ross Inner Sound and sealochs; north Orkney; and east Unst, east Mainland and south-west Mainland areas of Shetland. Surveys were conducted from light aircraft, following a line-transect method designed to collect data that are suitable for both distance sampling (to estimate total numbers of birds by correcting for a decrease in detectability with increased distance from the transect line) and spatial modelling (to identify areas with the highest densities of birds).","author":["Lewis, M.","Wilson, L.J.","S\u00f6hle, I.","Dean, B.J.","Webb, A.","Reid, J.B."],"organization":["Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)"],"originationDate":"2009-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lewis_et_al_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074540","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distribution-chondrichthyan-fishes-around-british-isles-implications-conservation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/252165509_The_Distribution_of_Chondrichthyan_Fishes_Around_the_British_Isles_and_Implications_for_Conservation","title":"The Distribution of Chondrichthyan Fishes Around the British Isles and Implications for Conservation","description":"Over 50 species of chondrichthyan fishes are known from waters around the British Isles, of which 26 have been recorded in The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) trawl surveys. The distribution and relative abundance of dogfishes, skates and rays are described from groundfish surveys in the North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and Celtic Sea. The contemporary distribution of species in relation to their biogeography and major changes in the distribution are discussed. Nursery areas of elasmobranchs were typically in shallower water than adult habitats, a pattern evident for blonde (Raja brachyura), thornback (R. clavata), small-eyed (R. microocellata) and spotted ray (R. montagui). In contrast, juvenile cuckoo ray Leucoraja naevus occurred further offshore and were most abundant in the western Irish Sea and northern St George\u2019s Channel. Oviparous species require a suitable substratum for the deposition of eggs, and the distribution of egg-cases is illustrated and important egg-laying substrates identified.","author":["Ellis, J.R.","Cruz-Martinez, A.","Rackham, B.D.","Rogers, S.I."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2004-11-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ellis_Cruz-Martinez_Rackman_Rogers_2004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074541","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/distribution-habitat-preference-coastally-occurring-minke-whales-balaenoptera","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/226814382_The_distribution_and_habitat_preference_of_coastally_occurring_Minke_whales_Balaenoptera_acutorostrata_in_the_outer_southern_Moray_firth_Northeast_Scotland","title":"The distribution and habitat preference of coastally occurring Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the outer southern Moray firth, Northeast Scotland","description":"The coastal waters of the Moray Firth in northeast Scotland (57\u00ba41\u2019N 2\u00ba40\u2019W) provide rich, inshore feeding grounds for minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) during the summer and autumnal months. In order to better understand the habitat selection, movements and feeding ecology of the animals utilising this North Sea region, distribution data from the southern coastline of the outer Moray Firth were subsequently examined with respect to the marine physiography of the area, specifically the environmental variables water depth, slope, aspect and sediment-type. A total of 305 minke whale encounters \u2013 collected from dedicated boat surveys conducted between May and October 2001 to 2006 inclusive \u2013 were used in the construction of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for the 860 square-km study site. The subsequent analysis revealed a strong spatial preference by whales in this location for water depths between 20 and 50 metres (mean 46.9 m, SD = 30.9), steep slopes (mean 75.7 degrees, SD = 8.9), a northerly-facing aspect and sandy-gravel sediment type.","author":["Robinson, K.","Tetley, M.","Michelson-Jacob, E."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2009-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074542","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitat-use-bottlenose-dolphins-seasonal-distribution-stratified-movement-patterns","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2405254","title":"Habitat use by bottlenose dolphins: seasonal distribution and stratified movement patterns in the Moray Firth, Scotland","description":"1. This study investigated the distribution of a population of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus resident in the Moray Firth off north-eastern Scotland. Results add to existing information from studies in tropical areas to provide a better understanding of area use in this species. 2. Boat-based surveys and photo-identification techniques were used to study the distribution and movements of individually recognizable dolphins over a 3-year period. 3. Dolphins were seen in all months of the year, but there were consistent seasonal fluctuations in the number of individuals present. Numbers were low in winter and spring and peaked in summer and autumn. 4. Dolphins were seen throughout the survey area but were concentrated in three regions. Each had similar topographic features being centred on deep, narrow channels subject to strong tidal flows. 5. Area use by dolphins changed with season. The outer part of the inner Moray Firth study area was used for most of the year and areas closer to the head of the firth were used seasonally. 6. The summer increase in numbers of dolphins in the inner Moray Firth was not simply due to incomers diluting an already resident population. Instead, there was a stratified movement of all individuals. This persistent geographical stratification suggests that competition between individuals or social groupings may shape spatial distribution in this population. 7. Individuals exhibited rapid movements across the population\u0027s range. For instance, one individual was sighted at locations 190 km apart within a 5-day period. 8. In terms of conservation, the high use of areas at the mouths of the inner firths warrants special attention. Furthermore, the stratification patterns amongst dolphins suggest that individuals do not move freely within the inner Moray Firth and therefore may be unable to move away from localized disturbance or pollution.","author":["Wilson, B.","Thompson, P.M.","Hammond, P.S."],"organization":["Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"originationDate":"1997-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson-Thompson-Hammond-1997.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074543","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stimulation-microbial-activities-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbon-degradation-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/271822\/1-s2.0-S0141113600X01894\/1-s2.0-0141113688903613\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjECEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCO9ETBwv%2BzqK0mtX7EezcgFVteQwcmtLNOt%2FlQD%2FZpdwIgFL4oyBEQ1hxIIlWBr%2B5SBYT8Y2Oovd2fu9H2rAQvSf4qvAUIqv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDFsBTXMmTcPLwYIfECqQBVFaToSXRm%2FdQLlmLnvRjUjTdVUxUVeGW35JvuGAdlPOkyXU4W9OzxBKV0MqlfZlaQy3Zo%2BPLp7q2oMvU4M7S%2Bd%2Fy6MNpNHK2hqR7Zp87617%2BeTUVWk7ccU30MK69L6KNQAE5lCmWdrleZn5ICkKSQKL2VeJqWg%2F3fDYk%2BE2NFWkfctcM3MpoeRVmMyM0NZ62nQIvcP%2Bx%2B5ngJQo7Kyf97EuKroXVOt0nAzJ4qc7vzu%2BBiCfDiHwX%2Bo5KEhfeGLMSxKmuMg0SNnOpvxpgZq5ESZ2SFZWIWHCoaHwpiQ3UMIiVnbVegipxozwaN%2FFCwDYBdApfKNAWscX9Mh6IeRoKAJo6JeEbD%2FXBnAmobB8FVn%2Bl1yg3EtZIK3U0Oy%2BEOSWHfDYJ5yhqVf1D4EvTw69%2Bfeu3YA%2FQKHNnnV7IZD7uJtQyHpprc5yHw%2FJOJzwwkYPFyKOMuD%2FXv3ri6Mvsgud4AB7QzsVjSXT%2BNi%2BDhxUhMjqJdDRZrmLxyfYyHWRSdft43QeGH3CwH%2B4L2FD%2Ficv%2FnnDwWICCAUY8Oy6P1ody4nFNdpFStmhx6Kp%2BNhryFduTZgBXP%2BOM3GVQdWMm0P1NzAhs8EHuplgYmZ8%2BBbDD1bl9s7c4Jq%2F9jPhZzKm7SzbEPh%2BPw3Sm81p%2FSc6%2BOXaOek8TaPn%2FrJi%2Fb931rkTd4zoE%2Frb%2F6pYWZE5f2EirOx0zdDG9KdzDzShbymaRmDGwmoalNwjTNJ4dtnprN5RduUGbM8xwWnOhLkISHKkFVEDYaklilc1ADdNM7tQOZxjN9HRvIeIvNgp%2BwIfVUkCsG2F%2BPoXVZYt6R3JrXh8cswJK1vYAEDj6hcrnScBGXlf6BF5T7yL%2BRdWmf2oZC8G0SRhMMfH5aUGOrEB4hyfZNCZ59hf0M2ntNOJqGlj%2Bex3ZyraYBwKzxDmi8wV1By0h1JFe6eAGUTpWW6chcwt5wIctMdZx8fUKJ%2FeoF3pjFzEFxOtVlmaqOcHL9r0tRd7eyo57qHgROxxC%2FXqjlliBFE7i2SIm1YIpBaXqHTBi0Y2ADruT7j1%2BWGpyds8C1hXn4QIK4gZOommaQ3NqjLZU5tt%2Fw3zv6M0qbJOa8QA4B6GkbhmvvweWzUSrVTF\u0026X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256\u0026X-Amz-Date=20230720T173433Z\u0026X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host\u0026X-Amz-Expires=300\u0026X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYXLX75W57%2F20230720%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request\u0026X-Amz-Signature=34744b1b5f61b23cb188dee9ba4b06a8f91e9992333d0dc496c2eac97fea2c12\u0026hash=6380ba9011d721aa9ad27ee61b171c0372f684d1a8b548963ac467dcb2528110\u0026host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61\u0026pii=0141113688903613\u0026tid=spdf-db8840fe-199e-4046-ab9b-d503d984265a\u0026sid=49ed57b826ab604247","title":"Stimulation of Microbial Activities and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation in Marine Sediments Inhabited by Capitella capitata","description":"The effect of the polychaete Capitella capitata on a variety of sediment microbial activities was determined for 5 months in marine microcosms with or without chronic treatment with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene. Rates of microbial D[U-14C] glucose assimilation and respiration as well as rates and total amounts of [9-14C] anthracene mineralization were consistently greater in sediments with resident populations of Capitella. Anthracene treatment only affected 14C-anthracene mineralization such that after 5 months all sediments under chronic anthracene treatment mineralized 14C-anthracene more rapidly than sediments without anthracene or those containing only Capitella. Microbial incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine showed no consistent pattern among treatments.  The colonization of sediments by total numbers of meiofauna and meiofauna-sized larvae was suppressed in microcosms dosed with anthracene, in contrast to the increased numbers in Capitella-inhabited microcosms. However, when Capitella was also present in anthracene-dosed microcosm sediments, the suppression of total meiofauna numbers was partially offset.  These results indicate that the presence of infauna may significantly stimulate certain microbial activities and meiofauna colonization in marine sediments. As a result, mitigation of the effects of organic pollutants, as well as their elimination from sediments, may be enhanced in systems with robust microbe-infauna associations.","author":["Bauer, J.","Kerr, R.","Bautista, M.","Decker, C.","Capone, D."],"organization":["University of Maryland","State University of New York"],"originationDate":"1987-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bauer-Kerr-Bautista-Decker-Capone-1987.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074544","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/infauna-epifauna-northern-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/272882\/1-s2.0-S0077757900X00439\/1-s2.0-007775799090017B\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjECIaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQC%2BHYS9MAh7kbYsQ0H03bWc0mOoE2uz6eWYHsk8SRrigAIhALzAM30Zq2luedpzcZsY8rZd0ehWk%2FPK7qveIvJRYFZ6KrwFCKr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQBRoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1Igy697%2FkqefiP2qc3nMqkAXfMFHykcczZkJvgsGbkklMgR602jBICxIzAbTRx8yJV%2BsRWzbMev33uXlOTWrAZ8Xjf%2BGtk4PnKjmXIzbhrFDQsku7%2FOdXfsbQPSJLjpSgxv%2FN7XFvLjJGDxBAy2%2FAhu2MktsEW6SevQE4DgiWsRqaql6rZPsIvsl3pKHRTqaBj%2FrzZHQlpinuaDSfCSdWxrJF%2FoyBSldyeBm9TjglHzA3Vn5Coo1w692%2FfN%2FFI6O7ckHwCJoHcpeEbSDwMEYcrWSEDfgD%2FqcVkXrv0WQeBkk3B0yabK02WtlwfEOWv2rb24jnewkh%2BZYES7apUZcDqDWpQ%2FJomcMj0C4fEbhnvB%2FVxQf6yQPvumpJ00LJDLFvh3PYVC2rA1WUIf6XpCvYDB6w%2BrpvrhPoFOqfPsCWkGKjcTSgVQINB3mxhrAAzCM7jOcAw70LdvVHYVkM2EpfXM1VbbKblhSQKRQIV9FmxmZamSbX%2BZAFYvbokMc5MxKzJOd9d2Hox2MJH5W8VVqnRe4iUqOZCJZhi1LEUeqtBJLke6%2BuT4k0mHhr4mo8pWPVaOjlcE58LhovDPxGFx%2FKSRaKecfXb5bmYyTOIhtrVfOq8DkGWSbYwWRwoihuk4syj0cV0xm2UTGNUIvakvF%2FoApNB5t2VELjhAZzpucni3aPMwnWlngZB8gNKlq5RmgMu15yVnXjUIvtPDf%2BmkHTbutagBTiFW6FEIPQ4udpQrHoeqDHQgoBlL0TiD2U4VvLf0f0uCJ1Ak7Ka2aWmyTz5RUEDGoclt4wYA8caVTXH1Z%2F8gSGuFazs695ACCVlewyHPE2jtjPRTIMtSwjs%2BATA%2BcM%2BeHH1xh4ZGMf0wM8hfj0mwrq0Xn4IWzSPfQ%2F9x0j2DDa1uWlBjqwAQXo63CKuGxtxxVhAGGnJWftZeIPg2f%2FU1zidQFrh5aUKN2dWrzWvQ2Wfu4m%2FyBQoQVqULf708flJO00PTv9%2Fe%2F9MxyPrghFIKptJ0zxmjtLGGl2KmzOFGP2UpbA6PZVsNBGuxa3mCKtVqoq0CSEy3gO5IiHC299J1skvlmPloS27N5uTTOu29b4Oy%2FASmXbfxo5IEWghCIdW1sj2N15IrLWF7HV3A7KMEjuTBsE24A1\u0026X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256\u0026X-Amz-Date=20230720T174255Z\u0026X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host\u0026X-Amz-Expires=300\u0026X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTYWOVMAYGX%2F20230720%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request\u0026X-Amz-Signature=d9db71100ab286141ba2ace566c9c07a8ee75617cc7a72c2a611e34848e60dc5\u0026hash=65d173ad6cccc5a56812b011d135b8f483ab5da2f2dff3ba271c8b81506d7b73\u0026host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61\u0026pii=007775799090017B\u0026tid=spdf-d0f58192-ff5e-4158-9852-a20ce993144a\u0026sid=49ed57b826ab6042471ad5b9e229dec32563gxrqa\u0026type=c","title":"The infauna and epifauna of the northern North Sea","description":"This paper compares the infaunal and epifaunal assemblages from surveys encompassing 121 grab stations and 152 Agassiz trawl samples respectively, collected between 1980 and 1985. The area surveyed is delimited by the Scottish, Norwegian and Danish coasts lying between 56\u00b015\u0027N and 60\u00b045\u0027N. Samples for infauna and environmental parameters were collected by Smith-McIntyre grab and Craib corer.  The epifaunal and infaunal assemblages were analysed separately by ordination techniques (DECORANA and TWINSPAN) to detect the major environmental gradients underlying the distribution and abundance of the fauna and to indicate which taxa were characteristic of different zones within the survey area.  The major determinant of infaunal community composition was sediment granulometry, with depth being of secondary importance. For the epibenthos, depth was the major factor and the sediment composition seemed less significant. Assemblages identified by TWINSPAN were characterised by particular species, but these \u2018community types\u2019 were seen to grade into one another along continuous environmental gradients. These findings are discussed in relation to previous North Sea benthic classification schemes.","author":["Basford, D.","Eleftheriou, A.","Raffaelli, D."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of Crete"],"originationDate":"1990-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Basford-Eleftheriou-Raffaelli-1990.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074545","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/waterbirds-uk-201213-annual-report-wetland-bird-survey","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/296692336_Waterbirds_in_the_UK_201213_The_Wetland_Bird_Survey","title":"Waterbirds in the UK 2012\/13: The annual report of the Wetland Bird Survey","description":"Th is is the 32nd annual report of the Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS), produced in conjunction with an online report at www.bto.org\/webs-reporting. WeBS is the principal scheme for monitoring the UK\u2019s wintering waterbird populations, providing an important indicator of their status and the health of wetlands.","author":["Austin, G.E.","Calbrade, N.A.","Mellan, H.J.","Musgrove, A.J.","Hearn, R.","Stroud, D.","Wotton, S.","Holt, C."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT)","British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)"],"originationDate":"2014-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Austin-Calbrade-Mellan-Musgrove-Hearn-Stroud-Wotton-Holt-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074546","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-migratory-routes-behaviour-atlantic-salmon-sea-trout-european-eel-scotlands-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/review-migratory-routes-and-behaviour-atlantic-salmon-sea-trout-and-european-eel-scotland%E2%80%99s","title":"Review of migratory routes and behaviour of Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel in Scotland\u0027s coastal environment: implications for the development of marine renewables","description":"The Scottish Government has ambitious targets for renewable energy production, to which offshore renewables could make a substantial contribution. However, the new marine energy industries must develop on a sustainable basis, ensuring that environmental impacts are assessed, and if necessary, minimised through appropriate mitigation. The likelihood of any impacts on Atlantic salmon, sea trout or European eels will depend on interactions between (1) migratory routes and behaviour (2) the distribution of offshore developments (3) the technologies deployed and (4) the dynamics of the relevant fish populations. This report summarises available information on the migratory routes and behaviour of salmon, sea trout and eels in a Scottish context.  Broad scale patterns of migration are identified for adult Atlantic salmon, although the resolution of available data is unlikely to be sufficient to inform site specific risk assessment. Less extensive information is available on juvenile migratory routes and no information is available on juvenile migration from important east coast rivers. The limited information available on sea trout migration suggests predominantly inshore and local use of the marine environment, although wider ranging migrations have been observed from some rivers. No specific migratory routes can be discerned for either juvenile or adult sea trout. European eels in Scotland are part of a single European population for which there is considerable uncertainty regarding migratory routes. The limited evidence which is available suggests that eels from a number of European countries may migrate through Scottish waters. For all the species considered, there is only very limited information on behaviour and swimming depths. Most of this information has been generated out with Scotland and it is uncertain whether it can be reliably transferred to the Scottish context given differences in the life stages observed and local geography.  Significant knowledge gaps remain for all three species considered in this review. These knowledge gaps should be considered as part of an overall assessment of research needs in relation to offshore renewable developments and diadromous fish.","author":["Malcolm, I.A.","Godfrey, J.","Youngson, A.F."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:34:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074551","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electromagnetic-fields-emfs-subsea-power-cables-natural-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinedataexchange.co.uk\/details\/3718\/summary","title":"Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) from subsea power cables in the natural marine environment","description":"To advance the understanding of anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from subsea power cables, an interdisciplinary expert workshop was facilitated by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and the Scottish Government at the Royal institution, London on 17 and 18 January 2023. This workshop project forms part of the Offshore Wind Evidence and Change programme, led by The Crown Estate in partnership with the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and Department for Environment, Food \u0026amp; Rural Affairs. The Offshore Wind Evidence and Change programme is an ambitious strategic research and data-led programme. Its aim is to facilitate the sustainable and coordinated expansion of offshore wind to help meet the UK\u2019s commitments to low carbon energy transition whilst supporting clean, healthy, productive and biologically diverse seas.  Fifteen interdisciplinary participants from England, Scotland, Sweden, Belgium and the USA attended the workshop. The participants were technical experts, in electrical engineering, biology\/ecology, oceanography, physics and geophysics, represented by government, industry, academia and research institutes.  After an introduction to set the scene of EMFs in the environment and their relevance to marine species, the workshop was divided in four sessions. The first session focused on the cable characteristics and their influence on the EMFs. The second session tackled the interactions between the natural environment and cable EMFs, in order to estimate the total EMF environment, which presents the EMFs in a more realistic and integrated way. In session three, outputs from session one and two were considered in discussions of how to best incorporate data into models. The last session focused on adding the biological context and determined the key outputs and recommendations from the workshop.  The discussion highlighted several key points. Direct current (DC) and Alternating current (AC) cables are different, therefore there is a clear need to separate the consideration of EMF\u2019s based on the type of current applied. The main cable components involved in EMFs for DC are the core (the conductor) and the sheath. In addition, for AC the spacing between the conductors and the time varying magnetic fields will induce time varying electric fields.  Simple estimation or modelling of the EMF of a conductor at a specified point along a cable can be achieved through a quasi-stationary solution and both the magnetic field and the electric field can be calculated by applying Maxwell\u2019s equations. A simple 2D model (i.e. at a point along the cable) will provide much of the basic knowledge on the EMFs, whilst a 3D solution will provide greater insight and realism (along the cable and into the surrounding environment). Based on classical formulae accurate 2D estimates can be made for long straight cable runs assuming the quasi-stationarity is valid. However, when including the realities of bends and angles in the cables the complexities may be better evaluated with a non-stationary solution. In this case (and from a 3D perspective) more complex geometrical vector evaluations are required.  When considering cables within the environment there are factors that will affect the EMFs. The seabed (if it has no magnetic properties) will not change the magnetic field but may affect the electric field. Water movement through the magnetic field, will induce electric fields. At the interface between the water and the seabed there is a boundary layer, which is likely to be important in the magnitude of the electric fields produced. Hydrodynamic boundary interface conditions can be taken into account using 3D models and are most appropriate for HVAC cables. This may be particularly relevant when considering the 3D nature of animal movement through EMFs. The cable sheath and bonding arrangements will also affect sheath currents and therefore the EMF from cables.  Understanding the interaction between natural EMFs (e.g. the earth\u2019s geomagnetic field) and power cable EMFs requires both measurement and modelling of the components making up the total field. Cable orientation, bundling, or any helical twist will influence EMFs measured at any point. An EMF sensor should measure along three axes. It is acknowledged that measuring the electric field in situ is difficult and may require a bespoke solution. The variability in the magnetic field was highlighted as a critical aspect of measuring the total EMF. When considering power cables associated with offshore wind devices, the power generation varies considerably by day and season therefore temporal fluctuations should be considered in both EMF measurements and modelling.  For permitting purposes there is a need for simplified models to define a minimum set of parameters. It was therefore suggested to differentiate between modelling that is useful to have for the purposes of permitting in addition to modelling for research purposes in to determine any effects on marine animals.  A series of key outputs and recommendations were developed, leading to the following actions to enhance the understanding of EMFs emitted by subsea power cables. For ease, they are separated into recommendations that can easily be applied now and those that require research and development, although some may be easily actionable. Collectively, these recommendations will facilitate continued progress towards a clearer understanding of the cable EMFs and potential impacts on species.  Recommended approach that can be applied now    Two main approaches to EMFs modelling can be taken and broadly categorised as models applicable for permitting and those applicable for research:     For both permitting and research models, the essential knowledge, applicable to both DC and AC cables is:   (a) the basic cable EMFs (i.e. energy emission only)   (b) the cable EMFs in the marine environment   For the purposes of research, additional definition and resolution of the cable EMFs, and the interactions with the marine environment, can be gained by approaches (a) and (b) with:   (c) research additions to better define the magnetic field component   (d) research additions to define the motionally induced electric field   (e) research additions to improve the AC model      Permitting models of EMFs are regarded as simple models due to availability of parameters but models can be improved in accuracy once cables are operational.  Optimum application of modelling to scenarios should be data driven.  When reporting an EMF model or measurement the following should be defined:     if it is an AC or DC cable and specifically what is being modelled\/measured (magnetic field, induced electric field)   if the geomagnetic field is combined in the model\/measurement or only the cable EMFs are reported (applicable to DC models)   the grounding and bonding arrangement of the cable   total length of cable and position along cable of modelled\/measured field      Measurements of cable EMFs should report the same factors (see point 4 above) in addition to being accompanied with evidence of calibration and the method, including limitations in detection for the magnetic field and\/or electric field as well as how the geomagnetic field was handled in the data processing.   Research and Development    Data access should be explored with developers\/cable owners, taking account of confidentialities, with the goal of accessing data on power variability and burial depths after cables become operational.  Data assessment for optimum scenario model building is recommended through commissioned work to explore data in the context of realism and determine the best data to be made routinely available from cable operators.  Spatial configurations of cables should be verified with industry, particularly for floating offshore wind in order to improve\/develop EMFs models; how cables will be positioned in three-dimensional space, the degree of cable movement and geometry of the cable relative to itself (i.e. how bent\/straight).  Exploration of changes in electrical currents along an AC cable and modelling the associated EMFs to understand the realities of power cable EMFs in the marine environment (applicable to both modelling \u0026amp; measurement).  Incorporation of the water boundary layer through developing a combined model (EMFs, boundary layer, geomagnetic field) and scaling to determine the influence on the EMFs, with a laboratory validation.  Consideration of motionally induced fields in EMFs modelling, separate to the induced electrical fields associated with the AC cable.  Determine how to model the total AC field and consider its relevance from the species perspective as well as the ability for regulators and researchers to interpret the model.  Develop an agreed strategic approach with developers and cable\/operators to measure EMFs to enable validation of models.  Determination of other power cable factors that can influence EMFs, such as temperature of cable materials, power surge protections and potential cable faults as well as potential scenarios to be considered with respect to defining effects on marine species.  The biological context is important when defining modelling scenarios of EMFs in the environment and this should include defining species detection ranges for intensities and frequencies of electric and magnetic fields. However, it is noted that the knowledge base on species sensitivities requires advancement hence this is a long-term goal to be met through studies of several model species and careful definition of appropriate metrics.  The knowledge from current literature on the effects of EMFs on species was discussed and it was recommended that where studies are not directly applicable to subsea power cables, it should be clearly communicated.  Fish\/animal movement through the EMFs was deemed to be important to determine their likely exposure and could be informed through the 3D EMFs modelling approach in conjunction with animal movement models. The conductivity of the animal may be influential so should be taken into consideration.   Post workshop there have been specific activities that have provided outputs from the valuable discussions that took place. There is a simple model that can be applied for calculating magnetic fields associated with AC power cables showing how the helical twist of the cable affects the propagation distance of the magnetic field from the cable axis. The EMFs modelling recommended through the EMF technical workshop will feed directly into another Offshore Wind and Evidence Change (OWEC) funded project, FLOWERS \u2013 Floating Offshore Wind Environmental Response to Stressors (2022-24). The FLOWERS project has a work package which builds on the EMF modelling and measurement approach(es) developed through the workshop reported here. Finally, communication and knowledge transfer from the expert workshop are important to ensure the agreed approaches and recommendations (considering the natural environmental influences) are known about and referred to by the Offshore Wind (OSW) industry, the wider cable sector, environmental consultancies and also regulatory and advisory bodies. A dedicated webinar will be made available via appropriate media.  Improving the knowledge of EMFs from subsea power cables is integral to the better understanding of the potential effects and impact of EMFs on marine species. Such knowledge is required to support environmental considerations for the sustainable development of offshore wind and the global push for green energy. Better characterisation of EMFs in terms of the component parts (magnetic field, induced electric field) and how they are influenced by the marine environment is foundational to understanding how best to assess species responses to them. This workshop aimed to provide a standardised approach to estimating cable EMFs via agreeing the fundamental aspects for calculating, modelling and measuring EMFs (AC and DC) in 2D and 3D, and consider these in the context of the marine environment. Understanding the EMF interactions in the marine environment needs to take account of the natural electromagnetic field sources and relevant oceanographic considerations, which will influence the EMFs that species will encounter.","author":["Gill, A.","Hutchison, Z.","Desender, M."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gill-et-al-2023-CEFAS.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074557","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-anthropogenic-magnetic-fields-behavior-major-predator-intertidal-subtidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0141113623002349","title":"Effects of anthropogenic magnetic fields on the behavior of a major predator of the intertidal and subtidal zones, the velvet crab Necora puber","description":"With the progress of the offshore renewable energy sector and electrical interconnection projects, a substantial rise in the number of submarine power cables is expected soon. Such cables emit either alternating or direct current magnetic fields whose impact on marine invertebrates is currently unknown and hardly studied. In this context, this study aimed to assess potential short-term exposure (30\u202fmin) effects of both alternating and direct magnetic fields of increasing intensity (72\u2013304\u202f\u03bcT) on the behavior of the high-ecological value velvet crab (Necora puber). Three experiments were designed to evaluate whether the strongest magnetic field intensities induce crabs\u2019 attraction or repulsion responses, and whether foraging and sheltering behaviors may be modified. We extracted from video analyses several variables as the time budgets crabs spent immobile, moving, feeding, or sheltering as well as total and maximal distance reached in the magnetic field (MF) gradient. The crabs exposed to artificial MF did not exhibit significant behavioral changes compared with those exposed to the \u201cnatural\u201d MF. Overall, our results suggest that, at such intensities, artificial magnetic fields do not significantly alter behaviors of N. puber. Nevertheless, future studies should be conducted to examine the effects of longer exposure periods and to detect potential habituation or resilience processes.","author":["Albert, L.","Olivier, F.","Jolivet, A.","Chauvaud, L.","Chauvaud, S."],"organization":["TBM Environnement","Museum National d\u0027Histoire Naturelle","Institut Universitaire Europ\u00e9en de la Mer (IUEM)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074559","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-acoustic-telemetry-europe-need-regional-aquatic-telemetry-network","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40317-018-0156-0#citeas","title":"A review of acoustic telemetry in Europe and the need for a regional aquatic telemetry network","description":"Background: Globally, there are a large and growing number of researchers using biotelemetry as a tool to study aquatic animals. In Europe, this community lacks a formal network structure. The aim of this study is to review the use of acoustic telemetry in Europe and document the contribution of cross-boundary studies and inter-research group collaborations. Based on this, we explore the potential benefts and challenges of a network approach to identify future priorities and best practices for aquatic biotelemetry research in Europe.  Results: Over the past decade, there was an approximately sevenfold increase in the number of acoustic telemetry studies published on marine and diadromous species in Europe compared to a sixfold increase globally. Over 90% of these studies were conducted on fshes and undertaken in coastal areas, estuaries, or rivers. 75% of these studies were conducted by researchers based in one of fve nations (Norway, UK, France, Portugal, and Spain) and, even though 34% were based on collaborations between scientists from several countries, there was only one study with an acoustic receiver array that extended beyond the borders of a single country. In recent years, acoustic telemetry in European waters has evolved from studying behavioural aspects of animals (82.2%), into more holistic approaches addressing management-related issues (10%), tagging methods and efects (5%), and technology and data analysis development (2.8%).  Conclusions: Despite the increasing number of publications and species tracked, there is a prominent lack of planned and structured acoustic telemetry collaborations in Europe. A formal pan-European network structure would promote the development of (1) a research platform that could beneft the acoustic telemetry community through capacity building, (2) a centralized database, and (3) key deployment sites and studies on priority species requiring research in Europe. A network may increase efciency, expand the scope of research that can be undertaken, promote European science integration, enhance the opportunities and success of acquiring research funding and, ultimately, foster regional and transatlantic collaborations. It may also help address research priorities such as the large-scale societal challenges arising from climate change impacts and assist the EU\u2019s Marine Strategy Framework Directive via identifcation of good environmental status of endangered or commercially important species.","author":["Abecasis, D.","Steckenreuter, A.","Reubens, J.","Aarestrup, K.","Alos, J.","Badalamenti, F.","Bajona, L.","Boylan, P.","Deneudt, K.","Greenberg, L.","Breve, N.","Hernandez, F.","Humphries, N.","Meyer, C.","Sims, D.","Thorstad, E.","Walker, A.","Whoriskey, F.","Afonso, P."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-09-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074560","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-future-offshore-wind-farms-wave-energy-plant-comparative-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/openview\/9e5e97d63d3fb26f3e6e5bb1110c3b83\/1?cbl=18750\u0026diss=y\u0026pq-origsite=gscholar\u0026parentSessionId=tUj4njaIc1ApSmgsV5dKqbt%2F0nLKdaA8jiQTeM2nRMc%3D","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Future Offshore Wind Farms and Wave Energy Plant: A Comparative Study","description":"This research focuses on evaluating the environmental impact of future offshore energy plants, which are recognized as a crucial component of a sustainable energy future. The study compares two offshore wind farms and a wave energy plant, using 1 kWh of electricity as the functional unit. The OpenLCA 1.10.3 software and the \u0022NEEDS\u0022 database are used for conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis, revealing differences in impacts, operational modes, and designs between the identified offshore plants. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results are further analyzed to compare the environmental impacts of these energy plants.  The findings showed that both wind turbines have significant impacts, with the 2496MW wind turbine farm exhibiting even higher impacts due to its design, mode of operations, and construction. Furthermore, the study compares the selected wind farms and wave energy plant considering different design and operational scenarios including realistic-optimistic, very optimistic, and pessimistic. The results indicated that electricity generated from wave energy has the highest impact on most indicators, except for ozone depletion and territorial ecotoxicity.","author":["Odunaiya-Adebanjo, T."],"organization":["Texas A\u0026M University"],"originationDate":"2023-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:39:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074612","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-readiness-framework-subtask-11-literature-review","sourceURL":"","title":"Deployment Readiness Framework Subtask 1.1 (Literature Review)","description":"Island and remote coastal communities face some of the most challenging environments for building, operating, and maintaining energy infrastructure, as well as the highest costs for electricity, fuels, and other essential energy sources. As sea-levels rise and storms become more intense and frequent, these communities and the energy infrastructure that supports coastal lives and livelihoods are also at increasing risk from natural hazards. To address these challenges, many coastal communities are envisioning energy solutions that will support the triple bottom line goals of the blue economy: economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Yet, island and remote coastal communities often face limited resources and capacity to tackle complex energy and coastal resilience issues. To support community-driven energy transitions in island and remote communities, and to better understand relationships between energy, community, and ecosystem resilience, the Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office (WPTO) has initiated the development of a Deployment Readiness Framework (DRF). The objective of the work is to co-produce and test practical tools and approaches that assess the readiness of coastal communities for marine energy demonstration, deployment, and operation. The DRF aims to build on and support the Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Program (ETIPP) and other community-oriented energy transition programs. This project is jointly led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The development of the DRF includes three main phases: 1) a learning phase involving stakeholder engagement and literature review to synthesize metrics of community readiness to advance through an energy transition and to understand the state of the research and practice of participatory science-policy processes in various sectors, 2) a design phase to define readiness approaches and tools that will be developed as part of the DRF, and 3) an implementation phase to create the applications and interfaces for WPTO and the national laboratories to interact with the DRF. All three phases include close collaboration with communities and end-users of the framework, first to identify gaps in the science and tools needed to achieve community-driven energy transition goals and second, to test and improve the framework iteratively. Through technical assistance programs like ETIPP and utilizing the completed DRF to understand the influencing factors which motivate or deter energy transitions, WPTO hopes to engage a number of near-term marine energy demonstration opportunities. Here we report on the results from the literature review (Subtask 1.1) to inform the stakeholder engagement (Subtask 1.2) and design phase (Task 2) of the project.","author":["Arkema, K.","Grantham, K.","Rose, D.","Trueworthy, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Oregon State University (OSU)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2022-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Subtask_1.1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074613","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deployment-readiness-framework-subtask-12-outreach-report-common-themes-among-clean","sourceURL":"","title":"Deployment Readiness Framework Subtask 1.2 Outreach Report: Common Themes Among Clean Energy Transition Technical Assistance Projects","description":"Island and remote coastal communities face an uncertain energy future. These communities build, operate, and maintain energy infrastructure in extremely challenging environments and pay the highest prices for electricity and fuels. Moreover, climate change increasingly affects grid reliability, resiliency, and, ultimately, the cost of energy. Marine energy could address many of the challenges faced by island and remote coastal communities, but these communities often have limited resources and capacity to invest in complex energy and coastal resilience issues. The Deployment Readiness Framework (DRF) is being developed to support community-driven energy transitions in these coastal communities and to better understand the readiness of communities for marine energy demonstration and operation. Led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, the DRF builds on the Energy Transitions Initiative Partnership Project (ETIPP) supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy\u0027s Water Power Technologies Office. This report details the results from the stakeholder outreach and engagement effort linked to the previously reported literature review (Subtask 1.1).","author":["Grantham, K.","Arkema, K.","Peterson, K.","Nakhai, A.","Biswas, S."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2023-06-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Subtask_1.2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074620","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-environmental-assessment-management-ecological-simulation-yeoja-bay-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pdf.sciencedirectassets.com\/272396\/1-s2.0-S0272771408X00174\/1-s2.0-S0272771408003272\/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEAaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJHMEUCIQCQt8FSDQ57uuio5CU%2FUv9NSHt3XXJycnuumVY%2Batfr4gIgH9thF4IclAbflPNtXHEDLyz0OA5KCEkpHbj6We8aSH0qvAUI2f%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARAFGgwwNTkwMDM1NDY4NjUiDDYs4CFyphhq179i4SqQBRGX4vyZccFNkCwtIMaRPE4ahQU5Y7wclU46SQo2yV7Hg6XMJPCb7Cod2lTDN%2FUVUXjyT%2B%2FiGWcYYhZG2M1mNi91Qg9pFNbBV%2BjfiP5pMoAUgIMPUA6YobwCcvSZppQMDBTlEpMz7%2BTl1RpQ1w9r0IQUwKZLwHFnT3cjg88LeQA%2BrlS7lXi%2BM382YcavcX1GCnzQK2ak3xXy4XNSkN0THcaqcCRMyEo4LL%2BRqt14IK%2B5wVDauEOZuwNvLEt0Mxtmyd7YkK6csprOR4NuN2eeCs2dbzoD4l%2BmITUXHOJ6hXHnjy8S02Eh%2B3k5q3dKQkhkpFbHOn4hA4UeVY%2Flkfo%2FJ%2BfW%2FoU79iqxDFpAmhuE%2F5y53JIXYU%2BtoLs%2Bqe45PEyzrHSNsyh3eQtWpsSs9pOuVuoiDVXNDUt8dsmbN%2B5cjhTat3fylby1GgGDFKZGEYnyQEqH10SL7J2485j0ftHOW6Yggi%2FuA8P50tTDs5Ehx8PHd5p2ag0DA8eG7FF2A1ngHGSR%2BCBzTZE2W7cYay37P%2FwhZeO6vm2LWX9XjGlo%2FGu%2FUYCxGejJVfKRTGYJAGaXuavlurDwJhif5cvnHPE1qEYkFvVs8%2BikmWls%2BvZavJUkNpBObinj3htpOH%2FQ6VFdPsBm9yyg7gplDrRu33wI2EVk%2F2VtKnuuKrhS1hD%2BmfS7f0%2BtbFRiF%2FPD5c9EuSmkB9gxluAEpuRGZCf98iRQiLZhypKAbRvCNhwxlM5v6DVVEQFPcyvSedAOiMIw1saCNND%2BJdbJK4sSbjBR2ZVT4r7agxpuZB8%2BeVWU0VSDxfXtJQQXIzitiu%2BENlOrgejFbY9iQd1goWiVzpIWGif6k8Ij%2Fif%2Fl03AKt62uoDDUcKbMKnHpKYGOrEBwF9578vIAr%2FQ4hV40m23dx2YLqIGqoVGSf0B8n%2BwPkL2TtSvZu3o6MGk4wcgbZFts3eZOWonZHViy0%2FsPSoHbwvzhW9viAxvF42mVCXaO%2FS%2BHGzrt8yqlmjqP%2FJlZ%2Ft%2BCaBfS4YliTcAi3UuucGoa8ff35l%2FfgnHQnSyAPs745HXbx9Bct71j%2BPC4wwltIwxsbZxJkXhV7uSylJeBVRHIGSY8l0lnGtW1aV8AfSqBqpl\u0026X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256\u0026X-Amz-Date=20230801T164022Z\u0026X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host\u0026X-Amz-Expires=300\u0026X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY3UDJFV4L%2F20230801%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request\u0026X-Amz-Signature=c3268a7444667874e8499ab1ca7117e86eb367420d52869ef4cf34f5361c92df\u0026hash=64ad3cb784ef63cf7117ab798671c0eaef84d90c6d06a17b2d909870d682b35f\u0026host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61\u0026pii=S0272771408003272\u0026tid=spdf-9984da0f-0006-4d80-b845-8c0d7b3c9bdc\u0026sid=158a4355155af3","title":"Coastal environmental assessment and management by ecological simulation in Yeoja Bay, Korea","description":"An eco-hydrodynamic model was used to estimate the carrying capacity of pollutant loads and response of water quality to environmental change in Yeoja Bay, Korea. An energy-system model also was used to simulate the fluctuation in nutrients and organic matter in the bordering wetland. Most water quality factors showed a pulsed pattern, and the concentrations of nutrients and organic matter of seawater increased when input loads of nutrients increased due to freshwater discharge. The well-developed tidal zones and wetlands in the northern area of the bay were highly sensitive to input loads. Residence times of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) within the bay were estimated to be about 16 days, 43.2 days, and 50.2 days, respectively. Water quality reacted more sensitively to the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus input than to COD. A plan to reduce the present levels of COD and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) by 20\u201330% and DIN by at least 50% in pollutant loads is needed for satisfying the target water quality criteria. The natural removal rate of nutrients in wetlands by reeds was assessed to be approximately 10%.","author":["Lee, D.I.","Choi, J.M.","Lee, M.O.","Lee, W.C.","Kim, J.K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-12-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lee-et-al-2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074626","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observing-fish-interactions-marine-energy-turbines-using-acoustic-cameras","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/faf.12782","title":"Observing fish interactions with marine energy turbines using acoustic cameras","description":"Marine current energy converters such as tidal and riverine turbines have the potential to provide reliable, clean power. The risk of collision of fishes with marine energy turbines is not yet well understood, in part due to the challenges associated with observing fish at turbine sites. Turbidity and light availability can limit the effectiveness of optical sensors like video cameras, motivating the use of acoustic cameras for this task. However, challenges persist in collecting and interpreting data acquired from acoustic cameras. Given the limited number of turbine deployments to date, it is prudent to draw on the application of acoustic cameras to monitor fish in other scenarios. This article synthesizes their use for other fisheries applications to inform best practices and set realistic expectations for the results of acoustic camera monitoring at turbine sites. We discuss six key tasks performed with acoustic cameras: detecting objects, identifying objects as fish, counting fish, measuring fish, classifying fish taxonomically and analysing fish behavior. Specific challenges to monitoring fish at turbine sites are discussed. This article is intended to serve as a reference for researchers, regulators and marine energy developers on effective use of acoustic cameras to monitor fish at turbine sites. The studies detailed in this article provide evidence that, in some scenarios, acoustic cameras can be used to inform the risk of fish collision with marine energy turbines but doing so requires careful study design and data processing.","author":["Cotter, E.","Staines, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-07-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter_and_Staines_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074629","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-converters-potential-acoustic-effects-fishes-aquatic-invertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article\/154\/1\/518\/2904723\/Marine-energy-converters-Potential-acoustic","title":"Marine energy converters: Potential acoustic effects on fishes and aquatic invertebrates","description":"The potential effects of underwater anthropogenic sound and substrate vibration from offshore renewable energy development on the behavior, fitness, and health of aquatic animals is a continuing concern with increased deployments and installation of these devices. Initial focus of related studies concerned offshore wind. However, over the past decade, marine energy devices, such as a tidal turbines and wave energy converters, have begun to emerge as additional, scalable renewable energy sources. Because marine energy converters (MECs) are not as wellknown as other anthropogenic sources of potential disturbance, their general function and what is known about the sounds and substrate vibrations that they produce are introduced. While most previous studies focused on MECs and marine mammals, this paper considers the potential of MECs to cause acoustic disturbances affecting nearshore and tidal fishes and invertebrates. In particular, the focus is on particle motion and substrate vibration from MECs because these effects are the most likely to be detected by these animals. Finally, an analysis of major data gaps in understanding the acoustics of MECs and their potential impacts on fishes and aquatic invertebrates and recommendations for research needed over the next several years to improve understanding of these potential impacts are provided.","author":["Popper, A.","Haxel, J.","Staines, G.","Guan, S.","Nedelec, S.","Roberts, L.","Deng, Z."],"organization":["University of Maryland","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","University of Exeter","University of Liverpool"],"originationDate":"2023-07-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074630","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-electromagnetic-fields-renewable-energy-subsea-power-cables-righting-reflex","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X23006847","title":"Effect of electromagnetic fields from renewable energy subsea power cables on righting reflex and physiological response of coastal invertebrates","description":"Offshore renewables are expanding, yet more information is required to understand their possible impacts on the environment. Little is known about the effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from subsea power cables on marine life. This study simulated an EMF of 500 \u03bcT, as modelled for an export cable over a rocky shore, where the industry standard cable burial would not be possible. Righting reflex, refractive index of haemolymph\/coelomic fluid, and total haemocyte\/coelomocyte counts were measured for four coastal invertebrates (Asterias rubens, Echinus esculentus, Necora puber, and Littorina littorea). No significant differences were found in either behavioural or physiological responses. This was the first study to investigate EMF exposure on righting reflex, and the first ever EMF study on edible sea urchins and periwinkles, and only one of a couple for common starfish and velvet crabs. It therefore, provides valuable data for environmental impact assessments, marine spatial planning, and commercial fisheries.","author":["Chapman, E.","Rochas, C.","Piper, A.","Vad, J.","Kazanidis, G."],"organization":["St Abbs Marine Station","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2023-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074631","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-blue-growth-multi-use-possibilities-development-emerging-sectors-brazilian-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569123002892","title":"Towards blue growth: Multi-use possibilities for the development of emerging sectors in the Brazilian sea","description":"The marine environment has been in the spotlight of economic development due to the growing demand for areas to promote activities associated with the concept of Blue Economy. This is the case of the renewable energy and aquaculture sectors, whose expansion towards offshore is determined by the increase global demand for energy and food, and by exceeding of the carrying capacity of coastal and terrestrial systems. In this context, the multi-use strategy can be an alternative to minimize conflicts between activities and impacts on the surrounding social-ecological environment. This contribution presents a preliminary approach to identify opportunities for individual exploitation and the possibilities of multi-use between wind energy, wave energy and aquaculture in Brazil\u0027s Exclusive Economic Zone. Technical, operational, and biological aspects were evaluated, through a Suitability Index validated in previous works, to identify zones with favorable conditions for energy exploitation and farming of six fish species. Additionally, overlaps between conservation areas and multi-use zones were considered to analyze possible spatial conflicts. Zones with multi-use possibilities with different combinations between these sectors were identified: i) wave energy and aquaculture presented the largest areas for multi-use, distributed in the south, southeast and northeast; ii) possibility of combining wind energy and aquaculture was identified in the northeast; and iii) multi-use possibilities in the south for marine energies. Zones with multi-use possibilities were identified in protection and conservation areas, such as the combination of wave exploitation and Greater Amberjack farming, with 63% overlap. Therefore, this case study is a guide for future local studies in the marine region of Brazil, mainly in the selection of sites for analysis. The present contribution represents a starting point for the discussion about multi-use in the country.","author":["Weiss, C.","Bonetti, J.","Scherer, M.","Ondiviela, B.","Guanche, R.","Juanes, J."],"organization":["University of Cantabria","Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Weiss_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074775","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-environmental-considerations-marine-spatial-planning-wales-methodology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdn.naturalresources.wales\/guidance-and-advice\/business-sectors\/marine\/mapping-environmental-considerations-for-marine-planning\/?lang=en","title":"Mapping Environmental Considerations for Marine Spatial Planning in Wales: Methodology","description":"In autumn 2021, Natural Resources Wales (NRW) advisory, as the Statutory Nature Conservation Body, was tasked by Welsh Government to progress a programme of Mapping of Environmental Considerations to support the spatial approach to marine planning.  The aim of the work is to compile and present environmental evidence to support Welsh Government and others who are interested in exploring potential future opportunities for sustainable use and management of the Welsh marine area. The objective of this initial phase of work was to produce maps of environmental considerations for a range of sectors in relation to ecological features.  The purpose of this report is to:    describe the methodology used to produce the maps and the datasets that underpin them;  introduce the maps, highlighting key drivers of the differences across feature groups, and both the potential uses of the maps and their limitations; and  summarise options for consideration in future phases of this mapping work, recognising the commitment to the long-term programme of environmental mapping work to support Welsh Government\u2019s spatial approach to Marine Plan implementation and other spatial planning related processes.   Four broad feature groups are included, namely:    birds, including seabirds, and coastal wildfowl and waders;  fish, including marine fish and diadromous fish species;  marine habitats and species including coastal habitats; and - marine mammals, including cetaceans and seals.   The potential degree of interaction of seven sectors of relevance to marine planning for Wales are considered:    tidal stream energy;  wave energy;  aquaculture;  tidal range energy;  aggregates;  power cabling; and  floating offshore wind.   The data, analysis and outputs are restricted to the Welsh National Marine Plan area. However, it should be noted that developments within and outside the plan area may have impacts beyond their footprint and on mobile species.  We have applied a scoring methodology including three main stages: occurrence score, conservation importance score, and potential impact score.  To date, this work has brought together evidence on the distribution of around 170 habitats, species, and protected sites in Welsh waters.  The evidence is intended to help users understand some of the ecological considerations relating to a particular sector when operating in Welsh seas. The current outputs are intended as a strategic marine planning tool to be used alongside other evidence and guidance, which together improve understanding of the implications of marine development and opportunities to support the Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (SMNR) in Welsh seas.  It is important to note that the work described in this report does not and cannot constitute an assessment of the suitability of any specific project development plans or proposals. Such considerations require specific details of the likely nature and scale of a particular activity e.g. to inform the likely zone of influence of the proposal(s) and allow more detailed examination of potential impact pathways and specific consideration of mitigation or compensation requirements.","author":["Murray, L.","Bloomfield, H.","Skates, L."],"organization":["Natural Resources Wales","Welsh Government"],"originationDate":"2023-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Murray-et-al-2023-NRW.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074776","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-estimating-probability-fish-turbine-encounter-using-drifters-equipped-acoustic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/8\/1592","title":"Towards Estimating Probability of Fish\u2013Turbine Encounter: Using Drifters Equipped with Acoustic Tags to Verify the Efficacy of an Array of Acoustic Receivers","description":"An area has been designated for demonstrating the utility of marine hydrokinetic turbines in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy. Marine renewable energy may be useful for the transition from carbon-based energy sources, but there is concern for the safety of fish that might encounter turbines. Acoustic receivers that detect signals from acoustically tagged fish that pass through the tidal demonstration area and the detection efficiency of tag signals might be used to estimate the likelihood of fish encountering marine hydrokinetic turbines. The method requires that tagged fish passing through the development area will be reliably detected by a receiver array. The present research tests the reliability with which passing tags are detected by suspending tags beneath GPS-tracked drifters. Drifters carrying high residency Innovasea tags that transmitted every 2 s were usually detected by the receiver array even in fast currents during spring tides but pulse-position modulation tags were inadequate. Sometimes very few high residency tag signals were detected when fast tidal currents swept a drifter through the receiver array, so increasing the transmission interval degrades performance at the tidal energy development area. High residency tags suspended close to the sea surface were slightly less likely to be detected if they passed by during calm conditions. Previously measured detection efficiencies were found to slightly overestimate the chances of a high residency tag carried by a drifter being detected as it passed by a receiver. This works elucidates the effectiveness with which acoustically tagged fish are detected in fast, highly turbulent tidal currents and informs the application of detection efficiency measurements to calculate the probability that fish encounter a marine hydrokinetic turbine.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Karsten, R.","Hasselman, D."],"organization":["Acadia Centre for Estuarine Research (ACER)","Acadia University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2023-08-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.350200000000","-64.427358000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:03:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sanderson-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074779","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recording-magnetic-field-produced-undersea-energy-generating-device-low-cost","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/7\/1423","title":"Recording the Magnetic Field Produced by an Undersea Energy Generating Device: A Low-Cost Alternative","description":"This work describes the characteristics of a device capable of detecting the magnetic field generated by a submerged electrical conductor. This low-cost apparatus is based on the open-source Arduino platform and offers the possibility of monitoring magnetic fields generated by undersea cables. Measuring magnetic fields generated by undersea cables facilitates the development of technologies that will harness marine energy potential. The research is based on published parameters of magnetic field values generated by existing submarine cables. A coil was built to simulate an approximate magnetic field at 10 mT. The magnetic field generated by the coil was used as a reference standard. The device developed has a measurement probe built with an array of SS49E Hall effect sensors placed in a straight line and separated 5 cm from each other. A DS18B20 temperature sensor was added to make the necessary corrections and cancel the influence of temperature during the measurements. A microSD card module was attached to store continuous magnetic field measurements. The device was adjusted under strict laboratory conditions. The functionality of the device developed was confirmed by two samplings in the sea. In these samples, the magnetic field generated by the coil was measured in the entire water column from a depth of 3 m to 150 m. Results indicate that the prototype can successfully perform the necessary functions to quantify the underwater magnetic field accurately with about 10 \u00b5T accuracy.","author":["Luna, V.","Silva, R.","Mendoza, M.","Canales-Garcia, I."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.442780000000","-105.729640900000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074781","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-wave-d21-knowledge-gaps-consenting-risks-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/projects\/ocean-energy-projects\/environmental-monitoring\/sea-wave-strategic-environmental-assessment-of-wave-energy-technologies\/project-deliverables\/","title":"SEA Wave D2.1 Knowledge Gaps and Consenting Risks for Wave \u0026 Tidal Energy","description":"This deliverable provides a summary of key knowledge gaps regarding the potential environmental effects of wave and tidal energy development and an overview of consenting risks relevant to the sectors.  This deliverable is informed by a number of key existing resources, such as ORJIP Ocean Energy\u2019s Forward Look and OES Annex IV\u2019s State of the Science report, which highlight knowledge gaps relevant to the consenting and licensing of marine energy projects.  ORJIP Ocean Energy published the third iteration of its \u2018Forward Look\u2019 document in November 2017. This included a prioritised list of strategic research projects to address key issues raised through the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)\/ Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) processes and set out the purpose, required timing and broad scope of the research projects necessary to meet ORJIP Ocean Energy\u2019s overall aim.  The aim of ORJIP Ocean Energy is to ensure that the principal EIA and HRA consenting risks for early array deployments in the wave and tidal sectors are addressed by facilitating a strategic, coordinated and prioritised approach to monitoring and research which is endorsed by industry, regulators and Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (SNCBs).  This deliverable will update the \u2018Forward Look\u2019 to contribute to the overall objectives of the SEA Wave Project which are to:    Undertake a comprehensive review of all existing data collected for the sector;  To address long term environmental concerns around the development of the marine renewable industry\u2019s emerging technology.   The aim of this deliverable is to present an up to date, validated and prioritised summary of the knowledge gaps and consenting risks for wave and tidal energy projects. The objectives of this deliverable are to:    Issue a Call for Evidence to the SEA Wave Partners, SEA Wave Steering Group and ORJIP Ocean Energy Network;  Use the responses to the Call for Evidence to ensure the knowledge gaps and consenting risks are up to date.   The overall impact of this Work Package will be:    A consensus on the priority knowledge gaps and consenting issues upon which coordinated strategic data collection and research efforts should focus on in the SEA Wave project and across the sector, ensuring improved efficiencies in the allocation of resources and distribution of effort.  An established European Network of stakeholders and end users engaged in better understanding the potential impacts of wave developments and improving the consenting process.  Refinement of the consenting processes for ocean energy deployments, helping to reduce costs and the time spent in achieving consent.  Environmental monitoring strategies designed to address the key consenting risks of wave energy projects that will be implemented during the project.   In compiling the list of key consenting issues and risks for the wave and tidal sector, a comprehensive review of the industry\u2019s and academia\u2019s understanding regarding the potential environmental impacts associated with marine energy has been undertaken in line with the objectives of ORJIP Ocean Energy and SEA Wave.  Ongoing work in environmental monitoring has been reviewed to explore if any identified knowledge gaps are actively being addressed, in order to prevent the duplication of work.  This deliverable within WP2 will improve understanding of where research should be focused and prioritised. It includes a summary of the current understanding regarding the potential environmental impacts, uncertainties and consenting risks currently facing the ocean energy industry. This includes a gap analysis to assess where research effort should be focused to address the knowledge gaps and uncertainties that exist for consenting and licensing. Prioritisation is to be given to knowledge gaps providing an industry framework for overcoming current uncertainties. Identified knowledge gaps have been validated with regulators, developers and researchers and other stakeholders through the project Steering Group in addition to the project partners and the ORJIP OE Network.","author":["Fox, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Collision","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEA_Wave_D2.1_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074794","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-wave-d22-critical-analysis-environmental-mitigation-monitoring-strategies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/projects\/ocean-energy-projects\/environmental-monitoring\/sea-wave-strategic-environmental-assessment-of-wave-energy-technologies\/project-deliverables\/","title":"SEA Wave D2.2 Critical analysis of environmental mitigation and monitoring strategies","description":"This deliverable provides a critical analysis of management measures that can be used to mitigate or manage the potential environmental effects of wave and tidal energy developments. The aim of this deliverable is to critically analyse the environmental mitigation and monitoring measures that have been used to date in completed or planned wave and tidal energy projects. This will provide the industry with knowledge of successes and lessons learnt in relation to these measures. This analysis will be used to inform the development of environmental monitoring strategies used in Work Package 3. The objectives of this deliverable are to:    Conduct a critical analysis of environmental mitigation and monitoring strategies for wave and tidal energy developments  Validate this analysis with a range of stakeholders from the wave and tidal industry   This deliverable is the second piece of work within Work Package 2 and builds on the overall impact of this Work Package which will be:    A consensus on the priority knowledge gaps and consenting issues upon which coordinated strategic data collection and research efforts should focus, ensuring improved efficiencies in the allocation of resources and distribution of effort.  An established European Network of stakeholders and end users engaged in better understanding the potential impacts of wave developments and improving the consenting process.  Refinement of the consenting processes for ocean energy deployments, helping to reduce costs and the time spent in achieving consent.  Environmental monitoring strategies designed to address the key consenting risks of wave energy projects that will be implemented during the project.   This deliverable builds on previous work by OES Annex IV on the development and appraisal of environmental management measures relevant to wave and tidal energy developments. As part of this work, extensive stakeholder consultation was undertaken in order to gather a comprehensive list of management measures designed to manage the environmental effects of wave and tidal projects during construction, operation and decommissioning\/removal. This list was developed into a tool designed to support the development of project specific environmental management plans, which is available on the Tethys website1. These management measures are intended as safeguards for marine animals and habitats until scientific uncertainty around the risk of effects of wave and tidal energy devices is reduced and such measures can be reduced or removed as appropriate. This deliverable builds on this work, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each of the environmental management measures included in the tool to date.","author":["Fox, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Lighting","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEA_Wave_D2.2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074843","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/new-miniaturized-acoustic-transmitter-marine-animal-tracking","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10136216","title":"A New Miniaturized Acoustic Transmitter for Marine Animal Tracking","description":"Most marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies are still in their infancy. Many uncertainties remain regarding MRE systems\u2019 impacts on the marine environment and species where they are deployed, which is one of the major hurdles for these systems to be widely adopted at a commercial scale. Currently, the primary technologies to monitor marine animals\u2019 behavior around existing or potential MRE deployment sites are optical and acoustic imaging. However, these methods cannot identify individual animals and thus are less useful in identifying protected species and studying their behavior. Implantable acoustic transmitters with unique identification codes could serve as a complementary technology. To minimize potential bias introduced to the study results, the implanted transmitters must be sufficiently small and light to not affect the animals\u2019 behavior while still having acceptable signal strengths and service life. Recently, we developed a new miniaturized acoustic transmitter that offers a significantly improved signal strength and service life (140 days [projected value] at a 5-s transmission interval) in a smaller and lighter package (0.45 g in the air), compared to the existing technologies. The detection range and detection efficiency of the new transmitter were tested in an actual marine environment and demonstrated a detection range of up to 330 m, a 65% improvement over the existing commercial counterparts operating at similar frequencies. Here, we report the design principles, performance, and manufacturing procedure of the transmitter. Theoretical estimates of the detection range, the actual range, and detection efficiency results from the field testing are presented.","author":["Li, H.","Deng, Z.","Lu, Z.","Martinez, J.","Wu, B.","Zang, X."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.079648000000","-123.045252000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074903","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-wave-d23-environmental-demonstration-strategy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/projects\/ocean-energy-projects\/environmental-monitoring\/sea-wave-strategic-environmental-assessment-of-wave-energy-technologies\/project-deliverables\/","title":"SEA Wave D2.3 Environmental Demonstration Strategy","description":"Wave energy is an emerging sector, within the pre-commercial stage of development, whereby deployments generally consist of single devices or small arrays. As such, key evidence gaps and uncertainty about the potential environmental effects of wave energy devices can lead to a precautionary approach to impact assessment and project consenting. This can place resourcing and financial pressures on wave technology development companies to carry out extensive environmental monitoring, to provide reassurance to regulators and their advisors within Member States by addressing uncertainty around the potential environmental effects of devices. When added to the other complex areas in which wave technology developers face challenges and pressures (engineering, securing private investment and revenue support), this additional burden can have a significant effect on technology and even company viability. The SEA Wave project aims to address long-term environmental uncertainty around the development of the wave energy sector and develop cost effective but statistically robust approaches to monitoring and data gathering. It will develop good practice in data gathering methodologies and take a strategic approach to investigate the possible environmental effects of wave energy devices, with the aim of reducing uncertainty about key potential effects to de-risk and streamline consenting. This will be achieved by carrying out coordinated, strategic monitoring, based around identified key evidence gaps for wave energy technologies. This Environmental Demonstration Strategy (EDS) sets out this proposed strategic monitoring activity, including the rationale for its focus (i.e. the key evidence gaps on which it will focus), the strategic objectives of the monitoring activity, the methodologies to be utilized and details of how the findings will be reported and disseminated. SEA Wave has four wave energy partners with different technology types to ensure that the project outcomes will be representative of the sector. The environmental demonstration strategy currently involves four pan-European wave energy developers, as follows:    Wello  Laminaria  CorPower Ocean  Ocean Energy   It is recognised that the potential environmental impacts of wave energy are likely to be both site- and technology-specific. Technology-specific impacts may vary depending on, for example, mooring method, installation procedure and Power Take-Off (PTO) system. By encompassing a range of wave energy technology types, the SEA Wave project will identify synergies and commonalities across technologies. The ability to monitor four different technology types at different deployment sites, utilising different PTO systems, mooring methods, installation procedures, etc., will enable a number of these technology-specific environmental issues to potentially be addressed within this project. In addition, the design and deliver of an integrated monitoring programme across four wave technologies at different deployment sites provides a valuable opportunity to improve the statistical power of the resulting data to determine any site-specific effects, which can otherwise be challenging to address for single deployments. This will help to build an understanding for those potential environmental effects that will have an element of site-specificity. The development of models within the SEA Wave project, validated by environmental monitoring and field measurements will enable consideration of how device specific environmental effects and responses might upscale from single devices to arrays. Wave energy devices and their associated infrastructure have the potential to positively affect the environment and enrich the ecosystem, for example through the creation of additional habitat and fishery exclusion zones. These possible benefits of wave energy devices will be investigated as part of the SEA Wave project EDS. The SEA Wave project will carry out coordinated environmental monitoring campaigns around technology deployments planned within the timeline of the project. Monitoring will be delivered by project partners University of Exeter, University of Plymouth and EMEC with guidance from Aquatera and EMEC, the lead partner. The team will work closely with the four developers to carry out the strategic environmental monitoring campaigns set out in this EDS. In addition to the strategic monitoring activity detailed in this EDS, an individual environmental monitoring strategy will be produced for each technology to be deployed within the SEA Wave project timeline. These environmental monitoring strategies will be aligned with and draw on, this overarching EDS to ensure a cohesive, strategic approach which meets the needs of the technology developers (e.g. discharge of licence conditions by contributing to Project Environmental Monitoring Plans) as well as the strategic objectives of the SEA Wave project. The environmental monitoring strategies will sit beneath the EDS, as supplementary Annexes that will be developed in partnership with the technology developers, as project schedules and licensing requirements are confirmed. The environmental monitoring strategies will be reviewed by project partners and (where resources allow) the independent Steering Group to ensure that they meet technology or site-specific monitoring requirements (including discharge of consent conditions), and the needs of the SEA Wave project. This EDS report provides an overview of the key environmental evidence gaps on the potential effects of wave energy deployments on which the SEA Wave project will focus. It describes how the project will reduce uncertainty in these areas to help streamline consenting.","author":["Fox, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEA_Wave_D2.3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074904","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-wave-d52-recommended-techniques-impact-assessment-recommendations-use-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/projects\/ocean-energy-projects\/environmental-monitoring\/sea-wave-strategic-environmental-assessment-of-wave-energy-technologies\/project-deliverables\/","title":"SEA Wave D5.2 Recommended techniques for impact assessment: Recommendations for the use and development of tools and resources for marine energy consenting","description":"This deliverable supports impact assessment and site selection by making clear the role that consenting tools and resources can play in \u2018levelling up\u2019 the knowledge and evidence bases in relation to environmental consenting across the sector. Online consenting tools, data portals and knowledge repositories can be a useful resource for developers, regulators and their consultants across all stages of the consenting process, from site selection and scoping through to the design of post-consent monitoring plans. When used effectively, such online resources can:    help to streamline the consenting process for wave and tidal energy developments;  support developers (and other applicants) and their consultants in preparing up to date, proportionate and fit for purpose reports, information, and data to support licence and consent applications for wave and tidal developments; and,  support decision makers in managing risk and uncertainty regarding key potential environmental effects relevant to wave and tidal developments.","author":["Fox, J."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEA_Wave_D5.2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2074998","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-california-current-ecosystem-survey-cces-2018-pacmapps-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/BOEM_2021-013.pdf","title":"Final Report of the California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES) 2018: A PacMAPPS Study","description":"In the summer and fall of 2018, NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center conducted the California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES). CCES was a line-transect survey for coastal pelagic fisheries stocks, marine mammals (cetaceans), seabirds, and ecosystem data, spanning the entire continental shelf and slope off the US West Coast, from Vancouver Island, Canada, to the California-Mexico border. Additional survey coverage for marine mammals and seabirds (but not fisheries stocks) was obtained off northern Baja California, Mexico, and in offshore areas beyond the continental shelf (out to approximately 200 nautical miles). CCES also included an extensive small-boat effort focused on collecting photo identification and tissue biopsies for large whales (especially humpback whales), and passive acoustic monitoring for deep-diving cetaceans (e.g., beaked whales) that are difficult to survey effectively using traditional visual line-transect survey methods. This report describes the collection, summarization, and analysis of cetacean and, to a lesser extent, seabird data from CCES. CCES was a survey of the Pacific Marine Assessment Partnership for Protected Species (PacMAPPS), a partnership between NOAA, BOEM, and the US Navy. PacMAPPS facilitates the regular collection and analysis of protected species data to service the shared monitoring and assessment requirements of all three agencies throughout the northeastern Pacific. This final report is a compendium of three NOAA Technical Memoranda, each provided as a separate Appendix. Appendix A (Henry et al. 2020) is the CCES cruise report, describing the methods for cetacean and seabird data collection and providing basic data summaries (e.g., maps and quantification of survey effort, numbers and maps of visual sightings for cetaceans and seabirds, number of photographs and biopsy samples). Appendix B (Simonis et al. 2020) provides an in-depth description of the passive acoustic component of CCES. Passive acoustic data were collected using Drifting Acoustic Spar Buoy Recorders (DASBRs). These data require extensive post-survey processing to identify which species were detected and where. Appendix B describes the methods for post-survey data processing and summarizes results in terms of the numbers of detection for deep diving cetaceans and their locations. Appendix C (Becker et al. 2020) presents the spatial density modeling (SDM) analysis based on visual line transect data collected from all California Current surveys conducted from 1991 through CCES 2018. Outputs include density surface maps for all modeled cetacean species and population size estimates for the survey area. Visual line-transect data (cetacean sightings and effort) for all California Current surveys from 1991 through 2018 have been or are in the process of being uploaded to OBIS-SEAMAP (Halpin et al. 2009; https:\/\/seamap.env.duke.edu\/), from where they can be viewed and downloaded by the public. Spatial density surface layers based on survey data collected through 2014 will soon be available through NOAA\u2019s CetMap webpage (https:\/\/cetsound.noaa.gov\/cda-index) and through Density Mapper (https:\/\/seamap.env.duke.edu\/models\/Pacific-GOA\/), a web-based mapping tool developed by Duke University.   Appendices    Appendix A: Cruise Report for the California Current Ecosystem Survey (Henry et al. 2020, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-636)  Appendix B: Detailed Report on the Passive Acoustic Monitoring Component of the California Current Ecosystem Survey for Deep-diving Cetaceans (Simonis et al. 2020, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-630)  Appendix C: Habitat-based Density Estimates for Cetaceans in the California Current Ecosystem Based on 1991\u20132018 Survey Data (Becker et al. 2020, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-638)","author":["Moore, J."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moore_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075010","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-analysis-using-artificial-intelligence-match-photographed-lateral-ridges","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/BOEM-2021-059","title":"Feasibility Analysis: Using Artificial Intelligence to Match Photographed Lateral Ridges of Gray Whales","description":"Wild Me (wildme.org) completed all tasks for BOEM Award 140M0120P0023 and NOAA Award 1305M320PNFFR0479 (collectively the \u201cAI for Gray Whales\u201d project) and is submitting this final report to complete the project. Wild Me evaluated four distinct computer vision approaches to reliably reidentify gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) from lateral photos.  Among the evaluated techniques, the HotSpotter and PIE algorithms provided the most overall matching power with an additive performance of top-1 rank of 70% and top-12 of 92%, depending on their chosen configuration and the selection of test data. All developed and tested machine learning models and ID algorithms evaluated under these awards are now available in Flukebook.org for evaluation and use.","author":["Holmberg, J.","Parham, J.","Blount, A."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Wild Me"],"originationDate":"2021-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Holmberg_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075011","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/update-nrels-2020-offshore-wind-resource-assessment-california-pacific-outer","sourceURL":"","title":"Update on NREL\u0027s 2020 Offshore Wind Resource Assessment for the California Pacific Outer Continental Shelf","description":"This report provides a time-sensitive update to the 20-year wind resource data set (named \u201cCA20\u201d) produced in 2020 by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the Outer Continental Shelf off the coast of California. The findings in this report represent the best information available as of August 31, 2022.   Following the deployment of two floating lidars in the region in late 2020, NREL compared the CA20-modeled wind speeds against the lidar measurements using two different approaches: 1.Comparison of lidar observations against a 1-year extension of the CA20 data set that overlapped with the lidar period of record (October 2020\u2013September 2021). 2.Comparison of the original 20-year CA20 data set against a synthetic, long-term-adjusted lidar data set that matched the CA20 period of record (2000\u20132019), which was obtained by applying the measure-correlate-predict method to the short-term lidar observations and the ERA-5 reanalysis product.","author":["Bodini, N.","Rybchuk, A.","Optis, M.","Musial, W.","Lundquist, J.","Redfern, S.","Draxl, C.","Krishnamurthy, R.","Gaudet, B."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","University of Colorado Boulder","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bodini_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075012","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/chapter-7-long-term-sustainability-ecological-monitoring-perspectives-multi-agency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780323904278000071","title":"Chapter 7 - Long-term sustainability of ecological monitoring: perspectives from the Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network","description":"The Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network (MARINe) is structured around a thoughtfully crafted set of sustainable practices, or culture of care, which includes equal partnership among its members and member organizations and a collaborative decision-making process. MARINe prioritizes the use of rigorous, standardized protocols, maintains a shared central database, and keeps costs low and consistent through a diversified funding approach. Because long-term sustainability was MARINe\u0027s goal from the beginning, every aspect of the program was established to ensure continuity. MARINe\u0027s founders understood the importance of long-term, continuous ecological data, and today this thirty-year-old network is invaluable for informing management decisions and alerting scientists to changing conditions in rocky shore habitats along the Pacific coast of North America.","author":["Gilbane, L.","Ambrose, R.","Burnaford, J.","Helix, M.","Miner, C.","Murray, S.","Sullivan, K.","Whitaker, S."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","University of California Santa Cruz","California State University","National Park Service"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075014","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/satellite-based-lagrangian-model-reveals-how-upwelling-oceanic-circulation-shape-krill","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.835813\/full","title":"Satellite-Based Lagrangian Model Reveals How Upwelling and Oceanic Circulation Shape Krill Hotspots in the California Current System","description":"In the California Current System, wind-driven nutrient supply and primary production, computed from satellite data, provide a synoptic view of how phytoplankton production is coupled to upwelling. In contrast, linking upwelling to zooplankton populations is difficult due to relatively scarce observations and the inherent patchiness of zooplankton. While phytoplankton respond quickly to environmental forcing, zooplankton grow slower and tend to aggregate into mesoscale \u201chotspot\u201d regions spatially decoupled from upwelling centers. To better understand mechanisms controlling the formation of zooplankton hotspots, we use a satellite-based Lagrangian method where variables from a plankton model, forced by wind-driven nutrient supply, are advected by near-surface currents following upwelling events. Modeled zooplankton distribution reproduces published accounts of euphausiid (krill) hotspots, including the location of major hotspots and their interannual variability. This satellite-based modeling tool is used to analyze the variability and drivers of krill hotspots in the California Current System, and to investigate how water masses of different origin and history converge to form predictable biological hotspots. The Lagrangian framework suggests that two conditions are necessary for a hotspot to form: a convergence of coastal water masses, and above average nutrient supply where these water masses originated from. The results highlight the role of upwelling, oceanic circulation, and plankton temporal dynamics in shaping krill mesoscale distribution, seasonal northward propagation, and interannual variability.","author":["Messie, M.","Sancho-Gallegos, D.","Fiechter, J.","Santora, C.","Chavez, F."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","University of California Santa Cruz","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2022-05-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075015","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-signature-reveals-blue-whales-tune-life-history-transitions-oceanographic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2435.14013","title":"Acoustic signature reveals blue whales tune life-history transitions to oceanographic conditions","description":"Matching the timing of life-history transitions with ecosystem phenology is critical for the survival of many species, especially those undertaking long-distance migrations. As a result, whether and how migratory populations adjust timing of life-history transitions in response to environmental variability are important questions in ecology and conservation. Yet the flexibility and drivers of life-history transitions remain largely untested for migratory marine populations, which contend with the unique spatiotemporal dynamics and sensory conditions found in marine ecosystems.  Here, using an acoustic signature of blue whales\u2019 regional population-level transition from foraging to breeding migration, we document significant interannual flexibility in the timing of this life-history transition (spanning roughly 4 months) over a continuous 6-year study period.  We further show that variability in the timing of this transition follows the oceanographic phenology of blue whales\u2019 foraging habitat, with a later transition from foraging to breeding migration occurring in years with an earlier onset, later peak and greater accumulation of biological productivity.  These findings indicate that blue whales delay the transition from foraging to southward migration in years of the highest and most persistent biological productivity, consistent with the hypothesis that this population maximizes energy intake on foraging grounds rather than departing towards breeding grounds as soon as sufficient energy reserves are accumulated.  The use of flexible cues (e.g. foraging conditions and long-distance acoustic signals) in timing a major life-history transition may be key to the persistence of this endangered population facing the pressures of rapid environmental change. Furthermore, these results extend theoretical understanding of the flexibility and drivers of population-level migration to a relatively solitary marine migrant.","author":["Oestreich, W.","Abrahms, B.","Mckenna, M.","Goldbogen, J.","Crowder, L.","Ryan, J."],"organization":["Stanford University","University of Washington","Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oestreich_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075016","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/zooplankton-biogeographic-boundaries-california-current-system-determined","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0235159","title":"Zooplankton biogeographic boundaries in the California Current System as determined from metabarcoding","description":"Within the southern California Current ecosystem there are two well-documented breaks in marine community structure at Point Conception and Punta Eugenia. We explored the presence of similar breaks in a diverse zooplankton community through metabarcoding of mixed net tow tissue samples collected during an expedition from Monterey to Baja California in February of 2012. We recovered a high diversity of species as well as patterns of species presence that align with their previously documented ranges in this region. We found a clear break at Punta Eugenia in overall zooplankton community structure, while Point Conception was weakly linked to changes in community structure. We analyzed this dataset through two parallel bioinformatic pipelines to examine the robustness of these results. Our overall conclusions were consistent across both pipelines, however there were differences in species detection. This study illustrates the utility of metabarcoding analysis on mixed tissue samples for recovering known patterns of diversity, as well as allowing elucidation of broad patterns of community differentiation across many groups of organisms.","author":["Pitz, K.","Guo, J.","Johnson, S.","Campbell, T.","Zhang, H.","Vrijenhoek, R.","Chavez, F.","Geller, J."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","Moss Landing Marine Laboratories"],"originationDate":"2020-06-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pitz_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075017","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-upwelling-drives-ecosystem-temporal-variability-surface-abyssal-seafloor","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/10.1073\/pnas.2214567120","title":"Coastal upwelling drives ecosystem temporal variability from the surface to the abyssal seafloor","description":"Long-term biological time series that monitor ecosystems across the ocean\u2019s full water column are extremely rare. As a result, classic paradigms are yet to be tested. One such paradigm is that variations in coastal upwelling drive changes in marine ecosystems throughout the water column. We examine this hypothesis by using data from three multidecadal time series spanning surface (0 m), midwater (200 to 1,000 m), and benthic (~4,000 m) habitats in the central California Current Upwelling System. Data include microscopic counts of surface plankton, video quantification of midwater animals, and imaging of benthic seafloor invertebrates. Taxon-specific plankton biomass and midwater and benthic animal densities were separately analyzed with principal component analysis. Within each community, the first mode of variability corresponds to most taxa increasing and decreasing over time, capturing seasonal surface blooms and lower-frequency midwater and benthic variability. When compared to local wind-driven upwelling variability, each community correlates to changes in upwelling damped over distinct timescales. This suggests that periods of high upwelling favor increase in organism biomass or density from the surface ocean through the midwater down to the abyssal seafloor. These connections most likely occur directly via changes in primary production and vertical carbon flux, and to a lesser extent indirectly via other oceanic changes. The timescales over which species respond to upwelling are taxon-specific and are likely linked to the longevity of phytoplankton blooms (surface) and of animal life (midwater and benthos), which dictate how long upwelling-driven changes persist within each community.","author":["Messie, M.","Sherlock, R.","Huffard, C.","Pennington, J.","Choy, C.","Michisaki, R.","Gomes, K.","Chavez, F.","Robison, B.","Smith, K."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","Scripps Institution of Oceanography"],"originationDate":"2023-03-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Messie_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075044","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/waterbodies-thermal-energy-based-systems-interactions-marine-environment-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352484723007151","title":"Waterbodies thermal energy based systems interactions with marine environment \u2014 A review","description":"Waterbodies\u2019 thermal energy potential, as a green, renewable, and limitless source of energy, can be exploited in response to the growing energy demands of islands and coastal cities. Up to now, the technologies that have been developed for this purpose include seawater air-conditioning, surface water heat pump, and ocean energy thermal conversion systems or their combinations, which are presented here as Waterbodies Thermal Energy Based Systems (WTEBSs). The growth and development of these technologies raise concerns regarding their potential impacts on sustainability of the marine environment. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the available literature and state-of-the-art technologies describing potential interactions of WTEBSs throughout their life-cycle (i.e. including construction, installation, operation, and decommissioning) with the marine ecology. Modelling of seawater discharge dispersion as one of the main environmental impact concerns regarding the operation of WTEBSs is detailed and scopes for improving existing modelling tools are discussed. Potential destructive impacts of fouling and corrosion in WTEBSs are reported and deterrent recommendations are highlighted. Evidence of growth of bio-fouling inside of pipelines and associated mesh filtration baskets at abstraction pipe intakes are presented. The required permitting applications and licensing processes for installation and operation of WTEBSs by the relevant authorities are summarised. Finally, a summary of the findings from the data monitoring of water quality properties of a seawater air-conditioning pilot study performed at Brixham Laboratory, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom is reported.","author":["Bordbar, A.","Georgoulas, K.","Dai, Y.","Michele, S.","Roberts, F.","Carter, N.","Lee, Y."],"organization":["University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2023-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bordbar-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075129","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nemmo-socio-economic-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nemmo.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/NEMMO_D6.4_Socio-economic.pdf","title":"NEMMO: Socio-economic assessment","description":"NEMMO report: Study on socio-economic impacts of tidal energy  This report presents the results of the socio-economic assessment (SEA) carried out for the NEMMO project. The SEA is a well-established method that has helped in understanding the potential positive and negative socio-economic impacts of the NEMMO project innovations.  For this study, the UNEP\/SETAC guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Product Social Impact Assessment Framework presented in the Handbook for Product Social Impact Assessment (PSIA) have been been followed. According to those well-established methodologies, which follow the standards ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 on environmental LCA, the following phases have been considered:  (1) a goal and scope definition phase, in which the reasons for carrying out the study (goal) and the product system to be studied (scope) have been defined. In addition, at this stage, relevant actors have been identified and a materiality assessment has been conducted in order to determine the relevant social topics by means of questionnaires for the relevant stakeholder groups;  (2) a hotspots identification phase by conducting questionnaires to the relevant stakeholders of the value chain (supply chain, manufacturing and installation). These questionnaires have been developed following the methodology proposed by the PSIA. Stakeholders\u2019 opinion has been fundamental to identify potential social impacts;  (3) an impact assessment phase, in order to evaluate previous responses with the 5-point reference scale included in the PSIA. This has been complemented with a economic assessment of several indicators, with the aim at further analysing the economic implications of the NEMMO project; and  (4) an interpretation phase, in which main outputs have been analysed to help understand the resulting socio-economic impacts related to the implementation of the NEMMO system.  The authors would like to thank the Morlais Anglesey Marine Energy Project for their collaboration in the project and in this report accepting to participate in meetings and answering the questionnaires on a voluntary basis.","author":["Diaz, J.","Bianchi, M.","Sarralde, I."],"organization":["Next Evolution in Materials and Models for Ocean Energy (NEMMO)","Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2023-05-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NEMMO_D6.4_Socio-economic.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075131","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-environmental-effects-social-acceptance-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"","title":"Feasibility, Environmental Effects, and Social Acceptance of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature differential between warm surface ocean water and deep cold ocean water to generate power through a heat exchanger process. Deep ocean water is generally between 2o and 4oC; the temperature differential of 20oC needed for OTEC is found only in tropical waters. In the United States, OTEC is feasible year round only in Hawaii and island territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. In addition to power from OTEC, cold ocean water can be used in place of traditional air conditioning, through a process known as SWAC (seawater air conditioning) that runs cold water through buildings and exchanges the heat, much like a heat pump. The deep OTEC water pumped to the surface may also be advantageous for other uses such as aquaculture. There is no established method of determining potential environmental effects of OTEC and SWAC. In general, the greatest risk to the marine environment from OTEC will be the return of large volumes of deep ocean water to the surface of the ocean where the temperature shock may kill organisms and potentially affect the stability of the water column. The deep cold water can be defused at depth to prevent these effects.  There is little information about potential concerns from local communities where OTEC might be developed. There is a need for a broad education and outreach program to ensure that communities and local officials are well informed of the benefits and risk of OTEC.  Four use cases for developing OTEC are outlined for U.S. waters in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Guam. A simple education and outreach program is also outlined.","author":["Copping, A.","Farr, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2023-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-Farr-2023-OTEC-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075153","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-22-monitoring-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 2.2 Monitoring of Electromagnetic fields","description":"The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on the potential environmental impacts from Wave Energy (WE) projects. In the project scope, Work Package 2 aims to collect, process, analyse, and share environmental data related to four priority areas of research: i) Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), ii) Acoustics (noise), iii) Seafloor integrity, and iv) Fish communities.   The Deliverable 2.1 (Vinagre et al., 2021) represented the first phase for the fulfilment of the objectives above, namely developing the planification of the monitoring plans for each area of research, to be implemented at three marine renewable energy (MRE) test sites where different types of wave energy converters (WECs) are installed: in Portugal, HiWave-5; in Spain, Penguin II; and in France, WAVEGEM.  The aim of Task 2.2 and the present deliverable (D2.2) is to present the main findings from EMF monitoring surveys conducted. At present, none of the WECs considered initially for the EMF surveys could be monitored due to different reasons (delays in the installation of HiWave-5 device in Agu\u00e7adoura, Portugal, unexpected removal of Penguin II due to maintenance and repair operations in BiMEP, Spain, and no connection of WAVEGEM device to the grid in SEMREV, France). Instead, and as a mitigation measure, the EMF generated by a floating wind turbine prototype \u2013 FLOATGEN \u2013 which was operational at one of the test sites (SEMREV) was monitored. Although it is a floating wind technology, aspects such as EMF could be studied around this technology and be comparable to the EMF produced by wave energy devices. This prototype is connected by an umbilical cable to an offshore collection hub which is then connected by an export cable to an onshore substation. Overall, results indicate low power production by the device during the 2-day EMF survey, leading to low EMF values which, according to the literature, should not represent significant impact to marine life.  This report will be updated with the results obtained for the monitoring of the HiWave5 device in Portugal, which should provide further insight on EMF levels generated by WECs. All monitoring results will then be used in Task 3.1 for the modelling of EMF considering greater power production and the installation of large arrays of devices.","author":["Imperadore, A.","Amaral, L.","Tanguy, F.","Gregoire, Y.","Soulard, T.","Le-Bourhis, E.","Vinagre, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","AZTI","RTSYS","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2023-04-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SafeWAVE_D2.2_Monitoring_of_Electromagnetic_fields.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075154","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-52-risk-based-approaches-adaptive-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 5.2 Risk-Based Approaches and Adaptive Management","description":"The development of a Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector is increasingly becoming one of the key low-carbon energy solutions for coastal nations in their drive both to tackle the impacts of a changing climate and to provide energy security in the face of this global challenge. While MRE development has led to significant growth in the design, testing and deployment of novel technologies, the challenge of gaining permissions to test and deploy these installations and the lack of detailed quantitative data as to their impact on the environment has represented a block to progress. While certainty about the impacts of the devices is some way off, there is an opportunity in the meantime to revisit consenting processes in order to determine whether changes to these could help to release this bottleneck.  One potential solution is the use of Adaptive Management (AM), a now widely-used learning-based process, whereby management approaches can be adapted as lessons are learned throughout a project. Using AM, the collection of regular monitoring data both informs any adaptations made and reduces scientific uncertainty in future management decisions. One aspect of AM is the incorporation of a Risk-Based Approaches (RBA), whereby an assessment of risk is used in the decision-making process when managing a project. Risk-based procedures already play an explicit and important role in a number of environmental regulations and associated guidance documents in various countries. It is clear that RBA may also clear the way for more streamlined and timely development of MRE projects, but the practical possibilities around this have not yet been explored. The purpose of this report is to explore the use of RBA further in the MRE space and to review the current state of knowledge around the use of RBA, analyse the different approaches, examine the practical application of RBA and make recommendations as to what work might be required to progress this area.    The report identifies five RBAs that have been developed for practical use in the implementation of different policies globally: The ISO Standards, The Survey Deploy Monitor approach, the Environmental Risk Evaluation System, the Risk Retirement approach and the Ecological Risk Assessment approach.  These five approaches are summarised and the relationships between the approaches are explored. An overview of the legal considerations around the use of RBAs within the EU is also provided. Finally, the practical application of RBAs in Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal are investigated, and some conclusions and recommendations are made to help advance this area of work to allow a fuller understanding of the potential role of RBAs to emerge.","author":["Verling, E.","O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["University College Cork","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Deliverable_5.2_Risk_Based_Approaches_and_Adaptive_Management..pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075155","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-61-gathering-editing-management-relevant-information-identifying","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 6.1 Gathering, Editing and Management of Relevant Information for Identifying Suitable Areas for the Development of Wave Energy Projects","description":"The present deliverable identifies the information and data sources of relevance for the identification of suitable areas for the establishment of WE projects in the European Atlantic region, which considers the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Portugal, Spain, Ireland, France and UK. The aim of the present deliverable is the collation of the most relevant information when identifying suitable areas for the development and deployment of WE projects.  Identified sources of information deals with:    Technical aspects such as wave energy resource, depth, seafloor type distribution, distance to ports and good weather windows. Those factors are of high relevance for the identification of suitable areas in terms of their technical viability.  Legal constraints representing the spatial distribution of areas that could be under different management and legal restrictions that could affect the development or establishment of WE facilities.  Environmental aspects for the consideration of the potential ecological risk that the establishment or development of WE facilities may have.  Maritime activities and uses that potentially could conflict or pose limitations to the development or establishment of marine WE facilities.   It should be noted that the process of generation of relevant information for site suitability will be a continuous process throughout the SafeWAVE project, and that the information sources that we have identified at this stage, should be considered as the starting point in the analysis of identification of suitable areas for the development suitability maps.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Mandiola, G.","Pouso, S.","de Santiago, I.","Garnier, R."],"organization":["AZTI","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SafeWave_Deliverable-6.1-Gathering-editing-and-management-of-relevant-information-for-identifying-suitable-areas-for-the-development-of-wave-energy-projects.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075156","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-71-societal-response-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 7.1 Societal Response to Wave Energy","description":"Despite the clear benefits of marine renewable energies (MRE), opposition has often been posed to MRE development projects. This opposition has hindered and even slowed down the process to Europe\u00b4s energy transition towards clean energies. Wave energy is, with a bit more than two decades of modern history, at an early stage of development. So far, there is only one wave energy production farm (i.e., Mutriku (Spain)) operating in Europe. Other developments are still in the pilot\/prototype phase. This deliverable aims to understand current\/potential opposition that wave energy developments may receive in future, especially when expanding this source of energy. To this aim and through \u201cTask 7.1. Societal response to wave energy\u201d, different sources of information (both scientific and social media) have been explored placing special emphasis to content communicated, communicators and target audiences. Outputs of this research indicate that to date, opposition to wave energy is rather limited. It primarily derives from affection on i) existing uses, as they may conflict with wave energy developments, ii) local communities (especially, fishermen), for which the benefits are unclear, and iii) the environment, being the affection on specific ecosystem components not fully known. Despite much of the wave energy information available on the media is produced and communicated by scientists and engineers (which should be considered a reliable source of information and therefore, should not raise concerns), most of the content communicated focus on the drivers, the technological developments and human benefits (supply of energy demand and reduction of CO2 emissions). Little information is available on the potential negative impacts of wave energy projects on the environment, which may raise alarms. Furthermore, the target audiences of the different media sources vary between channels; YouTube, Facebook and Google have a wider audience than Twitter, which may seek a more \u00ab professional \u00bb audience. A holistic communication approach to wave energies, where it is clear to the audience the drivers and human benefits, but also the social, environmental and economic impacts, as well as the alternatives, may help society to be ocean energy literate and provide this society with tools to better balance the different energy alternatives and reduce potential opposition. Successful solutions and new ones arising from this project are compiled in this deliverable to guide wave energy developments in the future.","author":["Uyarra, M.","Menchaca, I.","Pouso, S.","Bald, J.","Zubiate, L.","Marina, D.","Le Bouhris, E.","Soulard, T.","Jamet, S.","Dunphy, N.","Gon\u00e7alves, J.","Cruz, E."],"organization":["AZTI","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","University College Cork","WavEC Offshore Renewables","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SafeWave_Deliverable-7.1-Societal-response-to-marine-renewable-energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075157","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-23-acoustic-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/wese#state=eyJpZCI6IjMzZGU0ODgyLTZhYTEtNDljNy1hZmIwLTliMmQxYjhlNzAzYiIsInRzIjoxNjk0MDIzNTIwLCJtZXRob2QiOiJyZWRpcmVjdEludGVyYWN0aW9uIn0=\u0026client_info=eyJ1aWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWItYjJjXzFfc2lnbnVwX3NpZ25pbiIsInV0aWQiOiI5ZWFmYTRlYi01YTdlLTRkMmUtOGExYy01ZWU2OWUyNjA2NzIifQ\u0026id_token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ilg1ZVhrNHh5b2pORnVtMWtsMll0djhkbE5QNC1jNTdkTzZRR1RWQndhTmsiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.K2iOyxRtHN8C5_rDxfeo_dnRNW_UF3N9FV_p8A86Zx7ivZ58TE3fh3kTYJXi7hZS1tKxyPR3CjUZsXl22BnOJZyHNWACAKUcneTKDnWolIVHs4KzCq9NjzrIeYn1XGbPMg2OWl936NVveIRYW1o8_1IjtTZeJG4qsfMbDnELYAU9NBJnjV-CdQqhaLNx7mmVjmpzbsaeoT0LGzw46EJqJ5d8wqaSPXtPmcTI0GaKCJGJy_QJTxGuWxgWmYQhnWH_DY2zMU1cUCvSQpJpLf4NPhCGZKMb5Am4OhohWiyasNHNtvhdd6sVcgjjJ8c536GO5ixoYmeT1mVHYZ5NHBXOOQ","title":"WESE Deliverable 2.3 Acoustic Monitoring","description":"In the WESE project scope, Work Package 2 aims to collect, process, analyse and share environmental data collected in sites where Wave Energy Converters (WEC) are operating in real sea conditions in Spanish and Portuguese coastal waters, representing different types of technology, sites and, therefore, types of marine environment (onshore, nearshore and offshore) that can potentially be affected by wave energy projects: (i) Idom-Oceantec MARMOK-A-5, installed in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) in Spain; (ii) Mutriku Wave Power Plant, in operation in the Mutriku (Spain); and (iii) WaveRoller (AW-Energy), installed in Peniche (Portugal).  This specific deliverable presents the results of the task 2.3, that is, the reports of the acoustic monitorization campaigns and, most significant, the characterization of the wave energy converters through analysis of the acquired data by the monitorization plans designed in deliverable D2.1. To this end, acoustic signal processing techniques were applied to the raw audio data gathered from the monitoring campaigns, and mean sound pressure levels were obtained for all third octave frequency bands between 10 and 1000 Hz, taking into account sea state conditions.  In general, the contribution of the devices operation to the ambient soundscape is not very significative. Starting with the MARMOK-A-5 device, the most significative contribution to its surrounding soundscape appears between 40 and 120 Hz, with increments of 14 dB re ?Pa (??\u0026lt;1 m), 13 dB re ?Pa (1 ?\u2264??\u0026lt;2 ?) and 6 dB  re ?Pa (??\u0026gt;2 m), even though the variability is relevant. Another sources of noise, most relevant with high wave heights, are the mooring chains, which can be perceived at frequencies beyond 2500 Hz, with SPL values approximately ranging from 90 (for lower wave heights) to 105 (higher wave heights) dB re 1 \u03bcPa. It should be noted that this metrics have been calculated at a distance of 90 meters away from the converter.  Following with the Mutriku Power Plant, there is no clear indication of an increase in the sound pressure levels when the plant is operating, at least at a distance of 1000 meters away from the central. As it corresponds to a shallow water environment, the lower frequencies are shown to be filtered out, therefore being the higher frequencies those with more acoustic energy. In any case, the higher difference (between background noise and the sound with the plant working) of sound pressure levels is just about 5 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, at 80 Hz, below typical deviations.","author":["Felis, I.","Navarro, E.","Alvarez-Castellanos, R.","Bald, J.","Uriarte, A.","Cruz, E."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2020-11-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:01:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WESE_Deliverable_2.3_Acoustic_Monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075158","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-24-monitoring-seafloor-integrity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/wese#state=eyJpZCI6IjMzZGU0ODgyLTZhYTEtNDljNy1hZmIwLTliMmQxYjhlNzAzYiIsInRzIjoxNjk0MDIzNTIwLCJtZXRob2QiOiJyZWRpcmVjdEludGVyYWN0aW9uIn0=\u0026client_info=eyJ1aWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWItYjJjXzFfc2lnbnVwX3NpZ25pbiIsInV0aWQiOiI5ZWFmYTRlYi01YTdlLTRkMmUtOGExYy01ZWU2OWUyNjA2NzIifQ\u0026id_token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ilg1ZVhrNHh5b2pORnVtMWtsMll0djhkbE5QNC1jNTdkTzZRR1RWQndhTmsiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.eyJ2ZXIiOiIxLjAiLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL21hcmVuZGF0YS5iMmNsb2dpbi5jb20vOWVhZmE0ZWItNWE3ZS00ZDJlLThhMWMtNWVlNjllMjYwNjcyL3YyLjAvIiwic3ViIjoiZDVlMmEzZjQtNWVkZS00Yzg4LWI2MDEtMDFmYTBiNWJjMzFiIiwiYXVkIjoiNzI5ZjUzZTctY2IwNy00NWY3LWFhYzQtYTFkMmMzNThiYzM4IiwiZXhwIjoxNjk0MDI3MTI3LCJub25jZSI6ImNjMTA4Y2FjLWZjODEtNDI4MS1iN2JkLTZkZWVhNmFhMTY5MCIsImlhdCI6MTY5NDAyMzUyNywiYXV0aF90aW1lIjoxNjk0MDIzNTI3LCJvaWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWIiLCJ0ZnAiOiJCMkNfMV9TaWduVXBfU2lnbkluIiwibmJmIjoxNjk0MDIzNTI3fQ.K2iOyxRtHN8C5_rDxfeo_dnRNW_UF3N9FV_p8A86Zx7ivZ58TE3fh3kTYJXi7hZS1tKxyPR3CjUZsXl22BnOJZyHNWACAKUcneTKDnWolIVHs4KzCq9NjzrIeYn1XGbPMg2OWl936NVveIRYW1o8_1IjtTZeJG4qsfMbDnELYAU9NBJnjV-CdQqhaLNx7mmVjmpzbsaeoT0LGzw46EJqJ5d8wqaSPXtPmcTI0GaKCJGJy_QJTxGuWxgWmYQhnWH_DY2zMU1cUCvSQpJpLf4NPhCGZKMb5Am4OhohWiyasNHNtvhdd6sVcgjjJ8c536GO5ixoYmeT1mVHYZ5NHBXOOQ","title":"WESE Deliverable 2.4 Monitoring of Seafloor Integrity","description":"As summarized in the Deliverable 2.1 (Vinagre et al., 2019)1, the Work Package 2 of the WESE project aims to collect, process, analyse and share the environmental data in three areas affected by different types of wave energy projects, i.e.: (1) oscillating water column device deployed offshore \u2013 MARMOK-A-5 developed by IDOM \u2013 in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform test site (BiMEP) located in Armintza (Spain); (2) oscillating wave surge converter deployed nearshore \u2013 WaveRoller developed by AWEnergy \u2013 in Peniche (Portugal); and (3) water turbine converter deployed onshore \u2013 Mutriku Wave Power Plant \u2013 in Mutriku (Spain).  The Deliverable 2.1 represented the first phase for the fulfilment of the objectives above, which is the planification of the monitoring plans for noise, electromagnetic fields (EMF) and seafloor integrity for the projects mentioned.  The Deliverables 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 are focused on the results obtained from the monitoring plans executed for EMF, noise, and seafloor integrity, respectively. For the particular case of seafloor integrity, it should be noticed that, from the devices above, the Mutriku Wave Power Plant operates in a breakwater, on artificial substrata, whereas both MARMOK-A-5 and WaveRoller were installed on natural seafloor. Hence, the main aim of the present Deliverable is to describe the main findings of the environmental effects coming from the latter two devices mentioned.","author":["Muxika, I.","Vinagre, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2020-11-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:02:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WESE_Deliverable_2.4_Monitoring_of_seafloor_integrity.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075159","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-22-monitoring-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/wese#state=eyJpZCI6IjMzZGU0ODgyLTZhYTEtNDljNy1hZmIwLTliMmQxYjhlNzAzYiIsInRzIjoxNjk0MDIzNTIwLCJtZXRob2QiOiJyZWRpcmVjdEludGVyYWN0aW9uIn0=\u0026client_info=eyJ1aWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWItYjJjXzFfc2lnbnVwX3NpZ25pbiIsInV0aWQiOiI5ZWFmYTRlYi01YTdlLTRkMmUtOGExYy01ZWU2OWUyNjA2NzIifQ\u0026id_token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ilg1ZVhrNHh5b2pORnVtMWtsMll0djhkbE5QNC1jNTdkTzZRR1RWQndhTmsiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.K2iOyxRtHN8C5_rDxfeo_dnRNW_UF3N9FV_p8A86Zx7ivZ58TE3fh3kTYJXi7hZS1tKxyPR3CjUZsXl22BnOJZyHNWACAKUcneTKDnWolIVHs4KzCq9NjzrIeYn1XGbPMg2OWl936NVveIRYW1o8_1IjtTZeJG4qsfMbDnELYAU9NBJnjV-CdQqhaLNx7mmVjmpzbsaeoT0LGzw46EJqJ5d8wqaSPXtPmcTI0GaKCJGJy_QJTxGuWxgWmYQhnWH_DY2zMU1cUCvSQpJpLf4NPhCGZKMb5Am4OhohWiyasNHNtvhdd6sVcgjjJ8c536GO5ixoYmeT1mVHYZ5NHBXOOQ","title":"WESE Deliverable 2.2 Monitoring of Electromagnetic fields","description":"As summarized in the Deliverable 2.1 (Vinagre et al., 2019)1, the Work Package 2 of the WESE project aims to collect, process, analyse and share the environmental data in three areas affected by different types of wave energy projects, i.e.: (1) oscillating water column device deployed offshore \u2013 MARMOK-A-5 developed by IDOM \u2013 in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform test site (BiMEP) located in Armintza (Spain); (2) oscillating wave surge converter deployed nearshore \u2013 WaveRoller developed by AWEnergy \u2013 in Peniche (Portugal); and (3) water turbine converter deployed onshore \u2013 Mutriku Wave Power Plant \u2013 in Mutriku (Spain). The Deliverable 2.1 represented the first phase for the fulfilment of the objectives above, which is the planification of the monitoring plans for noise, electromagnetic fields (EMF) and seafloor integrity for the projects mentioned. The Deliverables 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 are focused on the results obtained from the monitoring plans executed for EMF, noise, and seafloor integrity, respectively.    This deliverable D2.2 reports the main findings from the electromagnetic fields (EMF) surveys. For the MARMOK-A-5 device installed at BiMEP, a campaign was performed by MAPPEM Geophysics during the 20th and 21st of May 2019. Overall, no EMF signal could be identified as being originated from the cable. The sea conditions were very calm during the survey, and reports from the WEC operation show the power output from the device was small (our estimates account for less than 6kW), with the low emissions possibly being masked by ambient EMF noise (e.g. swell, vessel generator). For the WaveRoller device installed in Peniche, a sequence of events (sensor calibration, Covid19 restrictions and WaveRoller operational status), did not allow for the survey to be conducted at the time of writing this report. Considering that the WaveRoller returns to operation within the timeline of this project, the survey will be conducted, and this report will be updated accordingly.","author":["Chainho, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-07-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:00:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WESE_Deliverable_2.2_Monitoring_of_Electromagnetic_fields.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075160","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-31-emf-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/wese#state=eyJpZCI6IjMzZGU0ODgyLTZhYTEtNDljNy1hZmIwLTliMmQxYjhlNzAzYiIsInRzIjoxNjk0MDIzNTIwLCJtZXRob2QiOiJyZWRpcmVjdEludGVyYWN0aW9uIn0=\u0026client_info=eyJ1aWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWItYjJjXzFfc2lnbnVwX3NpZ25pbiIsInV0aWQiOiI5ZWFmYTRlYi01YTdlLTRkMmUtOGExYy01ZWU2OWUyNjA2NzIifQ\u0026id_token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ilg1ZVhrNHh5b2pORnVtMWtsMll0djhkbE5QNC1jNTdkTzZRR1RWQndhTmsiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.K2iOyxRtHN8C5_rDxfeo_dnRNW_UF3N9FV_p8A86Zx7ivZ58TE3fh3kTYJXi7hZS1tKxyPR3CjUZsXl22BnOJZyHNWACAKUcneTKDnWolIVHs4KzCq9NjzrIeYn1XGbPMg2OWl936NVveIRYW1o8_1IjtTZeJG4qsfMbDnELYAU9NBJnjV-CdQqhaLNx7mmVjmpzbsaeoT0LGzw46EJqJ5d8wqaSPXtPmcTI0GaKCJGJy_QJTxGuWxgWmYQhnWH_DY2zMU1cUCvSQpJpLf4NPhCGZKMb5Am4OhohWiyasNHNtvhdd6sVcgjjJ8c536GO5ixoYmeT1mVHYZ5NHBXOOQ","title":"WESE Deliverable 3.1 EMF Modelling","description":"The WP3 of the WESE project aimed to develop strategic research to address gaps in knowledge to improve modelling of potential cumulative pressures and environmental impacts of future WE deployments at larger scale. This deliverable reports the works of Task 3.1, aimed to investigate the EMF emitted by subsea power cables.    The main goal of Task 3.1 was to estimate the magnetic and electric field amplitude around the cables serving IDOM and Waveroller devices. The task description mentioned this goal would be achieved making use of commercial EMF modeling software, with the model estimates validated by comparison with the values measured in the field work, as described in EMF monitoring plans established under WP2.    The main goal was achieved, however by slightly different means. During the task development, the team concluded on the possibility of creating an open-source tool capable to estimate the EMF distribution around a three-phase cable design of adjustable dimensions, which would expand the added value to (and beyond of) the WESE project. Thus, while achieving the main goal, this task produced an open-source EMF modelling tool based on Python code and FEMM software. On the validation side, for a number of reasons described in (Paulo Chainho, 2020), it was not possible to gather quality EMF data, thus a comparison study was made with the outcomes of similar modeling studies, that proved high correlation.","author":["Chainho, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:03:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WESE_Deliverable_3.1_EMF_Modelling.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075161","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-32-acoustic-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/wese#state=eyJpZCI6IjMzZGU0ODgyLTZhYTEtNDljNy1hZmIwLTliMmQxYjhlNzAzYiIsInRzIjoxNjk0MDIzNTIwLCJtZXRob2QiOiJyZWRpcmVjdEludGVyYWN0aW9uIn0=\u0026client_info=eyJ1aWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWItYjJjXzFfc2lnbnVwX3NpZ25pbiIsInV0aWQiOiI5ZWFmYTRlYi01YTdlLTRkMmUtOGExYy01ZWU2OWUyNjA2NzIifQ\u0026id_token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ilg1ZVhrNHh5b2pORnVtMWtsMll0djhkbE5QNC1jNTdkTzZRR1RWQndhTmsiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.K2iOyxRtHN8C5_rDxfeo_dnRNW_UF3N9FV_p8A86Zx7ivZ58TE3fh3kTYJXi7hZS1tKxyPR3CjUZsXl22BnOJZyHNWACAKUcneTKDnWolIVHs4KzCq9NjzrIeYn1XGbPMg2OWl936NVveIRYW1o8_1IjtTZeJG4qsfMbDnELYAU9NBJnjV-CdQqhaLNx7mmVjmpzbsaeoT0LGzw46EJqJ5d8wqaSPXtPmcTI0GaKCJGJy_QJTxGuWxgWmYQhnWH_DY2zMU1cUCvSQpJpLf4NPhCGZKMb5Am4OhohWiyasNHNtvhdd6sVcgjjJ8c536GO5ixoYmeT1mVHYZ5NHBXOOQ","title":"WESE Deliverable 3.2 Acoustic Modelling","description":"In the WESE project scope, Work Package 3 aims to model electromagnetic and acoustic fields, as well as marine dynamics, in sites where Wave Energy Converters (WEC) are operating in real sea conditions in Spanish and Portuguese coastal waters, representing different types of technology, sites and, therefore, types of marine environments (onshore, nearshore and offshore) that can potentially be affected by wave energy projects: (i) Idom-Oceantec MARMOK-A-5, installed in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) in Spain; (ii) Mutriku Wave Power Plant, in operation in the Mutriku (Spain); and (iii) WaveRoller (AW-Energy), installed in Peniche (Portugal).  This specific deliverable (3.2) aims to model the underwater acoustic fields radiated by the wave energy converters with the support of the results of the deliverable D2.3. To achieve this goal, a parabolic equation acoustic propagation model with full range dependence in environment variables (bathymetry, temperature, salinity, and seabed substrate elastic parameters) has been implemented for three different frequencies (62.5, 125, and 1000 Hz), several depth levels, ranging from 5 meters to 100 meters, and different sea states (characterized by significant wave height).","author":["Felis, I.","Madrid, E.","Bald, J."],"organization":["Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:03:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/d3.2_acoustic_modelling.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075162","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-43-feasibility-implementation-wave-energy-licensing-based-risk-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/wese#state=eyJpZCI6IjMzZGU0ODgyLTZhYTEtNDljNy1hZmIwLTliMmQxYjhlNzAzYiIsInRzIjoxNjk0MDIzNTIwLCJtZXRob2QiOiJyZWRpcmVjdEludGVyYWN0aW9uIn0=\u0026client_info=eyJ1aWQiOiJkNWUyYTNmNC01ZWRlLTRjODgtYjYwMS0wMWZhMGI1YmMzMWItYjJjXzFfc2lnbnVwX3NpZ25pbiIsInV0aWQiOiI5ZWFmYTRlYi01YTdlLTRkMmUtOGExYy01ZWU2OWUyNjA2NzIifQ\u0026id_token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ilg1ZVhrNHh5b2pORnVtMWtsMll0djhkbE5QNC1jNTdkTzZRR1RWQndhTmsiLCJ0eXAiOiJKV1QifQ.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.K2iOyxRtHN8C5_rDxfeo_dnRNW_UF3N9FV_p8A86Zx7ivZ58TE3fh3kTYJXi7hZS1tKxyPR3CjUZsXl22BnOJZyHNWACAKUcneTKDnWolIVHs4KzCq9NjzrIeYn1XGbPMg2OWl936NVveIRYW1o8_1IjtTZeJG4qsfMbDnELYAU9NBJnjV-CdQqhaLNx7mmVjmpzbsaeoT0LGzw46EJqJ5d8wqaSPXtPmcTI0GaKCJGJy_QJTxGuWxgWmYQhnWH_DY2zMU1cUCvSQpJpLf4NPhCGZKMb5Am4OhohWiyasNHNtvhdd6sVcgjjJ8c536GO5ixoYmeT1mVHYZ5NHBXOOQ","title":"WESE Deliverable 4.3 Feasibility for the implementation of wave energy licensing based on a risk-based approach and adaptive management in Spain and Portugal","description":"Currently, although environmental risks associated with the deployment and operation of single MRE devices are very low, the uncertainties associated with commercial arrays will require investigation as larger arrays are deployed.    A risk-based approach to survey and consenting is an element of Adaptive Management (AM), which in turn is a structured process that enables learning by doing and adapting based on what is learned. This is an important process to implement when environmental impacts uncertainty exists, to better guide monitoring activities towards risks (and impacts) quantification. Building on work carried out for RiCORE project, this report presents an assessment to understand how an effective risk-based approach can be implemented during the licensing process and during the environmental monitoring follow up of a wave energy project in Portugal and Spain. The results of two workshops held with key stakeholders involved in the consenting process in both countries are presented to support this analysis. Outcomes show the implementation of a risk-based approach could be implemented on two levels: in the legal framework and in the licensing and post-installation operational procedures.  Advancing the use of risk-based approaches for MRE will require the development of mechanisms that minimize financial risks for developers, while assuring adequate protection of the marine environment and receptors, which may require investments by governments to gather data that will assist with large-scale planning and management of marine resources. Additionally, the adoption of such approach requires long term commitment and relies on strong relationships and clear communication from all parties.","author":["Apolonia, M.","Cruz, E.","Simas, T.","Menchaca, I.","Uyarra, M.","Bald, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-07-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WESE_Deliverable_4.3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075164","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-noise-monitoring-wave-energy-developments-brochure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/sowfia","title":"SOWFIA Noise Monitoring for Wave Energy Developments Brochure","description":"The ocean is not a \u2018silent world\u2019, particularly near coastlines. Wave breaking, seismic events and marine inhabitants all contribute to background noise.  In recent years, sounds from human activities such as shipping, seismic surveys and seabed drilling have increased the ambient level in certain areas. It is likely that the deployment of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) will introduce new sources of noise into this already \u2018noisy\u2019 underwater environment. Due to ocean marine inhabitants\u2019 dependence on sound, it is important that potential noise impacts from the construction and operation of wave energy farms are better understood.  Consequently, and also as a result of EU and national legislation, comprehensive environmental assessments examining potential impacts associated with WECs should include an assessment of potential underwater noise impacts.","author":["SOWFIA"],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Exeter","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","European Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA)","University College Cork","Uppsala University","Hidromod","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Abengoa Seapower","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2013-08-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA_Brochure_05_Noise_Monitoring.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075165","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sowfia-assessing-environmental-impacts-wave-energy-farms-brochure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marendata.eu\/sowfia","title":"SOWFIA Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Wave Energy Farms Brochure","description":"Wave energy is seen as an innovative and promising technology, which has the potential to contribute significantly to achieving EU renewable energy goals.  The European-funded SOWFIA project aims to facilitate the development of European wide coordinated, unified and streamlined environmental and socio-economic Impact Assessment (IA) tools for offshore wave energy conversion deployments.","author":["SOWFIA"],"organization":["Plymouth University","University of Exeter","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","University College Cork","European Ocean Energy Association (EU-OEA)","Uppsala University","Hidromod","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)","Abengoa Seapower","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2013-08-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOWFIA_Brochure_10_Assessing_the_Environmental_Impacts_of_Wave_Energy_Farms.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075246","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/orbital-marine-power-westray-tidal-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orbitalwestray.com\/","title":"Orbital Marine Power Westray Tidal Array","description":"The Westray Tidal Array Project aims to install around 70 Orbital O2 style tidal turbine devices at Westray Firth, Orkney, with a total generating capacity of 170 MW. To ensure station-keeping, each device will be attached via four mooring lines connected to either rock drilled or gravity anchors and there will be four anchors per device, or anchor sharing if deemed technically achievable following detailed design.   There would be up to five 33 kV electrical export cables. These would pass through the EMEC Fall of Warness tidal demonstration site with the cable landfall and grid connection at EMEC\u2019s onshore connection point.  The Project completed a geophysical survey of approximately 35% of the Westray Firth area in June 2023 and commenced marine wildlife surveys in April 2023 which comprises of boat-based ESAS and marine mammal observations at approximately monthly intervals covering the Westray Firth and Fall of Warness site.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-01-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.161758000000","-2.847379000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 10:26:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075359","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-around-calwave-wave-energy-converter-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/187","title":"Acoustic Characterization around the CalWave Wave Energy Converter","description":"Sound generated by marine energy (ME) installations in the ocean environment remains a particular concern for environmental permitting despite the limited evidence showing low levels of ME sounds relative to other anthropogenic sounds. In an effort to increase understanding of potential environmental effects of marine energy projects and help reduce barriers to marine energy deployments, a new acoustic monitoring technology, the NoiseSpotter\u00ae, was developed and recently demonstrated around CalWave\u2019s operational scaled xWave\u2122 wave energy converter (WEC). The NoiseSpotter\u00ae improves upon traditional acoustic sensing techniques by use of a cost-effective, compact array of acoustic particle velocity sensors that characterizes, classifies, and provides accurate location information for anthropogenic and natural sounds in real time.  Results are presented from co-deployments of NoiseSpotter\u00ae with the operational CalWave WEC that were conducted over a 9-day period in fall 2021 offshore of Scripps Research Pier in San Diego, California, USA. The multi-day deployment of the NoiseSpotter\u00ae at 100 m from the CalWave WEC revealed a rich library of sounds that include:    Low-level (~95 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa relative to an ambient noise floor between 80-90 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa) sounds from the WEC associated with the deliberate actuation of mechanical components,  Sounds from a hovering helicopter,  Marine mammal vocalizations, and,  Small boat engines.   Sound levels from the WEC were placed within the context of ambient sounds, and reveal little deviation from the ambient soundscape. The azimuthal anisotropy of WEC sound was investigated via deployments along four cardinal directions around the WEC. While a noticeable increase was observed along the north-south orientation, the sound levels along all directions still showed little deviation relative to the ambient noise floor. Analysis of low-level WEC sounds in conjunction with exploratory machine learning techniques demonstrate the utility of directional acoustic sensing in distinguishing marine energy sounds from the myriad other sounds in the surrounding ocean environment.","author":["Raghukumar, K.","Heal, K.","Chang, G.","Spada, F."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-05 05:19:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075360","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conditional-probabilistic-encounter-impact-model-fish-turbine-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/214","title":"A Conditional probabilistic encounter-impact model for fish-turbine interactions","description":"Knowledge gaps exist in the collective effort to quantify risks and impacts of fish-turbine interactions. Empirical data and modeling studies have characterized stages of fish approach and pass through hydrokinetic turbines, but there has not been a comprehensive model that quantifies conditional occurrence probabilities of fish approaching and then interacting with a turbine in sequential steps. When calculating conditional probabilities, the probability of each step occurring is, in part, dependent on the occurrence of the previous step in the sequence. We combined acoustic data measurements and when data limited, published probabilities to estimate conditional probabilities of tidal turbine impacts on marine animals. The encounter-impact probability model includes approach, entrainment, and impact phases. The approach phase includes probabilities of entry into a spatial domain and zone of influence, followed by entrainment to the device. Each model component of an encounter includes probabilities of active or passive avoidance. Impacts are defined as fish collisions with a device, blade strikes by a rotating blade, and\/or a collision followed by a blade strike. Probabilities are estimated using acoustic data from surveys in Admiralty Inlet, WA USA for Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) encountering an axial or cross-flow turbine during day or night. Conditional probabilities are additive or multiplicative depending if events are cumulative or sequential. Impact probabilities for collisions and blade strikes are estimated individually and then combined to estimate the probability of overall impacts. Probabilities of occurrence for each model component range from 0.0000242 to 0.40. Impact probabilities for collision followed by a blade strike was lowest with estimates ranging from 0.0000242 to 0.0678. Impact probabilities for blade strike had the highest probabilities ranging from 0.000261 to 0.40. Overall impact probabilities had wide variability from 0.00110 to 0.689. Maximum probabilities occurred in each model component and overall impact probabilities for a cross-flow turbine at night with no active or passive avoidance. Estimates were lowest when probabilities were conditional on sequential events, and when active and passive avoidance was applied for an axial-flow turbine during the day. As expected, conditional probabilities were typically lower than equivalent model component and overall probabilities published in the literature. The encounter-impact conditional probability model can be applied to any marine animal in any environment for any hydrokinetic device. Estimating impact probabilities for Pacific herring in Admiralty Inlet for two device types illustrates utilization of existing data and simultaneously identifies data gaps needed to fully calculate empirical-based probabilities for any specific site-species scenario. As additional monitoring data are collected, accuracy of impact risks due to encounters of marine animals with hydrokinetic devices will increase and be confidently used in establishing regulatory policy.","author":["Peraza, J.","Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075374","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-contribution-safewave-eu-project-future-development-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/303","title":"SafeWAVE The contribution of the SafeWAVE EU project to the future development of ocean energy","description":"The European Atlantic Ocean offers a high potential for marine renewable energy (MRE), which is targeted to be at least 32% of the EU\u2019s gross final consumption by 2030. The European Commission is supporting the development of the ocean energy sector through an array of activities and policies: the Green Deal, the Energy Union, the Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) and the Sustainable Blue Economy Strategy. The nascent status of the MRE sector and Wave Energy (WE) in particular, yields many unknowns about its potential environmental pressures and impacts. Wave Energy Converters\u2019 (WECs) operation in the marine environment is still perceived by regulators and stakeholders as a risky activity. The complexity of MRE licensing processes is also indicated as one of the main barriers to the development of the sector. The lack of clarity of procedures, the varied number of authorities to be consulted and the early stage of Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) implementation are examples of the issues identified that may delay the permitting of the projects. Finally, there is also a need to provide more information on the sector to the general public. Only with an informed society would be possible to carry out fruitful public debates on MRE implementation at the local level. These non-technological barriers that could hinder the future development of WE in EU were addressed by the WESE project funded by EMFF in 2018. The present project builds on the results of the WESE project and aims to move forward through the following specific objectives:    Development of an Environmental Research Demonstration Strategy based on the collection, processing, modelling, analysis and sharing of environmental data collected in WE sites from different European countries where WECs are currently operating (Mutriku power plant and BIMEP in Spain, Agu\u00e7adoura in Portugal and SEMREV in France).  Development of a Consenting and Planning Strategy through providing guidance to ocean energy developers and to public authorities tasked with consenting and licensing of WE projects in France and Ireland; this strategy will build on country-specific licensing guidance and on the application of the MSP decision support tools (i.e. WEC-ERA[1] and VAPEM[2] tools) developed for Spain and Portugal in the framework of the WESE project; the results will complete guidance to ocean energy developers and public authorities for most of the EU countries in the Atlantic Arch.  Development of a Public Education and Engagement Strategy to work collaboratively with coastal communities in France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, to co-develop and demonstrate a framework for education and public engagement (EPE) of MRE enhancing ocean literacy and improving the quality of public debates.   The project will finish in September 2023. In this contribution we present the main outcomes, results and lessons learnt during the project.","author":["Bald, J.","Galparsoro, I.","de Santiago, I.","Menchaca, I.","Uyarra, M.","Pouso, S.","Uriarte, A.","Muxika, I.","Beatriz","Vinagre, P.","Machado, I.","Clementino, L.","Chainho, P.","Gon\u00e7alves, J.","Soulard, T.","Le Bouhris, E.","Madrid, E.","Felis, I.","Verling, E.","Dumphy, N.","Smith, A.","Iglesias, G.","Lennon, B.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Zubiate, L.","Chambel, J.","Bartolomeu, S.","Santos, H.","Villar\u00edn, E.","Troussard, C.","Tanguy, F.","Longeroche, J.","Magaldi, P.","Holm, T."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","University College Cork","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Hidromod","CorPower Ocean","RTSYS","Wello Oy","GEPS Techno"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075375","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-detection-wildlife-proximity-marine-renewable-energy-infrastructure-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/623","title":"Automated detection of wildlife in proximity to marine renewable energy infrastructure using machine learning of underwater imagery","description":"Environmental interactions of marine renewable energy (MRE) projects are challenging to monitor, and key questions remain about their potential impacts. Processing large volumes of environmental data acquired from submarine monitoring and the use of machine learning to identify presence and interactions of marine wildlife with MRE infrastructure are powerful tools for assessing the environmental response to MRE infrastructure. The use of automated image analysis for species identification and enumeration using algorithms like convolutional neural networks can vastly reduce the time required to extract usable data from submarine imagery compared to manual expert processing. We present a novel industry-ready image processing workflow for automated wildlife detection developed using 1000+ hours of underwater video footage obtained by Nova Innovation Ltd. from their operational tidal stream turbine array at Bluemull Sound in Shetland, Scotland. The objective of this work was to develop a workflow and associated algorithms to automatically filter many hours of underwater video, remove unwanted footage, and extract only video containing marine mammals, diving birds or fish. The workflow includes object detection through advanced image analysis, image classification using machine learning, statistical analyses such as quantification of data storage reduction and number of detections, and automated production of a summary report. Blind tests were undertaken on a subset of videos to quantify and iteratively improve the accuracy of the results. The final iteration of the workflow delivered an accuracy of 80% for the identification of marine mammals, diving birds and fish when a three-category (wildlife, algae, and background) classification system was used. The accuracy rose to 95% when a two-category system was used, and objects were classified simply as \u2018target\u2019 or \u2018non-target\u2019. The entire workflow can be run from video inception to production of an automated results report in approximately 30 minutes, dependent on size of input data, when environmental conditions such as water clarity and key species of interest are familiar to the algorithm. The accuracy and runtime speed of the workflow can be improved through expanding the training dataset of images used in the development of this initial tool by including additional species and water conditions. Application of this workflow significantly reduces manual processing and interpretation time, which can be a significant burden on project developers. Automated processing provides a subset for more focused manual scrutiny and analysis, while reducing the overall size of dataset requiring storage. Auto-reporting can be used to provide outputs for marine regulators to meet monitoring reporting conditions of project licences. Integration of this workflow with automated passive acoustic monitoring systems can provide a holistic environmental monitoring approach using both underwater imagery and acoustics.","author":["Love, M.","Vellappally, A.","Roy, P.","Smith, K.","McPherson, G.","Gold, D."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","CGG"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:02:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075376","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/choose-your-own-marine-energy-adventure-game-collision-risk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/221","title":"Choose Your Own Marine Energy Adventure Game: Collision Risk","description":"The risk of collision between marine animals (marine mammals, pelagic fish, and diving seabirds) and underwater turbines continues to be the first question raised by regulators for new tidal or riverine energy projects around the world, and the most significant issue that slows down consenting\/permitting. The challenges to understanding collision risk stem from the difficulty in observing close encounters and interactions of marine animals with a tidal or riverine turbine, which rotates much slower than a hydroelectric turbine or a boat propeller. To better understand this risk, the marine energy community and the general public need to be educated on the processes and various stages involved in collision risk of marine animals with turbines. This project aimed to develop an interactive outreach tool for the marine energy community and the general public, to educate the audience on the low risk of collision by highlighting the different stages of a collision event at various spatial scales and featuring a fish species of concern, the Atlantic salmon. This tool is a three-dimension educational interactive experience, accessible from any web-connected platform, and is hosted on a publicly accessible website. Throughout the experience, the player is presented with various decisions to take as the salmon approaches and interacts with a tidal turbine. At each step along the way, the player is provided with bite-size scientific information and weblinks to deepen their understanding of the topic. This short but efficient tool with expert messages is a \u0022hands-on\u0022 experience for the players, where they are the animals and make the decisions leading up, or not, to collisions. The outcomes of this project will support broad outreach and education goals in order to reduce barriers to consenting\/permitting for future deployment of tidal and riverine turbines.  Visit the Collision Risk Video Game","author":["Hemery, L.","DeGuia, B.","Pratt, M.","Tebbs, C.","Cramer, N.","Garavelli, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075377","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurements-wake-floating-tidal-energy-platform","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/284","title":"Measurements of the wake from a floating tidal energy platform","description":"Wake measurements are critical for quantifying the hydrodynamic impacts of turbine presence and tidal energy extraction on the tidal flow. Turbine wakes are typically assessed using numerical models and controlled laboratory experiments, with only a few field studies available for the wakes of full-scale operating tidal turbines.     In this investigation we present field observations of the combined wake generated by the four-turbine array mounted onboard Sustainable Marine Energy Canada PLAT-I 4.63. Measurements were conducted downstream of the platform in Grand Passage, a tidal channel in the southwest of the Bay of Fundy in eastern Canada in October 2020. Velocity data were obtained by a suite of mobile Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP), both vessel-mounted and free-drifting. Data were collected during ebb and flood tides (and therefore with time-varying inflow velocity), and under different turbine operating conditions. The collected data were organized according to the turbine inflow velocity for ebb and flood tide. For each tide, the wake and undisturbed flow regions to the sides of the wake were identified. Vertical profiles of velocity in the wake were compared to inflow velocity measured by a current-meter onboard PLAT-I and with measurements in the undisturbed flow to the sides of PLAT-I wake.     In all measurements the PLAT-I wake manifests as a reduction in flow speed at the depths spanned by the turbine rotors. The reduction is maximum near the platform for both ebb and flood. For flood, velocity profiles vertically mix less than 5 effective diameters downstream of the array, but velocities remain slower compared to the flow outside of the wake. Flow speed increases downstream, recovering approximately about 20 effective diameters from the platform. For ebb, the velocity reduction persists farther downstream compared to flood, there is less vertical mixing, and the wake shape is still present beyond 10 effective diameters downstream of the platform. Increased turbulence is also observed downstream of the platform, which recovers to levels similar to those of the surrounding undisturbed flow about 10 effective diameters downstream of the turbine for both ebb and flood. Comparisons of results between the two measurements approaches, and between the wake of clean and bio-fouled turbines are also explored.","author":["Paris, M.","Hay, A.","Troncoso, B."],"organization":["University of Concepci\u00f3n"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:08:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075378","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/siting-tidal-energy-projects-through-resource-characterization-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/220","title":"Siting tidal energy projects through resource characterization and environmental considerations","description":"The development of tidal energy technologies has progressed to where devices can be deployed, operated, maintained, and recovered with some level of assurance that they will and produce adequate levels of power. Equally important to further the tidal energy industry is the ability to site and gain regulatory permission to deploy and operate these devices. This paper sets out a framework for reaching preliminary siting of tidal devices, drawing from case studies from three locations in the US where research studies have provided information in support of tidal deployments.  Through the TEAMER funding opportunity in the US, tidal energy device and project developers were able to engage US Department of Energy national laboratory scientists and engineers to provide technical assistance for investigating potential tidal deployment sites within US waters. The bodies of water of interest had already been determined by the proponents at the start of the project and constraints and opportunities within those bodies of water were examined to optimize siting capabilities for the developers. Using numerical models and field observations, we characterized tidal resources at a scale that will allow for optimization of energy extraction. We examined the natural and human infrastructure constraints for deploying and operating tidal devices and arrays including channel widths, bathymetry, vessel traffic, ferry lanes, and grid interconnects, in order to narrow siting options. We also examined the biological resources in the water bodies of interest, with a focus on populations of endangered marine mammals and fish, and the critical habitats that support them. The biological resources were then related to the applicable regulatory requirements in place in US for federal and state statutes in areas where the tidal applicants wish to deploy. Based on these analyses, preferred deployment locations were delineated and processes for meeting regulatory requirements laid out, including post-installation monitoring plans that will be needed. This initial assessment of logistical, regulatory, and environmental conditions for the deployment of a tidal technology is a first step toward the achievement of regulatory compliance for tidal energy projects.  Three locations were considered for tidal energy development in the US. The first one included the area around an archipelago of islands in the northern portion of Washington State, near the US-Canada border, with the intent of installing one or more floating tidal devices to add energy resilience and independence for the single utility that services the isolated islands. The second location was in the coastal waters of Maine where tidal power would be added to the local electrical grid. The third location was in Cook Inlet, Alaska, where the applicant seeks to deploy multiple floating tidal devices to provide renewable energy in place of conventionally generated power for the city of Anchorage.","author":["Copping, A.","Garavelli, L.","Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Deb, M.","Briggs, C."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075379","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/itsasdrone-autonomous-marine-surface-drone-fish-monitoring-around-wave-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/326","title":"ITSASDRONE, an autonomous marine surface drone for fish monitoring around wave energy devices","description":"The ocean energy development is one of the main pillars of the EU Blue Growth strategy. However, while the technological development of devices is growing fast, their potential environmental effects are not well-known. The nascent status of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector and Wave Energy (WE) in particular, yields many unknowns about its potential environmental pressures and impacts, some of them still far from being completely understood. Wave Energy Converters\u2019 (WECs) operation in the marine environment is still perceived by regulators and stakeholders as a risky activity, particularly for some groups of species and habitats. The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on these impacts trough an Environmental Research Demonstration Strategy based on the collection, processing, modelling, analysis and sharing of environmental data collected in WE sites from different European countries where WECs are currently operating (Mutriku power plant and BIMEP in Spain, Agu\u00e7adoura in Portugal and SEMREV in France) representing different types of technology, different types of locations and different types of project scales, therefore, different types and\/or magnitudes of environmental impacts. As part of SafeWAVE project, environmental monitoring plans relative to electromagnetic fields, acoustics (noise), seafloor integrity and fish communities need to be put in place. In the case of fish communities, generally speaking, any artefact located in the sea may cause an attraction effect on fish communities, especially if it is floating. In the case of Marine Renewable Energy Devices, during the operation phase, in general, the placement of any artefact in the sea can result in an attracting effect on fish communities, especially if it is floating. In order to study this possible effect, fish communities monitoring around the Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO-Oy localized in BiMEP test site with the ITSASDRONE surface drone developed by AZTI was planned. The study was designed to carry out the tunning and conditioning of the ITSASDRONE and to discover the associations between WECs and fish aggregations. Penguin WEC-2 of WELLO was removed from BiMEP test site due to an alarm of leakage. Consequently, we decided to carry out the monitoring work around the HarshLab, a floating laboratory device constructed by Tecnalia and localized also in BiMEP test site. The study allows us to validate the ITSASDRONE as a viable autonomous vehicle for fish school monitoring. It still needs some technological improvement related to navigation system, but in general, the ITSADRONE meets the objectives for which it was conceived and could be an excellent monitoring technique due to its capacity to work remotely and in near shore areas. Schools of unidentified small pelagic fish were observed distributed throughout the water column, predominantly near the bottom in the device area. But, future studies are needed to further explore the association between WECs and fish aggregations. The aim of this communication is to show the work done by an autonomous marine surface drone, ITSASDRONE, in relation to fish monitoring in BiMEP area.","author":["Uriarte, A.","Boyra, G.","Ferarios, J.","Gabi\u00f1a, G.","Lasa, J.","Quincoces, I.","Beatriz, S.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075380","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/empowering-communities-participate-marine-energy-planning-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/281","title":"Empowering Communities to Participate in Marine Energy Planning and Development","description":"To meet community priorities and equitable outcomes, marine renewable energy (MRE) projects, such as those for marine energy and offshore wind, require informed and collaborative marine spatial planning (MSP) to overcome significant cultural, societal, and economic barriers that may limit responsible and accelerated deployment. Effective MSP brings together coastal communities and ocean users to coordinate decision-making for sustainable use of marine resources. The goal of this project is to develop digital tools to enable easy access to information, interactive visualization tools, and feedback mechanisms to empower communities to engage in meaningful communications with other stakeholders in the MSP process.  In collaboration with community organization partners, the Santa Barbara Maritime Museum and Redwood Community Action Agency, we held community-based workshops to solicit needs for communities to gain knowledge and communicate concerns about MRE development. The key results from initial outreach activities are:    The MRE planning process must incorporate stakeholder feedback starting in its early stages (as early as siting). Community benefits must be clearly articulated and quantified.  Communities generally distrust offshore energy developers. Communication with regulators and developers together would be useful.  Community members are eager to learn about MRE. Their biggest knowledge gaps are MRE device and array characteristics (size, extent, location) and effects of MRE development on the viewshed, recreational activities, and on wildlife.  There is too much information available over disparate sources. Community members do not know where or how to search for answers to questions about MRE development in their communities (or elsewhere).  Community members want to hit the \u2018Easy Button\u2019. Data need to be digestible and tools need to be easy to use with little technical knowledge or experience necessary.   Outreach activities guided the development of the following digital tools:    Interactive infographics to communicate topics of concern (e.g., viewshed impacts and potential interactions with whales) in a visually engaging and interative platform.  News feed relevant to MRE to quickly digest headlines and read articles in greater detail, sort articles by topic, and react to articles or other comments.  Artificial intelligence (AI) driven chat bot, which uses the latest in AI, namely GPT-3 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3), to produce real-time answers to user questions. Answers are logged, and can be reviewed and revised by marine energy experts to provide human vetting of the results.  Commenting system to provide feedback on information throughout the site, as well as the tools themselves.   These tools will empower communities with information and feedback mechanisms to promote meaningful stakeholder engagement and communications, and therefore, informed decision-making. These tools represent a major leap forward in ocean multi-use management with MRE.","author":["Chang, G.","Best, B.","Kramer, S."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","EcoQuants"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075381","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-effect-onshore-offshore-wave-energy-converters-seafloor-integrity-combining","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/374","title":"Assessing the effect of onshore and offshore Wave Energy Converters on seafloor integrity combining image-based and acoustic methods","description":"The European Atlantic Ocean offers great opportunities for the development of projects for renewable energy extraction, and the Marine Renewable Energy sector is developing different technologies for energy converters, including Wave Energy Converters. Besides, the European Commission is adopting measures and politics to increase the installed capacity of ocean energy. However, there are still uncertainties on the potential environmental effects of wave energy converters, which led regulators and stakeholders to perceive their operation as a risky activity.  To overcome the non-technological barriers that could hinder the development of marine renewable energies, and improve the knowledge on the impacts on the seafloor integrity (among others), SafeWAVE project set an Environmental Research Demonstration Strategy based on the collection, processing, modelling, analysis and sharing of environmental data collected in Agu\u00e7adoura (Portugal), Armintza (Spain) and Le Croisic (France) representing different types of technology, locations and project scales.  Video recordings were carried out, using Remotely Operated Vehicles, to identify the environmental impacts of the moorings on the seafloor morphology. That information was completed by side scan sonar campaigns using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle.  The video recordings were useful also to assess the attraction effect of the moorings to epibenthic invertebrates and fishes, whereas the side scan sonar provided quantitative information on the area affected by physical alteration (\u0026lt;1% of the total area occupied by the devices at Armintza and Le Croisic).","author":["Muxika, I.","Vinagre, P.","Le Bouhris, E.","Villar\u00edn, E.","Tanguy, F.","Niclot, C.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075382","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-spacing-between-two-hydrokinetic-turbines-bedforms-numerical-simulations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/554","title":"Effects of the spacing between two hydrokinetic turbines on the bedforms by numerical simulations","description":"Accelerating hydrokinetic renewable energy development towards endurance requires investigating interactions between the hydrokinetic turbine and its surrounding physical environment. Interactions between hydrokinetic turbines (HT) and mobile sediment bed are considered as a critical area of assessment, however limited research studies have been published to address this issue. Hill et al. (2015) have shown experimentally that the presence of either single or multiple turbines and the rotation of the blades affect the bed morphology. Musa et al. (2019) have investigated experimentally the local effect of streamwise aligned turbines on the bedload, they found as a result that the geomorphic effects are stronger with increasing shear stress due to the presence of the rotors, inducing an alternating scour-deposition phenomenon. Chen et al. (2017) have investigated the influence of rotor blade tip clearance (distance between blades and seabed) on the scour rate of pile-supported horizontal axis current turbine. The results suggest that the decrease in tip clearance increases the scour depth, hence more sediment transport. Recently, Khaled et al. (2021) have studied the impact of hydrokinetic turbine on erodible sand banks, they showed numerically a significant interaction between the confinement of the turbine and its impact on the near bottom.     In the present issue, we study the impact of two interacted turbines on the near bedform morphology. A modelling framework is derived to predict the significant transport induced by the turbines, such as the Euler-Euler (EE) multiphase model for sediment transport and the Blade Element Method (BEM) to model the forces generated by the turbines, using the open source platform OpenFOAM and the library SedFoam (Chauchat et al. 2017). A phase of validation is presented for the combined model (EE and BEM) using experimental results of Hill et al. (2015). The present study consists in considering one sediment class, sand of diameter of 0.25 mm, and two horizontal axis turbines with an axial flow direction corresponding to the riverine case. The approach is configured with four different axial inter-turbines distances. The wake distribution behind the second turbine is altered by the wake of the upstream turbine in all configurations (fig. 2). This interaction promotes the erosion under the turbines and the deposition along the axis of the turbines in the wake due to relation between the dynamics of ripples generation and the wake effects of turbines (fig. 3)","author":["Khaled, F.","Guillou, S.","Hadri, F.","Mear, Y."],"organization":["Normandie Universit\u00e9","University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN)","University of Versailles"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075383","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-impact-assessment-wave-energy-converter-northern-atlantic-spain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/675","title":"Underwater noise impact assessment of a wave energy converter in the northern Atlantic (Spain)","description":"As most nations around the world commit to decarbonize their economies, the electrification of many sectors is an ongoing trend that will only strengthen in the next years. The energy demands for this transition are considerable, and renewable energies are being pushed to substitute fossil-fuel technologies with great urge. While marine renewable energy (MRE) is still not as developed as wind, hydraulic or photovoltaic energies, it constitutes a promising and mostly untapped resource. MRE may complement quite well the production curves of both wind and solar power, and can provide non-fossil energy to coastal populations, or those located in islands where land is precious, so its development is important to many countries, given that most of the population is located near the coast. Even though MRE does not produce CO2 emissions, their possible impacts on the marine environment are already well theorized, such as encounters with moorings\/cables, collisions, underwater pollution (among others) there are still uncertainties in the actual impacts of real WECs on their surrounding ecosystem. This is one of the reasons behind the European research project SafeWAVE - Streamlining the assessment of environmental effects of wave energy (2020-2023), - as well as its predecessor WESE \u2013 Wave Energy in Southern Europe (2018-2021)-, which is dedicated to research on the non-technological barriers to the development of the wave energy sector. A fundamental work package of SafeWAVE is the monitoring and modelling of possible relevant impacts of wave energy converters (WEC), including electromagnetic fields, underwater noise, or seabed integrity, using as test cases four different WECs deployed in corresponding test sites, located in Basque Country (Spain), Nantes (France) and Agu\u00e7adoura (Portugal). The aim of the present work is to report the results obtained from monitoring, processing, and modelling of underwater noise around one of the wave energy converters (WEC) studied in the context of this project. The monitoring activities consisted of two campaigns, one before and during installation of the device, and another one during its operation and eventual decommissioning. Each one covered a duration of about 45 days, using one and three moored hydrophones surrounding the WEC, respectively. Acquired data was processed and analysed to obtain Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) in 1\/3 octave bands ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz for different sea states, operational status, and activity (deployment, decommission, etc.). Lastly, underwater transmission losses were modelled using a full range dependent computational model allowing to assess the extent of acoustic disturbance that could be caused by the WEC, and furthermore, by a hypothetical array of several WECs. Initial results evidence differences between the SPL distributions before and after the deployment of moorings, as well as during operation (with respect to background levels), at the location of the hydrophones.","author":["Madrid, E.","Felis, I.","Garcia, J.","Clementino, L.","Ruiz Molina, P.","Vinagre, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico Naval y del Mar","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075384","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-wave-energy-device-liftwec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pureportal.strath.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-of-a-lift-based-wave-energy-converter","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of a wave energy device \u2013 LiftWEC","description":"The need to move towards a low-carbon economy has brought about the emergence of various renewable energy sectors, including Marine Renewable Energy (MRE). However, after many years of research and development, the MRE industry still faces challenges in achieving commercial viability, especially regarding wave energy. Whilst it remains possible that successful wave energy technologies exist in the traditional research trend, it is also appropriate to explore alternatives that produce energy by different approaches. Wave-induced lift force devices may be the possibility to move beyond traditional wave energy technologies using diffraction and\/or buoyancy forces. In this context arises the LiftWEC, a promising configuration of a lift-based wave energy converter. The LiftWEC device couples with the waves through lift forces generated by two hydrofoils that rotate in a single direction aligned orthogonally to the direction of wave propagation.  To fully evaluate the overall advantages of this new technology, it is necessary to go beyond the techno-economic performance and reliability. While capable of producing electricity from clean sources, MRE devices are not entirely environmentally friendly, since energy is consumed and pollutants are emitted during their various life cycle stages. Accordingly, as the MRE sector expands, it is important to ensure that the technologies prove to be sustainable alternatives in terms of their environmental impact.  Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a widely recognized methodology to evaluate environmental impacts by considering the technology\u2019s performance over its life cycle. This methodology complies with international standards ISO 14040, which specify the general framework, principles, and requirements for conducting and reporting this type of assessment.  A \u201ccradle to grave\u201d LCA assessment was applied to the LiftWEC device to evaluate the potential cumulative environmental impacts of the system, complete from the extraction of raw materials until decommissioning. Each stage was analysed within the defined system boundaries, and data on the energy, materials, emissions, and waste products associated were gathered. To allow comparison with other MRE technologies and traditional means of electricity generation, carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per produced electricity (gCO2eq\/kWh) were calculated for the study.  Since ocean energy is broadly considered to contribute to a low-carbon energy system, special attention was given to the LCA results on the global warming potential (GWP). Besides a set of 18 impact categories, Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) and Carbon and Energy payback time (CPT and EPT, respectively) were also analysed. The CPT and EPT are important indicators that measure the time required to offset the carbon emission and demanded energy, respectively, accounted across all development phases of the device.  This work included the comparison of LCA findings for other MRE devices reported in the literature to validate the viability of the LiftWEC in terms of carbon and energy footprint. In addition, the assessment analysed alternative materials, locations, and recyclability allowing the identification of potential improvement opportunities regarding the reduction of environmental impacts.","author":["Bastos, P.","Devoy-McAuliffe, F.","Arredondo-Galeana, A.","Chozas, J.","Lamont-Kane, P.","Vinagre, P."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","University College Cork","University of Strathclyde","Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075385","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/do-recent-renewable-energy-policy-changes-ireland-satisfy-requirements-nascent-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/154","title":"Do recent renewable energy policy changes in Ireland satisfy the requirements of a nascent wave energy technology development sector?","description":"Regulatory frameworks for European countries are influenced by international and EU policies.  These policies have a direct effect on the renewables sector with European countries as signatories to the Paris Agreement[1]and the European Green Deal[2].  As a result of emissions targets being ratified into national statute books, governments have agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 51% in 2030 and to net zero by 2050, and with recently heightened energy security concerns, renewable energy policies must adapt to keep pace. One country undergoing major changes is Ireland. This study examines the changes to renewables policy in Ireland in general and offshore renewables policy in particular, and whether they are sufficient to enable the country to forge what has the potential to become a vibrant wave energy technology development sector.  This study will compare these policy changes with some of the successful wind energy policy measures implemented in Denmark and with examples set by other international institutions.  This study will examine policy changes in Ireland since the ratification of the Climate Action Act 2021[3] and Marine Area Planning Act 2021[4]. The study will attempt to determine whether the new policies meet the requirements of Ireland\u2019s nascent wave energy industry.  It will look at areas of interest for wave energy technology developers, specifically: climate-related legislation, test facilities, consenting procedures, feed-in tariffs, environmental impact, public support, intellectual property protection and government financial support.  This study will examine examples set by Wave Energy Scotland (WES) and EuropeWave; pre-commercial, government funded procurement models, and ask whether the newly established Maritime Area Regulatory Authority (MARA) which will be responsible for issuing foreshore licences in Ireland, is Ireland\u2019s version of these institutions and how it is likely to differ. Questions will be raised about whether the focus on offshore wind by policy architects helps or hinders wave energy technology development and whether it is possible to balance public concerns with technology development through policy. Finally, it will look at Denmark\u2019s wind energy development and examine which policies contributed most to its enduring success and whether these have been absorbed into new offshore renewables policies in Ireland.  Conclusions will show that many policy requirements that had been formerly lacking have been addressed. It will be shown that the changes have largely come about due to the demand for offshore wind and that wave energy technology developers in Ireland will benefit and lose from this. Further analysis and the passage of time are required to determine whether the new policies are fully enforced by newly formed MARA but that Ireland needs to develop an institution that embraces the new policies.","author":["Barry, C.","Ringwood, J."],"organization":["Maynooth University"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075386","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/can-risk-based-approaches-benefit-future-marine-renewable-energy-deployment-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/306","title":"Can Risk-Based Approaches benefit future Marine Renewable Energy deployment, planning and consenting processes?","description":"The need to harness the vast energy resources of the oceans has led to a significant increase in the design, testing and deployment of novel technologies for Marine Renewable Energy (MRE). However, growth in this area has been slowed in part by several non-technological challenges, among them the ability to gain permissions to test and deploy installations. These consenting processes are often characterised by long bureaucratic procedures (with many authorities involved) and excessive environmental impact assessment studies, resulting in delays and additional costs to developers.  One option which may help to release this block is to adopt a Risk-Based Approach (RBA) to energy consenting, whereby an assessment of risk is used in the decision-making process. The EU-funded SafeWAVE project (www.safewave-project.eu) has focussed on this possibility in France and Ireland, building on the work of an earlier EU-funded project, WESE (https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/project\/Wave-Energy-in-the-Southern-Europe-WESE), in which similar work was undertaken in Spain and Portugal. Here we present some of the findings from these projects, in particular the process to work towards a set of guidance for the use of RBAs in MRE consenting processes.  RBAs have already been used in the context of Marine Spatial Planning and Ecosystem-Based Management and have been found to be useful for interpretation of data from experts, indicators and ecosystem models. Indeed, a number of RBAs have also been developed that are appropriate for Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) consenting processes. A thorough review was undertaken of several recognised RBAs and common components were identified across five of the most useful and relevant of these. From these common components, a \u2018stepwise process\u2019 was formulated, specifically designed to be embedded into MRE consenting systems. This stepwise process has been constructed such that it can be presented to regulatory stakeholders in France and Ireland with a view to determining the feasibility of its implementation. Ultimately the outcome of these discussions will form the basis for the development of a guidance document on risk based, adaptive management consenting processes with recommendations on how the process can be taken forward and utilised by regulators, planners and developers.  While the development of a prescriptive procedure is not feasible (due to the varying nature of the MRE installations devices themselves as well as differing environmental conditions and impacts where devices are deployed), there is scope for providing guidance to assist regulators in taking a robust and holistic risk-based approach. Such a set of guidelines could facilitate a broader understanding and thus the wider use of RBAs, which in turn has the potential to remove one significant barrier to progress in the field.","author":["Verling, E.","Menchaca, I.","Machado, I.","Soulard, T.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075387","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-increased-social-acceptability-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/351","title":"Towards increased social acceptability of marine renewable energy","description":"The development and deployment of novel technologies, including those associated with marine renewable energy, are vital for the ongoing decarbonisation of our energy system. However, technology on its own is not sufficient to realise the energy transition away from fossil fuels. Non-technical barriers \u2013 such as regulatory, economic, environmental or social aspects \u2013 can be a substantial impediment to widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies. One such impediment, is public opposition to specific deployments of renewable energy and\/or indeed to the use of particular technologies. Within the SafeWAVE project, we are cognisant of the importance of good community relations and the need to develop two-way communication with stakeholders to facilitate the successful scaling up of ocean energy device deployments. Accordingly we have worked to co-develop and demonstrate a framework for education and public engagement (EPE), specifically aimed at ocean literacy for communities in France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. This EPE framework aims to go beyond social acceptance, which is often equated to acquiescence to a fait accompli, and is designed to contribute to the development of projects which exhibit inherent social acceptability.  This paper presents the work within SafeWAVE project to develop the EPE framework with input from the communities. The first part of the paper reports on critical review of selected EPE programmes associated with marine energy test sites and infrastructure deployments, with methods adopted in each case analysed, key challenges faced identified, and best practices documented.  Next a framework for public education and engagement is presented, which builds on this review and draws from literature across multiple disciplines \u2013 including sociology, psychology, political science, education.  Finally, leveraging this developed knowledge the collaborative process of deriving tailored EPE programmes on ocean literacy around marine renewables for the four focal communities is outlined and described. These programmes are intended to reach out to, and engage with, local communities, interested stakeholders and the wider public on issues surrounding the deployment of ocean energy devices, including but not limited to: effects on local communities, implications for marine life, potential impacts for water users, etc.  The paper concludes by discussing the experience of developing the bespoke programmes, outlining emergent feedback from trialling of key elements of the programmes, discussing experiences and proffering guidance based on lessons learned.","author":["Dunphy, N.","Lennon, B.","Smith, A.","Uyarra, M.","Gon\u00e7alves, J.","Soulard, T.","Zubiate, L."],"organization":["University College Cork","AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075388","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-mre-advancing-industry-through-broad-outreach-engagement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/362","title":"Environmental Effects of MRE: Advancing the Industry through Broad Outreach and Engagement","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) can benefit from broad outreach and engagement with a wide variety of audiences to raise awareness, address concerns about potential environmental impacts, generate public support, build a future workforce, share progress on research and development, and succeed within the larger blue economy. OES-Environmental is an international initiative of 16 countries that brings together the MRE community to increase understanding of environmental effects of MRE. OES-Environmental has focused on sharing research outcomes and knowledge to broad audiences that are best addressed with a variety of learning formats. Throughout these diverse outreach efforts, several important lessons have been learned. These include the importance of clarifying the main message for each audience and for each resource created; finding the best venue to deliver materials to different audiences; using language, complexity, and context that suits audience requirements and is age-appropriate; utilizing a variety of methods to share messages; and leveraging creative ideas to produce an assortment of engaging, accurate products. Creating materials tailored for specific groups has made outreach efforts more effective and has allowed for the information and findings from OES-Environmental to increase awareness of environmental effects of MRE by reaching new audiences.  Based on OES-Environmental\u2019s 2020 State of the Science Report \u2013 a comprehensive technical report providing the most up-to-date review of scientific information on environmental effects of MRE \u2013 and additional research to date, products have been designed to engage with different audiences, mainly: the MRE community (which includes regulators and advisors, project and device developers, consultants, and researchers); science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students; and the interested public. For the MRE community, a brochure that provides a high-level overview of environmental effects and a series of guidance documents which provide in-depth information to aid application of scientific evidence for consenting have been developed. In addition to these new resources, webinars, workshops, and Tethys \u2013 an online knowledge platform \u2013 have been used to share information and collaborate with the MRE community to advance the state of understanding. For STEM students, an animated MRE video series and a coloring book were created to offer a visual format to learn about environmental interactions with MRE devices and current research. For the interested public, an open-access magazine article and several podcast episodes were developed to expand general understanding of MRE. OES-Environmental also engages the public through ongoing content creation on various social media platforms.  As OES-Environmental continues to synthesize current scientific knowledge around environmental effects of MRE, outreach and engagement will continue to be a focus to ensure important findings are communicated to diverse audiences. Sharing lessons learned by OES-Environmental around outreach and engagement can help other researchers and the MRE community broadly to communicate more effectively and accelerate industry progress.","author":["Freeman, M.","Copping, A.","Rose, D.","Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075414","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scaling-our-understanding-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969723054268","title":"\u0027Scaling up\u0027 our understanding of environmental effects of marine renewable energy development from single devices to large-scale commercial arrays","description":"Global expansion of marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies is needed to help address the impacts of climate change, to ensure a sustainable transition from carbon-based energy sources, and to meet national energy security needs using locally-generated electricity. However, the MRE sector has yet to realize its full potential due to the limited scale of device deployments (i.e., single devices or small demonstration-scale arrays), and is hampered by various factors including uncertainty about environmental effects and how the magnitude of these effects scale with an increasing number of devices. This paper seeks to expand our understanding of the environmental effects of MRE arrays using existing frameworks and through the adaptation and application of cumulative environmental effects terminology to key stressor-receptor interactions. This approach facilitates the development of generalized concepts for the scaling of environmental effects for key stressor-receptor interactions, identifying high priority risks and revealing knowledge gaps that require investigation to aid expansion of the MRE sector. Results suggest that effects of collision risk for an array may be additive, antagonistic, or synergistic, but are likely dependent on array location and configuration. Effects of underwater noise are likely additive as additional devices are deployed in an array, while the effects of electromagnetic fields may be dominant, additive, or antagonistic. Changes to benthic habitats are likely additive, but may be dependent on array configuration and could be antagonistic or synergistic at the ecosystem scale. Effects of displacement, entanglement, and changes to oceanographic systems for arrays are less certain because little information is available about effects at the current scale of MRE development.","author":["Hasselman, D.","Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Fulton, E.","Fox, J.","Gill, A.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","Aquatera Ltd","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2023-12-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hasselman-et-al-2023-Scaling-Up.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075415","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-european-regulatory-framework-deployment-offshore-renewable-energy-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/373629065_Comparison_of_the_European_Regulatory_Framework_for_the_deployment_of_Offshore_Renewable_Energy_Project","title":"A Comparison of the European Regulatory Framework for the deployment of Offshore Renewable Energy Project","description":"The REPower EU Plan has set a minimum of total renewable energy generation capacity of 1,236 GW by 2030. Achieving this target, and emission reductions by 2050, will require the extensive deployment of offshore energy facilities, especially offshore wind (OW) and wave energy converters (WECs). However, an incomplete and sometimes unfavourable regulatory framework still jeopardises the feasibility of both prototypes and large-scale installations. There are, for example, significant differences between the permitting procedures in different Member States and regions. Moreover, following the transposition of the Directive 2014\/89\/EU \u201cestablishing a framework for maritime spatial planning\u201d, important differences pertain to the way environmental and heritage protection is dealt with. An overview of the offshore permitting schemes for offshore wind in ten European counties (Germany, Denmark, Scotland, Sweden, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, and Ireland) is provided, demonstrating a mismatch between the current members\u2019 complex regulations and the future offshore wind targets. Using customised key performance indicators, we describe and assess the extent to which the regulatory frameworks are conducive to installing industrial devices in achieving the country\u2019s 2030 target. Finally, we propose actions to facilitate the installation of OW while ensuring both environmental protection and industry development in the countries under investigation.","author":["Moscoloni, C.","Car\u00e0, C.","Novo, R.","Giglio, E.","Mattiazzo, G."],"organization":["Regio Politecnico di Torino (Royal Turin Polytechnic)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075513","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/informing-development-socioeconomic-data-collection-toolkit-marine-energy-literature","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/397","title":"Informing development of a socioeconomic data collection toolkit for marine energy: a literature review","description":"Marine energy projects have the potential to create significant benefits by stimulating economic growth, improving local infrastructure and services, and providing energy security and resilience. Collecting social and economic data is necessary to anticipate potential benefits or adverse impacts, and to develop and appropriately site marine energy projects that suitably address community needs, incorporate and align with community values, and satisfy consenting requirements. Despite the importance of this information, consistent methodology for social and economic data collection to inform marine energy development is lacking. We review the literature from marine energy, other renewable energy industries, and relevant coastal sectors to identify common metrics, methods, and applicable tools for collecting data on social and economic effects. From this, we synthesize our findings and identify lessons learned that will form the foundations of a methods toolkit and template for data collection. This literature review and the eventual development of the toolkit will enable marine energy projects to identify, avoid, and mitigate potential negative effects at the forefront. By sharing findings from the literature and the lessons learned in the process of creating the toolkit, we hope to continue to advance the marine energy industry in a way that promotes energy equity, ensures environmental justice, and centers community values and needs.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M.","Kaplan, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075514","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-human-centered-design-develop-national-research-landscape-marine-energy-united","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/223","title":"Using human-centered design to develop a national research landscape for marine energy in the United States","description":"In 2021, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the Pacific Ocean Energy Trust a grant to act as the coordinator of a foundational research network, ultimately named the University Marine Energy Research Community (UMERC). The community aims to facilitate connection between U.S. university researchers, industry, and government research laboratories to close common gaps in foundational research that are prohibiting the pathway to commercialization. To achieve this goal, UMERC held a series of workshops to create a Research Landscape (Landscape), which identified current challenges, gaps, research capabilities as well as uncovering additional questions about where the sector is headed. A human-centered design (HCD) approach was used throughout the three-workshop series.   HCD is a problem-solving and design technique that uses human perspective and emotion to develop solutions.  The stages of human centered design include inspiration, ideation, implementation and validation, or testing, in an iterative, or cyclical process that results in ongoing refinement.  HCD is carried out with the acknowledgement that values vary from context to context and are subject to change as people and technologies interact over time (Zachry and Spyridakis).  It is through this approach that we are able to identify the current gaps and challenges and through the HCD approach, we will continue to refine the Landscape as current challenges and gaps are retired and new challenges and gaps arise. This will help account for the fast pace of innovation in the marine energy sector, where human-technology interactions are changing as the technology develops, and there are new entrants into the market.  With the current state of fluidity in technology design and application, what works at one location may not work at another location.  Using HCD methods and sensibilities, workshop participants, including individuals from universities, private sector companies and the national laboratories, we able to bring in their individual perspectives to develop the Landscape.  Through the HCD process, the workshops revealed a set of values, tools, research interests and gaps and challenges. These were synthesized into what is now the current Landscape that can be found on the UMERC website.  The values are themes that should be considered when designing marine energy projects. These include community, innovation and new technologies or applications, education, sustainability, equity, blue economy, and collaboration.  The main challenges were condensed into four categories that include creating markets and a trained workforce, management and logistics, understanding and protecting the environment, and marine energy engineering, research and development. The tools are actions that can be carried out to overcome the main challenges.  Finally, a list of common research areas was identified under each main challenge area.  Following our HCD methodology, our cycle of iteration will soon start again. While the current Landscape serves as a benchmark, the next steps include a series of industry-academic brainstorming sessions, with the aim of creating collaborative projects to address challenges, as well as come up with a list of common technology agnostic challenges, in hopes to push future research funding.","author":["Quinn, S.","Hirsch, S."],"organization":["Pacific Ocean Energy Trust (POET)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-30 09:50:01","signatureProject":["UMERC"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075515","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/floating-wind-wave-energy-technologies-applications-synergies-role-decarbonization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/413","title":"Floating wind and wave energy technologies: applications, synergies and role in decarbonization in Portugal","description":"Floating offshore wind and wave energy are both promising marine renewable energy technologies that are still at an early stage of development. This paper reviews synergies between the two technologies that can be mutually beneficial and facilitate the path to commercial exploitation. The analysis focuses on three different types of combined wave and wind systems: Co-located arrays, hybrid systems and island systems. The decarbonisation potential of co-located systems is discussed. Existing carbon emissions from marine technologies are compared and how synergies can achieve these reductions are explored. A case study is presented to calculate the impact of multi-purpose platforms on the Portuguese energy system. Portugal was chosen because it has an excellent climate for marine resources, deep waters, positive political support for renewable marine energy and previous success in deploying first technology demonstrators for floating wind and wave energy systems.","author":["White, C.","Carrelhas, A.","Gato, L.","Portillo, J.","Candido, J."],"organization":["Universidade de Lisboa","WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075516","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energies-maritime-spatial-planning-different-national-proposals-their","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/325","title":"Marine Renewable Energies and Maritime Spatial Planning: different national proposals for their legal and spatial context","description":"In 2022, the European Commission adopted the REPower EU package which proposes to further increase the 2030 target for renewables from 40 % to 45 % and revise the Renewable Energy Directive to accelerate permitting. Moreover, the European Offshore Renewable Energy Strategy estimates to have an installed capacity of at least 60 GW of offshore wind and at least 1 GW of ocean energy by 2030, reaching 300 GW and 40 GW of installed capacity, respectively, by 2050, which would require less than 3% of the European maritime space.  The marine environment is an ecosystem that supports a set of uses and human activities, contributing to economic and social development. Most of the uses and activities require the use of maritime space, either temporarily or permanently, increasing the potential for conflict with existing and traditional marine uses. The European Directive 2014\/89\/UE establishes a framework for marine spatial planning (MSP) and requires the competent authorities in each Member State to develop national maritime spatial plans, analysing and organizing human activities in marine areas, applying ecosystem-based approach, involving stakeholders, in order to achieve ecological, economic and social objectives. Moreover, this MSP framework not only intends to mitigate possible present and future spatial conflicts but also contemplates the emerging sectors and the most recent technological development in the sea.    In the context of the EU-funded SAFEWave project (https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/), the different National Maritime Spatial Plans in Europe and how the Marine Renewable Energies (MRE) have been considered or integrated in different national plans have been analysed (i.e. Spain, France, Ireland, Portugal and United Kingdom). The outcome of this analysis has identified: (i) the approaches to implementation of MSP plans vary by country and sometimes within countries; (ii) differences in the stakeholder or public involvement in MSP (ii) differences in national MRE targets; (ii) different strategies and priorities for raising the issue of MRE within the national MSP; (iii) for which countries MREs are strategics in their national plans; (iv) conflicts with other uses (i.e. Marine Protected Areas), and mechanisms to solve them; (vi) technical, socio-economic and environmental factors considered for MRE polygons identification in national MSP; (vii) the development of national MSP requires a review of the authorization or concession procedures for the allocation or reservation of areas for MREs.   Ultimately, comparing the integration of national plans for marine renewable energy (MRE) into national marine spatial plans (MSP) can inform and guide management strategies, legislation, and policies to support management actions and efficiently plan future MRE deployments.","author":["Menchaca, I.","Galparsoro, I.","Verling, E.","Machado, I.","LeBourhis, E.","Soulard, T.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2023-09-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:35:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2075906","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-potential-sri-lanka","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/370112340_Ocean_Energy_Potential_in_Sri_Lanka","title":"Ocean Energy Potential in Sri Lanka","description":"Sri Lanka is an island country in the Indian Ocean with roughly 1,340 km-long coastlines. The nation has considerable potential for ocean energy production due to its geographic location. By analyzing the many forms of ocean energy sources accessible, such as wave, tidal, and ocean current energy, this article seeks to offer an overview of the ocean energy potential in Sri Lanka. According to the report, Sri Lanka has enormous potential for developing ocean energy, notably in wave and tidal energy. High upfront expenditures and the absence of supporting laws and regulatory frameworks, however, provide serious obstacles to the sector\u0027s expansion. Nevertheless, the country\u0027s commitment to renewable energy and its efforts to establish a conducive policy environment is expected to facilitate ocean energy development in the coming years.","author":["Nayanaranga, M.","Bandara, K.","Rathnayaka, K."],"organization":["University of Sri Jayewardenepura"],"originationDate":"2023-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nayanaranga_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076014","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/vertical-axis-helical-turbine-development-cozumel-channel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cemieoceano.mx\/","title":"Vertical Axis Helical Turbine Development for the Cozumel Channel","description":"Unlike other parts of the world, Mexico has low ocean current speeds (~1 m\/s). The Cozumel Channel is an example of a site where such turbines could be installed since average current speeds of the Yucat\u00e1n Current yearlong are situated in the range of 0.88-1.04 m\/s. In order to take advantage of the existing conditions at Cozumel, the development of a hydrokinetic turbine became the focus of this CEMIE-Oc\u00e9ano\u2019s project. A vertical axis helical turbine design was selected as the most suitable, owing to its omnidirectional and low current speed operational characteristics.  This project is funded by CEMIE-Oc\u00e9ano (Fondo Sectorial SENER-CONACYT), CONAHCYT, the Newton Funds and MaRINET2.","author":["Rodolfo Silva"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-09-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.555280000000","-86.928950000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Displacement","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076018","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maine-offshore-wind-development-using-coastal-zone-management-act-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu\/mpr\/vol31\/iss1\/2\/","title":"Maine and Offshore Wind Development: Using the Coastal Zone Management Act and Marine Spatial Planning to Influence Projects in Federal Waters","description":"Federal and state governments have developed ambitious goals for offshore wind projects. While Maine wants to take part in this trend, it has passed a moratorium on offshore wind projects in state waters. Considering this ban, pressure to develop offshore wind energy, and potential impacts of such projects on local ecology and habitats, Maine needs to develops a strong voice in offshore wind projects in federal waters. This article looks to Rhode Island to show how Maine can participate in decisions about offshore wind development and compares Maine\u2019s current offshore wind efforts and potential for marine spatial planning to Rhode Island\u2019s. The article also proposes short- and long-term actions to guide Maine\u2019s development of the offshore wind industry in federal waters.","author":["Morrissey, M."],"organization":["University of Maine"],"originationDate":"2022-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.968536300000","-68.564295400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076027","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/validating-tethered-balloon-system-optical-technologies-marine-wildlife-detection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/15\/19\/4709","title":"Validating a Tethered Balloon System and Optical Technologies for Marine Wildlife Detection and Tracking","description":"The interactions between marine wildlife and marine energy devices are not well understood, leading to regulatory delays for device deployments and testing. Technologies that enable marine wildlife observations can help to fill data gaps and reduce uncertainties about animal\u2013device interactions. A validation test conducted in Galveston Bay near La Porte, Texas, in December 2022 used a technology package consisting of a tethered balloon system and three independent sensor systems, including three-band visible, eight-band multispectral, and single-band thermal to detect three marine-mammal-shaped surrogates. The field campaign aimed to provide an initial step to evaluating the use of the TBS and the effectiveness of the sensor suite for marine wildlife observations and detection. From 2 December to 7 December 2022, 6 flights were conducted under varying altitudes and environmental conditions resulting in the collection of 5454 images. A subset of the images was classified and analyzed with two collection criteria including Beaufort wind force scale and TBS altitude to assess a range of observations of a surrogate from near-shore to offshore based on pixel count. The results of this validation test demonstrate the potential for using TBSs and imaging sensors for marine wildlife observations and offer valuable information for further development and application of this technology for marine energy and other blue economy sectors.","author":["Amerson, A.","Gonzalez-Hirshfeld, I.","Dexheimer, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.702100000000","-124.146000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/remotesensing.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076120","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-extraction-modifies-tidal-asymmetry-transport-shallow-well-mixed-estuary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1268348\/full","title":"Tidal energy extraction modifies tidal asymmetry and transport in a shallow, well-mixed estuary","description":"Tidal energy extraction is increasingly being studied as a potential renewable energy resource in estuaries worldwide. Although it is understood that energy extraction via tidal stream turbines can modify currents and transport within estuaries, it is not clear how the underlying nonlinear physical mechanisms dictating tidal hydrodynamics are modulated. This research investigates the influence of a hypothetical tidal stream turbine array on barotropic tidal processes in a shallow, well-mixed system: the Piscataqua River \u2013 Great Bay (PRGB) estuary, using a numerical model. The modeled turbine farm includes 180 turbines which would extract an estimated 44.7 GWh of energy, annually. The tidal hydrodynamic model for the existing condition is validated with in-situ observations of currents and water level before analyzing tidal asymmetry and transport with and without tidal turbines. Results indicate that the tidal turbine array will decrease tidal elevation and current magnitudes system-wide, but generally reduce ebb currents and transport more than flood over most of the estuary footprint, thereby diminishing tidal asymmetry. The smaller asymmetric distortion compared to the no-turbine case is attributed to reductions in the storage volume of water over the estuary\u2019s extensive tidal flat regions between low and high waters which decreases the associated nonlinear intertidal storage mechanism up to 25%. This leads to weakened ebb dominance over estuary sections from the mouth to mid-reaches, where depths are deep enough to keep the combined nonlinear shallow water and frictional effects from asserting control over the storage mechanism. Even in upstream shallow regions where depth-dependent friction controls asymmetry in both cases, the frictional mechanism is reduced only by 10% with turbines. Some environmental considerations of this work are discussed, with focus on sediment transport, water quality, and ecology.","author":["Spicer, P.","Yang, Z.","Wang, T.","Deb, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2023-09-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-02 06:16:58","signatureProject":["Marine Energy Resource Assessment and Characterization"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Spicer_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076121","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-early-career-researcher-posters-abstracts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/early-career-researcher-forum-2023","title":"Supergen Early Career Researcher Posters and Abstracts","description":"As part of our 2023 Annual Assembly, the Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Hub Early Career Researchers Forum took place on 11 July, and welcomed 50 delegates to the Boldrewood Campus at the University of Southampton.  The Supergen ORE Hub ECR Community aims to connect ECRs with more senior researchers, in the UK and internationally, to create a diverse and supportive community that nurtures the next generation of ORE research leaders. The ECR Forum is a way for ECRs to come together and share their research and network with colleagues.  We were delighted to be joined by keynote speaker Christopher Briggs, Regional Innovation Manager from Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, who gave the industry perspective on the crucial links between industry and academia. He shared his experience of being the recipient of research proposals and gave comprehensive guidance on how to refine an R\u0026amp;D proposal pitch for the best chance of success.  We enjoyed some fascinating presentations from three early career researchers describing their career path and giving their thoughts on key moments that helped to transition their careers. For example, Katherine Kwa, a Research Fellow at the University of Southampton, described the boost her career received when she received an award from the Supergen ORE Hub to develop a research project with an industry partner. That first experience working in an industry-academia collaborative project has given her skills, experience and connections that have led to further work delivering research that cuts across academia and industry.","author":["Arredondo-Galeana, A.","Holcombe, A.","Edwards, E.","Abad, F.","Xing, J.","Wihsgott, J.","Lotfian, S.","Li, S.","Jin, H.","Zheng, S.","Brown, S.","Sarmaa, A.","Coles, D.","Moideen, R.","Hardwick, J.","Chen, X.","Tosdevin, T.","Noble, D."],"organization":["University of Southampton","University of Strathclyde","University of Plymouth","Cranfield University","University of Hull","University of Exeter","University of Oxford","University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2023-09-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Supergen-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076122","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-sixth-annual-assembly-welcome-address","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/annual-assembly-updated-agenda-and-speakers-announced-2","title":"Supergen Sixth Annual Assembly Welcome Address","description":"The Supergen ORE Hub provides research leadership to connect academia, industry, policy and public stakeholders to drive innovation and advocate for ORE research. Each year we organise an Annual Assembly to connect those working in the offshore wind, wave and tidal energy sectors to explore cutting-edge research and discuss the latest issues facing the ORE sector. These slides are from the opening session given by Professor Deborah Greaves OBE FREng FICE FRINA, Professor of Ocean Engineering, University of Plymouth and Director of the Supergen ORE Hub.","author":["Greaves, D."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","University of Plymouth"],"originationDate":"2023-07-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Greaves_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076130","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seabird-use-tidal-stream-environments-potential-interactions-tidal-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/338410097_Seabird_use_of_tidal_flow_areas_and_potential_interactions_with_tidal_energy_devices","title":"Seabird use of tidal stream environments and potential interactions with tidal energy devices","description":"As climate change becomes a more pressing reality in the 21st century, governments around the world are setting targets to meet electricity production demand from renewable energy sources such as tidal streams. However, tidal stream environments are also important habitats for marine wildlife, including seabirds. Risk of collision and habitat displacement are the major negative effects of concern. The following thesis therefore examined the use of tidal stream environments by diving seabirds and their potential interactions with tidal stream energy devices at designated sites. Focus was given to two diving seabird species that are potentially vulnerable to negative effects from tidal turbines, the European shag Gulossus aristotelis and razorbill Alca torda. High resolution biologging and telemetry (Time Depth Recorders (TDRs) and GPS) data from individuals breeding at colonies within a major tidal energy site, the Pentland Firth, Scotland, were analysed. Year-round camera trap monitoring and diet sampling to provide longterm understanding of impacts at another commercially operational site, Bluemull Sound, Scotland, were trialled. Assessing the spatial overlap of seabird foraging distributions (areas of \u0022high risk\u0022) with tidal development and lease sites revealed the importance of species and scale. I found that the smaller the site, the less overlap there was. While this was the case for both species, the difference was more dramatic in European shags, where overlap with the overall development area was 99%, while overlap with the lease sites within was 0.72%. The influence of industry-relevant environmental variables (tidal flow velocity and bathymetry) on foraging behaviour were examined using statistical modelling techniques. Within the tidal stream environment, foraging behaviour and consequently risk level was again species-specific. European shags were strongly influenced by seafloor depth, and therefore used the water column in its entirety, centring on depths between 32 and 42m. This range placed them at high risk of interacting with seabed-mounted horizontal axis turbines that are deployed between 25- 50 m depth. However, as dive frequency decreased substantially at tidal flow velocities \u0026gt;1.5 ms-1, collision risk to shags may be minimized by increasing the speeds at which turbines begin to operate from 1.0 ms-1 to 1.5 ms-1. By contrast, the majority of razorbill dives were shallower than 10 m, putting them at low risk of interacting with seabed-mounted horizontal axis turbines. Finally, camera trap images and dietary samples collected at a European shag roost outside of the breeding season showed a positive influence of the tidal cycle on shag abundance as well as primarily benthic foraging. Roost monitoring promises therefore to be a cost-effective complement to high resolution survey tools. As regards potential for interactions with tidal energy devices, this thesis found that the risk of collision specifically with currently deployed turbines in the Inner Sound is likely to be low. However, due to up-scaling to tidal arrays as well as the increasing sizes and numbers of offshore renewable developments, the assessment of displacement and cumulative effects will become increasingly important.","author":["Isaksson, N."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2023-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076131","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/morlais-tidal-demonstration-zone","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.morlaisenergy.com\/","title":"Morlais Tidal Demonstration Zone","description":"Morlais is a Menter M\u00f4n grid-connected, tidal stream array demonstration project located to the west of Anglesey, Wales.  The goal of this project is to benefit local communities, the economy and help tackle climate change by using renewable energy to generate clean low carbon electricity.","author":["Shane Quill"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.285512400000","-4.709329500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-06 03:38:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076147","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/surface-subsurface-oceanographic-features-drive-forage-fish-distributions-aggregations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ece3.10226","title":"Surface and subsurface oceanographic features drive forage fish distributions and aggregations: Implications for prey availability to top predators in the US Northeast Shelf ecosystem","description":"Forage fishes are a critical food web link in marine ecosystems, aggregating in a hierarchical patch structure over multiple spatial and temporal scales. Surface-level forage fish aggregations (FFAs) represent a concentrated source of prey available to surface- and shallow-foraging marine predators. Existing survey and analysis methods are often imperfect for studying forage fishes at scales appropriate to foraging predators, making it difficult to quantify predator\u2013prey interactions. In many cases, general distributions of forage fish species are known; however, these may not represent surface-level prey availability to predators. Likewise, we lack an understanding of the oceanographic drivers of spatial patterns of prey aggregation and availability or forage fish community patterns. Specifically, we applied Bayesian joint species distribution models to bottom trawl survey data to assess species- and community-level forage fish distribution patterns across the US Northeast Continental Shelf (NES) ecosystem. Aerial digital surveys gathered data on surface FFAs at two project sites within the NES, which we used in a spatially explicit hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate the abundance and size of surface FFAs. We used these models to examine the oceanographic drivers of forage fish distributions and aggregations. Our results suggest that, in the NES, regions of high community species richness are spatially consistent with regions of high surface FFA abundance. Bathymetric depth drove both patterns, while subsurface features, such as mixed layer depth, primarily influenced aggregation behavior and surface features, such as sea surface temperature, sub-mesoscale eddies, and fronts influenced forage fish diversity. In combination, these models help quantify the availability of forage fishes to marine predators and represent a novel application of spatial models to aerial digital survey data.","author":["Goetsch, C.","Gulka, J.","Friedland, K.","Winship, A.","Clerc, J.","Gilbert, A.","Goyert, H.","Stenhouse, I.","Williams, K.","Willmott, J.","Rekdahl, M.","Rosenbaum, H.","Adams, E."],"organization":["Biodiversity Research Institute","NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Normandeau Associates Inc"],"originationDate":"2023-07-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:16:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Goetsch_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076148","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-tidal-diurnal-rhythms-fish-assemblages-surf-zone-sandy-beaches","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/fog.12639","title":"Influence of tidal and diurnal rhythms on fish assemblages in the surf zone of sandy beaches","description":"The surf zones are significantly affected by tides, however, several gaps still in knowledge of fish assemblages in surf zones response to spring-neap and daily tidal cycles. We investigated fish assemblages in a surf zone of Gaolong Bay in China. The dynamics of fish assemblages were examined during the neap tide and the spring tide to test the hypotheses that (1) fish assemblages reflect a combination of species from around coastal habitats, and (2) dynamics of the fish assemblages were determined by both the spring-neap cycles and diel rhythms of fish species. We collected 46 fish species comprising 16 coral reef-seagrass species, 24 mangrove-estuarine species, and 6 common coastal species. Fish abundance and richness were significantly higher during the neap tide than during the spring tide. Furthermore, during the neap tide, fish assemblages were mostly carnivorous coral reef-seagrass species at night and were mostly omnivorous and planktivorous species during the daytime. However, no clear diel patterns were observed during the spring tide. We suggested that dynamics of the fish assemblages were mainly shaped by the diurnal rhythms of fish during the neap tide and by the tidal cycle during the spring tide. Our results support the notion that surveys of fish assemblages during the neap tide could collect more abundance and rich species of multiple ecotypes of fish to evaluate fish resource status in the around coastal habitats. Consequently, management approaches around surf zones with heterogeneous seascapes can lead to positive outcomes for inshore fish resources and ecosystem conservation.","author":["Xia, W.","Miao, Z.","Wang, S.","Chen, K.","Liu, Y.","Xie, S."],"organization":["Hainan University"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Xia_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076150","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-energy-china-exploring-prospects-development-path-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1171\/1\/012030\/meta","title":"Blue energy in China: exploring the prospects and development path for marine renewable energy industries","description":"Marine renewable energy has the characteristics of green and clean, wide distribution, nearby consumption, accurate prediction, and customization on demand. It can provide green energy solutions according to the needs of islands, ocean economic development, and energy consumption of offshore equipment. China has an excellent marine renewable energy resource. Facing great pressure on climate change and energy crisis, the Chinese Government has been showing a strong commitment to marine renewable energy. In this paper, we describe the resources distribution and technology status of marine renewable energy, analyse marine renewable energy strategies in China, and assessment and advices are given for each energy categories. This paper provides an overview of marine renewable energy industries, technology, policy, development trend, structure of industrial chains, challenges, opportunities in China, and provides recommendations for the development of marine renewable energy.","author":["Wang, J.","Wu, W.","Wang, H."],"organization":["National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)","Tianjin University"],"originationDate":"2022-11-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wang_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076152","type":["Document","Document\/Magazine Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-turbine-development-ebbs-flows","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/physicstoday\/article\/76\/8\/22\/2903563","title":"Tidal turbine development ebbs and flows","description":"In Canada\u2019s Haida Gwaii archipelago, roughly 120 km off the northern coast of British Columbia, the north electrical grid uses more than 7 million liters of diesel to provide power to about 2500 people each year (the south grid uses roughly 3 million liters for roughly 2000 people). For long-term resident Laird Bateham, the predictability of the tides pointed to an obvious alternative. He founded Yourbrook Energy Systems in 2010 to develop a turbine for harvesting power from the local tidal currents. He and his team developed a prototype and are beginning front-end engineering of a project intended to deliver 500 kW of clean and reliable power to the isolated coastal community. That would provide for 20% of the population\u2019s average annual use. His colleague Clyde Greenough says, \u201cWe want to leave the world a better place by doing our part to slow climate change.\u201d  The twice-daily rise and fall of the tides drives powerful, predictable currents when seawater flows toward and away from Earth\u2019s coastlines. A turbine placed in the current\u2019s path can harness that power. The moving water pushes the turbines\u2019 blades, causing them to spin and drive a rotor that powers an electrical generator.  Tidal power has been harvested since the Middle Ages, when people retained incoming tidewater in storage ponds and used the outgoing flow to turn waterwheels for milling grain. In modern times, the world\u2019s largest tidal power plants are located in France and South Korea, with 240 MW and 254 MW electricity generation capacity, respectively. There, dam-like structures called barrages span ocean inlets or bays to capture incoming tidal water and generate electricity as the basin fills and empties. The installations can control flows using sluice gates, but because barrages are large scale (making them expensive to construct), they can disrupt the local ecosystem by altering lagoon salinity and animal movements.","author":["Berkowitz, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Berkowitz_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076153","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harnessing-power-ocean-energy-comprehensive-review-power-generation-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.jrte.org\/2023\/07\/13\/harnessing-the-power-of-ocean-energy-a-comprehensive-review-of-power-generation-technologies-and-future-perspectives\/","title":"Harnessing the Power of Ocean Energy A Comprehensive Review of Power Generation Technologies and Future Perspectives","description":"Ocean energy has emerged as a highly promising and environmentally sustainable means of generating renewable electricity, owing to its vast untapped potential. This study focuses on an array of ocean energy technologies, which include tidal energy, wave energy, OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion), salinity gradient energy, and ocean current energy. It examines various power generation methods associated with harnessing the power of the ocean. As ocean energy technology is still in the research and development phase, this paper also considers the environmental implications of implementing ocean power plants, such as their impact on marine ecosystems and potential mitigation strategies. The paper presents a compilation of case studies featuring successful ocean energy projects from around the world. It highlights the advantages of promoting this reliable energy source for global power generation, while also addressing the challenges that may arise during the implementation of ocean electricity systems. Furthermore, it explores the future outlook and potential of ocean energy by analyzing emerging technologies, ongoing research developments, and the market\u0027s growth prospects. Additionally, it discusses the integration of ocean energy into the overall energy mix, emphasizing its crucial role in achieving a sustainable and diversified energy portfolio. This comprehensive content serves as a valuable resource for comprehending ocean energy and its potential as a renewable energy source.","author":["Thennakoon, T.","Hewage, H.","Sandunika, D.","Panagoda, L.","Senarathna, W.","Sulaksha, L.","Weerarathna, D.","Jayathma, W.","Gamage, D.","Perera, M."],"organization":["University of Sri Jayewardenepura"],"originationDate":"2023-07-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-25 02:20:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Thennakoon_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076158","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-state-chinas-marine-energy-industry-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1171\/1\/012025\/meta","title":"The current state on China\u0027s marine energy industry policy","description":"At present, China\u0027s marine energy industry is still in its infancy, but there is no doubt that the development of this industry will help China to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, effective policies are needed to promote the industrialization of the industry as soon as possible. This paper systematically consulted the relevant information on the research and development of marine renewable energy, focusing on China\u0027s marine energy industry policy, including the national energy strategy, the progress of China\u0027s marine energy policy, technology policy, market policy and other related content, emphasizing the importance of marine energy policy in promoting the development of marine energy industry. Finally, in view of the deficiencies in the development of marine energy industry in China, the corresponding improvement strategies are put forward.","author":["Ni, N."],"organization":["National Ocean Technology Center (NOTC)"],"originationDate":"2022-11-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ni_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076162","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-characteristics-tide-tidal-current-east-china-seas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1742-6596\/2486\/1\/012039\/meta","title":"Analysis of Characteristics of Tide and Tidal Current in the east China Seas","description":"The features of tide and tidal current in the east China seas were studied by the FES2014 tide data and tide gauge station data. It is found that FES2014 data is in well agreement with the observation. Among the four major tidal components (M2, S2, K1, and O1), M2 is the strongest tidal component with the maximum amplitude (tidal current) exceeds 100 cm (100 cm\/s), followed by S2 tide with its maximum amplitude (tidal current) reaches 60 cm (50 cm\/s). The results indicate the east China seas are dominated by semi-diurnal tides. There are four amphidromic points for semi-diurnal tides, and two amphidromic points for diurnal tides. Rotating tidal current dominates the areas far from the coast, and rectilinear current dominates the coastal sea area. The strong tidal currents are often distributed in some places with special topography such as bays and estuaries.","author":["Wang, N.","Gao, Y.","Guo, H.","Lu, J."],"organization":["National University of Defense Technology"],"originationDate":"2022-09-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wang_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076163","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparison-floating-bottom-fixed-tidal-turbine-coastal-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU23\/EGU23-7277.html","title":"Comparison Of a Floating and a Bottom Fixed Tidal Turbine in a Coastal Marine Environment","description":"The predictability and opportunity to provide baseload power has made tidal energy one of the most attractive marine renewable energy resources to help fight anthropogenic climate change. This has led to extensive research regarding the overall resource and methods of extraction. However, with differing designs found in today\u2019s tidal turbine market, it is clear that there remains an ongoing debate as to where a tidal turbine should sit within the water column. In this study, a floating turbine and bottom mounted turbine, both based on current designs found in the market, were analysed over a tidal cycle in a 3D hydrodynamic model of the Morlais tidal test zone. The model was validated from ADCP measurements from the same area and recorded over the same tidal cycle. The aim was to establish the most efficient design and its effect on the surrounding water column. The results showed significant differences in the near-field effects of each turbine, but negligible effects were found further afield. Over the established tidal cycle, the floating turbine was found to be more efficient.","author":["Lewis, J.","Neill, S.","Poovadiyil, S."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2023-04-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076164","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-indicator-system-measuring-social-sustainability-offshore-wind-power-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su8050470","title":"Developing an Indicator System for Measuring the Social Sustainability of Offshore Wind Power Farms","description":"Taiwan\u2019s government has promoted investment in an offshore wind power farm, and local fishermen have protested. A social impact assessment (SIA) has examined the impact of the proposed offshore wind power farm on all stakeholders. The main objective of the present study was to develop an indicator system for measuring the social sustainability of offshore wind power farms; this study also reports on the particular case of Taiwan\u2019s offshore wind power project. This study began by defining 35 social sustainability indicators and selecting 23 representative indicators by using rough set theory. Subsequently, 14 key indicators were constructed using the social construction of technology (SCOT) method. Finally, we developed a social impact index for evaluating the social sustainability of offshore wind power farms by using the analytic network process and Dempster-Shafer theory. Our social impact index yields a total score of 0.149 for Taiwan\u2019s pilot offshore wind power project; this result indicates that the pilot project is socially sustainable. A substantial contradiction exists between the fishermen\u2019s protest and the results of the social impact assessment. The findings can assist the government in building a coordination platform for the investors and the fishermen. Government regulation is necessary to set boundaries for fishing areas that protect both the fishermen\u2019s and investors\u2019 rights.","author":["Shiau, T-A.","Chuen-Yu, J-K."],"organization":["National Taiwan Ocean University"],"originationDate":"2016-05-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["24.736728000000","120.877347000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076168","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/studies-concerning-expected-impact-marine-energy-farms-different-coastal-areas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/366893452_Studies_concerning_the_expected_impact_of_the_marine_energy_farms_in_different_coastal_areas","title":"Studies concerning the expected impact of the marine energy farms in different coastal areas","description":"The climate change effects become more visible in the last decades. Despite some opinions related to the cyclic evolution of the climate it looks more probable that this dynamics is driven in a significant way by the human activities and especially by the high industrial development of the recent years. Since the energy sector is responsible for more than 75% of the greenhouse gas emissions, in order to prevent an acceleration of the climate change, a special attention should be paid to enhance substantially the transition to the green energy. From this perspective, according to the European Green Deal the most challenging direction is related to marine renewable energy being targeted for the European Union a more than 3000 times enhancement of the operational capacity by 2050 in relationship with 2021. In order to achieve such a very ambitious target, large geographical deployments of the marine energy farms are expected in the European nearshore. In this context, the objective of the present work is to present some studies concerning the expected nearshore impact of the marine energy farms in various coastal areas, together with a computational platform that facilitates these evaluations.","author":["Rusu, E."],"organization":["Universitatea Dunarea de Jos Galati"],"originationDate":"2023-03-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076169","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/social-environmental-economic-consequences-integrating-renewable-energies-electricity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10311-023-01587-1","title":"Social, environmental, and economic consequences of integrating renewable energies in the electricity sector: a review","description":"The global shift from a fossil fuel-based to an electrical-based society is commonly viewed as an ecological improvement. However, the electrical power industry is a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, and incorporating renewable energy can still negatively impact the environment. Despite rising research in renewable energy, the impact of renewable energy consumption on the environment is poorly known. Here, we review the integration of renewable energies into the electricity sector from social, environmental, and economic perspectives. We found that implementing solar photovoltaic, battery storage, wind, hydropower, and bioenergy can provide 504,000 jobs in 2030 and 4.18 million jobs in 2050. For desalinization, photovoltaic\/wind\/battery storage systems supported by a diesel generator can reduce the cost of water production by 69% and adverse environmental effects by 90%, compared to full fossil fuel systems. The potential of carbon emission reduction increases with the percentage of renewable energy sources utilized. The photovoltaic\/wind\/hydroelectric system is the most effective in addressing climate change, producing a 2.11\u20135.46% increase in power generation and a 3.74\u201371.61% guarantee in share ratios. Compared to single energy systems, hybrid energy systems are more reliable and better equipped to withstand the impacts of climate change on the power supply.","author":["Farghali, M.","Osman, A.","Chen, Z.","Abdelhaleem, A.","Ihara, I.","Mohamed, I.","Yap, P-S.","Rooney, D."],"organization":["Queens University","Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST)"],"originationDate":"2023-03-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Farghali_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076207","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/task-force-sustainable-tidal-energy-development-bay-fundy-interim-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/pnw-ppe\/ffhpp-ppph\/publications\/bay-fundy-tidal-interim-report-baie-fundy-marees-rapport-provisoire-eng.html","title":"Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy Interim Report","description":"On June 20, 2023, the Honourable Joyce Murray, former Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard, and the Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson, Canada\u2019s Minister of Natural Resources, announced the establishment of a Task Force on sustainable tidal energy. The intention is to explore issues and opportunities associated with the deployment of tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy.  The purpose of the Task Force is to:    build on work to date to clarify requirements for fish protection  improve transparency and methodology of risk assessment and decision making on tidal turbine deployments  reduce turnaround time for regulatory decisions for tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy   The Task Force is co-chaired by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and Natural Resources Canada. It includes members from the Government of Nova Scotia, industry, and research organizations (see Annex 1). The Task Force facilitates greater collaboration between the federal government, the Province of Nova Scotia, members of the tidal industry and the tidal research community. Members of the Task Force are inviting the views of Indigenous groups. Engagement and consultation, as appropriate, will continue throughout the duration of the Task Force.  The purpose of this report is to provide an overview and update on the Task Force and its work to date.  Through a series of meetings and expert presentations, the Task Force has identified key regulatory issues and challenges raised by industry stakeholders involved in Nova Scotia\u2019s tidal energy industry development including:    the administration of the Fisheries Act authorization process  environmental risk assessment and monitoring standards  consideration of international data and research on environmental impacts  consideration of climate change and economic benefits in decision making   This report summarizes these issues and challenges and outlines the Task Force\u2019s progress towards addressing these issues as well as future actions to take. The Task Force will produce a second report in December on its work, including progress achieved and areas to be considered for future action. Moreover, the Government of Canada indicated in Budget 2023 that it would: \u201coutline a concrete plan to improve the efficiency of the impact assessment and permitting processes for major projects, which will include clarifying and reducing timelines, mitigating inefficiencies, and improving engagement and partnerships,\u201d by the end of 2023.","author":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"organization":["Natural Resources Canada"],"originationDate":"2023-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DFO-2023-Task-Force-Interim-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076208","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-floating-renewable-energy-potential-sustainable-energy-turkiye","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/pub\/jist\/issue\/77307\/1089488","title":"Evaluation of Floating Renewable Energy Potential for Sustainable Energy in T\u00fcrkiye","description":"Energy is an increasing necessity due to the change in needs and the development of the industry with the rapid growth of the world\u0027s population. Today, the energy supply usually meet from non-renewable (fossil-based) sources. This situation causes adverse effects globally and a decrease in the fossil resources that future generations need. Sustainable, efficient, and clean energy will only be possible using renewable resources. Installation of renewable energy systems requires large areas, but suitable terrestrial for onshore are not always available. Therefore, in our country, it is necessary to increase floating renewable energy power plants. In the study, the offshore installation potential of solar, wind, and wave renewable energy required for sustainable energy production in T\u00fcrkiye was examined. A qualitative evaluation was conducted for solar, wind, and wave energy generation. It has been concluded that coastal areas and stagnant water surfaces of T\u00fcrkiye are suitable for the installation of floating energy systems. This study aims to emphasize the necessity of floating renewable energy systems for T\u00fcrkiye. It also provides essential contributions to the studies to be carried out on floating energy systems in T\u00fcrkiye.","author":["Durmaz, B.","\u00dc\u00c7G\u00dcL, I."],"organization":["S\u00fcleyman Demirel University (SDU)"],"originationDate":"2023-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:24:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Durmaz-Ucgul-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076561","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/four-steps-earth-mainstreaming-post-2020-global-biodiversity-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590332220306576","title":"Four steps for the Earth: mainstreaming the post-2020 global biodiversity framework","description":"The upcoming Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting, and adoption of the new Global Biodiversity Framework, represent an opportunity to transform humanity\u0027s relationship with nature. Restoring nature while meeting human needs requires a bold vision, including mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in society. We present a framework that could support this: the Mitigation and Conservation Hierarchy. This places the Mitigation Hierarchy for mitigating and compensating the biodiversity impacts of developments (1, avoid; 2, minimize; 3, restore; and 4, offset, toward a target such as \u0022no net loss\u0022 of biodiversity) within a broader framing encompassing all conservation actions. We illustrate its application by national governments, sub-national levels (specifically the city of London, a fishery, and Indigenous groups), companies, and individuals. The Mitigation and Conservation Hierarchy supports the choice of actions to conserve and restore nature, and evaluation of the effectiveness of those actions, across sectors and scales. It can guide actions toward a sustainable future for people and nature, supporting the CBD\u0027s vision.","author":["Milner-Gulland, E.","Addison, P.","Arlidge, W.","Baker, J.","Booth, H.","Brooks, T.","Bull, J.","Burgass, M.","Ekstrom, J.","Ermgassen, S.","Fleming, L.","Grubel, H.","von Hase, A.","Hoffmann, M.","Hutton, J.","Juffe-Bignoli, D.","Kate, K.","Kiesecker, J.","K\u00fcmpel, N.","Maron, M.","Newing, H.","Ole-Moiyoi, K.","Sinclair, C.","Sinclair, S.","Starkey, M.","Stuart, S.","Tayleur, C.","Watson, J."],"organization":["University of Oxford","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)","University of Tasmania","University of Kent","The Biodiversity Consultancy","The Nature Conservancy","BirdLife International","University of Queensland","Wildlife Conservation Society"],"originationDate":"2021-01-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Milner-Gulland_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076567","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-index-tool-guide-assess-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s44183-023-00022-w","title":"The Marine Spatial Planning Index: a tool to guide and assess marine spatial planning","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP) has the potential to balance demands for ocean space with environmental protection and is increasingly considered crucial for achieving global ocean goals. In theory, MSP should adhere to six principles, being: (1) ecosystem-based, (2) integrated, (3) place-based, (4) adaptive, (5) strategic, and (6) participatory. Despite nearly two decades of practice, MSP continues to face critical challenges to fully realize these principles, hindering its ability to deliver positive outcomes for people and nature. Here, we present the MSP Index, a tool for assessing progress in MSP processes based on MSP principles that can guide practitioners in operationalizing these principles. Using qualitative analysis of fundamental MSP guides, complemented with a literature review, we identified key features of MSP principles and developed these features into a scoring guide that assesses progress relative to each principle. We trialed and validated the MSP Index on six case studies from distinct regions. We found that the MSP Index allows for high-level comparison across diverse marine spatial plans, highlighting the extent to which MSP principles have permeated practice. Our results reveal successes, especially for the place-based principle, and failures to fully adhere to the adaptive and participatory principles of MSP. The Index serves as a guidance tool that would be best employed by practitioners and can inform science on the evolution of MSP. It is a user-friendly tool that translates MSP principles into practice, allowing for assessment of individual initiatives and comparison of diverse initiatives across ocean regions and nations.","author":["Reimer, J.","Devillers, R.","Zuercher, R.","Groulx, P.","Ban, N.","Claudet, J."],"organization":["Memorial University of Newfoundland","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union","University of Rhode Island","University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2023-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reimer-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076571","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rapidly-deployable-acoustic-monitoring-localization-system-based-low-cost-wave-buoy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1971138","title":"Rapidly Deployable Acoustic Monitoring and Localization System Based on a Low-Cost Wave Buoy Platform","description":"The primary objective of this project is to develop a cost-effective, fit-for-purpose environmental monitoring system, \u201cNoiseSpotter\u00ae,\u201d that characterizes, classifies, and provides accurate location information for anthropogenic and natural sounds in near real-time. NoiseSpotter was developed to support the evaluation of potential acoustic effects of marine energy (ME) projects. By utilizing a compact array of three acoustic particle motion sensors, NoiseSpotter triangulates individual bearings to provide sound source localization to within 5% accuracy, allowing the ability to discern ME device sounds relative to other confounding sounds in the environment, while providing location estimates to nearby marine mammals for environmental mitigation purposes. The ME industry needs proven solutions to meet environmental impact assessment needs. The NoiseSpotter\u00ae includes off-the-shelf, modular components that are easy to assemble and disassemble. Its acoustic particle motion sensors are commercially available and the data logger and real-time telemetry system is designed to be plug-and-play. The entire system is relatively compact and can be deployed from small vessels. NoiseSpotter\u2019s near real-time capability enables operational monitoring of ME sounds, particularly during early stages of technology adoption to facilitate mitigation of potential noise effects. Widespread adoption of the technology for acoustic monitoring of ME devices requires that it be cost effective; hence the anticipated commercial cost of system hardware is $35,000. This project contributes to reducing barriers to ME testing through support of scientific research focused on reducing or mitigating environmental risks and lowering costs and complexity of environmental monitoring. This project has developed an acoustic monitoring system, NoiseSpotter\u00ae (U.S. Patent No. 11,156,734 and U.S. Registered Trademark No. 6,442,313), to detect and characterize baseline noise and sounds from ME operations and support geolocation of detected sounds. The intended outcome of the project is to mitigate concerns about the potential for ME device noise to alter marine mammal or fish behavior. NoiseSpotter\u00ae enables cost-effective, near real-time acoustic monitoring of an operational ME device relative to ambient environmental noise and provides a technical basis for ME developers seeking to navigate the permitting process in an efficient manner.","author":["Raghukumar, K.","Chang, G.","Spada, F.","Roberts, J.","Spence, J.","Kramer, S."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Noise Control Engineering","HT Harvey and Associates","Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"],"originationDate":"2022-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Raghukumar_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076575","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-effects-electrical-stimulation-pilot-experiment-marine-benthic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-1729\/13\/4\/862","title":"Evaluation of the Effects of Electrical Stimulation: A Pilot Experiment on the Marine Benthic Foraminiferal Species Amphistegina lessonii","description":"Environmental disturbances resulting from anthropogenic energy pollution are intensely growing and represent a concern for the marine environment. Benthic organisms are the significant fauna exposed to this kind of pollution; among them, foraminifera are largely used as pollution bioindicators in marine environments, but studies on the effects induced by electrical stimulation are not documented. In the present research, we evaluated the effects of short-term different electric current densities on the viability of benthic foraminiferal species Amphistegina lessonii by checking the pseudopodial activity and defined the threshold electrical density range. After 3 days of treatment, A. lessonii stimulated with a constant current showed pseudopodial activity at a lower electric current density (0.29, 0.86 \u03bcA\/cm2) up to 24 h. With increasing stimulation time, the percentages of pseudopodial activity decreased. The pseudopodial activity was absent at high current densities (5.71, 8.57 \u03bcA\/cm2). The viability of A. lessonii exposed to a pulsed current was higher at a low and middle electric current density (from 0.29 to 5.71 \u03bcA\/cm2) than at a high electric current density (from 11.43 to 20 \u03bcA\/cm2). Based on these preliminary results, the selected benthic foraminiferal species seems to better stand pulsed currents than constant ones. These first experiments might provide useful information for the definition of the appropriate electrical density threshold to avoid side effects on a part of the benthic community.","author":["Rebecchi, F.","Lattanzi, D.","Abramovich, S.","Ambrogini, P.","Ciacci, C.","Betti, M.","Frontalini, F."],"organization":["Ben Gurion University of the Negev","University of Urbino"],"originationDate":"2023-03-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rebecchi_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076576","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-agency-rocky-intertidal-highlights","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/BOEM_2020-053.pdf","title":"Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Highlights","description":"Rocky intertidal shores, commonly called \u201ctidepools\u201d, occur at the interface between the terrestrial and marine environments. The unique physical complexity of this system lends itself to high biological diversity, including many species found only within this narrow band of coastal habitat. The accessibility of rocky shores provides people with an important connection to the marine environment, but also makes them vulnerable to degradation from human activities. Natural variation in environmental conditions and community structure in rocky intertidal systems can occur on the scale of months, years, and even decades. Therefore long-term, well-designed monitoring programs are essential for distinguishing between natural and human-induced changes. At the core of the Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network (MARINe) program is a simple and inexpensive, yet statistically sound approach to collecting long-term monitoring data. This approach has enabled the program to grow into a multi-organization consortium that monitors sites along the entire Pacific Coast of North America, from Alaska to Mexico (see map, opposite). The MARINe monitoring approach provides a wealth of information about the structure and dynamics of rocky intertidal communities along the Pacific Coast of North America. It is the largest and longest running program of its kind: sites in many regions have been sampled for 20-30 years. Here we provide an overview of the MARINe program and highlight how our data have been used to inform resource managers at the local, state, and federal levels about the impacts of both natural and human-induced disturbances.","author":["Miner, C.","Swearingen, A."],"organization":["University of California Santa Cruz","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Miner_and_Swearingen_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076580","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/trackit-os-open-source-software-reliable-vhf-wildlife-tracking","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dl.gi.de\/items\/d221e433-b616-471b-8f73-0f96b0860aad","title":"tRackIT OS: Open-source Software for Reliable VHF Wildlife Tracking","description":"We present tRackIT OS, open-source software for reliable VHF radio tracking of (small) animals in their wildlife habitat. tRackIT OS is an operating system distribution for tRackIT stations that receive signals emitted by VHF tags mounted on animals and are built from low-cost commodity-off-the-shelf hardware. tRackIT OS provides software components for VHF signal processing, system monitoring, configuration management, and user access. In particular, it records, stores, analyzes, and transmits detected VHF signals and their descriptive features, e.g., to calculate bearings of signals emitted by VHF radio tags mounted on animals or to perform animal activity classification. Furthermore, we provide results of an experimental evaluation carried out in the Marburg Open Forest, the research and teaching forest of the University of Marburg, Germany.","author":["H\u00f6chst, J.","Gottwald, J.","Lampe, P.","Zobel, J.","Nauss, T.","Steinmetz, R.","Freisleben, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hochst_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076596","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automatic-classification-biofouling-images-offshore-renewable-energy-structures-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801823023120","title":"Automatic classification of biofouling images from offshore renewable energy structures using deep learning","description":"Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) is developing worldwide, for which biofouling is a crucial parameter to consider, both for engineering and environmental monitoring purposes. In this study, machine learning tools are used to classify macro-biocolonisation images into four categories: \u0027mussels\u0027, \u0027barnacles\u0027, \u2018calcareous worms\u0027 and \u2018no macro-biocolonisation\u2019 as part of the suspected \u201cmost impacting species\u201d of the fluid\/Structure behavior of colonized components. A transfer learning approach is investigated using a state-of-the-art convolution neural network (CNN) architecture and an open-source training algorithm is specifically modified to ensure rapid reproducibility of the methodology: image selection, CNN adaptation, training\/validation process and quality assessment. A database of 1261 images is set up to train the models; their performances are tested using images of offshore components with and without biocolonisation. Two stochasticity sources were evaluated: coming from the modest size of the data base trough cross validation on 5 folds, and sensitivity to the numerical model through the building of 30 models per fold. The performance was discussed with particular care, given the small number of images available and the statistical uncertainties of the metrics evaluated from the validation process. The average performance of the models on the testing images is 69% of good detection for all classes combined. In engineering point of view the results are satisfactory since the two classes with maximum hydrodynamic impact (mussel and \u2018no macro-biocolonisation\u2019) provides average detection of 81% and 79%. Recommendations are proposed to enrich the training image database and photographic surveys on offshore structures, in providing metrics enabling algorithm optimization in engineering purposes. The main innovation of this study is to adapt existing machine learning tools to a new and complex application area: the biofouling.","author":["Signor, J.","Schoefs, F.","Quillienn, N.","Damblans, G."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)"],"originationDate":"2023-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076618","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-islands-remote-locations-insights-five-experts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/","title":"Ocean Energy in Islands and Remote Locations: Insights from Five Experts","description":"This publication presents a collection of interviews with five distinguished experts who have spearheaded ocean energy projects in various islands and remote locations around the world. These interviews offer valuable insights into the unique challenges and opportunities associated with harnessing ocean energy in isolated areas.   The discussions revolve around four key areas of inquiry:  PROJECT OVERVIEW: Each expert provides a compelling overview of their respective ocean energy projects, highlighting their specific island or remote location. They present the primary objectives of their projects, their methodologies for identifying these unique sites and key challenges they encountered during 1 project implementation.  TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATION: The experts provide a deep dive into the technical aspects of their projects. They discuss the critical role of integrating ocean energy into existing energy infrastructure, emphasizing the significance of system integration in optimizing energy stability and sustainability. Furthermore, they discuss the technical limitations and site-specific modifications required to overcome the challenges posed by these remote locations.  ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS: From a socio-economic perspective, the experts illustrate how their projects have contributed to the energy needs of the islands or remote locations. They offer insights into their engagement strategies with local communities and stakeholders, emphasizing the importance of local involvement throughout the project\u2019s lifecycle. The interviews also explore the environmental impact assessments conducted and the strategies employed to mitigate any potential harm to the fragile ecosystems of these regions.  LESSONS LEARNED AND FUTURE OUTLOOK: The publication concludes with a reflection on the most significant lessons learned from implementing ocean energy projects in islands and remote locations. The experts provide guidance on how these experiences can be applied to future projects in similar locations, underscoring the importance of adaptable technologies and community-driven approaches. Moreover, they share their plans and aspirations for scaling up existing projects or replicating them in other islands and remote locations, reaffirming their commitment to sustainable energy solutions for isolated communities worldwide.  This publication serves as a comprehensive resource for policymakers, researchers, and citizens interested in the dynamic field of ocean energy, offering firsthand accounts and expert insights into the challenges and opportunities of renewable energy in remote and island settings.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["International Energy Agency (IEA)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2023-10-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-2023-interviews.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076619","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-cost-assessment-various-wave-energy-converters-based-energy-carbon","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-031-40993-6_5","title":"Life-Cycle Cost Assessment of Various Wave Energy Converters (Based on Energy and Carbon Intensity)","description":"The purpose of this study is to compare different types of wave energy converters, Mega Roller, Pelamis P1, and Wave Dragon, which are categorized based on their multifreedom movements in oceans. Life-cycle costing is a method for the cradle-to-grave assessment of these technologies and also a way to minimize environmental impacts throughout the wave converter\u2019s supply chain. Hence, several case studies, from Walker and Howell to Parker et al., Thomson et al., and Hans. Chr S\u00f8rensen et al., were considered and assessed based on carbon and energy intensity in this research.","author":["Jahangir, M.","Bahrizadeh, S."],"organization":["University of Tehran"],"originationDate":"2023-10-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076676","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-tribal-cultural-landscapes-volume-i-project-framework","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/environmental-stewardship\/Environmental-Studies\/Pacific-Region\/Studies\/BOEM-2017-001_Vol1.pdf","title":"Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes Volume I: Project Framework","description":"This project \u2013 Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes \u2013 outlines a method for agencies to consult with tribes more effectively and appropriately in advance of any proposed undertakings. It also suggests a means for tribes and other indigenous communities1 to relate their interests and concepts of landscape to federal agencies and other land and water management entities. The concept is rooted in a collaborative initiative related to offshore renewable energy development. This project was comprised of a team from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management\u2019s (BOEM) Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (POCS) Regional Office, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) National Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Center and NOAA\u2019s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), two independent Tribal Facilitators, and representatives from the Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPO) of the Makah Tribe of Washington, the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR), and the Yurok Tribe of California. The team worked collectively to develop a transferable best-practices method to identify areas of tribal use and significance that could be impacted by offshore renewable energy siting. Funding was provided by BOEM through an Interagency Agreement with ONMS.  View Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes Volume II: Tribal Case Studies here.","author":["Ball, D.","Clayburn, R.","Cordero, R.","Edwards, B.","Grussing, V.","Ledford, J.","McConnell, R.","Monette, R.","Steelquist, R.","Thorsgard, E.","Townsend, J."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Sanctuaries","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2017-001_Vol1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076678","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterizing-tribal-cultural-landscapes-volume-ii-tribal-case-studies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/environmental-stewardship\/Environmental-Studies\/Pacific-Region\/Studies\/BOEM-2017-001-Vol2.pdf","title":"Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes Volume II: Tribal Case Studies","description":"This project \u2013 Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes \u2013 outlines a method for agencies to consult with tribes more effectively and appropriately in advance of any proposed undertakings. It also suggests a means for tribes and other indigenous communities1 to relate their interests and concepts of landscape to federal agencies and other land and water management entities. The concept is rooted in a collaborative initiative related to offshore renewable energy development. This project was comprised of a team from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management\u2019s (BOEM) Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (POCS) Regional Office, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u2019s (NOAA) National Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Center and NOAA\u2019s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), two independent Tribal Facilitators, and representatives from the Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPO) of the Makah Tribe of Washington, the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR), and the Yurok Tribe of California. The team worked collectively to develop a transferable best-practices method to identify areas of tribal use and significance that could be impacted by offshore renewable energy siting. Funding was provided by BOEM through an Interagency Agreement with ONMS.  Volume II Contents    Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Case Study  Makah Case Study  Yurok Case Study   View Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes Volume I: Project Framework here.","author":["Ball, D.","Clayburn, R.","Cordero, R.","Edwards, B.","Grussing, V.","Ledford, J.","McConnell, R.","Monette, R.","Steelquist, R.","Thorsgard, E.","Townsend, J."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Sanctuaries","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:09:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2017-001-Vol2_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076679","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oceanic-giants-dance-atmospheric-rhythms-ephemeral-wind-driven-resource-tracking-blue","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ele.14116","title":"Oceanic giants dance to atmospheric rhythms: Ephemeral wind-driven resource tracking by blue whales","description":"Trophic transfer of energy through marine food webs is strongly influenced by prey aggregation and its exploitation by predators. Rapid aggregation of some marine fish and crustacean forage species during wind-driven coastal upwelling has recently been discovered, motivating the hypothesis that predators of these forage species track the upwelling circulation in which prey aggregation occurs. We examine this hypothesis in the central California Current Ecosystem using integrative observations of upwelling dynamics, forage species\u0027 aggregation, and blue whale movement. Directional origins of blue whale calls repeatedly tracked upwelling plume circulation when wind-driven upwelling intensified and aggregation of forage species was heightened. Our findings illustrate a resource tracking strategy by which blue whales may maximize energy gain amid ephemeral foraging opportunities. These findings have implications for the ecology and conservation of diverse predators that are sustained by forage populations whose behaviour is responsive to episodic environmental dynamics.","author":["Ryan, J.","Benoit-Bird, K.","Oestreich, W.","Leary, P.","Smith, K.","Waluk, C.","Cade, D.","Fahlbusch, J.","Southall, B.","Joseph, J.","Margolina, T.","Calambokidis, J.","DeVogelaere, A.","Goldbogen, J."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","Stanford University","Naval Postgraduate School","Cascadia Research Collective","Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2022-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ryan-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076680","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-hawaiian-islands-cetacean-ecosystem-assessment-surveys-hiceas-2017-2020","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/BOEM_2021-042.pdf","title":"Final Report of the Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Surveys (HICEAS) 2017 and 2020: A PacMAPPS Study","description":"The Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (PacMAPPS) is 5-year multi-agency partnership to collect data and carry out density analyses necessary to support the regulatory and management missions of BOEM, NOAA, and the U.S. Navy. This project specifically supported the Hawaii portion of the PacMAPPS initiative, including summer-fall cetacean and seabird surveys in 2017, analyses of those data to derive spatially explicit (when possible) and uniform cetacean density estimates, and to carry out a cetacean and seabird survey in during the winter. The winter survey was originally scheduled for 2019, but was postponed to 2020 due to the U.S. Federal Government shutdown and subsequent delays in completing ship repairs. Both of the HICEAS efforts were line-transect surveys using a team of visual observers, a towed hydrophone array acoustically monitoring for vocal cetaceans, and a fleet of drifting recorders that monitored for vocalization of deep-diving cetaceans throughout the study area. The HICEAS 2017 survey was a full EEZ-wide survey. The winter HICEAS 2020 survey was carried out around the main Hawaiian Islands. This report describes the collection, summarization, and analysis of cetacean data form HICEAS 2017, and the collection and summarization of cetacean data from the winter HICESA 2020.  This final report is a compendium of four NOAA Technical Memoranda and one NOAA Administrative Report, each provided as a separate Appendix. Appendix A (Yano et al. 2018) is the HICEAS 2017 cruise report, describing the methods for cetacean and seabird data collection and providing basic data summaries (e.g., maps and quantification of survey effort, numbers and maps of visual sightings for cetaceans and seabirds, number of photographs and biopsy samples). Appendix B (Bradford et al. 2021) provides the visual line-transect design-based density and abundance estimates for all cetacean species encountered during HICEAS 2017, as well as updated density and abundance estimates for previous HICEAS surveys in 2002 and 2010, using the most up-to-date data and approaches for estimating the requisite density parameters. Appendix C (Becker et al. 2021) presents the spatial density modeling (SDM) analysis based on visual line transect data collected from each HICEAS effort (2002, 2010, and 2017). Outputs include density surface maps for all modeled cetacean species and population size estimates for the survey area. Appendix D (McCullough et al. 2021) describes the data collected by Drifting Acoustic Spar Buoy Recorders (DASBRs) during HICEAS 2017, including summary and maps of beaked whale, sperm whale, Kogia, and other odontocetes that were detected. Finally, Appendix E (Yano et al. 2020) is the winter HICEAS 2020 cruise report, describing the methods for cetacean and seabird data collection and providing basic data summaries (e.g., maps and quantification of survey effort, numbers and maps of visual sightings for cetaceans and seabirds, number of photographs and biopsy samples). Visual line-transect data (cetacean sightings and effort) for the HICEAS 2017 and 2020 are in the process of being uploaded to OBIS-SEAMAP (Halpin et al. 2009; https:\/\/seamap.env.duke.edu\/), from where they can be viewed and downloaded by the public. Acoustic data will be archived at NOAA\u0027s National Centers for Environmental Information","author":["Oleson, E."],"organization":["NOAA Fisheries","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2021-042.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076684","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/element-local-community-engagement-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/element-project.eu\/resources\/element-local-community-engagement-report\/","title":"ELEMENT: Local Community Engagement Report","description":"This report provides feedback on three local community engagement activities that were held from June 2022 to February 2023 related to the test from February to April 2023 of a tidal turbine in the Etel estuary in Brittany, France, for the ELEMENT project.    A local Nautical Commission meeting was convened on 29 June 2022 to explain the project to local marine users and Prefects and to receive their observations and recommendations regarding the test;  A local public town hall meeting was held on 24 October 2022 to explain the project to local citizens before the Etel tidal turbine test started;  A site visit on the test premises was carried out on 9 February 2023 with local authorities, associations, businesses and journalists with the tidal turbine visible before the machine was put in the water.   The Nautical Commission provided a favourable opinion on the project. The main takeaway from the Commission was to inform marine users of the project and remind them of the site\u2019s navigation rules. Navigation remains permitted but it is reminded that fishing with passive gear is prohibited in the sector, as well as anchoring and diving.  The public town hall received more interest than expected with 75 participating citizens. The participants\u2019 concerns related to this new technology were dissipated by explaining the project and answering their questions. Moreover, a survey was conducted during the event and showed that tidal turbine technology is the favoured source of electricity in general and even in case when the tidal turbine is installed close to the participants\u2019 homes and\/or work area. Most participants mentioned that public events should be organised prior to such installations.  The site visit, that showed the tidal turbine before installation, was positively welcomed by the local authorities, associations, businesses and journalists. A number of positive articles, radio and television news were published with regards to the event.","author":["Lehnertz, A."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","IDETA"],"originationDate":"2023-07-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ELEMENT-EU-0041-Local-Community-Engagement-Report-EU-Nova-Innovation_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076685","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socioeconomic-analysis-plan-element-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/element-project.eu\/resources\/socioeconomic-analysis-plan-for-the-element-project\/","title":"Socioeconomic Analysis Plan for the ELEMENT Project","description":"A Funding Grant was awarded from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme to develop and validate an innovative tidal turbine control system, using the tidal turbine itself as a sensor, to deliver a step change improvement in the performance. This will demonstrate Effective Lifetime Extension in the Marine Environment for Tidal Energy (ELEMENT), driving the EU tidal energy sector to commercial reality. This was in response to the call LC-SC3-RES-11-2018: Developing solutions to reduce the cost and increase performance of renewable technologies.   This document is produced to provide the detailed plan for ELEMENT WP12 (Socioeconomic Impact Assessment), and is also submitted to satisfy deliverable D12.1 of the ELEMENT project.   The document is structured as follows:    Section 2 summarises the findings of our initial literature review  Section 3 maps out the various stakeholders with a role\/interest in the tidal energy industry  Section 4 sets out our detailed plan for completing the remainder of WP12.","author":["Smith, D.","Gorintin, F."],"organization":["INNOSEA \u2013 an AqualisBraemar LOC Group company","IDETA"],"originationDate":"2020-04-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ELEMENT-Socioeconomic-Analysis-Plan-IDETA-INNOSEA_2020_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076690","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proposed-guidance-economic-assessment-wave-energy-converters-early-development-stages","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/15\/4699","title":"A Proposed Guidance for the Economic Assessment of Wave Energy Converters at Early Development Stages","description":"Wave energy is one of the most promising renewable energies available with its very large resource. The waves generated by the wind field are steadier than the wind field itself, rendering wave energy more consistent than wind energy. It is also more predictable than wind and solar. Wave energy is making continuous progress towards commercialisation, and thanks to an increasing number of deployments at sea, the sector is increasing the understanding of the costs and economies of these projects. No wave energy converter has been demonstrated to be commercially viable, and it is yet to be proven that wave energy can contribute to the renewable energy mix. In this context, and in order to find an economically viable solution for exploiting wave energy, it is important to assess the economic potential of a particular concept throughout the entire technological development process. At early development stages, this assessment can be challenging and present large uncertainties. Notwithstanding, it is important to perform the economic assessment already at the early stages in order to identify possible bottlenecks or potential improvements or modifications of a concept. This work presents guidance for the economic evaluation of a wave energy concept at an early development stage by setting up the economic frame based on a target LCoE. It involves the understanding of the entry cost to be achieved for a specific target market and evaluating the breakdown of costs based on a detailed technology agnostic database of costs. The guidance is then applied to a new type of wave energy converter, in which the primary coupling with the waves is through hydrodynamic lift forces.","author":["T\u00eatu, A.","Chozas, J."],"organization":["Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2021-08-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tetu_and_Chozas_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076744","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morphological-modelling-investigate-role-external-sediment-sources-wind-wave-induced","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/10\/2027","title":"Morphological Modelling to Investigate the Role of External Sediment Sources and Wind and Wave-Induced Flow on Sand Bank Sustainability: An Arklow Bank Case Study","description":"Offshore anthropogenic activities such as the installation of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) developments and sediment extraction for marine aggregates have been shown to disrupt current flow, wave propagation, and sediment transport pathways, leading to potential environmental instability. Due to the complexity of the interconnected sediment transport pathways in the south-western Irish Sea combined with an increase in planned anthropogenic activities, the assessment of this risk is imperative for the development of a robust marine spatial plan. Subsequently, this study uses two-dimensional morphological modelling to build upon previous studies to assess the dependency of Arklow Bank\u2019s local sediment transport regime on external sediment sources. Additionally, scenario modelling is used to identify vulnerable areas of this offshore linear sand bank to wind and wave-forcing and to examine the nature of this impact. A sediment budget is estimated for Arklow Bank, whereby seven source and nine sink pathways are identified. New evidence to support the exchange of sediment between offshore sand banks and offshore independent sand wave fields is also provided. The areas of the bank most vulnerable to changes in external sediment sources and the addition of wind- and wave-induced flow are analogous. These high vulnerability zones (HVZs) align with regions of residual cross-flow under pure current conditions. The restriction of sediment sources off the southern extent of Arklow Bank impacts erosion and accretion patterns in the mid- and northern sections of the bank after just one lunar month of simulation. Where tidal current is the primary driver of sand bank morphodynamics, wind- and wave-induced flow is shown to temporarily alter sediment distribution patterns. Wind and wave-induced flow can both accelerate and decelerate the east-west fluctuation of the upper slopes of the bank, yet the nature of this impact is inconsistent due to the misalignment of the directionality of these two forces. The methods and new knowledge derived from this study are directly applicable to tidally-dominated environments outside the Irish Sea.","author":["Creane, S.","O\u0027Shea, M.","Coughlan, M.","Murphy, J."],"organization":["University College Dublin","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2023-10-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Creane-et-al-jmse-an-arklow-bank-case-study.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2076748","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-blue-energy-future-british-columbia-creating-holistic-framework-tidal-stream","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2021.112032","title":"Mapping a blue energy future for British Columbia: Creating a holistic framework for tidal stream energy development in remote coastal communities","description":"This study develops and implements an interdisciplinary framework to provide a holistic examination of the potential for tidal stream turbines (TST) to displace diesel generated electricity in remote coastal First Nations communities in British Columbia. In doing so it seeks to answer the following research questions: what is the distribution of practical tidal resources in the study region, for which communities is tidal energy a potentially viable electricity source, and what are the benefits and challenges of TST development. GIS Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and interviews with high level marine spatial planning decision makers are used to identify practical resource sites, bridge knowledge gaps, assess views towards TST development, and understand the desired characteristics of community energy systems. Additional techno-economic criteria for tidal site identification are included to identify communities that may be candidates for TST integration. Results illustrate the need for information provision to communities from resource quantification to characteristics of renewable energy technologies; self sufficiency as being the primary electrification driver; and funding\/human resource capacity as being substantial barriers to development. Approximately 89.8 km2 of practical tidal resource is identified, with \u224821.9 km2 of techno-economically feasible practical resource in proximity to nine communities. Four communities appear to be promising candidates for tidal development, and overall results indicate significant interest within the study region for TST development. The interdisciplinary framework presented here provides a methodology that can be adapted and implemented in other jurisdictions to identify practical resources and incorporate social dimensions into MRE decision making.","author":["Richardson, R.","Buckham, B.","McWhinnie, L."],"organization":["University of Victoria","Heriot-Watt University"],"originationDate":"2022-04-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.961546000000","-128.114464000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077267","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-detection-tracking-marine-mammals-vicinity-tidal-turbines-using-multibeam","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/11\/2095","title":"Automated Detection and Tracking of Marine Mammals in the Vicinity of Tidal Turbines Using Multibeam Sonar","description":"Understanding how marine animals behave around tidal turbines is essential if we are to quantify how individuals and populations may be affected by the installation of these devices in the coming decades. Our particular interest is in collision risk, and how this may be affected by the fine-scale behaviour of seals and small cetacean species around devices. We report on a study in which multibeam sonar data were collected close to an operational tidal turbine in Scotland continuously over a twelve-month period. The sonars provide high-resolution (a few cm) data over a 120\u00b0 angle out to a range of 55 m at a rate of 10 frames per second. We describe a system which uses automatic computer algorithms to detect potential targets of interest, verified by human analysts using a sophisticated computer user interface to confirm detections and assign target species. To date, we have identified 359 tracks of marine mammals in the data, as well as several thousand tracks from fish and diving birds. These are currently being parameterised to study how these species react to the moving turbine rotors, and the data are now being used to explore the development of improved automated detection and classification algorithms.","author":["Gillespie, D.","Hastie, G.","Montabaranom, J.","Longden, E.","Rapson, K.","Holoborodko, A.","Sparling, C."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2023-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gillespie-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077291","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-hydrodynamics-community-structure-metabolic-production-marine-biofouling-formed","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113623003690","title":"Impact of hydrodynamics on community structure and metabolic production of marine biofouling formed in a highly energetic estuary","description":"Biofouling is a specific lifestyle including both marine prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities. Hydrodynamics are poorly studied parameters affecting biofouling formation. This study aimed to investigate how water dynamics in the Etel Estuary (Northwest Atlantic coasts of France) influences the colonization of artificial substrates. Hydrodynamic conditions, mainly identified as shear stress, were characterized by measuring current velocity, turbulence intensity and energy using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). One-month biofouling was analyzed by coupling metabarcoding (16S rRNA, 18S rRNA and COI genes), untargeted metabolomics (liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, LC-HRMS) and characterization of the main biochemical components of the microbial exopolymeric matrix. A higher richness was observed for biofouling communities (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) exposed to the strongest currents. Ectopleura (Cnidaria) and its putative symbionts Endozoicomonas (Gammaproteobacteria) were dominant in the less dynamic conditions. Eukaryotes assemblages were specifically shaped by shear stress, leading to drastic changes in metabolite profiles. Under high hydrodynamic conditions, the exopolymeric matrix increased and was composed of 6 times more polysaccharides than proteins, these latter playing a crucial role in the adhesion and cohesion properties of biofilms. This original multidisciplinary approach demonstrated the importance of shear stress on both the structure of marine biofouling and the metabolic response of these complex communities.","author":["Portas, A.","Carriot, N.","Ortalo-Magne, A.","Damblans, G.","Thi\u00e9baut, M.","Culioli, G.","Quillienn, N.","Briand, J."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","University of Toulon","Aix-Marseille University"],"originationDate":"2023-11-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.650885000000","-3.208078000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Portas_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077292","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-conditional-probabilities-fish-turbine-encounters-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1270428","title":"Quantifying conditional probabilities of fish-turbine encounters and impacts","description":"Tidal turbines are one source of marine renewable energy but development of tidal power is hampered by uncertainties in fish-turbine interaction impacts. Current knowledge gaps exist in efforts to quantify risks, as empirical data and modeling studies have characterized components of fish approach and interaction with turbines, but a comprehensive model that quantifies conditional occurrence probabilities of fish approaching and then interacting with a turbine in sequential steps is lacking. We combined empirical acoustic density measurements of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and when data limited, published probabilities in an impact probability model that includes approach, entrainment, interactions, and avoidance of fish with axial or cross-flow tidal turbines. Interaction impacts include fish collisions with stationary turbine components, blade strikes by rotating blades, and\/or a collision followed by a blade strike. Impact probabilities for collision followed by a blade strike were lowest with estimates ranging from 0.0000242 to 0.0678, and highest for blade strike ranging from 0.000261 to 0.40. Maximum probabilities occurred for a cross-flow turbine at night with no active or passive avoidance. Estimates were lowest when probabilities were conditional on sequential events, and when active and passive avoidance was included for an axial-flow turbine during the day. As expected, conditional probabilities were typically lower than analogous independent events and literature values. Estimating impact probabilities for Pacific herring in Admiralty Inlet, Washington, United States for two device types illustrates utilization of existing data and simultaneously identifies data gaps needed to fully calculate empirical-based probabilities for any site-species combination.","author":["Peraza, J.","Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2023-11-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peraza-Horne-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077297","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-essential-fish-habitat-maps-fish-shellfish-species-scotland-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/developing-essential-fish-habitat-maps-fish-shellfish-species-scotland-report\/","title":"Developing Essential Fish Habitat maps for fish and shellfish species in Scotland Report","description":"Essential Fish Habitats (EFH), i.e. \u0022those waters and substrata necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity\u0022, are amongst the marine assets for which uncertainty exists regarding their spatial distribution. The Scottish Government commissioned this project with the aim of developing the evidence base on EFH to inform future planning and project level assessments in Scottish waters, with consideration to providing outputs that can also assist with wider UK planning and project assessments. The results of this study will help the regulators to understand where further work is required to inform consenting decisions.EFH in this project were identified as those habitats that function as refuge for individuals of a species, as nursery for its juvenile stages or as spawning ground for the spawning adults and the spawn products (eggs) (\u0027functional habitats\u0027), and where these individuals are present in higher abundance (aggregations) compared to other habitats where they also occur. Two separate approaches were applied to the EFH assessment in offshore and inshore waters (distinguished by the 12 nautical miles limit): EFH data-based modelling and a semi-quantitative assessment (habitat proxy), respectively. The lower data availability in inshore waters (due to higher survey fragmentation, lower method standardisation and coverage gaps) prevented the application of EFH modelling in this region.In offshore waters, Decision Tree models were calibrated based on catch data from broad- scale fish surveys (within the selected study period 2010 \u2013 2020) and the associated environmental conditions (derived from publicly available data layers). These EFH models identified the set of environmental conditions where aggregations of a species\/life stage were more likely to occur. Data layers for the environmental predictors of the model (derived as mean environmental conditions over the study period) were then used to extrapolate and map the UK-wide spatial distribution of the species\/life stage aggregations, considered as indicative of EFH. A confidence value was calculated for each EFH model as a whole and its spatial prediction by combining model performance (statistical confidence) and confidence estimates for the input data used to calibrate and predict the model. The spatial output provided the integrated results on the prediction of the distribution of EFH and the associated confidence.In inshore waters, habitat proxies for species\/life stages that may have their EFH inshore were identified and mapped based on data layers for pre-defined habitat types (EUNIS habitat classification). A literature review on the species-habitat associations relevant to key EFH functions, and expert assessment by the project team and consulted external experts were used to score the habitat types according to their ability to provide EFH function to a species. As the evidence used for this assessment was most often based on mere species- habitat association, rarely accounting for abundance, the habitat proxies thus identified were used as indicators of the wider \u0027functional habitat\u0027 of a species, which is also likely to include EFH. A confidence level (low\/medium\/high) was allocated to the habitat scoringbased on the expert assessment of the supporting evidence\/knowledge. Due to time limitations in the project, habitat proxy maps were produced for the west coast of Scotland for most of species as a demonstration site for the application of the approach and to ensure that the detail of biotopes at the EUNIS habitat Level 4 could be viewed at the appropriate scale. Only for herring spawning grounds, habitat proxy maps were produced covering all Scottish inshore waters. The spatial outputs integrated the information about the habitat scores and the confidence level.Details on the methods used for both EFH models and habitat proxy assessments (including the confidence assessment) are in the main report.EFH models were developed for 16 species\/life stages in offshore waters, including: lesser sandeel and Norway lobster refugia; juveniles of plaice, lemon sole, common sole, anglerfish, whiting, blue whiting, hake, sprat, mackerel, and long finned squid; spawning adults of whiting, cod, Norway pout; and mackerel eggs. Habitat proxies were assessed for 19 species\/life stages in inshore waters, including: small sandeel refugia; spawning herring; juvenile plaice, common sole, whiting, cod, saithe, sprat, spotted ray, European lobster, and brown crab; spawning grounds\/egg nursery for thornback ray and spurdog; generic habitat for velvet crab, common cockle, dog cockle, razor clam, common whelk, and dog whelk.Some species, which were initially considered, could not be modelled (offshore) or assessed (inshore) due to insufficient data and\/or evidence on the species-habitat association from the literature obtained in the project (common skate and sandy ray, inshore and offshore; queen and king scallops and surf clam, offshore).The spatial products thus obtained were validated by comparison with additional actual observations of the species\/life stages in survey catches, where these data could be obtained. The maps were also shared with the Project Steering Group and additional external experts for review to obtain feedback on possible EFH areas that were not adequately represented by the model maps. These additional validation results were graphically incorporated into the final spatial products, of which they constitute an integral part, along with the model\/assessment predictions and confidence. However, due to time limitations in the project, the feedback received was often limited and in some cases validation survey data and stakeholder feedback could not be obtained (e.g. for most of the inshore habitat proxy maps). A summary of the results and validation of the individual spatial outputs is given in section 3.1.30.The spatial products of this study represent a step forward for an evidence-based understanding of the EFH distribution in UK inshore and offshore waters and the confidence associated with it. However, further validation is required before they can be used in assessments (as discussed in sections 4.4, 4.5 and 4.7). Further engagement with stakeholders from the fishery industry would be particularly valuable in supporting this.This study also allowed to identify important data and knowledge gaps that need further work, including the species mentioned above and for which the EFH could not be modelled,as well as other species for which the obtained results had a low confidence due to poor available knowledge for inshore waters (thornback ray, spotted ray, spurdog, sprat, common sole, saithe, cod, whiting, European lobster, brown and velvet crabs). Data gaps were also identified for shellfish inshore and offshore, and fish and habitat maps inshore. These gaps were relevant to both the calibration and application of EFH models, as well as the validation of both EFH model and habitat proxy maps. As some of these gaps were due to the time-limited data collation in this project, possible additional data sources that could not be obtained in this project but that could help in filling these gaps were identified.Based on the limitations identified for the different spatial outputs produced in this study (e.g. factors affecting model confidence, spatial gaps in the map\/data coverage, etc), and the data and knowledge gaps mentioned above, recommendations were made to provide more robust and validated models (see section 4.7). In summary, the recommendations were around:A. The correct use of the overall (integrated) spatial outputs produced in this project.B. The improvement of the overall (integrated) spatial outputs produced in this project.C. The improvement of EFH models and their prediction maps.D. Improvement of habitat proxy assessment and the resulting maps.Finally, in light of the possible influence of climate change on the distribution of fish and shellfish populations (through changes in the environmental conditions and effects on the fish physiology, behaviour etc.), the sensitivity of EFH model predictions to changes in environmental predictors that are of the same scale and direction as those from climate predictions was explored. Although this was not by any mean an accurate assessment of climate change effects, it showed that these may potentially have variable influence on the distribution of EFH in Scottish waters, depending on the species, the environmental variable subject to change and its importance as environmental predictor of the species\u0027 EFH. The appropriate interpretation and use of results are further discussed in the report, where also the general implications of climate change for EFH distribution in inshore and offshore Scottish waters are briefly reviewed and discussed (see sections 2.5, 3.2 and 4.6).","author":["Franco, A.","Smyth, K.","Thomson, S."],"organization":["Scottish Government","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2023-05-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-17 07:36:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Franco-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077323","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-underwater-target-tracking-technology-based-lstm-kalman-filtering-method","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/12\/10\/5233","title":"Study on Underwater Target Tracking Technology Based on an LSTM\u2013Kalman Filtering Method","description":"In the marine environment, underwater targets are often affected by interference from other targets and environmental fluctuations, so traditional target tracking methods are difficult to use for tracking underwater targets stably and accurately. Among the traditional methods, the Kalman filtering method is widely used; however, it only has advantages in solving linear problems and it is difficult to use to realize effective tracking problems when the trajectory of the moving target is nonlinear. Aiming to solve this limitation, an LSTM\u2013Kalman filtering method was proposed, which can efficiently solve the problem of overly large deviations in underwater target tracking. Using this method, we first studied the features of typical underwater targets and, according to these rules, constructed the corresponding target dataset. Second, we built a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to detect the target and determine the tracking value of the moving target. We used a long-term and short-term memory artificial neural network (LSTM-NN) to modify the Kalman filter to predict the azimuth and distance of the target and to update it iteratively. Then, we verified the new method using simulation tests and the measured data from an acoustic sea trial. The results showed that compared to the traditional Kalman filtering method, the relative error of the LSTM\u2013Kalman filtering method was reduced by 60% in the simulation tests and 72.25% in the sea trial and that the estimation variance was only 4.79. These results indicate that the method that is proposed in this paper achieves good prediction results and a high prediction efficiency for underwater target tracking.","author":["Wang, M.","Xu, C.","Zhou, C.","Gong, Y.","Qiu, B."],"organization":["Hangzhou Dianzi University"],"originationDate":"2022-05-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077359","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/digital-aerial-baseline-survey-marine-wildlife-support-offshore-wind-energy-summer","sourceURL":"https:\/\/remote.normandeau.com\/aer_docs.php?pj=6","title":"Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Summer and Fall 2016 Semi-Annual Report","description":"In support of New York State\u2019s commitment to incorporating offshore wind into its energy portfolio, the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) embarked on a multi-year ultrahigh-resolution aerial digital survey of marine resources in a 12,650 square nautical mile offshore planning area (OPA) in 2016. The OPA encompasses the waters of the New York Bight from Long Island southeast to the continental shelf break. Surveys are conducted on a quarterly basis, timed to coincide with periods of abundance of avian and marine species vulnerable to impacts from offshore wind activities. This report summarizes the results of the first two surveys conducted in July\u2013August and November 2016. Each survey collected images covering at least 7% of the OPA.  Of the more than 700,000 images collected within the survey area during these two surveys, 3.8% (27,135 images) contained organisms, including 38 bird, 17 fish, 5 whales, 7 dolphin, 1 seal, and 4 sea turtle species. Some seasonal patterns were evident. During the summer survey, the vast majority of the organisms observed were rays (8,388 images) or birds (1,893 images). During the fall survey, birds predominated (12,352 images). Shearwaters, storm-petrels, and terns were substantially more abundant in the summer while ducks, gannets, gulls and phalaropes were substantially more abundant in the fall. Turtles, sharks, and large bony fishes were all most abundant in the summer, though present in the fall. Number of images with marine mammals was similar in both surveys.   Spatial patterns were apparent in some taxonomic groups. A number of species tended to occur in nearshore waters including large gulls and least, royal and Sterna terns. Turtles typically occurred inshore of the 70 m isobath. Audubon\u2019s, sooty, and Cory\u2019s shearwaters clustered in the northeast corner of the OPA. Whales, Audubon\u2019s shearwaters, and black-capped petrels were most common near the shelf break. While sharks exhibited no clear patterns, rays showed some tendency to cluster off the mouth of New York Harbor. Large bony fishes typically occurred in deeper waters.  Results from the surveys will be incorporated into efforts to identify suitable areas for development of offshore wind projects.","author":["Normandeau Associates Inc"],"organization":["Normandeau Associates Inc","APEM Ltd","New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NYSERDA-2016-2017-1st-Semi-Annual-report-Normandeau_Assc-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077367","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/vulnerability-index-scale-effects-offshore-renewable-energy-marine-mammals-sea-turtles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/Final%20Reports\/BOEM_2023-057.pdf","title":"Vulnerability Index to Scale Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Off the U.S. West Coast (VIMMS)","description":"With proven advances in offshore energy technology, the ambitious objectives of the U.S. Federal government, and a host of planning and preparation at the state and local levels, there is increasing interest and progress in developing sustainable offshore alternative energy. This includes broad scale implementation of offshore wind energy development and focused implementation of hydrokinetic energy systems harnessing the power of waves and tides. These technologies and their implementation in different areas are being extended, applied, and in some cases substantially modified from earlier developments in other parts of the world, notably Europe. On the U.S. East Coast this is largely taking the form of large wind farms with monopile structures in relatively shallow water. Many lease areas for such wind farms have already been sold and large-scale construction is soon to be underway. For the U.S. West Coast however, the vastly different bathymetry associated with being an active geological margin favors and requires quite different types of industrial developments for transforming the power of offshore wind into electrical energy. Conditions also offer varied and unique opportunities to convert the power of waves and tides into clean and sustainable electrical energy.  Given the novel and nascent nature of these technologies and contexts for industrial developments of offshore sustainable energy, there is considerable uncertainty regarding potential environmental impacts. There have now been several decades of relatively intensive monitoring and impact assessment of myriad issues regarding offshore wind developments in Europe, above and below water for avian and marine taxa. However, the contexts, species, and ecological systems differ substantially from those that will be exposed to offshore sustainable energy in the U.S. More recently, baseline monitoring, modeling, and early stages of evaluating potential impacts, both positive and negative, have been initiated on the U.S. East Coast focused largely on offshore wind with generally similar types of industrial development but a much wider range of species. These include low-frequency sound sensitive species that would be expected to be more susceptible to disturbance from associated low frequency noise, notably baleen whales. Further behind still in the development and deployment of wind and hydrokinetic energy developments is the U.S. West Coast, affording yet another set of unique challenges from both industrial (e.g., floating offshore wind in very deep water) and ecological perspectives (e.g., additional species previously unstudied in terms of impact assessment).  It is early in the development and impact assessment of offshore sustainable energy off the U.S. West Coast. There are myriad acknowledged uncertainties regarding aspects of developments, species that may be exposed to potential impacts, and what those impacts may be. However, the first offshore lease sales in California have already occurred, with designated lease areas off Morro Bay and the Humboldt coast. There are already proven offshore wave energy pilot installations off Oregon. Put simply, we are in the early stages of the deployment of these technologies in most areas off the U.S. West Coast, and we clearly need analytical tools to (1) evaluate potential susceptibility to impacts of disturbance, injury, or mortality, and (2) systematically identify data gaps, research needs, and monitoring and mitigation priorities.  Building on an iterative development of novel relativistic risk assessment methods to evaluate the potential impacts of human disturbance of marine mammals (Ellison et al. 2012; Wood et al. 2012; Southall et al. 2018; 2019; 2021a; 2021b; 2023), an interdisciplinary team of biologists and researchers involved in the current study adapted aspects of this approach to a new setting. While these approaches were relatively novel in their application to behavioral and auditory disturbance of protected marine mammals from offshore industrial activity, similar kinds of semi-quantitative, expert elicitation-based risk assessment methods have been applied in an increasing diversity of contexts. Examples include assessments of marine fisheries management (e.g., Morrison et al. 2015; Johnson et al. 2016), collision and displacement for seabirds associated with offshore wind energy development (Adams et al. 2017), and evaluations of impacts on marine mammals from climate change (Albouy et al. 2020) and disease (Norman et al. 2022).  Most of these earlier assessments focused on specified types, contexts, and strategically selected spatial and temporal patterns of industrial development based on realistic operations, the nature, timing, precise location, and other features of offshore development for this West Coast focused effort were not deliberately specified. Consequently, the objective here was to apply and adapt aspects of earlier risk assessment methods used to consider impacts of seismic surveys and large piling-based wind farms (notably Southall et al. 2023) to evaluate the relative vulnerability of many protected marine species on the U.S. West Coast to disturbance associated with all forms of offshore alternative energy development. The fundamental approach retains the species-specific, spatially- and temporally explicit nature of the earlier risk assessment but focuses, as an initial step, on just the species-specific vulnerability to the kinds of anticipated disturbances based on a structured host of factors. Subsequent analyses are needed, as discussed, to evaluate specific and finer spatial and temporal aspects of exposure magnitude and severity.  The geographic scope is very broad, extending from Point Conception, CA to the U.S.-Canada border off Washington, and coastal (not inshore) to oceanic waters (out to 2,500 m water depth). Specified geographical latitudinal zones and depth regimes with identified through an expert group elicitation process based on both human-centric (e.g., borders) and ecological considerations. Risk assessment methods as applied here for West Coast species also represents the first consideration of non-marine mammal species in this overall effort, specifically Endangered Species Act (ESA)-listed sea turtle species. Further, central to the approach taken in this novel context for the California Current Ecosystem where ecological patterns are so intimately tied with wind-driven upwelling was the designation of oceanographic \u201cseasons\u201d rather than traditional calendar-based ones. What was achieved through this adaptation and a concentrated and structured assessment process involving many subject matter experts and biologists was a systematic assessment of potential vulnerability of all marine mammal and sea turtle species to disturbance in defined geographical areas and oceanographic \u201cseasons\u201d using a structured assessment with population, life history, acoustic, and other environmental factors.  A core team of experts that was centrally involved in developing the earlier risk assessment methods (namely the authors of Southall et al. 2023) partnered with colleagues from an experienced and centrally engaged conservation organization (California Marine Sanctuary Foundation (CMSF)) to convene a series of workshops engaging more than a dozen expert sea turtle and marine mammal biologists and researchers to conduct the vulnerability assessment. These experts, who were invited and engaged in the discussion to varying degrees based on their availability, are identified below. Their mention here does not necessarily imply their personal concurrence, or that of their affiliated employer, with every scoring assessment or conclusion presented below that was developed during the expert scoring process.  Elizabeth Becker (ManTech; NOAA affiliate) Karin Forney (NOAA) Elliott Hazen (NOAA) Scott Benson (NOAA) Dominic Tollit (SMRU, Consulting) Jenn Amaral (Marine Acoustics Inc (MAI)) Kristin Reed (Upwell) George Shillinger (Upwell) Megan McKenna (SEA, Stanford University) Daniel Pelacios (Oregon State University) John Calambokidis (Cascadia Research) Jeff Moore (NOAA) Shannon Rankin (NOAA) William Ellison (MAI) Chris Clark (Cornell University; MAI)  Two half-day virtual workshops (December 2021 and March 2022) were conducted ahead of the main vulnerability scoring exercise to present the existing vulnerability risk assessment methods, adapt them for this unique assessment, agree on the segregation of the study area and analysis periods, and consider potential species groupings. Through these group processes and interim discussions on key topics, the team concurred on the majority of these parameters and the assessment criteria, setting up the primary action for this project, namely a three-day in-person workshop held 7\u20139 June 2022 held at the Long Marine Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Cruz in Santa Cruz, CA. The results of the vulnerability scoring assessment and the synthesis conclusions and messages contained in this report were conveyed in a series of sequential virtual webinars conducted from January to March 2023 by the project team for the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Marine Fisheries Service, state scientific and management agencies in California, Oregon, and Washington, and representatives of Native American tribes.  This report summarizes the methods applied (section 2) in the vulnerability scoring process, including specified spatial zones, temporal windows, adapted scoring assessment criteria, species\/stocks of marine mammals considered, and approaches to summarizing relative vulnerability (risk) assessments for each species\/stock-area-season context. As described below, several different approaches were utilized to characterize and account for uncertainty both within the scoring process, as a separate qualitative assessment, and in gap analyses with specific research needs assessments. Vulnerability scoring results and relativistic risk assessments are then presented (for most but not all applicable combinations) both by species\/stock for each zone (area) and season accordingly (section 3) and by zone for each season with relative scores across all species considered (section 4). A synthesis assessment of conclusions, data gaps, and recommended next steps follows (section 5). The raw data components of the vulnerability scores and ratings for each marine mammal and sea turtle species (or species stock) in this report are provided in spreadsheets in the following workbook files:    Mysticetes, https:\/\/opendata.boem.gov\/Vulnerability-Scoring-Mysticetes.xlsx  Odontocetes, https:\/\/opendata.boem.gov\/Vulnerability-Scoring-Odontocetes.xlsx  Pinnipeds, https:\/\/opendata.boem.gov\/Vulnerability-Scoring-Pinnipeds.xlsx  Sea turtles, https:\/\/opendata.boem.gov\/Vulnerability-Scoring-SeaTurtles.xlsx","author":["Southall, B.","Mazurek, R.","Eriksen, R."],"organization":["Southall Environmental Associates Inc (SEA)","California Marine Sanctuary Foundation","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.401280000000","-123.769537000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2023-057.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077368","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-distribution-abundance-seabirds-southern-california-20-year-comparison","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/publication\/70029738","title":"At-sea distribution and abundance of seabirds off southern California: A 20-year comparison","description":"We conducted aerial at-sea and coastal surveys to examine the distribution and abundance of seabirds off southern California, from Cambria, California, to the Mexican border. From May 1999\u2013January 2002, we flew 102 d, covered \u0026gt;54,640 km of transect lines, and conducted nine complete surveys of southern California in January, May, and September. We identified 54 species comprising 12 families and counted \u0026gt;135,000 individuals. Seabird densities were greater along island and mainland coastlines than at sea and were usually greatest in January surveys. Densities were greatest at sea near the northern Channel Islands in January and north of Point Conception in May, and lowest in the southwestern portion of the Southern California Bight in all survey months. On coastal transects, seabird densities were greatest along central and southern portions of the mainland coastline from Point Arguello to Mexico. We estimated that 981,000 \u00b1 144,000 ( \u00b1 SE) seabirds occurred in the study area in January, 862,000 \u00b1 95,000 in May, and 762,000 \u00b1 72,000 in September. California Gulls (Larus californicus), Western Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis), and Cassin\u2019s Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) were most abundant in January surveys at sea, whereas Sooty and Short-tailed shearwaters (Puffi nus griseus and P. tenuirostris), phalaropes (Phalaropus spp.), and Western Gulls (Larus. occidentalis) were most abundant in May and September surveys. On coastal transects, California Gulls, Western Grebes, Western Gulls, and Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) were most abundant in January; Western Grebes, Western Gulls, Surf Scoters, and Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) were most abundant in May; and Sooty Shearwaters, Short-tailed Shearwaters, Western Gulls, Western Grebes, Brown Pelicans, and Heermann\u2019s Gulls (Larus heermanni) were most abundant in September. Compared to historical seabird densities collected in the same area two decades ago (1975\u20131978 and 1980\u20131983), abundance was lower by 14% in January, 57% in May, and 42% in September. Common Murres (Uria aalge, \u226575% in each season), Sooty Shearwaters (55% in May, 27% in September), and Bonaparte\u2019s Gulls (L. philadelphia, \u226595% in each season) had lower densities. Conversely, Brown Pelicans (167% overall), Xantus\u2019s Murrelets (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus; 125% overall), Cassin\u2019s Auklets (100% overall), Ashy Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma homochroa, 450% overall) and Western Gulls (55% in May), and Brandt\u2019s Cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus, 450% in September) had greater densities. Our results indicate that seabird abundance has declined off the southern California coast in the past two decades, and these declines may be warning signs of environmental degradation in the region or effects of larger forces such as climate change.  DISTRIBUCI\u00d3N Y ABUNDANCIA DE AVES MARINAS FUERA DEL MAR DE CALIFORNIA SUR: UNA COMPARACI\u00d3N DE 20 A\u00d1OS  Condujimos muestreos a\u00e9reos en el mar y en la costa, con el fi n de examinar la distribuci\u00f3n y abundancia de aves marinas fuera del mar del sur de California, desde Cambria, California, hasta la frontera Mexicana. De mayo de 1999 a enero del 2002, volamos 102 d, cubriendo \u0026gt;54,640 km de l\u00edneas de transecto, y condujimos nueve muestreos completos del sur de California en enero, mayo, y septiembre. Identifi camos 54 especies que comprenden 12 familias y contamos \u0026gt;135,000 individuos. Las densidades de aves marinas fueron mayores a lo largo de las l\u00edneas costeras de islas y del continente a aquellas del mar, y generalmente fueron mayores en los muestreos de enero. Las densidades fueron m\u00e1s grandes en el mar cerca del norte de las Islas Canal en enero y en el norte de Punto de Concepci\u00f3n en mayo, y las m\u00e1s bajas en la porci\u00f3n suroeste de Ensenada California Sur en todos los meses del muestreo. En los transectos de costa, las densidades de aves marinas fueron las m\u00e1s grandes a lo largo de las porciones central y sure\u00f1a de la costa continental desde Punto Arguello hasta M\u00e9xico. Estimamos que 981,000 \u00b1 144,000 ( \u00b1 SE) aves marinas aparecieron en el \u00e1rea de estudio en enero, 862,000 \u00b1 95,000 en mayo, y 762,000 \u00b1 172,000 en septiembre. Las Gaviotas de California (Larus californicus), el Achichincle Pico-amarillo (Aechmophorus occidentalis), y la Alcuela Oscura (Ptychoramphus aleuticus) fueron m\u00e1s abundantes en los muestreos de enero en el mar, mientras que la Pardela Gris y la Pardela Colacorta (Puffi nus griseus y P. tenuirostris), el falaropus (Phalaropus spp.), y la Gaviota Occidental (Larus. occidentalis) fueron m\u00e1s abundantes en los muestreos de mayo y septiembre. En los transectos de costa, las Gaviotas de California, Achichcincles Pico-amarillo, Gaviotas Occidentales, y la Negreta Nuca-blanca (Melanitta perspicillata) fueron m\u00e1s abundantes en enero; Achichincles Pico-amarillo, Gaviotas Occidentales, Negretas Cola-blanca, y Pel\u00edcanos Pardo (Pelecanus occidentalis) fueron m\u00e1s abundantes en mayo; la Pardela Gris, la Pardela Cola-corta, Gaviotas Occidentales, Pel\u00edcanos Pardo, y Gaviotas Ploma (Larus heermanni) fueron m\u00e1s abundantes en septiembre. Comparada a las densidades hist\u00f3ricas de aves mar\u00edtimas colectadas hace dos d\u00e9cadas (1975\u20131978 y 1980\u20131983), la abundancia fue m\u00e1s baja en un 14% en enero, 57% en mayo, y 42% en septiembre. El Arao Com\u00fan (Uria aalge, \u226575% en cada estaci\u00f3n), Pardelas Gris (55% en mayo, 27% en septiembre), y La Gaviota de Bonaparte (L. philadelphia, \u226595% en cada estaci\u00f3n) tuvieron densidades m\u00e1s bajas. En cambio, los Pelicanos Pardo (167% total), el Mergulo de Xantos (Synthliboramphus hypoleucus; 125% total), la Arcuela Oscura (100% total), el Pai\u00f1o Cenizo (Oceanodroma homochroa, 450% total) y las Gaviotas Occidentales (55% en mayo), y el Cormoran de Brandt (Phalacrocorax penicillatus, 450% en septiembre) tuvieron densidades mayores. Nuestros resultados indican que la abundancia de aves marinas ha declinado fuera de la costa de California Sur en las ultimas dos d\u00e9cadas, y dichas declinaciones quiz\u00e1s sean signos de alerta de degradaci\u00f3n ambiental en la regi\u00f3n o efectos de fuerzas mayores, tales como el cambio clim\u00e1tico.","author":["Mason, J.","McChesney, G.","McIver, W.","Carter, H.","Takekawa, J.","Golightly, R.","Ackerman, J.","Orthmeyer, D.","Perry, W.","Yee, J.","Pierson, M.","McCrary, M."],"organization":["Humboldt State University","US Geological Survey (USGS)","US Minerals Management Service (MMS)"],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.406900000000","-122.172933000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mason-et-al-2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077369","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/doi-partnership-distinguishing-between-human-natural-causes-changes-nearshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/BOEM_2019-063.pdf","title":"DOI Partnership: Distinguishing between Human and Natural Causes of Changes in Nearshore Ecosystems Using Long-term Data from DOI Monitoring Programs","description":"Monitoring and predicting the potential impacts of outer continental shelf (OCS) energy production on nearshore ecosystems requires an ability to distinguish between changes caused by natural processes and those caused by human activities. The ability to distinguish such changes in turn requires long-term, spatially extensive data to describe natural patterns of temporal and spatial variation in species abundances and the environmental factors that influence them. This is particularly true for giant kelp forests, which are highly productive and diverse ecosystems in temperate regions that fluctuate greatly in space and time. These systems are highly valued for the milieu of goods and services they provide to society and there is general interest in minimizing anthropogenic activities that adversely affect them. The purpose of this project was to partner with agencies in the Department of the Interior (DOI) to document, integrate and analyze data produced from long-term kelp forest monitoring programs to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of change in these iconic ecosystems.  The primary objectives in this collaborative partnership were fourfold: (1) Work with two Department of the Interior agencies to assimilate, document and published their long-term (30 + years) data sets pertaining to kelp forest community structure at the northern Channel Islands and San Nicolas Island; (2) Expand the spatial scope of these data sets by integrating them with other long-term kelp forest monitoring programs in the region and with appropriately temporally and spatially scaled environmental data to produce a data resource with unrivaled temporal, spatial and taxonomic scope; (3) Analyze integrated data sets across multiple spatial and temporal scales to ascertain patterns of variation in population and community dynamics and to identify key environmental and anthropogenic factors that drive them; (4) Use the fully integrated data sets to collaborate with BOEM partners and other BOEMfunded programs on issues relevant to BOEM\u2019s mission.  The value of this project to BOEM lies in its ability to assist managers in detecting and evaluating possible impacts from offshore energy activities, and in developing options to mitigate these impacts. In addition, identification of patterns in these data sets will aid in predicting potential ecosystem impacts due to climate change and advancing adaptive management, both of which are goals central to DOI stewardship responsibilities and trust resources.  One lesson of this project is that the time and expense necessary to make data visible, easy to use and easy to combine with other data should not be underestimated, but that such efforts can have very positive results on how widely that data is accessed and used. When long term ecological monitoring continues for decades, there is a danger either that too little metadata is assembled, preventing interpretation of the data, or that so much metadata is assembled that the volume of information becomes a barrier to understanding what was done. The process of publishing data sets forces metadata to be constructed in a standard format and ensures that an appropriate level of detail is maintained. When combining data sets, we note that decisions about taxonomic resolution can present obstacles to data synthesis, especially when organisms are separated into life stages or size classes. If a new monitoring project is proposed, it is worth investing time up front to ensure that the newly collected taxa groups and size classes will be compatible with existing data sets.  We show that the combined data sets we produce have considerable potential for detecting impacts in this region. Although there are statistical challenges to detecting localized impacts, Before-After-ControlImpact analyses or similar approaches can reliably detect impacts of moderate size and severity particularly if several species are similarly impacted and thus included in the analysis. However, we also reveal that the spatial and temporal dynamics of this marine system can result in extremely high false positive rates if temporal autocorrelation is not properly accounted for. Because adjusting for such temporal effects requires long-term monitoring data, this emphasizes the continued value of DOI monitoring for impact analysis in the region.  Our analyses of the drivers of spatial variation within the region indicate that moderate scale variation (65 km+) is relatively predictable based on available environmental covariates. This suggests that detection of moderate or large sized impacts such as oil spills could be further improved by considering such covariates in analyses. Unfortunately, local scale impacts such as cable burial occur on a background of high small-scale natural variability. This small-scale variability was not well predicted by any of the covariates we examined, and would rarely be co-located with existing monitoring sites. These results emphasize the challenge of reliably estimating small impacts without direct collection of ecological data before and after an anthropogenic disturbance.","author":["Reed, D.","Rassweiler, A."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2019-063.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077370","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oregon-ocs-seafloor-mapping-selected-lease-blocks-relevant-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/ofr20171045","title":"Oregon OCS Seafloor Mapping: Selected Lease Blocks Relevant to Renewable Energy","description":"In 2014 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) entered into Intra-agency agreement M13PG00037 to map an area of the Oregon Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) off of Coos Bay, Oregon, under consideration for development of a floating wind energy farm. The BOEM requires seafloor mapping and site characterization studies in order to evaluate the impact of seafloor and sub-seafloor conditions on the installation, operation, and structural integrity of proposed renewable energy projects, as well as to assess the potential effects of construction and operations on archaeological resources. The mission of the USGS is to provide geologic, topographic, and hydrologic information that contributes to the wise management of the Nation\u0027s natural resources and that promotes the health, safety, and well being of the people. This information consists of maps, databases, and descriptions and analyses of the water, energy, and mineral resources, land surface, underlying geologic structure, and dynamic processes of the earth.  For the Oregon OCS study, the USGS acquired multibeam echo sounder and seafloor video data surrounding the proposed development site, which is 95 km2 in area and 15 miles offshore from Coos Bay. The development site had been surveyed by Solmar Hydro Inc. in 2013 under a contract with WindFloat Pacific. The USGS subsequently produced a bathymetry digital elevation model and a backscatter intensity grid that were merged with existing data collected by the contractor. The merged grids were published along with visual observations of benthic geo-habitat from the video data in an associated USGS data release (Cochrane and others, 2015).  This report includes the results of analysis of the video data conducted by Oregon State University and the geo-habitat interpretation of the multibeam echo sounder (MBES) data conducted by the USGS. MBES data was published in Cochrane and others (2015). Interpretive data associated with this publication is published in Cochrane (2017). All the data is provided as geographic information system (GIS) files that contain both Esri ArcGIS geotiffs or shapefiles. For those who do not own the full suite of Esri GIS and mapping software, the data can be read using Esri ArcReader, a free viewer that is available at https:\/\/www.esri.com\/software\/arcgis\/arcreader\/index.html (last accessed August 29, 2016). Web services, which consist of standard implementations of ArcGIS representational state transfer (REST) Service and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) GIS web map service (WMS), also are available for all published GIS data. Web services were created using an ArcGIS service definition file, resulting in data layers that are symbolized as shown on the associated report figures. Both the ArcGIS REST Service and OGC WMS Service include all the individual GIS layers. Data layers are bundled together in a map-area web service; however, each layer can be symbolized and accessed individually after the web service is ingested into a desktop application or web map. Web services enable users to download and view data, as well as to easily add data to their own workflows, using any browser-enabled, standalone or mobile device.  Though the surficial substrate is dominated by combinations of mud and sand substrate, a diverse assortment of geomorphologic features are related to geologic processes\u2014one anticlinal ridge where bedrock is exposed, a slump and associated scarps, and pockmarks. Pockmarks are seen in the form of fields of small pockmarks, a lineation of large pockmarks with methanogenic carbonates, and areas of large pockmarks that have merged into larger variously shaped depressions. The slump appears to have originated at the pockmark lineation. Video-supervised numerical analysis of the MBES backscatter intensity data and vector ruggedness derived from the MBES bathymetry data was used to produce a substrate model called a seafloor character raster for the study area. The seafloor character raster consists of three substrate classes: soft-flat areas, hard-flat areas, and hard-rugged areas. A Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) geoform and substrate map was also produced using depth, slope, and benthic position index classes to delineate geoform boundaries. Seven geoforms were identified in this process, including ridges, slump scars, slump deposits, basins, and pockmarks.  Statistical analysis of the video data for correlations between substrate, depth, and invertebrate assemblages resulted in the identification of seven biomes: three hard-bottom biomes and four softbottom biomes. A similar analysis of vertebrate observations produces a similar set of biomes. The biome between-group dissimilarity was very high or high. Invertebrates alone represent most of the structure of the whole benthic community into different assemblages. A biotope map was generated using the seafloor character raster and the substrate and depth values of the biomes. Hard substrate biotopes were small in size and were located primarily on the ridge and in pockmarks along the pockmark lineation. The soft-bottom bitopes consisted of large contiguous areas delimited by isobaths.","author":["Cochrane, G.","Hemery, L.","Henkel, S."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","Oregon State University (OSU)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.422527000000","-124.433550000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM-2017-018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077526","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/red-rock-crab-cancer-productus-movement-not-influenced-electromagnetic-fields-produced","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434323002224","title":"Red rock crab (Cancer productus) movement is not influenced by electromagnetic fields produced by a submarine power transmission cable","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) devices, such as ones that harness offshore wind and wave energy, are an effective supplement to traditional energy sources and can support the energy grid while combating climate change. As MRE development increases pace, it is important to anticipate impacts of these infrastructure projects on the marine environment. One potential impact is a localized change in electromagnetic fields (EMF) produced by energized submarine transmission cables. Though many marine species are sensitive to EMF, primarily for navigation and orientation purposes, strong conclusions about how EMF affects invertebrates are lacking. Organisms that traverse the seafloor close to energized submarine cables, such as crabs, may be subject to stronger EMF currents. The U.S. West Coast is both a hot spot for emerging MRE development as well as home to the largest crab fisheries in the nation, there is an obvious concern on the potential impact development will have on fisheries. Our primary objective was to verify the response of red rock crabs in the presence of energized cables similar to those associated with existing MRE installations while also controlling for environmental conditions. We quantified and mapped local magnetic fields near an energized cable, tested crab responses in cable and control areas using a two-choice experimental cage in situ and described and quantified variables that were most likely to affect crab responses, including water current direction\/velocity and magnetic field strength. Our results were remarkably consistent with previous studies: 1) crabs showed no preference for crossing\/not crossing the cable; 2) crabs preferred to travel to the west regardless of the presence\/absence of an energized cable; 3) while crabs preferred to travel to the west even more frequently in the absence of an energized cable, cable crossing and travel direction preferences were not influenced by EMF; and 4) EMF produced by these cables were consistent over time and decay to background levels at a distance of less than 1\u202fm. This information is critical to making informed and sustainable policy decisions about renewable energy development and ensuring that this technology can coexist with local fisheries as MRE development continues.","author":["Williams, J.","Jaco, E.","Scholz, Z.","Williams, C.","Pondella, D.","Rasser, M.","Schroeder, D."],"organization":["Occidental College","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2023-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077527","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-morphodynamic-impacts-optimization-marine-hydrokinetic-arrays-shallow","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4441\/15\/22\/3884","title":"Modeling Morphodynamic Impacts and Optimization of Marine Hydrokinetic Arrays in Shallow Offshore Environments","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices hold the promise of expanding renewable energy production by tapping into the power of waves and currents for electricity generation. However, these devices remain in the developmental stage, necessitating research to understand their environmental impacts, lower operational costs, and prevent equipment failures. In this study, we investigate various MHK array configurations to gain insights into their effects on wave patterns, water flow, and sediment conditions, considering both short-term and long-term morphodynamic changes under average and extreme conditions in shallow offshore environments. Our objectives encompass understanding the influence of mean and extreme environmental conditions on MHK devices, evaluating their impact on the bathymetry of the ocean floor, and exploring the role of different array configurations in morphodynamic evolution. Our findings, based on modeling these devices as static lumps, reveal that sediment erosion downstream of MHKs increases by 50% after one year of average conditions. When accounting for the absorption of 30% of the energy by MHK devices, downstream sediment deposition surges by almost 125%. Moreover, alterations in MHK arrays, such as spacing, size, and number, result in noticeable changes in sedimentation magnitudes during storm conditions. While long-term mean wave conditions have minimal effects on sedimentation, extreme wave conditions, akin to large storm events, bring about significant alterations in ocean floor bathymetry, potentially leading to costly maintenance of the MHK arrays. Our research provides a valuable framework for site analysis, enabling the estimation of maintenance needs and the optimization of array configurations to minimize sedimentation-related issues.","author":["Moghadam, H.","Ortiz, A."],"organization":["North Carolina State University","Colby College"],"originationDate":"2023-11-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moghadam_and_Ortiz_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077528","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/probabilistic-methodology-determining-collision-risk-marine-animals-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/11\/2151","title":"A Probabilistic Methodology for Determining Collision Risk of Marine Animals with Tidal Energy Turbines","description":"Commercial development of tidal stream energy is hampered by technical and financial challenges, and impeded by uncertainty about potential environmental effects that drive environmental risk assessments and permitting (consenting) processes. The effect of greatest concern for operational tidal stream energy devices is the potential for marine animals to collide with turbine blades, resulting in injury or death. Due to the turbulent and often turbid waters that frequently characterize tidal turbine sites, there is an absence of empirical evidence about collisions with marine animals. This paucity of observations often leads to risk-averse permitting decisions that further restrict the deployment of tidal energy devices that are needed to collect this evidence. This paper relies on the framework of stressors and receptors that is widely used in marine energy studies and outlines a stepwise probabilistic methodology that applies existing knowledge to further elucidate the risk to marine animals from operational tidal turbines. A case study using striped bass from the Bay of Fundy, Canada, accompanies the methodology, to partially demonstrate its application.","author":["Copping, A.","Hasselman, D.","Bangley, C.","Culina, J.","Carcas, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2023-11-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Environmental Impact Assessment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-24 03:27:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077547","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/case-studies-support-scenario-mapping-offshore-renewable-energy-development-economic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/case-studies-support-scenario-mapping-offshore-renewable-energy-development-economic-benefits\/documents\/","title":"Case studies to support scenario mapping for offshore renewable energy development economic benefits","description":"This project was commissioned by Marine Scotland in 2019 and aimed to identify, measure and value the delivered and potential economic impact for Scotland from offshore wind and tidal energy projects. The report is now being published as part of the evidence base to support the development of new Socio- Economic Impact Assessment Guidance for Offshore Renewable Energy that Marine Scotland has developed (to be published shortly).  Some important aspects of the report are now out of date, including the status of the projects being analysed, and the capability of the offshore wind supply chain in Scotland. The original intention was to use a case study approach with actual data to assess the economic impact of four existing renewable energy projects. The project faced a number of challenges in terms of acquiring data due to GDPR and commercial confidentiality requirements. As a consequence the analysis undertaken was based on modelled data, using qualitative data from developers and public sources. The results of the modelling therefore represent an estimate of actual and potential economic impact. The methodology consists of the development of case studies for \u201cas-is\u201d and \u201cwhat-if\u201d economic impacts scenarios based on the existing supply chain in Scotland at the time of writing and provides an estimated and maximum Scottish content.  Although this methodology is unique to this report, it follows some of the same principles as those used in the forthcoming SEIA guidance. For example, the SEIA guidance asks for the assessment of economic impacts to be presented at the local, regional, Scottish and UK level.  The report also illustrates the types and scale of expected economic impact as well as the potential areas for increased value added in Scotland, which will be helpful for socio-economic impact assessment and will assist future supply chain and Scottish content work.","author":["BVG Associates"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2022-11-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BVG_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077550","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/technology-gaps-bird-monitoring-relation-offshore-wind-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nationaloffshorewind.org\/projects\/technology-development-priorities-for-scientifically-robust-and-operationally-compatible-wildlife-monitoring-and-adaptive-management\/","title":"Technology Gaps for Bird Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Development","description":"In recent years, the expansion and development of the offshore wind (OSW) industry has generated an interest in identifying the risk factors to wildlife associated with the construction, operation, and maintenance of fixed and floating OSW turbines. Wildlife monitoring for OSW energy development should be question-driven, scientifically robust, and integrated into OSW development and operation procedures; otherwise, funding spent on wildlife monitoring may not meaningfully inform future environmental assessments and adaptive management decisions. A variety of technologies are available for wildlife monitoring, but there is currently no comprehensive assessment of the capacity of available technologies to collect statistically robust wildlife data at OSW facilities, inform adaptive management, and reduce precautionary mitigation.  As part of an effort to develop targeted recommendations for research and development (R\u0026amp;D) of bird and marine mammal monitoring technologies, subject matter experts (SMEs) were invited to two workshops in the autumn of 2022 to provide input on the technology types, limitations, and possible improvements to technologies that are used or have potential to be used to monitor marine birds in relation to OSW energy development. This report summarizes discussions from these workshops, including:    The technologies and methods (including sample size and scale considerations) needed to answer priority research questions;  Factors influencing the level of uncertainty in results produced by these technologies;  Major bottlenecks and limitations of available methods\/technologies that additional R\u0026amp;D could address; and  Ideas to streamline bottlenecks.   Workshop participants identified a broad range of technologies used to monitor birds and OSW development, as well as the limitations inherent in those technologies. Strategies to address these limitations included investments in further R\u0026amp;D to improve specific technologies. For example, SMEs suggested that R\u0026amp;D for tags and other bird-borne sensors focus on increasing sensor reliability and accuracy, further miniaturization of tags and improved battery life relative to tag size and increasing remote download capabilities. Tag integration was highlighted as a potential solution to some existing technological limitations, for example by improving integration of altimeters or pressure sensors with other tag types to obtain more reliable altitude data. More generally, SMEs noted the potential value of integrating a range of monitoring technologies that provide data of differing types or at complementary scales.  SMEs indicated that engaging with wind energy projects and turbine manufacturers as soon as possible, preferably several years prior to construction, is important to streamline and facilitate the operationalization of turbine- or platform-based monitoring at OSW sites. SMEs also focused on the vii importance of standardization and flexibility in platforms and technologies, including designing systems to be able to operate on different countries\u2019 electrical systems and a common need for front-end engineering for common scientific research needs on platforms. It was felt that the incorporation into turbine designs of built-in capacity designated for wildlife monitoring systems (including power, internet\/data transfer, and physical space) would greatly facilitate the ability of offshore wind developers to meet environmental monitoring requirements, which are typically finalized much later in the development process. It was also suggested that the development of government requirements for data sharing protocols, standards, or platforms could help to drive collaboration and innovation. Ultimately, a combination of focused R\u0026amp;D, cross-sector coordination and streamlining, and acceleration of development and testing timelines were recommended to improve bird monitoring technologies.","author":["Courbis, S.","Etter, H.","Pacini, A.","Campoblanco, F.","Williams, K.","Stepanuk, J."],"organization":["Advisian (Worley Group)","Biodiversity Research Institute"],"originationDate":"2023-04-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Advisian_04_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077560","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noise-monitoring-report-wave-swell-energy-king-island-project-uniwave200","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.waveswell.com\/","title":"Noise Monitoring Report Wave Swell Energy King Island Project \u2013 UniWave200","description":"Wave Swell Energy (WSE) deployed the UniWave200 Wave Energy Converter (WEC) at Grassy Harbour, King Island, in early 2021. The project received planning and environmental approvals from King Island Council. A licence and lease for the WEC footprint and marine cable route was received from Crown Land Services.   There is a relatively high background noise from a working port and mine within close proximity to the deployment zone. Due to this context, and expected low noise emissions, the environmental impact assessment documents concluded there was very low risk of noise impacts to recreational beach users and marine fauna from the project.  The installation was approved by King Island Council without a requirement for detailed noise modelling or baseline noise measurements. There were no complaints from stakeholders or the general public regarding noise disturbances, and no evidence for any impact on marine fauna arising from noise emissions.  During operation, WSE undertook a campaign of noise monitoring to provide input for future assessments, and for scoping more detailed studies for future projects. Eight locations above water and on land were selected, and sound pressure levels were measured with a hand-held device, and the results recorded and collated.  The results confirm that noise levels from the turbine operation at the WEC itself increased with turbine operational speed. The noise from the airflap vents was consistent across turbine speeds.  For receptors at the nearest accessible point on the beach (50m from the WEC), the highest recorded sound level was 64.3dB, which is a little louder than normal conversation, and a little softer than a washing machine.  For monitoring locations on the water or the beach at 100m from the WEC or beyond, little discernable increase in noise with operation of the turbine and increasing turbine speed was detected.   It is not possible to directly compare the results of the noise monitoring to the proposed limits for vessels and motors operated on water in the EPA guidelines, as the monitoring locations were generally greater distances than those in the proposed EPA limits. This reflected the exclusion zones created for the WEC, and the minimum distance of a potential receptor on the beach to the device.   The EPA Guideline proposed limit is 74dB measured at 25m distance. The readings taken in the noise monitoring campaign did not exceed 64.3dB measured at 50m distance.   The noise monitoring program for the King Island UniWave200 project collected limited data (no baseline, limited acoustic detail eg frequency, tonal components, impulsiveness, modulation etc), however it verifies the expectations of the pre-approval environmental assessment documents. The results provide useful scoping information for designing acoustic studies if required for future projects in noise sensitive environments. These studies should also consider the need for measurement of vibration in the underwater environment.","author":["Giudici, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-08-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 07:14:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wave-Swell-Noise-Monitoring-Report-Giudici-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077589","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-extent-can-decommissioning-options-marine-artificial-structures-move-us-toward","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479723024325","title":"To what extent can decommissioning options for marine artificial structures move us toward environmental targets?","description":"Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy is key to international energy transition efforts and the move toward net zero. For many nations, this requires decommissioning of hundreds of oil and gas infrastructure in the marine environment. Current international, regional and national legislation largely dictates that structures must be completely removed at end-of-life although, increasingly, alternative decommissioning options are being promoted and implemented. Yet, a paucity of real-world case studies describing the impacts of decommissioning on the environment make decision-making with respect to which option(s) might be optimal for meeting international and regional strategic environmental targets challenging. To address this gap, we draw together international expertise and judgment from marine environmental scientists on marine artificial structures as an alternative source of evidence that explores how different decommissioning options might ameliorate pressures that drive environmental status toward (or away) from environmental objectives. Synthesis reveals that for 37 United Nations and Oslo-Paris Commissions (OSPAR) global and regional environmental targets, experts consider repurposing or abandoning individual structures, or abandoning multiple structures across a region, as the options that would most strongly contribute toward targets. This collective view suggests complete removal may not be best for the environment or society. However, different decommissioning options act in different ways and make variable contributions toward environmental targets, such that policy makers and managers would likely need to prioritise some targets over others considering political, social, economic, and ecological contexts. Current policy may not result in optimal outcomes for the environment or society.","author":["Knights, A.","Lemasson, A.","Firth, L.","Beaumont, N.","Birchenough, S.","Claisse, J.","Coolen, J.","Copping, A.","De Dominicis, M.","Degraer, S.","Elliott, M.","Fernandes, P.","Fowler, A.","Frost, M.","Henry, L.","Hicks, N.","Hyder, K.","Jagerroos, S.","Love, M.","Lynam, C.","Macreadie, P.","McLean, D.","Marlow, J.","Mavraki, N.","Montagna, P.","Paterson, D.","Perrow, M.","Porter, J.","Bull, A.","Schratzberger, M.","Shipley, B.","van Elden, S.","Vanaverbeke, J.","Want, A.","Watson, S.","Wilding, T.","Somerfield, P."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","California State University","Occidental College","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","University of Hull","Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)","Heriot-Watt University","Sydney Institute of Marine Science","University of Edinburgh","University of East Anglia","King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","University of California Santa Barbara","Deakin University","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","University of Western Australia","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Texas A\u0026M University","University of St Andrews","University College London","Texas Parks and Wildlife Department"],"originationDate":"2024-01-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Knights_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077600","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/key-biofouling-organisms-tidal-habitats-targeted-offshore-renewable-energy-sector","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/11\/11\/2168","title":"Key Biofouling Organisms in Tidal Habitats Targeted by the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector in the North Atlantic Include the Massive Barnacle Chirona hameri","description":"Marine habitats are being targeted for the extraction of offshore renewable energy (ORE) as part of the drive to decarbonise electricity generation. Unmanaged biofouling impacts ORE devices and infrastructure by elevating drag forces, increasing weight, and accelerating corrosion, leading to decreased performance and survivability, and extending costly periods of maintenance. ORE deployments in high tidal flow locations are providing opportunities to study the biofouling unique to these habitats. In this study, surveys of numerous devices and associated infrastructure deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre in Scotland identified high tidal flow fouling assemblages. Substrate orientation relative to tidal flow appears to affect the abundance of key fouling species, including the massive barnacle Chirona hameri. This species is shown to recruit to a wide range of artificial substrates, over a prolonged period from mid-spring to mid-summer, and in maximum current speeds from 0.4\u20134.0 m\/s. For the first time, C. hameri is reported in near-surface depths, on uncoated components of a floating tidal device. The highly gregarious settlement behaviour and rapid growth exhibited by this species may have important implications for managing fouling in the ORE industry, especially in \u2018niche\u2019 areas. Anti-fouling strategies and maintenance scheduling applicable to ORE and other marine industries are discussed.","author":["Want, A.","Goubard, A.","Jonveaux, S.","Leaver, D.","Bell, M."],"organization":["University of Hull","Heriot-Watt University","Universit\u00e9 de Bretagne Occidentale","Nantes Universit\u00e9","University of Sherbrooke","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2023-11-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.956286000000","-3.294751000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Want-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077807","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-simulation-based-approach-collision-risk-tidal-energy-converters-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.qub.ac.uk\/en\/studentTheses\/developing-a-simulation-based-approach-to-collision-risk-of-tidal","title":"Developing a simulation-based approach to Collision Risk of Tidal Energy Converters and Marine Wildlife","description":"Tidal energy has the potential to form an important part of renewable energy production, helping to reach global targets, such as those outlined in the Paris Agreement. The predictable nature of tides offers a reliable supply of renewable energy, making tidal energy converters (TECs) a desirable source of electrical generation. However, the drive for sustainable development and the legislative protection of species and habitats means that, in most countries, the environmental impacts of TECs must be quantified before consent for an installation is granted. There are several environmental issues raised regarding TECs, however, one major concern is the risk of an animal fatally colliding with the moving parts of a TEC i.e. collision risk. Collision risk was identified as an issue before the first grid-connected TEC was installed in 2008. Now, over 10 years later, it is still a major barrier in the consenting process. To address collision risk, modelling is used to predict the likely number of animals to collide with a TEC in a given time period, and the results from these models are presented to allow informed licencing decisions by regulators. Several collision risk models have been used in previous environmental assessments, however, they all have limitations. Firstly, they cannot estimate risk for novel device designs such as a tidal kite or crossflow devices. Secondly, they are limited in their ability to incorporate additional information, such as through altering input parameters or post-processing of results. Previously, a simulation-based approach to estimating collision risk was developed for a tidal kite using open-source 3D modelling software. By simulating the 3D shapes of a TEC, an animal, and their movement, the approach allows for all aspects of the model to be controlled and therefore has the potential to be developed to address many different aspects of collision risk modelling. Here, the development of a simulation-based approach to collision risk was undertaken with the aim of producing robust collision risk estimates between animals and tidal energy convertors. Developments such as (i) producing collision risk probabilities for any device design, (ii) altering various animal parameters, such as angle of approach and different body size, and (iii) extracting the speed of collisions and where they occur on the body of the animal to estimate mortality were undertaken. Also, (iv) streamlining of the model was performed to reduce computational time and (v) results from the simulation-based approach were compared against two collision risk models previously used in environmental impact assessment, reproducing the results of a collision risk assessment.  This work has resulted in the development of collision risk model using a simulation-based approach that can incorporate any type of TEC using the free open-source software Blender. I also demonstrated how variations in input parameters (animal size, speed, angle of approach) can be incorporated into the model with relative ease and how it can be used to post-process results from   the simulations to incorporate additional information on animal behaviour. I provided an example of how mortality estimates can be obtained from the model, based on collision speed and where on the animal the collision occurs. I also highlighted the complexities of collision risk modelling which identified that some relationships between parameters are non-linear. The efficiency of the model was also improved by decreasing the computational time needed for simulations to run. Finally, I demonstrated that the model produces similar results to two previously used collision risk models, the encounter rate and Band model, for a simple scenario when all conditions are matched, which provided reassurance in the validity of the approach. Overall, I have developed a model using a simulation-based approach that can be adapted and expanded to the needs of the user and therefore provides a state-of-the-art tool for producing collision risk estimates.  The work presented in this thesis significantly advances the modelling of collision risk between TECs and animals. The flexibility of the simulation-based approach allows for the best available data to be incorporated to produce robust and transparent collision risk estimates. Ultimately, this collision risk model is a step forward that was needed, as collision risk continues to be a barrier to the growth of the tidal energy industry.","author":["Horne, N."],"organization":["Queen\u0027s University Belfast"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-07 05:33:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Developing-a-situation-based-approach-Horne-N-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077935","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/balancing-power-production-coastal-protection-bi-objective-analysis-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148123016178","title":"Balancing power production and coastal protection: A bi-objective analysis of Wave Energy Converters","description":"Wave Energy Converters (WECs) have the potential to serve dual purposes, generating power and protecting coastlines. Although traditionally the focus has been on maximizing power generation for cost-effectiveness, growing impacts of climate change have made coastal protection increasingly imperative. However, power production and coastal protection have been addressed separately, missing potential synergies. This paper addresses this gap by conducting a bi-objective analysis to investigate the interactions between power extraction and wave attenuation for a single Oscillating Surge Wave Converter (OSWC) and WEC farms of three and five units. A linear Power Take-Off (PTO) system, with passive and reactive control strategies, is examined. By varying the PTO parameters, we assess their influence on both power production and wave field attenuation. Results demonstrate a significant impact of the PTO choice on wave attenuation, with a similar trend observed for power production. This finding highlights the potential for a trade-off, where maximizing wave attenuation may come at the cost of moderate energy output. Furthermore, the interactions observed within the WEC farms enhance this trend. The study emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to WEC technology development, promoting sustainable and resilient harnessing of wave energy resources, considering both power generation and coastal protection.","author":["Battisti, B.","Giorgi, G.","Fern\u00e1ndez, G."],"organization":["Regio Politecnico di Torino (Royal Turin Polytechnic)","University of Bordeaux","Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2024-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077936","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/triton-environmental-monitoring-technology-development-collision-risk-data-collection","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pnnl.gov\/main\/publications\/external\/technical_reports\/PNNL-33475.pdf","title":"Triton: Environmental Monitoring Technology Development, Collision Risk Data Collection","description":"Current energy converters like tidal and in-river turbines are a promising technology for clean electrical power generation in a variety of locations in the US. The environmental risk of most concern in relation to these turbines is collisions between animals such as fish or marine mammals with moving parts of the turbines. Monitoring technologies like video cameras and active acoustic sensors can collect data about animal interactions with turbines that regulators and stakeholders can use to assess this risk. Video and acoustic cameras can generate compelling images, allow identification and classification of targets, and give insight into the behavior of animals near a turbine. However, analyzing data from these sensors, particularly from long-term continuous monitoring, is time consuming and costly. The goal of this project was to develop software tools that will reduce the time and cost of analyzing data from these sensors. In this project, we assembled a sensor suite that combines a scientific echosounder (sonar) system with video and acoustic cameras (secondary sensors). The sensor suite generates data that is amenable to automated target detection algorithms and can provide inputs to animal encounter models. We developed software (archiving software) to collect data simultaneously from all sensors in the suite, analyze the sonar data automatically in near-real-time to identify time periods when targets of interest were present, and automatically archive data from the secondary sensors for these time periods. The product of the archiving software is a data set for the secondary sensors, containing data only for the times when targets of interest were determined to be present by the sonar. We performed controlled field testing to verify the operation of the sensor suite and the archiving software. In real-world applications we expect that the secondary sensor data set produced by the archiving software will be significantly smaller than the full continuous data set for those sensors and will therefore be faster and cheaper to analyze. The exact reduction in data accumulation, and the associated time and cost savings, will be specific to each site, determined by such factors as number of animals present and water column dynamics like entrained air or debris drift. Further work is required to quantify the reduction that can be achieved at sites of interest. The sensor suite used for this project consists entirely of sensors that are available commercially from established manufacturers. The software developed for this project leverages proven commercial off-the-shelf software applications and software development kits. It is designed to be robust, for long-term, continuous, unattended monitoring deployments. The software allows for the sensors in the suite to be collocated or not and is extensively configurable to allow use near different sized turbines, in various environments (rivers, dams, marine) where the targets of interest may be of different types, such as large individual animals, or dense groups of small animals. At the conclusion of this project, the sensor suite and software are at Technology Readiness Level 4. The software works reliably as designed, and successfully archives data from video and acoustic cameras when the sonar detects targets of interest. Our recommendation for the next step is to deploy and beta-test the system near an operational turbine, to demonstrate that the system can reliably collect useful monitoring data in an operational environment and to quantify the reduction in secondary sensor data volume that can be achieved at a realistic site.","author":["Packer, A.","Acker, T.","Staines, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2022-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PNNL_Triton_33475_09_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077956","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/good-noise-bad-noise-tricky-case-balancing-risk-physical-injury-against-acoustic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article\/141\/5_Supplement\/3921\/637521\/Good-noise-bad-noise-A-tricky-case-of-balancing","title":"Good noise, bad noise: A tricky case of balancing risk of physical injury against acoustic disturbance for marine mammals and tidal energy devices","description":"Tidal-stream turbines are a promising source of renewable electricity worldwide. These technologies are sufficiently new that only single test devices have been deployed with arrays imminent. Being new, their interactions with marine organisms are poorly understood and the risk of large marine vertebrates colliding with their moving blades is a consenting and ecological concern. Operational noise is also considered a disturbance threat but under what circumstances is poorly defined. Further, the threats of collision and turbine noise may be inversely correlated with animals needing to hear turbines to avoid them. Consequently, there have been proposals to add extra-noise by fitting turbines with acoustic deterrents to warn or scare animals away. In this talk we examine the acoustic interactions between marine mammals and tidal turbines. The interactions are complex and depend on turbine source levels, ambient sound, propagation in moving water, sensory abilities, swim speeds and diving behaviour. In addition, the occurrence of turbines in arrays adds further complexity as responses to one turbine will impact collision risk with another. We then consider the options for and implications of adding additional warning sounds but such quick fixes might have unintended consequences that either increase collision risk or lead to undesirable avoidance.","author":["Wilson, B.","Marmo, B.","Lepper, P.","Risch, D.","Benjamins, S.","Hastie, G.","Carter, C."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Loughborough University","SMRU Consulting","Scottish Natural Heritage"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2077994","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewables-environmental-approvals","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore renewables environmental approvals","description":"The Australian Government has established a legislative framework to enable offshore infrastructure projects 1 to be undertaken in Australian Commonwealth waters (\u0026gt;3 nautical miles from shore, extending to the boundary of Australia\u2019s exclusive economic zone). This guidance has been developed to explain the requirements of, and interactions between the Offshore Electricity Infrastructure Act 2021 (OEI Act) and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) licensing and environmental approvals processes. The guidance is part of a suite of guidance prepared by the Australian Government to support offshore renewables proponents. This guidance is separated into three parts to explain the primary environmental approvals pathways under the EPBC Act and licensing requirements for three offshore infrastructure project types under the OEI Act.","author":["Australian Government"],"organization":["Australian Government"],"originationDate":"2023-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Australian-Government-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078027","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/linear-hydrodynamic-model-rotating-lift-based-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36688\/imej.6.37-44","title":"A Linear hydrodynamic model of rotating lift-based wave energy converters","description":"A linear potential flow model of a rotating lift-based wave energy converter is developed by assuming that the lift is generated by a pair of equal and opposite circulations and that the amplitude of motion is small. The linearisation of the hydrodynamics means that the forces can decomposed and expressions for the wave excitation force and radiation damping force are derived independently and shown to be related to each other through the Haskind Relations. The expressions for the forces are used to show that there is an optimum phase and product of circulation and radius of rotation to maximise the wave power extracted, which is equivalent to the optimum phase and amplitude of motion from \u2018conventional\u2019 wave energy converter theory. It is also shown that at this optimum condition 100% of the incident wave energy can be extracted. It is shown that the forces are directly proportional to the velocities due to the motion of the vortices, the water particle velocities due to the incident wave, and the water particle velocities induced by the vortices. The effect of the vortex-induced water particle velocities is considered and the importance of including these velocities on the passive generation of circulation, e.g. by hydrofoils, is highlighted. The impact of a sub-optimum product of circulation and radius of rotation is also investigated and shown that the power capture is not highly sensitive to the optimal conditions in the same way as \u2018conventional\u2019 wave energy converters","author":["Folley, M.","Lamont-Kane, P.","Frost, C."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078031","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-wales-state-sector-2022","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/MEW-2022-State-Of-The-Sector.pdf","title":"Marine Energy Wales State of the Sector 2022","description":"This year, the team at Marine Energy Wales have refined how we present our annual State of the Sector report. We have given a renewed focus on the socioeconomic benefits delivered by the Welsh marine renewable energy sector to date and present a range of case studies to bring life to the findings. In addition to presenting the latest figures for the level of investment in Wales, we have also sought to gather and present data in additional areas. Most notably the type of employment being generated by the sector, alongside the projected growth in spending over the next five years. We also cover other sector opportunities outside of Wales and highlight activity from our member network.","author":["Marine Energy Wales"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:14:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW-2022-State-Of-The-Sector.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078035","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/engaging-regulatory-community-aid-environmental-consentingpermitting-processes-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/75","title":"Engaging the Regulatory Community to Aid Environmental Consenting\/Permitting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Regulators involved in consenting\/permitting marine renewable energy (MRE) have faced multiple challenges due to relatively new, unfamiliar technologies and uncertainty surrounding potential environmental impacts. This has resulted in slow progress for the MRE industry, including long consenting timeframes and extensive and expensive monitoring requirements, which increase financial risk for investors. OES-Environmental has surveyed regulators internationally to understand their key knowledge gaps and perspectives to support the development of the MRE industry. From the results of these surveys a data transferability process and a risk retirement pathway have been developed to assess consenting and monitoring requirements in proportion to risk. A tool for discovering existing data sets by using an online matrix has been developed, along with training materials, regulatory guidance documents, and a strategic outreach plan to engage regulators and advisers. This engagement and the application of these products should lead to a better understanding of the environmental effects of marine energy, and more efficient consenting processes.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IMEJPaper_12.14.2023_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078036","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-small-marine-energy-deployments-oceanographic-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/100","title":"Effects of small marine energy deployments on oceanographic systems","description":"The placement and operation of marine energy deployments in the ocean have the potential to change flow patterns, decrease wave heights, and\/or remove energy from the oceanographic system. Changes in oceanographic systems resulting from harvesting marine energy, particularly tidal and wave energy, may be of concern. These changes include alterations in nearfield and farfield physical processes, as well as potential secondary environmental effects such as changes in sediment transport patterns, biological processes, or coastal erosion. Knowledge of changes in oceanographic systems associated with marine energy is primarily available from numerical modeling studies, informed by some laboratory tests and very few field measurements. A literature review was conducted using the Tethys knowledge base and other online sources, building on conclusions from the Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental State of the Science report. Potential changes in oceanographic systems that may be caused by marine energy differ between tidal and wave devices because of different extraction mechanisms and siting locations. Numerical models show that tidal extraction on the order of hundreds of megawatts or with significant channel blockage is required to create changes in oceanographic processes that exceed natural variability. Effects from wave energy extraction in arrays are localized and dependent on array spacing and proximity to the shore. Available evidence supports the conclusion that the risk of significant environmental effects from such changes could be retired (i.e., less investigation required for every project) for small deployments\u2014those representative of the state of the industry in 2021. Determining changes in oceanographic systems to be low risk for small deployments can thereby streamline environmental consenting by reducing monitoring needs at this early stage in the industry.","author":["Whiting, J.","Garavelli, L.","Farr, H.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2023-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Whiting_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078037","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-social-acceptance-module-reducing-global-local-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/87","title":"Environmental and Social Acceptance module: reducing global and local environmental impacts for Ocean Energy Projects","description":"Designing reliable ocean energy devices with reduced costs is crucial for the sector\u2019s development. This development of renewable energies should also be implemented in a sustainable manner and not cause additional environmental stress and related damage. In order for the ocean energy sector to consider environmental impacts at the earliest stage of concept creation, the Environmental and Social Acceptance (ESA) module was developed and included in an integrative suite of design and assessment tools (namely DTOceanPlus) to support technology innovation processes. Several complementary features were developed in the ESA module which provides insight into impacts at different levels. At local scale, environmental impacts are assessed in relation to the different design choices using thirteen functions (i.e. Footprint of the array, Collision risk with devices, Collision risk with operating vessels, Energy modification, Reef effect, Reserve effect, Resting place, Chemical pollution, Turbidity, Temperature modification, Electrical fields, Magnetic fields and Underwater noise) that cover various potential pressures induced by the ocean energy array. Moreover, surveys and mitigation measures are provided regarding endangered species potentially present. At global scale, a life cycle assessment is conducted to evaluate the carbon footprint of a project in terms of its contribution to global warming and the cumulative energy demand. Two reference models were used to exemplify the use and relevancy of the different features. Overall the ESA module provides insight and support to the ocean energy sector to achieve sustainable development of marine renewable energies.","author":["Araignous, E.","Safi, G.","Kervella, Y.","Michelet, N.","Luxcey, N.","Duarte, R.","Isorna, R.","Nava, V."],"organization":["France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2023-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:36:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Araignous_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078041","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/local-community-engagement-ocean-energy-best-practices","sourceURL":"","title":"Local Community Engagement: Ocean Energy Best Practices","description":"This guide is based on the ETIP Ocean study Best practice guidelines on community engagement, conducted by France \u00c9nergies Marines. The study identified and evaluated ocean energy developers\u2019 practices to engage with local communities via an online survey and interviews.","author":["ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)"],"organization":["ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)"],"originationDate":"2023-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Best-practices-for-local-community-engagement-ETIP-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078043","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-practice-guidelines-community-engagement","sourceURL":"","title":"\u0027Best practice\u0027 guidelines on community engagement","description":"In the context of the energy transition, the development of ocean energy is becoming an urgent priority, marked by ambitious objectives in Europe. However, these ambitions are hampered by delays in the development of projects, which limits the deployment of the technologies despite a strong potential. Among the obstacles to the development of ocean energy, several studies identified the consenting process as the second main obstacle, especially because of the complexity of regulatory frameworks and the difficulties to engage with local communities (Vasconcelos et al., 2022).  Notably, many European Member States do not yet have specific permitting procedures for ocean energy projects, which contributes to delays in obtaining permits. Furthermore, the existing permitting procedures do not always specify how developers should engage with local communities. In this context, the engagement of local communities in ocean energy projects relies on developers\u0027 knowledge and experience. The sharing of this experience is therefore essential.  Long-term planning to meet the EU\u2019s decarbonisation targets needs to be supported by a better understanding of engagement processes and public perceptions, together with the development of tools and recommendations to support the coexistence of ocean energy with a wide range of stakeholders.    This study is focused on the ocean energy integration in coastal territories, based on feedback from ocean energy developers in Europe. This feedback is collected through online surveys and interviews and summarise the perception of developers about bottlenecks in both legal and political frameworks at the EU scale and in several European countries. In relation to this regulatory framework perspective, the practices of developers to engage with local communities are identified and evaluated.    The results illustrate a willingness to integrate local communities in the development of ocean energy projects. In almost all the cases studied, the level of local community participation in project development is higher than the legally required participation\u2019 level. Most developers set up public meetings, meetings with key stakeholders, or set up specific measures to communicate with local communities and to consider the needs and requirements of the communities.    All this information is encapsulated into a set of guidelines to improve engagement with local communities and the integration of ocean energy projects in coastal territories. For the developers, this report contributes to the sharing of knowledge and practices necessary for the development of the sector. For public authorities, it highlights the requirements to support the local community engagement which ensures the development of coastal economies.","author":["Baulaz, Y.","Pirttimaa, L.","Mak, F.","Hildebrandt, S."],"organization":["ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)"],"originationDate":"2023-05-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean-Best-practice-guidelines-Study-ETIP-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078051","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/delivering-net-zero-role-offshore-renewable-energy-cop28-briefing-note-prepared","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/new-report-on-the-policy-support-required-for-the-delivery-of-wave-and-tidal-stream-2-2","title":"Delivering Net Zero: the Role of Offshore Renewable Energy A COP28 Briefing note prepared by the Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","description":"As COP28 delegates convene to focus on international climate action, this new report highlights the need for international collaboration to secure the role of offshore renewable energy in limiting global temperature rise. It provides a status update on the progress of offshore wind, wave and tidal energy and highlights strategic components of the roadmap to net zero and beyond. COP28 is an opportunity to focus on a shared commitment to rapidly expand global renewable energy and the Supergen ORE Hub has identified key actions for research, innovation, and policy enhancement to unlock offshore renewable energy\u0027s potential.","author":["Greaves, D.","Chen, J.","White, D.","Gilbert, J.","Jeffrey, H.","Zhao, X.","Willden, R.","Stallard, T.","Byrne, B.","Scott, B.","Brennan, F.","Thies, P.","Richards, L.","Henderson, K.","Mascall, R."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2023-12-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Supergen-ORE-Hub-Delivering-Net-Zero-COP28-Brief-Supergen-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078053","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/static-magnetic-fields-reduce-swimming-activity-atlantic-cod-gadus-morhua-haddock","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsad205\/7501409","title":"Static magnetic fields reduce swimming activity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae","description":"Static magnetic fields (B-fields) are introduced in marine ecosystems by anthropogenic sources such as subsea power cables. Larvae of the gadoids Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) disperse over the continental shelf and may encounter B-fields, which could alter their behavior. We tested the behavior of 184 gadoid larvae while they were being exposed to a B-field (22\u2013156 \u03bcT), which is in the intensity range of that produced by a high-voltage direct current cable, for a duration of 10 min in a raceway tank. We present a reanalysis of published data on 92 haddock larvae combined with newly collected data on 92 cod larvae tested under the same settings. Exposure did not affect the spatial distribution of the larvae. Both species displayed the same proportion of nonexploratory (78%) and exploratory (22%) individuals. Exposure significantly reduced the average swimming speed of the nonexploratory larvae by 32% and the average acceleration by 30%. Exploratory larvae were not affected. These results indicate that the swimming behavior of a high proportion of gadoid larvae would be reduced by weak static B-fields. Consequences of exposure on dispersal and survival at the population scale awaits further work using biophysical-coupled models.","author":["Cresci, A.","Durif, C.","Larsen, T.","Bjelland, R.","Skiftesvik, A.","Browman, H."],"organization":["Institute of Marine Research (IMR)"],"originationDate":"2023-12-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cresci-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078089","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/grid-connection-system-services-wave-power-plant-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/7870943","title":"Grid connection and system services of a wave power plant - a case study","description":"Grid integration aspects and system service provision possibilities are studied for a hypothetical wave power plant at a location off the west coast of Ireland. This wave power plant, consisting of eight wave energy converters, is based on the MegaRoller technology, an oscillating wave surge converter, which is developed by AW-Energy in Finland. Different cable topologies for the collection grid have been studied and compared with RMS simulations conducted in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. Power-variation-induced voltage variations have been studied for a range of short circuit ratio levels. The possibilities to provide fast frequency response services has been elaborated, where the hydraulic-accumulator-based energy storage of the MegaRoller provides a good basis for short-term power output boosts. Achievable payments for system service provision, according to the Irish payment scheme, have been calculated. This study is part of the MegaRoller EU Horizon 2020 project","author":["Vrana, T.","Akerberg, J.","Flynn, D.","Torres-Olguin, R."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2021-12-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vrana2021gca_AAM.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078105","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-expert-scientific-consensus-environmental-societal-effects-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479723026853","title":"Developing expert scientific consensus on the environmental and societal effects of marine artificial structures prior to decommissioning","description":"Thousands of artificial (\u2018human-made\u2019) structures are present in the marine environment, many at or approaching end-of-life and requiring urgent decisions regarding their decommissioning. No consensus has been reached on which decommissioning option(s) result in optimal environmental and societal outcomes, in part, owing to a paucity of evidence from real-world decommissioning case studies. To address this significant challenge, we asked a worldwide panel of scientists to provide their expert opinion. They were asked to identify and characterise the ecosystem effects of artificial structures in the sea, their causes and consequences, and to identify which, if any, should be retained following decommissioning. Experts considered that most of the pressures driving ecological and societal effects from marine artificial structures (MAS) were of medium severity, occur frequently, and are dependent on spatial scale with local-scale effects of greater magnitude than regional effects. The duration of many effects following decommissioning were considered to be relatively short, in the order of days. Overall, environmental effects of structures were considered marginally undesirable, while societal effects marginally desirable. Experts therefore indicated that any decision to leave MAS in place at end-of-life to be more beneficial to society than the natural environment. However, some individual environmental effects were considered desirable and worthy of retention, especially in certain geographic locations, where structures can support improved trophic linkages, increases in tourism, habitat provision, and population size, and provide stability in population dynamics. The expert analysis consensus that the effects of MAS are both negative and positive for the environment and society, gives no strong support for policy change whether removal or retention is favoured until further empirical evidence is available to justify change to the status quo. The combination of desirable and undesirable effects associated with MAS present a significant challenge for policy- and decisionmakers in their justification to implement decommissioning options. Decisions may need to be decided on a case-by-case basis accounting for the trade-off in costs and benefits at a local level.","author":["Knights, A.","Lemasson, A.","Firth, L.","Bond, T.","Claisse, J.","Coolen, J.","Copping, A.","Dannheim, J.","De Dominicis, M.","Degraer, S.","Elliott, M.","Fernandes, P.","Fowler, A.","Frost, M.","Henry, L.","Hicks, N.","Hyder, K.","Jagerroos, S.","Jones, D.","Love, M.","Somerfield, P."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of Western Australia","California Polytechnic State University Pomona","Occidental College","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","University of Hull","Heriot-Watt University","Sydney Institute of Marine Science","Plymouth Marine Laboratory","University of Edinburgh","University of Essex","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","University of California Santa Barbara","Deakin University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)","Texas A\u0026M University","University of St Andrews","University College London","Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","University of East Anglia","Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kightsetal2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078110","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-high-risk-regions-seabirds-gulf-maine-draft-call-area","sourceURL":"https:\/\/briwildlife.org\/bri-report-an-assessment-of-high-risk-regions-for-seabirds-in-the-gulf-of-maine-draft-call-area\/","title":"An assessment of high-risk regions for seabirds in the Gulf of Maine draft call area","description":"In January 2023, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) released a draft call area for the siting of offshore wind development in the Gulf of Maine. In response to the draft call area, the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW) and the Maine Governor\u2019s Energy Office submitted a comment to BOEM highlighting the importance of coastal foraging habitat for nesting marine birds, particularly in nearshore shallow regions around banks and ledges, based on the results of this desktop analysis conducted by the BRI.  This analysis included multiple developed layers based on recommendations from MDIFW, integrated analyses of risk and vulnerability, and core habitat use determined from seabird telemetry tracking. The layers developed in this report were used to determine which lease blocks comprise the highest risk to seabirds within the draft call area.","author":["Stepanuk, J.","Gilbert, A.","Stenhouse, I.","Dodgin, S.","Goodale, W."],"organization":["Biodiversity Research Institute","Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MDIFW)"],"originationDate":"2023-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BRI-seabird-high-risk-draft-call-area_Stepanuk-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078169","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-assemblages-mega-epifauna-oregon-continental-margin","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0278434317301188","title":"Benthic assemblages of mega epifauna on the Oregon continental margin","description":"Environmental assessment studies are usually required by a country\u0027s administration before issuing permits for any industrial activities. One of the goals of such environmental assessment studies is to highlight species assemblages and habitat composition that could make the targeted area unique. A section of the Oregon continental slope that had not been previously explored was targeted for the deployment of floating wind turbines. We carried out an underwater video survey, using a towed camera sled, to describe its benthic assemblages. Organisms were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible and assemblages described related to the nature of the seafloor and the depth. We highlighted six invertebrate assemblages and three fish assemblages. For the invertebrates within flat soft sediments areas we defined three different assemblages based on primarily depth: a broad mid-depth (98\u2013315\u202fm) assemblage dominated by red octopus, sea pens and pink shrimps; a narrower mid-depth (250\u2013270\u202fm) assemblage dominated by box crabs and various other invertebrates; and a deeper (310\u2013600\u202fm) assemblage dominated by sea urchins, sea anemones, various snails and zoroasterid sea stars. The invertebrates on mixed sediments also were divided into three different assemblages: a shallow (~100\u202fm deep) assemblage dominated by plumose sea anemones, broad mid-depth (170\u2013370\u202fm) assemblage dominated by sea cucumbers and various other invertebrates; and, again, a narrower mid-depth (230\u2013270\u202fm) assemblage, dominated by crinoids and encrusting invertebrates. For the fish, we identified a rockfish assemblage on coarse mixed sediments at 170\u2013370\u202fm and another fish assemblage on smaller mixed sediments within that depth range (250\u2013370\u202fm) dominated by thornyheads, poachers and flatfishes; and we identified a wide depth-range (98\u2013600\u202fm) fish assemblage on flat soft sediments dominated by flatfishes, eelpouts and thornyheads. Three of these assemblages (the two broad fish assemblages and the deep flat soft sediments invertebrate assemblage) seem to represent deeper examples of assemblages already known on the Oregon continental shelf, especially on soft sediments, while the assemblages in the pockmarks habitat (the narrower depth ranges) might be unique to the area. This diversity of assemblages in a relatively small section of the Oregon continental upper slope and shelf shows the importance of environmental assessment studies in helping limit future impacts of industrial activities on benthic communities.","author":["Hemery, L.","Henkel, S.","Cochrane, G."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.385314500000","-124.395161200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078290","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/systematic-methodology-assess-local-economic-impacts-ocean-renewable-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148123017688","title":"A systematic methodology to assess local economic impacts of ocean renewable energy projects: Application to a tidal energy farm","description":"Ocean renewable energy (ORE) is one of the most important clean sources of energy and a major player towards the EU ambitions of being net zero emission by 2050. However, at present, there are few examples of commercially viable ORE technologies and no large-scale projects currently under implementation. Together with social and environmental analyses, the assessment of economic impacts is one of the key elements to help policy makers build a compelling case to gain local community acceptance and implement ORE projects. This paper presents a systematic methodology to assess local economic impacts of renewable energy projects, including jobs creation and impacts on gross value added and income. By combining the use of Location Quotients \u2013 which are indexes informing on local industrial specialisation \u2013 with the Input-Output multipliers the method can be used to map the supply-chain potential of a local economy and estimate local impacts compared to global ones. The method has been applied to a tidal project carried out in Orkney, Scotland. The research demonstrates the merit of early economic assessments for understanding the economic benefit of ORE projects, particularly for the local communities in which they are located, and it provides a methodological framework to be tested in other case studies.","author":["Bianchi, M.","Fernandez, I."],"organization":["Tecnalia"],"originationDate":"2024-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bianchi-Fernandez-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078296","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/animal-displacement-marine-energy-development-mechanisms-consequences","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0048969724005254","title":"Animal displacement from marine energy development: Mechanisms and consequences","description":"For marine wave and tidal energy to successfully contribute to global renewable energy goals and climate change mitigation, marine energy projects need to expand beyond small deployments to large-scale arrays. However, with large-scale projects come potential environmental effects not observed at the scales of single devices and small arrays. One of these effects is the risk of displacing marine animals from their preferred habitats or their migration routes, which may increase with the size of arrays and location. Many marine animals may be susceptible to some level of displacement once large marine energy arrays are increasingly integrated into the seascape, including large migratory animals, non-migratory pelagic animals with large home ranges, and benthic and demersal mobile organisms with more limited ranges, among many others. Yet, research around the mechanisms and effects of displacement have been hindered by the lack of clarity within the international marine energy community regarding the definition of displacement, how it occurs, its consequences, species of concern, and methods to investigate the outcomes. This review paper leveraged lessons learned from other industries, such as offshore development, to establish a definition of displacement in the marine energy context, explore which functional groups of marine animals may be affected and in what way, and identify pathways for investigating displacement through modeling and monitoring. In the marine energy context, we defined displacement as the outcome of one of three mechanisms (i.e., attraction, avoidance, and exclusion) triggered by an animal\u0027s response to one or more stressors acting as a disturbance, with various consequences at the individual through population levels. The knowledge gaps highlighted in this study will help the regulatory and scientific communities prepare for mitigating, observing, measuring, and characterizing displacement of various animals around marine energy arrays in order to prevent irreversible consequences.","author":["Hemery, L.","Garavelli, L.","Copping, A.","Farr, H.","Jones, K.","Baker-Horne, N.","Kregting, L.","McGarry, L.","Sparling, C.","Verling, E."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited","Echoview Software","University of St Andrews","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2024-03-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Attraction","Avoidance","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078300","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-social-economic-effects-marine-energy-tools-recommendations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Assessing Social and Economic Effects of Marine Energy: Tools and Recommendations","description":"Collecting social and economic data is necessary to anticipate these effects, and to develop and appropriately site marine energy projects that suitably address community needs, incorporate and address community values, and satisfy consenting requirements. Despite the importance of this information, consistent methodology for social and economic data collection to inform marine energy development is lacking. There is little documentation from past projects, and if documentation exists, it is not often clear how the social and economic data have been collected or analyzed.  We review the literature from marine energy, other renewable energy industries, and relevant coastal sectors to identify common metrics, methods, and applicable tools for collecting data on social and economic effects. From this, we synthesize our findings and identify lessons learned that will form the foundations of a methods toolkit and template for data collection. This literature review and the eventual development of the toolkit will enable marine energy projects to identify and understand potential negative effects at the forefront and aid in avoiding or mitigating these impacts.  View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Freeman, M.","Rose, D.","Kaplan, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-01-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/22_FREEMAN_MIKAELA_PAMEC2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/20240122_SocioeconEffects_Mikaela-Freeman.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078316","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/anthropogenic-underwater-noise-review-physiological-molecular-responses-marine-biota","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X23014133","title":"Anthropogenic underwater noise: A review on physiological and molecular responses of marine biota","description":"The detrimental effects of anthropogenic underwater noise on marine organisms have garnered significant attention among scientists. This review delves into the research concerning the repercussions of underwater noise on marine species, with specific emphasis on the physiological and molecular responses of marine biota. This review investigates the sensory mechanisms, hearing sensitivity, and reaction thresholds of diverse marine organisms, shedding light on their susceptibility to underwater noise disturbances. The physiological and molecular effects of anthropogenic underwater noise on marine biota include oxidative stress, energy homeostasis, metabolism, immune function, and respiration. Additionally, changes in the gene expression profile associated with oxidative stress, metabolism, and immunological response are among the responses reported for marine biota. These effects pose a threat to animal fitness and potentially affect their survival as individuals and populations.","author":["El-Dairi, R.","Outinen, O.","Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4, H."],"organization":["Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Anthropogenic-underwater-noise-El-Dairi-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078362","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improving-understanding-environmental-effects-single-mre-devices-arrays","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Improving Understanding of Environmental Effects from Single MRE Devices to Arrays","description":"Global expansion of marine renewable energy (MRE) technologies is needed to help address the effects of climate change [1], to ensure a sustainable transition from carbon-based energy sources, and to meet energy security needs using locally generated electricity. Although the amount of potentially harvestable tidal stream and wave energy from nearshore regions around the world is sufficient to meet current global electricity demand [2], the share of MRE in global electricity generation remains low at approximately 1 TWh yr-1; falling well short of its potential and is due to the relatively small scale of device deployments to date (i.e., single devices and small demonstration-scale arrays). Expansion of MRE to largescale commercial arrays (hereafter \u2018arrays\u2019) is needed to meaningfully address the effects of climate change, safeguard energy system transition, and provide energy security [3].  Several obstacles impede MRE expansion, including difficulties in obtaining regulatory approvals due to uncertainty around environmental effects resulting from a paucity of post-installation environmental monitoring data that confounds our ability to differentiate between unknown and realized effects of MRE development for marine ecosystems [4]. A long-established framework for assessing the effects of MRE development focuses on understanding \u2018stressor-receptor interactions\u2019 [5] (hereafter \u2018stressors\u2019); seven of which have been identified as key concerns post-installation:    Collision risk   Underwater noise  Electromagnetic fields  Changes to habitats  Displacement  Risk of entanglement  Changes in oceanographic systems   Our understanding of effects for these stressors continues to improve for single MRE devices, but remaining uncertainties complicate the task of predicting how marine ecosystems and their constituents will be impacted by arrays. Effects are unlikely to scale linearly with the number of devices, but are probably complex and nuanced, site specific, dependent on array configuration, cumulative (in some form), and have the potential for nonlinear environmental responses. Establishing generalized concepts for how effects may \u2018scale up\u2019 provides a useful foundation for developing and testing hypotheses to improve our understanding of the potential environmental risks of MRE expansion. This paper establishes generalized concepts for these seven key stressors so that a robust scientific approach can be taken to improve our understanding of effects for arrays; information that is needed to facilitate the deployment of MRE technologies at scales that can make meaningful contributions in addressing the effects of climate change, assisting energy system transition, and ensuring energy security.   View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Hasselman, D.","Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Fulton, E.","Fox, J.","Gill, A.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","Aquatera Ltd","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/19_HASSELMAN_DANIEL_PAMEC2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/20240124_EnvironmentalEffects_Hasselman-Daniel.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078368","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predicting-probability-encounter-between-fish-species-tidal-stream-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Predicting the probability of encounter between fish species and tidal stream energy devices using acoustic telemetry","description":"Understanding the environmental effects of marine renewable energy devices is important for ensuring the responsible development of this new industry and is particularly relevant in ecologically sensitive regions. Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Canada, is a highly sought-after location for the development of tidal stream energy and is characterized by the world\u2019s highest tides (15-m range) and tidal flow speeds exceeding 5 m\/s [1]. Efficient extraction of energy from these flows could produce over 2.5 GW of electricity each tidal cycle [2]. However, Minas Basin hosts at least 85 fish species, including diadromous and marine fishes for which Minas Passage serves as an important migratory corridor [3]. This includes species protected under Canada\u2019s Species at Risk Act, of cultural relevance to First Nations communities, and comprising important commercial and recreational fisheries.    Collision between marine species and rotating turbine blades is perceived to be the most direct environmental impact of tidal stream devices [4]. Risk of collision is typically framed as encounter risk, and is measured using models derived from predator-prey interactions that assess the probability of an animal entering the turbine\u2019s area of effect [5]. Globally, the majority of research focused on interactions between marine animals and tidal power devices has focused on marine mammals [6]. Direct observation of fish presence is difficult in extreme environments such as Minas Passage, particular given the need for species-specific information on potential encounter risk.  Acoustic telemetry, in which transmitters carried by fishes produce ultrasonic signals that can be detected by deployed receivers, can provide presence\/absence data for the development of species-specific spatiotemporal distribution models and ultimately encounter rate models.    Acoustic telemetry has become a standard method in fisheries and marine ecology studies, and collaborations with existing projects are possible through acoustic telemetry networks [7]. Acoustic tag detection locations can be matched in space and time with environmental data, which enables identification of associations between environmental conditions and species presence\/absence and allows for predictive species distribution modelling [8]. Bangley et al. [9] combined the timing and detection location of acoustically tagged fish with oceanographic variables and used a boosted regression tree (BRT) modelling approach to develop a predictive species distribution model (SDM) for striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in Minas Passage the illustrated species presence probability at each tide stage.    A potential caveat of using acoustic telemetry in Minas Passage is that the extreme current velocities can have a significant effect on the detectability of acoustic signal, particularly from the 69-kHz transmitters used in that study [10]. Due to the longer time intervals typical of 69kHz transmitters (usually 1-2 min), there may only be time for a single ping to reach the receiver while the tag is within detection range, and in some cases a tagged fish may be moved through the receiver\u2019s detection range before the next transmission is made. Here, we review the methods developed by Bangley et al. [9] and expand on this previous effort by incorporating data on tag detection efficiency to account for these environmental effects. This allows us to make conservative and realistic predictions of striped bass presence probability even in conditions where tag detectability is reduced.  This is a crucial first step towards the development of statistically robust encounter rate models for quantifying the risk of tidal stream turbines to fish.   View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Bangley, C.","Hasselman, D.","Culina, J.","Flemming, J.","Whoriskey, F.","Stokesbury, M.","Beland, J.","Bradford, R.","Sanderson, B."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Ocean Tracking Network","Acadia University","Mi\u0027kmaw Conservation Group","Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.344409000000","-64.391652000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/33_BANGLEY_CHARLES_PAMEC2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bangley-et-al-2024-Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078380","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-tropical-subtropical","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Potential environmental effects of marine renewable energy in tropical and subtropical ecosystems","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) is under development in many parts of the world. Although the MRE industry is advancing, several challenges have slowed its growth such as uncertainties associated with environmental effects [1]. So far, studies examining the environmental effects of MRE have primarily focused on deployments in temperate regions and countries in the Northern Hemisphere. As MRE development expands into tropical and subtropical countries (between 35oN and 35oS), there is a need to examine the potential environmental effects specific to these regions and their unique habitats and species.  As of 2023, substantially fewer MRE deployments have occurred in tropical and subtropical regions than in temperate areas. However, over the last several decades, various MRE device prototypes have been tested and full scale projects planned or deployed (Fig. 1). Because many tropical and subtropical marine animals and habitats are already experiencing the disproportionate impacts of climate change, MRE development may present additional risks that could contribute to reduced biodiversity and ecosystem resilience [2]. Tropical and subtropical ecosystems host a diverse range of sensitive benthic and pelagic habitats such as coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds that provide feeding, breeding, spawning, and nursing grounds for a wide variety of marine animals, including commercially important, endangered, and keystone species. To adapt MRE device deployments and develop appropriate monitoring methods and mitigation measures, the MRE community needs to better understand how potential environmental effects may differ between tropical\/subtropical and temperate ecosystems.  Tropical and subtropical regions have access to all types of MRE resources: wave energy, tidal energy, and ocean current energy, as well as thermal and salinity gradients. While wave energy resources are much lower around the equator than in temperate regions, resources are typically high in subtropical regions [3] and energy from waves could be captured in places like western Australia, South Africa, off the central coast of Chile, and around islands in the north and south Pacific Ocean and in the south Indian Ocean (e.g., Mauritius). Several tropical and subtropical areas also have significant tidal resources, like Indonesia, the northern coast of Brazil, the western coast of Central America (especially near Panama and Colombia), the northwest coast of Australia, and the Mozambique canal [4]. Harvestable ocean currents, generated further offshore than tidal streams, are generally located in tropical and subtropical areas, such as off the coast of Florida and in Asia from Japan to the Philippines [5]. Temperature gradients that have sufficient thermal power capacity to generate power are non-existent in temperate regions but abound in tropical and subtropical regions [6], [7]. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is especially regarded as a preferred source of renewable energy by tropical island nations with access to cold deep water close to shore. Finally, areas with the greatest potential extractable salinity gradient energy resources are located at river mouths along warmer coastlines, especially islands in the Caribbean, along the Gulf of Guinea coast, and in the southeast Mediterranean Sea [8].  To better understand the environmental effects of MRE in tropical and subtropical ecosystems and aid in developing MRE projects in a responsible manner, the international initiative Ocean Energy Systems (OES)- Environmental has begun to compile scientific information. So far, OES-Environmental has conducted a literature review, distributed a public survey, engaged with local experts, and conducted workshops to collect existing information, identify knowledge gaps, and determine future research needs.  View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Farr, H.","Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Apolonia, M.","Paredes, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Aquatera Ltd","Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda UNAM"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/18_GARAVELLI_LYSEL_PAMEC2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/20240124_Environmental_Effects_Lysel-Garavelli_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078381","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/science-consenting-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"From Science to Consenting: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The marine renewable energy (MRE) industry has seen an increase in deployments over the past 10 years, particularly in Europe. However, other areas of the globe are still in the beginning stages of MRE development including the Americas. A small number of devices have been deployed in Canada and the United States, while South and Central America have seen very few if any devices in the water [1]\u2013[4]. Without deployments and associated environmental monitoring, uncertainty around MRE remains, particularly regarding environmental effects. Potential environmental effects from tidal and wave devices are of concern to regulators, advisors, and other stakeholders in many nations. Monitoring results from early deployments and the first commercial arrays, coupled with targeted research studies, are providing a growing base of knowledge of how components of tidal turbines and wave energy converters might interact with marine animals and habitats. Efforts are underway to organize and direct these findings towards facilitating consenting that allays concerns and allows the MRE industry to move forward. Evidence to date shows that some of these potential risks are expected to be minimal or non-existent, especially for small numbers of operational devices [1], [5]. Understanding these risks can aid environmental consenting of MRE devices.  The OES-Environmental international initiative aims to address uncertainty around environmental effects of MRE and aid the development of the MRE industry in a responsible manner. Despite a growing knowledge base and extensive ongoing environmental monitoring and data collection, barriers to consenting and deploying projects remain [6]. In addition, data collected by scientists may not be presented in a way that is accessible to regulators, advisors, and developers and the datasets are not always publicly available. Making this information accessible so that it is relevant across MRE projects, as well as easy to interpret, is key for industry-wide progress. OES-Environmental has worked to forge these connections and develop regulatory guidance documents to move the industry forward in an environmentally responsible manner.  To do so, OES-Environmental developed a risk retirement process to synthesize available information on key stressor-receptor interactions [1], [7] and identify which risks may be ripe for retirement. In addition, scientific evidence bases have been compiled for several key environmental interactions from MRE devices, organized around stressors (portions of MRE systems that may cause injury or stress to the marine ecosystem), and receptors (the animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes that may be affected).  View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Freeman, M.","Rose, D.","Copping, A.","Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/40_FREEMAN_MIKAELA_PAMEC_2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/20240124_EnvironmentalEffects_Freeman_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078382","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-data-sharing-marine-renewable-energy-primre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"International Data Sharing for Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMRE)","description":"The PRIMRE team (Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy) from the US national laboratories will present background on the PRIMRE system with a focus on the value and feasibility of sharing data and information internationally. As research and development activities in marine renewable energy begin to become widespread around the world, there is a need to share information on the development, deployment, and challenges of generating power from ocean water. Several nations have developed comprehensive systems for storing, curating, and disseminating data on marine energy, including the U.S. and several European countries.","author":["Copping, A.","Garavelli, L.","Peplinski, W."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PAMEC-2024-PRIMRE-Workshop-Slides.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078384","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-development-us-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Feasibility of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Development for U.S. Islands","description":"This research examined the feasibility of developing small-scale OTEC (3-10 MW) in U.S. waters through case studies in four locations (i.e., Hawaii, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Guam). In addition to talking to local leaders and experts in OTEC development and processes, we examined the likely environmental effects that will drive permitting (consenting) and licensing processes in the U.S. and discussed the need for community involvement to ensure social license and stewardship of OTEC projects developed in the four locations.   View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Copping, A.","Farr, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Chemicals","Displacement","Entanglement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-and-Farr-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-and-Farr-2024-presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078399","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/power-wave-energy-converters-arrays-mitigate-coastal-erosion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"The power of wave energy converters arrays to mitigate coastal erosion","description":"In recent decades, energy demands has increased considerably. According to the International Energy Agency, global energy demand is expected to grow by 2.1% per year between 2021 and 2026 [1]. However,  only 28% of the global energy matrix comes from renewable resources [2] [3]. This scenario shows that, we are heavily reliant on fossil fuels which are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. We need to make a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy resources in order to achieve a sustainable development that requires an actualization of our models of governance and different methods of energy production.  While numerous governments are currently engaged in research and development initiatives on alternative energy sources, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of global replication of these efforts [4] [5] [6] [7]. The utilisation of marine energy derived from wind farms, tidal currents, and wave converters holds great potential in addressing the gaps within the global power generation supply [8] [9] [10].    Wave energy converter (WEC) are devices that convert the energy in the waves into electricity. WECs can be deployed in arrays or wave farms to increase the range of wave reception and optimize the use of materials such as submarine cables to transmit the generated electricity to land. WECs have been tested on the coast of many countries, such as the UK [11]; Portugal [12]; China [13]; Italy [14]; Japan [15]; USA [16]; Spain [17]. However, data regarding their impact on the environment is still scarce. One of the main coastal features that is exposed to impact by WECs is the nearshore bathymetry [18].  There are several works regarding the effects of WECs on sediment transport and beach morphology, [19] [20] [21] [22] some experimental [23], [24]. In [25] the performance of different WEC arrays is discussed, along with their effects on coastal erosion due to the cumulative forces of waves, currents, and tides.  The variety of WEC configurations and arrays has been the object of study [26], since the sets configurations and the distance between the WECs directly influence the energy production due to the reflection and refraction processes generated by the devices. An optimal layout is chosen to establish a WEC matrix to maximize power conversion and offer the opportunity for infrastructure to protect the coast and generate power from clean, sustainable sources.  The present research focuses on determining the beach response to the hypothetical placement of a WEC array off the coast at Riohacha, in northern Colombia, by computing the modified wave field produced. For this, the wave module of the Delft-3D model was tuned to estimate the extraction and transmission of wave energy by each WEC. Then, the XBeach model was used to calculate the nearshore wave field and the evolution of the coastline.  View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Berrio, Y.","Rivillas-Ospina, G.","Arango-Manrique, A.","Garces, S.","Ochoa, I.","Bar\u00f3, L."],"organization":["Universidad del Norte"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Berrio-et-al-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Berrio-et-al-2024-presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078427","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/can-tidal-power-technologies-be-considered-fully-green","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Can tidal power technologies be considered fully green?","description":"Tidal energy is a renewable energy able to be used for decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels which are the main emitters of greenhouse gases (GHG) to the environment (Rashedi et al., 2022).  According to Rashidi et al. (2022), as well as Walker and Thies (2022), tidal energy technologies have the capacity to generate part of the electricity for the world energy demand; tidal energy is easily predictable because ocean currents are driven by the gravity forces induced by the moon and the sun. Although tidal energy has the potential to generate electricity, it technologies might not be without environmental impact, because some of its manufacturing processes, such as the acquisition and transformation of materials, installation, operation, maintenance and dismantling, provoke environmental impacts (Walker \u0026amp; Thies, 2022 and Rashedi et al., 2022). To mitigate these impacts, some studies recommend the implementation of recyclable materials, and others suggest incineration and landfilling (Walker \u0026amp; Thies, 2022).  Despite the progress in the tidal stream technology, it is at an early stage of development yet. So far, scarce research has been conducted on the environmental impact of materials used in turbine blades, including those that can be recycled and those that cannot and limited studies are available related to other industrial sectors (Walker \u0026amp; Thies, 2022).  This paper reviews the potentials of the most used materials in turbine construction by determining their contribution in eighteen (18) impact categories using life cycle analysis (LCA) assessment. The scope of the method includes five stages of the process: manufacture of materials, installation, operation, maintenance, and dismantling. Then, the LCA results of tidal energy are compared with the results other technologies in the offshore industry.  View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Franco, V.","Rueda-Bayona, J."],"organization":["Universidad Del Valle"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:03:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/46_FRANCO_VALERY_PAMEC2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/46_Valery_Franco_PAMEC2024_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078445","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigating-displacement-marine-animals-potential-effect-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Investigating displacement of marine animals as a potential effect of marine renewable energy development","description":"MARINE renewable energy (MRE) developments, such as those harvesting wave or tidal energy, will need to grow towards large-scale arrays for the sector to successfully contribute toward the portfolio of sustainable energy alternatives and fight global climate change. However, this growth must be accompanied by the investigation of potential environmental effects at larger scales, and will require investigations of stressor-receptor interactions that may not be relevant at the scale of small numbers of devices, such as changes in oceanographic systems and displacement of marine animals [1]. In the MRE context, stressors are (parts of) a device that can produce stress, harm, or injury to receptors such as marine animals or habitats, and oceanographic or ecosystem processes [2].  Whether large arrays of MRE devices (i.e., 10-30 devices) will displace marine animals from their preferred or essential habitats remains to be examined [3]. Many marine animals undertake annual migrations, during which they could encounter MRE arrays, potentially altering their course and lengthening their routes to avoid the devices. Resident animals may be displaced locally if a complete or partial loss of critical habitats occurs due to the installation and operation of arrays. However, research around mechanisms and effects of displacement has been precluded by the lack of large-scale deployed arrays [4]. In addition, there is a lack of common understanding within the international MRE community about the definition of displacement, the mechanisms that cause displacement, as well as the consequences, species of concern, and methods to investigate the outcomes.  Displacement of marine animals is not specific to the MRE sector and lessons may be learned from other marine, or even terrestrial, human activities. These activities should be identified, as well as the relevant knowledge to transfer. Remaining knowledge gaps will need to be filled through targeted research studies, involving field-based approaches and\/or numerical modeling.  A literature review on displacement of marine animals was undertaken across three offshore energy sectors: MRE, offshore wind, and oil and gas, and a workshop was organized with international subject matter experts to gather feedback and attempt to reach a consensus around the definition and mechanisms of displacement. This study aims to establish a definition of this stressor-receptor interaction, explore which groups of marine animals may be affected and how, and identifies pathways for investigating displacement through modeling and monitoring in the MRE context.  View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Hemery, L.","Garavelli, L.","Copping, A.","Farr, H.","Jones, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/24_HEMERY_LENAIG_PAMEC2024_Final.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/24_Lenaig_Hemery_PAMEC2024_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078457","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-ocean-energy-systems-source-energy-proposed-aquaculture-ecosystem-guam","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Assessment of ocean energy systems as a source of energy for a proposed aquaculture ecosystem in Guam","description":"With its pristine water, stable temperatures, high local demand, strategic location and US legal structure, Guam has good potential for aquaculture to be a growth sector for Guam\u2019s economy. For this study, OES technology is evaluated as a source of electricity for a proposed Guam Aquaculture Innovation Center (GAIC).  Two potential sites were assessed to build the GAIC facility, which is expected to include facilities within a 5-acre area for applied research involving assessment of local species for food and non-food production, evaluating commercial marine ornamentals, culture, and reproduction of species for reef restoration, aquaponics systems, incubation of aquaculture businesses, and developing marine hatchery technology for multiple species.  The study leverages the strong interests of UOG\u0027s Guam Aquaculture Development and Training Center (GADTC) and Sea Grant to develop the aquaculture industry and explore how ocean energy can be leveraged.  This assessment evaluates two types of OES technology for use on Guam:  ocean energy thermal conversion (OTEC) and wave energy converter (WEC). Guam\u2019s location in the tropical western Pacific Ocean makes it an ideal candidate for using OTEC and\/or WEC systems as a steady source of clean energy to power the GAIC. Other use cases are also explored for leveraging OES as a clean energy source to benefit the island, such as powering a desalination plant, the island\u2019s electrical grid, or other industries, such as electrolysis for hydrogen generation.   View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Peralta, F."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peralta-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peralta-2024-presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078458","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/obstacles-path-new-clean-technologies-examination-challenges-stream-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Obstacles in the Path to New Clean Technologies: An Examination of Challenges for In-stream Tidal Energy Development in Canada\u0027s Bay of Fundy","description":"Over the past two decades there has been a renewed interest in developing technology capable of extracting energy from tidal currents, with a number of jurisdictions around the world creating policies designed to encourage development. These policies often have motivations such as the stimulation of local economic activity, the creation of export opportunities and the generation of renewable energy within the jurisdiction. This research paper examines the case of Nova Scotia, Canada, with a focus on project timelines and accomplishments in the context of policy development and implementation. In particular, the paper examines the progress and outcomes of the companies and projects that the policies have attracted and attempts to make meaningful observations regarding proponent attributes.    Read the Conference Paper here.  Read the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Chandler, C."],"organization":["Mersey Consulting"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.187540000000","-65.828940000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-25 02:24:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chandler-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chandler-2024-presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078459","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/developing-marine-energy-workforce-pipeline","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Developing a Marine Energy Workforce Pipeline","description":"If the marine energy sector is to achieve the domestic targets set by the NHA, jobs will require a combination of specialized training and advanced degrees. A fully functional industry will eventually require jobs across various disciplines including:    Project Development  Environmental Monitoring  Manufacturing and supply chain   Ports and staging  Maritime construction  Operations and maintenance   As this industry expands, there is a critical need to develop a skilled and competent workforce capable of designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining marine energy systems. This paper explores the challenges, strategies and considerations involved in building a robust marine energy workforce pipeline to support the growth and sustainability of this sector.    View the Conference Paper here.  View the Presentation Slides here.","author":["Cardinal, A.","Daw, J.","DeGeorge, E.","Kanter, A.","Mendlin, B.","Stratton, B."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","The Hydropower Foundation"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cardinal-et-al-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cardinal-et-al-2024-presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078462","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/do-electromagnetic-fields-subsea-power-cables-effect-benthic-elasmobranch-behaviour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749124002847","title":"Do electromagnetic fields from subsea power cables effect benthic elasmobranch behaviour? A risk-based approach for the Dutch Continental Shelf","description":"Subsea power cables cause electromagnetic fields (EMFs) into the marine environment. Elasmobranchs (rays, skates, sharks) are particularly sensitive to EMFs as they use electromagnetic-receptive sensory systems for orientation, navigation, and locating conspecifics or buried prey. Cables may intersect with egg laying sites, mating, pupping, and nursery grounds, foraging habitat and migration routes of elasmobranchs and the effects of encountering EMFs on species of elasmobranchs are largely unknown. Demonstrated behavioural effects are attraction, disturbance and indifference, depending on EMF characteristics, exposed life stage, exposure level and duration. We estimated exposure levels of elasmobranchs to subsea power cable EMFs, based on modelled magnetic fields in the Dutch Continental Shelf and compared these to reported elasmobranch sensory sensitivity ranges and experimental effect levels. We conclude that the risk from subsea power cables has a large uncertainty and varies per life stage and species ecology. Based on estimated no-observed effect levels (from 10\u22123 to 10\u22121 \u03bcT) we discuss what will probably be the most affected species and life stage for six common benthic elasmobranchs in the Southern North Sea. We then identify critical knowledge gaps for reducing the uncertainty in the risk assessments for EMFs effects on benthic elasmobranchs.","author":["Hermans, A.","Winter, H.","Gill, A.","Murk, A."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hermans-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078473","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/task-force-sustainable-tidal-energy-development-bay-fundy-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca\/pnw-ppe\/ffhpp-ppph\/publications\/fundy-tidal-final-report-baie-fundy-marees-rapport-final-eng.html","title":"Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy: Final Report","description":"On June 20, 2023, the Honourable Joyce Murray, then Minister of Fisheries, Oceans, and the Canadian Coast Guard and the Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson, Canada\u2019s Minister of Natural Resources, announced the establishment of a Task Force to explore issues and opportunities associated with the deployment of tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy, specifically to:    build on work to date to clarify requirements for fish protection  improve transparency and methodology of risk assessment and decision making for tidal stream energy device deployments  reduce turnaround time for regulatory decisions for tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy   The Task Force is co-chaired by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). It includes members from the Government of Nova Scotia, industry, and research organizations (see Annex 1).  The Task Force released an Interim Report in September 2023 and committed to releasing a final report that would identify progress achieved and areas considered for future action.  The Task Force held eight meetings in person, a number of working level meetings with various members to support its work, and direct engagement sessions with members of the tidal energy sector, Indigenous groups, and stakeholders. The Task Force visited the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) site in Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, where it met with the FORCE Community Liaison Committee, and visited Wolfville, Nova Scotia, where it met with representatives of the commercial fishing industry that operates in the Bay of Fundy, and Indigenous groups. The Task Force also met with tidal energy proponents in Halifax. All other Task Force meetings were held at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. A full list of participants can be found in Annex 2.  This report summarizes progress made and identifies next steps.","author":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-02-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/fundy-tidal-report-final-en.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078475","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pamec-2024-plenary-session-regional-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"PAMEC 2024 Plenary Session: Regional Perspectives","description":"This PAMEC 2024 session provided a Regional Perspective on opportunities and developments by presentations and discussions with representatives from multiple PAMEC member countries.  Session Chair: Bruce Cameron, PAMEC President.  Presenters include:    Canada \u2013 Bruce Cameron, President Enviour Policy Consulting and Session Chair  USA \u2013 Jennifer Garson, Director, Waterpower Technologies Office  Mexico \u2013 Francisco Paco Ocampo Torres  Puerto Rico \u2013 Manuel A.J. Laboy Rivera  Jamaica \u0026amp; the Caribbean \u2013 Robert White  Aruba \u2013 Diego Acevedo  Costa Rica \u2013 Rojas Morales Rodrigo  Panama \u2013 Jose Rodriguez  Colombia \u2013 Andres Fernando Osorio Arias  Brazil \u2013 Milad Shadman  Chile \u2013 Gonzalo Tampier","author":["Cameron, B."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/REGIONAL-PANEL_United-States_Jennifer-Garson-PAMEC-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PAMEC-Plenary-Panama.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/REGIONALPANEL_CHILE_GTampier.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/REGIONALPANEL-ARUBA.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RegionalPanel-Brazil.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/REGIONALPANEL-COLOMBIA.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RegionalPANEL-Costa-Rica.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RegionalPanel-Jamaica-and-the-Caribbean.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RegionalPanel-Mexico.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078477","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-overview-ocean-energy-activities-2023","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2023\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2023","description":"International Energy Agency\u0027s Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) Technology Programme has released its annual report for 2023, showcasing the ocean energy sector\u0027s strides towards innovation and sustainability.  The report highlights the publication of a strategic roadmap aiming for 300GW of ocean energy by 2050, advancements in the Stage-Gate Metrics Framework incorporating environmental considerations, and the ongoing study on the exploration of ocean energy in desalination processes. It also covers collaborative efforts on environmental impacts, alongside advancements in wave and tidal energy modeling and OTEC Economics.  The collaborative initiatives emphasize IEA-OES\u0027s commitment to fostering global ocean energy development, addressing both technological and environmental challenges.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078481","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-literacy-workforce-development-shipbuilding-offshore-renewable-energy-sectors","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/OCEANS.2018.8604936","title":"Ocean Literacy for Workforce Development in the Shipbuilding and Offshore Renewable Energy Sectors in Europe, in Support of the Blue Economy: The MATES Project","description":"A new European Commission (EC) Erasmus+ funded project, MATES (Maritime Alliance for fostering the European Blue economy through a Marine Technology Skilling Strategy), aims at tackling the ensuing skill shortages in the maritime sectors of offshore renewable energy and shipbuilding, and in doing so, will contribute to a more resilient labour market. The project will embed the industrial perspective in ocean literacy initiatives, spreading an updated image for the maritime technologies in the blue economy, with a convincing message that the sector has a high-tech future with a long-term positive perspective. Ocean literacy will act for MATES project as a transversal and multidirectional content in all work packages, by boosting the transfer of scientific knowledge to the industry sectors, integrating the industrial perspective in literacy delivery and widening the industrial perspective about the new possibilities that maritimIZED\u0027 CVs can yield for blue growth and jobs. Furthermore, it aims to raise awareness about the maritime industry\u0027s careers among society, research and education communities, in order to attract youngsters to select future maritime professions. The dissemination of marine sciences will complement the sectoral approach, as a transversal line of action.","author":["Papathanasiou, M.","Tuddenham, P.","Bishop, K.","Keener, P.","Otero, R.","Lago, L."],"organization":["Indigo-Med","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico Naval y del Mar"],"originationDate":"2018-10-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078482","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-74-framework-education-public-engagement","sourceURL":"","title":"SafeWAVE Deliverable 7.4: A Framework for Education and Public Engagement","description":"This deliverable (7.4) of the SafeWAVE project focuses on creating a framework for the development and implementation of education and public engagement (EPE) programs. To accomplish this task, we begin by developing a generic framework that is applicable to any type of EPE program. Owing to the general nature of such an endeavour, our methodology rests primarily on a foundation of desk-based research in the form of an integrative literature review. This type of literature review gathers and analyses relevant documents from a wide variety of disciplines with the aim of creating new frameworks and perspectives on a topic. This literature review draws from peer-reviewed research in a number of academic journals in the disciplines of sociology, psychology, political science, public administration, education, environmental science, and multidisciplinary fields such as transition theory and management, science-technology-society studies, critical theory, and gender studies. After developing this general framework, we then apply it to the objective of creating a framework for EPE programs that focus on ocean literacy and ocean energy acceptability with a focus on wave energy.  The EPE framework for ocean literacy and ocean energy acceptability programs was codeveloped with stakeholders and value chain actors following interviews with key contributors conducted in the early autumn of 2021, as well as with a survey tool sent out to partners with whom the researchers had worked on earlier projects. In addition, tasks 7.2 and 7.3 of the SafeWAVE project detailed many lessons and much information which was gathered from both citizens and experts that were applied to the development of this framework, not least among them the necessity of utilizing an intersectional approach in the program\u2019s creation and evaluation.    The framework for ocean literacy and ocean energy acceptability programs culminates in a documented methodological approach for the creation of tailored ocean literacy programs for individual ocean energy projects with a focus on wave energy. This task will be the objective of deliverable 7.5.","author":["Smith, L.","Quinlivan, L.","Dunphy, N."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2022-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Deliverable-7.4-Education-and-Public-Engagement-Framework-for-Ocean-Literacy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078496","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-dna-cost-efficient-alternative-method-fish-monitoring-high-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Environmental DNA as a cost-efficient alternative method to fish monitoring in high-energy environments","description":"In this study, we assessed the efficiency of eDNA compared to conventional methods following two axes: 1) comparison of the costs of conducting fish surveys with eDNA, beach seine, and scuba divers; and 2) biodiversity survey in a tidal channel using eDNA and underwater images. We used an eDNA metabarcoding approach to characterize the eDNA background signature due to the presence of marine species on and around a bottom mounted artificial structure as well as a floating dock in a tidal channel, in lieu of an actual MRE converter.","author":["Hemery, L.","Bundy, E.","Fu, M.","Leiser, O.","Sather, N.","Chiang, T."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/HEMERY-PAMEC-2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Poster-Hemery-PAMEC-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078507","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-morphological-changes-migration-large-sand-waves-very-energetic-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/13\/3943","title":"Modelling Morphological Changes and Migration of Large Sand Waves in a Very Energetic Tidal Environment: Banks Strait, Australia","description":"Banks Strait, Tasmania, Australia, has been identified as a potential site for the deployment of tidal turbines. In this study, the characterization of sediment transport and large sand waves for this site is performed. Observations of bed level change collected from surveys in 2018 showed a migration of large sand waves over a period of nine months. Migration rates in an excess of one hundred meters for nine months were found, which are large compared to the rate reported at other coastal sites, by several meters per year. A validated hydrodynamic model is coupled with a morphodynamic model to perform sensitivity tests and identify what parameters influence migration to better understand sediment dynamic in the Banks Strait. Numerical analysis showed a constant shift of the sand waves profile in an eastward direction, consistent with the observations. This migration was strongly linked with tidal asymmetry, with a residual current flowing towards the east. The principal parameters driving the migration of sand waves in the Banks Strait were found to be sediment sorting, bed friction and residual current. This study gives new insights for the seabed of Banks Strait and provides an assessment of the natural variability of sediment for futures tidal farms deployments.","author":["Auguste, C.","Marsh, P.","Nader, J.","Penesis, I.","Cossu, R."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Auguste_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078508","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/establishing-agenda-biofouling-research-development-marine-renewable-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/10\/3\/384","title":"Establishing an Agenda for Biofouling Research for the Development of the Marine Renewable Energy Industry in Indonesia","description":"Marine renewable energy holds strategic potential in Indonesia, not only to meet the target of renewable energy share in the national energy mix but also to provide equal access to clean energy throughout the archipelago. Marine energy in Indonesia is still in the early phase of development, which mainly focusses on resources assessment and power generation through technology prototype testing. Based on a review of available literature, it is found that specific research on the effects of biofouling on material durability of marine energy infrastructure in Indonesia has yet to be addressed. In this study, a matrix that identifies and predicts key fouling organisms and their possible risks on marine renewable energy infrastructure in tropical waters of Indonesia is developed by analysing previous findings in temperate and subtropical waters. Based on the matrix developed, calcareous polychaetes (Serpulidae), barnacles (Amphibalanus spp.), and bivalves (Perna viridis) are among possible key fouling organisms that might pose risks to marine energy infrastructure in Indonesia, such as by adding weight and drag and causing corrosion. Further studies and detailed and statistically robust analysis of the biofouling and its impacts are needed to support the development of the technological performance of marine renewable energy in Indonesia.","author":["Iswadi, A.","Porter, J.","Bell, M.","Garniati, L.","Harris, R.","Priyotomo, G."],"organization":["National University (Universitas Nasional)","Heriot-Watt University","Aquatera Ltd","National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Iswadi_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078514","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/science-consenting-applying-environmental-effects-information-support-regulatory","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"From Science to Consenting: Applying Environmental Effects Information to Support Regulatory Decision-Making","description":"This poster presentation covered the uncertainty about effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) and how this continues to slow consenting\/permitting processes. Another argument presented was that sharing the considerable body of information on MRE environmental effects can facilitate decision-making and regulatory processes. Ocean Energy Systems (OES)-Environmental, an international initiative, focuses on collaboration and knowledge sharing to progress MRE in a responsible manner. This poster was presented at the PAMEC conference of 2024 in Barranquilla, Columbia.","author":["Freeman, M.","Copping, A.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Freeman-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078520","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/online-courses-offshore-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Online courses on Offshore Renewable Energy","description":"Are you passionate about launching a career in Offshore Renewables? Eager to acquire comprehensive knowledge? Join our pilot action to evaluate top-notch content in Spanish, encompassing 2 online courses. These courses span technology development, testing, certification, environmental effects, policy, finance, installation, and operation and maintenance of cutting-edge offshore renewables, and cover wave, tidal, OTEC, salinity gradient, and floating solar.","author":["Bluespring"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Flores_Deftiq_Bluespring_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078521","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/synthesis-approaches-support-integrated-assessments-hazards-emerging-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X23002233","title":"A synthesis of approaches to support integrated assessments of hazards for the emerging Blue Economy","description":"Growth in offshore blue economies is predicted to accelerate as emerging food and energy production industries look to expand into these environments. Operating in novel environments for these industries inherently fosters uncertainty in outcomes generated by a complex suite of hazards, some of which are unknown prior to deployment. Faced with such uncertainty, a precautionary, flexible, and cross-disciplinary (integrated) approach is recommended to optimize the potential for hazards to be identified in a timely, comprehensive, and robust manner, and mitigated. However, relevant disciplines \u2013 such as aquaculture production, marine engineering, and marine renewable energy design, and associated interactions with society and the environment \u2013 often evolve with their siloed techniques and lexicons. Here we first provide an overview of selected discipline-specific approaches to hazard analysis as a first step in a pathway that can generate a holistic synthesis of hazards to and from multiple emerging sectors in novel environments. Despite challenges of applying these individual methods to cross-disciplinary projects for emerging industries, we then identify where disciplines share methodological approaches and where opportunities exist to develop integrated methods. With a growing focus on sustainable economic growth and optimizing the use of ocean space through multi-use, our review highlighted that the emerging offshore Blue Economy could benefit from the development of a flexible, integrated approach to identify and assess hazards in a comprehensive, robust and useful manner for successful planning, development, and operations.","author":["Turschwell, M. P.","Fulton, E.","Melbourne-Thomas, J.","Lacharite, M.","Hayes, K.","Wood, G.","Evans, K.","MacDonald, D. H.","Dambacher, J.","Bustamante, R.","Abbassi, R.","Fidelman, P.","Brown, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","University of Tasmania","Macquarie University","University of Queensland"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Turschwell-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078526","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/primre-portal-repository-information-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"PRIMRE \u2013 Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMRE) provides broad access to marine energy data and information through its seven knowledge hubs. The PRIMRE team works to improve connections between data providers, subject matter experts, and the communities of people using marine energy data. PRIMRE and its knowledge hubs feature a variety of resources for researchers, developers, regulators, universities, and other stakeholders including educational summaries, information on prize competitions, and detailed project highlights. PRIMRE also seeks to provide universal access to data through integration with PRIMRE\u2019s centralized search and through the adoption of cloud-based, centralized data lakes, which remove barriers to access for big, complex datasets and empower communities of all sizes to interact with big data. These improvements further connect communities to the data they need to inform decisions, design and deploy wave and tidal devices, advance marine energy research, and develop innovative solutions to local energy problems. This poster was presented at the PAMEC conference of 2024 in Barranquilla, Columbia.","author":["Copping, A.","Weers, J.","Castillo, C.","Farr, H.","Garavelli, L.","Whiting, J.","Ruehl, K.","Peplinski, W."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-PRIMRE-2024_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078528","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/probability-atlantic-salmon-post-smolts-encountering-tidal-turbine-installation-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Probability of Atlantic salmon post-smolts encountering a tidal turbine installation in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy","description":"Quantifying whatever harm a Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine may or may not do to a fish population begins with the probability of an individual encountering the turbine. A definition for probability of a fish encountering a MHK turbine is a precondition for unambiguous calculation from practicable measurements: \u2022 Definition: Probability of encounter is the probability that \u2014 at some location, during some time interval \u2014 a fish that belongs to a distinguishable population will pass through the area that would be swept by the blades of a MHK turbine without the turbine actually being deployed at that position at that time Secondly, any measurement of fish behaviour must recognize the affect of the environment: \u2022 Tidal currents are the predominant environmental factor effecting movement of tagged fish and the detection of the acoustic signals that they transmit.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Karsten, R.","Hasselman, D."],"organization":["Acadia University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.348743000000","-64.401902000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Poster_Acadia_Tidal_Energy_Institute_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078529","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-discovery-redi-island-presentation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Renewable Energy Discovery (REDi) Island [Presentation]","description":"REDi Island is a virtual world powered entirely by renewable energy to show applications for marine energy and hydropower technologies.  The online educational app is available for anyone with a mission to: engage in clean energy science, educate tomorrow\u2019s energy innovators, and inspire a renewable energy revolution.","author":["Cardinal, A."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-30 09:13:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/POSTER_REDi-Island_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078530","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tethys-knowledge-hub-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-wind-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Tethys: Knowledge Hub on the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy and Wind Energy","description":"Tethys is a free online knowledge hub with information and resources on the environmental effects of offshore wind and marine renewable energy (MRE), including wave, tidal, and ocean thermal. Key features include a documents library, an events calendar, archived webinars, a bi-weekly Tethys Blast newsletter, educational resources, international project metadata, and much more. This poster was presented at the 2024 PAMEC conference in Barranquilla, Columbia","author":["Copping, A.","Whiting, J.","Farr, H.","Garavelli, L.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tethys-Poster-Copping-et-al-2024_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078531","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/update-ocean-energy-systems-environmental-oes-e","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pamec.energy\/events\/pamec2024\/conference-program\/","title":"Update on Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental (OES-E)","description":"Ocean Energy Systems (OES) is a technology collaboration program under the International Energy Agency, convening nations with an interest in the development of marine renewable energy (MRE). Of the 23 countries and the European Commission, 16 nations are party to OES-Environmental, the longest running task under OES. OES-Environmental is led by the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy, in collaboration with other U.S. federal agencies, and is implemented by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. OES-Environmental seeks to understand and resolve the risks to the marine environment from the development and operation of MRE devices, with the intent of accelerating deployment of devices in a responsible manner. The task publishes a State of the Science report every four years, which brings together up-to-date research on potential risks to marine animals, habitats, oceanographic processes, and the marine ecosystem from the development of MRE. This poster was presented at the 2024 PAMEC conference in Barranquilla, Columbia.","author":["Copping, A.","Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L.","Freeman, M.","Rose, D.","Farr, H.","Whiting, J.","Jones, K.","Anderson, C.","Oman, J.","Kaplan, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078546","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-underwater-sound-aquatic-animals-especially-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14302\/issn.2643-0282.imsj-22-4216","title":"The Impact of Underwater Sound on Aquatic Animals \u2013 And Especially Fishes","description":"Underwater sounds from human sources can have detrimental effects upon aquatic animals, including fishes, and currently such sounds are very common. It is important to examine such anthropogenic sounds and their effects upon aquatic animals, so that it is possible to introduce protective regulations. Fishes and other aquatic animals can detect underwater sounds and use them to obtain key information about the environment around them. Sounds travel rapidly over great distances in water and can provide detailed information on the presence of prey, predators, and related fishes, while the overall acoustic scene provides the fishes with key information about their environment.  Although some of the background noise is generated by natural sources, including the precipitation of rain and snow, and wind and waves, many underwater sounds now come from anthropogenic sources, often termed \u201cnoise\u201d. Some of these human-made sounds can kill or injure fishes and other aquatic animals, also impairing their hearing, and altering their behavior. There is a need for more work on the impact of human-made underwater noise upon the fitness of aquatic animals. This paper considers the gaps in information that must be resolved. The effects that need to be considered include death and injuries, physiological effects, and changes in behavior.","author":["Hawkins, A."],"organization":["University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2022-07-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078552","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-characterization-wave-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/317507215_Acoustic_characterization_of_wave_energy_converters","title":"Acoustic characterization of wave energy converters","description":"Wave energy converters produce sound as a consequence of their operation, but the specifics are not well-understood. Here, we present observations of two point-absorbing wave energy converters deployed at the US Navy\u2019s Wave Energy Test Site in Kaneohe, HI. Measurements are obtained by free-drifting instrumentation packages which acoustical isolate the hydrophone from the surface expression to minimize masking by flow-noise (i.e., pseudo-sound generated by relative motion between hydrophone and water) and self-noise (i.e., propagating soundgenerated by the instrument package). Observations suggest that wave energy converters of different designs, even within the general class of point absorbers, produce different stereotypical sounds. Further, during normal operation, sound signatures can change substantially with sea state as new sound generation mechanisms come into play. One example of this is wave breaking around a shallow-hulled point absorber when waves exceed a critical steepness. The sound from bubble collapse is detectable up to several hundred kHz, whereas, below this critical steepness, wave converter sound is only detectable up to ten kHz. Finally, wave energy converter sounds are contextualized relative to other natural and anthropogenic sound sources to qualitatively explore their potential effects on marine animals.","author":["Polagye, B.","Murphy, P.","Cross, P.","Vega, L."],"organization":["University of Washington","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2017-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:16:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078553","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/joint-monitoring-programme-ambient-noise-north-sea-jomopans-opinion-paper-continuous","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seares.2023.102414","title":"Joint monitoring programme of ambient noise North Sea (Jomopans): Opinion paper on continuous noise pollution","description":"Sound is omnipresent in the underwater environment and can be produced by natural (waves, weather, animals) and man-made (shipping, wind farms, oil and gas activities) sources. For marine animals, such as whales, fish and even invertebrates, the auditory senses are very important. To evaluate the soundscape and to manage the marine environment with respect to underwater noise monitoring is very important. For management the impact of noise some options are available. These options need further consideration to be implemented effectively.","author":["Kinneging, N."],"organization":["Rijkswaterstaat"],"originationDate":"2023-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078554","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decade-underwater-noise-research-support-european-marine-strategy-framework-directive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2022.106299","title":"A decade of underwater noise research in support of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive","description":"Underwater noise from human activities is now widely recognised as a threat to marine life. Nevertheless, legislation which directly addresses this source of pollution is lacking. The first (and currently only) example globally is Descriptor 11 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), adopted by the European Union in 2008, which requires that levels of underwater noise pollution do not adversely affect marine ecosystems. The MSFD has stimulated a concerted research effort across Europe to develop noise monitoring programmes and to conduct research towards specifying threshold values which would define \u2018Good Environmental Status\u2019 (GES) for underwater noise. Here, we chart the progress made during the first decade of Descriptor 11\u0027s implementation: 2010\u20132020. Several international joint monitoring programmes have been established for impulsive and continuous noise, enabling ecosystem-scale assessment for the first time. Research into the impact of noise on individual animals has grown exponentially, demonstrating a range of adverse effects at various trophic levels. However, threshold values for GES must be defined for \u2018populations of marine animals.\u2019 Population-level consequences of noise exposure can be modelled, but data to parameterise such models are currently unavailable for most species, suggesting that alternative approaches to defining GES thresholds will be necessary. To date, the application of measures to reduce noise levels (quieting\/noise abatement) has been limited. To address this, the EU in 2021 identified an explicit need to reduce underwater noise pollution in its waters. Delivering on this ambition will require further research focused on the development and implementation of quieting measures.","author":["Merchant, N.","Putland, R.","Andr\u00e9, M.","Baudin, E.","Felli, M.","Slabbekoorn, H.","Dekeling, R."],"organization":["Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of East Anglia","Leiden University"],"originationDate":"2022-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078555","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-practice-guide-underwater-particle-motion-measurement-biological-applications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.25607\/OBP-1726","title":"Best Practice Guide for Underwater Particle Motion Measurement for Biological Applications","description":"All sound comprises fluctuations in pressure and particle motion (PM) and all fishes and many aquatic invertebrates detect PM. Noise is unwanted or harmful sound, and underwater anthropogenic noise is a global pollutant. Therefore, a large proportion of marine life is potentially threatened by PM created by anthropogenic activity. There is building evidence that anthropogenic noise is detrimental to the health and survival of fishes and aquatic invertebrates, but the importance of PM to these effects remains unclear because until recently very few PM measurements have been taken, with studies mainly relying on sound pressure measurements to estimate PM exposure levels. In theory, PM cannot be predicted effectively from sound pressure in certain physical conditions. These physical conditions tend to be near the surface and the bottom, or in shallow water such as near shore, in lakes and rivers etc., where most aquatic life is found. Thus, there is a need to measure PM to establish the levels at which aquatic life can detect sound, levels at which adverse effects from anthropogenic activity occur, and to establish the boundaries for the physical conditions where sound pressure can or cannot be used to predict PM. PM sensors are becoming commercially available, while some scientists are also making their own, leading to an increase in the number of scientists taking PM measurements around the world. There is a need for guidance that helps scientists to understand what PM is and when it needs to be measured, how to select and calibrate instruments for such measurements, how to properly take measurements and then how to process and report the data for consistency and comparability between studies.    Our solution is this \u2018Best Practice Guide\u2019, with the following providing an outline of our key findings on best practice for PM measurement for biological applications.","author":["Nedelec, S.","Ainslie, M.","Andersson, M.","Cheong, S.","Halvorsen, M.","Linne, M.","Martin, B.","Nojd, A.","Robinson, S.","Wang, L.","Ward, J."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nedelec_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078556","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-noise-two-operational-tidal-stream-turbines-comparison","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-10417-6_135-1","title":"Underwater Noise of Two Operational Tidal Stream Turbines: A Comparison","description":"This study measured underwater noise of two 1.5 MW tidal stream turbines (Atlantis AR1500 and Andritz AHH1500) at the MeyGen project site, Pentland Firth, Scotland, UK. Underwater turbine noise may be important for acoustically sensitive marine mammals to detect turbines and avoid collision, but it may also negatively affect them, as well as fish and invertebrates (e.g., injury, disturbance, and habitat exclusion). The turbines\u2019 source levels were determined, and a 3D-noise model predicted the acoustic footprints of the existing and future turbine arrays. Highest noise levels were between 50 and 1000 Hz for both turbines. However, noise levels (25 Hz\u201325 kHz) recorded from the Andritz turbine were generally lower in amplitude compared to those recorded from the Atlantis turbine. The results show that harbor seals (and probably other marine mammal species) will be able to detect operating tidal turbines at distances that are likely sufficient to avoid collision. The MeyGen project aims to build out to 400 MW in later stages of the project which will increase the predicted noise footprint ranges presented here, with unknown environmental consequences. This highlights the importance of including these results on underwater noise in strategic marine spatial planning of larger tidal turbine arrays.","author":["Risch, D.","Marmo, B.","van Geel, N.","Gillespie, D.","Hastie, G.","Sparling, C.","Onoufriou, J.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2023-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.720970700000","-3.120625500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078557","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/brief-overview-current-approaches-underwater-sound-analysis-reporting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2022.113610","title":"A brief overview of current approaches for underwater sound analysis and reporting","description":"Soundscapes have substantially changed since the industrial revolution and in response to biodiversity loss and climate change. Human activities such as shipping, resource exploration and offshore construction alter natural ecosystems through sound, which can impact marine species in complex ways. The study of underwater sound is multi-disciplinary, spanning the fields of acoustics, physics, animal physiology and behaviour to marine ecology and conservation. These different backgrounds have led to the use of various disparate terms, metrics, and summary statistics, which can hamper comparisons between studies. Different types of equipment, analytical pathways, and reporting can lead to different results for the same sound source, with implications for impact assessments. For meaningful comparisons and derivation of appropriate thresholds, mitigation, and management approaches, it is necessary to develop common standards. This paper presents a brief overview of acoustic metrics, analysis approaches and reporting standards used in the context of long-term monitoring of soundscapes.","author":["van Geel, N.","Risch, D.","Wittich, A."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2022-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078558","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-emission-health-monitoring-marine-renewables-illustration-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7271455","title":"Acoustic emission health monitoring of marine renewables: Illustration with a wave energy converter in Falmouth Bay (UK)","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) is an emerging technology and at present there are an increasing number of MRE prototypes and full-scale devices deployed. The future commercialization in the near future may contribute to the mitigation of carbon emissions and diversify the renewable electricity generation portfolio. Because of the high costs of marine intervention, it is important to establish reliable, remote monitoring techniques. The underwater sound around MRE devices is often monitored for environmental impact assessments. This approach can also be potentially utilized to monitor the engineering health of MRE devices. This is the objective of the project \u00c6MORE (Acoustic Emission technology for environmental and engineering health Monitoring of Offshore Renewable Energy), jointly conducted by the Universities of Exeter and Bath, with J+S Ltd. Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring is already used for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of land-based structures and devices such as wind turbines. AE allows faults and defects to be detected early in a device\u0027s lifetime, providing more time to plan and implement necessary maintenance and repair procedures to avoid catastrophic failure. This is highly desirable for MRE structures, which operate in energetic seas with tight weather access windows. This paper explores the remit for AE monitoring to SHM and maintenance planning for MRE devices and demonstrates that this novel application is principally feasible. A brief review of the state of the art of AE for land-based systems aids to illustrate how its techniques can be applied to underwater environments and MRE components. This literature review will inform a classification system that relates likely failure modes to their expected acoustic emissions. The results from previous underwater environmental studies are used to evaluate their potential for SHM of MRE structures. AE environmental data collected during the operation of the Fred Olsen Lifesaver wave energy converter at the Falmouth Bay Test site (FaBTest, SW UK) is used to demonstrate this novel application. The case study provides proof that this concept is valid for underwater SHM of marine renewable structures.","author":["Walsh, J.","Bashir, I.","Thies, P.","Johanning, L.","Blondel, P."],"organization":["University of Exeter","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2015-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.134155000000","-5.063636600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078559","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-assessing-impact-anthropogenic-sound-fishes-gaps-perspectives-case-study-large","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fishres.2023.106747","title":"Towards assessing the impact of anthropogenic sound on fishes: Gaps, perspectives, and a case study of a large floating bridge","description":"Underwater anthropogenic sound can cause physical, physiological, and behavioral impacts on fishes. With the development of marine energy facilities, the impact of man-made underwater sound on fishes has become a growing regulatory concern. Large gaps remain in how to perform an underwater sound assessment. Such gaps mainly reside in scientific evidence, regulatory criteria, sound characterization metrics, sound field modeling, and instrumentation for field measurement. This paper reviewed existing work on underwater sound assessment for fishes to identify critical gaps and provide perspectives on how to deal with these gaps, demonstrated with a case study on the impact of the Hood Canal Bridge traffic sound on migrating steelhead smolts in Washington State, U.S. We also provide perspectives on future research directions to bridge the identified gaps for aquatic ecological assessment.","author":["Zang, X.","Carlson, T.","Martinez, J.","Lu, J.","Deng, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Michigan"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["47.860349000000","-122.629888300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078590","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/use-fish-tracking-data-model-striped-bass-turbine-encounter-probability-minas-passage","sourceURL":"","title":"Use of Fish Tracking Data to Model Striped Bass Turbine Encounter Probability in Minas Passage","description":"This project utilized fish tracking datasets and Vemco detection-range tests to calculate fish-turbine encounter probabilities for striped bass. Detection-range tests enables the probability of detecting a transmitted signal to be empirically determined as a function of range, transmitter source level, and current speed. Detections of tagged striped bass by receivers at the FORCE test site can be considered as an indication of how likely tagged striped bass are to be found in the vicinity where turbines are expected to be installed. The probability of detection enables calculation of the effective area surrounding a receiver that a transmission from a tagged fish is expected to be detected. Having calculated effective area and having measured detections of tagged striped bass, it is then possible to calculate abundance of tagged striped bass and thus the number that might encounter a hypothetical tidal turbine as they are swept along by the current over some time interval. Roughly speaking, detections by receivers are a proxy for encounters with turbines.  Tagged striped bass were determined to be of local Bay of Fundy origin, based on genetic analysis of 294 fin clip samples. The probability that a tagged striped bass encounters a turbine is, therefore, representative of encounters by the local population. The local population of striped bass has been estimated to be 15000. This number enables encounters by tagged striped bass to be converted into encounters by striped bass of the local population.  Presently we define encounter as the number of striped bass swept past a 16 m wide line at a position occupied by a hypothetical turbine that spans from top to bottom of the water column. This represents an overestimate that could be refined if the depth distributions of fish and turbine are specified. Different detection-range experiments give somewhat different values for probability of detection and the number of encounters is inversely related to. For example, during the month of July 2011 it was estimated that there would be 86 encounters at the FORCE site based on a detection-range test at the FORCE site but 233 encounters based on a detection-range test at the MPS receiver line.  Present estimates of monthly number of encounter do not represent the number of striped bass that would be harmed by a turbine. Many fish might pass either above or below the turbine. Some fish might avoid the turbine by swimming around it. Others might pass through the area swept by the turbine but still evade the blades. There is much uncertainty in the numbers calculated which can only be resolved by making further detection-range measurements.","author":["Redden, A.","Sanderson, B."],"organization":["Acadia University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Redden_and_Sanderson_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078627","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wake-characteristics-behind-tidal-turbine-surface-waves-turbulent-flow-analyzed-large","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prfluids\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevFluids.9.034608","title":"Wake characteristics behind a tidal turbine with surface waves in turbulent flow analyzed with large-eddy simulation","description":"To design tidal stream turbine arrays, turbine wakes need to be fully characterized to assess the adequate row spacing considering environmental factors such as onset turbulence, velocity shear, and surface waves. The role of waves on wake development varies depending on their characteristics, such as wavelength and amplitude, and needs to be carefully understood. Here large-eddy simulations are performed to analyze the instantaneous and time-averaged wake characteristics developed downstream of a tidal stream turbine for four wave-current conditions ranging from nearly deep to intermediate waves and compared to current-only results. The tip-vortex convection near the free surface is highly influenced by the waves. During the period of increased surface elevation, there is an upwards motion of the vortices which have merged into a single vortical structure during the wave trough period. Downwards vertical transport of tip vortices occurs after the pass of the wave crest, enabling vertical entrainment of momentum into the turbine wake region. Disk-averaged velocity deficit recovery increases for wave-current cases compared to the current-alone condition, with all intermediate wave cases showing a very similar wake recovery rate throughout the wake length. The nearly deep-water waves lead to a slightly slower recovery rate up to 12 turbine diameters (D) downstream while, after this distance, the recovery rate is the highest among the simulated wave conditions. The integration of the mean kinetic energy (MKE) budget in the region up to 12D shows there is a similar distribution in the balance between terms irrespective of the wave-current case. However, in the far-wake region covering from 12D to 20D, the nearly deep waves have a larger contribution for MKE replenishment from the transverse convection and turbulence transport terms, balanced with their vertical counterparts and the streamwise convection term. Analysis of the wake self-similarity shows that a Gaussian model description holds for the recovery rate and lateral profile of the wake of a tidal turbine operating in coupled wave-current conditions, with a similar rate of velocity recovery after 12D irrespective of the wave characteristics. Lateral wake spreading is smaller for the shortest wavelength, which relates to an increased contribution of transverse fluxes in the MKE budget.","author":["Ouro, P.","Mullings, H.","Christou, A.","Draycott, S.","Stallard, T."],"organization":["University of Manchester","University College London"],"originationDate":"2024-03-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ouro-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078628","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-impact-marine-renewable-energy-portugal-analysis-based-aco-tcn-attention","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fenrg.2024.1362371\/full","title":"Assessing the impact of marine renewable energy in Portugal: an analysis based on ACO-TCN-attention","description":"As the global demand for renewable energy continues to increase, marine renewable energy has attracted much attention as a potential source of clean energy. As a country with rich marine resources, Portugal\u2019s marine environment is of great significance to the development of marine energy. However, the current impact assessment of marine renewable energy projects has shortcomings such as incomplete understanding of ecosystems, incomplete consideration of fishery resources and socioeconomic impacts, lack of accuracy, and failure to consider geographical differences, thus lacking comprehensiveness and accuracy. To this end, we propose the ACO-TCN-Attention model to address these shortcomings in current impact assessments of marine renewable energy projects. The goal of this model is to provide a more comprehensive, precise and nuanced analysis to better understand the impacts of these projects on ecosystems, socio-economics and local communities. \u201cACO-TCN-Attention\u201d is a model architecture that combines multiple machine learning and deep learning concepts. It includes three main parts: Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) and Attention mechanism. The ant colony optimization model simulates the behavior of ants and is used to optimize the operating strategies of marine renewable energy projects. Temporal Convolutional Network specializes in processing time series data and improves the prediction accuracy of the model. The attention mechanism allows the model to dynamically focus on the pieces of information that are most important for the current task. Extensive experimental evaluation shows that our method performs well on multiple datasets, significantly outperforming other models. This research is of great significance as it provides new methods and tools for improving the environmental impact assessment of marine renewable energy projects. By understanding the potential impacts of projects more accurately, we can better balance the relationship between the development of renewable energy and environmental protection, supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This research also provides useful guidance and reference for future research and practice in the field of marine energy.","author":["Song, H.","Gao, J."],"organization":["Communication University of China","Macau University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2024-03-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Song-Gao-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078629","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/research-environmental-benefits-marine-tidal-energy-its-impact-regional-economic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1385110124000224","title":"Research on the environmental benefits of marine tidal energy and its impact on regional economic structure","description":"Tidal power generation, being one of the earliest and largest developed new energy technologies, has evolved into a mature and increasingly competitive source of energy. This article delves into the evaluation of tidal energy\u0027s socioeconomic impact, establishing a connection between its environmental benefits and regional economic development. The focus is on marine economic efficiency, and the super-efficiency DEA model is employed to gauge this efficiency. The study conducts a thorough analysis of the green ocean economic efficiency in three major regions, introducing the Malmquist efficiency index for a comprehensive understanding of changing trends. Utilizing an economic effect model, the research explores the contribution of tidal energy development to regional economic growth, delving into industry-related effects. Through these analyses, we aim to provide a clearer and more comprehensive insight into the positive influence of tidal energy on regional socioeconomics. This understanding is pivotal for guiding sustainable tidal energy development and formulating relevant policies.","author":["Kuan","Zhang, J.","Liu, T."],"organization":["Xinjiang University","Ningde Normal University"],"originationDate":"2024-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kuan-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078667","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/field-observations-wake-full-scale-tidal-turbine-array","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014812400380X","title":"Field observations of the wake from a full-scale tidal turbine array","description":"Wake measurements are critical for quantifying the hydrodynamic effects of tidal energy extraction and for designing arrays of tidal turbines. In this investigation field measurements from the wake of PLAT-I, a commercial-scale floating array of four tidal turbines, are presented. Instrumented surface-following drifters are used to measure velocity and turbulence in the wake of PLAT-I while deployed in Grand Passage, an energetic tidal channel in the Bay of Fundy, NS, Canada. Field measurements were obtained when the turbines where fully operational under optimal conditions during spring tides. The collected data are used to construct tridimensional maps of acoustic backscatter, mean velocity, vertical velocity variance and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate downstream of the platform at different stages of the tide. The operational turbine array wake was captured for ebb and flood tides. For both ebb and flood, reduced velocities are observed in the upper water column at the depths spanned by the turbine rotors. Vertical profiles of velocity mix quickly during flood tide but velocities remain slower than the undisturbed flow outside of the wake up to 20 effective diameters downstream of the platform. In contrast, during ebb, the velocity deficit persists farther downstream, and the reduced velocity increases slightly. Elevated turbulence levels peak at 2 effective diameters downstream of the turbines and recover to undisturbed flow levels at approximately 10 effective diameters downstream of the platform for both ebb and flood tides. Total energy dissipated through turbulence within the wake is estimated to be less than 10% of the energy extracted for electricity production.","author":["Guerra, M.","Hay, A."],"organization":["Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n","Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2024-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.269990000000","-66.340020000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:10:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078669","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-75-tailored-ocean-literacy-programmes-focusing-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWAVE Deliverable 7.5 Tailored Ocean Literacy Programmes Focusing on Wave Energy","description":"SafeWAVE Deliverable 7.5, \u2018Tailored Ocean Literacy Programmes Focusing on Wave Energy\u2019, uses the framework developed in Deliverable 7.4 to organise an approach for creating education and public engagement (EPE) programmes that are tailored to the specific circumstances in each of the communities of the project\u2019s four member countries \u2013 France, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. These programmes will aim to: (i) raise awareness of wave energy, energy transition and climate action through outreach, education, and training initiatives and (ii) provide an inclusive mechanism for community and wider society stakeholders to input into the planning and realisation of ocean energy projects. Roughly one-quarter of the document (Sections 5, 6, and 7) presents a guide for the SafeWAVE Project\u2019s EPE facilitators to reference as they plan the programmes for their communities. Each of these sections details the planning steps to be considered for representative EPE activities in each of the framework tiers \u2013 consultation, collaboration, and co-creation. The EPE facilitators can refer to the planning stages of the activities in the framework tier most appropriate for the level of engagement they seek in each of their respective communities. These different plans for engagement are detailed in chapters 9 - 12 for each community of the SafeWAVE Project.","author":["Smith, A.","Dunphy, N.","Uyarra, M.","Pouso, S.","Menchaca, I.","Montero, N.","Bald, J.","Gon\u00e7alves, J.","Vinagre, P.","Clementino, L.","Le Bourhis, E.","Soulard, T.","Zubiate, L."],"organization":["University College Cork","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI","European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA)"],"originationDate":"2023-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078670","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-current-resource-assessment-study-turbine-extraction-effects-banks-strait","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148121012118","title":"Tidal current resource assessment and study of turbine extraction effects in Banks Strait, Australia","description":"Banks Strait, Australia has been identified as highly promising for tidal turbine deployments. To assess this site\u0027s feasibility, high-resolution unstructured mesh two-dimensional (2D) models were generated using the newly developed COMPAS hydrodynamic model. Model results were calibrated and validated against results from five Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler field datasets. Simulation results indicating that considerable tidal energy resources exist, with maximum tidal currents of almost 3 m\/s found at depths suitable for both small and large-scale Tidal Energy Converters (TEC) array installations, making this region promising for tidal energy extraction for both on and off-grid energy demands. Two examples of tidal farms consisting of a 1.2 MW array of 3 m diameter TEC\u0027s in shallow water and a 60 MW array of twin-rotor 20 m diameter TEC\u0027s in deep water were then simulated. The study used two methods to determine farm power output using the 2D models: the first method estimated the output directly from current velocity predictions based on the developed resource model, whilst the second method simulated the TEC energy extraction using a bottom friction model. For both TEC arrays minimal changes in near and far-field mean current flow and surface elevations were found.","author":["Marsh, P.","Penesis, I.","Nader, J.","Cossu, R.","Auguste, C.","Osman, P.","Couzi, C."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","University of Queensland","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078686","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-of-the-science-2024","sourceURL":"","title":"OES-Environmental 2024 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World","description":"The OES-Environmental 2024 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World summarizes the state of the science of environmental effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) and serves as an update and a complement to the 2020 State of the Science Report. While the research and monitoring findings prior to 2020 are summarized throughout, the main focus of the report is on the more recent work.MRE is harvested from ocean waves, tides, and currents, as well as ocean temperature and salinity gradients, and from the flow of large rivers (which use technologies similar to those that capture tidal energy). The 2024 State of the Science report mainly focuses on the potential environmental effects from the generation of power from waves using wave energy converters (WECs), tides using tidal turbines, and large rivers using riverine turbines, but also includes new findings from environmental effects of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) plants. Lessons learned from other offshore industries are included, where appropriate.This report has brought together the most up-to-date information on potential environmental effects of MRE development, using information from public sources as well as new scientific research. The Ocean Energy Systems (OES)-Environmental country representatives from the 16 participating countries helped to scope the entirety of the report and provided valuable contributions to all chapters. The input from these contributors and reviewers has resulted in the most complete compendium of research and monitoring findings possible. Download the Full Report and Executive Summary The Executive Summary provides a broad overview of the material in the full report.Additional translations of the Executive Summary in other OES-Environmental languages are below:ChineseFrenchJapanesePortugueseNorwegianSpanishSwedishWatch a webinar recording that provides an overview of the 2024 State of the Science and highlights key findings here.Individual ChaptersThe 2024 State of the Science Report encompasses an introduction and a path forward, as well as nine chapters that provide details of research and monitoring findings around the world on environmental effects of MRE.Section A: Introduction     1. Marine Renewable Energy and Ocean Energy Systems      2. Progress in Understanding Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Section B: Updating the State of the Science      3. Marine Renewable Energy: Stressor-Receptor Interactions Section C: Human Dimensions of MRE      4. Social and Economic Effects of Marine Renewable Energy      5. Stakeholder Engagement for Marine Renewable Energy Section D: Resources to Advance MRE       6. Strategies to Aid Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy      7. Education and Outreach Around Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy      8. Marine Renewable Energy Data and Information SystemsSection E: Beyond Stressor-receptor Interactions      9. Beyond Single Marine Renewable Energy Devices: A Systems-Wide Effects Approach      10. Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy in Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems Section F: Looking Ahead     11. Summary and Path Forward  Short Science SummariesTwo page Short Science Summaries have been developed for many topics from the information in the 2024 report. 1. Benefits and Effects2. Environmental Effects around the World3. Stressor-receptor InteractionsCollision RiskElectromagnetic FieldsUnderwater NoiseChanges in Benthic and Pelagic HabitatsOceanographic SystemsEntanglementDisplacement4. Social and Economic Effects6. Strategies to Aid Consenting Processes9. Beyond Single Marine Renewable Energy Devices: A Systems-Wide Effects Approach10. Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems11. Path Forward","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Terrestrial Mammals","Environmental Justice","Sea Turtles","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-24 09:15:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2024-State-of-the-Science-Report_1_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental-2024-State-of-the-Science-Report_Executive-Summary.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_Chinese.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_Swedish.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_Spanish.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_Norwegian.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_Japanese.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_French2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Executive_Summary_Portuguese_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078696","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-scotland-letter-emec-benthic-habitat","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Scotland Letter: EMEC Benthic Habitat","description":"A review of all environmental benthic reports submitted by European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) developers and accepted by Marine Scotland Licensing Operations Team (MS-LOT) to date has been carried out by the EMEC Monitoring Advisory Group (MAG). It is with regard to this review that MS-LOT is contacting you now.","author":["Marine Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2013-01-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.963985162634","-3.301174046943"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Benthic_Environmental_Reports_at_EMEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078724","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-philippines-sustainable-energy-ocean-spaces-resources","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energytransitionpartnership.org\/resource\/marine-renewable-energy-in-the-philippines-sustainable-energy-from-ocean-spaces-and-resources\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy in the Philippines: Sustainable Energy from Ocean Spaces and Resources","description":"This Stocktake and Options Report on Marine Renewable Energy for the Philippines is part of the efforts of the Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership in accelerating the shift towards modern energy systems, geared towards economic growth, energy security, and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to provide the necessary information to establish a starting point for the development of Marine Renewable Energy as a future sustainable low-carbon energy source in the Philippines.  This Report sets out and analyzes the following: (1) the various forms of indigenous marine renewable energy resources available in the Philippines, (2) the marine renewable energy technologies (e.g. marine floating photo-voltaics, tidal in-stream energy converters, wave energy converters, ocean thermal energy conversion systems, offshore wind, etc.) that may be suitable for the Philippines, (3) recommendations on the potential pathways, including policy and development support in harnessing clean energy from marine resource, and (4) collaboration opportunities with other forthcoming complementary marine renewable energy investment programs.  This Report is intended for use by the Philippines\u2019 Department of Energy.","author":["Abundo, M.","Catanyag, M.","Franco, M.","Travis, L.","Familara, A.","Hutchison, I.","Papasin, M.","Catanyag, C.","Hellstern, E.","Manrique, J.","Tecson, C.","Escoto, B.","Steley, C.","David, L.","Capongcol, M.","Ulgado, A.","Malabanan, W.","Ramos, J.","Rosal, A.","Catapang, E.","Rivera, M."],"organization":["OceanPixel","Aquatera Ltd","Ateneo De Manila University","University of San Carlos","University of the Phiippines","Department of Energy Philippines","Friedrichsdorf Institute for Sustainability (IzN) eV","Southeast Asia Energy Transition Partnership"],"originationDate":"2023-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Abundo_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078728","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/numerical-study-fish-swimming-hydrokinetic-turbine-wake","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2468013324000196","title":"Numerical study of a fish swimming in hydrokinetic turbine wake","description":"The environmental effects of hydrokinetic turbines are still under investigation, reflecting the emerging status of this technology. This study investigates the interaction between hydrokinetic rotor wakes and fish swimming, revealing insights into fish biomechanics in complex flows and assessing the environmental implications of marine energy solutions. We conducted numerical simulations with the URANS approach and k - w - SST turbulence closure model to predict three-dimensional turbulent flow in the OpenFOAM software. The hydrokinetic rotor wake was simulated employing the actuator line method, providing a computationally efficient alternative to full geometry simulations. For accurate replication of the motion of a fish-like tuna (Thunnus atlanticus), dynamic adaptive mesh discretization was employed. The results offer a comparative analysis of fish swimming performance within the wake rotor, particularly when immersed in the tip blade vortex, contrasted with scenarios where fish swim in undisturbed flow conditions. The analysis encompasses three-dimensional wake structures, force generation, efficiency, and equilibrium states (balancing drag and thrust) across varying Swimming numbers (Sw). Key findings include the enhanced attachment of the leading-edge vortex due to the caudal fin\u2019s interaction with the tip blade vortex, resulting in improved auto-propulsive force production; a reduced tail stride frequency observed in fish swimming downstream of the rotor to achieve longitudinal force balance compared to unperturbed flow; and transverse hydrodynamic forces pushing fish radially away from the wake\u2019s influence zone, potentially mitigating the risk of collision with turbine blades.","author":["Macias, M.M.","Mendes, R.C.F.","Garcia-Ortiz, J.H.","Oliveira, T.F.","Brasil Junior, A.C.P."],"organization":["University of Cadiz","Universidade de Bras\u00edlia"],"originationDate":"2024-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 04:26:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Macias_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078732","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sotenas-offshorepark-en-faltstudie-med-analys-och-utvardering","sourceURL":"","title":"Soten\u00e4s Offshorepark: en F\u00e4ltstudie med analys och utv\u00e4rdering","description":"Uw-Tech har p\u00e5 uppdrag av Ulf Wennilsj\u00f6 utf\u00f6rt en F\u00e4ltstudie med ROV undervattensrobot med sonar och HD kamera, analys och utv\u00e4rdering som inkluderar tidigare utredningar och material vid unders\u00f6kningen vid Soten\u00e4s Offshorepark, Syftet med unders\u00f6kningen \u00e4r att p\u00e5visa den ekologiska statusen, dess utveckling och konsekvenserna av en fullst\u00e4ndig \u00e5terst\u00e4llning.   Resultaten fr\u00e5n denna studie tyder p\u00e5 att etableringen av v\u00e5gkraftsparken har gynnat artrikedomen p\u00e5 tv\u00e5 olika s\u00e4tt.  1. Utplaceringen av stela strukturer (fundament, generatorer, kablar och st\u00e4llverk) har varit organismer som f\u00f6rknippas med h\u00e5rbotten och f\u00f6rmodligen \u00e4ven fisk i omr\u00e5det  2. Det tr\u00e5lningsf\u00f6rbud som inf\u00f6rdes vid etableringen har m\u00f6jliggjort en kolonisering av mer stressk\u00e4nsliga arter p\u00e5 mjukbottnar i omr\u00e5det och \u00e4ven f\u00f6rekomst av fisk.     Soten\u00e4s Offshore Park: A field study with analysis and evaluation.  UW-Tech was commissioned by Ulf Wennilsj\u00f6 to conduct a field study with an ROV underwater robot with sonar and HD camera, analysis and evaluation that includes previous investigations and material from the survey at Soten\u00e4s Offshore Park. The purpose of the survey is to demonstrate the ecological status, its evolution and the consequences of a full restoration.    The results from this study indicate that the establishment of the wave power park has benefited species richness in two different ways.  1. The deployment of rigid structures (foundations, generators, cables and switchgear) has been organisms associated with the scalp and probably also fish in the area  2. The trawling ban introduced at the time of establishment has enabled a colonisation of more stress-sensitive species on soft bottoms in the area and also the presence of fish.","author":["Bosell, J.","Wennilsj\u00f6, U.","Sand\u00e9n, K.","L\u00f6fqvist, B.","Flor\u00e9n, K.","Leandersson, R.","Eggertsen, M.","Sundberg, J."],"organization":["UW-Tech","Fortum"],"originationDate":"2020-10-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.382374000000","11.133371000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Demersal Fish","Environmental Impact Assessment","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 09:58:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/UW-Tech-2020-Swedish.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078740","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/kyuden-mirai-energy-tidal-power-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/earth\/ondanka\/tidalcurrent_pg\/","title":"Kyuden Mirai Energy Tidal Power Generation","description":"At Naruseto in Goto City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan\u0027s first demonstration of tidal current power generation using a large generator (the rated power of 500 kW) was conducted. The goal is to realize an environment-friendly tidal power generation system that is compatible with Japan\u0027s weather and sea conditions, and to put it into practical use as soon as possible.","author":["Daisuke Kitazawa"],"organization":["Kyuden Mirai Energy Company, Inc."],"originationDate":"2024-04-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.822000000000","128.907000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Fish","Birds","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Water Quality","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 02:39:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078777","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-landscapes-designing-place-based-infrastructure-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/1961993","title":"Renewable Energy Landscapes: Designing Place-Based Infrastructure for Scale","description":"This paper offers a pathway for developing community-centered renewable energy at scale, outlining how renewable energy landscapes can be envisioned alongside the high environmental and social equity standard that is at the heart of the future clean energy system. We call this \u201cplace-based at scale\u201d and \u201crenewable energy landscapes\u201d because the ultimate aim is to adapt technology and infrastructure coherently and collectively toward community objectives, and to organize it to allow replicability and scaled approaches across the country. Realizing this type of development in practice will require reconciling the challenges and tensions that currently existing between top-down and bottom-up approaches. It will also require reckoning with greenhouse gas emission goals, large investments in infrastructure, and community self-determination as the driving priority in those investments. We believe a window of opportunity is presenting itself to shape and envision the future of renewable energy installations and move into action to create them. Six pathways that draw upon new cooperation between disciplines for designing renewable energy landscapes at scale are presented and historical perspectives are explored.","author":["O\u0027Neil, R.","Preziuso, D.","Arkema, K.","Ko, Y.","Pevzner, N.","Diamond, K.","Gore, S.","Morrice, K.","Henderson, C.","Powell, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Oregon","University of Pennsylvania","University of Arizona","US Department of Energy (DOE)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2022-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Oneil-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078782","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-building-multi-perspective-policy-development-framework-transition-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2213138816302004","title":"Towards building a multi perspective policy development framework for transition into renewable energy","description":"The objective of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of energy policy instruments on increasing the adoption of renewable energy by developing a comprehensive evaluation model. Criteria used in this assessment depend on five perspectives that are perceived by decision makers as important for adoption process. The decision model linked the perspectives to policy targets and various energy policy instruments. These perspectives are: economic, social, political, environmental and technical. The research implemented the hierarchical decision model (HDM) to construct a generalized policy assessment framework. Results of this research identified economic feasibility improvement of renewable energy projects as the most influential perspective and that renewable portfolio standards and tax credits are the two most effective criteria to accomplish that.","author":["Abotah, R.","Daim, T."],"organization":["King Abdulaziz University","Portland State University"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078785","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comprehensive-review-scour-scour-protections-complex-bottom-fixed-offshore-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0029801824011673","title":"A comprehensive review on scour and scour protections for complex bottom-fixed offshore and marine renewable energy foundations","description":"Due to the marine environment\u0027s complexity, optimising offshore foundations\u0027 design is still a major focus of the scientific and industrial community, since foundations represent a large portion of the total investment. Scour is one of the main causes that lead to ultimate, and service limit states, impacting design optimization and costs. Scour at monopile foundations has been extensively studied. However, advances in scour protections for hybrid structures, and other bottom-fixed foundations for offshore renewable energy harvesting technologies are often kept confidential by stakeholders, and knowledge gaps must be covered. Thus, the present paper provides a summary of the most recent physical and numerical studies related to scour and riprap scour protections for complex bottom-fixed foundations, such as jackets, tripods, gravity-based foundations (GBF), high-rise structure foundations (HRSF), and suction buckets, while covering other marine energy harvesting technologies as well, including wave energy converters (WEC) and tidal energy converters (TEC). This manuscript presents knowledge gaps, recent improvements, and potential studies on hybrid foundations \u2013 offshore wind turbine foundations combined with WECs or TECs. It is shown that offshore scour protection is a study field with a wide margin of development, but crucial for the future of the offshore renewable energy sector, thus pointing out key challenges and major opportunities for future research.","author":["Chambel, J.","Fazeres-Ferradosa, T.","Miranda, F.","Bento, A.","Taveira-Pinto, F.","Lomonaco, P."],"organization":["University of Porto","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2024-07-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chambel-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078802","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/good-neighbours-public-relations-bribes-politics-perceptions-community-benefit","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/1523908X.2010.509558","title":"Good Neighbours, Public Relations and Bribes: The Politics and Perceptions of Community Benefit Provision in Renewable Energy Development in the UK","description":"The provision of community benefits has become a more common component of renewable energy project proposals in the UK. This raises questions as to the purposes these benefits are fulfilling and the ways in which they are perceived by the many different stakeholders involved in the processes of project development and approval. Are they seen as an effective strategic element in negotiations around planning consent; as a right for communities whose resource is being exploited, or who are experiencing the dis-benefits of technology implementation; or as a way of bribing or buying off protestors or key decision-makers? In this paper, we draw on evidence from a series of interviews with key stakeholders involved in renewable energy policy and development and from a set of mixed method, diverse case studies of renewable energy projects around the UK to examine the viewpoints of different stakeholders (including developers, local publics, politicians, activists and consultants). We discovered variation in the extent and type of benefits on offer, reflecting the maturity of different technologies, based on a number of rationales. We also found in the public\u0027s views a high degree of ambivalence towards both the benefits on offer (when they were known or acknowledged) and the reasons for providing them. The normative case for providing community benefits appears to be accepted by all involved, but the exact mechanisms for doing so remain problematic.","author":["Cass, N.","Walker, G.","Devine-Wright, P."],"organization":["Lancaster University","University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.269957000000","-2.320451000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078865","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/emerging-energy-sources-social-acceptability-evidence-marine-based-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032124001527","title":"Emerging energy sources\u0027 social acceptability: Evidence from marine-based energy projects","description":"Any decrease in global warming and its effects can only occur with a substantial reduction in anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In this context, renewable energy sources, particularly emerging sources, may play a central role in accelerating the transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources. Emerging energy sources are renewable and have the potential to reduce global warming emissions; however, they are in the early development stages. These technologies include enhanced geothermal processes, artificial photosynthesis, and marine energy. In this study, we assess the main attributes that determine the social acceptance of renewable marine energy projects, highlighting individual preferences and heterogeneity for these projects. The results show that energy generation, ecological impact, job creation, co-ownership, and distributional justice are statistically significant attributes that support projects. However, individual preferences are highly heterogeneous. The existence of distinct classes (two in this case) with different preferences for marine energy attributes indicates that the one-size-fits-all approach may be inappropriate. Instead, policymakers and energy producers should tailor their proposals to meet the needs of both groups, considering their preferences and concerns.","author":["Ponce Oliva, R.","Estay, M.","Barrientos, M.","Estevez, R.","Gelcich, S.","V\u00e1squez-Lav\u00edn, F."],"organization":["Universidad del Desarrollo","Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES)","Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n","Center for Climate and Resilience Research","Durham University","Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s","Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda y Biodiversidad (IEB)"],"originationDate":"2024-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-34.486800000000","-71.485460000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078866","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-sources-decarbonization-mediterranean-regions-through-maritime-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-031-33148-0_29","title":"Marine Energy Sources for Decarbonization of Mediterranean Regions Through Maritime Spatial Planning","description":"Marine energy sources, particularly offshore wind and wave energy, can be profitably exploited to generate renewable electricity in Mediterranean islands and coastal areas. Although still at an early stage of development, innovative blue energy technologies, such as floating windmills and different types of wave energy converters, have been successfully implemented by researchers and private companies in recent years. Based on data from pilot devices and basic requirements for their operativity, such as minimum wind speed and wave high or bathymetric depth, a blue energy planning framework has been developed under the scope of the Interreg Med BLUE DEAL project. This is based on a sequence of stages combining different site-specific spatial analyses regarding marine energy potentials, legal restrictions and environmental constraints, local grids and energy balance, carbon accounting, and visual impact. This planning procedure allows for identifying potential sites for the installation of blue energy plants, estimating energy production by marine sources in target regions and evaluating impacts and benefits in terms of greenhouse gas emission mitigation from the energy sector, the latter depending on values of the carbon intensity of electricity (g CO2eq per kWh). Case studies demonstrate that blue energy can consistently contribute to the decarbonization of the energy sector in Mediterranean regions and to the energy self-sufficiency of insular and coastal communities.","author":["Pulselli, R.","Mecca, S.","Bastianoni, S."],"organization":["University of Florence","University of Siena"],"originationDate":"2023-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078870","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/mocean-renewables-subsea-power-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mocean.energy\/","title":"Mocean Renewables for Subsea Power Project","description":"Mocean Energy, based in Edinburgh, developed wave energy converters (WECs) for various applications from smallscale off-grid use to large, utility-scale projects. Its core technology is its hinged raft WEC, which consists of two hulls with novel shapes connected by a single hinge. Wave forcing, and the hulls\u2019 dynamics cause a rotation about the hinge, which is converted to electricity via a power take-off system. The Renewables for Subsea Power (RSP) system is an offshore renewable power source that charges batteries to supply power and comms to subsea equipment, and it consists of:     Blue X: wave energy converter (WEC) \u2013 Mocean Energy (also referred to as M100P)   Halo: Subsea battery storage and energy management \u2013 Verlume   Subsea electronics Module (SEM) \u2013 Baker Hughes.   ARV-I and a docking station: Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV): Transmark Subsea.    An umbilical connected Blue X with the Halo, however, the device was not connected to a subsea cable to provide power onshore. This was a demonstration project. Testing took place in an area to the East and offshore of Deerness, Orkney in 2023\/2024. The primary purpose of testing was to gather performance data and learnings from deployment of the RSP system in order to inform further development of the system\u2019s designs and interfaces.","author":["Jon Clarke"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-01-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.871100000000","-2.753991600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-24 08:44:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078886","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrated-survey-methodologies-provide-process-driven-framework-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113624001934","title":"Integrated survey methodologies provide process-driven framework for marine renewable energy environmental impact assessment","description":"Environmental interactions of marine renewable energy developments vary from fine-scale direct (e.g. potential collision) to indirect wide-scale hydrodynamic changes altering oceanographic features. Current UK Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and associated Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) guidelines have limited focus on underlying processes affecting distribution and movements (hence vulnerability) of top predators. This study integrates multi-trophic ship survey (active acoustics and observer data) with an upward-facing seabed platform and 3-dimensional hydrodynamic model as a process-driven framework to investigate predator-prey linkages between seabirds and fish schools. Observer-only data highlighted the need to measure physical drivers of variance in species abundances and distributions. Active acoustics indicated that in situ (preferable to modelled) data were needed to identify temporal changes in hydrodynamics to predict prey and consequently top predator presence. Revising methods to identify key habitats and environmental covariates within current regulatory frameworks will enable more robust and transferable EIA and HRA processes and outputs, and at larger scales for cumulative and strategic-level assessments, enabling future modelling of ecosystem impacts from both climate change and renewable energy extraction.","author":["Chapman, J.","Williamson, B.","Couto, A.","Zampollo, A.","Davies, I.","Scott, B."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2024-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.714160000000","-3.115390000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chapman_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078898","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-1-marine-renewable-energy-ocean-energy-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 1: Marine Renewable Energy and Ocean Energy Systems","description":"This introductory chapter provides background on the benefits of marine renewable energy (MRE), the importance of measuring environmental interactions for all deployed devices, and the stressor-receptor framework. Chapter 1 also summarizes the work of OES-Environmental and introduces ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) as an MRE source that has not been addressed in previous OES-Environmental work.      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 1: Marine Renewable Energy and Ocean Energy Systems here.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter1_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078899","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-2-progress-understanding-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 2: Progress in Understanding Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Chapter 2 examines the status of environmental monitoring around deployed and upcoming MRE devices in countries around the world, with a major emphasis on OES-Environmental member countries.  While there is currently no accurate count of the number of MRE devices that have been deployed around the world over the past two decades, it is safe to say that many have had no environmental assessments or post-installation monitoring associated with them. However, 86 MRE projects were identified for which environmental baseline and\/or post-installation monitoring were carried out, with an emphasis on stressor-receptor interactions. The United Kingdom, Europe, and the Americas lead with the greatest number of MRE devices with associated environmental monitoring, while other locations around the world are also moving forward with environmental assessments and research. The presence of established test centers appears to have a strong influence on the number of deployments with associated environmental monitoring, and likely also on the number of overall deployments. Other factors that encourage the number of deployments with environmental data collection include the available resources in a country, including the presence of research institutions and researchers; a developed regulatory process for consenting; a developed supply chain; offshore expertise; and other maritime uses in the vicinity. Five case studies were used to highlight the different types of monitoring that have been required for tidal, riverine, and wave energy deployments, as well as differences that exist among jurisdictions. Recommendations for improved outcomes for all MRE projects include: the need to collect baseline data before deployment, relying on existing data where available; early identification of likely risks that drive consenting, as well as gaps in data and analyses to understand those risks; a push to collaborate with researchers, communities, and other developers for optimal outcomes; and a plea for transparency in data accessibility to move the entire industry forward.      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 2: Progress in Understanding Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy here.","author":["Copping, A.","Hemery, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter2_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078900","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-3-marine-renewable-energy-stressor-receptor","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 3: Marine Renewable Energy: Stressor-Receptor Interactions","description":"Chapter 3 encompasses the progress made on understanding the major stressor-receptor interactions that help delineate potential risks from MRE development. Each interaction has been the focus of multiple research and monitoring studies since the 2020 State of the Science report.  COLLISION RISK FOR MARINE ANIMALS AROUND TURBINES  Uncertainty around collision risk of marine animals with turbine blades continues to be a key barrier to consenting new tidal and riverine energy projects. The steps that could result in a marine animal colliding with a rotating turbine blade have been parsed into a series of actions that must take place sequentially. There are differing terminologies and thoughts on each step, but generally the animal must be in the vicinity of a turbine for a potential encounter to occur, and determine whether to avoid the turbine by swimming in the opposite direction, above, below, or around the turbine. If the animal progresses closer to the turbine, there is still an opportunity for it to evade, or take last minute action, to move away from the rotating blades. If these actions fail, a collision may occur. Additional research studies have added evidence to the likelihood that marine mammals may detect the turbine, and avoid the rotor swept areas when the tidal currents increase and the blades begin to rotate. Increasing use of underwater video to examine marine animal interactions with turbines is adding to our understanding of the risk of collision. Research has shown that adult salmon in a river are not likely to be close enough to rotating riverine turbine blades to collide. However, salmon smolts are more likely to pass through the rotor swept area and become disoriented, although longer-lasting harm has not been shown. Diving seabirds have not been observed near rotating turbines but appear to gather in areas where turbines might be installed. The accuracy and validation of numerical models simulating collisions have improved, particularly with the addition of agent-based models that depict single fish, as well as the more traditional collision risk and encounter risk models that examine marine mammals and fish. The low number of deployments and the challenges of collecting nearfield data limit our understanding of collision risk. There is a need for additional data collection and research studies before collision risk can be considered for retirement.  RISKS TO MARINE ANIMALS FROM UNDERWATER NOISE GENERATED BY MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES  The potential risk to marine animal behavior from underwater noise continues to be of concern to stakeholders and regulators for both turbines and wave energy converters (WECs). Measurements of acoustic output from MRE devices have become an important aspect of monitoring around deployed devices. The international specification developed by the International Electrochemical Commission Technical Committee 114 (TC114) provides guidance on how to accurately measure noise from an MRE device; the specification has been tested and appears to be headed toward adoption as a standard, following updates. This will provide much needed comparability among underwater noise measurements. Coupled with the US standards and guidance for levels of underwater noise that will disturb or harm marine mammals and fish, the outcome of monitoring to date from turbines and WECs suggests that the operational noise is not likely to be harmful for marine species, at least for small numbers of devices. New frameworks for examining and measuring underwater noise, and new modeling approaches provide further confidence that this stressor is unlikely to be a significant risk for marine animals, for small developments. This risk is considered to be retired for these conditions.  ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EFFECTS FROM POWER CABLES AND MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES  There have been relatively few field studies of potential electromagnetic field (EMF) effects on marine animals in the past four years, although new methods for detection in the field and laboratory studies have continued. Laboratory studies have challenged many EMF-sensitive marine species with levels of EMFs that are higher than those found from MRE export cables. The marine animals most likely to be susceptible to EMF effects, including certain species of sharks, rays, skates, as well as benthic crustaceans like crab and lobster, have been the focus of most investigations. While the specific biology, physiology, and life stage of many species may show differing levels of sensitivity, for the level of power carried by export cables from MRE devices, the EMFs signatures are generally believed to be below a significant risk level. This has led to the understanding that this risk is considered to be retired for small numbers of devices.  CHANGES IN BENTHIC AND PELAGIC HABITATS CAUSED BY MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES  Changes in benthic and pelagic habitats are inevitable with any development in the marine environment. However, the small footprint of MRE anchors, foundations, mooring lines, cables, and surface floats from small numbers of devices are not likely to cause significant harm to the marine environment, provided they are sited carefully. Many studies related to changes in habitats have been undertaken in the past four years, including those focusing on understanding marine animal distributions and habitat use pre- and post-installation of MRE devices, as well as characterizing the composition of biofouling and artificial reef assemblages. The lack of evidence of harm to benthic and pelagic habitats has led the risk from this stressor-receptor interaction to be considered as retired for small number of devices.  CHANGES IN OCEANOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVICES  Changes in wave heights, water circulation, and water column stability as a result of the operation of MRE devices continue to be investigated using numerical models, with some attempts to validate the models with field data collection. These field studies have not yielded results because the changes that could be attributed to small numbers of MRE devices appear to be less than the natural variability of the system. Until large arrays are deployed, it is likely that numerical models will continue to provide the best insights into potential risks to oceanographic systems. For small numbers of devices, the risk is considered to be retired. With OTEC under consideration for tropical waters, the risk from the discharge of large volumes of cold water to the upper water column and the marine animals and plants that live there must be considered. With few operational OTEC plants in the world, there is limited evidence of the magnitude of the risk. The risk will be mitigated by designing the cold water discharge to place the return water below the thermocline for all OTEC developments.  ENTANGLEMENT RISK WITH MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY MOORING LINES AND UNDERWATER CABLES  The risk of large marine animals becoming entangled among mooring lines or draped cables between MRE devices remains theoretical. There is no evidence to date that entanglement will occur; however, stakeholder concerns remain. The advent of floating offshore wind platforms has raised this issue in recent years. While nothing definitive can be said about this risk, for small numbers of MRE devices, it should be considered not to be significant. As larger arrays are deployed, monitoring results from floating offshore wind farms and MRE arrays may provide further insight into the potential risk. This chapter summarizes what little can be determined from available information.  DISPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS FROM MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT  Once larger MRE arrays are deployed, migratory marine species and those that move across short distances in the water column or on the seafloor may have their normal movement patterns disrupted by the presence and operation of the devices. Displacement is defined as the outcome of attraction, avoidance, or exclusion that may be triggered by animal responses to one or more stressors, with potential consequences at the individual to the population levels. This risk is considered to be low at this time, with models used to determine the likely risk dependent on location and populations, however little data to inform this risk will be gathered until larger arrays are deployed. This chapter lays out a framework and recommendations for addressing displacement as the MRE industry grows, including knowledge gaps that remain to be filled.         The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 3: Marine Renewable Energy: Stressor-Receptor Interactions here.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L.","Rose, D.","Farr, H.","Whiting, J.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078901","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-4-social-economic-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 4: Social and Economic Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Social and economic effects of MRE development and operation have not received a great deal of research focus. While aspects of social and economic effects and benefits are considered as inputs for consenting permission, data are often lacking or not fit for purpose for the location, scale, or communities involved. Chapter 4 examines what is known about social and economic effects as they pertain to MRE development, highlighting potential interactions with various groups such as fishers, maritime industries including the supply chain and workforce, coastal communities, Indigenous people, conservation, tourism, and energy end-users. While conclusions about social and economic effects are highly site-specific, there are common types of information that ought to be collected, as recommended in this chapter.  Chapter 4 Supplementary Material      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 4: Social and Economic Effects of Marine Renewable Energy here.","author":["Freeman, M.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter4.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Chapter_4_Supplementary_Material.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078902","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-5-stakeholder-engagement-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 5: Stakeholder Engagement for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Engaging stakeholders leading up to the development of an MRE project has been shown to be linked to an increased chance that the project will proceed with minimal opposition. Chapter 5 discusses the range of stakeholder involvement that begins with legally mandated informing and involving of stakeholders, through preferred practices that bring stakeholders further into the process for siting and designing MRE projects. This increased level of engagement can provide a greater sense of stewardship for MRE projects, as well as engage local communities and those with skills and knowledge that can benefit the project. Implementing best practices and measuring their outcome are key parts of stakeholder engagement processes that have shown levels of success in other industries, as described in this chapter.  Chapter 5 Supplementary Material      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 5: Stakeholder Engagement for Marine Renewable Energy here.","author":["Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter5.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Chapter_5_Supplementary_Material.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078903","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-6-strategies-aid-consenting-processes-marine","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 6: Strategies to Aid Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Over the past four years, OES-Environmental has focused on presenting the science behind what is known about the potential risks of MRE development on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes, in formats and methodologies that are accessible and applicable to consenting processes, across the OES-Environmental countries. Chapter 6 documents the work and describes the use of the various tools that have been developed by OES-Environmental and other groups. The overall risk retirement process has been expanded to include the concept of data transferability, whereby datasets collected and analyzed for MRE deployments in one locale can be made available and relevant to new projects with similar attributes. In addition, the process of retiring risks for certain small MRE developments has been evaluated across several stressors, using evidence bases of seminal papers and reports, and tested at a series of expert workshops. This process resulted in consensus around retiring risks for four stressor-receptor interactions for small numbers of MRE devices: underwater noise, EMFs, changes in habitats, and changes in oceanographic systems. There is not sufficient evidence to retire the risk of collision, while displacement and entanglement risks have not yet been evaluated.  The results of the risk retirement and data transferability processes were made more accessible to consenting processes by equating the stressor-receptor interactions with the appropriate category of environmental regulation. The major categories of environmental regulation found across OES-Environmental countries include those that address: protection of species and populations; protection of habitats; protection of water quality; and support for social and economic well-being. A series of guidance documents have been written that provide access to the science that supports understanding the potential risk of MRE development on the marine environment. The guidance documents can provide a starting point for discussions around consenting between developers and regulators.  Other strategies and tools that can be used to assist with regulatory processes have also been reviewed, including adaptive management, marine spatial planning, and a series of tools specific to individual countries. The chapter includes case studies that have successfully applied these strategies and tools for MRE development.  Chapter 6 Supplementary Material      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 6: Strategies to Aid Consenting Processes for Marine Renewable Energy here.","author":["Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter6.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Chapter_6_Supplementary_Materials.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078904","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-7-education-outreach-around-environmental-effects","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 7: Education and Outreach Around Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Chapter 7 addresses the efforts and the need for education and outreach to a variety of audiences, to ensure that the benefits, challenges, and opportunities of developing MRE are well disseminated among the wide range of stakeholders who make up the MRE community and beyond. The process of developing and disseminating education and outreach materials entails tailoring the appropriate messages for a variety of audiences. In order to engage and educate these groups, OES-Environmental has developed coloring pages for young children, more complex and hands-on materials for school-age children, academic content for high school and university students, and straightforward but sophisticated messaging for the public. Vehicles such as fact sheets (available in print and online), podcasts, videos depicting potential environmental effects of MRE devices, presentations at conferences, social media posts, and one-on-one interactions with the range of students, researchers, MRE developers, regulators and advisors, and local communities, help to spread the word about the value of MRE. As this chapter describes, a more aware public is more likely to support and advocate for a renewable energy technology they understand, such as MRE.  A series of examples of MRE-focused outreach and education programs are presented as good practices, and examples of MRE-focused education programs from many OES-Environmental countries are described.  View the updated list of Educational and Workforce Training Resources here.      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 7: Education and Outreach Around Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy here.","author":["Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter7.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078905","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-8-marine-renewable-energy-data-information-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 8: Marine Renewable Energy Data and Information Systems","description":"As the MRE industry grows, increasingly large amounts of data and information are being generated from device testing, environmental monitoring, numerical modeling studies, laboratory experiments, and more. These data and information are essential to supporting MRE progress, including the need to share successes and failures, ensuring that hard fought lessons are not lost and that results of studies are available to be built upon and not repeated. The United States has created the Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMRE) a comprehensive data and information system that is headlined by Tethys, the system that supports inquiries into potential environmental effects of MRE, and acts as the platform that supports all OES-Environmental activities. Tethys and analogous systems from other countries that curate, store, and disseminate information on environmental effects of MRE are described in Chapter 8.      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 8: Marine Renewable Energy Data and Information Systems here.","author":["Farr, H."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter8.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078906","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-9-beyond-single-marine-renewable-energy-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 9: Beyond Single Marine Renewable Energy Devices: A Systems-Wide Effects Approach","description":"The MRE industry is moving from deploying single devices and demonstration projects toward multiple devices, while planning for large-scale commercial arrays to meet end-user needs for power. As the industry scales up, there is a need to understand what potential effects larger deployments might have on marine animals, habitats, or ecosystem processes. However, almost all the knowledge about environmental effects to date has been gleaned from single devices or small arrays (up to six devices). Chapter 9 looks at strategies for increasing this knowledge from single devices to arrays, determining that different stressor-receptor interactions are likely to scale in different ways. In addition, ecosystem models that simulate changes to marine trophic networks from natural and anthropogenic factors have not taken into account potential effects of MRE development; changes to the most common ecosystem models that account for other uses such as fisheries, are suggested in order to include effects of MRE. Finally, this chapter examines cumulative effects of MRE development on the marine environment, in conjunction with other anthropogenic uses of the ocean, and provides strategies for examining these effects in a holistic approach.      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 9: Beyond Single Marine Renewable Energy Devices: A Systems-Wide Effects Approach here.","author":["Hemery, L.","Hasselman, D.","Le Marchand, M.","Safi, G.","Fulton, E.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","France Energies Marines","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter9.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078907","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-10-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 10: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy in Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems","description":"So much of the knowledge that has been gained concerning potential environmental effects of MRE development comes from temperate regions. With more and more countries entering into the MRE space, there are increasing numbers of MRE developments within tropical and subtropical regions. The mix of MRE technologies that are more likely to be deployed in these regions will differ somewhat from those in temperate regions, with greater contributions from OTEC, perhaps salinity gradients, and wave energy devices. Tropical and subtropical ecosystems also differ significantly from their temperate counterparts, with higher biodiversity and more complex food webs. Chapter 10 examines these differences and recommends monitoring and research approaches that are better suited to tropical and subtropical ecosystems. In general, these ecosystems can best be approached as complex entities, rather than parsed into separate stressor-receptor interactions as has been done for temperate ecosystems. However, many of the same interactions will be applicable to tropical and subtropical ecosystems, allowing for considerable knowledge transfer from OES-Environmental\u2019s and others\u2019 existing research.  Chapter 10 Supplementary Material      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 10: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy in Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems here.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L.","Farr, H.","Apolonia, M.","Haywood, Z.","Paredes, A.","Bender, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Aquatera Ltd","Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda UNAM","Uppsala University","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-09 04:58:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter10.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SoS_2024_Chapter_10_Supplementary_Material_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078908","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-state-science-report-chapter-11-summary-path-forward","sourceURL":"","title":"2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 11: Summary and Path Forward","description":"The 2024 State of the Science report encompasses an introduction and a look ahead (this chapter), as well as nine chapters that provide details of research and monitoring findings around the world, identify gaps in knowledge, and list recommendations for addressing these gaps. The main messages from each chapter are briefly summarized in Chapter 11, followed by the outlook for OES-Environmental collaborations over the coming years.  As the fourth phase of OES-Environmental draws to a close, there remain substantial areas of uncertainty about MRE environmental effects, even as new fields of inquiry become important. The body of knowledge that has been gleaned over the past 14 years (2010-2024) represents a level of understanding that can be used to facilitate consenting of single devices and small arrays, as well as provide insight on how larger arrays might fit into the receiving environment. With the new phase (Phase 5) of OES-Environmental, the country representatives recognize the value of four new areas of work that will provide actionable advice and reduce uncertainty for MRE effects. Those four new areas encompass the ability to use the compendium of knowledge acquired to date to advise on environmental acceptability; to examine potential environmental effects of off-grid MRE applications; and to delve further into potential system-wide effects of MRE as the industry scales up. In addition, there is a need to further pursue tools and outcomes of potential social and economic effects of MRE. Each of these areas of focus for Phase 5 of OES-Environmental is described in the chapter.      The 2024 State of the Science Report consists of 11 chapters which can be downloaded as a whole or individually. Download Chapter 11: Summary and Path Forward here.","author":["Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:37:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SOS_9.16.2024_Chapter11.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078943","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dashboard-marine-energy-site-assessment-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/OTCONF\/proceedings-abstract\/24OTC\/1-24OTC\/544824","title":"Dashboard for Marine Energy Site Assessment and Monitoring","description":"The marine energy (ME) industry presently relies upon fragmented site assessment solutions that require high resource expenditure for deployment at each site and do not leverage the wealth of readily available tools and information. A wave energy resource assessment dashboard, currently in development, will substantially improve siting, permitting, operations, and maintenance of ME projects by providing an integrated solution that is a one-stop-shop for a developer\u0027s needs. The Site Energy Assessment and MOnitoring Dashboard (SEAMOD) will be of commercial interest to anyone seeking to deploy an ME project and is easily expandable to include tidal and wind energy site assessments. The integrated dashboard is being developed using state-of-the-art database and cloud computing methods and data-assimilative modeling tools that can be coupled with low-cost, rapidly deployable wave buoys and environmental sensing hardware. The combined software and hardware dashboard will reduce wave energy site characterization and wave climate monitoring costs by more than 60 percent and provide assessments that meet international industry standards. The final integrated dashboard provides a low-cost solution that delivers comprehensive, scalable, industry-standard energy resource assessments and offshore characterizations required for successful ME development. The integrated dashboard offers visibility of the most recent site modeling, measurements, and historical data. The application and integration of consensus-based standards for wave energy resource assessment, as determined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), are crucial for the impact and value of SEAMOD. SEAMOD includes monthly, seasonal, and yearly statistics, as well as the total 30-year record, offering temporal resolution of the IEC parameters to aid potential developers in determining the available wave energy resources in their area of interest.  To realize a thriving global ME industry, the physical environment at a potential deployment site must be understood, not only for resource characterization, but also for optimization of device and power conversion performance. SEAMOD directly addresses these needs with a commercially marketable product. SEAMOD is a low-cost solution that provides comprehensive ME resource assessments, baseline environmental monitoring, and offshore characterizations required for successful ME development.","author":["Flanary, C.","Jones, C.","Ellenson, A.","Nelson, T."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2024-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078944","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/resource-modeling-assessment-environmental-biological-analysis-turnagain-arm-cook","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/OTCONF\/proceedings-abstract\/24OTC\/1-24OTC\/545088","title":"Resource Modeling Assessment and Environmental Biological Analysis in Turnagain Arm, Cook Inlet, AK","description":"The deployment and operation of a floating and\/or submerged tidal technology in the United States coastal water require characterizing tidal stream resource potential and assessing environmental conditions and satisfying all environmental permitting requirements. The waters of Cook Inlet, Alaska have some of the strongest and most consistent tidal currents in the U.S. This project seeks to examine the potential for tidal energy development in Turnagain Arm, an inlet between Anchorage and the Kenai Peninsula (Figure (a)), in the upper Cook Inlet. The Turnagain Arm Tidal Electricity Generation (TATEG) site covers 137 square miles of Turnagain Arm where the tidal range at the site reaches 10m, and has been awarded a FERC preliminary permit P#15109 (Figure (b)). While there is some preliminary data available, this site\u2019s water speeds, environmental and biological concerns have not previously been characterized. Tidal Energy Corporation has requested technical assistance from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for their expertise in assessing these characteristics.  The technical assistance provided under this award is intended to examine the tidal currents and assess those that are most suitable for tidal energy development through validated numerical models, and to assess the optimal tidal turbine deployment areas within Turnagain Arm from an environmental, logistic, and regulatory perspective. Areas that are best suited for bottom based, mid column and floating tidal technologies will be considered.  Tidal Energy Corp is proposing to develop TATEG into the United States\u2019 first grid scale tidal stream development. TEC is also proposing that a portion of the TATEG site is dedicated to the formation of a permanent tidal energy prototype test site. This request for technical assistance with environmental assessment, likely permitting and regulatory pathways, and numerical modeling for overall site characterization is foundational to any and all development of the site.","author":["Lee, C.","Yang, Z.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Tidal Energy Corp"],"originationDate":"2024-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078945","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/localized-tidal-energy-extraction-puget-sound-can-adjust-estuary-reflection-friction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1029\/2023JC020401","title":"Localized Tidal Energy Extraction in Puget Sound Can Adjust Estuary Reflection and Friction, Modifying Barotropic Tides System-Wide","description":"Harvesting energy via tidal stream turbines is being increasingly considered as a renewable energy resource in estuaries with strong tidal currents. It remains unclear how localized energy extraction changes basic tidal physics throughout real systems. Here, we analyze the influence of an extensive synthetic tidal turbine array on barotropic tides in the Salish Sea, a complex, tidally energetic estuary, using a realistic numerical model. Tidal energy fluxes are calculated at 15 sections throughout the system and decomposed into incident and reflected components, as well as by frequency. Results show the dominant semidiurnal constituent, M2, controls the total tidal energy flux everywhere. When turbines are placed in Tacoma Narrows, the M2 energy flux is enhanced at sections seaward of the array in Puget Sound and reduced landward. The principal diurnal constituent, K1, contributes little to the total energy flux, but behaves similarly. Changes to each constituent are primarily attributed to turbine enhanced frictional dissipation which reduces the estuary\u0027s natural resonant period (\u223c10 hr) amplification. Being close to the semidiurnal frequencies, the resonance adjustment reduces M2 tidal reflection seaward of the turbines and free surface amplitude (particularly landward of the turbines) thereby increasing (decreasing) tidal energy fluxes at seaward (landward) locations. K1 is further from the natural frequency and insensitive to resonance changes. We hypothesize K1 is directly sensitive to increased frictional dissipation which acts to reduce reflection and tidal amplitude, regardless of the estuary natural frequency. Spatial variability in dynamics is discussed, as well as potential environmental implications.","author":["Spicer, P.","MacCready, P.","Yang, Z."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2024-05-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.307502000000","-123.010696000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-02 06:56:26","signatureProject":["Marine Energy Resource Assessment and Characterization"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Spicer-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078958","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-impacts-floating-solar-photovoltaic-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032124001862","title":"Potential environmental impacts of floating solar photovoltaic systems","description":"The use of floating photovoltaic systems in freshwater and marine environments is forecast to increase dramatically worldwide within the next decade in response to demands for accelerated decarbonisation of the global economy whilst avoiding competition for land, particularly near population centres. The potential environmental impacts of this expanding, novel technology are gradually becoming apparent and warrant consideration. This study reviews and evaluates the various potential environmental impacts of introducing floating photovoltaic arrays into aquatic (freshwater and marine) ecosystems based on the current state of floating photovoltaic technology and known impacts of similar industries. Environmental impacts of floating photovoltaic systems fall into several categories including shading, impacts on hydrodynamics and water-atmosphere exchange, energy emissions, impacts on benthic communities, and impacts on mobile species. The social acceptability of floating photovoltaic systems and the ability for long-term coexistence with other activities and interests are also discussed. Floating photovoltaic systems have an important role to play in global decarbonisation, but close collaboration between stakeholders will be required to better understand potential environmental and social impacts of this new technology. Development and validation of appropriate monitoring methods at scale, and consideration of long-term, equitable solutions to identified impacts, is important to enable sustainable expansion of this industry.","author":["Benjamins, S.","Williamson, B.","Billing, S-L.","Yuan, Z.","Collu, M.","Fox, C.","Hobbs, L.","Masden, E.","Cottier-Cook, E.","Wilson, B."],"organization":["University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)","University of Strathclyde"],"originationDate":"2024-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Attraction","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","EMF","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Benjamins_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078959","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/elevated-fish-densities-extend-kilometres-oil-gas-platforms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0302738","title":"Elevated fish densities extend kilometres from oil and gas platforms","description":"Thousands of offshore oil and gas platforms have been installed throughout the world\u2019s oceans and more structures are being installed as part of the transition to renewable energy. These structures increase the availability of ecological niches by providing hard substrate in midwater and complex 3D habitat on the seafloor. This can lead to \u2018hotspots\u2019 of biodiversity, or increased densities of flora and fauna, which potentially spill over into the local area. However, the distances over which these higher densities extend (the \u2018range of influence\u2019) can be highly variable. Fish aggregate at such structures, but the range of influence and any implications for wider fish populations, are unclear. We investigated the relationship between fish and platform areal densities using high resolution fisheries acoustic data. Data were collected in the waters surrounding the vessel exclusions zones around 16 oil and gas platforms in the North Sea, and throughout the wider area. We estimated densities of schooling fish using echo-integration, and densities of non-schooling fish using echo-counting. At 10 platforms, non-schooling fish densities were elevated near the platform relative to background levels in the equivalent wider area. The range of influence, defined here as the range to which fish densities were elevated above background, varied from 0.8 to 23 km. In areas of high platform density, fish schools were encountered more often, and non-schooling fish densities were higher, when controlling for other sources of environmental variation. This is the first time such long-range effects have been identified; previously, ranges of influence have been reported in the order of just 10s-100s of metres. These findings suggest that the environmental impact of these structures may extend further than previously thought, which may be relevant in the context of upcoming management decisions around the decommissioning of these structures.","author":["Lawrence, J.","Speirs, D.","Heath, M.","Fujii, T.","Burns, F.","Fernandes, P."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","University of Strathclyde","Tohoku University","Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2024-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.203910000000","2.567810000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lawrence_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078965","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-large-scale-offshore-renewable-energy-deployment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad4c7d","title":"Environmental impacts from large-scale offshore renewable-energy deployment","description":"The urgency to mitigate the effects of climate change necessitates an unprecedented global deployment of offshore renewable-energy technologies mainly including offshore wind, tidal stream, wave energy, and floating solar photovoltaic. To achieve the global energy demand for terawatt-hours, the infrastructure for such technologies will require a large spatial footprint. Accommodating this footprint will require rapid landscape evolution, ideally within two decades. For instance, the United Kingdom has committed to deploying 50 GW of offshore wind by 2030 with 90\u2013110 GW by 2050, which is equivalent to four times and ten times more than the 2022 capacity, respectively. If all were 15-MW turbines spaced 1.5 km apart, 50 GW would require 7,500 km2 and 110 GW would require 16,500 km2 . This review paper aims to anticipate environmental impacts stemming from the large-scale deployment of offshore renewable energy. These impacts have been categorised into three broad types based on the region (i.e., atmospheric, hydrodynamic, ecological). We synthesise our results into a table classifying whether the impacts are positive, negative, negligible, or unknown; whether the impact is instantaneous or lagged over time; and whether the impacts occur when the offshore infrastructure is being constructed, operating or during decommissioning. Our table benefits those studying the marine ecosystem before any project is installed to help assess the baseline characteristics to be considered in order to identify and then quantify possible future impacts.","author":["Ouro, P.","Fernandez, R.","Armstrong, A.","Brooks, B.","Burton, R.","Folkard, A.","Ili\u0107, S.","Parkes, B.","Schultz, D.","Stallard, T.","Watson, F."],"organization":["University of Manchester","Cardiff University","University of Leeds","Lancaster University"],"originationDate":"2024-05-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ouro_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078973","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cultural-licence-operate-blue-economy-final-project-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/blueeconomycrc.com.au\/project\/cultural-licence-to-operate-in-the-blue-economy","title":"Cultural Licence to Operate in the Blue Economy: Final Project Report","description":"In an era of heightened awareness of environmental protection and sustainability, the legitimacy of industry operations is increasingly being questioned by the public. Industries are needing to obtain the trust and ongoing broad acceptance of the community for business continuity.  The need to attain a Cultural Licence to Operate (CLO) by respectfully and fairly working alongside First Nations People is not a topic that is well explored. In this study, we develop a preliminary CLO framework as a responsive way to guiding the implementation pathway to improve change. This report presents outcomes from a Trans-Tasman scoping project funded by the Blue Economy CRC for 18 months. The four key partners supporting the project were CSIRO, Swinburne University of Technology, New Zealand Plant and Food Research and Wai Communications.  This Indigenous-led study set out to build the architecture of the CLO framework, without such clarity, CLO risks not being a credible concept for the purposes for which it can be used for responsible and equitable development.  The framework provides guiding tracks and transparency for shifting out from a transactional way to engage with First Nations through \u2018keeping up an appearance\u2019 or \u2018at arm\u2019s length\u2019 to building and maintaining a relational way of maximising co-benefits.  We flip the script for Industry to consider the competitive advantage of working directly alongside First Nations through changing the formula of corporate responsibility in a more legitimised and objective way of implementing and earning a cultural partnership pathway that maximises co-benefits.  We define the seven pillars of the CLO framework and the MUTUALITY principles that sets up the compass for partnering for a more equitable future by challenging the notion of exploitative growth and extend perspectives that sees value in the creation of co-benefits. We build an evidenced-based approach to characterising the fairness yardstick architecture by assessing views about the expected landscape of fairness and the readiness attitudes with building fair change initiatives. We assess the divergence and convergence behaviours towards agreement making between First Nations and Industry.  We surface and discuss the challenges of engaging and partnering between Indigenous People and Industry in the Blue Economy. Any reform efforts would need a renewal in Industry education and training models in order to uproot existing institutional misconceptions, ill-informed workplaces and outdated practices that unnecessarily hinders progression.  The report concludes with providing five key recommendations for shifting behaviours and approaches from rhetoric to breakthrough. We expand on the recommendations by providing specific points for the Blue Economy CRC, Industry, Government and Public.  At the core of uplift change is a whole system change piece, that is, building trust and sensemaking, convening sectors, guiding principles and frameworks, education and training and strengthening leadership. We call upon Industry leaders to step up their ambition to drive the transformation needed to deliver the co-benefit goals and renewed awareness in our societies that if we make ethical and equitable choices, that respectfully move us forward together, we can make a positive difference for the future of Ocean Sustainable Development.","author":["Hunter, C.","Lee, E.","Wood, W.","Marsh, A.","Fischer, M."],"organization":["Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hunter-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2078986","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/local-regional-interactions-between-tidal-stream-turbines-coastal-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096014812400733X","title":"Local and regional interactions between tidal stream turbines and coastal environment","description":"An extended three-dimensional unstructured ocean model for simulating impacts of tidal stream turbines on tidal current, turbulence and surface waves has been applied to study the interactions between a tidal turbine farm and its surrounding environment. The present study aims to reveal three-dimensional local and regional changes due to the operation of a proposed turbine farm in natural coastal environment. Fine mesh size is assigned at the turbine farm location to capture the details of local wake dynamics, hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport. Large geographic coverage of the model provides details of changes in regional features. Results showed that the proposed turbine farm comprised of 18 turbines (15\u201320 m in diameter) with approximately 20% power extraction from the average available power (averaged over five and half tidal cycles) led to local variation of surface elevation within the range of \u221210 to 3 mm, flow acceleration on both sides of the turbine farm, flow acceleration of \u223c 0.4 m\/s near the bed in the vicinity of the turbine farm which caused bed shear stress to rise up to 2.5 N\/m2 (corresponding to the critical stress of a range of fine gravel and finer sediment particles), locally increased TKE of 0.09 m2\/s2, reduced wave height of 0.01\u20130.05 m, and upward sediment transport in the water column. On a regional scale, most of the changes on amplitude and phase of M2 constituent were observed within 10 km (\u223c 15 times the array width) from the centre of the turbine farm, and the wake in terms of 95% flow rate recovery was found to be 9 km long (\u223c 14 times the array width). Noticeable changes were also found in surface waves, bed shear stress and suspended sediment transport on regional scale as result of moderation in tidal and flow dynamics, although much less prominent than the local effects. It is recommended that consideration during the Environmental Impact Assessment stage of tidal stream energy projects should be given to an area that extends beyond the immediate vicinity of the planned turbine farm.","author":["Li, X.","Li, M.","Wolf, J.","Williams, A.","Badoe, C.","Masters, I."],"organization":["University of Liverpool","Swansea University","National Oceanography Centre (NOC)","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2024-06-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.827700000000","4.465800000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079006","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-ireland","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Ireland","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Ireland from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In Ireland, regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE) projects is divided between various Government Departments, State agencies and local authorities (county councils) depending on the aspect of responsibility being considered as well as the location of the MRE development. This document focuses on the regulatory requirements for projects in the territorial sea (high water mark to 12 nautical mile sea limit) and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ; 12-200 nautical miles).","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2024-06-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:28:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Ireland_final-61824.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079010","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-seabird-marine-mammal-occupancy-tidal-stream-environments-annual","sourceURL":"","title":"Understanding seabird and marine mammal occupancy of tidal stream environments at annual and seasonal scales","description":"Many seabirds and marine mammal populations across the globe are declining as a result of climate change and anthropogenic practises such as over-fishing. With these threats already facing the animals and the shifting of energy resources into marine renewables due to climate change ever approaching, it is important that devices such as tidal stream turbines do not cause further harm. It is known that both disturbance and displacement are both risks to the animals along with collision with the turbine blades which can cause serious harm and even death. These risks are even greater as there is an overlap between the areas suitable for tidal stream turbines and suitable conditions for the birds and mammals. We use a unique nine-year dataset on seabird and marine mammals use of Bluemull Sound in Scotland, a tidal stream environment, to assess the occupancy patterns at annual and seasonal scales. There is a huge knowledge gap surrounding this topic however, by analysing a long-term data set using GAMs and quantitative plots, we answer the following questions \u2013 (1) Does animals\u2019 use of Bluemull Sound differ between years? (2) Does this depend upon shore of wide-ranging species? (3) Under what conditions are animals most at risk from turbines?  This dissertation is in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Marine Biology at Bangor University.","author":["Brown, K."],"organization":["Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2021-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.665164000000","-0.961364000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brown_Thesis_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079011","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/site-investigation-risk-evaluation-using-spatial-environmental-assessment-toolkit","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/OTCONF\/proceedings-abstract\/24OTC\/1-24OTC\/D011S006R007\/544902","title":"Site Investigation and Risk Evaluation Using the Spatial Environmental Assessment Toolkit","description":"Presently, marine energy (ME) deployments are absorbing unsustainable costs and timelines associated with planning and permitting to get projects in the water (up to 25% of total project cost, which is more than double comparable offshore energy projects at approximately 10% of total project costs; Kramer et al. 2020; Peplinski et al. 2021). To overcome this challenge, the Spatial Environmental Assessment Toolkit (SEAT) is in development to provide the highest-quality site characterization and a priori understanding of the potential environmental impacts using numerical modeling tools and available site data to reduce uncertainty. Reduced uncertainty equates to a reduction in resources required for planning and environmental permitting and a more streamlined path to realized commercial-scale projects.  In this work, numerical modeling and mapping tools are linked together within SEAT to assess ecosystem impacts due to marine energy installations and evaluate optimal ME array layouts based on meaningful site and ME device physics. Of utmost importance is the ability of ME developers, regulators, and stakeholders to develop ME array layouts that maximize energy production, support environmental benefits and Powering the Blue Economy applications (e.g., coastal resiliency, desalination), and minimize potential undesirable environmental effects.  The SEAT is an open-source graphical user interface (GUI) that aggregates numerical model results and spatial receptor data to evaluate the potential risk of change and subsequent impact on the environment being developed for ME. The numerical models can represent the presence of wave, tidal, or river energy converters in their respective environments and evaluate device and array generated site changes in hydrodynamics (e.g., wave fields, water currents), sediment and larval dynamics (e.g., benthic, spawning habitats), and propagation of new acoustic signals (e.g., hearing thresholds).  The toolkit of linked models and site-specific receptors will ultimately allow developers to determine optimal designs for MRE deployments that maximize power performance and benefits from changes that promote project resiliency while minimizing the potential for unwanted environmental effects. The SEAT is an integrated communication tool with which regulatory agencies, stakeholders, and industry developers can effectively evaluate the complex information required for the permitting process thereby reducing the time and costs associated with the process.","author":["Langton, S.","Roberts, J.","Jones, C.","Nelson, T.","Chartrand, C.","Olson, S."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079057","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-australia","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Australia","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Australia from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Multiple Australian agencies have some degree of regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE). Regulatory requirements can vary state-by-state and in federal waters so depending on the location two or three levels of government may be involved in the decision making.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2024-06-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:27:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Australia_final_6.6.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079061","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-flat-oyster-pilot-luchterduinen-wind-farm-results-campaign-2-july-2019","sourceURL":"https:\/\/de-rijke-noordzee-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/Website\/18-0754-Results-LUD-oyster-pilot-2019-def.pdf","title":"Offshore flat oyster pilot Luchterduinen wind farm: Results campaign 2 (July 2019) and lessons learned","description":"Shellfish reefs, mainly European flat oysters (Ostrea edulis), once occurred in 30% of the Dutch part of the North Sea. They have almost completely disappeared, due to overfishing, habitat destruction and diseases. Wind farms have been recognized as potential sites for the introduction of flat oysters, as they provide hard substrate and an undisturbed seabed due to the exclusion of trawling fishing boats.  In 2018 Stichting de Noordzee, Natuur en Milieu, Eneco, van Oord and ASN started a pilot on nature enhancement with flat oysters in offshore Windpark Eneco Luchterduinen (LUD).  The general objective of the LUD pilot is to elucidate how offshore nature enhancement, in particular with oyster reefs, can successfully be carried out in an offshore wind farm. The main objective is to identify key factors for success or failure in Windpark Eneco Luchterduinen. The second objective is to define what lessons learned from the pilot mean for the scalability of the used methods for the nature enhancement in offshore wind farms in the North Sea.  The results show that in the wind farm Luchterduinen survival, growth and reproduction (gonad development, larvae, swarming larvae in high concentrations) of introduced Bonamia free flat oysters from Norway was achieved in 2019 and that oysters remained Bonamia free. Furthermore, the installations attracted substantial biodiversity. These results indicate Luchterduinen wind farm can be a suitable site for flat oyster restoration and nature enhancement in general.    Considering the racks were found semi-submerged into the sea bed and the likelihood of these conditions reoccurring was deemed very high, the decision was made to interrupt and demobilise the pilot to prevent reoccurrence of this same phenomenon. In conclusion:    Use of adult Bonamia free Norwegian oysters to serve as broodstock in offshore wind farms show promising results on a biological level with respect to reproduction and swarming larvae as a result of this 8-month pilot.    Sand accretion was observed around and in the oyster rack in the high dynamic conditions of Luchterduinen.  It is unclear whether the racks have sunk into the sand, or whether the sand has been accumulated into it. The design of the oyster racks should be revised for further testing at this location, or comparable sites.  The sand accretion also indicates that the dynamic conditions in LUD need to be reviewed, especially in the context of the scalability of the pilot.   The next step in offshore oyster pilots should include redesigning equipment such as the oyster racks and monitor if the observed larvae in the water column have resulted in recruitment and survival of young oysters within the wind farm.","author":["Didderen, K.","Bergsma, J.","Kamermans, P."],"organization":["Bureau Waardenburg bv","Bureau Waardenburg bv"],"originationDate":"2019-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.405027216526","4.162201369359"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Results-LUD-oyster-pilot-2019-def.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079088","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-portugal","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Portugal","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Portugal from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Portugal has no specific legal framework to support the licensing process for marine renewable energy (MRE). However, following recent indications enabled by the European Union Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA), the Portuguese Government has mandated the creation of a Working Group, formed to work towards the Permitting and Licensing of Renewable Energy Projects \u2013 Estrat\u00e9gia de Miss\u00e3o para as Energias Renov\u00e1veis.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables"],"originationDate":"2024-06-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:28:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Portugal_final_6.19.24.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079092","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/perpetuus-tidal-energy-centre-environmental-statement-non-technical-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/perpetuustidal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/PTEC-ES-NTS-Final.pdf","title":"Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre: Environmental Statement Non-Technical Summary","description":"This document provides a Non-Technical Summary (NTS) of the Environmental Statement (ES) produced in support of the onshore and offshore consent applications for the Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC). PTEC will be an Isle of Wight based, world leading project that will support the commercialisation of exciting new tidal power technologies. The ES is the formal report of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) undertaken by independent environmental consultants Royal HaskoningDHV and subcontracted specialists, to consider the potential environmental impact which may arise during the construction, operation, maintenance, repowering and decommissioning phases through the lifetime of the development.  The Isle of Wight Council was issued with an Agreement for Lease (AfL) for the development site by The Crown Estate in November 2012. Subject to achieving the necessary consents and permissions to enable the project to be constructed, the agreement will be assigned to Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre Ltd (PTEC Ltd). This will enable PTEC Ltd to enter into a 25 year Lease from The Crown Estate for the site offshore.","author":["Royal Haskoning DHV"],"organization":["Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC) Limited"],"originationDate":"2014-11-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.567003000000","-1.296327000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 09:31:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PTEC-ES-NTS-Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079093","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/protecting-ocean-supporting-rural-coastal-communities-through-responsible-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oceanconservancy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Marine-Renewable-Report-final.pdf","title":"Protecting the Ocean and Supporting Rural Coastal Communities through Responsible Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The burning of fossil fuels for energy is having widespread and cascading consequences on the ocean. Thus far, the ocean has absorbed more than 90% of the heat and 30% of the carbon dioxide emissions produced from burning oil and gas. This is causing ocean waters to warm and become more acidic, driving sea level rise, and habitat degradation and loss, including coral bleaching.  Coastal communities are also experiencing the effects of climate change\u2014from more destructive storms, to flooding and erosion. Yet, at the same time, many of the most vulnerable of these seaside communities are also highly reliant on the importation of environmentally damaging fossil fuels for electricity and heat generation.  While adapting to the effects of climate change will be critical for communities, the best path forward for a healthy and safe future for people and the environment is to end the use of fossil fuels and shift to clean renewable energy sources.  Ocean Conservancy supports a transition to 100% clean ocean energy by the year 2050. The future should not be dependent on the destructive methods of past ocean energy development. By phasing out offshore oil and gas drilling and replacing it with responsibly-developed clean renewable energy, the ocean and its ecosystems can be protected from many of the future impacts of climate change. Ocean Conservancy is boldly leading efforts toward this complete sea change in ocean energy. Through science-based research, accessible finance, and targeted policy changes, responsible marine renewable energy can be advanced to meet clean energy transition benchmarks while protecting ocean ecosystems, wildlife, and communities.  Presently, offshore wind is the dominant source of ocean-based renewable energy, as it is technologically advanced, commercially viable, and already generating gigawatts of electricity worldwide. Yet, utility-scale offshore wind will not be enough, nor viable, to decarbonize all communities. Other sources of clean ocean energy will need to be developed.  Marine renewable energy technologies, namely wave and tidal energy, show promise as sources of clean energy that can complement existing renewables. The Biden Administration, through its Ocean Climate Action Plan, has stated that it plans \u201cto rapidly and responsibly advance the commercialization of marine energy technologies that convert energy from waves, tides, currents, and other ocean sources.\u201d The action plan sets out to bolster marine renewable energy research, education, and workforce development, and to do so through an environmental justice lens. As these technologies advance, it is crucial that their deployment is done with a robust understanding of environmental and social impacts and is coupled with appropriate mitigation measures to reduce risk. If done responsibly, wave and tidal energy can be effective additional sources of clean ocean energy that help to achieve a just energy transition, particularly for remote and rural coastal communities.","author":["Ocean Conservancy"],"organization":["Ocean Conservancy"],"originationDate":"2024-06-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine-Renewable-Report-final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079094","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-wave-energy-converters-port-layout-coastal-dynamics-case-study-astara-port","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/11\/2485","title":"Impact of Wave Energy Converters and Port Layout on Coastal Dynamics: Case Study of Astara Port","description":"In the face of depleting fossil energy and the imperative of sustainable development, there is a compelling drive towards advancing renewable energies. In this context, sustainable and predictable alternatives, like marine energy, gain prominence. Marine energy presents a cleaner option devoid of the adverse effects associated with fossil fuels, playing a crucial role in environmental sustainability by safeguarding coastlines against erosion. This study focuses on Astara Port in the Caspian Sea, exploring the utilization of wave energy converters (WECs). The originality of this study\u2019s research lies in exploring WECs\u2019 dual role in energy generation and coastal protection. Using MIKE21 software simulations, the impact of number, location, arrangement, and orientation of WECs across various scenarios was investigated, including two WEC number scenarios (11 and 13), three structural placement scenarios (north, front, and south of the port), two structural arrangement scenarios (linear and staggered), two port layout scenarios (original layout and modified layout), and two orientation scenarios for the structures (facing north-east, which is the dominant wave direction, and facing southeast). The results show a remarkable decrease in the significant wave height behind WECs, notably with 13 staggered devices facing dominant waves (from northeast), reducing the significant wave height Hs by 23\u201325%. This setup also shows the highest wave height reduction, notably 36.26% during a storm event. However, linear WEC setup offers more extensive coastline protection, covering 47.88% of the model boundary during storms. Furthermore, the 11 staggered WECs facing southeast (SE) arrangement had the lowest sediment accumulation at 0.0358 m over one year, showing effective sedimentation mitigation potential. Conversely, the 13 linear WECs facing northeast (NE) had the highest accumulation at 0.1231 m. Finally, the proposed port design redirects high-velocity flow away from the port entrance and removes rotatory flow, reducing sediment accumulation near the harbor entrance.","author":["Moradi, M.","Ilinca, A."],"organization":["\u00c9cole de technologie sup\u00e9rieure - \u00c9TS Montr\u00e9al"],"originationDate":"2024-05-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.403200000000","48.883486000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moradi-Ilinca-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079452","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-mexico","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Mexico","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Mexico from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   Mexico has invested in regulating marine renewable energies (MRE). Through the \u0027General Law of Climate Change\u0027 and the \u0027Law of Energy Transition\u0027, the Federal government has established two programs or strategies to incorporate MRE. In this sense, the Federal Ministry of Energy, the Interamerican Bank of Development, and the Mexican Association of Marine Energy have developed a \u0027Manual on Normativity for Ocean Energy Project Permits\u0027, which provides interested parties with a guide for the implementation and development of projects related to ocean resource utilization.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["INECOL"],"originationDate":"2024-06-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:28:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Mexico_final_6.24.24_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079484","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-economic-assessment-tidal-energy-farms-early-design-phases-application","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/heliyon\/fulltext\/S2405-8440(24)08546-3#%20","title":"Life cycle and economic assessment of tidal energy farms in early design phases: Application to a second-generation tidal device","description":"Ocean currents are emerging as key contributors to renewable energy generation. However, technologies for harvesting tidal current energy are still in the early stages of development. In this context, environmental and economic studies on tidal energy converters (TECs) are crucial to further advance tidal technology and facilitate its entry into the market. This article presents a life cycle and economic assessment of a 34.5 MW tidal farm project comprising 23 second-generation tidal devices, each with a rated power of 1.5 MW. The tidal system was simulated using primary data from the full-scale floating platform Atir. The Atir is a pre-commercial tidal device designed with a steel trimaran and a submerged section for TEC installation. An assessment of 18 environmental impact categories was conducted using the ReCiPe 2016 MidPoint method, with process flow systems modelled using SimaPro v9.2.0.1 software. The environmental assessment indicates emissions of 42.11 g CO2eq per kWh, primarily stemming from manufacturing processes that demand substantial amounts of steel. The economic analysis reveals a Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of 0.125 EUR\/kWh, consistent with European Commission projections. Although the platform structure represents a high initial investment, the lower maintenance costs of the Atir device provide long-term savings and, overall, result in a competitive LCOE. The study also introduces a methodological framework for harmonised environmental and economic assessments in tidal energy projects, proving crucial in supporting decision-making processes.","author":["Bianchi, M.","Arnal, A.","Astorkiza-Andres, M.","Clavell-Diaz, J.","Marques, A.","Isasa-Sarralde, M."],"organization":["Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","Magallanes Renovables"],"originationDate":"2024-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bianchietals2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079485","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-assessment-ocean-energy-converters-using-quantum-machine-learning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301479724012611","title":"Environmental impact assessment of ocean energy converters using quantum machine learning","description":"The depletion of fossil energy reserves and the environmental pollution caused by these sources highlight the need to harness renewable energy sources from the oceans, such as waves and tides, due to their high potential. On the other hand, the large-scale deployment of ocean energy converters to meet future energy needs requires the use of large farms of these converters, which may have negative environmental impacts on the ocean ecosystem. In the meantime, a very important point is the volume of data produced by different methods of collecting data from the ocean for their analysis, which makes the use of advanced tools such as different machine learning algorithms even more colorful. In this article, some environmental impacts of ocean energy devices have been analyzed using machine learning and quantum machine learning. The results show that quantum machine learning performs better than its classical counterpart in terms of calculation accuracy. This approach offers a promising new method for environmental impact assessment, especially in a complex environment such as the ocean.","author":["Rezaei, T.","Javadi, A."],"organization":["University of Exeter"],"originationDate":"2024-06-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/RezaeiJavadi2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079502","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meygen-tidal-energy-project-phase-1-project-environmental-monitoring-programme-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/data\/project-environmental-monitoring-programme-meygen-tidal-energy-project-inner-sound-pentland","title":"MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 Project Environmental Monitoring Programme","description":"This Project Environmental Monitoring Programme (PEMP) has been prepared by MeyGen Limited (MeyGen) to set out the proposed method for discharging the Condition 12 of the Section 36 Consent for the Development.    The document details the monitoring methods proposed for the commissioning and operational phases of the Development and how communication will be maintained between MeyGen, the Advisory Group (established in accordance with Condition 13) and the Regulators.  The PEMP will be submitted to the Scottish Ministers for their written approval, in consultation with Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH), the Advisory Group and any other ecological, or such other advisors as required at the discretion of the Scottish Ministers. The data collected during monitoring will be used by the Advisory Group to inform decisions on each subsequent stage of the Development.   Empirically measured close range encounter or passage rates may be substituted for the density inputs into collision risk models, and any measured avoidance or evasion may be translated into avoidance rates.  The combination of these two factors will allow a more realistic calculation of collision risk for subsequent stages.","author":["Rollings, E.","Donovan, C.","Eastham, C."],"organization":["MeyGen"],"originationDate":"2016-10-21","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rollings_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079503","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decision-notice-conditions-meygen-tidal-energy-project-inner-sound-pentland-firth","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/data\/decision-notice-and-conditions-meygen-tidal-energy-project-inner-sound-pentland-firth","title":"Decision Notice and Conditions - MeyGen Tidal Energy Project - Inner Sound, Pentland Firth","description":"Decision Notice and Conditions for the MeyGen Tidal Energy Project located in Pentland Firth issued 2013.  CONSENT GRANTED BY THE SCOTTISH MINISTERS TO CONSTRUCT AND OPERATE THE MEYGEN TIDAL ENERGY PROJECT ELECTRICITY GENERATING STATION IN THE INNER SOUND, PENTLAND FIRTH.","author":["McKie, J."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2013-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:39:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McKie_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079506","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/systematic-analysis-potential-marine-renewable-energy-coastal-ecological-balance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iptek.its.ac.id\/index.php\/ijmeir\/article\/view\/20298","title":"Systematic Analysis of Potential Marine Renewable Energy for Coastal Ecological Balance on Bawean Island: A Review","description":"Bawean Island displays significant natural potential with abundant natural resources and natural beauty that is attractive for tourism and industrial development. However, this potential is threatened by various environmental and socio-economic problems such as limited availability of clean water, erosion of coastal structures, accumulation of rubbish, economic challenges, and low levels of community education. To overcome these challenges, an integrated and sustainable approach is needed that involves the government, community, and other related parties in sustainable natural resource management and considers ecological, economic, and social aspects. Systematic analysis is carried out to understand the potential of coastal natural resources and the problems that threaten the ecosystem. An integrated and sustainable approach is needed, involving collaboration between government, society, and related parties. The integration of new technologies, including renewable energy technologies, was identified as a potential solution to several specific problems, such as waste management and clean water supply. An integrated and sustainable approach is analyzed by involving collaboration between government, society, and related parties. With collaboration and a deep understanding of the challenges and potential of Bawean Island, it is hoped that a sustainable coastal ecological balance can be achieved for the welfare of the environment and local communities.","author":["Sari, W.R.","Gunawan, G.","Surjosatyo, A.","Muzhoffar, D.A.F."],"organization":["Universitas Indonesia"],"originationDate":"2024-05-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sari_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079508","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gis-based-multi-criteria-decision-analysis-marine-energy-site-selection-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/digitalcommons.conncoll.edu\/envirohp\/24\/","title":"GIS-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis for Marine Energy Site Selection: A Case Study Comparison between Puerto Rico and Hawaii","description":"Geospatial information systems (GIS) enable easy visualization of geospatial data representing different criteria important for optimal siting of marine energy projects. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is a geospatial analysis method that facilitates the evaluation of multiple, usually overlapping, site criteria. While GIS-based MCDA has been used extensively for land-based renewable energy projects, limited research exists on its application to marine-based renewable energy projects. Similarly, most literature overlooks the integration of social or environmental justice data. This project applies GIS-based MCDA to conduct site selection analysis for two marine renewable energy (MRE) projects in Puerto Rico and Hawaii. The results for Puerto Rico indicate that Coastal Structure Integrated Wave Energy Converter (CSI-WEC) projects should be focused primarily along the main island, specifically the northeastern and southern coasts. Similarly, the study in Hawaii demonstrates the feasibility of a hybrid wind-wave-solar project near the islands, particularly off of the northern coasts. The inclusion of social justice data yielded different site selection outcomes compared to analyses considering solely technical and resource criteria, suggesting the importance of incorporating social data into future site selection decisions. Between study sites, variations in the results were observed based on the criteria chosen and their respective weightings. Both studies\u2019 results indicate the suitability of GIS-based MCDA methodologies across diverse locations and MRE technologies.","author":["Hall, S."],"organization":["Connecticut College"],"originationDate":"2024-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hall_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079523","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-evaluation-guidance-framework-ocean-energy-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-documents\/market-policy-\/document\/an-international-evaluation-and-guidance-framework-for-ocean-energy-technology\/","title":"An International Evaluation and Guidance Framework for Ocean Energy Technology","description":"This document is an output of IEA-OES Task 12, an activity funded by the members of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP). The scope of this document includes technology associated with utility-scale electricity generation from ocean waves and tidal streams. Future Task 12 activity will expand to incorporate other forms of ocean energy.  Electricity is likely to be the main output ocean energy technologies; however, it is recognised that alternative markets are emerging where other functionality may be desirable. Most of the guidance presented in this report are still valid for such alternative applications, but may require case by case adaption, e.g. for situations where electricity is not the primary output.  The objectives of Task 12 are:     Build international consensus on ocean energy technology evaluation  Guide appropriate and robust activities throughout the technology development process  Share knowledge and promote collaboration  Support decision making associated with technology evaluation and funding allocation   This document intends to support international efforts by presenting a framework for technology evaluation and guidance of engineering activity, ensuring that decision-makers have consistent information available to them.","author":["Hodges, J.","Henderson, J.","Ruedy, L","Soede, M.","Weber, J.","Ruiz-Minguela, P.","Jeffrey, H.","Bannon, E.","Holland, M.","Maciver, R.","Hume, D.","Villate, J.","Ramsey, T."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2023-10-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-10 12:43:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hodges_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079529","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-sector-report-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marineenergywales.co.uk\/industry-news\/2024-state-of-the-sector-report\/","title":"State of the Sector Report 2024","description":"Marine Energy Wales\u2019 latest State of the Sector Report collates spending and economic data from its network of members, and highlights and celebrates Wales\u2019 progress and achievements within the industry over the past 12 months.  This year\u2019s report shows tidal stream emerges as by far the biggest contributor to date, injecting \u00a3116.1 million into the Welsh economy since 2019. Much of this has been fuelled by the infrastructure buildout at Morlais on Anglesey and the activity of tidal kite developer Minesto. It is closely followed by supply chain spend, which accounts for \u00a363.6 million to date.  One of the UK\u2019s fasting growing industries, the marine renewable energy sector is proving to be having a significant impact on economic development and regeneration in Wales\u2019 coastal communities, with Anglesey and Pembrokeshire at the forefront of marine energy development in Wales. Anglesey is currently leading the way, with an impressive \u00a3103.8 million invested to date, followed closely by Pembrokeshire at \u00a397 million.  The latest figures also show the sector sustains 429 full-time jobs in Wales, spanning a diverse range of roles, and an improving gender balance across the industry.  View the report in English here.  View the report in Welsh here.","author":["Marine Energy Wales"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-07-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW-2024-State-Of-The-Sector.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MEW-2024-State-Of-The-Sector-WELSH.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079543","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-acoustic-propagation-modeling-utilization-marine-hydrokinetic-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/scholarworks.montana.edu\/items\/505bd6c2-c323-4574-95e9-c02a04034c94","title":"Underwater acoustic propagation modeling and utilization for marine hydrokinetic devices","description":"Over the last two decades, there has been growing concern surrounding the increase in underwater anthropogenic sounds as expanding human populations interact with marine life and look for alternative energy production methods. That concern has led to a significant push worldwide to understand how propagated sound interacts with the surrounding marine environment. Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) devices are an alternative source of renewable energy available, which generate electricity from the motion of tidal and ocean currents, as well as ocean waves. Sounds produced by MHKs tend to overlap the frequency range common to both marine fauna communication and behavior. Preliminary measurements indicate that sound level values fall near the total sound decibel limitations presented by regulatory bodies. To date, the power optimization of MHK arrays has been prioritized over how its sound is produced, directed, and may impact the marine soundscape. There is a gap in knowledge regarding how marine fauna may respond to these sounds and what their physical and behavioral impact may be, and an absence in measured levels from insitu MHK deployments. A model for predicting the propagation of sound from an array of MHK sources in a real environment is essential for understanding potential impacts on a surrounding system. This work presents a fully three-dimensional solution to a set of coupled, linearized velocity-pressure equations in the time-domain as applied to underwater systems, and is an alternative sound propagation model to the Helmholtz and wave equation methods. The model is validated for a single source located within a series of increasingly complex two-dimensional and three-dimensional shallow water environments and compared against analytical solutions, examples from literature, and recorded sound pressure levels collected from Sequim Bay, WA. An uncertainty analysis for an array of MHK devices is presented to further understand how multiple turbine signals interact with one another in increasingly complex systems. This research presents a novel use of the velocity-pressure equations to analyze the variability associated with sound sources as sound propagates through a selected environment to inform the design and deployment of a MHK device or array of devices to minimize potential future impacts.","author":["Hafla, E."],"organization":["Montana State University"],"originationDate":"2024-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/hafla-underwater-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079544","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-project-environmental-monitoring-plan-pemp","sourceURL":"https:\/\/novainnovation.com\/","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Project Environmental Monitoring Plan (PEMP)","description":"Nova Innovation has produced this Project Environmental Monitoring Plan (PEMP) to describe the methods and techniques that will be employed to monitor and proactively manage the environmental effects of the Shetland Tidal Array in the Bluemull Sound near Cullivoe in Shetland (the \u201cShetland Tidal Array\u201d).  The PEMP is a requirement of conditions attached to the following licences for the Shetland Tidal Array:    Marine Licence 00009110, issued under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, part 4  Shetland Islands Council (SIC) Works Licence 2023\/015\/WL, issued under the Zetland County Council Act 1974   Nova is committed to best environmental practice and avoiding adverse environmental effects in all aspects of its business. Therefore, in addition to being a requirement of Project licences, the PEMP and the environmental management and monitoring measures it sets out are core Project components of the Shetland Tidal Array.  The PEMP provides an overarching framework for environmental monitoring and management during the construction, operation and decommissioning of the Shetland Tidal Array, to avoid adverse harm to marine habitats and species. It sets out the measures by which Nova will gather information on interactions between marine wildlife in Bluemull Sound and the turbines in the array. In doing so, the PEMP builds on the environmental monitoring Nova has already carried out in Bluemull Sound and around the Shetland Tidal Array since November 2010. Details of how this growing evidence base will be shared with Marine Directorate Licensing Operations Team (MDLOT) and Shetland Islands Council (SIC) are provided. Finally, the PEMP details actions Nova will take to avoid or minimise the potential risk of damage to the Scottish marine area as a result of undertaking the licensed activities.  The PEMP is an iterative, live document to be kept under constant review throughout the lifetime of the Shetland Tidal Array to ensure it remains fit for purpose. As knowledge and the evidence base grows on the environmental effects of the Shetland Tidal Array and tidal stream energy more generally, monitoring objectives and methods may evolve and change over time.  This version (7.0) of the PEMP incorporates changes to the monitoring methods following consultation with MD-LOT, NatureScot, Shetlands Islands Council and Whale and Dolphin Conservation. It also incorporates the following changes to the Project:    Installation of two additional M100D turbines (T5 and T6) in January 2023.  Decommissioning of the three original M100 turbines (T1-3) in April 2023.  Completion of the construction phase of the Shetland Tidal Array and transition to the operation and maintenance (O\u0026amp;M) phase of the three M100D turbines (T4-6).   The following key changes to the monitoring methodologies have been incorporated into this version of the PEMP:    Cessation of vantage point surveys following consultation with MD-LOT and NatureScot.  Transition to semi-automated analysis of subsea video footage following a successful trial in 2023.","author":["Smith, K."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","Nova Innovation"],"originationDate":"2024-01-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Chemicals","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/smith-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079553","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-antifouling-technologies-state-art-perspectives","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aqc.459","title":"Environmental impact of antifouling technologies: state of the art and perspectives","description":"1. Marine fouling affects most man-made surfaces temporarily or permanently immersed in the sea, resulting in significant (or substantial) economic costs. Intense research is aimed at preventing or reducing fouling.  2. The most widespread solution to avoid fouling formation is to make surfaces unsuitable for settlers, coating them with antifouling (AF) paints containing toxic compounds. Most AF agents (e.g. tributyltin, (TBT)) have undesirable effects on non-target species, including commercially important organisms.  3. To date, the use of TBT in AF paints has been restricted (but not prohibited) in a number of countries and new biocides are in use.  4. The environmental problems posed to marine systems by AF technologies are here briefly reviewed.  5. New approaches focusing on alternatives to the use of biocidal AF paints are also considered and discussed. Copyright \u00a9 2001 John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, Ltd.","author":["Terlizzi, A.","Fraschetti, S.","Gianguzza, P.","Faimali, M.","Boero, F."],"organization":["University of Salento","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo (University of Palermo)","CNR, Istituto per la Corrosione Marina dei Metalli"],"originationDate":"2001-07-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079580","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/predicted-ecological-consequences-wave-energy-extraction-climate-related-changes-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/icesjms\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/icesjms\/fsae086\/7718355","title":"Predicted ecological consequences of wave energy extraction and climate-related changes in wave exposure on rocky shore communities","description":"Wave energy has the potential to contribute in the transition to decarbonized electricity generation. Extracting wave energy might be expected to have ecological impacts on rocky shore intertidal communities where exposure is one of the most important factors determining species structure and composition. With global climatic change, coastal exposure is predicted to increase with greater significant wave height. The wave-exposed west coast of Orkney, Scotland, UK, is the site of pre-commercial wave device testing. Surveys of 39 rocky shore sites along this coast identified key species and abundances, and quantified exposure-modifying topographic variables. A spectral wave model was constructed to compare baseline, wave extraction, climate change, and combined scenarios. Generalized additive modelling was used to describe the relationship between species, topography, and exposure. Results show that individual species differentially respond to exposure changes with \u2018winners\u2019 and \u2018losers\u2019 at site level. Overall, community responses are expected to be far greater following predicted climatic change than to industrial-scale wave energy extraction, depending on spatial scale. In combination, energy extraction may reduce the effects of climate-change-related increases in wave exposure of rocky shores. Predicting how location-specific biotic assemblages respond to changes in wave energy as a result of long-term forcing agents provides a valuable marine resource management tool.","author":["Want, A.","Waldman, S.","Burrows, T.","Side, J.","Venugopal, V.","Bell, M."],"organization":["Heriot-Watt University","University of Hull","University of Edinburgh","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)"],"originationDate":"2024-07-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.052050000000","-3.412690000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Want-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079581","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-ocean-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nva.sikt.no\/registration\/019913602c04-5e4ff916-e54c-4cfc-986f-4ccd6de35718","title":"Life cycle assessment of ocean wave energy converter","description":"Very few amounts of Life cycle assessments (LCA) are conducted for ocean wave energy converters (WEC). Among those, no work can be found regarding the oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter devices. This study presents a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment for the LIMPET OWC plant. The study aims to identify the impact of the LIMPET plant. OpenLCA software was used to perform the LCA. ReCiPe 2016 and EDIP 2003 methods were used to assess the impact of the use of the Ecoinvent database. The carbon payback period and the energy payback period of the LIMPET plant were 0.14 and 161.15 years respectively. The energy payback period is very high due to inefficient energy harnessing and plant failures.","author":["Singhapurage, H."],"organization":["University of South-Eastern Norway"],"originationDate":"2024-07-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 08:30:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Singhapurage-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079589","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-canada","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Canada","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Canada from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   As is the case in many other countries, marine renewable energy (MRE) projects in Canada are subject to a range of federal, provincial, and local agencies that have at times overlapping jurisdiction. Given that there are several ocean adjacent provinces and territories with disparate approaches to the regulation of MRE projects, this document focuses on the federal requirements for projects not occurring within federally or provincially protected areas.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Pacific Regional Institute for Marine Energy Discovery (PRIMED)"],"originationDate":"2024-07-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-29 03:53:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Canada_Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079593","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/listening-beat-new-ocean-technologies-harvesting-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/acousticstoday.org\/listening-to-the-beat-of-new-ocean-technologies-for-harvesting-marine-energy-joseph-haxel-christopher-bassett-brian-polagye-kaustubha-raghukumar-and-cailene-gunn\/","title":"Listening to the Beat of New Ocean Technologies for Harvesting Marine Energy","description":"When we hear about offshore energy in the news media and other popular information sources, images of oil platforms and, more recently, wind farms flash across our screens. However, there is a new, rarely known sector of offshore energy under development that is focused on harnessing the renewable power contained in ocean waves and currents and converting it to electricity. These new technologies termed marine energy converters (MECs) are the topic of this article. They not only have the potential to make a significant contribution to our energy needs but may also generate new sources of anthropogenic sounds in the oceans that require measurement and characterization to ensure that there are no harmful effects to marine life.   Although many of these new technologies produce sound during their operations, making actual acoustic measurements of these devices in the high-energy ocean waves and tidal currents necessary for generating meaningful amounts of electrical power is anything but trivial. This type of energy conversion, known as marine energy, is an emerging renewable resource that is now in its testing and development phase. Because MECs contain multiple moving parts as well as electrical generation equipment, they can produce underwater noise audible to marine life, such as the whales, fishes, and sea turtles commonly observed around marine energy sites. Therefore, the sounds generated by these new technologies are of high interest to researchers, regulators, and industry developers. Whenever a new MEC is installed for testing, researchers deploy hydrophones to understand the characteristics of the sounds it generates. In turn, they inform regulators about what to expect from these new technologies while helping the technology developers understand what they might do to make them quieter during their next round of testing. However, placing a hydrophone in a tidal stream or near a surf zone is not only logistically challenging for the safe deployment, recovery, and survivability of the sensors but is often equally as tough for the scientists and engineers making those measurements in the pitching and rolling waves and strong currents.","author":["Haxel, J.","Bassett, C.","Polagye, B.","Raghukumar, K.","Gunn, C."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","Integral Consulting Inc"],"originationDate":"2023-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haxel_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079606","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enfait-enabling-future-arrays-tidal-final-project-european-eseas","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.enfait.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/EnFAIT-EU-0068-Final-Project-and-European-ESEAs-v1.0.pdf","title":"ENFAIT: Enabling Future Arrays in Tidal - Final Project and European ESEAs","description":"A Funding Grant was awarded from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme in January 2017 is to demonstrate a grid-connected tidal energy array at a real-world tidal energy site in Shetland, propelling tidal energy towards competing on a commercial basis with alternative renewable sources of energy generation \u2013 Enabling Future Arrays in Tidal (EnFAIT). This was provided in response to the EU\u2019s call \u2018LCE-15-2016: Scaling up in the ocean energy sector to arrays\u2019, which aims to generate significant learning opportunities in demonstrating cost-effective tidal arrays. As part of EnFAIT, an Environmental and Socio-Economic Appraisal (ESEA) has been prepared under Work Package 8. The objectives of the ESEA are to:    assess the potential impact, positive and negative, of the tidal energy array on environmental and socio-economic receptors  present mitigation actions to address any negative environmental and socio-economic risks and impacts, and review the approach taken to develop the environmental monitoring framework  assess the potential impact of the array on the tidal energy industry at an EU-level  capture and disseminate lessons learned for the tidal energy industry on managing environmental and socio-economic impacts, applying the existing policy and regulatory framework, developing local supply chains, and techniques for engaging with local communities.","author":["Norwood, R.","Olsen, S.","Brooker, R.","Morelli, A.","Watson, D.","Cooper, E.","Smith, K."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult","SKF","University of Edinburgh","IDETA"],"originationDate":"2023-06-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EnFAIT-EU-0068-Final-Project-and-European-ESEAs-v1.0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079613","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fluxes-nitrogen-phosphorus-fouling-communities-artificial-offshore-structures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1385110124000315?pes=vor","title":"Fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus in fouling communities on artificial offshore structures","description":"The number of offshore artificial structures in the North Sea is continuously increasing. Apart from the structures that have been added to the marine environment accidentally (e.g., shipwrecks), structures are also deliberately developed to meet the increasing needs for renewable energy. These structures provide habitat for fouling organisms. The fouling communities vary in abundance and composition based on location, depth, and structure age. Most fouling species filter particles from the water column, changing phytoplankton production and affecting larval settlement success, while releasing ammonium that can fuel phytoplankton growth as well as (pseudo)faeces that enriches the seabed, changing local biogeochemical cycles.  Our study used in-situ incubation chambers to investigate oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphate fluxes associated with fouling organisms to improve understanding of these changes in biogeochemical cycles. Divers used incubation chambers (domes) on shipwrecks in the southern North Sea where over 55 years mature fouling communities have established. A series of water samples was collected from each dome during deployment to measure the change in concentration of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate. All fauna enclosed in the domes was collected after each measurement for further analysis.  The full macrofauna dataset contained 65 unique species on 4 shipwrecks (25 to 50 species per sample). Abundance ranged from 2187 to 59,427 individuals per sample (683 cm2). On average, a decrease in oxygen concentration of 126 umol\/g ash free dry weight\/h was found. The sequential water samples also showed clear changes in nutrient concentration with time in all incubations. The largest changes were observed with high fouling community abundances and biomass. Ammonium, nitrite, and phosphate always increased, with 1.5-to-5-fold increases from start to end of the incubation, while for nitrate both an efflux and influx were measured. Oxygen decreased in all incubations. Mean fluxes (all in umol per m2 per hour with standard error) were significant for ammonium (945 +- 300), nitrite (80 +- 30), phosphate (61 +- 8), and oxygen (\u221211,794 +- 3289), but not for nitrate (\u2212206 +- 122). Per gram AFDW, only ammonium (12.7 +- 3.5) and oxygen (\u2212126 +- 48) had fluxes that differed significantly from zero.  Compared to average seabed (sandy bottom) oxygen demand and community fluxes from previous studies, the observed fluxes were high. Our findings resembled those from temperate biogenic reef studies. Further data collection across a larger spatial and temporal scale is needed to fully understand offshore structure effects on marine environments.","author":["Coolen, J.","Weide, B.","Bittner, O.","Mavraki, N.","Rus, M.","Molen, J.","Witbaard, R."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)"],"originationDate":"2024-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/coolen_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079639","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/country-specific-guidance-document-denmark","sourceURL":"","title":"Country-Specific Guidance Document: Denmark","description":"The guidance documents are intended to be available for regulators and advisors as they carry out their decision-making and for developers and consultants as they prepare consenting and licensing applications. This country-specific document presents an overview of regulations relevant for marine renewable energy development in Denmark from pre-application, through to application and post-consent and is intended mainly for developers and consultants. It is not intended to replace any formal guidance or prescribe action, but rather provide a starting point for understanding the key requirements of the regulatory framework. This document is intended to be read in conjunction with the background document.   In Denmark (DK), regulatory responsibility for marine renewable energy (MRE) projects is handled by the Danish Energy Agency only. In order to ensure rapid and un-bureaucratic application processing, enterprises or consortia awarded concession contracts will use the Danish Energy Agency as a single point of access for all permitting. The Danish Energy Agency will grant the required permits and coordinate these with other relevant authorities.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":["Wave Dragon ApS"],"originationDate":"2024-08-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-24 08:27:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Country_Specific_Guidance_Document-Denmark_final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079648","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/musseling-through-mytilus-byssal-thread-production-unaffected-continuous-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113624003222","title":"Musseling through: Mytilus byssal thread production is unaffected by continuous noise","description":"Anthropogenic low-frequency noise (ALFN) is a rising pollutant in the world oceans. Despite the ubiquity of ALFN, its effect on marine invertebrates is still poorly understood. Here, we tested how continuous low-frequency noise (CLFN), a substantial component of ALFN, affects the byssal thread production of Mytilus, a cosmopolitan genus of mussels with high ecological and economic importance. The effects of acute CLFN exposure and predator cues on byssogenesis by Mytilus spp. were explored in both the presence and absence of predator cues. While predator effluents increased thread production, CLFN had seemingly no effect on thread counts. Further, trends suggested a synergistic effect of CLFN and predator cues. The behavioral indifference of Mytilus spp. toward CLFN could contribute to the observed prevalence of these animals in inherently disturbed habitats. This would partly explain their success in colonizing and persisting on artificial substrata rife with disturbances.","author":["Wang, S.","Ellrich, J.","Beermann, J.","Pogoda, B.","Boersma, M."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wangetal2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079711","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-potential-marine-renewable-energy-mexico-socioeconomic-needs-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/16\/16\/7059","title":"Assessing the Potential of Marine Renewable Energy in Mexico: Socioeconomic Needs, Energy Potential, Environmental Concerns, and Social Perception","description":"Although the literature on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is vast worldwide, studies in Mexico focusing on Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) and SDGs are only beginning to emerge. Despite this academic gap, Mexico has signed up for the United Nations SDGs, which include producing clean and affordable energy and reducing CO2 emissions to slow global warming. The country is, therefore, committed to implementing measures to help achieve these goals. This study is the first multidisciplinary analysis performed at a national level in Mexico, aimed at identifying sites for efficient Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) production while considering socioeconomic needs, environmental risks, and societal acceptance of the new technologies. We first calculated the energy potential from nearshore winds, waves, marine currents, and offshore thermal gradients. The results show that electricity needs are greater in the 11 states where levels of marginalization are highest. The production of MRE is feasible in three of these regions. However, because Mexico is home to significant natural coastal ecosystems and protected species, care is necessary to produce electricity while protecting Mexico\u2019s megadiversity. Social perception of the use of MRE is variable: the inhabitants of some locations are willing to accept the new technologies, whereas those in others are not. MRE production in Mexico is feasible but will face environmental and social issues that must be addressed before deploying new devices in the oceans.","author":["Martinez, M.","Chavez, V.","Silva, R.","Heckel, G.","Garduno-Ruiz, E.P.","Wojtarowski, A.","V\u00e1zquez, G.","P\u00e9rez-Maqueo O.","Maximiliano-Cordova, C.","Salgado, K.","Landgrave, R.","Mateos, E.","Tapia, E."],"organization":["Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda UNAM","Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y de Educaci\u00f3n Superior de Ensenada, Baja California (CICESE)","El Colegio de Veracruz","Instituto Mexicano de Tecnolog\u00eda del Agua"],"originationDate":"2024-08-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martinez_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079712","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/synthesis-multinational-marine-aquaculture-clean-energy-co-location","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/aquaculture\/articles\/10.3389\/faquc.2024.1427839\/full","title":"Synthesis of multinational marine aquaculture and clean energy co-location","description":"Marine co-location, i.e., multiple fixed ocean activities operating in the same place and at the same time, can maximize the space- and resource-use efficiency in crowded seascapes. While interest grows, commercial use is nascent and the collective benefits or limitations of co-locating aquatic food and clean energy remains scattered throughout the literature. In this study, we synthesize multinational findings of co-location scientific publications (N = 102) to better understand the patterns and knowledge gaps at the co-located ocean food-energy nexus. We track and compare food (aquaculture) and energy (tidal, offshore wind, and wave) co-located ocean activities, noting the focus (e.g., ecological), motivation (e.g., impact\/risk), and assessment type (e.g., modeling), as well as nine key metrics of interest (depth, distance from shore, aquaculture yield, etc.), mainly for aquaculture co-location. We found the number of annual co-location publications increased over time and space but are largely concentrated in the North Sea (n = 39). We also found about half of publications include aquaculture, one-third of publications report at least one metric \u2013 reporting aquaculture yield was particularly rare (n = 1) \u2013 and few studies focused on impact\/risk (n = 7). However, conducting a targeted post-hoc evaluation of North Sea gray literature (N = 61), due to this region\u2019s importance in the field, showed more coverage of impacts\/risk (e.g., liability) and similar attention to aquaculture. Of the scientific papers that did report metrics, the ranges of depth and distance exceeded those reported for standalone sectors, indicating co-location could be facilitating a \u201cpush\u201d of ocean activities into farther offshore and\/or deeper exposed waters. Ultimately, while aquaculture is commonly cited in the co-location literature, the shortage of metrics, like aquaculture yield, and possible impact\/risk evaluations \u2013 though gray literature can provide critical insights \u2013 emphasizes the need for knowledge sharing and modeling to address and explore the uncertainty, especially for co-located aquaculture production. This study provides a needed snapshot of marine co-location, particularly in emerging regions, highlighting gaps in understanding aquaculture-energy potential in the oceans.","author":["Gonzales, C.","Chen, S.","Froehlich, H."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","University of California Santa Cruz"],"originationDate":"2024-08-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-21 11:44:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gonzales_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079748","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/halfway-ladder-developer-practices-perspectives-community-engagement-utility-scale","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629624002974?via%3Dihub","title":"Halfway up the ladder: Developer practices and perspectives on community engagement for utility-scale renewable energy in the United States","description":"Community engagement is a key pathway for incorporating social considerations into the development of utility-scale renewable energy facilities. Prior literature recommends meaningful, early community engagement to both improve siting outcomes and empower the public to participate in decision-making, but there is no recent nor comprehensive understanding of industry experiences with engagement. This study provides a critical contribution by revealing the practices and perspectives of project developers. We draw upon a survey of 123 professionals employed at 62 unique companies across the United States. We demonstrate that developers are highly concerned about the impact of community opposition on project deployment, and that they already use a variety of engagement strategies and adjust project designs in response to community feedback. However, the public is generally not made aware of project proposals until after land for the project is secured, and industry expenditures on engagement activities pale in comparison to other project development costs. We draw upon Arnstein\u0027s ladder of citizen participation to operationalize the engagement preferences of developers, and find that the majority of developers prefer that members of the public provide input but not recommend or make decisions. We characterize this preference as \u2018halfway up the ladder\u2019, compared to the idealized vision of full citizen empowerment envisioned in narratives of just transition. These findings contribute to discussion of the role and potential for community engagement to attend to justice in the energy transition.","author":["Nilson, R.","Rand, J.","Hoen, B.","Elmallah, S."],"organization":["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2024-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-21 11:38:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nilson_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079749","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-27-guidelines-emf-noise-seabed-integrity-monitoring-planning-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/358694592_DELIVERABLE_27_Guidelines_on_EMF_noise_and_seabed_integrity_monitoring_planning_for_wave_energy_devices","title":"SafeWave DELIVERABLE 2.7 Guidelines on EMF, noise, and seabed integrity monitoring planning for wave energy devices","description":"Marine data are collected by different entities (institutes, governmental organizations, or private companies) using heterogeneous instruments and sensors installed in various observing platforms. However, apart from researchers\u2019 experience reported in technical reports and published papers worldwide, it seems that no specific guidelines are available concerning to the monitoring of the parameters covered by the WESE project, i.e., EMF, acoustics (noise), and seafloor integrity, around wave energy installations. The data acquisition methodology (e.g., spatial and temporal frames, methods and equipment used) was planned to be as standardized and homogeneous as possible among devices and test sites and was developed considering recommendations from researchers and according to the specificities of the devices and their location. Details of the methodology and results can be consulted in Deliverable 2.1, Deliverable 2.2 for EMF, Deliverable 2.3 for underwater noise, and Deliverable 2.4 for seafloor integrity. In the light of the results obtained and described in the above-mentioned deliverables a better understanding of EMF, acoustics, and seafloor integrity data collection, processing, validation, and reporting to allow comparison among sites was developed in Deliverable 2.6. Thanks to this last exercise and the experience acquired, different lessons were learned for each environmental parameter. In the present Deliverable 2.7 we try to translate these lessons and experience into guidelines that could be of interest when consenting processes and environmental monitoring plans will be launched for installing wave energy device arrays or farms. According to the experience and lessons learn during the monitoring campaigns in the WESE project, one of the main conclusions of D2.7 is the need to promote monitoring techniques based on autonomous remote sensing devices that are not dependant of sea conditions and able to cover properly the temporal and spatial resolution of the expected environmental impacts coming from wave energy harnessing devices.","author":["Bald, J.","Vinagre, P.","Chainho, P.","Madrid, E.","Muxika, I."],"organization":["European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-12-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 09:59:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bald-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079751","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-benefits-effects","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Benefits and Effects","description":"Technologies that harvest energy from seawater and large rivers are under development around the world. Marine renewable energy (MRE) devices are designed to take advantage of tidal currents, fast flowing rivers, and waves, as well as persistent ocean currents and natural gradients of temperature and salinity in ocean waters. The potential benefits that MRE can bring to nations and stakeholders are driving research studies, development of engineering systems, and experimental deployments of wave energy converters, tidal and riverine turbines, as well as systems to harvest thermal gradients (called ocean thermal energy conversion, or OTEC) and salinity gradients. These studies, trials, and experiments are the leading edge of the development of an international MRE industry that is helping to mitigate climate change, decarbonize power systems, and stabilize energy supplies around the world. As this development occurs, it is essential that MRE projects do not harm valuable and often fragile marine populations, habitats, and systems in the oceans. The responsible development of the MRE industry is informed by science-based understanding of the potential effects of MRE installations worldwide.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:08:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Benefits_and_Effects_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079752","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/igiugig-hydrokinetic-project-appendix-d-ferc-project-no-p-13511-002","sourceURL":"https:\/\/elibrary.ferc.gov\/eLibrary\/filelist?accession_number=20181115-5086\u0026optimized=false","title":"Igiugig Hydrokinetic Project, Appendix A-D. FERC Project No. P-13511-002","description":"Appendix A: Project Plans includes the following documents:    Inspection and Maintenance Plan  Project Safeguard Plans     Project and Public Safety Plan   Project Removal and Site Restoration Plan   Navigation Safety Plan   Emergency Shutdown Plan      Adaptive Management Plan  Fish Monitoring Plan   Appendix B: Essential Fish Habitat Assessment includes the following document:    Essential Fish Habitat Assessment   Appendix C: Study Reports and Assessments includes the following documents:    Igiugig Village Council, Documentation of River Ice Conditions, 2015 and 2017  Kasper, J. L., P. Duvoy and N. Konefal, Kvichak River Frazil Ice Study Final Report, September 2017, Fairbanks, AK.  Matzner, S., Trostle, C., Staines, G., Hull, R., Avila, A., \u0026amp; Harker-Klimes, G. (2017). Triton: Igiugig Fish Video Analysis  Murphy, Paul G. (2015). Estimation of Acoustic Particle Motion and Source Bearing Using a Drifting Hydrophone Array Near a River Current Turbine to Assess Disturbances to Fish, University of Washington  TerraSond (2011). Kvichak River RISEC Project. Resource reconnaissance and physical characterization. Final Report. Prepared by TerraSond Ltd., Palmer, AK for Dept. of Community and Economic Development, AIDEA\/AEA, Rural Energy Group, Anchorage, AK  Thomson, J., Kilcher, L. \u0026amp; Polagye, B. (2014). Flow measurements during RivGen\u00ae deployment Igiugig, AK. 2014. U.S. Department of Energy, DE-EE0006397.  Thomson, J., Guerra, M. (2018). ORPC RivGen Wake Characterization. U.S. Department of Energy, DE-EE0006397.   Appendix D: Additional Information Requests includes the following document:    Igiugig Village Council response to Additional Information Requests","author":["Ocean Renewable Power Company"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 08:18:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Igiugig-Hydrokinetic-Project-APPENDIX-A-D.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079771","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-environmental-effects-around-world","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Environmental Effects around the World","description":"Over the past two decades, researchers, in collaboration with the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry and regulatory agencies, have examined the potential effects of MRE, focusing on the stressor-receptor approach to categorize the most significant potential risks for tidal, riverine, ocean currents, wave, and thermal gradients.\u00a0Using information collected under OES-Environmental, 86 projects were identified globally with environmental assessments, post-installation monitoring, or extensive planning for monitoring in advance of deployment. This summary shows these projects on a map and describes the patterns of environmental effects studies around the world as well as present five case studies.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:08:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Environmental_Effects_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079772","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-collision-risk","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Collision Risk","description":"The presence of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices\u00e2\u0080\u0094particularly the rotating blades of tidal and river turbines\u00e2\u0080\u0094is thought to pose a risk to marine animals. Animals might come into close contact with turbine blades in the course of their natural movements, because they are attracted to the device for purposes of feeding, shelter, or out of curiosity, or because they are not strong enough to avoid currents that might sweep them into the blades. The concern is that a collision with moving device parts (e.g., turbine blades) or a moving device (e.g., tidal kite) could cause irrevocable injury or death. For animal populations that are under stress for other reasons, such as climate change or other human activities, the loss of even a few members due to collision might affect the survivability of the population. The greatest concerns are for marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Collision_Risk.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079773","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Electromagnetic Fields","description":"Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) occur naturally in the environment and consist of electric fields (E-fields) and magnetic fields (B-fields). Natural E- and B-fields provide important cues to electro-receptive and magneto-receptive species, including some species of bony fish (e.g., salmon), crustaceans (e.g., crabs), and elasmobranchs (e.g., sharks, rays). As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry expands around the world, the addition of human-caused EMFs emitted by subsea power cables and other project infrastructure may mask or modify these existing fields. However, the evidence base to date suggests that EMFs from small-scale MRE developments, such as those currently under development, are not harmful and do not pose a risk to marine animals.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_EMF.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079774","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Underwater Noise","description":"Animals use sound in the marine environment like humans and animals use light (sight) on land. Underwater sound allows animals to communicate, navigate, interact, forage, and avoid predation. The extent to which marine animals detect and produce sound varies by species, covering a wide range of sound frequencies. Marine mammals and some fish species are the major animal groups of concern. Marine animals are already subject to sources of human-caused noise underwater; the addition of sound from marine renewable energy (MRE) devices could induce stress, behavioral changes, a range of physical injuries, and a temporary or permanent reduction in hearing ability that can mask other sounds. The propagation of sound from devices dissipates with distance from the device, depending on ocean conditions and device sound level. Construction activities at sea can create loud underwater noise, while noise from operational devices is much quieter.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Noise.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079775","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-changes-benthic-pelagic-habitats","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Changes in Benthic and Pelagic Habitats","description":"Most marine renewable energy (MRE) devices must be attached to the seafloor in some way, either by gravity foundations, pilings, anchors, or mooring lines; many will also have transmission cables on the seabed, as well as the devices themselves in the water column. Physical changes in benthic and pelagic habitats have the potential to alter where species live and how common they are at a site, which may lead to habitat loss, alter ecological patterns, modify ecosystem functions and services, affect the behavior of many marine organisms, and provide opportunities for non-native species to become established.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Habitat_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079776","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-changes-oceanographic-systems","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Changes in Oceanographic Systems","description":"Physical processes such as tides, waves, and ocean currents shape the marine ecosystem through the mixing of water masses and exchange of dissolved gases and nutrients, providing support for marine organisms and habitats. Marine renewable energy (MRE) devices that harness energy from tides, waves, and ocean currents may affect these oceanographic systems. Potential changes include altered water flow patterns around devices, changes in circulation, decreased wave heights, and energy removal from the system, both in the nearfield (close to the device) and farfield (at the scale of a water body). These potential changes can affect organisms and habitats through secondary effects such as sediment transport, water quality changes, nutrient availability, and effects on coastlines either by erosion or coastal protection. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), another form of MRE, also has the potential to affect oceanographic systems. OTEC uses the temperature differential between warm tropical surface water and cold deep ocean water to create energy; this process returns large volumes of cold water to the surface, which can cause temperature shock to organisms and potentially destabilize the localized water column.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Oceanographic.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079777","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-entanglement","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Entanglement","description":"Many marine renewable energy (MRE) devices are attached to the seabed with mooring lines, which allow them to maintain their position within the water column or on the sea surface. In an array, underwater cables are also used to carry power from multiple devices to a single power export cable installed on the seabed. The potential for these lines and cables to become a hazard for marine animals that may become entangled in them is uncertain but has been raised by stakeholders.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Entanglement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079778","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-displacement","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Displacement","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry expands and more devices are deployed in the water, animals may be displaced from their preferred or critical habitats due to the physical presence of the devices or other aspects of the projects. Displacement is triggered by an animal\u00e2\u0080\u0099s response to one or more stressors acting as a disturbance, with various consequences ranging from individual- to population-level effects. Migratory animals might be moved off their normal pathways while benthic organisms may be kept from their preferred habitats. Animals could respond to stressors from MRE arrays in a variety of ways: attraction (going toward), avoidance (going around), and exclusion (going away from). Marine animals may be vulnerable to displacement from MRE arrays at different life stages and during different project phases (i.e., construction, operation, or decommissioning). Displacement responses may be very species-specific and depend on maneuverability and migration patterns of each species. These effects could be severe enough to result in impacts on populations.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Displacement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079779","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-social-economic-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Social and Economic Effects of Marine Renewable Energy","description":"The social and economic effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) must be considered in consenting\/permitting and strategic planning processes. MRE may accrue benefits or cause adverse effects on economies, communities, jobs, revenues, supply chains, social services, existing industries, local infrastructure, and community well-being. Social and economic effects of MRE are often tied to environmental effects and it is important to consider them together. \u00a0\u00a0","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 09:25:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Socioecon.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079780","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-risk-retirement","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Risk Retirement","description":"Numerous strategies have been implemented globally for consenting\/permitting marine renewable energy (MRE) projects, such as risk retirement, adaptive management, and marine spatial planning. Risk retirement allows for potential risks that are unlikely to cause harm to be retired and for available data and information to be applied to investigate potential environmental effects from similar new MRE projects. Adaptive management takes uncertainty into account, enabling MRE projects to be consented and increasing knowledge over time. Marine spatial planning is an approach to managing multiple marine activities with the goal of reducing conflicts amongst users, balancing environmental, social, and economic interests. Chapter 6 of the 2024 SoS outlines examples of these processes, tools, and strategies used for aiding consenting processes and examining environmental effects of MRE, with a focus on risk retirement.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:08:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_RR.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079781","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-systems-wide-effects-approach","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: A Systems-Wide Effects Approach","description":"To date, the focus on evaluating environmental effects has been on interactions of small numbers of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices (1-6) with the environment, including collision of animals with turbine blades, underwater sound and electromagnetic field emissions, habitat alteration, and changes in oceanographic processes. As the industry moves toward deployments of large numbers of devices (arrays), there is a need to examine potential environmental and ecological effects of MRE at a systems-wide scale. This examination includes: 1) scaling the understanding of environmental effects from single devices to arrays; 2) applying an ecosystem approach to the integrated management of MRE; and 3) assessing the cumulative effects of MRE with other human-caused activities.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:09:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Systems.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079782","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-potential-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy in Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) projects and associated studies on environmental effects mainly exist in temperate regions. As MRE develops in tropical and subtropical regions, there is a need to assess its potential environmental effects. In those regions, all types of MRE resources are available: wave energy, tidal energy, ocean current energy, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), and salinity gradient energy. OTEC uses temperature gradients between warm surface waters and cold deep waters to produce energy, a unique feature of tropical and subtropical regions. Salinity gradient energy uses the differences in salinity between freshwater and seawater; the greatest potentials are found along warmer coastlines. Although MRE resources exist, prior and existing MRE projects are relatively sparse and most target wave energy resources. Because of the unique marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves) of tropical and subtropical regions that support multiple ecosystem services (e.g., tourism, fisheries), MRE development may present additional risks compared to temperate regions.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:09:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_Tropical.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079783","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/short-science-summary-2024-path-forward","sourceURL":"","title":"Short Science Summary 2024: Path Forward","description":"OES-Environmental continues to collect, organize, and disseminate information on environmental effects of marine renewable energy (MRE), as well as pursuing processes for applying data and information to support consenting at new projects through risk retirement and data transferability processes. These efforts will continue in collaboration with experts from the other participating countries. In addition, four new areas will become the focus of future efforts, each of which is described in further detail:","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 07:09:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SSS_PathForward.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079784","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy-environmental-assessment-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nyserda.ny.gov\/-\/media\/Project\/Nyserda\/Files\/Publications\/Research\/Environmental\/roosevelt-island-tidal-energy.pdf","title":"Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Environmental Assessment Project","description":"The Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE) Environmental Assessment Project (NYSERDA Agreement No. 20802) was the environmental assessment of a pilot demonstration of Verdant Power\u2019s generation (Gen5) Kinetic Hydropower System (KHPS) in New York City\u2019s East River under the RITE Project. The project included ongoing implementation of regulatory compliance and environmental monitoring in accordance with issued permits and licenses, including a Hydrokinetic Pilot Project License issued in 2012 by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) (License No. P-12611).  In this project, Verdant Power conducted environmental monitoring focused on applying methods and results to the FERC-licensed RITE Project, with data collected under a set of FERC-approved monitoring plans, known as the RITE Monitoring of Environmental Effects (RMEE) Plans. The information and protocols developed under this project and the ensuing adaptive management successes are available to support the development of hydrokinetic generation at other sites in New York State and beyond.","author":["Adonizio, M.","Colby, J."],"organization":["Verdant Power","New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.770560000000","-73.940000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 06:58:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NYSERDA-2020-EnvironmentalAssessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079817","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/france-energies-marines-annual-report-2023","sourceURL":"","title":"France Energies Marines Annual Report 2023","description":"Vision and ambition   France Energies Marines is a research and innovation centre devoted to offshore wind energy with a recognised industrial, economic and societal impact in France and internationally. Its goal is to be the driving force behind a sector that creates value for local communities by:    Consolidating reference standards and software to qualify wind resources and the operating conditions of future offshore wind farms and ensuring their technical and economic viability.  Developing operational tools to ensure reliability and optimal design, and control operating and maintenance costs, at both turbine and farm level.  Developing reference methods and tools to optimise the environmental and socio-economic integration of offshore wind farms.   Mission  Our mission at France Energies Marines is to resolve bottlenecks to the development of offshore wind energy through research and innovation. To do so, the Institute draws on cutting-edge R\u0026amp;D led by an 80-strong multidisciplinary team and one-of-a-kind infrastructures to propel innovation forward. It also brings together a broad network of academic experts and partners who work in close collaboration with its researchers.  Through its actions, France Energies Marines is helping France to become the leader in green hydrogen and renewable energies by 2030, one of the ten objectives set out by the French government as part of the France 2030 investment plan.  Activities  The Institute\u0027s activities are built on two cornerstones: a multidisciplinary team with invaluable expertise and high-level collaboration, and infrastructures, whether belonging to the Institute or to partner organisations, to carry out high added-value experimentation.  The R\u0026amp;D carried out by France Energies Marines takes the form of projects lasting between 18 and 42 months and long-term sector-focused programmes. The outputs are intended to be transferred to offshore wind sector stakeholders. This transfer currently takes the form of research and expertise services, operating licences, know-how transfer and participation in expert committees and networks.  Topics  Four complementary thematic programmes have been defined in our scientific and technical roadmap: site characterisation, systems design and monitoring, farm optimisation and environmental integration. The research and innovation led by the Institute across these four programmes focuses on the main issues\u2014whether technological, environmental, economic or societal\u2014related to the development of offshore wind energy.  Site characterisation  The purpose of this programme is to provide reliable data and tools to improve site selection and turbine design and to optimise offshore operations. The work conducted as part of this programme aims to minimise uncertainties over production estimates and design conditions, to develop systems for shortterm wind and wave forecasting, and to characterise the interactions between coastal morphodynamics and wind farms. It includes the effects of climate change and increasing farm density.  Systems design and monitoring  The aim of this programme is to provide industry players with realistic, robust solutions to improve the design of their systems and ensure their reliability and integrity throughout their operational lifetime. To do so, it is crucial to develop numerical and experimental tools to precisely characterise the mechanical and hydrodynamic behaviour of moorings, foundations and power cables. The representativeness of the numerical models for the systems deployed during the operational phase must also be improved, through digital twins and in-service monitoring. This can only be achieved through the use of in situ data.  Farm optimisation  A wind farm is by no means simply an aggregation of production units; rather it should be considered as a whole entity, whose architecture and operating phase can be optimised to obtain the best cost-performance compromise. With this as a backdrop, this programme aims to provide stakeholders in the sector with tools to help them strike this optimal technico-economic balance. Another key element in this programme consists in tackling grid integration challenges by considering potential innovative solutions such as floating substations or power-to-X.  Environmental integration  Setting up a wind farm is liable to trigger environmental impacts and lead to socio-economic repercussions. This programme focuses on certain key ecosystem compartments, such as birds, marine mammals and fish, while taking a holistic approach. The aim is to develop tools and methods to measure, qualify, analyse, and predict the impacts of offshore farms, with a view to also contributing to maritime spatial planning.","author":["France Energies Marines"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/France_Energies_Marines_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079818","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/situ-wake-measurement-behind-25-kw-freewheeling-vertical-axis-hydrokinetic-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca\/items\/eb704dfc-77d2-4a08-ae0a-c7adba66f805","title":"In situ wake measurement behind a 25-kW freewheeling vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine in energetic riverine environment using acoustic Doppler current profiler and acoustic Doppler velocimeter","description":"Hydrokinetic turbines present an opportunity for generating renewable energy sustainably in support of microgrids. This research examines the performance and environmental impact of a 25-kW New Energy vertical axis hydrokinetic river turbine under freewheeling conditions, focusing on flow and turbulence behavior. Field measurements of flow velocity at the Canadian Hydrokinetic Turbine Test Center on the Winnipeg River are measured using an acoustic Doppler current profiler and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Measurements are taken at various distances downstream of the turbine, from 1 to 17 turbine diameters, to analyze turbulence intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and mean velocity profiles. The results indicated that turbulence intensity was highest near the turbine, with peaks at the centerline reaching 84% in the first acoustic Doppler current profiler test and 119% in the second, while acoustic Doppler velocimeter measurements showed 41% and 55%, respectively. As expected, turbulence levels gradually decreased with increasing distance from the turbine and are documented. Additionally, the TKE values exhibited a similar trend, demonstrating significant energy dissipation and flow stabilization further downstream. The mean velocity profiles revealed the maximum velocity deficit near the turbine, which gradually recovered with distance. River in-situ values measured do not compare favorably with scaled turbine water tunnel studies. This comprehensive analysis, comparing acoustic Doppler current profiler and acoustic Doppler velocimeter data, provides valuable insights into the wake dynamics and turbulence characteristics of vertical-axis turbines, which are required for optimizing turbine efficiency and assessing environmental impacts.","author":["Dharamsi, A."],"organization":["University of Manitoba"],"originationDate":"2024-08-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.125902800000","-96.027287700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Abbas-Dharamsi-2024-Masters-Thesis-Wake-Measurement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079826","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recent-advances-assessing-environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-around-world","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2024\/00000058\/00000003\/art00006","title":"Recent Advances in Assessing Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Around the World","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) is increasingly of interest to coastal nations as a source of renewable energy that can support climate change mitigation goals as well as provide secure locally-produced energy for coastal and island communities. MRE extracts power from tidal streams, waves, ocean currents, run of rivers, and gradients in the ocean, with specialized devices developed and tested for each energy resource. Alongside development of MRE technologies and systems, first in Europe and then in North America, Australia, Asia, and other regions, it has been universally recognized that there is also a need to examine potential effects on marine animals, habitats, ecosystem processes, local communities and other sea users, to ensure that the MRE industry can be developed in a responsible and sustainable manner. This paper looks at the status of assessment and monitoring for potential environmental effects associated with MRE projects around the world. Over 80 projects were identified worldwide as having been tested, demonstrated, or commercially deployed with associated environmental monitoring. Five of the projects that represent tidal stream, wave, and run of river projects are examined in more detail to determine the types of data and information collected for those projects, the outputs of the monitoring campaigns, and the actions taken as a result of the data collection and analysis. Recommendations are provided for standardization of the monitoring approaches, instruments, and analysis methods at MRE project sites worldwide.","author":["Copping, A.","Martinez, L.","Hemery, L.","Hutchison, I.","Jones, K.","Kaplan, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","INECOL","Aquatera Ltd"],"originationDate":"2024-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Current\/Riverine","Salinity Gradient","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-22 06:36:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2024_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079853","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-wave-energy-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/blueeconomycrc.com.au\/project\/ocean-wave-energy-in-australia","title":"Ocean Wave Energy in Australia","description":"Ocean wave energy is undergoing a renaissance, with significant funding and effort worldwide devoted to this source of clean energy. This is driven by multiple factors, including the need for decarbonisation and renewable energy development in the face of climate change, the recognition of the diverse benefits of ocean wave energy as part of clean energy systems and a burgeoning Blue Economy.  The establishment of a global offshore wind industry provides an example and opportunity for the development and scaling up of other types of offshore renewable energy generation, including wave energy. With the world\u2019s largest national wave energy resource, Australia is uniquely well-placed to lead in this space, but is not keeping pace with global developments. Consequently, Australia is not realising the financial, social, and environmental benefits that could result from the development of a robust and sustainable ocean wave energy industry.  Australia has the largest wave energy resource of any country in the world.  The average power of the ocean waves crossing the perimeter of Australia\u2019s continental shelf is estimated at around 300 GW, ten times Australia\u2019s average rate of electricity consumption. The enormity of the national resource results from the extensive coastline directly facing the Southern Ocean. Persistent strong winds in this vast oceanic expanse concentrate energy in large waves which bring renewable energy towards the shores virtually continuously. The south and south-west mainland coastline and the south-west coast of Tasmania in particular experience the highest wave power levels, with exceptionally high-quality waves, exhibiting minimal intermittency and small extreme-to-mean wave height ratios, two characteristics essential for uninterrupted energy production.  Wave energy is persistent and highly complementary to solar; it therefore has a role to play in the future energy mix.   When combined with other renewables, wave energy decreases the cost of reaching a given level of dispatchability \u2013 the ability to guarantee power supply at a certain level. Results from Australia and around the world show that this is because combining the latest wave energy technology with wind and solar can cost-effectively reduce the need for energy storage. The example in Figure 2 shows a 50% reduction in the CapEx required to reach 0.6 dispatchability if wave is added to the energy mix, compared to solar and wind alone.  Promising electricity markets for wave energy in Australia include:    introducing more cost effective dispatchability into national and State grid networks;  combining wind, wave and solar for towns (particularly on the south and west coasts) which could provide standalone power or more opportunities to trade dispatchable electricity on the spot market.   Combined solar and wave systems can also provide standalone dispatchable power for remote communities on the east and west coasts.  Wave energy can be a critical enabler in helping Australia achieve its net zero targets.  Australia\u2019s climate strategy focuses on achieving net zero emissions by 2050, with interim goals including a 43% reduction in emissions by 2030 and an 82% renewable electricity share by 2030.  The strategy includes initiatives like the Powering Australia plan, which aims to expand renewable energy and create jobs.  National Electricity Market (NEM) forecasts for 2050 suggest an enormous expansion in renewable energy capacity but also a shortfall in dispatchable power. Wave energy could therefore play a key role in future electricity grids.  Wave energy has the potential to support Australia\u2019s economy with world-class research and innovation capabilities and expertise, and a skilled workforce.  Australia has many elements necessary for wave energy, including existing skills in the workforce for offshore infrastructure and renewable industries.  High-level capabilities exist in Australia\u2019s research and innovation sector (e.g. in universities, CSIRO, industry, etc). Examples from around the world have demonstrated an economic value of wave energy industries, especially in coastal regions.  Wave energy has the potential to provide market and supply chain opportunities given the diversity in technologies, which range from grid connection to powering remote aquaculture facilities. Based on the few wave energy prototype projects completed, or currently conducted, Australia has an opportunity to leverage wave energy, supporting the growth of the AUD 118 billion Australia blue economy, especially in coastal regions, and utilise an existing skilled workforce to support fabrication, installations, and marine operations.  Wave energy converters may also be a useful tool in providing coastal protection, at the same time as generating electricity.  Waves are a key driver of coastal impacts due to flooding and erosion which will increase in frequency and intensity with climate change. Waves can be reduced or altered in a controlled manner by wave energy installations, protecting coastal communities and assets worth up to AUD 25 billion. Efforts are required to understand the interconnectivity between wave energy generation and coastal protection, as well as social acceptance to leverage this opportunity.  Wave energy developments in Australia can lead best practice in environmental impact assessment and social and cultural engagement.  Wave energy projects can leverage existing knowledge and data in environmental assessment and planning from other offshore developments.  Potential environmental impacts will be entirely dependent on the type, scale and location of the wave energy development, and other activities present and planned in the area.  Key areas likely to require some investigation in relation to smaller projects include interactions with seabed habitats and marine life during both construction and operation, particularly those associated with underwater noise, entanglement risk with mooring systems and potential interactions with other sea users. For larger developments, other potential interactions that may need to be addressed include those associated with changes in physical oceanography and displacement of sensitive species.  Coordinated strategic environmental and social research and monitoring programs developed through collaboration between Government, regulators, industry, and academia can de-risk the approvals process and help facilitate the sustainable and equitable development of the sector. Early and ongoing engagement with local communities, including Indigenous Peoples in places of cultural significance, is critical to gaining and maintaining the Social and Cultural Licences to Operate.  Meanwhile, Europe and other regions are advancing wave energy with support and policy, anticipating significant growth by 2050.  With rapid technological advances and the International Energy Agency Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES, 2023) roadmap projecting 300 GW of ocean energy by 2050, the wave energy sector is set to expand significantly \u2013 creating ~680,000 jobs, boosting economic value by USD 340 billion, and reducing carbon emissions by ~500 MT p.a. worldwide. Both market pull and technology push mechanisms have been identified as necessary if wave energy is to play a substantial role by 2050.  The EU leads in wave energy technology development, holding 44% of global patents and investing significantly in R\u0026amp;D, with projections for ocean energy contributing EUR 5.8 billion to the economy by 2030 and creating substantial economic activity and jobs by 2050.  Strategic roadmaps at both EU and national levels guide efforts in wave energy. The EU\u2019s offshore renewable energy strategy targets 100 MW of ocean energy by 2027, 1 GW by 2030, and 40 GW by 2050. The European Commission plans to support this through a robust legal framework, funding, and supply chain improvements.  The UK predicts the installation of 6 GW of wave energy by 2050. This development could meet 15% of the UK\u2019s electricity demand and contribute GBP 6 - 21 billion to the economy, creating up to 8,100 jobs by 2040. The UK holds 35% of Europe\u2019s wave energy resource and has significantly invested in the sector, with EUR 32 million in public funding from 2022 to 2025.  The US Government has substantially increased funding for ocean energy research, with a record USD 120 million allocated in 2023 and a total of USD 520 million since 2019, surpassing European investment. State-level support is also growing, with California and Oregon advancing ocean energy laws.  Major technology developers span across Europe, the US, Australia, Canada, and Asia, showcasing a diverse range of concepts. Grid-connected test centres worldwide, such as those in the UK, US, and China, support technology trials under realworld conditions.  Despite all its strategic advantages, Australia currently lacks the level of support and funding needed to match its immense potential.  Since its inception in 2012, the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) has invested AUD 2.25 billion in 663 projects, with around AUD 44 million (\u0026lt;2%) allocated to ocean energy (wave and tidal) projects. Notable funded projects include the Australian Wave Energy Atlas, the Perth Wave Energy Project, and the UniWave200 King Island Project.  The Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre has supported small-scale wave energy projects such as Carnegie Clean Energy\u2019s MoorPower and the M4 Albany Wave Energy Demonstration Project. However, there are currently no dedicated roadmaps for wave energy in Australia and it is not included in the latest Integrated System Plan. There is a mismatch between the scale of Australia\u2019s opportunity and the national funding support and effort in wave energy.  Compared to other jurisdictions, the lack of a focused strategy represents a missed opportunity to diversify the renewable energy portfolio and enhance the Blue Economy.   Rapid development of wave energy in Australia is possible.  Several Australian agencies have recently issued their strategic plans for renewable energy technology development, emission reductions, job creation, and infrastructure upgrades. The national Sustainable Ocean Plan is currently being drafted.  These initiatives show that significant momentum is building and that an opportunity to integrate wave energy within energy and coastal protection plans exists. No environmental, social or cultural barriers have been identified which would prevent a well-managed, sustainable and socially acceptable wave energy industry from developing. Streamlining and optimising regulatory and planning processes, including across jurisdictions, while providing incentives and early support to the wave energy industry, can accelerate the development of wave energy towards full commercialisation.   View the Report here.  View the Executive Summary here.","author":["Wolgamot, H.","Ebeling, W.","Orszaghova, J.","Kurniawan, A.","Manasseh, R.","Kathy McInnes","Sergiienko, N.","Marsh, P.","Trebilco, R.","Breakey, H.","Lyons, P.","Osman, P.","Jay, B.","Denniss, T.","Fulton, B.","Sprogis, K.","Frid, C.","Bossi, L.","Spencer-Cotton, A.","Sampford, C.","Melbourne-Thomas, J."],"organization":["University of Western Australia","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","Griffith University","Swinburne University of Technology","University of Adelaide","Australian Maritime College","Wave Swell Energy Ltd","Carnegie Clean Energy Limited","BMT","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean_Wave_Energy_Australia_BECRC_Report.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean_Wave_Energy_Australia_BECRC_Exec_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079870","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sheared-turbulent-flows-wake-dynamics-idled-floating-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-52578-x","title":"Sheared turbulent flows and wake dynamics of an idled floating tidal turbine","description":"Ocean energy extraction is on the rise. While tides are the most predictable amongst marine renewable resources, turbulent and complex flows still challenge reliable tidal stream energy extraction and there is also uncertainty in how devices change the natural environment. To ensure the long-term integrity of emergent floating tidal turbine technologies, advances in field measurements are required to capture multiscale, real-world flow interactions. Here we use aerial drones and acoustic profiling transects to quantify the site- and scale-dependent complexities of actual turbulent flows around an idled, utility-scale floating tidal turbine (20\u2009m rotor diameter, D). The combined spatial resolution of our baseline measurements is sufficiently high to quantify sheared, turbulent inflow conditions (reversed shear profiles, turbulence intensity \u0026gt;20%, and turbulence length scales \u0026gt; 0.4D). We also detect downstream velocity deficits (approaching 20% at 4D) and trace the far-wake propagation using acoustic backscattering techniques in excess of 30D. Addressing the energy-environment nexus, our oceanographic lens on flow characterisation will help to validate multiscale flow physics around offshore energy platforms that have thus far only been simulated.","author":["Lieber, L.","Fraser, S.","Coles, D.","Nimmo-Smith, A."],"organization":["University of Plymouth","University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI)"],"originationDate":"2024-09-20","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.139021000000","-2.819648000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lieber-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079981","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/minesto-faroe-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/minesto.com\/faroe-islands\/","title":"Minesto Faroe Islands","description":"Within the Faroe Islands, Minesto are planning a 200 MW of tidal energy array development across seven sites: Vestmannasund, Hestfjord, Leirviksfjord, Skopunarfjord and Svinoyarfjord; and two other unconfirmed sites. The strategy includes a small-scale array in Vestmannasund and a stepwise installation at the other sites, starting with Hestfjord. This strategy would supply 40% of the Faroe Island\u2019s growing electricity consumption, enabling the nation to reach its goal of 100% renewable energy by 2030.Vestmannasund:In 2022 and 2023, Minesto installed Deep Green Tidal Kites into a grid-connected site in Vestmannasund, Faroe Islands. As part of the large-scale build out, the Vestmannasund site includes the expansion of the existing grid-connected site and to establish a mini array with three systems at a total installed capacity of 1.4 MW.The first installation consisted of one \u2018Dragon 4\u2019 tidal kite with an installed capacity of 100 kW. The kite, named \u201c\u00cd\u00f0unn\u201d, operates autonomously 40 m below the surface and is remotely monitored, accessed and managed through advanced systems including Human-Machine-Interface and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. This installation was doubled in capacity with a second Dragon 4 installed in March 2023. Both Dragon 4 tidal kites are in the process of being upgraded to help with environmental monitoring (sound measurements, bird studies and whale monitoring) to aid in the next phase build out in Hestfjord.The final installation at Vestmannasund,  the Dragon 12, was installed in August 2024. It is a utility-scale device and is a ten-times scale-up from the existing Dragon 4 device, with the wing spanning 12 metres across. The installed capacity of Dragon 12 is 1.2 MW, making the total installed capacity at Vestmannasund the predicted 1.4 MW. Whilst in the water, the Dragon 12 is being used to evaluate powerplant performance and identify any potential upgrades needed for the powerplant before the next phase in Hestford. Since the beginning of May 2025, Dragon 12 has been grid-connected in Vestmannasund and, in June 2025, Minesto reported a major production milestone, stating that a longer tether delivered an expected 25% increase in power performance. In February 2026, Minesto stated that Dragon 12 had been installed for nine months and had provided valuable production and operational data before being placed in park-mode as a maintenance precaution. In March 2026, Minesto confirmed successful recovery of Dragon 12 after ten months in the water.Hestfjord:Hestfjord was selected as the second site in the build out plan and will direct electricity distribution to the nearby capital, Torshavn, using 24 Dragon 12 tidal kites. The total planned capacity of the array is approximately 30 MW and the annual yield is estimated to be 84 GWh, which is the equivalent of 20% of the total Faroese energy consumption in 2021. The focus for the first phase (Phase 1a) is to finalise the installation configuration of the first four kites forming the first 5 MW as shown in Figure 1.Site assessments and upgrading of the grid connection are also underway, including environmental assessment studies, infield cable routing and distribution grid management.In parallel with the Hestfjord buildout pathway, Minesto and SEV presented the 200 MW Faroese roadmap to stakeholders in February 2025 and continued to position Hestfjord as the first Dragon farm development site. Minesto also secured Swedish Energy Agency support in June 2025 for a Faroe Islands microgrid project, and in March 2026 reported that Dragon 4 (100 kW) was installed and producing electricity to the Faroese grid in support of that microgrid development.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":["Minesto"],"originationDate":"2026-04-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["62.112166000000","-7.141822000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-23 06:15:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079982","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/inwave-energy-converter-power-plant-vietnam","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.inginewave.co.uk\/","title":"INWave Energy Converter Power Plant in Vietnam","description":"The INWave Energy Wave Energy Converter (WEC) is suitable for coastal applications adjacent to existing or planned coastal infrastructure such as breakwaters, ports etc. The aim of this project is to complete and demonstrate the successful construction and commissioning of a Wave Energy Pilot Plant within An Binh Island in the Quang Ngai Province, Vietnam. The technology includes a floating buoy which captures wave energy from all directions nearshore. This energy is then transferred to a converter based onshore through rope movements that then generate electricity.  INGINE Wave Energy Systems (IWES) designed the technology to enhance system stability, lower costs, and make investments in clean energy infrastructure more cost-effective.  Vietnam was selected due to its remote coastal communities which commonly use diesel generators to support fishery harbours and coastal areas. This is especially expensive in remotely scattered islands in the Vietnamese East Sea and therefore the project aims to provide clean and affordable energy within the coastal community.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-09-27","spatial":{"coordinates":["15.429988000000","109.081495000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-21 04:11:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2079983","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/south-pembrokeshire-demonstration-zone","sourceURL":"https:\/\/celticseapower.co.uk\/pembrokeshire-demonstration-zone\/","title":"South Pembrokeshire Demonstration Zone","description":"The purpose of the Pembrokeshire Demonstration Zone is to enable offshore renewable energy infrastructure to improve and catalyse the Celtic Sea floating offshore wind and other marine energy opportunities. It is part of the Pembroke Dock Marine programme and aims to demonstrate wave, tidal energy, and floating wind energy technologies.    As part of the demonstration zone a 400 MW multi-connection offshore substation (Test and Demonstration phase 4 x 100MW) will be created to enable a grid connection point for independent renewable projects. The four 100 MW projects will independently be connected to Pembroke Substation and Yelland.  The project will aim to reduce the cost of energy as well as any cumulative environmental impacts.","author":["Jennifer Fox"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-07-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.424000000000","5.100900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:53:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080002","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evolving-blue-economy-exploring-future-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/mts\/mtsj\/2024\/00000058\/00000003\/art00007;jsessionid=csootd4em1ph.x-ic-live-02","title":"An Evolving Blue Economy: Exploring the Future for Marine Renewable Energy","description":"Offshore energy generation is one of the fastest-growing U.S. marine sectors, ranging from expanding deployment of offshore wind to rapid development and testing of technologies for energy conversion from waves, tides, ocean currents, and gradients in temperature, salinity, and pressure. Generating energy from the offshore environment creates expanded opportunities to improve upon the collection of ocean and coastal-derived data and information that will support economic and maritime growth, the management of resources, and solutions to address societal and climate issues. Despite its many promises and challenges, barriers remain for widespread implementation of offshore energy generation technologies that address the nation\u0027s energy needs and climate change. A town hall was convened to present a vision of the changing ocean-scape through the lens of marine renewable technologies and to explore innovative solutions that these technologies might offer to support the New Blue Economy.","author":["Chang, G.","Schmaus, C.","Kendall, J.","Kohut, J.","Kramer, S.","Perry, R."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","US Department of Energy (DOE)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Rutgers University","H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","Shell Renewables and Energy Solutions"],"originationDate":"2024-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080003","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ore-outlook-2040-uk-offshore-renewable-energy-2040-building-sustainable-competitive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/upcoming-2040-outlook-report-2","title":"ORE Outlook 2040 - UK Offshore Renewable Energy in 2040: Building a Sustainable and Competitive ORE Sector on a Pathway to Net Zero by 2050","description":"The ORE Outlook 2040 report summarises the current and future contribution of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) to the 2050 Net Zero target, using 2040 as a key milestone on this journey.  Section 1: Climate change, Net Zero, and 2040  The first section of the report sets the scene by summarising current climate change impacts and our progress so far in the energy transition. It shows the ORE deployment pathways needed to reach Net Zero by 2050, using 2040 as a key milestone. The economic and social benefits of a just, sustainable and secure energy transition are set out.  Section 2: Implications  The second section highlights the implications of the ORE deployment levels required by 2040, which are explored through four lenses: (i) planning and consenting, (ii) people, (iii) supply chain and (iv) infrastructure and grid. The analysis shows that the required ORE growth cannot be reached by upscaling current business-as-usual methods alone. Instead, research and innovation are required to transform the technology and practices of the ORE sector, as well as the role of the ORE sector in communities and our understanding of the impact of ORE in the ocean.  This report is a call to action for researchers, industry, policymakers, and the public.","author":["Greaves, D.","White, D.","Noble, D.","Jeffrey, H.","Gilbert, J.","Zhao, X.","Byrne, B.","Willden, R.","Stallard, T.","Mullings, H.","Scott, B.","Brennan, F.","Thies, P.","Richards, L.","Henderson, K.","Mascall, R."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2024-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Greaves-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080004","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practitioner-summary-i-blue-economy-ethical-values-principles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/blueeconomycrc.com.au\/project\/ethics-values-and-social-license-in-the-blue-economy\/","title":"Practitioner Summary I: Blue Economy Ethical Values and Principles","description":"This Practitioner Summary identifies and examines the ethical values and principles that underpin the Blue Economy.  Ethical values and principles refer to types of acts or qualities of outcomes that are morally important. Ethical values and principles are relevant to practitioners because they can:      guide operations to better achieve benefits while avoiding wrongdoing.  inform government policy, law and regulation.  help justify and explain decisions and actions.  shape expectations, ensuring that government, industry and community have shared standards.   Different ethical principles can be important to different industries. This project identified nineteen specific ethical values relevant to the Blue Economy, and from these derived six overarching ethical principles that should guide Blue Economy activities.","author":["Breakey, H.","Marshallsay, R.","Bossi, L.","Cooper, K.","Sampford, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","Australian Government"],"originationDate":"2023-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Breakey_et_al_2023_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080005","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practitioner-summary-iii-ethical-risks-offshore-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/blueeconomycrc.com.au\/project\/ethics-values-and-social-license-in-the-blue-economy\/","title":"Practitioner Summary III: Ethical Risks in the Offshore Blue Economy","description":"This Practitioner Summary explains the ethical risks at play in the offshore Blue Economy\u2014 including aquaculture and renewable energy industries. The Summary explains how to use ethical values to gauge ethical risks, and practical methods for responding to them. The offshore Blue Economy refers to economic activities happening in the \u2018exposed\u2019 ocean. These are areas further from land, which often have high energy waves, winds, and tides. Being further offshore, such activities may be subject to different laws and regulations. For example, in Australia, state jurisdiction switches to Commonwealth three nautical miles from land.","author":["Breakey, H.","Marshallsay, R.","Bossi, L.","Sampford, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","Australian Government"],"originationDate":"2024-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Breakey_et_al_2024_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080006","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/practitioner-summary-iv-understand-social-licence-operate-slo","sourceURL":"https:\/\/blueeconomycrc.com.au\/project\/ethics-values-and-social-license-in-the-blue-economy\/","title":"Practitioner Summary IV: Understand the Social Licence to Operate (SLO)","description":"In its broadest sense, the term Social Licence to Operate (SLO) refers to community acceptance of industry operations. SLO is increasingly used in an explicitly moral way, implying that industry operations should have community acceptance (Cooney 2017). On this view, whether the operations are acceptable (an ethical question) depends on whether the operations are accepted by key communities (a descriptive question).This Practitioner Summary explains that an SLO which is built on genuine engagement, institutional integrity and ethical practice (Authentic SLO) is most likely to protect interests, mitigate harm, and produce satisfying outcomes for both community stakeholders and industry.","author":["Breakey, H.","Marshallsay, R.","Bossi, L.","Sampford, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","Australian Government"],"originationDate":"2024-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Breakey_et_al_2024b.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080026","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-economic-environmental-impacts-renewable-energy-deployments-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032124006828","title":"Socio-economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy deployments: A review","description":"Mitigating global warming requires the rapid deployment of renewable energy (RE) systems throughout all parts of the world economy. A crucial step for such deployments is the assessment of their social, economic and environmental impacts. By reviewing three hundred and sixty-nine studies, this work identifies and synthesises a myriad of social, economic and environmental aspects of RE technologies deployment that have been studied over the past decade. The review identifies barriers and drivers that have been found to be common across countries, and those where studies and\/or local contexts have found contradictory results.  Amongst social issues, trust and quality of institutional governance were found to be increasingly prominent themes of research and key drivers for RE deployment. The review also reveals a growing interest in attachment to place, but with contradicting findings for its negative or positive impacts.  Amongst economic issues, the review found widespread agreement that, irrespective of the type of economy, countries continue to preferentially pursue economic growth through expanded production and innovation in fossil fuels.  The review of the environmental impacts found that studies of RE deployments tend to focus on negative local impacts, leaving positive global benefits, such as mitigating climate change, as implicit, and that there are only a few studies on the environmental impacts of RE in developing economies.  Two gaps that the review identifies as demanding future work are investigating the benefits of RE co-location in developing economies and redressing the underrepresentation of First Nations perspectives and participation in research and RE deployments.","author":["Virah-Sawmy, D.","Sturmberg, B."],"organization":["Australian National University"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Virah-Sawmy-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080151","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatial-compatibility-between-emerging-marine-economies-existing-uses-exclusive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352485524003967","title":"Spatial compatibility between emerging marine economies and existing uses in the exclusive economic zone of southern Brazil","description":"Blue Growth highlights the need for integrated management approaches and strategic planning to minimize conflicts and optimize the use of space. This study analyzes the spatial compatibility between existing uses and potential zones for emerging activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone of Southern Brazil. The proposed methodology was based on a three-step approach: (i) spatial analysis to identify possible zones of overlap between emerging activities (i.e., wind energy, wave energy, aquaculture and mining) and existing uses. (ii) Consultation with MSP experts and key stakeholders through an online survey based on the Delphi method. (iii) Application of the survey responses, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, to generate a Spatial Compatibility Index. The combination of wind and wave energy was the most compatible interaction found. Aquaculture shows low compatibility with other uses, due to the sensitivity of farming live species. Mining also showed low compatibility, mainly due to the risks involved in its operation. This contribution shows the possible spatial conflicts and synergies from a stakeholder perspective. This methodological approach aims to boost sustainable development in the marine environment, driving multi-use and reducing the impact associated to the exploitation of different activities.","author":["Medeiros, J.","Weiss, C.","Scherer, M.","Gandra, T.","Bonetti, J."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2024-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["-27.191163400000","-50.346514500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Medeiros-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-analysis-tidal-energy-support-sustainable-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2772655X24000624","title":"An economic analysis of tidal energy to support sustainable development","description":"Decarbonization of the energy sector, requires a strong expansion of renewable energy, which combined with effective and efficient use of resources, enables the development of models based on the green economy. Tidal energy, which is currently underutilized, can contribute to this change by providing affordable and clean energy, thus contributing to sustainable development. This work evaluates the economic dimension of sustainability and provides a profitability analysis related to a 1 MW plant located in central Italy. The methodology consists of a technical framework, geared toward quantifying the energy potential from that plant, and economic models based on indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT).  The results show that the plant turns out to be profitable in the base case (NPV = 573 k\u20ac and DPBT = 21 years) and policy interventions, which see the use of capital grants and subsidies, change the results to NPV ranging between 338 and 1287 k\u20ac and DPBT between 11 and 15 years. However, alternative scenarios indicate that the variables that most impact economic outcomes are changes related to energy selling price and capacity factor. The LCOE in the different scenarios varies between 49.4\u201389.8 \u20ac\/MWh. The implications of this work define that tidal energy supports the energy transition to sustainable development and that the mix of technical, market, and political factors must be considered in policy decision making.","author":["Catalano, M.","D\u0027Adamo, I.","Gastaldi, M.","Smol, M."],"organization":["University of Rome III","University of L\u0027Aquila","Polish Academy of Sciences"],"originationDate":"2024-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Catalano_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080154","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/manufacturers-power-strategy-confronting-marine-energy-instability-consumers","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261924014521?dgcid=api_sd_search-api-endpoint","title":"Manufacturers\u0027 power strategy confronting marine energy instability and consumers\u0027 environmental concern: Incentive and data-driven policy analysis","description":"Marine energy, as a renewable and environment-friendly energy, has presented promising solutions amid consumers\u0027 green concerns. However, manufacturers have to take the risk of marine energy\u0027s supply instability and green competition with market competitors. This study therefore investigates two competing manufacturers\u0027 equilibrium power strategies when they decide whether to use marine energy. We define the manufacturer\u0027s use of electricity from a fossil fuel power supplier as strategy T, and from a marine energy power supplier as strategy M. Our findings indicate that four strategy combinations may sustain as the equilibriums: (T,T), (M,T), (T,M) and (M,M), depending on the sophisticated interactions of consumers\u0027 environmental concerns, marine energy stability and competition intensity. We identify the marine energy advantage and the demand shrinking effect to interpret the main findings. The marine energy advantage refers to the increased demand from eco-friendly consumers when using marine energy. The demand shrinking effect refers to the narrowing of demand due to increasing product homogeneity. We further find that the different competition landscapes drive power suppliers to adjust their power prices and thus affect the equilibriums, which is defined as the power price effect. Interestingly, we show that consumers\u0027 green concern may lead to a worse environmental performance because green demand is created but marine energy supply instability will induce the manufacturer with a larger demand size to opt for polluting and stable fossil energy power.","author":["Niu, B.","Deng, X.","Wang, H."],"organization":["South China University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2024-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-16 10:38:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Niu-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080158","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identification-applicable-regulation-public-policy-gaps-regarding-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S096456912400156X","title":"Identification of applicable regulation and public policy gaps regarding marine renewable energy in Mexico","description":"Integrating renewables into the energy matrix enables efficient energy systems and meets the UN Sustainable Development Goals 7) affordable and clean energy, 9) industry, innovation, and infrastructure, 12) responsible production and use, and 13) climate action. A specific case is the use of marine renewable energy (MRE) for power supply in coastal cities affected by environmental and anthropogenic threats. MRE can be harnessed from waves, currents, offshore wind, and thermal and salinity gradients. In emerging economies, the marine renewable energy industry is at different stages from quantifying the potential, to device development, or testing. Currently, in Mexico, there is a wide range of marine energy projects despite the technological advances there is no framework for the device\u2019s deployment.  As a guide for developers, this article presents the current Mexican legislation on MRE. The review of the legislation has identified some niche opportunities that were highlighted during the research; legal pathway for planning and operational purposes.","author":["Rivera, G.","Ortiz, M.","Rivera-Arriaga, E.","Mendoza, E."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","Campeche Autonomous University (Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Campeche)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-23 11:03:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rivera_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080195","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-monitoring-risk-assessment-marine-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/B9780323939409002632","title":"Environmental Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Marine Energy Systems","description":"There is a growing interest in marine energy development around the world, but the industry is still in its early stages, with only a limited number of small-scale deployments thus far. One significant challenge lies in understanding and mitigating the potential environmental impact of deploying and operating marine energy systems on aquatic animals. To address these challenges, many monitoring technologies and risk assessment tools have been developed or are currently in development. This chapter delves into several of these technologies, such as biotelemetry, passive acoustic monitoring, active sonars, and autonomous sensors, to underscore their significance and practical applications.","author":["Deng, Z.","Salalila, A.","Copping, A.","Martinez, J.","Li, Y."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-23 07:13:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080228","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/working-group-offshore-renewable-energy-wgore-outputs-2023-meeting","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ices-library.figshare.com\/articles\/report\/Working_Group_on_Offshore_Renewable_Energy_WGORE_outputs_from_2023_meeting_\/26324926?file=47759056","title":"Working Group on Offshore Renewable Energy (WGORE; outputs from 2023 meeting)","description":"The Working Group on Offshore Renewable Energy (WGORE) focuses on coordinating scientific knowledge application for offshore energy installations. It aims to optimize ICES service in managing tidal, wave and offshore wind energy by assessing environmental impacts, regulatory processes, and future challenges.   In this report we give an overview of the work done on cumulative effects assessment of offshore renewables, chemical usage impacts, and environmental effects of emerging marine renewable energy technologies. As well as progress on the review of emerging and re-emerging environmental issues associated with offshore wind, wave and tidal energy developments. Collaborative efforts in drafting peer-reviewed journal papers addressing each Term of Reference are ongoing. Future work will include a review on the effectiveness and transferability of management measures to reduce, mitigate or compensate damage of the natural environment.","author":["Rumes, B.","Wood, D.","Copping, A.","Lipsky, A.","Hobbs, C.","Haberlin, D.","Edwards, E.","Pontavice, H.","Machado, I.","Mentxaka, I.","Wilson, J.","Kenyon, J.","Steenbergen, J.","Andrews, K.","Golmen, L.","Bergstr\u00f6m, L.","Jewett, L.","Vinagre, P.","Miller, R.","Fabri-Ruiz, S.","Paoletti, S.","Stelzenm\u00fcller, V."],"organization":["International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)"],"originationDate":"2024-07-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-14 03:18:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080230","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-implications-future-offshore-renewable-energy-development-aotearoa-new","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03036758.2024.2406829","title":"Environmental implications of future offshore renewable energy development in Aotearoa New Zealand","description":"Global climate mitigation efforts seeking to reduce greenhouse gas emissions require more renewable energy generation and utilisation. In Aotearoa New Zealand there are initiatives underway to develop offshore wind, or in the future, arrays of tidal turbines or wave energy converters, as a new energy resource. Here we synthesise available knowledge from international developments in offshore windfarm installations and discuss in a local Aotearoa New Zealand context. Aspects described include habitat modification, consequences of physical water column changes, and effects on benthic organisms, fish and fisheries, seabirds and marine mammals. Importantly, there is a need to adhere to Te Tiriti o Waitangi which defines M\u0101ori sovereign rights and expectations in terms of guardianship of resources (kaitiakitanga). Based on recent regulatory applications in marine spatial planning, where developments have been subject to the precautionary principle for environmental impacts, comprehensive environmental information will be critical for obtaining approval to proceed. The present synthesis identifies environmental pressure-points, footprints, and knowledge gaps, such as New Zealand-specific seabird and marine mammal behaviour and discusses potential opportunities to leverage the positive impacts of marine renewable energy developments.","author":["Hale, R.","Thompson, D.","Brough, T.","Kregting, L.","Hayden, M.","Parsons, D.","Nodder, S.","Beaumont, J.","Anderson, O.","Stevens, C."],"organization":["National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)","The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited","University of Auckland"],"originationDate":"2024-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-06 11:11:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hale_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080235","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-infrastructure-support-fewer-producers-more-filter-feeders-natural-habitats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad7ee1","title":"Marine infrastructure support fewer producers and more filter feeders than natural habitats: a review and meta-analysis","description":"Coastal infrastructure has reduced habitat complexity and altered light regimes compared to natural habitats, altering ecological communities and reducing overall biodiversity. Although, many studies have assessed effects of infrastructure on the overall biodiversity, these were often restricted in scope, by assessing only a particular type of infrastructure, such as coastal defence structures, or by focusing solely on diversity metrics. Therefore, we still have little knowledge on the functional impacts of infrastructure, in general, on coastal habitats. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the functional composition of natural and artificial marine habitats. We analysed a total of 68 publications from 26 countries, with data collected between 1995\u20132019. We found up to 60% more habitat-forming algae on natural habitats than on infrastructure at most tidal heights, but no differences were found when looking at all species of macro-algal, i.e. including non-habitat-formers. In contrast, we found more habitat-forming filter feeders, such as oysters and mussels, on subtidal vertical and floating structures, such as pylons and pontoons, respectively, than on natural habitats. Differences on the abundance of grazers varied with tidal height and\/or the type of infrastructure. For example, in the subtidal, grazers were significantly more abundant on natural boulders than on infrastructure, while at low tidal heights, we found significantly less grazers on artificial floating structures and on vertical structures than on natural habitats. With coastal development on the rise, these differences have significant implications for productivity, energy and nutrient flow in coastal systems. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting a functional approach to have a more holistic understanding on the environmental impacts associated to marine urbanisation and thus better inform management and restoration efforts.","author":["McKibbin, O.","Verges, A.","Pottier, P.","Mayer-Pinto, M."],"organization":["University of New South Wales","Sydney Institute of Marine Science"],"originationDate":"2024-10-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-10-30 08:14:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McKibbin-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080270","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/alfa-task-10-quantifying-collision-risk-fish-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/2438503","title":"ALFA Task 10: Quantifying Collision Risk for Fish and Turbines","description":"Lab Collaboration Project (LCP) for Marine Energy: Quantifying Collision Risk for Fish and Turbines Final Technical Report (Task 10)  A persistent environmental concern for the widespread deployment of tidal turbines is the potential for fish and marine mammals to collide with rotating blades (Copping et al. 2016, Copping and Hemery 2020). This is a consequence of well-documented bird and bat mortalities around wind turbines (Smallwood 2007, Thompson et al. 2017), as well as fish mortality at conventional hydropower dams (Pracheil et al. 2016) and tidal barrages (Dadswell and Rulifson 1994). However, unlike hydropower dams or barrages, tidal turbines do not involve structures that channel all flow through the turbines. Similarly, while functionally similar to wind turbines, tidal turbines often operate at lower relative velocities and, depending on the end-use application, may be significantly smaller than utility-scale wind turbines. Both of these factors reduce the likelihood and severity of collision, but the knowledge base on this topic remains limited.  The objective of this task was to add to that knowledge base in four areas:    To collect data on fish interactions with an operating tidal turbine;  To contextualize these interactions with the changes the turbine makes to the physical environment \u2013 specifically, the proximate flow disturbance and radiated noise that are a consequence of energy harvesting;  To interpret the behavior of fish interacting with the turbine and how this could increase or mitigate collision risk; and  To employ models for these interactions that could be used in a predictive manner at other locations.   The project was initiated in 2017 as a collaboration between Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and PMEC researchers at the University of Washington (UW) and University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF). Fish interactions were to be monitored around a pair of cross-flow turbines with a rated power output of 1 kW that were to be deployed in Sequim Bay, WA at PNNL\u2019s Marine \u0026amp; Coastal Research Laboratory (MCRL). Because of uncertainties about the ability of optical or active acoustic sensors to detect and track individual fish targets in close proximity to the turbine rotor (Cotter and Polagye 2020), PNNL planned to implant JSATS tags (McMichael et al. 2010) in a representative fish species that would allow individual fish to be tracked with high precision.  The project deviated from this initial plan in several ways.  First, during the initial phase of the project, PNNL tagged 100 juvenile sablefish and released them upstream of an Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP, Polagye et al. 2020) deployed at the intended turbine location at MCRL. However, only one of these fish definitively entered the field of view for the AMP\u2019s imaging sonars and none entered the camera field of view. Because of this, it was determined that an infeasibly large number of fish would need to be tagged for a reasonable sample size of released fish to interact with the turbine rotor. Consequently, this activity was removed from the project scope.  Second, the turbine deployment was substantially delayed relative to the initial timeline for multiple reasons. The turbine was a prototype cross-flow device on a gravity lander being developed by UW with parallel support from the Department of Defense\u2019s Naval Facilities and Engineering Systems Command (NAVFAC). The engineering development of this system took substantially longer than anticipated, such that the first system test with a fully submersible power take-off unit did not occur until summer 2020, two years after the initial deployment target at MCRL. In addition, NEPA and permitting processes took substantially longer than anticipated. Key issues involved a delay of nearly two years for one resource agency\u2019s Endangered Species Act consultation and protracted legal discussions over relatively minor points between UW, PNNL, and the Department of Natural Resources on the terms of the seabed lease for turbine deployment. Because of this, a decision was made in early 2022 to conduct the data collection aspect of the project around an endurance test for the turbine in Agate Pass, WA with the turbine deployed from a moored vessel.  Third, because of the project delays, UAF was unable to identify staff or students to conduct the behavioral evaluation of data from the Agate Pass deployment. Consequently, this portion of the scope was transferred to researchers at Oregon State University (OSU).  Despite these challenges and changes, the task was successful in meeting many of its objectives. Important outcomes included:     Demonstrated automated trajectory tracking of small fish targets using stereo-optical cameras and machine learning;  An increased understanding of the capabilities and limitations of optical and acoustic systems for tracking fish around tidal turbines;  A novel method for hypothesizing potential radiated noise from a deployed turbine and successful employment of acoustic localization of radiated noise in a tidal channel;  An understanding of the extent and magnitude of flow field disturbances around cross-flow turbines;  A framework for quantifying collision risk using physical attributes of marine animal motion relative to a turbine; and  Statistical and agent-based evaluations of encounter and collision risk, assessing sensitivity to key parameters.   In addition, several of the approaches developed under this project were employed during the eventual turbine deployment at MCRL.  This report is broken down into five sections, each of which describes a functional subtask:    Task 10.1: Fish Interaction with a Turbine: Field data collection of fish trajectories, including the baseline tracking of fish implanted with JSATS tags, cooperative target testing during turbine shakedown tests, and development of automatic detection and tracking capabilities for optical data streams  Task 10.1: Acoustic Characterization: Acoustic measurements around the turbine deployment in Agate Pass, contextualized by close range measurements of the turbine being motored in a dockside setting  Task 10.2: Velocity Field Characterization: Hydrodynamic disturbances around a laboratory-scale model of the field turbine, measured using Particle Image Velocimetry  Task 10.3: Behavioral Evaluation: Development and preliminary application of a model framework that can assign a collision risk based on quantitative metrics derived from  Task 10.4: Collision and Encounter Risk Modeling: Development and application of statistical and agent-based simulation to predict the likelihood of collision risk","author":["Polagye, B.","Bassett, C.","Scott, M.","Cotter, E.","Joslin, J.","Jones, L.","Talpey, G.","Snortland, A.","Peraza, J.","Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Washington","MarineSitu","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Oregon State University (OSU)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2024-07-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.077325500000","-123.046664800000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-06 11:45:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080325","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expanding-our-view-cold-water-coral-niche-accounting-ecosystem-services-reef-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-45559-5","title":"Expanding our view of the cold-water coral niche and accounting of the ecosystem services of the reef habitat","description":"Coral reefs are iconic ecosystems that support diverse, productive communities in both shallow and deep waters. However, our incomplete knowledge of cold-water coral (CWC) niche space limits our understanding of their distribution and precludes a complete accounting of the ecosystem services they provide. Here, we present the results of recent surveys of the CWC mound province on the Blake Plateau off the U.S. east coast, an area of intense human activity including fisheries and naval operations, and potentially energy and mineral extraction. At one site, CWC mounds are arranged in lines that total over 150 km in length, making this one of the largest reef complexes discovered in the deep ocean. This site experiences rapid and extreme shifts in temperature between 4.3 and 10.7 \u00b0C, and currents approaching 1 m s\u22121. Carbon is transported to depth by mesopelagic micronekton and nutrient cycling on the reef results in some of the highest nitrate concentrations recorded in the region. Predictive models reveal expanded areas of highly suitable habitat that currently remain unexplored. Multidisciplinary exploration of this new site has expanded understanding of the cold-water coral niche, improved our accounting of the ecosystem services of the reef habitat, and emphasizes the importance of properly managing these systems.","author":["Cordes, E.","Demopoulos, A.","Davies, A.","Gasbarro, R.","Rhoads, A.","Lobecker, E.","Sowers, D.","Chaytor, J.","Morrison, C.","Weinnig, A.","Brooke, S.","Lunden, J.","Mienis, F.","Joye, S.","Quattrini, A.","Sutton, T.","McFadden, C.","Bourque, J.","McClain-Counts, J.","Andrews, B.","Betters, M.","Etnoyer, P.","Wolff, G.","Bernard, B.","Brooks, J.","Rasser, M.","Adams, C."],"organization":["Temple University","US Geological Survey (USGS)","University of Rhode Island","Kongsberg Underwater Technology","Ocean Exploration Trust","Florida State University","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","University of Georgia","National Museum of Natural History","Nova Southeastern University","Harvey Mudd College","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","TDI-Brooks International","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2023-11-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-20 11:53:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cordes_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080328","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-environmental-impact-assessment-sindhuja-i-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/14750902241292500","title":"Life cycle environmental impact assessment of the \u0027Sindhuja-I\u0027 wave energy converter","description":"The life cycle assessment (LCA) is an inevitable part of ocean wave energy systems. This paper presents an LCA of the Sindhuja-I ocean wave energy converter (WEC). The WEC is a point absorber type WEC tested at the Tuticorin port in India. This study utilized the ISO 14044 standard and SimaPro LCA software to assess the environmental impact of the WEC in comparison to a coal power plant, offshore wind, and tidal energy devices. The functional unit considered is the generation of 1 kWh of electricity. The WEC has a global warming potential of 174 gCO2-eq\/kWh, showcasing an impressive 81.9% reduction in emissions compared to coal power plants. Stainless steel contributes significantly to emissions, accounting for 93.7%, 94.6%, 99.4%, and 94.1% of total CO2, NOx, SO2, and PM2.5 emissions, respectively. The paper emphasizes the potential environmental benefits of recycling WEC materials at the end of their lifespan. Furthermore, the study suggests that the longevity of a point absorber device can positively impact its overall environmental footprint, given its minimal moving parts and low maintenance requirements. The WEC has a promising environmental footprint of ocean wave energy conversion, particularly compared to traditional fossil fuel-based power generation.","author":["Singh, D.","Paul, A.","Samad, A.","Haque, N."],"organization":["Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology","Indian Institute of Technology Madras","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)"],"originationDate":"2024-11-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["8.770065000000","78.161026000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 07:04:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080329","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comprehensive-review-multi-use-platforms-renewable-energy-aquaculture-integration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/17\/19\/4816","title":"A Comprehensive Review of Multi-Use Platforms for Renewable Energy and Aquaculture Integration","description":"This review aims to find, classify, and discuss ongoing projects that fall into the category of multi-use platforms, concerning offshore energy exploitation and marine resource production, including aquaculture. The term multi-use platforms (MUPs) refer to areas that may accommodate multiple operations such as aquaculture, tourism, transportation, oil, or energy production. This research only examines the current situation of marine energy projects that entail the integration of either a single kind of renewable energy or other types of marine renewable energy, in conjunction with aquaculture. The particularity of this research consists in the exclusive choice of platforms that integrate two sources of renewable energy on a single platform. The study focuses on analyzing the projects set up over time on these platforms, all of which include aquaculture. The state of the art in MUPs for offshore applications was examined to generate the review. We devised a methodical search approach aiming to find relevant material from various academic fields. During this phase, we looked to understand as much as we could about MUPs, including their design, the nature of these projects, what kinds of projects they can include, how they integrate renewable energy sources, and whether aquaculture facilities can be put together. To preserve scientific integrity and guarantee the inclusion of relevant research, a search strategy was formulated. The bibliographic study was through critical analysis, and at the end, significant conclusions were drawn concerning the development of multi-use platforms.","author":["Manolache, A.I.","Andrei, G."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati"],"originationDate":"2024-09-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-21 06:37:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Manolache_and_Andrei_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080331","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-coast-perceptions-wave-energy-second-survey-california-oregon-washington","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/technical_reports\/mp48sp093","title":"West Coast Perceptions of Wave Energy: A Second Survey of California, Oregon, and Washington Residents","description":"The West Coast of North America has high potential for wave energy development. Recent estimates from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory suggest it could generate up to 40% of the combined annual electricity consumption of California, Oregon, and Washington. The PacWave South test site, located seven miles off the coast of Newport, Oregon, is expected to begin grid-connected testing of wave energy converters in 2025, which will provide valuable information that can contribute to the commercial development of the technology in the coming years.    The Pacific Marine Energy Center, with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy Water Power Technologies Office, is conducting research to better understand public views on this emerging technology on the West Coast. Our effort builds upon a previous survey conducted during the summer of 2020 of West Coast states and British Columbia, which found, despite low familiarity, positive public perceptions of wave energy.    To assess how views may have changed in the past four years, we developed and conducted a survey of California, Oregon, and Washington residents (N=2999), administered online via Qualtrics, matched on age, gender, and education to general population quotas for the three states. Respondents were asked how much they had heard or read about wave energy; their views of commonly cited risks and benefits; and their overall attitude toward wave energy development.","author":["Stelmach, G.","Boudet, H."],"organization":["Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2024-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":[["47.156846000000","-120.351389000000"],["43.997600000000","-120.838384000000"],["37.384174000000","-120.212163000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 08:12:25","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stelmacg_and_Boudet_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080342","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-turtle-density-surface-models-along-united-states-atlantic-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/esr\/v53\/p227-245\/","title":"Sea turtle density surface models along the United States Atlantic coast","description":"Spatially explicit estimates of marine species distribution and abundance are required to quantify potential impacts from human activities such as military training and testing, fisheries interactions, and offshore energy development. There are 4 protected species of sea turtle (loggerhead, green, Kemp\u2019s ridley, and leatherback) commonly found along the east coast of the USA, our study area, and which require impact assessments. Data from 7 different survey organizations were used to create density surface models for the 4 sea turtle species utilizing 1.2 million km of line-transect surveys. A substantial portion (29.7%) of available sightings were not identified to the species level. Not including these sightings would underestimate density, so a conditional random forest model was used to assign unidentified sightings to species. Higher densities of loggerhead, green, and Kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtles were predicted south of the Outer Banks in cool months, transitioning northwards in late spring to occupy seasonal neritic habitats. The highest leatherback densities were predicted off the coasts of Georgia and Florida. Leatherbacks were also predicted throughout offshore areas. The predicted distribution patterns generally matched satellite tracking and strandings data, indicating the models reproduced established seasonal movements. Surveys rarely detect sea turtles smaller than 40 cm, so these age classes are not represented. The models are the first for the study area to apply availability bias estimates developed in or near the study area and attempt to classify unidentified sightings to the species level, providing an updated, critical tool for conservation management along the eastern seaboard.","author":["DiMatteo, A.","Roberts, J.","Jones, D.","Garrison, L.","Hart, K.","Kenney, R.","McLellan, W.","Lomac-MacNair, K.","Palka, D.","Rickard, M.","Roberts, K.","Zoidis, A.","Sparks, L."],"organization":["McLaughin Research Corporation","Duke University","Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","US Geological Survey (USGS)","University of Rhode Island","University of North Carolina","Tetra Tech Inc.","Cetos Research Organization","NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center","State University of New York","Louisiana State University","Naval Undersea Warfare Center (NUWC)"],"originationDate":"2024-02-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Sea Turtles","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 10:14:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DiMatteo-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080343","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/deep-learning-workflow-support-flight-processing-digital-aerial-imagery-wildlife","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0288121","title":"Deep learning workflow to support in-flight processing of digital aerial imagery for wildlife population surveys","description":"Deep learning shows promise for automating detection and classification of wildlife from digital aerial imagery to support cost-efficient remote sensing solutions for wildlife population monitoring. To support in-flight orthorectification and machine learning processing to detect and classify wildlife from imagery in near real-time, we evaluated deep learning methods that address hardware limitations and the need for processing efficiencies to support the envisioned in-flight workflow. We developed an annotated dataset for a suite of marine birds from high-resolution digital aerial imagery collected over open water environments to train the models. The proposed 3-stage workflow for automated, in-flight data processing includes: 1) image filtering based on the probability of any bird occurrence, 2) bird instance detection, and 3) bird instance classification. For image filtering, we compared the performance of a binary classifier with Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) as a means of sub-setting large volumes of imagery based on the probability of at least one bird occurrence in an image. On both the validation and test datasets, the binary classifier achieved higher performance than Mask R-CNN for predicting bird occurrence at the image-level. We recommend the binary classifier over Mask R-CNN for workflow first-stage filtering. For bird instance detection, we leveraged Mask R-CNN as our detection framework and proposed an iterative refinement method to bootstrap our predicted detections from loose ground-truth annotations. We also discuss future work to address the taxonomic classification phase of the envisioned workflow.","author":["Ke, T.","Yu, S.","Koneff, M.","Fronczak, D.","Fara, L.","Harrison, T.","Landolt, K.","Hlavacek, E.","Lubinski, B.","White, T."],"organization":["University of California Berkeley","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)","US Geological Survey (USGS)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Waterfowl","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2024-11-25 01:04:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ke-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080352","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improving-decision-making-energy-transition-guidance-using-strategic-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/training.iaia.org\/guidance-for-using-strategic-environmental-assessment-sea\/","title":"Improving Decision-Making for The Energy Transition: Guidance for using Strategic Environmental Assessment","description":"Aims of the Guidance  For most countries, the transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy as part of the energy transition will not focus on a single type of energy source or technology. It will inevitably involve a balance of different renewable sources and will, at least for the foreseeable future, continue to derive energy from non-renewable sources (fossil fuels) to meet a significant proportion of energy demand and ensure energy security, especially given continued population growth, rising energy demand, and geopolitical uncertainties. Therefore, this mix is likely to be reflected in national and sub-national energy strategies, policies, and plans for some years to come.  The energy transition process will not be easy and will not be completed in the next few years, more likely over the coming decades, despite the fact that the pace of renewables development is accelerating as countries seek to meet their climate obligations in line with the Paris Agreement.  This guidance addresses the application of SEA to the energy transition, notably the early retirement of coal-fired power plants, changes to intermediary coal-based supply chains, and associated closure of coal mines, and the development of the renewable energy sector and associated energy sector restructuring. Currently, the guidance covers the following renewable energy types: hydropower, wind, solar, bioenergy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, and green hydrogen and ammonia. Other types (e.g., nuclear) may be added in the next version of the guidance along with the transition from liquid or gas fossil fuels. The guidance is, therefore, primarily concerned with the supply side of energy.  Some chapters focus on the \u201cwhy and how\u201d of SEA (aims, roles, stages, tasks), while others address coal mining and power generation and various renewable energy technologies. The latter chapters discuss the main technologies in use and the key environmental and socioeconomic issues associated with them. SEAs for the energy transition will need to address such issues and provide direction for project-level EIAs (for projects concerned with coal closure and renewable energy development) about the issues that will need to be considered.  Many of the environmental and socioeconomic issues discussed in Chapters 5-12 will appear to be at a project level. This is because most of our knowledge of these issues is derived from experience implementing energy generation activities around the world, both for fossil fuel and renewable energy developments and projects. These are the very issues likely to be identified during scoping for an SEA (see Chapter 2, Section 2.5), either because stakeholders are familiar with them or, often, because they have been directly affected by them. It is important to understand these issues because they may give rise to cumulative impacts from multiple projects when a PPP is implemented, and a critical role of SEA is to identify the potential and risk of cumulative impacts arising. Furthermore, these are the issues that may require to be addressed by changes to existing laws, regulations, or PPPs, and this is a matter on which an SEA should make recommendations.  This guidance is \u201chigh-level\u201d and does not go into detail about the options and opportunities for mitigation measures to avoid or minimize\/reduce negative impacts, or to offset and compensate for them, or to restore\/rehabilitate land at the end of a project, or about how to enhance positive impacts. That is one of the functions of individual project EIAs.  There are many generalized SEA guidelines published by governments and organizations. A survey of existing guidelines undertaken during Phase A of this initiative identified 142 guidelines, available at: www.iaia.org\/pdf\/hot-topics\/Inventory-of-SEA-guidelines.pdf. The number of such guidelines can be expected to increase in the future to meet the demands of the energy transition across the globe. Some of these address individual renewable energy sub-sectors (e.g., hydropower, wind), but none are currently available that cover the entire renewable energy field or the energy transition.  This guidance fills this critical gap and aims to promote sustainability in the energy transition to renewable sources. It particularly aims to promote a common approach and best practice based on internationally accepted principles and good practices for SEA. The key target groups for the guidance include:    SEA practitioners\/professionals tasked with preparing an SEA for either (i) a PPP process under the responsibilities of an energy department (energy sector planning) or (ii) a multi-sector PPP process in which the energy department has to play its role (e.g., spatial planning or regional development planning);  Government ministries, departments, and agencies, particularly those responsible for energy planning and development and environment agencies responsible for national SEA systems and regulations;  International organizations focused on renewable energy development;  Financing organizations (including multilateral development banks and bilateral donors) that support the transition to renewable energy and which require due diligence to be carried out and environmental and social safeguards to be complied for both private and public sector investments in renewables;  Sector organizations that advocate for a specific renewable energy technology;  UN and other international organizations that promote the transition to renewable energy and which provide advice and support to governments;  NGOs and CSOs with an interest or mandate covering renewable energy;  Private sector energy companies and renewable energy developers with interest in moving to the use of renewable energy or securing their projects and minimizing planning-related risks. The guidance sets out the key environmental and socioeconomic issues likely to arise when developing various renewable energy options. These issues will need to be addressed in the development and operation of facilities in relation to overarching policies, plans, and programs for renewable energy development;  Researchers and academics working in the field of renewable energy and to students studying impact assessment, climate change, and the energy transition in its many forms;  Other stakeholders with an interest in or likely to be affected by the energy transition to renewable energy.       Executive Summary  Full Report","author":["Dalal-Clayton, B.","Scott-Brown, M."],"organization":["International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)","International Finance Corporation (IFC)","Asian Development Bank (ADB)","Impact Assessment Agency of Canada (IAAC)","Netherlands Commission for Environment Assessment (MER)","Government of Norway"],"originationDate":"2024-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-04 09:29:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEA-Guidance.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SEA-Guidance-Executive-Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080360","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-benthic-ecological-surveying-marine-renewable-developments-scottish-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/review-benthic-ecological-surveying-marine-renewable-developments-scottish-waters\/","title":"A review of benthic ecological surveying for marine renewable developments in Scottish waters","description":"The pace of development in the offshore wind, wave, and tidal sectors in Scotland, referred to here as Marine Renewable Energy (MRE), has increased significantly recently. This is especially the case in the offshore wind sector with the ScotWind and Innovation and Targeted Oil and Gas (INTOG) leasing rounds now completed. Development in this sector is likely to continue to progress to meet Scottish and wider UK decarbonisation targets.  A variety of environmental assessments are needed as part of the MRE development process. Characterising the intertidal and seabed features within development areas is key to establish a baseline and can be useful during and post-construction to monitor any potential changes arising from development activity.  Scotland has a rich marine geodiversity and biodiversity that are intrinsically linked to the unique physical characteristics and processes that occur within the marine environment. These features and patterns have some similarities to the other parts of the UK but can also be distinctly different. The equipment and methods employed elsewhere for intertidal and seabed ecology surveys are therefore not necessarily suitable for the inshore and offshore waters around Scotland.  The Scottish Government aims to ensure that planning and consenting decisions are informed by sound evidence and makes reasonable efforts to address any gaps in knowledge in line with the National Marine Plan (Scottish Government, 2015). This report, commissioned by the Scottish Marine Energy Research (ScotMER) programme, provides a detailed appraisal of possible intertidal and seabed ecology surveying options. It also provides recommendations on planning and executing seabed ecology surveys for the characterisation and monitoring of Marine Renewable Energy Developments (MREDs) at each stage of activity.  At the heart of the project outputs is a tabular \u201ctool, technology and technique evaluation matrix\u201d, which is presented as an Appendix to the main report. This Evaluation Matrix and supporting commentary in the report provides users with a comprehensive option evaluation toolkit. The toolkit can be used to identify the technical solutions best suited for surveying benthic ecology features in the context of specific MRED project needs within Scottish waters.  The report evaluates the key issues and decisions linked to applying these tool, technology and technique options within an overall seabed survey planning and delivery framework.","author":["Aquatera"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2024-10-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-28 05:23:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aquatera_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080372","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammal-collision-risk-modelling","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Mammal Collision Risk Modelling","description":"Flex Marine Power Ltd, in association with Islay Energy Trust, is proposing to develop a tidal energy generating project in the Sound of Islay. During consultation with NatureScot, it was advised that, as part of the marine licensing application, collision risk modelling should be carried out in order to assess the implications of potential collisions with the tidal device for:    Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), relating to the South-East Islay Skerries SAC [UK0030067];  Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), relating to the Inner Hebrides and Minches SAC [UK0030393]; and,  Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) relating to the Treshnish Isles SAC [UK0030289].   The Encounter Rate Model (ERM) (SNH, 2016) was used to predict the number of collisions with the tidal device expected per year for harbour seal, harbour porpoise and grey seal. The density of animals at the site for each of the three species was calculated based on published data available in the public domain. Parameters associated with the size, shape and speed of the animals, the nature of the tidal channel and the specifications of the tidal device were then used to predict of animal encounters with the blades. Two scenarios were considered, one representing the 3.28 m diameter rotor that will be deployed initially, and the other representing the 5 m diameter rotor that will be deployed subsequently. The predictions are assumed to represent lethal collisions in the absence of avoidance. A 98% avoidance rate was then applied to predict the final number of collisions per year.  Number of collisions predicted for harbour porpoise, harbour seal and grey seal using the ERM model are presented in the report.","author":["Vallejo, G.","McCarthy, S."],"organization":["Natural Power","Flex Marine Power Ltd."],"originationDate":"2021-11-18","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.850309500000","-6.114707100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:23:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/sound_of_islay_marine_mammal_collision_risk_modelling_report_a.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080374","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/joint-spatiotemporal-models-predict-seabird-densities-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/marine-science\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1078042\/full","title":"Joint spatiotemporal models to predict seabird densities at sea","description":"Introduction: Seabirds are abundant, conspicuous members of marine ecosystems worldwide. Synthesis of distribution data compiled over time is required to address regional management issues and understand ecosystem change. Major challenges when estimating seabird densities at sea arise from variability in dispersion of the birds, sampling effort over time and space, and differences in bird detection rates associated with survey vessel type.  Methods: Using a novel approach for modeling seabirds at sea, we applied joint dynamic species distribution models (JDSDM) with a vector-autoregressive spatiotemporal framework to survey data collected over nearly five decades and archived in the North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database. We produced monthly gridded density predictions and abundance estimates for 8 species groups (77% of all birds observed) within Cook Inlet, Alaska. JDSDMs included habitat covariates to inform density predictions in unsampled areas and accounted for changes in observed densities due to differing survey methods and decadal-scale variation in ocean conditions.  Results: The best fit model provided a high level of explanatory power (86% of deviance explained). Abundance estimates were reasonably precise, and consistent with limited historical studies. Modeled densities identified seasonal variability in abundance with peak numbers of all species groups in July or August. Seabirds were largely absent from the study region in either fall (e.g., murrelets) or spring (e.g., puffins) months, or both periods (shearwaters).  Discussion: Our results indicated that pelagic shearwaters (Ardenna spp.) and tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) have declined over the past four decades and these taxa warrant further investigation into underlying mechanisms explaining these trends. JDSDMs provide a useful tool to estimate seabird distribution and seasonal trends that will facilitate risk assessments and planning in areas affected by human activities such as oil and gas development, shipping, and offshore wind and renewable energy.","author":["Arimitsu, M.","Piatt, J.","Thorson, J.","Kuletz, K.","Drew, G.","Schoen, S.","Cushing, D.","Kroeger, C.","Sydeman, W."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Farallon Institute","US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)"],"originationDate":"2023-01-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.682404000000","-152.455209000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-12 09:52:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Arimitsu-et-al-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080376","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-techniques-case-study-wave-powered-offshore-aquaculture-farms","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148124018597","title":"Marine spatial planning techniques with a case study on wave-powered offshore aquaculture farms","description":"As emerging marine technologies lead to the development of new infrastructure across the ocean, they enter an environment that existing ecosystems and industries already rely on. Although necessary to provide sustainable sources of energy and food, careful planning will be important to make informed decisions and avoid conflicts. This paper examines several techniques used for marine spatial planning, an approach for analyzing and planning the use of marine resources. Using open-source software including QGIS and Python, the potential for developing offshore aquaculture farms powered by a reference model wave energy converter from the Sandia National Labs, the RM3, along the Northeast coast of the United States is assessed and several feasible sites are identified. The optimal site, located at 43.7\u00b0N 68.9\u00b0W along the coast of Maine, has a total cost for a 5-pen farm of $56.8M, annual fish yield of 676 tonnes, and a levelized cost of fish of $9.23 per kilogram. Overall trends indicate that the cost greatly decreases with distance to shore due to the greater availability of wave energy and that conflicts and environmental constraints significantly limit the number of feasible sites in this region.","author":["Ewig, G.","Hasankhani, A","Won, E","Haji, M"],"organization":["Cornell University","University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.700001000000","-68.900024000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-12 09:54:41","signatureProject":["Reference Model","Reference Model\/RM3: Wave Point Absorber"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080400","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/icoe-2024-key-takeaways-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-documents\/market-policy-\/document\/icoe-2024-key-takeaways-report\/","title":"ICOE 2024 Key Takeaways Report","description":"A comprehensive overview of the discussions and strategic directions from the International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE). Held in Melbourne from September 17-19, 2024, this global event brought together experts to share milestones and explore the future of ocean energy.  This report captures the essence of the conference\u2019s dialogue, offering a concise summary of key themes, such as technological innovation, policy development, and environmental impact. Enriched by exclusive interviews with industry stakeholders, researchers, and policymakers, it provides unique perspectives, adding depth to the report.  Notable highlights include the release of the OES-Environmental 2024 State of the Science Report and a celebration of the IEA-OES Poster Award winners, with significant research contributions to the field.","author":["Brito e Melo, A."],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-16 11:16:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-icoe2024-key-takeaways.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080404","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/management-focused-population-viability-analysis-north-atlantic-right-whales","sourceURL":"https:\/\/test-media.fisheries.noaa.gov\/2023-10\/TM307-508-1-.pdf","title":"A management-focused population viability analysis for North Atlantic right whales","description":"The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) is among the most endangered whale species in the world and has been in decline since 2010. Considerable effort is directed toward its recovery by striving to remove threats. In this report, we describe the development of a population viability analysis for right whales that is designed to assess the current status, evaluate the contributions of various threats, and explore the management interventions needed to achieve recovery. The individual-based model that underlies this analysis accounts for age- and stage-specific survival and reproductive rates, the effects of severe injury from entanglement or vessel strike, and future changes in prey availability and accessibility. Several new or updated empirical analyses supplied parameter estimates, and parametric uncertainty was carefully incorporated into the model results.  We find that under the status quo conditions of 2019, prior to the enactment of new regulations by the U.S. and Canada after 2020, the North Atlantic right whale population would be expected to continue to fall, with a median decline of 75% in 100 years (95% projection interval, (-98% to +9% change) and a probability of falling below 50 proven females of 0.934 in 100 years. If the recently enacted regulations reduce entanglement risk by 25%, however, the population would be expected to decrease by 42% over 100 years (95% projection interval -92% to +154% change), with a risk of falling below 50 proven females in 100 years of 0.705. If, instead, the recently enacted regulations reduce entanglement risk by 50%, the population would be expected to increase by 52% in 100 years (95% projection interval -83% to +497% change), with a probability of falling below 50 proven females of 0.349.  Of the 3 primary threats explored in this analysis, the risk of entanglement contributes the most to the long-term risk of quasi-extinction, followed closely by the risk of vessel strike, and much more distantly by a decrease in prey availability. In hypothetical scenarios that fully remove one threat at a time, removal of the entanglement threat alone reduces the probability of falling below 50 proven females in 100 years from 0.934 to 0.053; removal of the vessel strike threat alone reduces it to 0.343; and a return to higher prey conditions, but with both human-related threats still in place, reduces it to 0.875.  We explored a wide range of management intervention scenarios that changed the rate of entanglement risk (e.g., endline reductions, closures, implementation of ropeless\/on-demand gear); the effect of entanglement (through use of weak rope technology); the rate of vessel traffic increase over time; and the severity of vessel strike risk through speed restrictions. We found, for example, that reducing entanglement risk alone by 25% reduces the risk of quasi-extinction from 0.934 to 0.705; reducing vessel strike risk alone by 25% reduces the risk of quasi-extinction from 0.934 to 0.846; but the combination of reducing both entanglement risk and vessel strike risk by 25% reduces the risk of quasi-extinction to 0.528.  This model and the results it produced are meant to represent an assessment of the current status of North Atlantic right whales using the best available scientific and commercial data and state-of-the-art analytical tools. Our knowledge of the future of the right whale population, however, has limitations. We have endeavored to fully incorporate uncertainty into this model, but there are many areas for continued improvement. We view this model as a living tool that can be improved, adapted, and extended as new data, new methods, and new questions arise.","author":["Runge, M.","Linden, D.","Hostetler, J.","Borggaard, D.","Garrison, L.","Knowlton, A.","Lesage, V.","Williams, R.","Pace, R."],"organization":["US Geological Survey (USGS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Oceans Initiative","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2023-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.660734032969","-67.201228205726"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:55:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Runge-et-al-2023_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080432","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/performance-drifting-acoustic-instrumentation-system-daisy-characterizing-radiated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40722-024-00358-6","title":"Performance of a Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem (DAISY) for characterizing radiated noise from marine energy converters","description":"Marine energy converters can generate electricity from energetic ocean waves and water currents. Because sound is extensively used by marine animals, the radiated noise from these systems is of regulatory interest. However, the energetic nature of these locations poses challenges for performing accurate passive acoustic measurements, particularly with stationary platforms. The Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem (DAISY) is a modular hydrophone recording system purpose-built for marine energy environments. Using a flow shield in currents and mass\u2013spring\u2013damper suspension system in waves, we demonstrate that DAISYs can effectively minimize the masking effect of flow noise at frequencies down to 10 Hz. In addition, we show that groups of DAISYs can utilize time-delay-of-arrival post-processing to attribute radiated noise to a specific source. Consequently, DAISYs can rapidly measure radiated noise at all frequencies of interest for prototype marine energy converters. The resulting information from future operational deployments should support regulatory decision-making and allow technology developers to make design adjustments that minimize the potential for acoustic impacts as their systems are scaled up for utility-scale power generation.  Publication Data","author":["Polagye, B.","Crisp, C.","Jones, L.","Murphy, P.","Noe, J.","Calandra, G.","Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington","MarineSitu"],"originationDate":"2024-12-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-21 12:18:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080435","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/capture-release-minke-whales-offers-new-research-opportunities-including-measurements","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/article\/capture-and-release-of-minke-whales-offers-new-research-opportunities-including-measurements-of-mysticete-hearing\/","title":"Capture and Release of Minke Whales Offers New Research Opportunities, Including Measurements of Mysticete Hearing","description":"Knowledge about species-specific hearing is vital to assessing how anthropogenic noise impacts marine mammals. Unfortunately, no empirical audiogram exists for any mysticete whale. We therefore developed a catch-and-release method to assess hearing in a small mysticete, the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Stationary lead nets were placed to intercept migratory routes and direct the whales into an ocean basin enclosed by nets and islets, while another net was pulled across the entrance once a whale entered the basin. The minke whales were then slowly corralled into a modified aquaculture pen using a net suspended between two boats. Subsequently, the water volume available to the whales was gradually reduced by raising the pen net by hand until the whales were secured in a \u201chammock\u201d between the floating pen ring and a raft. From the raft, researchers could access the whales to monitor their health, apply instruments for hearing tests, or perform other research objectives, and then attach tags to monitor the movements and diving behavior of the whale post-release. The method is a slow and controlled procedure, allowing continuous monitoring and quick release of the whales, if needed. In the first three field seasons employing the method, three minke whales were caught for research procedures. Initial hearing measurements using auditory evoked potentials were successfully completed. After release, the whales resumed migration, and dive behavior was considered normal. Our observations demonstrated that minke whales can be guided safely via moored net barriers, corralled into an aquaculture pen, and safely handled for research purposes, before being released back into the wild.","author":["Kleivane, L.","Kvadsheim, P.","Vinje, A.V.P.","Mulsow, J.","Arne Iberg, R.","Teilmann, J.","Harms, C.","Houser, D."],"organization":["LKARTS-Norway","Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)","UiT The Arctic University of Norway","National Marine Mammal Foundation","Kristiansand Dyrepark","Aarhus University","North Carolina State University"],"originationDate":"2024-01-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-21 01:05:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kleivane_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080437","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-thermal-cold-discharge-power-plants-marine-benthos-its-mitigation-measures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/marine-science\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2024.1465289\/full","title":"Impacts of thermal and cold discharge from power plants on marine benthos and its mitigation measures: a systematic review","description":"Introduction: Power plants discharge thermal and cold effluents that significantly alter marine environments, impacting various organisms, including benthic communities. While thermal discharge has received considerable research attention, the impacts of cold discharge remain underexplored. This systematic review synthesizes existing research on the effects of power plant discharges on marine benthic ecosystems.  Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines, covering studies from 1974 to 2024. A total of 58 articles were included in this review. CiteSpace was used to visualize trends, and statistical analysis was conducted to assess relationships between environmental parameters and changes in benthic abundance.  Results: A significant negative correlation was observed between temperature differentials, ambient temperature, and benthic abundance. Thermal discharge generally led to reduced benthic diversity and abundance, with occasional increases under low ambient temperatures. Cold discharge effects remain less documented, with evidence primarily focused on phytoplankton and fish. Additionally, dissolved oxygen, pH, and bottom sediment composition were significantly altered by power plant discharge. Detection and mitigation measures are crucial to managing these impacts. Mitigation measures include distributed discharge for cold effluents, advanced heat recovery systems, and careful site selection to minimize impacts on sensitive ecosystems. Long-term management and adaptive strategies are essential to reduce adverse effects and maintain ecological balance.  Discussion: Thermal discharges adversely impact marine benthic organisms by decreasing biodiversity and changing community structure, largely due to elevated temperatures and reduced oxygen levels. Cold discharges present unique challenges that require further research to fully understand their ecological impacts. Mitigation measures, such as distributed discharge for cold effluents and advanced heat recovery systems for thermal discharges, are essential to minimize the environmental impact of power plant operations.","author":["Leng, Q.","Mohamat-Yusuff, F.","Mohamed, K.N.","Zainordin, N.S.","Hassan, M."],"organization":["Universiti Putra Malaysia"],"originationDate":"2024-12-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2024-12-21 01:20:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leng_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080473","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biofouling-management-best-practices-offshore-renewable-energy-sector-overview","sourceURL":"","title":"Biofouling Management Best Practices in the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector: An Overview","description":"The Biofouling Management Best Practices in the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector: An Overview report includes:   1. Introduction 2. Renewable Energy 3. Biofouling Impacts 4. Gaps 5. Management 6. Mitigating risks","author":["Heupel, E.","Shumway, S.","Durr, S."],"organization":["International Maritime Organization (IMO)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-06 11:13:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Heupel-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080493","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dmec-market-report-20232024-innovative-offshore-renewable-energy-technologies-dmecs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dutchmarineenergy.com\/insights-and-events\/_insights\/dmec-market-report-2023","title":"DMEC Market Report 2023\/2024: Innovative Offshore Renewable Energy Technologies in DMEC\u0027s Portfolio","description":"The market report 2023\/2024 provides highlights and a market analysis of the offshore solar, wave, tidal and nature-inclusive design sectors, with a specific focus on Europe. Also, a high-level overview is given for offshore renewable energy innovations in the fields of floating wind, salinity gradient, ocean thermal energy conversion, offshore storage and hydrogen \u0026amp; power-to-X.  The offshore innovations covered in the report and their potential combinations in multi-source parks have an incredible potential to transform the energy system due to more consistent and ultimately cheap renewable electricity supply, and\/or the mitigation of impacts of offshore renewable energy developments. Next to providing an overview of the potential of these innovations, the report also covers technical, financial and regulatory challenges to be considered.","author":["Dutch Marine Energy Centre (DMEC)"],"organization":["Dutch Marine Energy Centre (DMEC)"],"originationDate":"2024-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-30 08:34:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DMEC_Market_Report_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080503","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seals-exhibit-localised-avoidance-operational-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1365-2664.14844","title":"Seals exhibit localised avoidance of operational tidal turbines","description":"1. Tidally energetic habitats are used by a range of marine mammals, including pinnipeds. These areas are also important to the tidal energy industry, leading to an overlap between tidal developments and important habitats used by seals. The concerns around negative ecological impacts from tidal turbines derive primarily from the potential for fatal collisions between animals and the moving parts of the turbine (i.e. blades) and habitat exclusion from important areas.  2. We quantified the number of encounters of seals within close range (10s of metres) of the turbine and estimated the likelihood of seal presence over an annual cycle. Data were collected with two multibeam sonars monitoring an operational turbine in the Pentland Firth, Scotland, between May 2022 and June 2023. There were 704 seal encounters within close range of the turbine.  3. We used generalised additive models (GAMs) to investigate the temporal patterns of seal presence at the turbine site. Results showed that the probability of seal presence was significantly higher at slack water, at night and during the winter months (November\u2013January: mean of ~4 seals a day). When comparing seal presence between periods of turbine operation and non-operation, the model predicted a decrease in presence during turbine operation in flow speeds of \u22652.3\u2009ms\u22121 (mean reduction of 77% at the highest flow speed; 95% CI: 22%\u201393%).  4. Synthesis and applications. The result showing that seals exhibit avoidance of the turbine during operation is important for industry developers and regulators, as lower numbers of seals close to the turbine reduces the potential for fatal collisions and injuries. The modelled reductions in presence can be used directly as avoidance rates in collision risk models to predict the impacts of future turbine arrays and de-risk the consenting process for this industry.","author":["Montabaranom, J.","Gillespie, D.","Longden, E.","Rapson, K.","Holoborodko, A.","Sparling, C.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2025-01-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.660569751855","-3.142121177912"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-10 09:12:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Montabaranom_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080506","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wind-energy-development-latin-america-caribbean-risk-assessment-flying-vertebrates","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0195925524003858?via%3Dihub","title":"Wind energy development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Risk assessment for flying vertebrates","description":"Airspace fragmentation caused by human activity threatens wildlife. Wind turbines occupy a range of altitudes frequently used by many flying vertebrates, potentially leading to collisions and other adverse effects. Here, we review the impact of wind farms on birds and bats in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and found that research is lacking, with just 22 available articles focusing on only six countries. Indirect effects, such as habitat fragmentation and barrier effects remain understudied, with most studies focusing on direct collision mortality. We identified more than 16,000 wind turbines in operation or being planned in LAC countries. Nearly half of the region\u2019s threatened bird and bat species inhabit areas with operating wind farms, including the densely wind farmed Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, the Guajira region in Colombia, and the Caribbean islands, among others. Passeriformes, followed by Psittaciformes, were the bird orders most frequently found in areas with wind turbines. Additionally, we found some migratory bat species, which are particularly prone to collision with wind turbines, were commonly associated with regions of high wind turbine density. Our results suggest that expansion of wind energy in Latin America and the Caribbean could affect several threatened species. Finally, we provide a map showing potential areas for future wind energy development and recommend conducting focused field studies on habitat use by local bird and bat species in these regions to avoid, minimize and mitigate impacts.","author":["Rebolo-Ifran, N.","Nicolas A. L.","Lambertucci, S. A."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-01-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-18 06:08:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rebolo-Ifran_et_al._2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080534","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-fish-passage-underappreciated-threats-connectivity-within-marine-environment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/maec.12859","title":"Marine Fish Passage: Underappreciated Threats to Connectivity Within the Marine Environment","description":"Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to aquatic biodiversity loss. However, much of the focus is on the connectivity of freshwaters, with much less attention given to marine ecosystems. We contend that coastal infrastructure including bridges, causeways, tidal turbines, land infilling and harbours, wharfs, quays, piers and docks have resulted in underappreciated impacts on the connectivity of fish movements resulting in passage challenges at sea. For each type of marine infrastructure, we synthesised the present status of knowledge to characterise the problems and future challenges and also identify mitigation options and passage solutions to restore connectivity for fishes. Bridges can disrupt currents, generate light and noise\/vibration, and emit electromagnetic signals, so more work is needed to modify in-water designs to minimise the negative impacts on fishes. Causeways involve infilling, resulting in full in-water barriers, requiring fishes to circumnavigate these structures and there is limited research on mitigation (e.g., fishways). Tidal turbines are placed in areas with high currents, which can hinder movements and result in entrainment; however, monitoring fish movements is challenging in these unique areas. Offshore energy has grown in recent years and can impact fish connectivity via altered sediment dynamics and water currents, as well as through the generation of noise pollution and electromagnetic fields. Land filling results not only in habitat loss but also in fragmentation, and it will be imperative to identify important habitats and corridors to minimise impacts there. Finally, infrastructure associated with boats (e.g., harbours, docks) negatively impacts nearshore habitat, which can alter movement trajectories. In the collective, we found evidence that diverse types of marine infrastructure can impact connectivity and, ultimately, fish movement and migrations. Interestingly,bespoke fish passage solutions in marine environments seem rare. As coastal development will increase in the future, it is imperative that we assess the potential connectivity issues resulting from marine infrastructure and that we generate solutions to mitigate these issues for marine organisms.","author":["Lennox, R.","Birnie-Gauvin, K.","Bate, C.","Cooke, S.","Haraldstad, T.","Berhe, S.","Penney, H.","Bangley, C.","Vollset, K.","Piczak, M."],"organization":["Norwegian Research Centre Climate and Environment (NORCE)","Dalhousie University","Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)","Technical University of Denmark (DTU)","Carleton University","St Francis Xavier University"],"originationDate":"2025-01-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Marine Spatial Planning","Sediment Transport","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-15 02:01:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lennox-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080535","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fuzzy-logic-technique-environmental-impact-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-power","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/18\/2\/272","title":"A Fuzzy Logic Technique for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Power Plants","description":"The application of fuzzy logic to environmental impact assessment (EIA) provides a robust method to address uncertainties and subjectivities inherent in evaluating complex environmental systems. This is particularly relevant in ocean renewable energy projects, where predicting environmental impacts is challenging due to the dynamic nature of marine environments. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify the types of impacts currently being investigated, assessed, and monitored in existing marine energy conversion projects. Based on these foundations, we developed both traditional and fuzzy mythologies for EIA. The fuzzy logic methodology approach allows for the incorporation of uncertainties into the assessment process, converting qualitative assessments into quantifiable data and linguistic levels and enhancing decision-making accuracy. We tested this fuzzy methodology across four types of ocean energy devices: floating, submerged, fixed to the ocean floor, and onshore. Finally, we applied the methodology to the EIA of a marine energy project in the Cozumel Channel, Quintana Roo, Mexico. The results demonstrate that fuzzy logic provides a more flexible and reliable evaluation of environmental impacts, contributing to more effective environmental management and sustainable development in marine renewable energy contexts.","author":["Flores, P.","Mendoza, E."],"organization":["National Autonomous University of Mexico"],"originationDate":"2025-01-09","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.572923958182","-87.010412572975"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Environmental Impact Assessment","Attraction","Avoidance","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-14 01:14:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Flores-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080537","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-tidal-energy-evaluation-feasibility-costs-benefits-senate-bill-605-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/publications\/2024\/wave-and-tidal-energy-evaluation-feasibility-costs-and-benefits-senate-bill-605","title":"Wave and Tidal Energy: Evaluation of Feasibility, Costs, and Benefits Senate Bill 605 Report","description":"Senate Bill 605 (SB 605, Padilla, Chapter 405, Statutes of 2023) directs the California Energy Commission (CEC) to evaluate the feasibility, costs, and benefits of using wave energy and tidal energy as forms of clean energy for California. This evaluation is to be included in the CEC\u2019s 2024 Integrated Energy Policy Report (IEPR) Update in consultation with other appropriate state agencies, including the Ocean Protection Council, the Department of Fish and Wildlife, the State Lands Commission, and the California Coastal Commission.  This consultant report evaluates the required six areas to inform the 2024 IEPR Update:    The evaluation of factors that may increase the use of wave and tidal energy resources.  Findings on the latest research, technology, and economics of deploying these resources.  Evaluation of transmission, permitting requirements, and workforce development needs.  Identification of near-term actions and investment needs.  Identification of monitoring strategies to evaluate the impacts of wave and tidal energy resources to marine environments.","author":["Lee, S.","Strong, V.","Aspen Environmental Group"],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Guidehouse","H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","California Energy Commission"],"originationDate":"2024-11-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-15 07:15:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lee-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080578","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/market-potential-sustainability-comprehensive-analysis-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ijrer.org\/ijrer\/index.php\/ijrer\/article\/view\/15304\/pdf","title":"Market Potential and Sustainability: A Comprehensive Analysis of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies","description":"The  global  energy  transition  towards  cleaner  and  more  sustainable  alternatives  is  essential  for  mitigating  climate change and enhancing energy security. Marine energy technologies, including offshore wind (OSW), tidal energy (TE), wave energy  (WE),  ocean  thermal  energy  conversion  (OTEC),  and  salinity  gradient  power  (SGP),  offer  promising  solutions  to diversify the renewable energy portfolio and reduce reliance on traditional fossil fuels. This study comprehensively analyses marine  energy\u0027s  technical,  environmental,  and  socio-economic  dimensions.  Key  findings  reveal  the  vast  potential  of  marine energy  technologies  in  addressing  global  energy  challenges.  Despite  initial  hurdles  such  as  high  upfront  costs  and environmental  concerns,  ongoing  technological  advancements  and  concerted  global  efforts  drive  increased  interest  and investment in marine energy projects worldwide. Market analysis underscores the significant role of marine energy in meeting growing  electricity  demand  and  providing  sustainable  solutions  for  desalination  and  wastewater  treatment.  Consumer perception and adoption patterns play a crucial role in shaping the future trajectory of marine energy  technologies. Effective marketing  and  communication  strategies  are  essential  for  fostering  greater  acceptance  and  adoption  in  the  energy  market. Economic viability analysis highlights job creation and infrastructure investment potential supported by government policies and incentives. Stakeholder engagement emerges as a critical determinant of success in the marine energy sector, emphasizing the  importance  of  collaboration  among  businesses,  policymakers,  and  local  communities.  Embracing  the  vast  potential  of ocean-based energy sources is imperative for navigating towards a cleaner, more resilient energy future. Continued research, investment, and collaboration are essential to unlocking the full potential of marine energy and ensuring a sustainable energy transition.","author":["Bayindir, R.","Senyapar, H.N.D."],"organization":["Gazi University"],"originationDate":"2024-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-01-28 06:57:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bayindir_Senyapar_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080597","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-tool-addresses-implementation-challenges-ecosystem-based-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43247-024-01975-7","title":"Assessment tool addresses implementation challenges of ecosystem-based management principles in marine spatial planning processes","description":"Ecosystem-based marine spatial planning is an approach to managing maritime activities while ensuring human well-being and biodiversity conservation as key pillars for sustainable development. Here, we use a comprehensive literature review and a co-development process with experts to build an assessment framework and tool that integrates the fundamental principles of an ecosystem approach to management and translates them into specific actions to be undertaken during planning processes. We illustrate the potential of this tool through the evaluation of two national marine spatial plans (Spain and France), in consultation with the representatives involved in their development and implementation. To ensure more coherent future planning, socio-ecological system evolution in a climate change scenario and the future marine space needs of maritime sectors should be considered, as well as improving the governance structure and knowledge of ecosystem processes. This framework provides a consistent and transparent assessment method for practitioners and competent authorities.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Montero, N.","Mandiola, G.","Menchaca, I.","Borja, A.","Flannery, W.","Katsanevakis, S.","Fraschetti, S.","Fabbrizzi, E.","Elliott, M.","Bas, M.","Barnard, S.","Piet, G.","Giakoumi, S.","Kruse, M.","McAteer, B.","Runya, R.","Lukyanova, O.","Morato, T.","Van Gerven, A.","Degraer, S.","Neuenfeldt, S.","Stelzenm\u00fcller, V."],"organization":["Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University of Aegean","University of Naples Federico II","University of Hull","Institut de Ciencies del Mar","Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS)","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn","Th\u00fcnen Institute of Sea Fisheries","Marine Institute Foras na Mara","University of Azores","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","DTU Aqua (National Institute of Aquatic Resources)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-01 12:34:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Galparsoro-etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080607","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-ocean-energy-review-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.policyandinnovationedinburgh.org\/2024-uk-ocean-energy-review.html","title":"UK Ocean Energy Review 2024","description":"As we near the midpoint of this critical decade for climate action, the UK can look back and recognise a sizeable shift in the national effort to achieve a Net Zero energy system, and specifically, observe the increase in momentum now gathering behind the ocean energy sector. With the UK\u2019s new Labour Government committed to delivering their Clean Power 2030 Plan, which promises that the UK will generate at least 95% of its electricity from clean sources by 2030, there is now a serious ambition for the UK to rapidly transition towards a low carbon energy system. Therefore, with this opportunity in mind, it is more important now than ever to fully understand the role that a commercial UK ocean energy sector can play in helping to achieve this future decarbonised energy system. With an increasing number of ocean energy projects being deployed in British seas, the results of decades worth of innovation funding and sector development are beginning to be realised. Alongside this, there is a growing understanding of the additional socio-economic benefits that the sector can bring to the UK, including high-value jobs in coastal communities; regional and national boosts to GVA; and a stake in strengthening our own energy security. Reflecting this, the role of the funding and innovation programmes that will be required to underpin the sector\u2019s continued development are enjoying increasing prominence within the national policymaking landscape.  Over the course of 2024, the UK has provided continued support to the ocean energy sector by setting a third consecutive ringfence for tidal stream within its flagship Contracts for Difference (CfD) market support mechanism. To date, contracts have been awarded for over 120 MW of tidal stream projects, the largest such allocation in the world. Coupled with the sustained support offered to wave energy technology developers via Wave Energy Scotland\u2019s world-leading innovation programme, the ocean energy sector has the potential to play a substantial role in the national energy mix over the coming decades.  However, despite the increase in momentum that is helping to drive the advancement of the UK\u2019s ocean energy sector, there remains a need for increased awareness of the potential challenges. A growing ocean energy sector will require a step-change in the capabilities and capacities of our domestic supply chains, the development of which is vital to ensure that the GVA and jobs associated with the deployment of these devices is retained within the UK. Additionally, there is still a requirement for the sector to demonstrate sustained innovation as it chases the cost-reductions required for wave and tidal stream devices to compete with more established renewable energy technologies. Finally, the sector must continue to emphasise the wider socioeconomic benefits that a commercial ocean energy sector can bring to the UK economy, to help justify its place in the future energy mix.  These challenges are far from insurmountable and should be met with the use of coordinated policy programmes, clear government ambitions and sustained innovation funding. With the largest pipeline of tidal stream projects in the world now on the immediate horizon, coupled with the progress made by the wave energy sector, the UK is well-positioned to establish itself as the nation leading the adv","author":["Grattan, K.","Noble, D.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE)","Marine Energy Council (MEC)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-03 06:03:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grattan-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080617","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/autonomous-sensor-suite-evaluating-fish-turbine-interactions-environmental-impacts","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0048969725003444","title":"Autonomous sensor suite for evaluating fish-turbine interactions and environmental impacts in marine renewable energy and hydropower","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) harnesses ocean-based resources such as waves, tides, currents, and thermal or salinity gradients for sustainable power generation. It has the potential to complement existing renewable resources, support remote communities, and contribute to decarbonization efforts. However, understanding the hydrodynamic forces created by MRE devices and their impacts on marine life is critical for responsible deployment. To address these concerns, advanced sensor devices, including the Marine Sensor Fish (MSF), Sensor Fish Mini (SF Mini), and Flexible Sensor Fish (FSF), were developed to measure interactions between aquatic organisms and MRE systems. This paper details the design, manufacturing, calibration, and field deployment of these sensor suites, highlighting their ability to capture key physical stressors such as shear forces, pressure changes, and collision impacts. The MSF successfully evaluated turbine interactions at a tidal turbine in the Salish Sea, capturing data on turbulence, collision impact, and pressure gradients. The SF Mini validated hydrodynamic conditions in scaled hydraulic models, supporting computational fluid dynamics simulations. The FSF, with its flexible silicone body, measured species-specific impacts in turbulent environments. This research demonstrates the potential of Sensor Fish technology to advance sustainable marine energy systems by reducing biological impacts and informing environmentally sustainable designs.","author":["Salalila, A.","Lu, J.","Martinez, J.","Hou, H.","Deng, Z."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Michigan"],"originationDate":"2025-02-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.079267401055","-123.043912971370"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Changes in Flow","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-08 01:51:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Salalila_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080618","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessing-availability-feasibility-renewable-energy-great-barrier-reef-australia","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S235248472500037X","title":"Assessing the availability and feasibility of renewable energy on the Great Barrier Reef-Australia","description":"The Great Barrier Reef (GBR), the world\u2019s largest reef system and a UNESCO World Heritage site, is one of the most complex natural ecosystems on Earth. However, the GBR is at considerable risk from climate change and there is an urgent need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decarbonise the many activities taking place on the GBR. This study assesses the availability of renewable energy resources- solar, wind, wave, and tidal- on the GBR. Findings indicate that solar and wind energy are the most abundant natural resources on the GBR, while wave and tidal energy are only available in sparse locations and are low in magnitude. A feasibility analysis is conducted for various renewable energy technologies based on a case study for an Aerosol Radiation Interaction Experimental Laboratory system (ARIEL), an apparatus being used to investigate marine cloud brightening on the GBR. Factors used in the feasibility assessment include maturity of technology, portability, adaptability across the GBR, and ecological impacts on marine life and birds. Results suggest that solar photovoltaics, installed on a barge, would be the most suitable option for rapid near-term implementation. Not only is solar energy available throughout the whole GBR, but it is also a proven and mature technology and would have minimal impact on marine life and on birds. A proposed hybrid energy system could reduce the ARIEL\u2019s CO2 emissions by 44\u201359\u202f%, varying by location. The findings offer a roadmap for deploying cleaner energy systems on the GBR, balancing environmental protection with technological considerations.","author":["Virah-Sawmy, D.","Sturmberg, B.","Harrison, D."],"organization":["Australian National University","Southern Cross University"],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-07 11:38:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Virah_Sawmy_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080621","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-hydrodynamic-impacts-tidal-turbine-arrays-jiaozhou-bay","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/13\/1\/128","title":"Evaluation of the Hydrodynamic Impacts of Tidal Turbine Arrays in Jiaozhou Bay","description":"In this paper, a hydrodynamic model of Jiaozhou Bay was developed using the Regional Ocean Modeling System and validated against observed tidal levels and current data. The model accurately characterizes the tidal and current features of the region. Based on this model, the spatial and temporal distributions of flow fields and tidal energy resources were analyzed. A 100-turbine tidal power plant was simulated utilizing a momentum-based approach that accounts for resource distribution, bathymetry, topography, and turbine parameters. The resulting hydrodynamic changes, including velocity variations peaking at 0.5 m\/s within the turbine deployment zone and tidal level shifts confined to the bay (maximum change in ~10 cm), emphasize the importance of localized environmental assessments. However, the findings also highlight broader considerations for the sustainable development of tidal energy in semi-enclosed bays worldwide, where strategic siting and design can mitigate larger ecological disturbances. These findings may provide a scientific foundation for balancing clean energy extraction with minimal environmental impact, thus contributing to global efforts to develop more resilient and sustainable coastal energy systems.","author":["Zhang, C.","Yang, X.","Jiang, Y.","Zhao, W.","Yu, J."],"organization":["Ocean University of China","Ministry of Transport of the People\u0027s Republic of China","Zhejiang University"],"originationDate":"2025-01-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.111490274750","120.240595941180"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-07 11:55:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zhang-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080622","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-point-absorber-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/resolver.tudelft.nl\/uuid:07ff115a-67f1-4631-ad7a-fc4ca1301982","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of a Point Absorber Wave Energy Converter","description":"Harnessing wave energy from the world\u2019s oceans provides an enormous chance to fulfil substantial parts of the energy transition\u2019s demand for electricity from renewable sources. The technology that makes this possible is wave energy converters (WECs) - offshore structures that can convert the energy in waves into electricity. Although the energy conversion of this precommercial technology is not directly linked to greenhouse gas emissions like in other conventional power plants, environmental sustainability over the whole life cycle of the device needs to be ensured for a sustainable large-scale application. To assess this, in recent decades some Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies have been carried out on different WECs. However, there is still a gap in terms of number, quality, coverage of more sustainable design alternatives as well as impact assessment beyond greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, in this study a specific type of WEC \u2013 the point absorber \u2013 is assessed for its environmental sustainability by means of LCA. A parameterized cradle-to-grave LCA model of a single representative point absorber is implemented to assess the environmental impacts of a WEC, the influence of different hull materials, hotspots in impacts of WEC components as well as variations induced by different deployment locations. A GHG-intensity of 300-325gCO2eq.\/kWh with periphery and 52-77gCO2eq.\/kWh without periphery is found for a WEC deployed in the Dutch North Sea depending on the hull material. Using an alternative fibre reinforced concrete material for the hull can reduce impacts across all impact categories between 10% and 78%. Next to the structural materials in the WEC the electrical cable and vessel operations, especially for maintenance, were found to contribute significantly. This study showed that impacts of electricity from WECs have to decrease to reach the level of other renewable electricity generation technologies but revealed possible levers to achieve such a reduction.","author":["Engelfried, T."],"organization":["Leiden University"],"originationDate":"2024-07-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["52.156568971968","4.486752957563"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Life Cycle Assessment","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-08 12:06:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Engelfried-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080623","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-july-2023-june-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/sta-013_nova_sta_monitoring_report_v1.0.pdf","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report July 2023 to June 2024","description":"This report provides details of environmental monitoring carried out at the Shetland Tidal Array from July 2023 to June 2024. It is the latest in a series of reports produced by Nova since monitoring of the operational tidal stream array in Bluemull Sound started in 2016.  The data analysed in this report gathered from turbine-mounted cameras between July 2023 and June 2024 continues to show that the likelihood of collisions between mobile species and turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array is extremely low. No collisions or near misses were observed between marine wildlife and turbines (either when operating or not operating) in any of the video footage analysed comprising four hundred and ninety-seven (497) video files, or circa 50 GB data. 88% of the video files analysed contained no marine wildlife.  Marine wildlife was observed in sixty (60) video files (12% of the video files analysed), most of which were fish (fifty-six video files). There were no observations of marine mammals and just three video files containing diving birds, all European shag (Gulosus aristotelis) and all at times when the turbine was not operating. Of these diving bird events, two are likely to be of the same bird, being separated by just two minutes. One of the video files containing European shag also contained a large shoal of fish. Two video files contained jellyfish.  Fish (individuals or shoals of varying size) were the most commonly observed marine wildlife in video footage, but nevertheless were still observed relatively infrequently (11% of the video files analysed). Fish account for 92% of all marine wildlife observed in the subsea video footage analysed. The majority of these fish observations (96%) occurred in October and November 2024, with virtually no fish present in footage from the other months sampled. Just three of the twenty-three days in October and November 2024 for which footage was analysed did not contain fish.  36% of fish observations (twenty video files) were when tidal flow exceeded the cut-in speed of 0.8 m\/s and turbines were operating, with all other fish observations at times of limited or no tidal flow, when turbines were stationary.  Thirteen video files were shoals of fish feeding in the wake of the turbulent flow downstream of turbines on the ebb or flood tides. These fish were never observed moving into the rotor-swept area. Six video files were small whitefish passing quickly through the camera\u2019s field of view with fast flowing currents. It has not been possible to identify these individuals to species level nor confirm with total confidence that they are live fish. While some of the objects (assumed to be fish) were observed to pass through or close to the rotor-swept area no collisions with the turbine blades were observed when video was viewed at the slowest possible speed.  The results presented in this report continue to demonstrate that the risk of collisions occurring between fish, diving birds or marine mammals and operating turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array is very low (probably close to zero).  This report also further demonstrates the application of machine learning to automate analysis of the significant volumes of data generated by the Shetland Tidal Array environmental monitoring programme. This highlights the importance of leveraging strategic funding to enable further development of automation tools and methods based on machine learning and AI to enable more efficient and cost-effective data analysis at Bluemull Sound and other tidal energy sites.","author":["Smith, K."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","Scottish Government","Shetland Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2024-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:04:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080625","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-april-2022-july-2023","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/231031_nova_sta_monitoring_report_final_md-lot_sic.pdf","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report April 2022 to July 2023","description":"This report is provided in support of discharge of conditions attached to the following licences for Nova Innovation\u2019s Shetland Tidal Array in Bluemull Sound:    Marine Licence MS-00009110, issued by Marine Scotland Licensing Operations Team on behalf of the Scottish Ministers, under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2020.  Shetland Islands Council (SIC) Works Licence 2022\/015\/WL, issued by Shetland Islands Council under the Zetland County Council Act 1974.   In the reporting period covered by this report (April 2022 to July 2023), the programme of environmental monitoring for the Shetland Tidal Array comprised the following two key activities:    Land-based diving bird and marine mammal observation surveys in Bluemull Sound.  Subsea monitoring using turbine-mounted optical video cameras.   Combined, these methods gather data to understand the likely nature and consequences of any nearfield interactions between turbines in the array and marine wildlife, with a focus on mammals and diving birds, due to their protected status.  This report builds on previous monitoring reports produced by Nova for the Shetland Tidal Array (Nova Innovation, 2017; 2021a; 2021b; 2022b; 2022c). It presents the results from analysis of environmental monitoring data gathered between April 2022 and July 2023 (the \u2018reporting period\u2019). This includes analysis of data gathered during 108 hours of land-based surveys and around 40 GB of subsea video footage from subsea monitoring using turbine-mounted cameras.  A key focus of effort during this reporting period has been exploring the development of tools to automate processing and analysis of subsea video, which to date has required resource intensive and time-consuming manual review. A study to develop a model based on machine learning for processing and analysing the subsea video data is presented in this report, as well as ongoing work to refine the model and apply it to Nova\u2019s subsea video data.","author":["Nova Innovation"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2023-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Pelagic Fish","Attraction","Collision","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:03:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shetland_Tidal_Array_Monitoring_Report_April2022-July2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080626","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-land-based-bird-mammal-surveys","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/enfait-0394_land-based_surveys_report_v2.0.pdf","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Land based bird and mammal surveys","description":"Nova Innovation\u2019s ongoing programme of environmental monitoring for the Shetland Tidal Array in Bluemull Sound comprises the following two key components:    Land-based diving bird and marine mammal observation surveys in Bluemull Sound.  Subsea monitoring using turbine-mounted optical video cameras.   Combined, these methods gather data to understand the likely nature and consequences of any nearfield interactions between turbines in the array and marine wildlife, with a focus on mammals and diving birds.  This report presents the results from land-based bird and mammal surveys carried out at the project site between March 2020 and 2022. A second report presents the results from analyses of subsea video footage gathered from turbine-mounted cameras during the same period (Nova Innovation, 2022a).  Data from 144 hours of land-based surveys are presented in this report, spanning the two-year reporting period and comprising seventy-two 2-hour surveys carried out from a vantage point on the Ness of Cullivoe overlooking the project site. Each 2-hour survey gathered data on the presence, occupancy patterns and behaviour of diving birds and marine mammals in the Shetland Tidal Array area using the following methods:    Snapshot scans to count and identify all marine mammals and diving birds in the survey area.  Focal watches of individual birds to observe and record their behaviour in the survey area more closely.   This report focusses on analysis of the scan data gathered during the 2020 to 2022 land-based surveys. Detailed modelling and analysis of the corresponding focal watch data was carried out by a postgraduate student working with Nova Innovation, supervised by Dr James Waggitt at Bangor University. The results are detailed in a separate report (Holmes, 2022). In addition, further analysis of data gathered during Nova\u2019s land-based surveys in Bluemull Sound between 2010 and 2019 has been carried out by a second postgraduate student also working with Nova, supervised by Dr Waggitt. These results are also presented in a separate report (Brown, 2021).  Key findings from the focal watches (Holmes, 2022), further analysis of Nova\u2019s land-based surveys conducted from 2010 to 2019 (Brown, 2021) and subsea video monitoring (Nova Innovation 2022a) are integrated into the discussion section of this report. Combined, they facilitate interpretation of the observed patterns and drivers of fine-scale movements and occupancy patterns of birds and mammals in the Shetland Tidal Array area. This enables an evidence-based approach to assessing the likelihood that diving birds and marine mammals might interact with turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array, and key influencing factors. This has enabled new insights into impact risk for the different species, further building on learning since the commencement of the monitoring programme in November 2010.","author":["Smith, K."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","Scottish Government","Shetland Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2022-12-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.700094500000","-0.994005000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:03:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080633","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-moorings-different-types-marine-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.envirolink.govt.nz\/assets\/Envirolink\/Reports\/1815-MLDC137-Effects-of-moorings-on-different-types-of-marine-habitats.pdf","title":"Effects of Moorings on Different Types of Marine Habitat","description":"There are over 3,000 swing moorings for boats in the Marlborough Sounds. Some seabed habitats are highly sensitive to any type of disturbance caused by swing moorings while others may be more resilient. Historically, some of Marlborough\u2019s swing moorings are likely to have been placed over areas of the seabed that are sensitive to damage. Marlborough District Council (MDC) has identified a need for a review of the effects of swing moorings on different subtidal habitats, and for guidelines to manage effects.  Block-and-chain swing moorings, which represent the large majority of moorings currently present in the Marlborough Sounds, consist of an anchor (usually a concrete block) to which is attached a heavy-gauge ground chain, an intermediate chain and a top (\u2018riser\u2019) rope, with a large surface float. MDC\u2019s Mooring construction guidelines recommend that the length of chain used be equal to the depth of water at mean high water of spring tides, with one third of this chain to be ground chain. Conventional swing moorings can impact the seabed surrounding the anchor via the arc swept by the chain. In situations where a single mooring anchor is used, the mooring chain may be dragged repeatedly across the seabed through an arc of 360\u00ba around the anchor with changes in tidal movement and wind direction. Even in areas without conspicuous surface features, chain-scour will loosen sediments, making them more vulnerable to erosion and alteration of texture by water movement.  Habitats and species of particular ecological, cultural or conservation significance that are particularly sensitive to the effects of block-and-chain moorings include:    rocky reefs and cobble fields (moorings are not likely to be located on these substrata but may be close enough that the reef is within the area swept by the chain)  macroalgal beds (where these are growing on reef, moorings are not likely to be located within them but may be close enough that the bed is within the area swept by the chain)  beds of rhodoliths, hydroids, bryozoans, shellfish, brachiopods, burrowing anemones or sea grass (eelgrass)  sponge and bryozoan gardens  tubeworm mounds, reefs and beds  areas of shell hash (shell hash can provide important habitat diversity in soft sediments and chain sweep will enhance rates of breakdown of the hash)  fish spawning and nursery areas not included in above (through direct destruction and through loss of structures to which eggs are attached and in which juveniles may shelter).   The simplest method for limiting adverse effects of swing moorings on significant seabed habitats and organisms is to restrict them to locations where they are absent, such as areas of muddy or sandy sediment. However, disturbance to these habitats will impact the animals living within the sediment and could have adverse ecological effects, such as loss of feeding areas for fish. It is also important to note that current absence of significant habitats or species from an area of seabed may reflect the effects of past activities, such as trawling or dredging, and that removal of all these sources of disturbance would allow recovery of valued ecological features.  Alternative types of mooring can be use that are designed to avoid damage to the surrounding seabed. These typically employ an elastic component in the mooring line that takes up slack in the line at low tide or calm conditions, preventing the line\/chain from lying on the seabed. Several studies in Australia have shown that these designs can prevent damage to sea grass beds and, when they replace block-and-chain moorings, allow recovery of the habitat.  We suggest the following guidelines for assessing consents for moorings:    No consents for new moorings in ecologically significant marine sites (ESMS) where the mooring will adversely affect the values on which the significance of the site is based.  Existing moorings in ESMS to be removed or converted to environmentally friendly moorings where the mooring has adversely affected the values on which the significance of the site is based.  Applications for all new consents or renewal of existing consents shall include a description of habitats in the vicinity of the mooring and identification of significant habitats or species present (to be documented with, for example, video or drop camera images).  New consents in locations outside ESMS but where significant habitats or species are present shall require environmentally friendly moorings.  Existing moorings located in areas with significant habitats or species nearby shall be converted to environmentally friendly moorings or removed if damage is occurring. This includes cases where a significant species or habitat, such as eelgrass or horse mussels, is present within the mooring field but outside of the areas of chain sweep, or in areas around the mooring field, when such species or habitats may be expected to recolonise the impacted areas if ground chains are removed.  New consents to have moorings preferentially in areas of mud or sand seabed with no specific ecological, conservation or traditional value.   Application of these guidelines requires information on the nature of the seabed in the vicinity of the proposed (or existing) mooring and identification of significant habitats and organisms present. Guideline 3 is intended to ensure that suitable information is provided with the consent application to allow application of the other guidelines and this, and the second guideline, have already been used in recent consent approvals. MDC has recently mapped and classified benthic habitats in Queen Charlotte Sound and Tory Channel using ground-truthed multibeam sonar. This information will inform consent decisions in terms of the physical nature of the seabed environment.  We also recognise that, were larger-scale forms of disturbance (dredging, trawling, etc.) to be reduced in areas of soft-sediment seabed, mooring chain disturbance would appear relatively more important as a driver of seabed health.  Given the higher cost of environmentally friendly moorings (by a factor of two or more), demonstrations of their reliability and effectiveness, both in holding vessels and in protecting the seabed, is likely to be a significant factor in their uptake by vessel owners. Standards and quality-management systems for the manufacture and installation of moorings would provide confidence to vessel owners and insurers. MDC may also wish to consider facilitating demonstrations of potentially suitable moorings, in collaboration with mooring manufacturers and installers, vessel owners and other stakeholders.","author":["Morrisey, D.","Cameron, M.","Newcombe, E."],"organization":["Cawthron Institute","Marlborough District Council"],"originationDate":"2018-01-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-41.073800004060","174.290254187910"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Demersal Fish","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:21:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Morrisey-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080635","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-marine-energy-environment-combination-traditional-bibliometric-pestel-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2405844024038027","title":"Review of the marine energy environment-a combination of traditional, bibliometric and PESTEL analysis","description":"Marine renewable energy is regarded as a nascent renewable energy resource that is less utilized due to a number of challenges in the sector. This paper focused on using both traditional and bibliometric analysis approaches to review the marine energy industry. It also assessed the various opportunities and challenges in the sector beyond technological challenges using PESTEL analysis. The results from the study identified the availability of renewable energy targets, international and national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction targets, job creation, skill transfer from offshore industries, renewable support, and low GHG emissions as the major opportunities for the sector. The challenges in the sector include the lack of commonality in device designs, high initial capital costs, lack of appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks, lack of funding, fragmentations in regulatory institutions, bad macro-economic indicators in some countries, environmental challenges, the survivability of the various technologies in the harsh oceanic environment, and strong competition from other renewable energy sources. The outcome of the bibliometric analysis spanning from 2013 to 2023 shows that tidal power is the focus of research in the field, and most studies are either focused on ways to improve its efficiency in terms of technology or on the identification of resource potentials for the siting of the various marine renewable power systems. Recommendations such as strong cooperation between the government and private sector, increased public education, collaboration with existing players in the marine sector, and increased research and development, among others, were proposed for the development of the sector.","author":["Agyekum, E.","Khan, T.","Ampah, J.","Giri, N.","Mbasso, W.","Kamel, S."],"organization":["Ural Federal University","Zhejiang University","Tianjin University","Centurion University","University of Douala","Aswan University"],"originationDate":"2024-03-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-10 11:33:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Agyekum_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080661","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/reef-building-species-biogenic-reef-enhancement-dutch-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.noordzeeloket.nl\/publish\/pages\/234389\/reef-building-species-and-biogenic-reef-enhancement-in-the-dutch-north-sea.pdf","title":"Reef-building species and biogenic reef enhancement in the Dutch North Sea","description":"This report is commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, as basis component of its North Sea ecosystem improvement program (incl. species protection). Scope of the report is the description of biogenic reef species and the potential for biogenic reef enhancement or restoration in the Dutch part of the open North Sea (the non-coastal area of the \u2018Exclusive Economic Zone\u2019, or EEZ, of The Netherlands). The following species and their relevance as \u2018reef-builders\u2019 in the EEZ are discussed:  \u2022 The bivalve shellfish European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis), horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis).  \u2022 The annelids sand mason worm (Lanice conchilega) and Ross worm (Sabellaria spinulosa).     Dit rapport is opgesteld in opdracht van het ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit. Het is bedoeld als onderdeel van de basis voor het algeheel natuurverbeteringsprogramma (incl. soortenbescherming) in het Nederlandse deel van de Noordzee.  Bereik van het rapport is de beschrijving van biogene riffen vormende soorten en het potentieel voor biogene rifvorming of- herstel in het Nederlandse deel van de open Noordzee (het niet-kustgebied van de \u0027Exclusieve Economische Zone\u0027, of EEZ, van Nederland). De volgende soorten en hun relevantie als \u0027rifbouwers\u0027 in de EEZ worden besproken:  1. De tweekleppige schelpdieren platte oester (Ostrea edulis), paardenmossel (Modiolus modiolus) en mossel (Mytilus edulis).  2. De soorten schelpkokerworm (Lanice conchilega) en gestekelde zandkokerworm (Sabellaria spinulosa), behorend tot het fylum van de ringwormen en tot de klasse van de mariene borstelwormen.","author":["Sas, H.","van Duren, L.","Herman, P.","van der Have, T.","Kamermans, P.","Bos, O.","Kingma, E.","Bouma, T.","Kardinaal, E."],"organization":["Deltares (NL)","Waardenburg Ecology","Wageningen University and Research Centre","Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)","Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature"],"originationDate":"2023-07-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-16 01:49:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sas_etal_2023_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080662","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-co-use-offshore-wind-farms-passive-fisheries-borssele-wind-farm-netherlands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.noordzeeloket.nl\/@295216\/exploring-co-use-offshore-wind-farms-passive\/","title":"Exploring co-use of offshore wind farms by passive fisheries in Borssele wind farm, the Netherlands","description":"This study commissioned by The Ministry of Agriculture, Nature, and Food Quality facilitated the initiation of passive fishing in wind farms, by experimenting with four fishing methods in offshore wind farm Borssele. Through a pilot experiment in offshore wind farm Borssele, the ecological parameters, economic considerations, (by)catch and safety requirements of applying various passive fishing methods in an offshore wind farm were explored. This report outlines the results, possibilities as well as challenges, and considers operational factors, safety measures, fishing gear specifications, economic feasibility, and ecological aspects.  The experimental set-up was developed collaboratively with a focus group of fishers and scientists. The gears to be tested were selected based on target species (is the species present in the fishing area and is it expected to yield?), gear-type (is the gear legally allowed to be used, is the gear testable in the short term, and is there enough confidence from the fishers in this gear?), planning (are there enough available vessels and crew, do the gears overlap?), available space within wind farm (does the experimental plot allow for enough room for the gear to be applied?) and seasonality (to test the gears, do the target species match the chosen seasons, and are there enough days with calm weather circumstances in a particular season?). It led to the selection of four gears: handline fishing, mechanical jigging, multi-species pots and gillnets. For each gear, multiple testing days were made in the period April to October 2023, in offshore wind farm Borssele, off the Dutch coast. Three fishing vessels were used: YE 152 (9.95 m in length) for gillnet and multi-species pot fishing, KG 7 (6.5 meter in length) for handline fishing and MDV 2 (30.51 meter in length) for jigging. During experimental fishing in the field, data on operations and safety, economics, ecology and catch were collected. The experiment had an explorative character. Not all gears were repeated in the similar approach, reducing replicates.","author":["Neitzel, S.","Serraris, J.","Deetman, B.","Rozemeijer, M.","Jurrius, L.","Taal, K.","de Graeff, P.","Afranewaa, N."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN)","Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature"],"originationDate":"2024-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-16 01:52:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Neitzel_etal_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080670","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/future-economic-potential-tidal-stream-wave-energy-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.policyandinnovationedinburgh.org\/future-economic-potential-of-tidal-stream-and-wave-energy-in-scotland.html","title":"Future Economic Potential of Tidal Stream \u0026 Wave Energy in Scotland","description":"Scotland is at the forefront of the global development and deployment of tidal stream and wave energy devices. In addition to significant resource in Scottish seas, Scotland is also home to several leading tidal stream and wave energy device developers and possesses the underpinnings of a suitably equipped supply chain to support them.  Commercial domestic tidal stream and wave energy sectors have the potential to provide a meaningful contribution to Net Zero, the Just Transition, energy security and economic growth commitments and ambitions, both in Scotland and the rest of the UK.  Scottish tidal stream technologies and projects have won Contracts for Difference in the last three auctions (to be delivered 2026\u20132029). A competitive Scottish supply chain, capable of producing devices and key subsystems at volume, is now needed. Investment in this supply chain, coupled with ongoing market support for the tidal stream and wave energy sectors, is essential to ensure that Scotland capitalises on its position as a pioneer of these technologies.  If Scotland is successful in achieving device commercialisation, there could be a potential combined market for almost 9 GW of tidal stream and wave energy in Scotland by 2050, feeding into potential deployments of 12.6 GW in the UK and 300 GW across the globe in the same timescale.  Tidal stream and wave projects in the UK could generate over \u00a38bn in economic benefit to the Scottish economy by 2050, and support over 15,000 high-value jobs in 2050.  To ensure that these deployments are led by Scottish companies and organisations, establishing a highly competitive and modernised domestic supply chain is increasingly important. This will help to ensure that Scotland remains the location of choice for prospective tidal stream and wave energy developers to develop, build, deploy and maintain their devices.  To achieve these step-changes in supply chain capabilities and deliver the GVA and jobs potential for both sectors, this summary report provides the following set of policy recommendations.  Firstly, targeted recommendations are required to support both device developers and their supply chains, focusing on the need for:    Long-term market support: Discussions with both UK and devolved governments around the continuation and growth of comprehensive market pull policies.  Sustained technology innovation: Enabling sustained sources of both public and private innovation funding for technology developers.  Increased supply chain competitiveness: Delivering a step-change in the capabilities of a modernised and highly competitive supply chain.   Secondly, recommendations are needed to develop essential sector infrastructure, focusing on:    Develop skills for a Just Transition: Development of soft infrastructures, such as preparing a pipeline of workers with relevant skills and training.  Cross-sector collaboration: Opportunities to collaborate with, and share, the supply chain and infrastructures of other established offshore sectors, including offshore wind.  Prioritise infrastructure upgrades: The build out of hard infrastructure, such as ports, harbours, and national grid capabilities.   Finally, this summary report provides the following recommendation to support the smooth delivery of previous recommendations: Delivering innovation support in Scotland:    Scotland should utilise the extensive experience of its well-established enterprise and innovation support organisations, to deliver on the complex task of sustained device development and the modernisation of domestic supply chain capabilities. If successful, Scotland stands poised to become the nation synonymous with leading the successful development and deployment of innovative tidal stream and wave energy devices and farms.","author":["Noble, D.","Grattan, K.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-15 01:06:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Noble_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080689","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-23-acoustic-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Deliverable-2.3-Acoustic-monitoring.pdf","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 2.3 Acoustic Monitoring","description":"This deliverable contains the methodology and results from Task 2.3 of SafeWAVE project (Acoustic Monitoring), which essentially is about the acquisition of acoustic, sea state and operational data in four wave energy converter (WEC) prototype test sites. Monitoring campaigns were carried out during non-operation and operational regimes, in order to obtain underwater Sound Pressure Levels for a range of sea states and frequencies. The final goal is to characterize the acoustic signature of the WEC prototypes.    First, for Agu\u00e7adoura (Portugal) test site two pre-installation monitoring campaigns were carried out in January and May 2022. Median SPL values were found to be between 75 and 105 dB re 1 \u03bcPa (for the lowest end of the spectrum and the band centred around 200 Hz, respectively). The state of the sea is most reflected on the high frequencies 4 kHz and 10 kHz for the January and May campaign, respectively, as well as on the 100 Hz band for the latter. A first commissioning campaign was performed in September 2023, where some differences were (+10 dB re 1 \u00b5Pa) found for the wave heights bin [2, 2.5). However, due to the short campaign duration (9 days), and this campaign happening during the commissioning of the device (meaning that it\u2019s not fully representative of the WEC real operational state, as its forced between states), no concluded results should be extracted.  Second, for the BiMEP test site (Spain), two monitoring campaigns were undertaken: pre\/installation and post-installation (of the PENGUIN II WEC). For the first one, an increase of more than 15 dB re 1 \u03bcPa is found for high wave heights after the deployment of the mooring lines of the WEC, with increases of up to 20 dB re 1 \u03bcPa during the installation period. The higher differences in SPL between the background noise levels are found in the lower frequencies.  The results from the post-installation campaign data indicate that there exists some contribution from the device to the background noise levels, especially in the lower frequencies. These occur when comparing the On and Off states SPL distributions with respect to those of the Uninstalled periods (in fact, the comparison between On-Off SPL show no significant differences). These differences can be up (in median value) to 28 dB re 1 \u03bcPa for the lowest frequencies (decreasing approximately linearly with frequency). In addition, during the decommissioning of the device, noise levels were the highest found in the campaign, with values over 120 dB re 1 \u03bcPa (centred around 300 Hz). It is worth noting that mooring lines were also detectable above background noise for rough sea states around the 3 and 4 kHz bands.  Third, for Mutriku (Spain), one monitoring acoustic campaign was undertaken during March-April 2022. No contribution to the background soundscape from the WEC was found from our analysis. This was inferred comparing day and night SPL distributions as well as carrying out a causality test that showed no link between operational status of the power plant and the SPL time series for any frequency.  Lastly, in the SEM-REV test site (France), one monitoring acoustic campaign was undertaken during July-August 2021. The analysis indicates no significant contribution of the WEC to the ambient noise (WAVEGEM by GEPS Techno), although it must be noted that the study was limited by the scarcity of operational data of the WEC device. Additionally, as in the BiMEP test site, mooring lines could be detected above background noise as a peak centred in 4 kHz that increases with wave height. Finally, the highest values in SPL are localized in a narrow band centred in 30 Hz, with values reaching almost 120 dB re 1 \u03bcPa. This narrow peak could be caused by the WEC, when forced by strong waves, but without more operating data or a baseline campaign this remains a hypothesis.","author":["Madrid, E.","Garcia, J.","Er-rachdi, H.","Felis, I.","Uriarte, A.","Bald, J.","Vinagre, P.","Clementino, L.","Zubiate, L.","Soulard, T.","Bourhis, E.","Roseaux, M.","Villar\u00edn, E."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","Hidromod","University College Cork","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","RTSYS","CorPower Ocean","Wello Oy","GEPS Techno","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 09:04:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Madrid_etal_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080690","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-26-data-results-analysis-towards-impacts-evaluation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Deliverable-2.3-Acoustic-monitoring.pdf","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 2.6 Data Results and analysis towards impacts\u0027 evaluation","description":"The present deliverable aims to describe and explain the data pathway, from the monitoring plan specification phase to the final report, in order to better evaluate impacts of wave energy on the environment.    To obtain high quality results, each step of the data pathway requires a specific attention. Quality results are built on scientifically robust data, spatially comparable (between sites), technically comparable (between devices), manageable in the long term (comparable over the entire lifetime of a commercial project, i.e. 20-25 years), and specifically adjusted to the threshold enabling impact evaluation.  Regardless of the scale of a project (SafeWAVE project, test site management, or a commercial farm), each step of the pathway needs to be addressed with care, and even more because various different stakeholders handle data over the course of the project.    The present deliverable capitalises on the feedbacks from the SafeWAVE project, and its predecessor WESE project, to identify the most critical steps in this pathway, in the frame of environmental monitoring for the 4 topics which were addressed (electromagnetic fields \u2013 EMF, acoustics (noise), seafloor integrity, and fish communities monitoring).  The EMF monitoring plan could only be applied at one test site at the time of writing the present report. It was applied on a power cable connecting a floating wind prototype. The plan had to be adapted considering the local sea conditions and the surveyed assets. Field raw data were directly accessible using the sensor built in software. Some artefacts were dealt with by the field operator. The primary data could directly be used as inputs for WAVEC numerical model. Results from the models are in the same order of magnitude as field data. The modelled magnetic fields (for umbilical and export cable) are compared to threshold of magnetic field where behavioural or physiological effects have been observed for sensitive species, as elasmobranch. Nevertheless, the impacts of EMF on 8 Deliverable 2.1 Development of Environmental monitoring plans marine species are not well known, and individual species thresholds do not exist.  Acoustic monitoring activities within SafeWAVE followed the initial plan with little adaptations being required. Due to equipment failures (some hydrophones for some of the surveys) the expected data set is incomplete, but remains sufficient in order to evaluate impacts. Raw data required significant processing efforts, and data analysis initially focused on frequency ranges identified as noise indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The applicability and relevance of these indicators is questioned in the present report. Considering the impact threshold of 120 dB re 1 \u03bcPa specified by de the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service for continuous sound (NMFS, 2018), it seems that all the WECs systems could negatively impact the cetaceans in all the studied areas since the produce sound above this threshold in all wave heights regimes and sound emission frequencies.  Regarding seafloor integrity evaluation, two different monitoring methods were deployed: remotely operated vehicles (ROV) submarine videos, and side scan sonar (SSS) coupled to an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). The ROV videos enabled a focused, close ranged and direct evaluation of local impacts on the seafloor. The SSS survey covered a broader area; its raw data are processed by a sensor built-in software which directly provides images. The resulting images (from the ROV and SSS) are analysed by experts in order to evaluate impacts.    The fish monitoring plan was applied only in BiMEP test site. In the absence of a wave energy device at the BIMEP site when the survey could be carried out, it was directed at the Harshlab (a floating platform with similar dimensions compared to a wave energy prototype). However, the HarsLab does not have specific elements of the WECs that can modify or affect fish behaviour, such as noise and EMF emissions, so future studies and more trials with the ITSASDRONE device are needed to further explore the association between WECs and fish aggregations. This survey enabled the validation of ITSASDRONE autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) 9 Deliverable 2.1 Development of Environmental monitoring plans equipped with an echosounder for fish monitoring. In the meantime, resources could be allocated to conduct baseline fish monitoring surveys at the Agu\u00e7adoura test site.  Regardless of the type of survey, the acquisition of auxiliary data is critical to process and analyse the field data.  Data acquired within the frame of SafeWAVE project are uploaded in the MARENDATA platform, created during previous European collaborative projects, and dedicated to environmental data and information sharing for the marine renewable energy (MRE) sector. Deliverables and data are also accessible via the SafeWAVE project website and are disseminated using social networks.  In the context of emerging marine renewable energies, impacts have to be evaluated in the long term, but knowledge is missing on the technologies themselves, and the standard monitoring protocols are not yet fully relevant nor applicable. Therefore, the authors of the present report strongly emphasise the need to address each step of the data pathway with care and as early as possible in the development of monitoring strategies and plans. Based on these considerations and on the feedbacks from SafeWAVE monitoring campaigns, specific guidelines will be developed in deliverable 2.7.","author":["Bourhis, E.","Soulard, T.","Vinagre, P.","Clementino, L.","Imperadore, A.","Muxika, I.","Uriarte, A.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","Hidromod","University College Cork","Fondation OPEN-C","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","RTSYS","CorPower Ocean","GEPS Techno","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 09:05:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bourhis_etal_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080693","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2024-update-technical-guidance-assessing-effects-anthropogenic-sound-marine-mammal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/66184","title":"2024 Update to: Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing (Version 3.0): Underwater and In Air Criteria for Onset of Auditory Injury and Temporary Threshold Shifts","description":"This document provides technical updates and replaces the NMFS 2018 Revised Technical Guidance and is to be used for assessing the effects of underwater and in-air anthropogenic (human-made) sound on the hearing of marine mammal species under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). Specifically, it identifies the received levels and auditory weighting functions, or criteria, at which individual marine mammals are predicted to experience changes in their hearing sensitivity (either temporary or permanent) for acute (\u0026lt;24 hours), incidental exposure to underwater or in-air anthropogenic sound sources based on updated information. This Updated Technical Guidance may be used by NMFS analysts\/managers and other relevant action ] proponents\/interested parties, including other federal agencies, when seeking to determine whether and how their activities are expected to result in potential impacts to marine mammal hearing via acoustic exposure. This document outlines the development of NMFS\u2019s criteria and describes how they will be updated in the future. \n\nNMFS has compiled, interpreted, and synthesized the scientific literature, including a Technical Report by Dr. James J. Finneran (U.S. Navy-Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific (NIWC-PAC)) (Finneran 2024; Appendix A of this Updated Technical Guidance), to produce criteria for onset of temporary threshold shifts (TTS) and auditory injury (AUD INJ), which includes, but is not limited to, permanent threshold shifts (PTS) based on updated information. This document includes a protocol for the formation of marine mammal hearing groups (low- (LF), high- (HF), and very high- (VHF) frequency cetaceans, otariid (OW) and phocid (PW) pinnipeds in water, and otariid (OA) and phocid (PA) pinnipeds in air (Table ES1)), the derivation of marine mammal auditory weighting functions, and the estimation of AUD INJ onset criteria for impulsive (e.g., airguns, impact hammers, explosives) and non-impulsive (e.g., tactical sonar, vibratory hammers, drills) sound sources. These criteria are presented using dual metrics of weighted cumulative sound exposure level (SEL24h) and peak sound pressure level (PKSPL) for impulsive sounds and weighted SEL24h for non-impulsive sounds. These AUDINJ and TTS onset levels are treated as step functions (rather than dose-response criteria), where exposures above onset level are assumed to result in AUD INJ or TTS, while exposures below the onset level are assumed not to result in AUD INJ or TTS.\n\nThe Updated Technical Guidance\u2019s criteria reflect the current state of scientific knowledge regarding the characteristics of sound that have the potential to impact marine mammal hearing sensitivity. NMFS recognizes that the implementation of marine mammal weighting functions and the weighted SEL24h criteria may extend beyond the capabilities of some action proponents. Thus, NMFS has developed an optional, alternative tool for those who cannot fully incorporate these factors into their own analyses (See Updated Technical Guidance\u2019s companion optional User Spreadsheet tool). \n\nThese criteria do not represent the entirety of a comprehensive analysis of the effects of a proposed action, but rather serve as one tool (along with, e.g., behavioral disturbance criteria, auditory masking assessments, evaluations to help understand the ultimate effects of any particular type of impact on an individual\u2019s fitness, population assessments, etc.) to help evaluate the effects of a proposed action and make the relevant findings required by NOAA\u2019s various statutes. The Updated Technical Guidance may inform decisions related to mitigation and monitoring requirements, but it does not mandate any specific mitigation measures. The Updated Technical Guidance does not address or change NMFS\u2019s application of these criteria in the regulatory context under applicable statutes and does not create or confer any rights for or on any person, or operate to bind the public. It only updates NMFS\u2019s criteria based on the most recent science.\n\nIndependent peer review was required prior to broad public dissemination by the Federal Government. Details of the peer review, associated with the Updated Technical Guidance, are within this document (Appendix C).","author":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2024-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-05 11:52:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/NMFS-2024-Revision.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080696","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-27-development-guidelines-environmental-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable  2.7 Development Of Guidelines For Environmental Monitoring","description":"Marine data are collected by different entities (institutes, governmental organizations, or private companies) using heterogeneous instruments and sensors installed in various observing platforms. However, apart from researchers\u2019 experience reported in technical reports and published papers worldwide, it seems that no specific guidelines are available concerning to the monitoring of the parameters covered by the SafeWAVE project, i.e., EMF, acoustics (noise), seafloor integrity, and fish communities around wave energy installations.  The data acquisition methodology (e.g., spatial and temporal frames, methods and equipment used) was planned to be as standardized and homogeneous as possible among devices and test sites and was developed considering recommendations from researchers and according to the specificities of the devices and their location. Details of the methodologies and results can be consulted in Deliverable 2.1 (monitoring plans for each parameter), Deliverable 2.2 for EMF, Deliverable 2.3 for underwater noise, Deliverable 2.4 for seafloor integrity, and Deliverable 2.5 for fish communities.  In the light of the results obtained and described in the above-mentioned deliverables a better understanding of EMF, acoustics, seafloor integrity, and fish communities\u2019 data collection, processing, validation, and reporting to allow comparison among sites was developed in Deliverable 2.6.    Thanks to this last exercise and the experience acquired, different lessons were learnt for each environmental parameter. In the present Deliverable 2.7 we try to translate these lessons and experience into guidelines that could be of interest when consenting processes and environmental monitoring plans will be launched for installing wave energy device arrays or farms.  According to the experience and lessons learnt during the monitoring campaigns in the SafeWAVE project, one of the main conclusions of D2.7 is the need to promote monitoring techniques based on autonomous remote sensing devices that are not dependent, or are less dependent, of sea conditions and able to cover properly the temporal and spatial resolution of the expected environmental impacts coming from wave energy harnessing devices.","author":["Muxika, I.","Bourhis, E.","Felis, I.","Imperadore, A.","Uriarte, A.","Vinagre, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","WavEC Offshore Renewables","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:06:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Muxika_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080697","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-31-emf-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 3.1 EMF Modelling","description":"The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on the potential environmental impacts from Wave Energy (WE) projects. In the project scope, Work Package 3 aims to model environmental data related to: i) Electromagnetic Fields, ii) Sound propagation and iii) Marine dynamics.    This deliverable reports the works of Task 3.1 related to the modelling of the electromagnetic fields emitted by subsea power cables. The main goal of Task 3.1 is to estimate the magnetic and electric fields amplitude generated by the power cables at the three test sites under study: Agu\u00e7adoura, BiMEP and SEMREV. This was achieved using the open-source tool developed within the WESE project which consists of an EMF modelling tool based on Python code and FEMM software. Despite the tool could not be validated when created, the code was adapted for the purpose of this task, and it was validated using the data collected during the monitoring campaign performed within WP2 (Task 2.2).","author":["Imperadore, A.","Amaral, L.","Vinagre, P."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-11-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.434786000000","-2.896529000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:07:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Imperadore_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080698","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-32-sound-propagation-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 3.2 Sound Propagation Modelling","description":"This deliverable contains the methodology and results from Task 3.2 of SafeWAVE project (Acoustic Modelling), which essentially is about the modelling of underwater sound propagation with the results obtained in Task 2.3 Acoustic Monitoring. For the project, 4 WEC systems in 4 different test sites were studied. The 4 locations were: Agu\u00e7adoura (Portugal), BiMEP (Spain), Mutriku (Spain) and SEM-REV (France).    For Agu\u00e7adoura, the highest acoustic disturbance distance obtained was 2.5 km for the 125 Hz component for the [2, 2.5) wave height bin, and the highest SL obtained was 174 dB, surpassing both 120 dB and 160 dB impact thresholds specified by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service for continuous and impulsive sounds respectively (NMFS, 2024). For the acoustic propagation maps, the SPL was calculated for the commissioning phase and it was seen that for all frequencies (62.5 Hz, 125Hz and 1000 Hz) it dropped below 120 dB within the first 10 meters. No operational data was obtained, so it does not fully represent the WEC\u0027s real state.  For BiMEP, the PENGUIN II WEC had a maximum Source Level (SL) of 146 dB re 1 m for the 62,5 Hz component for the [4, 8) wave height bin, which also surpass the 120 dB threshold for continuous sound. Nevertheless, when studying the propagation maps, the SPL dropped below 120 dB threshold (NMFS, 2024) within the first 10 meters for any of the frequencies (62.5 Hz, 125Hz and 1000 Hz) analyzed. When considering 2 devices (the ones needed for 1200kw), the affected area was estimated as follows: 3 km for 63 Hz and 125 Hz and 6 km for 1000 Hz.    For Mutriku, in Task 2.3 there was a hydrophone failure, and only two hydrophones gathered data. This case is the most different one out of the four WECs, as Mutriku is an onshore power plant, and can\u2019t be categorized as a source that has \u201cOn\u201d and \u201cOff\u201d states. In this case, the highest SL obtained was around 190 dB in the 62,5 Hz and 125 Hz frequencies for the [2, 2.5) wave height bin, surpassing also the 120 dB dB threshold (NMFS, 2024). However, it is suspected that the models introduced some artifacts in the calculation of the TL, as the SPL obtained in Task 2.3 showed coherent values, and the losses were unusually high. Bearing this in mind, for low frequencies (62.5 Hz, 125 Hz) it was found that 120db threshold dropped at 50 meters from the source, while for high frequencies (1000Hz) it did at 70 meters from the source.  Finally, for SEM-REV, also one hydrophone failed when obtaining the acoustic data in Task 2.3. This, combined with the lack of operational data, did not allow for a good characterization of the WEC signature depending of the WEC states. For the propagation maps, all frequencies (62.5 Hz, 125Hz and 1000 Hz), the SPL dropped below 120 dB threshold (NMFS, 2024) within the first 10 meters. On the other hand, when it is considered 8 devices (to reach 1200 kW), the affected area was estimated as follows: 30 meters for 63 Hz, 6 km for 125 Hz (with an average of 2 km), and 7.4 km for 1000 Hz.  Considering the impact threshold of 120 dB at SL (NMFS, 2024), it seems that all the studied WECs systems could negatively impact the cetaceans in all the studied areas at SL. Most of them significantly reduce these values within the first 10 meters, resulting in a relatively short affected area when compared to the entire acoustic map. However, to fully understand the potential ecological impact of the SLP obtained in this study and fully implement the impact assessment methodologies recommended by experts, such as TG-NOISE methodology, additional efforts are needed. It is essential to define the affected areas, identify the species present, and establish the LOBE for these species regarding the specificities of the production project (number of devices, operational regimes, etc). As offshore energy is expected to increase in the coming years, long-term studies are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts these new energy systems are having on the marine ecosystem.","author":["Gambin, J.A.G.","Topon, K.A.S.","Felis, I.","Mc Allister, A.C.","Martinez, P.M.","Bald, J.","Zubiate, L.","Soulard, T.","Bourhis, E."],"organization":["Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","AZTI","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Fondation OPEN-C","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2025-02-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.434786000000","-2.896529000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:07:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gambin_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080699","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-34-synthesis-knowledge-acquired-gap-analysis","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 3.4 Synthesis of Knowledge Acquired and Gap Analysis","description":"In this report, the conclusions drawn from the modelling performed in WP3, as well as the main GAPs encountered, are presented.  \u2022 Electromagnetic fields (EMF): No significative EMF disturbances related to the device\u2019s operation are found from the simulations. This suggests a low likelihood of EMF interference with marine life or navigational systems. However, while modelling has provided valuable insights, there is a need to correlate these findings with long-term field data to validate the models and ensure their predictive accuracy.  \u2022 Underwater noise: In terms of underwater noise, extensive acoustic modelling was carried out at three test sites and showed that the highest noise emissions were typically in the lower frequency bands. Acoustic nuisance distances varied between 0.5 km and 2.5 km from the equipment, depending on the specific site and conditions. The main gaps in the knowledge of underwater noise were the lack of high quality input data, the lack of validation of the models and the absence of consideration of the many noise-generating systems of the WECs.  \u2022 Marine dynamics: Marine dynamics modelling at the Agu\u00e7adoura test site showed a significant shadowing effect on wave energy, with significant energy reduction within 250 m of the device. Beyond this range, the effect diminished significantly, with less than a 2% reduction in wave energy reaching the shore. The main gap identified is that relying solely on theoretical wave spectra for modelling may not accurately represent real ocean conditions, potentially leading to errors in the assessment of WEC system performance. Criteria are needed to determine when actual measured wave data should be used to improve model accuracy. In addition, data should be collected in all seasons to allow for comparison.","author":["Garcia, J.","Felis, I.","de Santiago, I.","Imperadore, A.","Leit\u00e3o, J.","Vinagre, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Hidromod","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:08:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garcia_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080700","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-43-list-new-data-marendata","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 4.3 List of New Data in MARENDATA","description":"All monitoring and modelling data selected and collected in the project must be properly structured for effective dissemination. To this end, it is necessary to establish data structuring rules based on previous project experiences and adapted to current needs. To maximize accessibility, as much primary (raw) data as possible will be made freely available on the platform, within the constraints of size, format, and other limitations. In addition to primary data, secondary data produced by project partners\u2014 representing expert analyses of monitoring and modelling data\u2014will broaden user reach and enhance data utility.  The present document lists the data entered on the platform https:\/\/MARENDATA.EU up to the date of this document, in the context of the SafeWAVE project.","author":["Leit\u00e3o, J.","Santos, H.","Cardoso, S.","Pereira, R."],"organization":["Hidromod","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-10-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:08:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leitao_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080701","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-45-wider-user-experience","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 4.5 Wider User Experience","description":"The present document addresses the topic of a wider use of https:\/\/MARENDATA.EU (MARENDATA), beyond the framework of the SeaWAVE project. The vision for the MARENDATA platform is based on two core principles: the renewable energy industry requires complex environmental information to address the challenges of harnessing energy from the marine environment, and this information will be delivered through an established open platform that aggregates multiple sources of raw and secondary data to ensure users have access to meaningful insights. This information is provided in the form of charts, documents, videos, images, and reports with data ready for analysis. Throughout the project, efforts have been made to implement new features that enhance the user experience.  This vision helps to refine the mission of the service. Currently, the mission aims to establish a robust IT platform that links with existing and new data repositories, enables access to raw and secondary data, disseminates expert-reviewed data and knowledge, ensures sustainability despite financial constraints of individual projects, and reaches a broad audience within the industry.","author":["Leit\u00e3o, J.","Cardoso, S.","Santos, H.","Pereira, R."],"organization":["Hidromod","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-10-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:09:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leitao_et_al_2024_2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080702","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-46-updated-version-marendata","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 4.6 Updated Version of MARENDATA","description":"The present document describes the updated version of MARENDATA Data Platform, within the SafeWAVE project. MARENDATA is designed to present marine renewable energy industry with resource and impact assessment related information instantaneously in a format suitable for technical and non-technical audiences. It integrates datasets from the different sites, providing scientifically robust data on the potential environmental effects of marine energy devices to support consenting and licensing processes.  The SafeWAVE project enabled a continued improvement of the software supporting data organization and dissemination. Several new features were developed, and the goal of this Deliverable is to describe the underlying software and how the platform is maintained.","author":["Leit\u00e3o, J.","Cardoso, S.","Santos, H.","Pereira, R."],"organization":["Hidromod","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-11-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:09:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leitao_et_al_2024_3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080703","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-54-guidance-document-risk-based-adaptive-management-based","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 5.4 Guidance Document on a Risk Based, Adaptive Management Based Consenting Process for Wave Energy Projects in France and Ireland","description":"The development of an Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) sector is increasingly becoming one of the key low-carbon energy solutions for coastal nations in their drive to tackle both the impacts of a changing climate and to provide energy security in the face of these global challenges. While certainty about the impacts of the devices is some way off, there is an opportunity in the meantime to revisit consenting processes in order to determine whether changes to these could help to release this bottleneck.  SafeWAVE Deliverable 5.2 explored the use of ecological or environmental Risk Based Approaches (RBA) in the ORE development context, which is one potential solution to streamline consenting processes. Deliverable 5.3 built on this work and presented a \u201csimple stepwise approach\u201d which reduced the complexity of the RBA but ensured that relevant scientific work was considered. In this Deliverable 5.4, the intention was to present the Risk-based Approach in the form of a guidance document to include the outcome of consultation with developers and regulators in France and Ireland.    It is important to recognise that this document does not constitute formal guidance, endorsed by national consenting bodies or agencies. Rather it is intended to explain how the principles of RBA and adaptive management could be incorporated into consenting processes and in that way inform licensing processes that better reflect environmental realities. The approach taken involved providing a draft of this document to interested parties in both France and Ireland. Workshops were held with relevant stakeholders in France and Ireland to discuss the concepts and garner their views on how the approaches proposed could be incorporated into existing consenting systems. When considering the findings from these workshops, there is clearly a need for more direct evidence before regulators, developers and consultants feel confident that they can fully engage and understand the benefits and improvements RBA might offer. Although this deliverable is termed \u2018a guidance document\u2019, there is limited guidance we can put forward given the above statement. Wider roll-out of RBAs is dependent on additional evidence from developments. This evidence can only be collected when more developments have been consented and additional experience with the authorisation of such projects has occurred. From the outset, however, it is essential that RBA is complimentary to the existing regulatory frameworks in individual countries and that it adds value to the overall consenting process rather than becoming an additional procedure.","author":["Verling, E.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Soulard, T.","Menchaca, I.","Galparsoro, I.","Machado, I.","Bald, J."],"organization":["University College Cork","Fondation OPEN-C","AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-23 02:13:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verling_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080704","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-63-identifying-suitable-areas-developing-wave-energy-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave Deliverable 6.3 Identifying Suitable Areas for Developing Wave Energy Projects in the European Atlantic Region","description":"One of the objectives of the European Green Deal is to increase the share of renewable energy sources in the EU\u0027s energy mix. Among other energy resources, renewable energy from the seas is a cornerstone of the clean energy transition, especially offshore wind, and ocean energy.    Achieving the renewable energy production objectives will necessitate a notable expansion of the offshore energy industry. One of the main challenges for wave energy projects is to find suitable locations that can provide high and consistent wave power, as well as meet the environmental, social, and economic criteria.    Different approaches of modelling can be implemented to assist during the process of the integrated assessment of suitable areas for the development of wave farms. One of the primary outcomes of such models is the creation of maps. The maps serve to illustrate the spatial distribution of suitable locations for the development of wave energy farms.  The main objective of the present deliverable is the identification and characterization of suitable areas for the development of wave energy projects in the context of Maritime Spatial Planning in the European Atlantic region (Spain, Portugal, France, and Ireland), accounting for a total area of 3,136,073 km2.    The model was operationalized in a Bayesian Network. The spatial data to feed the model were obtained from different publicly available datasets. It was implemented into a web-based decision support tool called VAPEM (https:\/\/aztidata.es\/vapem\/).  A total of 34 maps representing the spatial distribution of three different dimensions directly related to the suitability of wave energy projects (i.e., technical suitability, environmental risk, and conflicts with other activities) and the final integrated suitability have been produced.    Almost 11% of the study area has been identified as being suitable for wave energy projects, of which 0.41% is considered as being highly suitable. This percentage represents 37,661 km2 of suitable and highly suitable areas for the development of offshore wave energy projects. The averaged mean annual energy production (MAEP) of our specific WEC, assuming an operation window of 8,760 hour per year (i.e., 365 days, with no stops), is 1,235 \u00b1 80 MWh (mean value for the suitable and highly suitable areas). The maximum and minimum value of the MAEP in this area is 1,605 MWh, and 1,118 MWh, respectively. To achieve the target of 1GW of ocean energy installed capacity by 2030, 7,143 WECs would be needed and to achieve the target of 40 GW by 2050, 285,714 WECs, and in areas with the maximum MAEP, 5,459 WECs and 218,341 WECs respectively.  The results indicate that there is enough space in the European Atlantic region to develop new wave energy farms for the achievement of predefined objectives and that if planned properly and with caution, those developments would fulfil industrial requirements, and would be developed in areas with the lowest environmental risks and limited or no conflicts with other activities.","author":["Galparsoro, I.","Mandiola, G.","Villar\u00edn, E.","de Santiago, I.","Garnier, R.","Iglesias, G.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","CorPower Ocean","University College Cork","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2023-10-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-25 01:11:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Galparsoro_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2080726","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-monitoring-reporting-underwater-noise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oar.marine.ie\/handle\/10793\/2005?show=full","title":"Guidance for Monitoring and Reporting of Underwater Noise","description":"This document is the first technical deliverable of the study carry out to address the topic \u0022Underwater Noise guidance for Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) developers\u0022, under the Marine Institute\u2019s Research for Policy Awards 2023. The study has been split into two sections, both approached under the ORE perspective. The first addresses the monitoring and reporting of underwater acoustic noise, the subject of this document. The second section covers mitigation measures and thresholds for underwater noise and is presented in a separate deliverable.  The methodology used in the study was based on a desktop review of literature on the topic (grey and peer-reviewed), as well as of regulations (national, regional and international levels) applicable to the management of UAN in offshore developments. A review and analysis of best practices in jurisdictions other than Ireland, as well as consultation of relevant stakeholders, has also been undertaken.  Following a brief introduction to the subject of monitoring and reporting of underwater acoustic noise (UAN), and some definitions of terminology, the report first presents the context, referencing a scope already pre-defined, of UAN generated by human activities during the various stages of ORE developments (pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning). It followed from this review that the most impactful activity during these stages is pile-driving, that is, the installation of fixed infrastructure in the seabed through mechanical percussion (or vibration) at the surface by specialised vessels.","author":["Chumbinho, R."],"organization":["BlueWise Marine"],"originationDate":"2025-02-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.277642300000","-9.014342600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-02-27 05:15:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chumbinho_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2081125","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bayesian-networks-assessing-sustainability-marine-renewable-energy-sector-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S266618882500067X","title":"Bayesian networks for assessing the sustainability of the marine renewable energy sector in the blue economy of Spanish ports","description":"This research focuses on identifying key indicators for the sustainable development of the Marine Renewable Energy sector in the Blue Economy of Spanish ports, utilizing Bayesian networks to integrate economic, social, and environmental perspectives. The study also aims to develop a decision-support tool for strategic planning in ports. The methodology involves creating and analyzing a Bayesian model using data from 28 Spanish port authorities. The study includes selecting indicators, data preprocessing, and model construction to identify interrelations among sustainability variables. Key findings indicate that economic investment in port infrastructure, environmental characterization, and occupational safety are crucial factors for the sector\u0027s development. Bayesian networks enabled the representation of relationships among these indicators, highlighting the importance of a balanced approach between economic, social, and environmental sustainability. The study concludes that the sustainability of the Marine Renewable Energy sector depends on an effective integration of economic investments, environmental management, and occupational safety measures, supported by tools like Bayesian networks to optimize decision-making in the port sector.","author":["Vaca-Cabrero, J.","Gonz\u00e1lez-Cancelas, N.","Camaro-Orive, A."],"organization":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid"],"originationDate":"2025-02-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.448506539086","-3.719279802460"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-15 12:06:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vaca-Cabrero_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2081498","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-impact-magnetic-fields-related-submarine-power-cables-american-mud-crab","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X24014693","title":"Exploring the impact of magnetic fields related to submarine power cables on the American mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii: A behavioural and physiological perspective","description":"The number of submarine cables in marine environment is increasing. Thus, marine organisms, especially benthic invertebrates are exposed to magnetic fields generated by those cables. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) and electromagnetic field (EMF) on the behaviour and physiology of Rhithropanopeus harrisii during a series of laboratory experiments. Neither SMF nor EMF significantly affected oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate and haemolymph osmotic concentration after 8-day exposure. In experiment related to spatial preferences crabs showed a clear attraction to EMF and were more active in EMF than in the geomagnetic field. In small areas without additional cues (locomotor activity experiment) EMF did not elicit changes in activity, whereas in experiment on conspecific behaviour crabs were more active and socially interactive. In SMF neither attraction nor avoidance behaviour was observed but decrease in activity and less interaction between individuals was noted.","author":["Jakubowska-Lehrmann, M.","Makaras, T.","Normant-Saremba, M.","Bia\u0142ow\u0105s, M.","Otremba, Z"],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Research Institute","The Nature Research Centre (Gamtos tyrimu centras)","University of Gda\u0144sk","Gdynia Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2025-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","Avoidance","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 05:20:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082194","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/citizens-guide-environmental-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/putwindtowork.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/EA-Citizens-Guide.pdf","title":"A Citizens Guide to Environmental Assessment","description":"In 1989, environmental assessment was developed as an environmental management tool to allow for the consideration of public concerns relating to broad environmental issues when evaluating proposed developments. Environmental assessment ensures that environmental, human health, socio-economic, cultural, historical, architectural and archaeological concerns from all stakeholders and the Mi\u2019kmaq of Nova Scotia are identified and addressed at the earliest stage of development planning. Through consideration of these broad environmental issues and public and Mi\u2019kmaq concerns, the Minister of Environment decides whether or not the development can proceed in an environmentally sustainable manner.  Environmental assessment is used in every province and territory in Canada and in many countries world-wide. It is a tool which promotes good project planning, thereby avoiding or minimizing environmental impacts caused by a development. It also allows developments to incorporate environmental considerations at the planning stage, which may avoid expensive changes once the project design has been finalized.  The Nova Scotia Environment Act and Environmental Assessment Regulations (Appendix A) provide the legislative framework for environmental assessment that includes opportunities for public involvement. The Act and regulations are administered by Nova Scotia Environment through Environmental Assessment Administrators, who are appointed by the Minister.  The Act and regulations are designed to identify the environmental impacts associated with designated development proposals (undertakings) long before the proposals are implemented. Environmental assessment gives government agencies, non-government organizations (NGOs), the Mi\u2019kmaq of Nova Scotia, local residents and the general public an opportunity to provide information that will be considered by the Minister when making a decision. Contributions from these groups are essential.   Projects of all sizes may need to undergo environmental assessment. They may be proposed by large and small companies, municipalities, community groups, government departments or individuals. This citizen\u2019s guide aims to explain the Act and regulations governing environmental assessment so that all Nova Scotians can take part in the process.  This guide to the Act and regulations presents a concise overview of environmental assessment in Nova Scotia. This guide is not a legal authority and is not a substitute for the Act and regulations. Where the process and time frames given in this document differ from the regulations, the regulations shall prevail. For definitive reference, please refer to the official copies of the Act and regulations.","author":["Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Climate Change (Nova Scotia Environment)"],"organization":["Nova Scotia Department of Environment and Climate Change (Nova Scotia Environment)"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:40:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EA_Citizens_Guide_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082206","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decommissioning-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-scottish-waters-or-scottish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-decommissioning-guidance-scottish-waters\/documents\/","title":"Decommissioning of Offshore Renewable Energy Installations in Scottish waters or in the Scottish part of the Renewable Energy Zone under The Energy Act 2004","description":"1.1 Sections 105 to 114 of the Energy Act 2004 (as amended by the Energy Act 2008 and the Scotland Act 2016) (\u0022the Energy Act\u0022) contain statutory requirements in relation to the decommissioning of the whole or any part of a renewable energy installation or an electric line that is or has been a related line (\u0022relevant object\u0022). Under the terms of the Energy Act, the Scottish Ministers may require a person who is responsible for relevant objects in Scottish waters (as defined in Section 104 of the Energy Act) or in the Scottish Renewable Energy Zone (\u0022REZ\u0022), to prepare (and eventually carry out) a decommissioning programme for submission to and approval by the Scottish Ministers. Where there has been a failure to submit a decommissioning programme or a decommissioning programme has been rejected, the Scottish Ministers also have powers to impose a decommissioning programme on a responsible person.  1.2 Marine Scotland, as the directorate responsible for the Marine Environment, has developed this guidance on behalf of the Scottish Ministers in order to assist developers \/ owners (referred to from hereon in as \u0022the responsible person\u0022) in understanding their obligations under the Energy Act. The guidance covers the following:  a) The geographical scope of the decommissioning requirements as they apply in Scotland and the categories of offshore renewable energy installation (\u0022OREI\u0022) \/ electric lines included as relevant objects within the Energy Act;  b) The process for submitting, seeking approval for, reviewing and modifying a decommissioning programme submitted in accordance with the Energy Act;  c) The expected content of decommissioning programmes;  d) Decommissioning standards \u2013 the general requirement to remove relevant objects and any exceptions from this general requirement; how they are to be removed; how waste is to be dealt with; notification and marking of any remains; and monitoring, maintenance and management of the site after decommissioning;  e) Financial security \u2013 the need for financial security and the forms of financial security which are acceptable;  f) Residual liability \u2013 the residual liability which remains with the owners following decommissioning; and  g) Industry cooperation and collaboration \u2013 the value of industry cooperation and collaboration at the decommissioning stage.  1.3 This guidance should be followed by the persons responsible for relevant objects in Scottish waters or in the Scottish REZ, to which the Energy Act applies.","author":["The Scottish Government"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2022-07-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.798397000000","-4.452438000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 05:45:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/decommissioning-offshore-renewable-energy-installations-scottish-waters-scottish-part-renewable-energy-zone-under-energy-act-2004-guidance-notes-industry-scotland.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082207","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/systematic-review-behavioural-responses-wild-marine-mammals-noise-disparity-between","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cdnsciencepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1139\/cjz-2016-0098","title":"A systematic review on the behavioural responses of wild marine mammals to noise: the disparity between science and policy","description":"Noise can cause marine mammals to interrupt their feeding, alter their vocalizations, or leave important habitat, among other behavioural responses. The current North American paradigm for regulating activities that may result in behavioural responses identifies received levels (RL) of sound at which individuals are predicted to display significant behavioural responses (often termed harassment). The recurrent conclusion about the need for considering context of exposure, in addition to RL, when assessing probability and severity of behavioural responses led us to conduct a systematic literature review (370 papers) and analysis (79 studies, 195 data cases). The review summarized the critical and complex role of context of exposure. The analysis emphasized that behavioural responses in cetaceans (measured via a linear severity scale) were best explained by the interaction between sound source type (continuous, sonar, or seismic\/explosion) and functional hearing group (a proxy for hearing capabilities). Importantly, more severe behavioural responses were not consistently associated with higher RL and vice versa. This indicates that monitoring and regulation of acoustic effects from activities on cetacean behaviour should not exclusively rely upon generic multispecies RL thresholds. We recommend replacing the behavioural response severity score with a response\/no response dichotomous approach that can represent a measure of impact in terms of habitat loss and degradation.","author":["Gomez, C.","Lawson, J.","Wright, A.","Buren, A.","Tollit, D.","Lesage, V."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","George Mason University","SMRU Consulting"],"originationDate":"2016-11-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 06:03:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082208","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/outlook-development-eco-friendly-offshore-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciengine.com\/SST\/doi\/10.1360\/SST-2024-0267","title":"Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies","description":"With the implementation of the strategy of building maritime power, offshore renewable energy technology development is crucial for ensuring national energy security and enhancing economic efficiency. However, such efforts can also have ecological and environmental impacts that warrant significant attention. The responsible development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies and equipment is essential for actively promoting the growth of China\u2019s marine economy and improving the marine ecological environment, which involves the structure design, material selection, deployment location, and so on. This study examines several key offshore renewable energy technologies, encompassing offshore wind power and photovoltaics, wave energy, and tidal energy and their effects on the ecological environment, comparing the research status in these fields between other countries and China and investigating the policies and plans implemented by various coastal provinces and cities in China. With the foreseeable rapid increase in the installed capacity of offshore renewable energy equipment, it is urgent to balance the relationship between offshore renewable energy technology and the marine ecological environment. Based on this analysis, the study offers recommendations for the future development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies, providing valuable insights for exploring environmentally sustainable offshore low-carbon energy solutions in China.","author":["Sun, P.","Jiang, Z.","Chen, Y.","Song, X.","Pang, Y.","Cai, B.","Xu, X.","Li, Y."],"organization":["Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)","Ministry of Natural Resources (China)","Xiamen University","Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China"],"originationDate":"2025-02-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-25 06:17:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082211","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-decommissioning-environmental-protected-species-risk-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/node\/23874","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Decommissioning Environmental and Protected Species Risk Assessment","description":"Nova Innovation has produced this Environmental and Protected Species Risk Assessment in support of an application to Marine Scotland Licensing Operations Team (MS-LOT) for a Marine Licence to decommission the three geared M100 turbines in the \u201cShetland Tidal Array\u201d in the Bluemull Sound, Shetland.   A description of the activities associated with the decommissioning of the three M100 turbines is provided, and an assessment of the potential environmental effects. An assessment of the potential effects of the project nature conservation Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Priority marine Features (PMF) is provided.   This document also provides an assessment of the potential effects on \u201cNatura\u201d sites, including Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) and Special Protection Areas (SPA). The information in this document is therefore provided to inform MS-LOT\u2019s Habitats Regulations Appraisal (HRA) of the decommissioning activity under The Conservation (Natural Habitats, \u0026amp;c.) (EU Exit) (Scotland) (Amendment) Regulations 2019, including determining whether an \u201cAppropriate Assessment\u201d is required.   This document also supports an application to MS-LOT for a licence to disturb marine species that are subject to strict protection (\u201cEuropean Protected Species\u201d \u2013 EPS), as described in Annex IV to Council Directive 92\/43\/EEC at Bluemull Sound, Cullivoe, Yell, Shetland.   Decommissioning will involve complete removal of each of the three M100 turbines (T1, T2 and T3) in turn. The turbine nacelle, substructure and cable will be removed from the seabed and taken to shore for recycling or disposal. The three M100-D direct drive turbines (T4, T5 and T6) and associated infrastructure (subsea hub and cables) in the Shetland Tidal Array will not be decommissioned and will remain in situ on the seabed.   Full details of the equipment to be decommissioned, and the vessels and equipment that will be used in decommissioning operations are provided in a Decommissioning Schedule and Method Statement, with a summary provided in this document.","author":["Smith, K."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-08-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.698887000000","-0.986150000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-27 05:32:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Smith_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082213","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/13-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/B9780443219276000076","title":"13 - Marine energy","description":"Marine energy is derived from the movement and other attributes of seawater, with devices to harvest energy from the waves, tides, persistent ocean currents, large open rivers, and gradients of temperature and salinity in the ocean. Marine energy can provide power to islands and remote coastal communities in conjunction with other renewables like wind and solar by using energy storage and microgrids; generate and use power at sea for applications like offshore aquaculture and ocean observations; and contribute to grid power for many nations. Persistent marine power sources can mitigate climate change and provide reliably generated local power that will help smaller communities make the transition to a just renewable energy future. The marine energy industry is young, engaging in extensive testing and initial deployments into harsh ocean conditions that require specialized engineering, innovative materials, assistance from offshore specialists, and studies on environmental effects to ensure that vulnerable marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes are not harmed.","author":["Copping, A.","Yang, Z."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-02-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-31 11:04:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082214","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evolution-equity-offshore-renewable-energy-systematic-literature-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569125000651","title":"The evolution of equity in offshore renewable energy: A systematic literature review","description":"Offshore renewable energy (ORE) projects are becoming a promising solution in transitioning to cleaner energy, but there are important questions regarding the governance and policy goals of such projects, particularly given frequent opposition from local communities who do not believe these projects lead to equitable benefits. This study explores the relationship between ORE and equity, analyzing how the concept of equity has been conceptualized over the last two decades. A systematic review of this scholarship shows that research from various disciplines has investigated and narrowed the broad concept of equity to a few core considerations, but these have not yet been specifically integrated to inform ORE. These equity considerations have so far evolved through three stages. First, the initial focus was on the cause-and-effect relationships between public perception, conflicts, and acceptance, showing that divergent stakeholder perceptions of ORE can lead to social conflicts, and consequently, low public acceptance. This highlights the importance of recognitional justice to ensure that all stakeholder perspectives are acknowledged and valued. The second stage sheds light on public engagement as a potential solution for converging different attitudes towards ORE. The third stage introduced the concept of energy justice into ORE equity studies, emphasizing the need for equal consideration of energy justice principles. Based on this, we recommend that research and development in ORE adopt a context-appropriate definition of equity and use transdisciplinary methods to facilitate collaboration and integration on unique local social, economic, and ecological conditions. In addition, future research should strive for flexible ORE processes that encompass all principles of energy justice and minimize negative trade-offs by prioritizing local goals. These strategies aim to ensure ORE projects are developed with a strong emphasis on equity and justice that can enable a transition to cleaner energy while respecting local goals and redressing past injustice.","author":["Tighsazzadeh, M.","Doyon, A.","Hirsch, S.","Cisneros-Montemayor, A."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2025-03-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 05:56:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tighsazzadeh-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082216","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harbour-grey-seals-distribution-maps-scotland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/updated-habitat-based-sea-distribution-maps-harbour-grey-seals-scotland","title":"Harbour and grey seals: distribution maps for Scotland","description":"Scotland is a globally important population centre for both harbour (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). Up-to-date estimates of at-sea distribution are an important resource for marine spatial planning, particularly given the projected scale of decommissioning of oil and gas infrastructure and construction of offshore wind farms in Scottish waters in coming years. Previous distribution estimates were limited by a lack of tracking data for both species in Shetland, and estimates for Shetland were therefore made based on modelled habitat preference relationships of seals tagged in Orkney and the north coast of mainland Scotland. To address this knowledge gap, GPS satellite telemetry devices were deployed on harbour and grey seals in Shetland in 2022, funded by the Scottish Government Marine Directorate, NatureScot and the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ). The Scottish Government Marine Directorate funded the incorporation of these new harbour seal tracking data, and recent haulout counts to update at-sea density estimates for harbour seals. Here we present updated at-sea distribution maps for both harbour and grey seals hauling out in Scotland, taking advantage of various improvements to the existing methods (Carter et al., 2022) funded by NERC INSITE II project EcoSTAR (with support from NERC National Capability - National Public Good funding). These updated maps are generated using regional habitat preference relationships derived from the new tracking data, in combination with previously used tracking data and the most recent available estimates of seal abundance (haulout counts). The downloadable content associated with this report is a series of Geographic Information Service (GIS) data layers with relative (percentage of at-sea population) and absolute (number of animals) estimates of harbour and grey seal at-sea density on a 5 km by 5 km grid for seals hauling out in Scotland.","author":["Carter, M.","Bivins, M.","Duck, C.","Hastie, G.","Morris, C.","Moss, S.","Thompson, D.","Thompson, P.","Vincent, C.","Russell, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","University of Aberdeen","University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2025-02-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.534650417305","-1.232684976588"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 06:20:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carter-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082217","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improving-monitoring-data-consistency-archiving-access-improved-regional-integration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/BOEM_PAM_Workshop1_2021_078.pdf","title":"Improving Monitoring, Data Consistency, Archiving, and Access for Improved Regional Integration of Renewable Energy Science: Workshop on Passive Acoustic Monitoring and Marine Mammals June 2-3, 2021","description":"The objectives of the workshop:    Consider a regional strategy for passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) and data collection for marine mammals for northwest Atlantic areas of offshore wind development from Maine to the Carolinas, with some emphasis on species of concern, including, but not limited to, the North Atlantic Right Whale (NARW).  Consider approaches for acoustic data management and coordination  Explore more consistent approaches to PAM including equipment specifications, study design, collection, analysis, and storage for data before and after wind farm construction with a goal of detecting regional changes in marine mammal habitat use patterns   In summary, the workshop participants:    Reviewed a 20 x20 grid monitoring design for placement of PAM detectors across whale habitat off the US east Outer Continental Shelf (OCS);  Explored details relating to minimum standards for stationary PAM detectors;  Explore potential study designs that could be part of an overall grid monitoring design to address questions specific to wind energy areas or to further understand movement between major subareas of the coast;  Discuss the opportunities and barriers for such a regional approach, including but not limited to cost, allocation of costs and responsibilities, challenges of maintaining 2 detectors over longer periods of time and the hypotheses that can be tested with such an approach.  Many, but not all participants as invited, agreed the proposed regional monitoring design is important and would be feasible over time, and suggested improvements and refinements to advance the approach (a list of workshop participants can be found in Appendix B).","author":["Field, P.","Baker, K.","Van Parijs, S.","Staaterman, E.","Cody, M."],"organization":["Consensus Building Institute","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["39.358395000000","-73.078534000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 06:53:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Field-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082218","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/maripark-blueprint","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/newsroom\/cinea\/items\/846837\/en","title":"Maripark Blueprint","description":"Approach  An analysis of similar initiatives from around the world has been conducted to establish a governance structure for a Maripark in the Dutch North Sea. The research process involved detailed review of scientific literature and reports for approximately 50 dual and MU projects. The selected projects are at various stages of development, ranging from research to commercialization. A shortlist of 9 projects was then created, prioritizing those that are more mature in terms of commercialization and, ideally, support both food and energy production. Interviews were conducted with project stakeholders, like business owners and project managers.  Findings  The outcome shows that, despite widespread efforts, there is a limited number of successful dual and MU projects, with this type of application being poorly executed globally and little evidence of commercial operation. In the North Sea, discussions on dual-use often focus on combining renewable energy with aquaculture. However, most of these projects have yet to advance beyond the research or pilot stage. The following pages detail lessons learned and provides an in depth analysis of case studies.  Key Takeaways  Multi-use projects offer a unique opportunity for industries to benefit from synergies, including cost savings from shared resources and infrastructure. However, realizing these benefits will require strong collaboration and trust across various industries. Managed coordination and governance will be critical to facilitate this sharing of resources. The research highlights that an effectively governed Maripark can serve as an ideal framework for the optimized use of ocean space. According to our research, no similar concept has been proposed elsewhere.","author":["Ernst \u0026 Young"],"organization":["Ernst \u0026 Young Global Limited (EY)","Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, Food Security and Nature"],"originationDate":"2024-09-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-26 06:58:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Maripark_Blueprint_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082221","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-21-development-environmental-monitoring-plans","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave DELIVERABLE 2.1 Development of environmental monitoring plans","description":"The ocean energy development is one of the main pillars of the EU Blue Growth strategy. However, while the technological development of devices is growing fast, their potential environmental effects are not well-known. The SafeWAVE project aims to improve the knowledge on the potential environmental impacts from Wave Energy projects. In the project scope, Work Package 2 aims to collect, process, analyse, and share environmental data related to four priority areas of research: i) Electromagnetic Fields, ii) Acoustics (noise), iii) Seafloor integrity, and iv) Fish communities. Four sites where Wave Energy Converters are operating in Portuguese, Spanish and French coastal waters will be monitored, representing different types of technology, different types of locations (onshore, nearshore, and offshore), and different types of project scales (single devices and arrays of devices), hence, different types and\/or magnitudes of environmental impacts. The aim of Task 2.1 and the present report (Deliverable) 2.1 is to present the specific monitoring plans to undertake for each technology at each site.","author":["Vinagre, P.","Chainho, P.","Cruz E.","Felis, I.","Madrid, E.","Soulard, T.","Bourhis, E.","Holm, T.","Berre, C.","Bald, J."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","Wello Oy","RTSYS","AZTI","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-27 05:48:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vinagre_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082222","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-24-monitoring-seabed-integrity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave DELIVERABLE 2.4 Monitoring of the seabed integrity","description":"In response to the EU Blue Growth strategy, the technology behind devices that collect and transform the marine energy is evolving in leaps and bounds. However, the potential environmental impacts derived from the installation, operation and decommissioning of such devices are not yet fully known. Hence, the main aim of the SafeWAVE project is to fill the knowledge gaps related to the environmental effects that may cause the Wave Energy projects. In the framework of this project, Work Package 2 aims to collect, process, analyse, and share environmental data from four priority areas of research: i) Electromagnetic Fields, ii) Acoustics (noise), iii) Seafloor integrity, and iv) Fish communities. Specifically, the objectives of Task 2.4 and this report derived from that are to: inform on the work undertaken to monitor seafloor integrity; describe the methods for monitoring and data analysis; and show the main results obtained. In order to fulfil such aims, three sites where WECs are operating in Portuguese, Spanish and French coastal waters were monitored. The WECs installed at each of the sites operate in the basis of different technologies, at different types of locations and at different project scales. Thus, this deliverable will also pay attention to the differences in the impacts caused by the disparities in the conditions.","author":["Muxika, I.","Vinagre, P.","Bourhis, E.","Villar\u00edn, E.","Tanguy, F.","Niclot, C.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Ecole Central de Nantes (ECN)","RTSYS","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2023-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 09:04:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Muxika_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082225","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-resources-peru-sustainable-blue-energy-explore-develop","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/13\/3\/501","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Resources in Peru: A Sustainable Blue Energy for Explore and Develop","description":"The Peruvian coast covers more than 3000 km along the Pacific Ocean, being one of the richest seas in terms of biodiversity, productivity, fishing, and renewable energy potential. Marine renewable energy (MRE) in both offshore and coastal environments of Peru is, currently, a huge reserve of practically unused renewable energy, with inexhaustible potential. In this context, renewable energies from hydroelectric, biomass, wind, and solar sources have been applied in the country, but geothermal, waves, tidal currents, and tidal range sources are currently underdeveloped. This article presents the enormous source of sustainable blue energy for generating electrical energy that exists in Peru from waves and tidal resource potential. In addition, this article presents the main opportunities, gaps, and key issues for the implementation of marine renewable energy (MRE), with emphasis on: (i) showing the available potential in the northern, central, and southern Pacific Ocean territories of Peru, (ii) characterizing the marine energy best available technologies to implement, (iii) the environmental and socio-economic impacts of marine renewable energy, and (iv) discussion of challenges, opportunities, and future directions for developments in the marine energy sector. Finally, the article concludes that the greatest possibilities for exploiting the abundant marine renewable energy (MRE) resource in Peru are large spaces in both offshore and coastal environments on the Pacific Ocean that can be considered for harvesting energy. These issues will depend strongly on the implementation of regulations and policies for the strategic use for planning of marine resources, encouraging research and development (R\u0026amp;D) for creating sustainable innovations, incentives for project finance mechanisms, and developing specialized local human capital, considering the sustainability of livelihoods of coastal communities and ecosystems.","author":["Cacciuttolo, C.","P\u00e9rez, G.","Falc\u00f3n, M."],"organization":["Catholic University of Temuco","Universidad Continental","Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas"],"originationDate":"2025-03-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["-11.972873000000","-78.207645200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-27 12:25:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cacciuttolo_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082227","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-overview-ocean-energy-activities-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2024\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2024","description":"IEA-OES is a Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) on Ocean Energy Systems (OES) within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA).  The TCP mechanism is a flexible and effective means created by the IEA to research breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes \u2013 in short to encourage technology-related activities in line with the IEA shared goals of energy security, environmental protection and economic growth, as well as engagement worldwide. Today, about 40 TCPs are working in the areas of:    Cross-Cutting Activities (information exchange, modelling, technology transfer)  End-Use (buildings, electricity, industry, transport)  Fossil Fuels (greenhouse-gas mitigation, supply, transformation)  Fusion Power (international experiments)  Renewable Energies and Hydrogen (technologies and deployment)   Each of these areas are overseen by specialised Working Parties that report to the Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT), the main IEA body promoting the development, demonstration and deployment of technologies to meet challenges in the energy sector. The IEA-OES report to the Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP).  Work is funded by participants, and there is a close cooperation with the IEA-secretariat in Paris, which also provides a legal framework. The IEA offers clear rules for engagement and equitable sharing of rights and obligations, but also flexibility to adjust to evolving needs and interests of the Participants in TCPs.  This Annual Report showcases the collaborative work of IEA-OES, emphasizing key achievements and recent global developments. It also offers insights into ocean energy policies, research advancements, and deployment progress across member countries, highlighting the collective impact and progress of this international cooperation.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2025-03-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-28 06:12:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082232","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-51-legal-institutional-review-national-consenting-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave DELIVERABLE 5.1 Legal and institutional review of national consenting processes","description":"Consenting remains one of the often cited barriers to the offshore renewable energy development. This deliverable outlines the current EU policy context for offshore energy development and wider environmental management. It then looks at the policy basis in two SafeWAVE project partner countries: namely France and Ireland. In relation to these Member States, their national progress on EU policy is presented together with their current consenting processes. This complements an earlier report by Bald and Apolonia (2020), which focused on the consenting processes in Spain and Portugal, as part of the WESE project. This deliverable will form the basis for the remaining work to be carried out under Work Package 5, focusing on risk-based approaches and feasibility of Adaptive Management.","author":["O\u0027Hagan, A.","Bourhis, E.","Soulard, T."],"organization":["European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-07-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-03-27 05:59:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OHagan_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082241","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-management-implications-emerging-marine-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569125000602?via%3Dihub","title":"Effects and management implications of emerging marine renewable energy technologies","description":"Offshore renewable energy technologies are being tested and deployed around the world to mitigate climate change and to bring clean sustainable energy to remote locations. The trend is being led by the development of offshore wind, with energy from waves, tides, and large run of the river turbines also increasing. However, there are additional marine renewable energy technologies that will help to fill in gaps of availability and location for power production. These emerging technologies are generally less well known, including ocean thermal energy conversion, seawater air conditioning, power from salinity gradients, and floating solar photovoltaics (floatovoltaics). Coupled with each of these power production systems is the need for energy systems at sea to aid in storage and transport of the energy. There is little known about the potential environmental effects of these emerging technologies or undersea energy storage, or how they might best be managed. This paper describes the new technologies and explores the potential effects on the marine environment and wildlife and recommends approaches to their management.","author":["Copping, A.","Wood, D.","Rumes, B.","Zin Ong, E.","Golmen, L.","Mulholland, R.","Harrod, O."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)","Runde Environmental Centre"],"originationDate":"2025-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Chemicals","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-24 01:35:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082650","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-stream-energy-project-collision-risk-data-evidence-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinedataexchange.co.uk\/details\/TCE-4144\/2024-2025-the-crown-estate-and-abpmer-tidal-stream-energy-project-collision-risk-data-and-evidence-summary","title":"Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary","description":"The UK has outlined an ambitious plan to cut carbon emissions by 68% by 2030, shifting its energy sources from fossil fuels to renewable energy alternatives (BEIS, 2022). Tidal stream technology, the process of harnessing the power of ocean tidal currents, is a reliable source of renewable energy and presents a promising option to support this clean energy transition.  While this technology is reaching the point of commercial-scale deployment, the growth of the sector has been hindered by economic challenges, and uncertainties surrounding potential environmental impacts on marine habitats and species during construction and operation. In the UK, there are consenting concerns on the negative impacts tidal stream devices may have on marine fauna, including the risk of collision, disturbance caused by underwater noise, avoidance and displacement. These concerns have contributed to long consenting timelines and the need for costly long-term data collection to fill evidence gaps and understand these impacts.  The aim of this data summary is to provide an overview of environmental monitoring data collected to date on operational or decommissioned tidal stream energy projects in the UK and globally, to assess the impacts these devices may have on marine species. The data and evidence summarised in this report primarily explores the issue of collision risk for marine mammals, as this risk remains a significant barrier to tidal stream consenting and a key concern for regulators. This project\u2019s purpose is to recognise what data has been collected to date, draw insight from monitoring, and how monitoring conclusions can inform future tidal stream energy developments in the UK. A primary objective of this report has been to assess monitoring methods used at tidal stream sites, with a particular focus on impact monitoring techniques, in order to better understand the evidence base relating to collision risk and possible displacement. By providing clarity on the advantages and limitations of tidal stream technology monitoring techniques, the report\u2019s ultimate aim is to support the tidal stream energy consenting process.  Utilising The Crown Estate\u2019s Marine Data Exchange and third-party peer reviewed journals, this report summarises monitoring data for four tidal energy sites in the UK; SeaGen Unit, Shetland Tidal Array, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project and the European Marine Energy Centre, summarising publicly available information on their potential impacts on marine fauna. While focusing on UK case studies, this report also considers evidence that has been gathered around the world to investigate lessons learned in other countries including: the United States of America, Canada and France. The breadth of sites covered in this review showcases the data gathered across the UK and globally, highlighting the existing evidence base for developers and regulators to utilise. Each case study provides insights into the advantages and limitations of monitoring techniques carried out at each location. Marine mammal monitoring techniques that were explored in this report include: Pinniped (seal) telemetry; Passive Acoustic Monitoring; underwater video footage; active sonar; and visual surveys, as well as sound measurements to assess underwater noise levels at the turbine site both during construction and operation phases. Along with this review of selected case studies, The Crown Estate liaised directly with developers to create fact sheets with a high-level overview of each site location, providing details on physical site characteristics and tidal stream device technical details.  In the case studies summarised, which consist of various devices located in differing habitats in Scotland and Northern Ireland, there have been no recorded marine mammal collisions with tidal turbines, and individuals appear to avoid turbines when they are operating. While different monitoring methods were used at each site, this does suggest that collision risk potential is low for single and small-scale arrays. Across the SeaGen, Shetland Tidal Array, and MeyGen Tidal Energy Project case studies, four of the reports concluded that there was localised avoidance of the turbine when in operation, similarly suggesting collision risk maybe be lower than previously perceived for single and small-scale arrays. However, larger-scale arrays still warrant further investigation, especially if avoidance and displacement also occur from potentially important areas for marine species\u2019 life cycles.  Through the synthesis of available evidence, this report has evaluated the methods used to quantify risk and has identified that current environmental monitoring methods can often lack standardisation and consistency, with variability in data quality and reliability, making it difficult to compare results across different sites. To address these limitations, the report recommends enhancing the evidence base through the continued development and implementation of advanced monitoring technologies as well as increased collaboration between researchers, policymakers and industry stakeholders, to help share knowledge and best practice, ultimately improving the overall quality of environmental monitoring. Whilst test and demonstration sites provide developers with the opportunity to refine device technology to reach the point of commercial scale up, they also provide a good opportunity to trial monitoring techniques for devices. Advanced technologies such as the use of active sonar and AI to automatically detect marine species in real time, could help to address uncertainties faced due to challenges of collecting nearfield data that previously resulted in the monitoring not providing definitive evidence on absence (or not) of risk.  Despite the growing evidence base on single devices or small-scale arrays, knowledge gaps persist on the potential impacts larger scale arrays may have on the surrounding marine environment which may not yet be observable in the current small-scale deployments. As tidal stream developments scale up, monitoring should take place throughout a phased deployment to evaluate change at a sufficient spatial and temporal scale to assess wider ranging impacts. By utilising technological advancements, leveraging learnings from previous data and evidence collection and encouraging collaboration, the industry can accelerate development, mitigate risks, and enhance the overall performance of tidal stream energy to enable its scale up to commercial sites.    Based on the insights concluded in this report, the following next steps are recommended:  Further investment into test and development sites to improve tidal stream energy technological innovations and ensure consistent environmental monitoring techniques  Deployment and testing of new monitoring technologies such as active sonar, in situ sensors and AI to automatically detect marine species in real time  Further funding for coordinated strategic research and evidence programmes to address knowledge gaps, particularly regarding the impacts of large-scale arrays  Improve data sharing between sites to encourage shared learnings to create a larger evidence base for developers and regulators  Improve standardisation of monitoring methodologies by implementing data standards to reduce effort and time required to aggregate and analyse multiple data sets.   Following the publication of this report, The Crown Estate is set to advance the next phase of work which will encompass the development of a comprehensive data transferability matrix and framework, aiming to enhance the usability of tidal stream data from one site to another. This initiative reflects The Crown Estate\u2019s commitment to supporting the sustainable development of the tidal stream industry by helping to develop a robust data and evidence base, whilst encouraging the use and reuse of data collected from one site to another.  Fact Sheets","author":["Phillips, E.","Wren, S.","King, G.","San Martin, E."],"organization":["The Crown Estate","ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2025-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Sediment Transport","Avoidance","Collision","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-01 01:03:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Philips-et-al-2025_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tidal_Stream_Fact_Sheets_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082651","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-72-review-education-public-engagement-programmes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave DELIVERABLE 7.2 Review of education and public engagement programmes","description":"Climate neutrality is a central goal of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2019), however, societal opposition has the potential to significantly impede the realisation of the infrastructure required for this decarbonisation (Cohen et al., 2014). Such is the significance of the changes required to the energy system needed for the envisaged decarbonisation, that the required deployment of renewable energy infrastructure will not be possible without societal buy-in of some degree. This means that the realisation of the potential for marine renewable energy (MRE), will require the social acceptance (and moreover the social acceptability ) for the deployment of installations such as such as wave energy (WE).  Almost everything about the deployment of commercial devices to harvest wave and tidal energy is new. The technologies are new and devices are still largely under development. The potential scale of occupation of marine space (together with offshore wind developments) in nearshore and offshore locations is unprecedented. As a result, public knowledge of wave energy technologies may be limited. However, a lack of knowledge or access to information does not mean that individuals will not form opinions or attitudes towards this technology. Walker (1995) highlighted two decades ago that we must not underestimate \u201cwhat the public thinks\u201d and how attitudes are formed, changed and developed concerning the adoption of renewable energy technologies. In the case of WE, it is especially important that policy makers and practitioners are cognisant of the depth of knowledge and understanding regarding the technology and adopt appropriate tools for engaging the public in its development (Chozas et al., 2010).","author":["Dunphy, N.","Herrejon, P.","Lennon, B."],"organization":["University College Cork","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-01 04:39:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dunphy_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082652","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/safewave-deliverable-73-societal-stakeholder-characterisation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu\/project-outputs\/","title":"SafeWave DELIVERABLE 7.3 Societal stakeholder characterisation","description":"Within the context of work package 7, SafeWAVE will be working with coastal communities in France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, to develop and demonstrate a framework for education and public engagement (EPE), specifically aimed at ocean literacy. Task 7.3 is one of the foundational tasks that prepare the way for this framework. Entitled \u2018Identification and characterisation of societal stakeholders\u2019, the aim of this task is to develop a better understanding of societal stakeholder associated with the communities that are host to the marine renewable energy installations and test site in the focal countries. Five locations have been selected for this task, namely:     Aguacadoura test site located near Agu\u00e7adoura a Portuguese civil parish located in P\u00f3voa de Varzimin, Northern Portugal.   BiMEP test site located near the municipality of Lemoiz is situated on the coast of the province of Bizkaia, in the Basque Country, northern Spain.   Galway Bay test site located near the village of Spiddal (An Spid\u00e9al), Co. Galway on the west coast of Ireland c.19 km from Galway City.  Mutriku test site located near the municipality of Mutriku on the west coast of Gipuzkoa Province in the Basque Country, northern Spain.  SEMREV test site located near Le Croisic on the west coast of France in the Pays de la Loire region, between the estuaries of Loire and Vilaine.","author":["Dunphy, N.","Herrejon, P.","Lennon, B.","Gon\u00e7alves, J.","Bourhis, E.","Ortiz, D."],"organization":["University College Cork","European Union (EU)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-01 04:54:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dunphy_et_al_2021_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082672","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/blue-economy-los-angeles-county-charting-course-forward","sourceURL":"https:\/\/altaseamedia.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/27095409\/BECAP_report_FINAL_3_06_25_compressed.pdf","title":"The Blue Economy in Los Angeles County Charting a Course Forward","description":"This report provides an overview of the blue economy in Los Angeles County, including its relationship to the broader ocean economy, relevant economic and occupational metrics, industries \u0026amp; businesses at the forefront of this emerging economic sector, and programs supporting workforce development. This information is intended to support community college stakeholders and partners as they engage with industry collaborators and develop curricula as part of the Blue Economy and Climate Action Paths (BECAP) programs.","author":["Durante, G.","Dunsker, M.","Sedgewick, S."],"organization":["Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation"],"originationDate":"2025-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["34.033745324081","-118.251110494590"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Durante-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082691","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sids-lighthouses-initiative-progress-way-forward","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications","title":"SIDS Lighthouses Initiative: Progress and way forward","description":"The ongoing efforts of small island developing states (SIDS) towards bolstering the accessibility, affordability, availability and acceptability of renewable energy, clean and innovative solutions are to be commended regardless of the many challenges. The indelible impacts of climate change, increasingly intense natural disasters, sea-level rise, a constrained resource base, and substantial reliance on fossil fuels (with its burdens of fluctuating costs and geopolitical risks) continue to hinder SIDS\u2019 progress towards their climate and renewable energy targets.   SIDS have nevertheless forged ahead, increasing their uptake of renewable energy and energy efficiency interventions. Their abundant renewable energy resources combined with the declining costs of relevant technologies present a distinctive opportunity for these states to expedite the shift of their energy systems from fossil fuels to renewables. Many SIDS have seen this transition result in reduced electricity expenses, expanded energy accessibility, new jobs and greater energy security. Expanding energy accessibility is pivotal for sustainable socio-economic development, since it facilitates access to education and healthcare services while fortifying resilience against natural disasters.","author":["Dhabi, A."],"organization":["International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:27:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IRENA_SIDS_LHI_progress_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082692","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/climate-action-support-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications","title":"Climate Action Support 2024","description":"At the 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP28) in the United Arab Emirates, the Outcome of the First Global Stocktake (GST) (known as the UAE Consensus) made clear the imperative for the world to advance the energy transition by tripling renewable power capacity and doubling energy efficiency improvement by 2030. This followed the Global Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Pledge, organised by COP28 and signed by 130 countries. Important progress was made in 2023, when 473 gigawatts (GW) of global renewable capacity was added (IRENA, 2024a). The capacity additions have been largely driven by solar photovoltaic (PV) because of its falling costs, followed by wind power capacity additions that reached a new record in 2023. Other technologies, like onshore and offshore wind, bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, and concentrating solar power (CSP), also increased their capacities. Moreover, each region also made progress on the deployment of renewables.","author":["Dhabi, A."],"organization":["International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)"],"originationDate":"2024-11-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-26 11:30:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IRENA_Climate_action_support_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082703","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-ecosystem-service-framework-coastal-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032125003430","title":"A marine energy and ecosystem service framework for coastal communities","description":"Marine energy is a developing sector that has special importance for coastal and island communities, especially remote communities that depend on fossil fuels. Developing sustainable energy for these communities, which have strong interdependencies with coastal and marine ecosystems, requires understanding how marine energy devices interact with the environment and human activities. The close socioeconomic relationships between humans and ecosystems include cultural, regulating, and provisioning ecosystem services, all of which affect community well-being and resilience to climate change. Sustainable energy development requires considering not only potential stressors to ecosystem services, but also ecosystem benefits that can be identified and enhanced during project planning and design. A structured framework for relating marine energy to ecosystem services during project planning and evaluation is needed to facilitate community decision-making and extend beyond methodologies that focus exclusively on environmental impacts. This study addresses that need by providing a framework with three pathways\u2014physical processes, ecosystem processes, and human activity\u2014that mediate effects of marine energy on ecosystem services and community values, both positively and negatively. Conceptual models for each pathway provide details of hypothesized relationships with a summary of available evidence. This study identifies effects that may require mitigation as well as co-benefits and opportunities for synergistic projects that can be considered during a planning process. By adapting this framework to location-specific conditions and interests, communities, project developers, technical assistance providers and regulators can identify place-based considerations for developing marine energy while protecting and enhancing ecosystem services.","author":["Buenau, K.","Sather, N.","Arkema, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2025-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-10 12:57:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082716","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-space-analysis-wave-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/publications\/2025\/sea-space-analysis-wave-and-tidal-energy","title":"Sea Space Analysis for Wave and Tidal Energy","description":"Senate Bill 605 (SB 605, Padilla, Chapter 405, Statutes of 2023) directs the California Energy Commission (CEC) to evaluate the feasibility, costs, and benefits of using wave and tidal energy as forms of clean, renewable energy for California. It further directs the CEC to work in coordination and consultation with the California Coastal Commission, Department of Fish and Wildlife, Ocean Protection Council, and State Lands Commission. Additional outreach includes consultation and coordination with California Native American tribes, and collaboration with other state and local agencies, commercial and recreational fishing communities, nongovernmental organizations, offshore wave and tidal energy industry, and other interested parties. The evaluation of feasibility, costs, and benefits were discussed in a report published in November 2024 and summarized in the draft 2024 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update (Draft 2024 IEPR Update), published in December 2024. This second report analyzes suitable sea space for deploying wave and tidal energy projects in state and federal waters. In identifying suitable sea space, this report considers existing data and information regarding wave and tidal energy resource potential, commercial viability of current technologies, the protection of cultural and biological resources, monitoring and adaptive management techniques, and required transmission facilities and infrastructure.View the FINAL Consultation report here.View the DRAFT Consultation report (published March 26, 2025) here.","author":["Lee, S.","Strong, V.","Anning, D.","Buecker, N.","Flanary, C.","Chang, G.","Escajeda, E.","Kramer, S.","Mullany, D."],"organization":["Aspen Environmental Group","Integral Consulting Inc","H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","California Energy Commission"],"originationDate":"2025-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Water Quality","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 04:04:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Report-on-Sea-Space-Analysis.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lee-et-at-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082717","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-technology-development-ireland-employing-triple-helix-model-innovation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160791X25000624","title":"Wave energy technology development in Ireland: Employing the triple helix model of innovation for pragmatic policy interventions","description":"Irish wave energy technology holds significant economic potential and could be developed to establish an indigenous industry that addresses the global need for a diverse, robust, and reliable renewable energy system comprising a mix of modalities. While wave energy technology has not yet reached commercial viability, it could achieve it with adequate support facilitated by targeted public policy. It is clear that divergent stakeholder perspectives need to be considered when formulating policies, allowing for alternatives to be found, assumptions to be tested, and trust in government actions to be built. This is particularly pertinent for emerging renewable energy technologies such as wave energy, due to the interdependency between developers, policymakers, and researchers at early technology readiness levels. This study applies the triple helix innovation methodology to the wave energy technology sector within an Irish context, providing a framework within which often disparate stakeholder perspectives can be gathered and analysed, and consensus can be found. This consensus can influence pragmatic policy developments for innovation. The study also provides empirical evidence of the need for supportive policy development for wave energy technology in Ireland.","author":["Barry, C.","Ringwood, J."],"organization":["Maynooth University"],"originationDate":"2025-03-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-12 12:01:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barry-and-Kildare-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082718","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-environmental-impacts-marine-renewable-energy-due-release-microplastic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/adc9cb\/meta","title":"Potential environmental impacts of marine renewable energy due to the release of microplastic particles from synthetic mooring cables","description":"The large-scale exploitation of offshore renewable energy in floating platforms will increase the use of synthetic mooring cables to secure them to the sea-bottom, because of the need to employ low-cost and lightweight materials to ensure economic viability. The degradation of these cables will release microplastic particles to the ocean, causing environmental impacts that have so far received little attention. Here, we try to raise awareness to this potential problem, by explaining the fundamental differences between offshore renewable energy structures and traditional ones, such as oil platforms, in what concerns their economics and layout at sea, listing the most relevant materials for mooring cables, and discussing potential problems and solutions. These impacts have not yet materialised because offshore renewable energy technology is only now reaching commercial viability, but are likely to become an issue in the future.","author":["Paredes, G.","Vianello, A."],"organization":["Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Viana do Castelo"],"originationDate":"2025-04-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-23 06:47:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Paredes_2025_Environ._Res._Lett._20_053004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082720","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/frameworks-best-practices-cumulative-impact-accounting-offshore-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X24005712","title":"Frameworks and best practices for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development","description":"Offshore renewable energy holds promise for achieving emission reduction targets. However, offshore industries transform land and seascapes with resultant trade-offs for both nature and people. Cumulative impacts have long been a challenging issue for environmental management, creating uncertainty around development limits across scales and risks to financial investments and the environment. This is particularly true for nascent industries and governments striving to meet tight deadlines for international commitments. Here, we provide recommendations for improved accounting of cumulative impacts for offshore development based on scientific best practice including: 1) clear pathways from activity to impact, 2) accounting for the full suite of cumulative impacts, 3) integration across realms and jurisdictions, 4) systematic planning processes to guide fair and equitable development opportunities within and across sectors, and 5) transparent and reproducible assessments. We demonstrate opportunities and challenges of implementing our recommendations using offshore wind project proposals in Australia, where the development of the offshore wind industry is in progress. Our recommendations outline key considerations for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development globally and can increase potential for positive outcomes for people and nature across these rapidly expanding sectors.","author":["Kuempel, C.","Stockbridge, J.","O\u0027neil, T.","Griffiths, L.","Frid, C.","Brown, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2025-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-25 08:02:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kuempel-et-al-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082774","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-more-accurate-sound-field-verification-using-directional-acoustic-filtering","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article\/5\/4\/046001\/3342818\/Towards-more-accurate-sound-field-verification","title":"Towards more accurate sound field verification using directional acoustic filtering","description":"Attributing omnidirectional sound levels to a specific source in the ocean can be challenging when there are multiple competing sources of sound such as boats, or biological activity. Here, we present a method to directionally filter acoustic measurements based on vector measurements of acoustic pressure and particle velocity. The directional discrimination is applied to estimate sound energy from two marine energy sources: sound generated during the decommissioning of an oil platform and those from an operating tidal energy converter. The application of a directional mask leads to distinctly different spectra and some differences in energy, relative to the unmasked scenarios.","author":["Barosin, E.","Raghukumar, K."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Dartmouth College"],"originationDate":"2025-04-07","spatial":{"coordinates":[["33.454000000000","-120.648000000000"],["48.078685572962","-123.043360492520"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-18 06:49:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barosin-and-Raghukumar-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082776","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-long-term-exposure-marine-medaka-oryzias-melastigma-aluminum-salt-cocktail","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166445X25000943","title":"Short and long-term exposure of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to an aluminum salt and to the cocktail of elements released by galvanic anode cathodic protection (GACP): impact on survival, growth, reproduction and behavior","description":"Galvanic Anodes as a Cathodic Protection system (GACP) are massively used to prevent corrosion of metallic materials that are immersed in seawater. The dissolution of these alloys leads to the release of metallic elements, in particular the principal constituent aluminum (Al), that is predicted to increase along with the exponential development of offshore wind farms. A limited number of studies have examined Al toxicity to marine fish, alone or in cocktail. To our knowledge, effects of GACP-released elements on fish remain completely unexplored. The present work evaluated acute and chronic toxicity of aluminum salt and of the cocktail of elements released by a functioning GACP system using marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) as a model species. Embryo-larval development was monitored in acute exposure settings (phenotypic observations, locomotion) and various traits were analyzed in adults exposed for 150 days to the chemicals: growth, reproductive effort, and 4 behavioral traits (shoaling behavior, spontaneous activity, anxiety, exploratory abilities). Embryonic development of the F1 generation was monitored. Results show no significant adverse effect in developmental or in adult stages with regards to survival, growth, and reproductive output. Nonetheless, significant increase in anxiety level in the novel tank diving test was reported after exposure to Al at high dose (191 \u00b5g L-1 and 333 \u00b5g L-1 for respectively dissolved and total Al concentration). The same trend was observed in the GACP condition together with a tendency to form tighter shoals (291 \u00b5g L-1 and 394 \u00b5g L-1 for respectively dissolved and total Al concentration). Overall, the present data support limited toxicity from GACP systems to a model marine fish species in environmental conditions.","author":["Blanc-Legendre, M.","Gosselin, T.","Caplat, C.","Safi, G.","Cousin, X."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","Laboratoire de biologie des organismes et des ecosystemes aquatiques (BOREA)","MARBEC"],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Chemicals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-23 07:01:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082777","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/interpretive-model-assess-barriers-ocean-energy-toward-blue-economic-development-india","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/a\/eee\/renene\/v211y2023icp822-830.html","title":"An interpretive model to assess the barriers to ocean energy toward blue economic development in India","description":"Energy from the ocean has been globally recognized as one of the most significant sources of renewable energy. In the Indian context, it has the potential to meet the country\u0027s long-term energy requirements as the Indian peninsula possesses a vast coastline. However, harnessing the energy from the ocean has several challenges and risks that serve as a major roadblock to India\u0027s attainment of this energy advantage. This study explores the challenges to ocean energy development by reviewing the literature and analyses the complex interactions between them using the Interpretive Structural Modelling approach. Data are collected from twenty-six experts and an interpretive model is developed. The analysis reveals that lack of policy push, technology, R\u0026amp;D, and trained workforce are some of the key barriers to the development of the ocean energy sector in India, requiring special focus to streamline the infrastructural development of ocean energy as a sustainable source. The findings provide valuable strategic insights to policymakers.","author":["Trivedi, A.","Trivedi, V.","Pandey, K.","Chichi, O."],"organization":["O.P. Jindal Global University (JGU)","Ibn Tofail University"],"originationDate":"2023-05-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-17 09:09:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082779","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-economic-environmental-aspects-strengths-s-weakness-w-opportunity-o","sourceURL":"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-04490953\/document","title":"Wave Energy Economic and Environmental Aspects Strengths (S), Weakness (W), Opportunity (O), and Threats (T)","description":"Ocean wave energy provides sufficient storage as renewable energy with enormous growth potential. Marine renewable energies present challenges and opportunities that necessitate a reassessment of marine space and management. This article provides the primary strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats using a SWOT analysis while considering economic and environmental factors. Addressing a variety of perspectives and issues makes SWOT favorable to support in brainstorming sessions. This facilitates an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of wave energy resources that ultimately encourages the development of strategic thinking. Also, enable decision-makers to focus on strengths and build opportunities while considering the threats and weaknesses.","author":["AlMallahi, M.","Delvana, H.","Haj Assad, M.","Kumar, L.","Elgendi, M."],"organization":["United Arab Emirates University (UAEU)","Iran University of Science and Technology"],"originationDate":"2024-03-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Changes in Flow","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-23 07:05:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082783","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/egg-case-study-chronic-exposure-ac-electromagnetic-fields-results-hyperactivity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113625002089","title":"An egg case study: chronic exposure to AC electromagnetic fields results in hyperactivity in thornback ray (Raja clavata L.) embryos","description":"Subsea power cables, required for offshore generated wind power transport, emit electromagnetic fields (EMFs) into the marine environment. EMFs also occur naturally resulting from biotic (animals) and abiotic (geomagnetic field) sources. Skate and oviparous shark embryos in the egg can sense EMF from predators and respond by reducing their normal movement (\u2018freezing response\u2019) to prevent detection and subsequent predation. When nursery areas overlap with power cables, embryos will be exposed to varying levels of anthropogenic EMFs and effects thereof on embryonic development is currently understudied. Here, we present behavioral responses of thornback ray (Raja clavata) embryos to varying field-related EMF levels (1.8 to 4.6 \u03bcT) generated by alternating current throughout embryogenesis (~20 weeks). Chronically exposed individuals were overall more active, including 33% more tail undulations and 150% increased body movements, compared to non-exposed individuals. The increased activity we observed suggest that eggs exposed to EMFs generated by subsea power cables might be at risk of increased predation. We found no indications of reduced health or survival after hatching, or changes in development time or biometry. Effects on subsequent life stages cannot be excluded, follow-up studies should observe hatchling development. We did not observe an increase in freezing response resulting from EMF change as described by other researchers who used different types and intensities of EMF cues. We recommend that different species along with DC exposure should be studied to gain a more complete insight in potential effects of EMFs exposure during embryogenesis of these EMF sensitive species.","author":["Hermans, A.","Maas, D.","Neta, L.","Spanings, T.","Winter, H.","Murk, A.","Foekema, E."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2025-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-05 10:08:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hermans-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082784","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/subsea-power-cable-small-spotted-catshark-scyliorhinus-canicula-behavioural-effects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113625001849","title":"From subsea power cable to small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula - Behavioural effects of electromagnetic fields in tank experiments","description":"Subsea power cables are expanding in number and capacity due to increasing demand to transport offshore generated energy. Energy transported through a cable creates an electromagnetic field (EMF). Elasmobranchs are dependent on their perception of the earth\u0027s magnetic field and biologically induced electric fields, for orientation, navigation, locating conspecifics and detecting prey. EMF levels from subsea power cables will add to natural signals potentially disrupting elasmobranch perception, but the effects are not fully understood. Reported behavioural responses include attraction, disturbance, and indifference, varying with exposure type, level and experimental set-up. In this study, the effects of EMF on swimming behaviour of 14 individual small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula were studied. All sharks were exposed to field-relevant EMF gradients cables in three trials: 15.0 \u03bcT AC, 19.6 \u03bcT DC, and a control treatment. Sharks showed no startle response to EMF onset, did not alter movement towards or away from the cable, and crossed it as frequently as in control trials. Hidden Markov Models showed that behavioural states were best explained by EMF treatment, trial order and sex. Sharks showed 25 % less time transiting during DC trials when compared to AC and control trials. These findings indicate reason for further refined studies to better determine behavioural effects from direct current subsea power cables with S. canicula, for example using tagging studies. In addition, exploring effects on other species will help obtain a broader understanding of the potential impacts of EMF on benthic elasmobranchs.","author":["Hermans, A.","Maris, T.","Hubert, J.","Rochas, C.","Scott, K.","Murk, A.","Winter, H."],"organization":["Wageningen University and Research Centre","Leiden University","St Abbs Marine Station"],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-23 04:14:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hermans-et-al-2025-EMF.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082790","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collaboratively-developing-vision-pacific-passive-acoustic-monitoring-network-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/environment\/environmental-studies\/BOEM-2024-064.pdf","title":"Collaboratively Developing a Vision for a Pacific Passive Acoustic Monitoring Network for Marine Mammals","description":"In May 2024, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) convened a two-day workshop in San Francisco entitled \u201cCollaboratively Developing a Vision for a Pacific Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) Network for Marine Mammals.\u201d Fifty-six (56) people attended the in-person workshop at the San Francisco Federal Building, with participants ranging from state and federal agencies and California Tribes to academic research institutions, offshore wind (OSW) development companies, and non-profit organizations. Attendees\u2019 expertise included effective Tribal engagement, OSW development, oceanography, marine mammal biology and behavior, marine acoustics, research, conservation, outreach, and advocacy. The workshop was facilitated by Patrick Field, Senior Mediator at the Consensus Building Institute (CBI).  The primary objectives of the workshop were to:  \u25cf Draw lessons on regional marine mammal monitoring via acoustics and collaboration framework from the East Coast experience.  \u25cf Review the PAM work to date on the West Coast for long-term ecosystem monitoring and identify key gaps and needs moving forward.  \u25cf Identify efficiencies and opportunities for collaboration to address key gaps and needs.  \u25cf Define potential steps to advance an inclusive, efficient, and effective U.S. West Coast PAM network partnership.","author":["Kojima, A.","Reeb, D.","Biedron, I.","Reeves, L.","Simonis, A.","Field, P.","Horii, S.","Talley, S.","Mohamed, D."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Consensus Building Institute"],"originationDate":"2024-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-23 06:04:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reeb_etal_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082793","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-do-tides-affect-underwater-acoustic-propagation-collaborative-approach-improve","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tos.org\/oceanography\/article\/how-do-tides-affect-underwater-acoustic-propagation-a-collaborative-approach-to-improve-internal-wave-modeling-at-basin-to-global-scales","title":"How do tides affect underwater acoustic propagation? A collaborative approach to improve internal wave modeling at basin to global scales","description":"Accurate prediction of underwater sound speed and acoustic propagation is dependent on realistic representation of the ocean state and its underlying dynamics within ocean models. Stratified, high-resolution global ocean models that include tidal forcing better capture the ocean state by introducing internal tides that generate higher frequency (supertidal) internal waves. Through the disciplines of internal wave modeling, acoustics, and machine learning, we examined how internal wave energy moves through numerical simulations, how this energy alters the ocean state and sound speed, and how machine learning could aid the modeling of these impacts. The project used global, basin-scale, and idealized HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) simulations as well as regional Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) simulations to examine how tidal inclusion affects sea surface height variability, the propagation and dissipation of internal wave energy, and the sensitivity of internal wave modeling to vertical and horizontal grid spacing. Sound speed, acoustic parameters, and modeled acoustic propagation were compared between simulations with and without tidal forcing, and deep learning algorithms were used to examine how a tidally forced ocean state could be generated while reducing computational costs.","author":["Sch\u00f6nau, M.","Hiron, L.","Ragland, J.","Raja, K.","Skitka, J.","Solano, M.","Xu, X.","Arbic, B.","Buijsman, M.","Chassignet, E.","Coelho, E.","Helber, R.","Peria, W.","Shriver, J.","Summers, J.","Verlinden, K.","Wallcraft, A."],"organization":["University of California San Diego","Florida State University","Applied Research in Acoustics LLC","University of Washington","University of Michigan","Applied Ocean Sciences","Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","University of Southern Mississippi","Sofar Ocean Technologies, Inc.","U.S. Naval Research Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2025-04-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.000000000000","-40.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-21 05:59:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Schonau_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082797","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/gender-based-ocean-uses-values-implications-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X2500106X","title":"Gender-based ocean uses and values: Implications for marine spatial planning","description":"Our study contributes to a more gender-sensitive approach to marine spatial planning, aiming for balanced, sustainable growth in the blue economy. It examined gendered ocean use patterns and their implications for equitable marine spatial planning. To document the distinct ways men and women interact with and value ocean spaces, we analyzed participatory mapping results from Ocean Use Surveys (OUS) conducted in three regions: the Maldives, the Azores, and Belize. The findings show that, globally, men dominate offshore activities like commercial fishing, whereas women\u2019s activities are concentrated nearshore, often involving informal economic roles such as subsistence fishing, tourism, and cultural uses. Our analysis generated gender-specific heat maps highlighting areas of ocean use by sector and gender. This gender-disaggregated data revealed spatial and sectoral differences: in the Azores, women are more active in research and recreational fishing; in Belize, they engage in mariculture; and in the Maldives, they participate in more informal, small-scale, self-employed economies. We also addressed the gender gap in ocean data, a result of historic biases in data collection, which has led to undervaluing women\u2019s contributions to the maritime economy and to gender-blind policies. The findings stress the need for gender-disaggregated data in marine planning to avoid exacerbating gender inequities and to ensure inclusive, effective policies. We recommend enhanced data practices that capture women\u2019s oceanic contributions, advocating for mixed-gender survey teams and targeted outreach to reduce bias. Policymakers are encouraged to integrate these insights to support equitable marine governance, fostering inclusivity in ocean resource management.","author":["Meyer, A.","Scherer, M.","Balderamos, J.","Chacon, N.","Dixon, B.","Estep, A.","Mohamed, S.","Menzies, P.","Nistharan, F.","Paufve, M.","Quintela, A.","McClintock, W."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","The Nature Conservancy","Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)","Waitt Institute","Noo Raajje","Blue Azores","Oceano Azul Foundation","Federal University of Santa Catarina"],"originationDate":"2025-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-21 10:30:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Meyer_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082807","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/what-value-innovative-offshore-renewable-energy-deployment-uk-economy-2025-update","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.policyandinnovationedinburgh.org\/what-is-the-value-of-innovative-offshore-renewable-energy-deployment-to-the-uk.html","title":"What is the value of innovative offshore renewable energy deployment to the UK economy? [2025 Update]","description":"This study quantifies the potential economic benefit that the UK stands to gain through the deployment of innovative offshore renewable energy technologies (floating offshore wind, tidal stream, and wave energy) in domestic and international waters. These are quantified in terms of gross value added (GVA) and full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs.  This work is founded on deployment scenarios, where cost, performance and systemic conditions are defined by the 2030 levelised cost of energy (LCOE) targets in the Strategic Energy Technology Plans (SET Plans) for floating offshore wind tidal stream, and wave energy technologies. Deployment and cost reduction modelling informed by the Energy Systems Catapult and the International Energy Agency technology collaboration programme on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) form a basis for an economic analytical model. Time series of installed capacity are coupled with deployment costs, retention rates, plus economic effects and multipliers, to obtain the GVA and jobs associated to different project phases and components.  Results are presented across two main scenarios of local ambition, to assess the impact on economic benefit of increasing local content in specific areas of the UK supply chain, for example through targeted investment by the UK government. A Higher Ambition supply chain scenario assumes increased levels of spend for domestic and international deployments retained by the UK supply chain. Conversely, a Lower Ambition supply chain scenario assumes less ambitious retention levels of UK content, and a smaller share in overseas projects.  Results from this work can be summarised as:    UK and international deployments of floating offshore wind, tidal stream and wave energy technologies produce a total of \u00a321bn to \u00a386bn in GVA to the UK economy, dependent on supply chain competitiveness. The higher ambition scenario could lead to nearly 68,000 FTE jobs in 2040, and over 166,000 FTE jobs in 2050.     Of this total figure, domestic deployments result in \u00a318bn to \u00a341bn in GVA for the UK economy. Within this obtained GVA range, more than double GVA can be observed, due to more ambitious retention assumptions reflecting a stronger UK supply chain. Almost half of the jobs modelled are associated with domestic projects, resulting in a cumulative 756,000 job-years of employment between 2025 and 2050.   UK content in international deployments could generate a further \u00a33.3bn to \u00a345bn in GVA for the UK economy. Within this obtained GVA range, the higher ambition scenario results in nearly a 14-fold increase in GVA from global exports, highlighting the potential opportunity from a stronger UK supply chain.    Manufacture of the device, including floating foundations for FOW, accounts for the largest share of both GVA and jobs for all technologies. Indeed, for FOW, manufacture of the floating foundation is the greatest share. Ongoing operations and maintenance over the project lifetime accounts for significant GVA and jobs and is a growing segment over time. Supply of the balance of plant is also an important contribution, particularly for floating offshore wind.       It must be stressed that this economic benefit to the UK economy is only achievable if focused investment in ORE technologies enables a reduction in LCOE, in line with the SET Plan targets. This results from performance improvements and cost reduction through innovative step-changes from research and development combined with learning from continued successive deployments. Focused investment in sufficient domestic supply chain development is required to achieve the levels of spend retention assumed in this work. High level policy recommendations to facilitate this are given in three themes:    Effective market support  Sustained innovation funding  Modernisation of the supply chain","author":["Noble, D.","Grattan, K.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["Policy and Innovation Group","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2025-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-22 11:25:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/supergen_-_value_of_innovative_ore_-_april_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082812","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainability-assessment-oscillating-water-column-during-design-installation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/7\/2996","title":"Sustainability Assessment of an Oscillating Water Column During the Design, Installation, Operation, and Disassembly Phases","description":"The increasing global demand for renewable energy sources for electricity generation, coupled with the urgent need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, has made the transition to cleaner alternatives more critical in recent years due to the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel consumption. Among renewable energy sources, wave energy stands out as one of the most promising options because its resource, ocean waves, is inexhaustible. To harness wave energy, one effective device is the oscillating water column (OWC), which converts the kinetic energy of waves into electrical power. Despite the significant capacity of wave energy, particularly through the implementation of OWCs, the environmental and socio-economic impacts remain insufficiently studied. This research addresses this gap by analyzing the potential impacts associated with the deployment of wave energy systems, such as OWCs. Specifically, a sustainability assessment of OWCs was conducted, and a cause-and-effect matrix was developed using Conesa\u2019s methodology to evaluate the impacts linked to their design, installation, operation, maintenance, and disassembly phases. The results obtained revealed that the majority of impacts caused by an OWC are moderate. Notably, the most significant positive effects are related to improvements in the quality of life of communities benefiting from the technology studied. The findings underscore the sustainability of OWCs in harnessing wave energy to generate electricity.","author":["Gallego-Ram\u00edrez, C.","L\u00f3pez-Mosquera, J.","Chica, E.","Rubio-Clemente, A."],"organization":["Universidad de Antioquia"],"originationDate":"2025-03-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:23:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gallego-Ramirez-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082821","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/masts-asm-2024-workshop-proceeding-tracking-top-predators-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/masts.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/MASTS2024_trackingpreds_proceeding.pdf","title":"MASTS ASM 2024 Workshop Proceeding: Tracking Top Predators in Marine Renewable Energy Development Areas","description":"Technological developments over the last few decades have resulted in an ability to track animals in high resolution at sites of ongoing and planned industrial development and use. The resulting animalborne tracking data (e.g. GPS, biologging, telemetry) provides multi-scalar and often high- resolution information on individual habitat use and behaviour. This can be used to predict species vulnerability as well as assess negative effects such as displacement, disturbance, and collision risk. This potential is acknowledged by both developers and governments with calls for increased use of archival datasets as well as in the generation of new data. However, in the experience of the conveners, the use and understanding of such data varies widely between interested parties and there is ample opportunity for misuse and misinterpretation of any results yielded. We therefore organized a workshop at the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS) Annual Science Meeting (ASM) 2024 to bring the Scottish marine wildlife tracking community together to identify gaps and opportunities in its use for marine and offshore renewable energy impact studies. Over the course of 3 hours of discussion and brainstorming around thought-provoking questions, attendees identified a number of challenges in the current use of tracking data as well as concrete steps to improve efficiency. Tracking data needs to be used in a way that maximizes its strengths while acknowledging its limitations. To prevent misuse, there needs to be standardisation and guidelines for its incorporation into decision-making processes (e.g. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIAs), marine spatial planning), including specifying the questions it is most suited to answer. For example, tracking gives insights into the drivers of behaviour and predictive models of \u201crisky\u201d behaviours could be developed for development areas based on such data. Tracking can also be well-suited to cumulative and interacting effects studies as movements of an individual year-round and beyond one development site can often be followed. Attendees also identified that while there are existing datasets from priority species in key areas (i.e. Moray Firth, Orkney, Inner Hebrides), there is a need for this information to be more readily accessible to practitioners. To address these needs and progress understanding, it was agreed that the creation of a Special Interest Group within a MASTS Forum (i.e. mobile species) would be investigated following the workshop conclusion and dissemination of its contents to the wider MASTS community.","author":["Sutherland, J."],"organization":["Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"originationDate":"2024-11-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-25 01:01:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sutherland-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082837","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-marine-flyways-identified-long-distance-migrating-seabirds-tracking-data","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/geb.70004","title":"Global Marine Flyways Identified for Long-Distance Migrating Seabirds From Tracking Data","description":"Aim To identify the broad-scale oceanic migration routes (\u2018marine flyways\u2019) used by multiple pelagic, long-distance migratory seabirds based on a global compilation of tracking data.  Location Global.  Time Period 1989\u20132023.  Major Taxa Studied Seabirds (Families: Phaethontidae, Hydrobatidae, Diomedeidae, Procellariidae, Laridae and Stercorariidae).  Methods We collated a comprehensive global tracking dataset that included the migratory routes of 48 pelagic and long-distance migrating seabird species across the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans. We grouped individuals that followed similar routes, independent of species or timings of migration, using a dynamic time warping clustering approach. We visualised the routes of each cluster using a line density analysis and used knowledge of seabird spatial ecology to combine the clusters to identify the broad-scale flyways followed by most pelagic migratory seabirds tracked to-date at an ocean-basin scale.  Results Six marine flyways were identified across the world\u0027s oceans: the Atlantic Ocean Flyway, North Indian Ocean Flyway, East Indian Ocean Flyway, West Pacific Ocean Flyway, Pacific Ocean Flyway and Southern Ocean Flyway. Generally, the flyways were used bidirectionally, and individuals either followed sections of a flyway, a complete flyway, or their movements linked two or more flyways. Transhemispheric figure-of-eight routes in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and a circumnavigation flyway in the Southern Ocean correspond with major wind-driven ocean currents.  Main Conclusions The marine flyways identified demonstrate that pelagic seabirds have similar and repeatable migration routes across ocean-basin scales. Our study highlights the need to account for connectivity in seabird conservation and provides a framework for international cooperation.","author":["Morten, J.","Carneiro, A.","Beal, M.","Bonnet-Lebrun, A.","Dias, M.","Rouyer, M.","Harrison, A.","Gonzalez-Solis, J.","Jones, V.","Alonso, V.","Antolos, M.","Arata, J.","Barbraud, C.","Bell, E.","Bell, M.","Bose, S.","Broni, S.","Brooke, M.","Butchart, S.","Carlile, N.","Catry, P.","Catry, T.","Charteris, M.","Cherel, Y.","Clark, B.","Clay, T.","Cole, N.","Conners, M.","Debski, I.","Delord, K.","Egevang, C.","Elliot, G.","Esefeld, J.","Facer, C.","Fayet, A.","Fijn, R.","Fischer, J.","Franklin, K.","Gilg, O.","Gill, J.","Granadeiro, J.","Guilford, T.","Handley, J.","Hanssen, S.","Hawkes, L.","Hedd, A.","Jaeger, A.","Jones, C.","Jones, C.","Kopp, M.","Krietsch, J.","Landers, T.","Lang, J.","Le Corre, M.","Mallory, M.","Masello, J.","Maxwell, S.","Medrano, F.","Milit\u00e3o, T.","Millar, C.","Moe, B.","Montevecchi, W.","Navarro-Herrero, L.","Neves, V.","Nicholls, D.","Nicoll, M.","Norris, K.","O\u0027Dwyer, T.","Parker, G.","Hans-Ulrich, P.","Phillips, R.","Quillfeldt, P.","Ramos, J.","Ramos, R.","Rayner, M.","Rexer-Huber, K.","Ronconi, R.","Ruhomaun, K.","Ryan, P.","Sagar, P.","Saldanha, S.","Schmidt, N.","Schultz, H.","Shaffer, S.","Stenhouse, I.","Takahashi, A.","Tatayah, V.","Taylor, G.","Thompson, D.","Thompson, T.","van Bemmelen, R.","Vincente-Sastre, D.","Vigf\u00fasdottir, F.","Walker, K.","Watts, J.","Weimerskirch, H.","Davies, T."],"organization":["BirdLife International","University of Lisbon","University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)","University of Montpellier","Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute","Universitat de Barcelona","University of California Santa Cruz","Wildlife Management International Ltd","New Zealand Department of Conservation","University of Cambridge","Australian Government","Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)","Universidade de Lisboa","Mauritian Wildlife Foundation","Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust","Stony Brook University","Greenland Institute of Natural Resources","Friedrich Schiller Universit\u00e4t Jena","Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA)","Waardenburg Ecology","University of East Anglia","Universit\u00e9 Marie et Louis Pasteur","University of Oxford","University of Exeter","Environment and Climate Change Canada","Universit\u00e9 de La R\u00e9union","Acadia University","University of Venda","University of Washington","University of Auckland","Memorial University of Newfoundland","University of Azores","Chisholm Institute","Zoological Society of London","The Natural History Museum UK","Parker Conservation","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Justus Liebig University Giessen","Mauritius National Parks and Conservation Service","University of Cape Town","National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)","University of Tokyo","University of Otago","University of Iceland","Azabu University"],"originationDate":"2025-02-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-25 11:13:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Morten-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082840","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-way-forward-spatial-data-inventory-insights-marine-planning-us-virgin-islands","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seatoneconsulting.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/USVI-Marine-Spatial-Planning-Workshop-2023.pdf","title":"Mapping the Way Forward: Spatial Data Inventory and Insights for Marine Planning in the US Virgin Islands","description":"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), in partnership with the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC), convened multi-day marine spatial planning workshops in two US territories in late August 2023. Following the federal register notice for both events (88 FR 54302), the first workshop occurred in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), followed by a second in Puerto Rico. This technical memorandum includes data development outcomes of the first workshop, held on the island of St. Croix from August 28th to 29th. NCCOS and NMFS SEFSC are working to build spatial planning capacity in the US Caribbean region. Marine spatial planning, especially for insular communities like the USVI and Puerto Rico, holds great promise to assist coastal managers, environmental organizations, and industry with planning for future development of the blue economy, including emerging opportunities like renewable energy and aquaculture. The following goals guided each event:  \u25cf Learn more about NOAA\u0027s marine spatial planning approaches and activities  \u25cf Inventory available spatial data for the USVI and Puerto Rico  \u25cf Document data shortcomings and gaps  \u25cf Increase local capacity and resources for regional ocean spatial planning  \u25cf Further develop a community of stakeholders to inform future marine planning","author":["Wright, J.","Wilson, R.","Wylie, M.","Rule, E.","Walter, J.","Hendon, R.","Morris, J."],"organization":["NOAA Fisheries","Seatone Consulting","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["7.731251000000","-64.810328000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-25 11:12:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/USVI-Marine-Spatial-Planning-Workshop-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082842","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-way-forward-spatial-data-inventory-insights-marine-planning-puerto-rico","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/56557","title":"Mapping The Way Forward: Spatial Data Inventory And Insights for Marine Planning In Puerto Rico","description":"The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), in partnership with the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC), convened multi-day marine spatial planning workshops in two US territories in late August 2023. Following the federal register notice for both events (88 FR 54302), the first workshop occurred in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), followed by a second in Puerto Rico. This technical memorandum includes data development outcomes of the second workshop, held in San Juan, Puerto Rico from August 31st to September 1st.    NCCOS and NMFS SEFSC are working to build spatial planning capacity in the US Caribbean region. Marine spatial planning, especially for insular communities like the USVI and Puerto Rico, holds great promise to assist coastal managers, environmental organizations, and industry with planning for future development of the blue economy, including emerging opportunities like renewable energy and aquaculture. The following goals guided each event:    \u2022    Learn more about NOAA\u2019s marine spatial planning approaches and activities  \u2022    Inventory available spatial data for the USVI and Puerto Rico \u2022    Document data shortcomings and gaps  \u2022    Increase local capacity and resources for regional ocean spatial planning  \u2022    Further develop a community of stakeholders to inform future marine planning","author":["Wright, J.","Wilson, R.","Wylie, M.","Rule, E.","Walter, J.","Hendon, R.","Morris, J."],"organization":["NOAA Fisheries","NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center"],"originationDate":"2023-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["18.306043000000","-66.498102000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Environmental Impact Assessment","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2025-04-26 12:14:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wright_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2082875","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/flagermus-ved-kriegers-flak-havmollepark-2022-og-2023","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ens.dk\/sites\/ens.dk\/files\/Vindmoller_hav\/flagermus_ved_kriegers_flak_havmoellepark_2022_2023_maj2024.pdf","title":"FLAGERMUS VED KRIEGERS FLAK HAVM\u00d8LLEPARK 2022 OG 2023","description":"N\u00e6rv\u00e6rende notat afrapporterer data indsamlet i forbindelse med unders\u00f8gelserne af flagermusene ved Kriegers Flak Havm\u00f8llepark. Form\u00e5let med unders\u00f8gelserne har v\u00e6ret at belyse forekomsten af flagermus omkring m\u00f8ller opsat p\u00e5 havet med relativt stor afstand til n\u00e6rmeste kyst.  Afstanden til kysten p\u00e5 over 16 km g\u00f8r, at der ikke er flagermus, der har yngleeller rastesteder i umiddelbar n\u00e6rhed af vindm\u00f8lleparken. Derfor m\u00e5 det forventes, at de flagermus der registreres omkring m\u00f8llerne, er der enten fordi de er p\u00e5 tr\u00e6k eller fordi de s\u00f8ger f\u00f8de i form af insekter omkring m\u00f8llerne.  Tr\u00e6kkende flagermus er kendt for at optr\u00e6de langt til havs og det forventes derfor, at der i omr\u00e5det omkring Krieger Flak vil optr\u00e6de tr\u00e6kkende trold- og brunflagermus i for\u00e5rsperioden (april-maj) og i efter\u00e5ret (august-oktober).  F\u00f8des\u00f8gende flagermus over havet er der ikke meget viden om. Observationer langs kysten tyder p\u00e5, at mange flagermus p\u00e5 stille dage kan ses s\u00f8ge f\u00f8de over havet. Men hvor langt denne adf\u00e6rd str\u00e6kker sig ud fra kysten er ikke belyst. V\u00e6sentligt i denne sammenh\u00e6ng er det dog, at der ikke kommer insekter fra egentligt havvand, men dog ofte fra omr\u00e5der med brakvand. Over havet betyder det at insekterne som flagermusene jager over havet, sandsynligvis kommer fra land. P\u00e5 stille dage med let fralandsvind kan der dog v\u00e6re store m\u00e6ngder af insekter over havet. Desuden er der, ligesom for fugle og flagermus, ogs\u00e5 insekter der tr\u00e6kker over store afstande, f.eks. store natsv\u00e6rmere.  Unders\u00f8gelserne p\u00e5 Kriegers Flak er de f\u00f8rste af denne type der er lavet i Danmark. Analyserne i denne rapport er baseret p\u00e5 indsamling af data i efter\u00e5ret 2022, for\u00e5ret 2023 og efter\u00e5ret 2023. Den f\u00f8rste periode i 2022 er tidligere afrapporteret i et mindre notat (Christensen 2022).","author":["Christensen, M."],"organization":["WSP"],"originationDate":"2024-05-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.951320000000","13.072360000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Attraction","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-02 06:44:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Christensen_2024_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083150","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/stakeholders-views-siting-stream-tidal-energy-projects-urban-remote-communities-united","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X25001174?via%3Dihub","title":"Stakeholders\u0027 views on siting in-stream tidal energy projects in urban and remote communities in the United States","description":"Developers have proposed many in-stream tidal projects, but few commercial-scale devices have moved beyond the planning stages to construction and testing. To better understand social impediments to pilot project siting, this comparative case study was conducted in urban Puget Sound, Washington and remote Iguigig, Alaska. Stakeholder interviews were coded to identify themes about project development. Providing local renewable energy, advancing science and technology, and environmental awareness were perceived benefits, while negative environmental impacts, conflicts with other uses, and unintended consequences were perceived concerns of tidal energy. The major themes were: 1) organizations influence siting in urban areas while residents influence siting in rural areas; 2) stakeholder groups cited the wellbeing of their members to justify their stances on in-stream tidal energy projects; and 3) project siting was more successful where there was a simple and uniform assemblage of stakeholders and views. Stakeholders in the smaller, more uniform community were the most supportive of in-stream tidal energy because of a greater need for energy due to fewer energy options. Thus, siting in remote communities could allow tidal energy development to progress in mutually beneficial ways and help states like Washington and Alaska achieve their renewable energy portfolio goals.","author":["Jenkins, L.","Beaver, E."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2025-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":[["47.740820700000","-123.304766000000"],["59.317670100000","-156.049916000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-09 05:00:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jenkins_Beaver_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083151","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/drivers-barriers-policy-options-renewable-energy-development-native-american","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629625001732","title":"Drivers, barriers and policy options to renewable energy development in Native American communities: A systematic review","description":"This paper reviews the existing literature on the adoption of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in reference to energy transition justice for Native American communities. Based on 31 journal articles published between 2003 and 2024, we identify twelve drivers categorized into four themes (technical, environmental, economic, and socio-cultural) and thirteen barriers classified into five themes (technical, environmental, policy, economic, and socio-cultural) to RETs development in Native American communities. We find that the socio-cultural theme is more prevalent than other themes across literature, showing that the socio-cultural dynamics are deeply rooted in the broader identity, history, and governance structures of Native American communities. Our study also finds that, among available RETs, wind energy is studied the most, followed by solar, biofuel, geothermal, and hydropower. Notably, topics on other renewables, such as hydrogen or ocean\/tidal energy development in Native American communities, were the least studied. We highlight the need for additional research on all types of RETs based on energy needs, energy source preferences, and existing endowments of Native American communities. We argue that the additional research on these topics will also help foster resilient energy systems and energy sovereignty in Native American communities. Our findings further the scholarship regarding the drivers and barriers to RETs adoption, and develop strategies that Native Nations, RETs developers, and researchers can employ to ensure a just energy transition and sustainable development for Native American communities.","author":["Nsude, C.","Connelly, S.","Demir, F.","Shi, D.","Tsetsura, K."],"organization":["University of Oklahoma","Georgia Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"2025-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-01 06:10:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nsude_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083215","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biodiversity-information-benthic-species-artificial-structures-bisar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-025-04920-1","title":"Biodiversity Information of benthic Species at ARtificial structures - BISAR","description":"Understanding the effects of artificial structures in marine landscapes is required for ecosystem-based management. Global demand for oil and gas and accelerated commitments to renewable energy development has led to the proliferation of marine artificial structures. Investigating the cumulative effects of these structures on marine ecosystems requires data on the benthic community over large geographical and long-time scales. It is imperative to share the data collected by many stakeholders in an integrated information system to benefit science, industry and policy. BISAR is the first data product containing harmonised and quality-checked international data on benthos from artificial structures in the North Sea. BISAR was compiled from environmental impact assessment studies and scientific projects (3864 samples, 890 taxa). Data derive from 34 artificial structures and surrounding soft sediments (years: 2003 to 2019). Structures include offshore wind turbines, oil and gas platforms and a research platform. Data from a geogenic reef, allow comparison of natural and artificial reef communities. We aim to host future BISAR data dynamically in the CRITTERBASE web portal.","author":["Dannheim, J.","Kloss, P.","Vanaverbeke, J.","Mavraki, N.","Zupan, M.","Spielmann, V.","Degraer, S.","Birchenough, S.","Janas, U.","Sheehan, E.","Teschke, K.","Gill, A.","Hutchison, Z.","Carey, D.","Rasser, M.","Buyse, J.","Weide, B.","Bittner, O.","Causon, P.","Krone, R.","Faasse, M.","Wrede, A.","Coolen, J."],"organization":["Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI)","Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)","Wageningen University and Research Centre","University of Bremen","Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)","University of Gda\u0144sk","University of Plymouth","University of St Andrews","INSPIRE Environmental","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Ghent University","NIRAS","Eurofins"],"originationDate":"2025-04-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.901894975796","4.146703588171"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-26 11:33:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dannheim-et-al-2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083532","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-turtle-acoustic-ecology-addressing-priority-data-gaps-knowledge-sea-turtle-hearing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/Final%20Reports\/BOEM_2025-011.pdf","title":"Sea Turtle Acoustic Ecology: Addressing Priority Data Gaps in Knowledge of Sea Turtle Hearing Sensitivity","description":"In 2014, a working group funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Science Foundation (NSF), Office of Naval Research (ONR), and Acoustical Society of America (ASA) convened to establish sound exposure guidelines for fishes and sea turtles (Popper et al., 2014). The group provided a review of literature on the biological significance of sound, hearing sensitivity, anthropogenic noise sources, and noise impacts. In doing so, they identified a number of data gaps that were limiting factors in the establishment of exposure guidelines for sea turtles. They concluded with a set of interim guidelines until further research fills these data gaps. Among their recommended research priorities, they identified the need to determine the hearing sensitivity of all sea turtle species across all life stages.  Sea turtles inhabit temperate, tropical, coastal, and offshore marine environments. These habitats are subject to anthropogenic noise from shipping, military, and energy development activities (Hildebrand 2009). Noise at various levels has the potential to affect marine organisms by causing direct physical injury, inducing temporary or permanent threshold shifts in hearing sensitivity, inducing metabolic stress, disrupting behavior, displacing individuals from preferred locations, and masking biologically important sounds needed for prey detection, predator evasion, and navigation (Rako-Gospi\u0107 and Picciulin, 2019).  In coastal and offshore habitats, seismic surveys pose a risk of repeated high amplitude exposures to marine life over large spatial and temporal scales (Estabrook et al., 2016; Wiggens et al., 2016), the effects of which remain poorly understood (Elliot et al., 2019). Impact and vibratory pile driving are also sources of high amplitude noise, albeit localized to smaller areas in shelf waters. Shipping, while not as loud, is continuous and omnipresent in many shelf waters (Hildebrand, 2009; Estabrook et al., 2016; Wiggens et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2014). Additional, intermittent sources of high amplitude noise that occur in both shelf and oceanic habitats include military sonar and explosives (Hildebrand, 2009; Accomando et al., 2024).  The biological significance, or role of sound for sea turtles, and the extent to which they may be affected by anthropogenic noise, is currently not well understood. A number of studies have demonstrated behavioral responses of sea turtles to anthropogenic noise sources (O\u2019hara and Wilcox, 1990; McCauley et al., 2000; DeRuitter and Doukara, 2012; Kastelien et al., 2023). Over the past decade, knowledge of the hearing capabilities of sea turtles has greatly advanced. Previous studies of hearing in loggerhead (Caretta caretta) (Bartol et al., 1999; Lavender et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2012), green (Chelonia mydas) (Piniak et al., 2016; Ridgway et al., 1969), and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) (Dow Piniak et al., 2012) sea turtles revealed hearing capabilities up to 1,600Hz, with greatest sensitivities falling between 100 and 500Hz. However, very little hearing data exist for several species and age classes. These data gaps limit our ability to accurately assess potential impacts to all life stages and species of sea turtles from anthropogenic sound and to develop successful mitigation measures.  Our current knowledge suggests that sea turtles can detect much of the low-frequency, high-intensity anthropogenic sound in the ocean, including pile driving, low-frequency active sonar, and oil and gas exploration and extraction. The apparent low-frequency specialization of sea turtle hearing is reason for concern that they may be impacted by anthropogenic noise. Anthropogenic noise primarily occurs at low frequencies due to the physical nature of sound sources and the propagation efficiency of low-frequency sound in water (Richardson, 1995; Hildebrand 2009).","author":["Muirhead, C.","Piniak, W.","Nowacek, D.","Harms, C."],"organization":["Duke University","North Carolina State University","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2025-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-20 07:10:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083533","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-industry-seal-project-managing-consenting-risk-harbour-seal-collision-scottish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/projects\/ocean-energy-projects\/environmental-monitoring\/tidal-industry-seal-project\/","title":"Tidal Industry Seal Project: Managing the Consenting Risk of Harbour Seal Collision in the Scottish Tidal Energy Industry","description":"Introduction The Tidal Industry Seal Project (TISP) addresses the critical consenting challenges faced by Scotland\u0027s tidal stream energy industry, particularly concerning the declining harbour seal population. The urgency of resolving these challenges is driven by the escalating demand for clean, renewable energy and the need for energy security while balancing the conservation of a protected species. The Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) region, with its powerful tidal currents, holds substantial potential for tidal stream energy, which is crucial for the UK\u0027s renewable energy future.  Tidal Energy Potential and Developments  The PFOW region is renowned for its tidal energy resources, attracting significant investment in the European Marine Energy Centre and pioneering project developments. Notable projects include MeyGen, the world\u0027s largest tidal stream array, and innovations by companies like Nova Innovation and Orbital Marine Power. These projects have demonstrated the viability of tidal power generation, contributing significantly to renewable electricity production.  Environmental and Regulatory Challenges  A key challenge for tidal energy development is securing environmental consent, particularly concerning the risk of collision between turbine blades and marine fauna, including harbour seals. The decline of the harbour seal population in the PFOW region complicates consenting processes. Despite extensive monitoring, there is no concrete evidence of turbine-seal collisions, but regulatory concerns persist due to the vulnerability of this regional population.  Governmental Policy and Support  National and regional policies support tidal energy development, emphasizing sustainable marine economy and climate change mitigation. Recent policy documents reinforce the commitment to renewable energy and the transition to a net-zero economy. However, the consenting process remains complex, requiring comprehensive environmental assessments and effective risk mitigation strategies.  Industry Collaboration and the TISP Initiative  Leading industry stakeholders, including EMEC, MeyGen, Orbital Marine, and Nova Innovation, have launched the TISP to address consenting challenges. The project aims to facilitate consenting of utility-scale tidal turbine arrays while ensuring environmental stewardship. The report examines the effectiveness of current collision risk models, regulatory frameworks, and potential solutions, including regional strategic ecosystem monitoring and proportionate compensation mechanisms.  Recommendations Towards the end of this report (Section 9.8), TISP have set out a series of recommendations that should be considered, commencing immediately. These are summarised here:  Collaboration and engagement on next steps    Roundtable discussion to be arranged: Convene a roundtable with key stakeholders to discuss the report\u0027s outputs during Q2 2025.  Develop a roadmap to reduce risk: A high-level, collaborative, strategic plan for the industry, introducing the steps needed to enable further tidal stream energy development.  Regional Advisory Group to be established: PFOW developers to form a group for regional\/strategic environmental assessment and monitoring.  Collaborative cumulative effects assessment: PFOW developers to conduct cumulative effects assessment in a collaborative way.    A fit-for-purpose policy and regulatory framework     Policy review: Scottish Government to review policy frameworks and regulatory processes to support tidal stream energy development.  Strategic planning resources: Scottish Government to allocate resources for strategic planning of tidal stream energy.  Seal management: Review the management of seal populations and consider alternative approaches to assessment of significant effects.  Evidence gaps: Review ScotMER evidence map prioritisation through tidal stream industry representation in expert groups to reflect industry research needs.   Application of up-to-date methodologies and use of best available evidence in environmental assessment     Collision evidence and risk assessment tools: Review and update NatureScot guidance on collision risk assessment based on current evidence.  Expert opinion: Questions relating to tidal energy to be put to SCOS via regulator and advisers.   Proportionate and feasible monitoring    Review scope of future monitoring: Conduct testing and validation of new monitoring technologies; assess scalability and cost-effectiveness of these methods; continue collaboration to share insights and data.  Strategic monitoring and research: Collaborative planning of strategic monitoring and research   Ecological enhancement and compensation     Ecological enhancement and compensatory measures: Conduct feasibility study on ecological enhancement and compensatory measures for harbour seal impacts, with due consideration given to plan-level compensation.   Project-level recommendations    Consent applications: Include collision risk estimates and consider presenting alternatives to PBR, such as population viability counterfactual assessments, in Section 36 applications  Derogation cases: Include derogation cases in applications interacting with Sanday SAC.  PBR assessment: Consider the most appropriate assessment unit (population) for PBR assessment, e.g. the wider Scottish harbour seal population  Planning acceptability: Consider compensatory measures for planning acceptability of developments.   Conclusion Unlocking the full potential of tidal stream energy is imperative for securing a resilient, sustainable energy future for Scotland and the UK. This TISP report highlights the need for a streamlined, science-led regulatory framework that balances environmental protection while enabling industry development. Resolving consenting challenges is crucial to avoid stagnation and ensure the growth of this vital renewable energy sector.","author":["Edwards, E.","Davies, I.","Gerich, G.","Green, M.","Leaver, D.","McKie, J.","McLean, A.","Munro, P.","Murray, J.","Smith, K."],"organization":["Xodus Group","SAE Renewables","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","Orbital Marine Power","Nova Innovation","Burges Salmon","Highlands and Islands Enterprise (HIE)","Crown Estate Scotland"],"originationDate":"2025-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-21 11:37:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Edwards_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083534","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-perspectives-progress-leadership-reflections-across-iea-oes-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-reports\/market-policy-\/document\/ocean-energy-perspectives-on-progress\/","title":"Ocean Energy Perspectives on Progress: Leadership Reflections Across IEA-OES Projects","description":"For over 20 years, the IEA-OES has been at the forefront of international collaboration in ocean energy, advancing innovation through a wide range of technical tasks and strategic actions. This special publication highlights the people behind these efforts\u2014 the Operating Agents\u2014 who play a pivotal role in shaping the direction and impact of the programme.  Through a series of short interviews, this report offers an inside look at the progress, challenges, and emerging opportunities in ocean energy. Their reflections provide not only technical insights but also a vision for the future, offering valuable guidance to developers, researchers, and policymakers working toward a sustainable energy transition.  Interviews with IEA-OES Operating Agents:    Exchange and Dissemination of Information on Ocean Energy Systems- Dr. Ana Brito e Melo, WavEC Offshore Renewable  Assessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts- Dr. Andrea Copping, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory  Performance Metrics International Framework for Ocean Energy, Jonathan Hodges, Wave Energy Scotlan  Wave Energy Converters Modelling Verification and Validation, Dr. Kim Nielsen, Development V KIM NIELSEN  Tidal Energy Modelling Verification and Validation, Dr. Srikanth Narasimalu, Nanyang Technology University (NTU)  OTEC Development- Professor Yasuyuki Ikegami, Saga University  International Vision for Ocean Energy Deployment- Professor Henry Jeffrey, The University of Edinburgh","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-05-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-21 11:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brito-Melo_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083536","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wind-solar-tidal-stream-unleashing-full-value-welsh-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.renewableuk.com\/cymru\/publications\/unleashing-the-full-value-of-welsh-renewables\/","title":"Wind, Solar and Tidal Stream: Unleashing the Full Value of Welsh Renewables","description":"This report is the result of collaboration between RenewableUK Cymru, Solar Energy UK and Marine Energy Wales. For the first time, it provides a comprehensive picture of the economic and social value of Wales\u2019 renewable energy sector, drawing on data from wind, solar, and tidal stream. Framed through the lens of the Well-being of Future Generations Act, it shows how renewables are not just a route  to clean energy\u2014 but a foundation for a resilient, fair, and future-focused economy.  Backed by rigorous analysis from BiGGAR Economics, the research reveals that by embracing an ambitious renewables strategy, Wales could deliver:    17.9GW of installed renewable capacity.  \u00a346.9 billion in private investment, with over \u00a310 billion flowing to Welsh businesses.  Nearly 8,000 skilled, high-paid jobs with salaries 26% higher the Welsh average. In urban and rural communities\u2014 in every part of Wales.  Almost \u00a32 billion in tax revenue to support public services, with onshore wind the highest contributor to local authorities.  \u00a3183 million in direct community benefit funds for local initiatives.  13 million tonnes of CO2 emissions saved by 2035\u2013 the equivalent of taking almost 10 million cars off the road.   The report models three distinct economic scenarios for Wales\u2019s renewable energy future\u2014 Current Targets, Increased Ambition, and Maximising Renewables.  View the full report here.  View the summary here.","author":["RenewableUK","Marine Energy Wales","Solar Energy UK"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-21 11:21:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Unleashing_the_Full_Value_of_Welsh_Renewables_full_report_2025_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Unleashing_the_Full_Value_of_Welsh_Renewables_summary_2025_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083565","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/immediate-short-term-effects-pile-driving-hectors-dolphin-lyttelton-harbour-aotearoa","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/marine-science\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2025.1554536\/full","title":"Immediate and short-term effects of pile-driving on Hector\u0027s dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand","description":"Ports in Aotearoa New Zealand have or are currently undergoing extensive infrastructure developments to accommodate the global trend in larger commercial vessels and cruise ships. With no national standards for underwater noise, Lyttelton Port Company is the first Aotearoa New Zealand port to undertake monitoring to assess pile-driving generated noise effects on local Hector\u2019s dolphins, an endemic and nationally vulnerable species. The immediate and shorter-term responses of this species were monitored with autonomous underwater recorders and assessed to understand how dolphins reacted to pile-driving activities. General and site-specific model results indicated that as sound exposure levels from impact pile-driving increased, declines in dolphin detections varied spatially with immediate declines occurring at sites less than 1km for the source. Declines in detections were still apparent up to 2km, but more evident with greater noise exposure levels and in warmer water conditions. Once piling ceased for a day, Hector\u2019s dolphins moved back into inner harbor waters within hours, and acoustic detections returned to within pre-piling levels gradually over a few days. While there is no evidence that dolphins abandoned the port region over the construction period, our findings established a longer-term decline in dolphin detections coinciding with the 2019 construction period that had not returned to pre-construction levels by May 2020. Despite evidence that mitigation measures were successful at protecting against auditory injury impacts, additional measures are warranted for future port infrastructure developments to avoid short and longer term impacts on Hector\u2019s dolphin use of the harbor and while Aotearoa New Zealand develops or adopts national underwater noise guidelines.","author":["Clement, D.","Pavanato, H.","Lenky, C.","Pine, M."],"organization":["Cawthron Institute","Lyttelton Port Company","Heriot-Watt University","Styles Group Underwater Acoustics"],"originationDate":"2025-05-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["-43.615762000000","172.737915700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-28 04:28:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Clement_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083566","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/eco-wave-power-port-los-angeles-pilot-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Eco Wave Power Port of Los Angeles Pilot Project","description":"In January 2022, Eco Wave Power and AltaSea entered into a collaborative agreement to relocate Eco Wave Power\u2019s Gibraltar Pilot plant to the AltaSea premises at the Port of Los Angeles. AltaSea is a non-profit organization that maintains an ocean-based research and blue technology campus in the Port of Los Angeles. Eco Wave Power plans to install eight wave energy floaters on pre-existing concrete wharf piles. The energy system will include an energy conversion unit, comprised of two 20-foot shipping containers, which will be placed on the wharf deck and connected to the floaters.","author":["Eco Wave Power"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-05-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["33.722169205247","-118.273475023430"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-23 09:49:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083569","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approaches-attributing-underwater-noise-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jel\/article\/5\/5\/056004\/3347113","title":"Approaches to attributing underwater noise to a wave energy converter","description":"Radiated noise from marine energy harvesting is of environmental and engineering interest. Here, drifting hydrophones measure underwater noise in the vicinity of a relatively small wave energy converter. A statistical approach is demonstrated for attributing range-dependent, commonly occurring sounds in the frequency band from 90 to 600Hz. Time-delay-of-arrival localization is then demonstrated for attribution of individual acoustic events likely associated with the power takeoff and wave-hull interactions. Because the radiated noise from the wave energy converter falls below ambient levels at a range of approximately 150m, it is unlikely to substantially affect marine life at greater distance.","author":["Polagye, B.","Hunt, A.","Mackey, L.","Bassett, C."],"organization":["University of Washington","C-Power"],"originationDate":"2025-05-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["21.427853128704","-157.780036190920"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-30 04:53:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083570","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-oscillating-water-column-type-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/18\/10\/2600","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of an Oscillating Water Column-Type Wave Energy Converter","description":"Among different kinds of renewable energy sources, ocean wave energy offers a promising source of low-carbon electricity. However, despite this potential, ocean wave energy systems can have notable environmental impacts, which remain underexplored. Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method that can be used to evaluate the environmental impact of these systems. But few LCAs have been conducted for wave energy converters (WECs), and no prior studies specifically address onshore oscillating water column (OWC) devices, leaving a clear gap in this field. This research provides a cradle-to-gate LCA for an OWC device, using the 500 kW LIMPET OWC plant, located on the Isle of Islay in Scotland, as a case study. The assessment investigated the environmental impacts of the plant across 19 impact categories. OpenLCA 2.0 software was used for the analysis, with background data sourced from the Ecoinvent database version 3.8. The ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED) methods were used for the impact assessment. The results revealed a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 56 kg CO2 eq\/kWh and a carbon payback period of 0.14 years. The energy payback period is significantly higher at 196 years, largely due to the plant\u2019s inefficient energy capture and recurring operational failures reported. These findings highlight that although ocean wave energy is a renewable energy source, WEC\u2019s efficiency and reliability are key factors for sustainable electricity generation. Furthermore, the findings conclude the need for selecting eco-friendly construction materials in OWC construction, namely chamber construction, and the advancement of energy-harnessing mechanisms, such as in Power Take-off (PTO) systems, to improve energy efficiency and reliability. Moreover, the importance of material recycling at the end-of-life stage, which was not accounted for in this cradle-to-gate analysis yet, is underscored for offsetting a portion of the associated environmental impacts. This research contributes novel insights into sustainable construction practices for OWC devices, offering valuable guidance for future wave energy converter designs.","author":["Singhapurage, H.","Koliyabandara, P.","Samarakoon, G."],"organization":["University of South-Eastern Norway","University of Sri Jayewardenepura"],"originationDate":"2025-05-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["55.702434042027","-6.518041584391"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-05-30 05:32:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Singhapurage_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083763","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wave-energy-season-comparative-approach-feasibility-seasonal-deployments-remote","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261925009365","title":"Wave energy in season: a comparative approach to feasibility of seasonal deployments for remote coastal communities","description":"Remote coastal communities, which could be early adopters of wave energy projects, have concerns over costs, conflicts, and potential risks of development. Designers and developers are challenged to address these community concerns as they continue to develop wave energy technologies. One potential means of reducing costs, conflicts, and risks, especially for demonstration and pilot-scale projects, could be planning a deployment that operates for only a portion of the year\u2014a seasonal deployment. In this paper we examine the impacts of a seasonal deployment in terms of cost, electricity production, operations and maintenance, environmental impacts, and community benefits. We take a holistic, comparative approach to feasibility that can be replicated for other comparative studies. We estimate electricity production using a point absorber WEC modeled near Sitka, AK, USA and optimized for the given sea conditions. We determine that, for remote community sized projects, seasonal deployments could result in small cost savings (less than 10\u202f%), but larger decreases in annual energy production (around 30\u202f% for our case study area). Seasonal deployments could be preferable in places with seasonal energy needs, if failures and device access become a major hindrance to wave energy technology development, or as a cautionary approach to introducing new technology to the oceans. We also determine that a highly seasonal wave resource is not necessarily a requirement for seasonal deployments to be considered. Seasonal deployments are an alternative to year-round deployments that can be considered in places where marine spatial conflict is a seasonal concern.","author":["Trueworthy, A.","Gaebele, D.","Jones, K.","Hermanson, I.","Grear, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2025-10-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-22 12:06:29","signatureProject":["MHKiT"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083764","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/enhancing-marine-wildlife-observations-application-tethered-balloon-systems-advanced","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-025-04618-3","title":"Enhancing marine wildlife observations: the application of tethered balloon systems and advanced imaging sensors for sustainable marine energy development","description":"The Triton Initiative has evaluated environmental technologies and methodologies, focusing on the detection and tracking of marine wildlife, since 2018. This study builds upon an initial flight trial of a tethered balloon system (TBS) and sensor package conducted on behalf of the Triton Initiative in 2022, and further investigates the capabilities of a tethered balloon system (TBS)for detecting and monitoring marine wildlife, primarily focusing on gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and various avian species. Over 55.7 h of aerial and surface footage were collected, yielding significant findings regarding the detection rates of marine mammals and seabirds. A total of 59 Gy whale, 100 avian, and 6 indistinguishable marine mammal targets were identified by the airborne TBS, while surface-based observations recorded 1,409 Gy whales, 1,342 avian targets, and several other marine mammals. When the airborne and surface cameras were operating simultaneously, 21% of airborne whale and 34% of airborne avian detections were captured with the airborne TBS camera and undetected with the surface-based camera. The TBS was most effective at altitudes between 50 and 200 m above ground, with variable-pitch scanning patterns providing superior detection of whale blows compared to fixed-pitch and loitering methods. Notably, instances of airborne detections not corroborated by surface observations underscore the benefits of combining aerial monitoring with traditional survey techniques. Additionally, the integration of machine-learning (ML) algorithms into image analysis for marine wildlife detection enhances our capacity for processing large datasets, paving the way for real-time wildlife monitoring, which is currently limited by the time associated with human review of imagery. Currently, ML algorithms require more training datasets to be created from varied aerial platforms operating in many conditions to improve detection accuracy before they are comparable in cost and processing time to human image review. In our study for concurrent observations, the percentage of blows only identified by a human analyst was greater than the percentage uniquely detected by the algorithm. Notably, more unique detections by the ML algorithm occurred during daylight, suggesting that sun artifacts may hinder human detection performance during high glare, thereby highlighting the added value of ML under these conditions. This research lays the groundwork for future studies in marine biodiversity monitoring, emphasizing the importance of innovative aerial surveillance technologies and advanced imaging methodologies in understanding species behavior and informing conservation strategies for sustainable marine energy, offshore wind development, and other marine resource management efforts.","author":["Amerson, A.","Dexheimer, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-04-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.804795689213","-121.787614865540"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-12 07:45:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Amerson_and_Dexheimer_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083791","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitats-birds-renewables-tidal-power-energy-versus-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Lynda-Warren\/publication\/315707437_Habitats_birds_renewables_and_tidal_power_-_energy_versus_species\/links\/58dd8cc892851cd2d3e36e4c\/Habitats-birds-renewables-and-tidal-power-energy-versus-species.pdf","title":"Habitats, birds, renewables and tidal power energy versus species","description":"This article explores the issues that arise when proposals to exploit renewable energy come into conflict with the need to protect areas of ecological importance. The principles of sustainable development are strong on the need to balance social, economic and environmental factors but are difficult to apply when the balancing act has to be between different aspects of environmental protection. Yet this is precisely the issue that confronts society in deciding whether and where to site marine renewables projects.","author":["Warren, L."],"organization":["Aberystwyth University"],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-18 02:31:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Warren_et_al_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083797","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-nitrogen-phosphorus-imbalance-hybrid-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X25006812","title":"Impacts of nitrogen-to-phosphorus imbalance from hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion operations on benthic communities and coastal ecosystem management","description":"Hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion (H-OTEC) power plants are an emerging source of renewable energy, necessitating research on their environmental impact to support their wider implementation. Benthic communities are highly sensitive to ammonia\u2013nitrogen (NH\u2084-N) stress; however, studies on the effects of NH\u2084-N from OTEC operations on coastal ecosystems remain limited. This study evaluated the influence of NH\u2084-N stress on benthic communities by analysing seasonal variations in water and sediment parameters alongside macrobenthic and meiobenthic organism surveys. A control site in an undisturbed area was included to assess the anthropogenic impacts of H-OTEC operations and effluents from ornamental fish farms. The results indicate that NH\u2084-N stress significantly alters macrobenthic community structure, with U. vestiarium being the primary contributor to intergroup variation, while meiobenthic communities remain unaffected. Principal component analysis (PCA) and structural equation modelling (SEM) identified NH\u2084-N as a significant predictor of benthic abundance, with Chl-a concentrations increasing with NH\u2084-N but benthic abundance decreasing. The TN\/TP ratio was below 25 and NH\u2084-N levels were \u0026lt;0.1 mg\/L. The benthic abundance increased with increasing TN\/TP ratio. However, when the TN\/TP ratio exceeded 30, the abundance of these organisms decreased considerably. These findings suggest that monitoring TN\/TP ratios could be an effective strategy for regulating ammonia stress from H-OTEC operations and thereby contributing to sustainable coastal ecosystem management.","author":["Leng, Q.","Yusuff, F.","Zhang, W.","Hassan, Z.","Mohamed, K.N.","Zainordin, N.S."],"organization":["Universiti Putra Malaysia","Hainan University","Fuyang Institute of Technology"],"originationDate":"2025-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["2.464691800000","101.849565600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-19 07:49:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083830","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-emissions-reduction-potential-floating-wind-marine-energy-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/era.ed.ac.uk\/handle\/1842\/43391","title":"Environmental impacts and emissions reduction potential of floating wind and marine energy in future energy scenarios of Great Britain","description":"Humans are unequally causing environmental harm through consumption of natural materials and energy beyond sustainable limits. Amongst the most severe and cross-cutting human induced pressures on Earth is climate change. This is driven by higher average temperature from increased retention of solar energy via increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases released by human activities; primarily carbon dioxide (CO\u2082) from combustion of fossil fuels: oil, gas and coal. This thesis considers the environmental impacts and climate change impacts of novel forms of offshore renewable energy, and assesses how effectively they can obviate emissions from fossil fuel power generation, using the electricity system of Great Britain as a case study.  The United Kingdom and its devolved nations have enshrined in law a target to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 or earlier. Simultaneously, the UK\u2019s oceanic climate and island geography are well placed to host significant installed capacities of offshore wind which will form the backbone of the power system in almost all Net Zero scenarios, and \u2013 although to a lesser extent \u2013 marine energy (wave and tidal stream). These renewable energies obviously forgo fossil fuels as a primary consumable, but do include non-zero environmental impacts via their construction, operation and disposal.  Wave energy remains an untapped source of renewable electricity, with ongoing technological development beginning in the 1970\u2019s. Studies of the life cycle environmental impacts of arrays of new wave energy converter (WEC) devices are uncommon, and a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a novel device \u2013 the Blue Horizon \u2013 is presented here, deployed in four utility-scale arrays including a substation, highly detailed vessel representation and site- v specific energy production, finding a global warming impact of 68.3 to 94.9 gCO\u2082eq\/kWh across the arrays and carbon payback beyond the lifetime of the array when future scenarios of carbon intensity are used.  Conversely, UK floating wind deployment is growing. Here, arrays of the International Energy Agency (IEA) 15 MW Reference Wind Turbine (RWT), on floating platforms arranged in commercial-scale arrays at multiple locations are assessed and compared to the wave energy results, finding a climate impact of 17.4 to 26.3 gCO\u2082eq\/kWh, and a payback time of three to twelve years depending on future scenario. Site-specific energy production and vessel operations are provided by a dedicated offshore wind farm operations and maintenance (O\u0026amp;M) model, COMPASS, allowing service operation vessel (SOV) O\u0026amp;M impacts to be assessed with increased confidence.  The next aspect of the thesis considers ways of modelling the integration of these life cycle impact assessments with the wider energy system. To permit this, projections for wave and tidal stream installed capacities are developed with discrete geospatial coordinates of potential deployment sites to create three scenarios (low, mid and high) of future deployment around GB. These scenarios are then used with a new power system modelling tool, PyPSAGB, and Future Energy Scenarios (FES) from National Grid, to consider the emissions reduction potential of marine renewable generation in the future, and how this relates to the static attributional impacts from preceding LCA studies. Accounting for the fleets of generation within the FES finds that carbon payback is almost never achieved for the cases considered, and that complementarity has a limited effect on the technology\u2019s climate change mitigation efficacy, which is simply dominated by the installed capacities in the future scenarios.","author":["Struthers, I."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2025-04-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.880177000000","-4.925260000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-06-24 04:08:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083852","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/2024-west-coast-whale-entanglement-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.fisheries.noaa.gov\/resource\/document\/2024-west-coast-whale-entanglement-summary","title":"2024 West Coast Whale Entanglement Summary","description":"Each year, NOAA Fisheries\u00e2\u0080\u0099 West Coast Region collects, verifies, documents, and responds to reports of large whale entanglements along the U.S. West Coast.","author":["NOAA Fisheries"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-04-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-03 01:06:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/NOAA_Fisheries_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083853","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/geological-geophysical-gg-surveys-fact-sheet","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/about-boem\/BOEM-Regions\/Atlantic-Region\/GandG-Overview.pdf","title":"Geological and Geophysical (G\u0026G) Surveys Fact Sheet","description":"G\u0026G surveys are conducted to: (1) obtain data for oil and gas (O\u0026G) exploration and production, (2) aid in siting offshore (i.e., O\u0026G, renewable energy) structures, and (3) locate marine mineral resources. More specifically, G\u0026G surveys are necessary to make informed decisions about O\u0026G resources, engineering decisions regarding the construction of offshore projects, and informed estimates regarding the composition and volume of sand and gravel resources. Such data are also used to ensure the proper use and conservation of Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) energy resources and the receipt of fair market value for the leasing of public lands.","author":["BOEM"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2018-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-16 07:55:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/BOEM_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083855","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/expanding-social-impact-assessment-methodologies-within-sdgs-case-study-novel-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/17\/4\/1492","title":"Expanding Social Impact Assessment Methodologies Within SDGs: A Case Study on Novel Wind and Tidal Turbine Blades Development","description":"The European Union\u2019s commitment to significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions by promoting renewable energy necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the societal impacts of these initiatives to achieve sustainable development. A significant challenge lies in effectively assessing the social impacts of the wind and tidal energy sector. This paper addresses this issue by presenting an expanded methodology derived from the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Impact Assessment, specifically tailored to assess social impacts. The methodology focuses on social SDGs, particularly Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3), Gender Equality (SDG 5), Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), and Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17). Irrelevant targets are excluded based on defined criteria, while the remaining targets are characterized according to their impact pathways, validated through peer review, and prioritized by experts. The results underscore the importance of strategic partnerships, innovative material development, and gender equality in achieving global sustainability objectives. This research offers valuable insights into integrating SDG-aligned indicators within project frameworks, providing a replicable model for similar initiatives.","author":["Peraki, L.","Kontouli, N.","Gkika, A.","Petrakli, F.","Koumoulos, E."],"organization":["Innovation in Research \u0026 Engineering Solutions (IRES)"],"originationDate":"2025-02-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-01 09:14:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Peraki-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083869","type":["Document","Document\/Workshop Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collaboratively-advancing-our-understanding-electromagnetic-fields-what-do-you-need","sourceURL":"https:\/\/research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk\/handle\/10023\/32368","title":"Collaboratively Advancing our Understanding of Electromagnetic Fields \u2013 what do you need to know?","description":"Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are emitted from subsea power cables associated with offshore renewable energy (ORE, which may include wind, wave and tidal energy) and general electricity transmission. Sustainable energy initiatives to combat climate change and meet ambitious green energy goals demand rapid advancement of ORE deployment. With this comes an increased number of cables and EMFs in marine and coastal waters, yet the effects of EMFs on marine life remain a key understudied energy emission. Therefore, the evidence base used to inform the assessment of environmental impacts is lacking. With the anticipation of large-scale ORE deployment and need for more robust evidence-based assessment of environmental and cumulative impacts, a cross-sectoral knowledge exchange initiative was deemed to be timely. The intended outcome was to establish a common understanding of current knowledge regarding the EMF topic (EMF emissions, species effects and potential impacts) and focus on strategically improving the evidence base where needed. The overarching goal was to improve the understanding of the current evidence base for use in the environmental impact assessments, for developers, regulators and advisors. This will in turn help facilitate robust decision making supporting the sustainable development of ORE and delivering green energy targets.The work programme involved two workshops and the development of illustrations (Figure 1). The workshops facilitated academic engagement with policy and decision makers, and industry, with the primary goal of collaboratively advancing our understanding of the effects and potential impact of EMFs. Within these workshops, following an overview and discussion of the current understanding of the EMF topic, the goal was to identify salient questions regarding the potential impacts of EMF that need to be addressed. An important outcome of this work was the development of a roadmap for improving the evidence base in a manner that is beneficial to the non-academic end-user. In parallel, an illustrative exercise focussed on communicating the EMF topic, which is difficult to grasp and has several interrelated elements that need to be understood.Both workshops were planned and delivered by Dr Zo\u00eb L Hutchison (University of St Andrews) and Dr Andrew B Gill (Cefas). Workshop 1 took place with policy and decision makers on 23 June 2022 and workshop 2 with industry took place on 5 August 2022 (see Appendices for participants). The industry workshop was further supported by Prof. Brian Stewart (University of Strathclyde, Professor of HV Engineering) and Dr Peter Sigray (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Ocean Physicist) joining as academic experts to facilitate discussions. The illustrative exercise was explored with the aforementioned colleagues and had additional input from Dr Nathan Putman (LGL Ecological Research Associates, Senior Scientist) and Dr Peter Klimley (University of California, Davis, Adjunct Professor) on the biological context. Following discussions about how best to portray EMFs and species interactions, Dr Hendrik Gheerardyn undertook the challenging task of producing illustrations which became integral to a set of infographics to help communicate the EMF topic. Within this report, an introduction to the EMF topic is provided in Section 2, and a summary of the workshop discussions is provided in Section 3. Section 4 provides a summary accompanying the infographics which help explain the EMF topic. A summary and conclusions with the next steps are presented in Section 5.","author":["Hutchison, Z.","Gill, A."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2025-03-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-02 11:45:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hutchison_2025_KEI_EMF_Workshop_Final_Report_VoR.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083870","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-salinity-gradient-power-sweden-key-factors-machine-learning-predictive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/aesr.202500124","title":"Exploring Salinity Gradient Power in Sweden: Key Factors, Machine Learning Predictive Modeling, and Life Cycle Assessment","description":"This study explores strategies to maximize salinity gradient power (SGP) generation using reverse electrodialysis (RED), focusing on key operating parameters under Swedish environmental conditions. Herein, using a full-factorial experimental design, seawater salinity, flow velocities, and water temperature is varied across three levels to assess their impact on SGP output. machine learning methods predict power density (PD), including 1) ensemble learning with decision tree (DT), 2) gaussian process regression (GPR), and 3) artificial neural network (ANN). Fivefold cross-validation confirms the ANN\u0027s high accuracy (root mean squared error (RMSE): 1.173%, R2: 99.35%), closely followed by GPR (RMSE: 1.95%, R2: 99.17%). A feature and trend pattern analysis among the input factors reveals sea salinity as the primary influence on PD, with temperature as the secondary contributor. Complementing this, a life cycle assessment examines the environmental impact of RED systems, identifying the Seawater River RED and brine-wastewater treatment plant RED systems as having environmental effects, particularly on ozone layer depletion and freshwater toxicity. Carbon fiber-based (CF) electrodes, especially lignin CF, demonstrate a lower impact, yet concerns remain over key sustainability challenges. These findings highlight SGP\u0027s potential as a viable renewable source, highlighting areas for future material selection and system efficiency improvements.","author":["Mohammadi, Y.","Mannan, M.","Fazeli, S.","Afsar, N.","Upadhyayula, V.","Tavajohi, N."],"organization":["Ume\u00e5 University","South Dakota School of Mines and Technology","University of Orl\u00e9ans"],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Salinity Gradient"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 04:03:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mohammadi-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083871","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/itsasdrone-autonomous-marine-surface-drone-fish-monitoring-around-wave-energy-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/225","title":"ITSASDRONE, an autonomous marine surface drone for fish monitoring around wave energy devices","description":"One of the primary foundations of the EU Blue Growth policy is the development of ocean energy. While the technological development of devices is advancing quickly, little is known about their possible environmental implications. The SafeWAVE initiative aims to increase understanding of potential environmental effects from wave energy projects in the coastal waters of Portugal, Spain, and France. The aim of this work was to monitor the interaction between the WEC and the fish community in the Spanish study area (BiMEP). However, the device to be monitored had to be replaced by a floating laboratory (HarshLab) in the same area, since the WEC suffered a series of unforeseen events that made its use impossible. The monitoring was carried out using an autonomous vehicle (ITSASDRONE) equipped with a scientific echosounder, which recorded acoustic data that provided information on the abundance of fish in the area. Schools of unidentified small pelagic fish were observed distributed throughout the water column, predominantly near the bottom in the area of the device. The acoustic sensors showed a relatively high abundance in the BiMEP area, generally equal to or higher than in the access route from Armintza harbor. However, these results are preliminary and should be considered as baseline information. Future studies are needed to further investigate the relationship between WECs and fish aggregation.","author":["Uriarte, A.","Boyra, G.","Ferarios, J.","Gabi\u00f1a, G.","Lasa, J.","Quincoces, I.","Sobradillo, B.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI"],"originationDate":"2025-06-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.425092000000","-2.947424000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Attraction"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-09 12:08:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083882","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-infrastructure-design-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/blueeconomycrc.com.au\/project\/data-infrastructure-design-for-the-blue-economy\/","title":"Data Infrastructure Design for the Blue Economy","description":"Effective knowledge sharing and collaboration between research programs and across the various project, data, and technology outcomes is essential for the CRC to achieve enduring success. This project will bring together digital experts, data scientists, engagement specialists, project partners, stakeholders and end-users through a series of workshops to design fit-for-purpose infrastructure to manage CRC knowledge and data.Co-design of such infrastructure is essential to ensure longer term usability and relevance to users. The design will support open data philosophy and will enable evidence-based decision making for sustainable growth of the blue economy. The project will also produce guidelines for on-going data stewardship.The objectives of the project is to design a scalable data infrastructure framework to support evidence-based decision making for the Blue Economy CRC that:Is capable of capturing, storing, analysing and visualising data generated by BE CRC Research Projects.Connects through APIs to a federation of data sourced from research, industry and government.Provides simple, intuitive and easy to use access portals for CRC partners to retrieve and use relevant data to build the Blue Economy.Is robust, scalable and sustainable to last the duration of the CRC and beyond.Full ReportProject ReportShort Summary","author":["Bruce, L.","Walsh, P.","Busch, B.","Hart, C.","Ghauri, A.","et al."],"organization":["Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","Australian Government"],"originationDate":"2025-06-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-03 11:38:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bruce-et-al-2025.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Project_Report_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Short_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083928","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/contribution-safewave-eu-project-future-development-ocean-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/213","title":"The contribution of the SafeWAVE EU project to the future development of ocean energy","description":"The development of marine renewable energies and wave energy (WE) in particular, are vital components of sustainable ocean governance and the transition towards a low-carbon economy. In a new industry like marine renewable energy (MRE), and Wave Energy (WE) in particular, time-consuming procedures linked to uncertainty about project environmental impacts, the need to consult with numerous stakeholders and potential conflicts with other marine users appear to be the main obstacles to consenting WE projects. These are considered as non-technological barriers that could hinder the future development of WE in EU. Through three different strategies (environmental demonstration strategy, consenting and planning strategy and education and public engagement strategy), the aim of the SafeWAVE project has been to contribute to overcome these barriers through the knowledge and tools developed during the project life.","author":["Bald, J.","Galparsoro, I.","Mandiola, G.","de Santiago, I.","Menchaca, I.","Uyarra, M.","Pouso, S.","Uriarte, A.","Muxika, I.","Sobradillo, B.","Vinagre, P.","Machado, I.","Clementino, L.","Chainho, P.","Correia, J.","Soulard, T.","Le Bourhis, E.","Felis, I.","Garcia, A.","Verling, E.","O\u0027Hagan, A.","Dunphy, N.","Smith, A.","Iglesias, G.","Lennon, B.","Torre-Enciso, Y.","Zubiate, L.","Chambel, J.","Cardoso, S.","Santos, H.","Geerinckx, Q.","Troussard, C.","Tanguy, F.","Longeroche, J.","Magaldi, P."],"organization":["AZTI","WavEC Offshore Renewables","Fondation OPEN-C","Marine Technology Centre (CTN)","University College Cork","Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP)","Hidromod","CorPower Ocean","RTSYS","GEPS Techno"],"originationDate":"2025-06-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 08:06:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083943","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/marine-renewable-energy-engagement-user-guide-formal-informal-education","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pembrokeshirecoastalforum.org.uk\/meep-communications-toolkit\/resource-materials\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Engagement User Guide for Formal and Informal Education","description":"This guide contains information on how to inform and educate the community about marine renewable energy in Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK.","author":["Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum"],"organization":["Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum"],"originationDate":"2024-10-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-29 09:24:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/PCF_User_Engagement_Guide_Informal_Formal_Education_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083944","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/marine-renewable-energy-engagement-user-guide-rural-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.pembrokeshirecoastalforum.org.uk\/meep-communications-toolkit\/resource-materials\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Engagement User Guide for Rural Communities","description":"This guide contains information on how to inform and educate the community about marine renewable energy in Pembrokeshire, Wales, UK.","author":["Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum"],"organization":["Pembrokeshire Coastal Forum"],"originationDate":"2024-09-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-29 09:24:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/PCF_User_Engagement_Guide_Rural_Communities.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083952","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/managing-impacts-human-generated-sound-marine-life","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/Marine-Acoustics-Managing-Impacts.pdf","title":"Managing Impacts of Human-Generated Sound on Marine Life","description":"BOEM established the Center for Marine Acoustics in 2020 to create a streamlined approach to BOEM\u00e2\u0080\u0099s acoustic studies and modeling efforts. Staffed by acoustics and modeling experts, the Center addresses both naturally occurring sounds and those generated by industrial activities that BOEM regulates, including offshore oil and gas, renewable energy and marine minerals. This is a fact sheet produced from the Center and focuses on managing impacts of human-generated sound on marine life.","author":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-09 08:42:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/BOEM_Sound_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083959","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/planning-scotlands-seas-sea-plans-wind-wave-tidal-power-scottish-marine-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/draft-sectoral-marine-plans-offshore-renewable-energy-scottish-waters-strategic","title":"Planning Scotland\u0027s Seas: SEA of Plans for Wind, Wave and Tidal Power in Scottish Marine Waters Environmental Report","description":"Marine Scotland is currently developing plans that will identify areas of Scottish marine waters that may be suitable for the development of offshore wind, wave and tidal technology. The plans will include option areas which will help to steer developers towards suitable areas for planning projects to go through a marinelicensing process. The draft plans are currently going through public consultation and the submitted responses will be considered as the plans are developed. Furthermore the plans have been subject to environmental andsocio-economic assessments. This Environmental Report documents the results of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) which is an assessment of the effects of the plans on relevant environmental receptors. In this assessment the effects of the plan on the following have been considered: biodiversity; flora; fauna; population and human health; water and the marine environment; climatic factors; marine geology and coastal processes; historic environment; and landscape and seascape.Full ReportAppendix AAppendix BAppendix CAppendix D","author":["APS Group Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2013-07-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Lighting","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-10 11:14:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/APS-Group-2013_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix-A.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix-B.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix-C.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix-D.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083966","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/morphology-sediment-microbial-analysis-species-distribution-modeling-new-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations\/s4655q555","title":"Morphology, Sediment Microbial Analysis, and Species Distribution Modeling of a New Offshore Population of Ghost Shrimp (Neotrypaea sp.)","description":"In 2019, a multi-cohort population of the typically estuarine burrowing shrimp Neotrypaea sp., was discovered approximately 7 miles offshore of Newport, Oregon. Morphological analysis of the offshore population, microbial sediment sequencing, and species distribution modeling was conducted with this new offshore population. In order to identify Neotrypaea sp. to the species level, morphological comparisons were conducted among the offshore population and two estuarine species found in Yaquina Bay \u2013 N. californiensis and N. gigas. Previously established characteristics and novel characteristics were identified and measured on ImageJ. The majority of characteristics between N. gigas and the offshore Neotrypaea were not significantly distinctive except for the parts of the eyestalk. Furthermore, to investigate potential cues for the Neotrypaea to settle in this new deeper-water environment, the sediment microbial communities were examined. Surface sediment was collected from offshore and estuary locations with and without Neotrypaea sp. DNA was extracted from the sediment samples and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Bacteria of the genus Shewanella, which have been shown to induce oyster and mussel settlement and metamorphosis, were found in both the estuary and offshore locations and in five times greater abundance with Neotrypaea than without. Species distribution models were run using both presence-absence data (Boosted Regression Trees, BRT) and presence-only data (MaxEnt). Environmental data for those models included course-grained layers (9km2), intermediate layers (2 km2) and fine-grained layers (25m2), as well as in situ data. The BRT with fine-grained layers and in situ data performed the best. Models predicted some areas of high probability of occurrence offshore Oregon and southern Washington, and ground-truthing was conducted at 11 locations. Over 120 Neotrypaea sp. were collected offshore Neskowin and Nehalem, OR.","author":["Hardisty, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2022-11-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.566394000000","-124.229350000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 08:05:03","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hardisty-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083968","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/current-look-marine-renewable-energy-oregon-oregon-mre-role-public-perception","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/graduate_projects\/2227mx291","title":"A Current Look at Marine Renewable Energy in Oregon: Oregon MRE and the Role of Public Perception and Participation in Oregon\u0027s MRE Future","description":"To meet growing energy demands and climate change goals, the use of renewable energy is increasingly becoming a policy priority globally, nationally, and at the state levels. In Oregon, the use of marine renewable energy and offshore wind remains part of this discussion but has yet to result in operational installations. Social science research on renewable energy looks at how public perceptions, place attachment, and public participation play a role in the success of projects pointing to the role of early public engagement and participation and understanding of local attachments to the place as part of public views and attitudes towards renewable energy projects. Looking more closely at these areas in Oregon along with an understanding of current MRE policy, will perhaps offer insights into an aspect of offshore renewable energy feasibility in Oregon. Looking at recent survey data, interviews with stakeholder organizations, and existing policy indicate that participation and place attachment are important elements of current Oregon marine renewable energy considerations. In a survey on wave energy perceptions, Oregon respondents indicated strong coastal attachment regardless of ideology, age, or distance to coast, and even though the majority of respondents visited the coast on a monthly or less basis. Oregon\u2019s policy framework for offshore renewable energy is fully formed but remains largely untested as only one pilot and one research wave facility have received approval. While federal and state entities share jurisdiction on MRE approvals, Oregon plays a leading role in determining the fate of projects off its coast. Interviews and documents indicated a proactively formed precautionary policy towards MRE which consulted the large number of MRE and ocean stakeholders. While the MRE application and approval process requires public engagement and comment periods, interviews indicated that consideration of local inputs prior to the approval process was desired to ensure an equitable distribution of benefits and to have concerns fully considered. Results indicate early and meaningful engagement of stakeholder views will be crucial for MRE projects in the future.","author":["Brandt, D."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-28 08:15:54","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Brandt-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083984","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-noise-aquatic-life-principles-practical-considerations","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referencework\/10.1007\/978-3-031-50256-9","title":"The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life: Principles and Practical Considerations","description":"In this landmark new work, the major authorities in the field from around the world present a wealth of research data, coverage of regulatory issues, and thinking about the effects of man-made noise on marine mammals, turtles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates. The various themes of the book were chosen to cover the wide range of basic and cutting edge information on this topic. They include the hearing abilities of aquatic animals; communication by means of underwater sound; the description of aquatic soundscapes; different sound sources and their characteristics; the effects of sound on behavior; and assessing, mitigating, and monitoring the effects of aquatic noise. Emphasis is on the cross-fertilization of ideas and findings across species and noise sources.  With over 140 contributions from leading researchers, the sources of underwater sound and their effects are discussed in detail.","author":["Popper, A.","Sisneros, J.","Hawkins, A.","Thomsen, F."],"organization":["University of Maryland","University of Washington","Loughine Limited","Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI)"],"originationDate":"2024-10-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-14 07:23:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Popper_etal_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083987","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-convergences-divergences-social-technical-considerations-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421525002526?casa_token=9zWv2RLf_6IAAAAA:cQvB_SQYZICQNi8FqxT4BwSwJFHooG0DTHXsVMpPYdhjznCntHL7AYRXoUI7MokXUkONJl39","title":"Identifying convergences and divergences of social and technical considerations for the development of marine energy policy","description":"Increasing social acceptance of marine energy is a critical socio-political priority in the renewable energy sector. Policy adoption relies not only on social acceptance but also on how stakeholders conceptualize marine energy within cultural, economic, environmental, and social contexts. However, there is limited understanding of these conceptualizations, particularly in regions where marine energy is still emerging. Given its nascent stage, capturing these initial perspectives is essential for designing policies that align with stakeholder needs. This study uses a qualitative approach to examine how three stakeholder groups in North Carolina, a region where marine energy development is in its infancy, conceptualize its introduction. Our findings reveal four key themes highlighting differences in stakeholder knowledge, interpretation, and perceptions of risks and benefits. Importantly, these interpretations are interconnected rather than discrete, underscoring the need for policy frameworks that account for diverse stakeholder perspectives while recognizing that these views will evolve over time. As marine energy progresses from conceptualization to deployment, policies must remain adaptive and responsive to shifting public understanding, socio-economic changes, and environmental considerations. By integrating these insights, energy policy can facilitate the responsible and socially responsive deployment of marine energy.","author":["Wade, E.","D\u0027Anna, L."],"organization":["East Carolina University"],"originationDate":"2025-07-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.970720406502","-75.639151227108"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-14 10:57:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083991","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mapping-relative-risk-seabirds-offshore-wind-energy-developments-danish-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pure.au.dk\/portal\/en\/publications\/mapping-relative-risk-to-seabirds-from-offshore-wind-energy-devel","title":"Mapping relative risk to seabirds from offshore wind energy developments in Danish waters","description":"The aim of this work was to develop a spatial planning tool to identify sensitive marine areas where seabirds would be most at risk from future offshore wind energy developments. Conversely, the aim was to identify areas where future development would have the least impact on seabirds. Sensitivity mapping approaches and outcomes vary widely and so it is important to define the outcomes of such assessments. A more nuanced approach, using sensitivity mapping for the selection of areas for future development, should help decrease risks to seabirds and, by avoiding the most sensitive areas, reduce the consenting risk for developers. We developed an approach to sensitivity mapping with the objective to rank Danish marine areas according to high vs low relative species risk. Relative species risks were quantified with respect to explicit assessment targets based on species conservation status. We considered three sources of risk (hazards): habitat alteration, displacement, and collision. The susceptibility of each species to each of these hazards was informed by published literature. In a precautionary approach, relative species risks to each hazard were combined by taking the maximum across each species, and across the three hazards. This means that for each mapped grid cell (1 x 1 km) the ranking combines the most vulnerable species to each hazard (defined by multiple parameters), and the highest-ranking areas across the three hazards. This produced a map of highest-ranking areas in Danish marine areas from which we can determine the most and least sensitive marine areas for future offshore wind development.The initial implementation of the algorithm, presented here, used aerial survey data to estimate the distribution of seabirds. Most of this data was collected during the winter and spring months, which for migratory species is sufficient, but for resident species leaves a large temporal gap. We present some preliminary results of habitat use maps using GPS tracking data, which we plan to incorporate in the spatial risk-ranking approach in the future to improve temporal coverage. In addition, we also plan to incorporate migratory corridors which are important to improve the assessment of the collision risk hazard. The framework presented here has potential to be developed into an interactive tool for users (rather than static maps) and is also generalizable so could include other taxa and hazards. Form\u00e5let med denne rapport var at udvikle et rumligt planl\u00e6gningsv\u00e6rkt\u00f8jder kan bruges til at identificere f\u00f8lsomme marine omr\u00e5der, hvor havfugle vilv\u00e6re mest udsatte for fremtidige udviklinger inden for havvindenergi. Endeligt var form\u00e5let at identificere marine omr\u00e5der, hvor fremtidig havvindudvikling vil have den mindste p\u00e5virkning p\u00e5 havfugle. Tilgangene og resultaterne inden for f\u00f8lsomhedskortl\u00e6gning kan variere betydeligt. Det er derfor vigtigt at definere resultaterne af s\u00e5danne vurderinger, s\u00e5 det bliver klart, hvordan valget af omr\u00e5der til fremtidig udvikling kan mindske\/\u00f8ge risici for havfugle i en bestemt forvaltnings- og politisk kontekst.N\u00e6rv\u00e6rende rapport udviklede en tilgang til f\u00f8lsomhedskortl\u00e6gning med det form\u00e5l at rangere danske havomr\u00e5der efter h\u00f8j vs. lav relativ artsrisiko. Den relative artsrisiko blev kvantificeret med hensyn til eksplicitte vurderingsm\u00e5l baseret p\u00e5 arters bevaringsstatus og tre kilder til risiko (trusler): habitat\u00e6ndring, fortr\u00e6ngning og kollision. Den enkelte arts s\u00e5rbarhed over for hver af disse trusler blev baseret p\u00e5 offentlig tilg\u00e6ngelig litteratur. Ved at benytte et forsigtighedsprincip blev de relative artsrisici for hver trussel kombineret ved at tage den maksimale risiko p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af hver art og de tre trusler. Dette betyder, at for hver kortlagt kvadrat (1 x 1 km) er rangeringen en kombination af den mest s\u00e5rbare art for hver trussel (defineret ved flere parametre) og de h\u00f8jest rangerede omr\u00e5der p\u00e5 tv\u00e6rs af de tre trusler. Dette resulterede i et kort over de h\u00f8jest rangerede omr\u00e5der i danske havomr\u00e5der, hvorfra vi kan bestemme de mest og mindst f\u00f8lsomme marine omr\u00e5der for fremtidig havvindudvikling.Den f\u00f8rste implementering af algoritmen, som pr\u00e6senteres her, anvendte data fra flyunders\u00f8gelser til at estimere havfuglenes udbredelsesomr\u00e5de. St\u00f8rstedelen af disse data blev indsamlet i vinter- og for\u00e5rsm\u00e5nederne, hvilket er tilstr\u00e6kkeligt for tr\u00e6kfugle, men efterlader et stort tidsm\u00e6ssigt hul for ynglefugle. Derudover pr\u00e6senteres nogle forel\u00f8bige resultater af habitatudnyttelseskort ud fra GPS-trackingdata, som vi planl\u00e6gger at inkorporere i en fremtidig udgave af den rumlige risikorangeringsmetode. Dette vil kunne forbedre den tidsm\u00e6ssige d\u00e6kning. Derudover planl\u00e6gger vi ogs\u00e5 at inkludere tr\u00e6kkorridorer, som er vigtige for at forbedre vurderingen af risikoen for kollision.Den tilgang, der pr\u00e6senteres her, har potentiale til at blive videreudviklet til et interaktivt v\u00e6rkt\u00f8j til brugere (i stedet for statiske kort). Derudover er det muligt at generalisere den, s\u00e5 den kan inkludere andre arter og trusler.","author":["Isojunno, S.","Scott-Hayward, L.","Thomsen, H.","Chetcuti, J.","Frederiksen, M.","Sterup, J.","Nielsen, R.","McKenzie, M.","Petersen, I-K."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Aarhus University","Aarhus University"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Passerines","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-14 11:52:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Isojunno-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2083997","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-transferability-marine-mammal-data-between-tidal-stream-energy-developments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinedataexchange.co.uk\/details\/TCE-4271\/2023-2025-the-crown-estate-and-abpmer-evaluating-the-transferability-of-marine-mammal-data-between-tidal-stream-energy-developments-2025","title":"Evaluating the Transferability of Marine Mammal Data Between Tidal Stream Energy Developments (2025)","description":"The Crown Estate identified a need to ensure that data and evidence from already consented tidal stream projects are readily available, and where possible transferable, to tidal stream projects subject to consenting or to those that have already been consented. This work aims to pinpoint areas where scientific uncertainty can be minimised, allowing research and monitoring efforts to focus on critical evidence gaps. ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd. (\u201cABPmer\u201d) and The Crown Estate have developed a data transferability matrix that can be used by regulators\/advisors and industry developers to provide an indication of the extent to which existing tidal stream energy datasets are transferable to another project. In addition, an accompanying guidance framework has been developed to provide direction and key principles when considering data transferability. This document outlines the purpose of both the matrix and guidance framework and how using them in conjunction with each other can assist in the effective use and reuse of existing data. The scope for this matrix was based on the project focal points of the Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary, 2025 (The Crown Estate, ABPmer, 2025). The focus for the transferability matrix and framework is on tidal stream energy marine mammal environmental data, particularly in relation to collision risk. If displacement is an interaction of concern for a project under consideration, then the matrix may also assist with data transferability. Seabirds and fish monitoring data are not the focus, however, some of the factors included in the matrix could be applied to these data. The monitoring techniques used to collect marine mammal data to which the matrix could apply are inclusive of, but not limited to, hydrophones, sonar, Passive Acoustic Monitoring, underwater cameras, land-based Vantage Point surveys, boat-based surveys, photography, drones, and GPS\/GSM tagging.View the Tidal Stream: Data and Evidence Summary, Transferability Framework and Matrix, and Monitoring Guidelines page on Marine Data Exchange here.","author":["Phillips, E.","Wren, S.","San Martin, E.","Walker, R."],"organization":["The Crown Estate","ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer)","The Crown Estate"],"originationDate":"2025-07-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-16 03:51:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Phillips-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084012","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/policy-scan-cumulative-effects-assessment-support-renewable-clean-growth-projects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-025-02125-1","title":"A Policy Scan of Cumulative Effects Assessment in Support of Renewable Clean Growth Projects in Canada","description":"In Canada, clean growth has been viewed as an essential strategy for achieving net zero carbon emissions by the year 2050. However, clean growth initiatives can create cumulative effects. Moreover, such initiatives are evolving rapidly and it is unclear if conventional environmental assessments are sufficient. The assessment of cumulative effects of clean growth remains a relatively novel activity, yet is seemingly important given that some of the emerging actions and technologies could themselves yield a variety of unanticipated environment impacts. To support evidence-based policy development for clean growth, we conducted a policy scan at subnational and national levels in Canada supported by targeted scans in other jurisdictions to assess the scope at which cumulative effects are assessed for renewable clean growth projects, and to identify best practices, approaches, and\/or methods for assessing the cumulative effects of clean growth. Our policy scan revealed that approaches for assessing cumulative effects of renewable clean growth activities are inadequately developed across Canada. Though we confirmed few existing cumulative effects frameworks in practice, we found a diverse set of cases where cumulative effects have been effectively identified and managed (in Canada and afar) for projects predominately in the natural resource sector. Four policy insights were generated for assessing cumulative effects of renewable clean growth in Canada; (1) adopt a regional approach that considers local context, (2) support the development of valued ecosystem components, (3) conduct rigorous and comprehensive baseline monitoring, and (4) prioritize collaborative governance including with Indigenous governments and communities. Failure to consider cumulative effects during the early phases of renewable clean growth could impede the ability to meet targets and yield the environmental and socio-economic benefits that are promised by the clean growth movement.","author":["Tedeschi, A.","Stoot, L.","Rytwinski, T.","Auld, G.","Cooke, S."],"organization":["Carleton University"],"originationDate":"2025-02-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-17 11:53:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084020","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-its-role-sustainable-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/rwe\/10.1007\/978-3-031-32671-4_34-1","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and Its Role in Sustainable Blue Economy","description":"In order to meet energy requirement through renewables and move away from conventional fossil fuel systems, humanity is pushing development and use of technologies that can work in the marine environment. While advances in technologies for the marine environment have been made, they have not been extensively researched due to availability of advanced terrestrial renewable energy systems. With space on land reducing and being challenged by emergent needs of a rapidly increasing population, achieving sustainability through terrestrial systems alone is becoming difficult. To overcome this challenge and to harness the full potential of ocean-based blue economy, countries are making concerted efforts to revive ocean-based marine renewable energy technologies to generate usable power from ocean energy.To appreciate the available ocean-based renewable energy technological options to achieve sustainable power while contributing to blue economic growth, this chapter aims to provide a global perspective of the role of marine renewable energy technologies in achieving and sustaining blue economy. To substantiate the argument that economic growth of marine and coastal regions is feasible through use of ocean-based renewable energy while contributing to blue economic growth, India is discussed as a use case.","author":["Gulbinskas, S."],"organization":["Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (CENJOWS)"],"originationDate":"2025-07-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 06:36:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084021","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fine-scale-harbour-seal-usage-informed-marine-spatial-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11174-4#citeas","title":"Fine-scale harbour seal usage for informed marine spatial planning","description":"High-resolution distribution maps can help inform conservation measures for protected species; including where any impacts of proposed commercial developments overlap the range of focal species. Around Orkney, northern Scotland, UK, the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) population has decreased by 78% over 20 years. Concern for the declining harbour seal population has led to constraints being placed on tidal energy generation developments. For this study area, telemetry data from 54 animals tagged between 2003 and 2015 were used to produce density estimation maps. Predictive habitat models using GAM-GEEs provided robust predictions in areas where telemetry data were absent, and were combined with density estimation maps, and then scaled to population levels using August terrestrial counts between 2008 and 2015, to produce harbour seal usage maps with confidence intervals around Orkney and the North coast of Scotland. The selected habitat model showed that distance from haul out, proportion of sand in seabed sediment, and annual mean power were important predictors of space use. Fine-scale usage maps can be used in consenting and licensing of anthropogenic developments to determine local abundance. When quantifying commercial impacts through changes to species distributions, usage maps can be spatially explicitly linked to individual-based models to inform predicted movement and behaviour.","author":["Jones, E.","Sparling, C.","McConnell, B.","Morris, C.","Smout, S."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2017-09-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.017639322809","-3.030847579485"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-18 05:30:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084030","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-responses-seals-offshore-energy-activities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk\/handle\/10023\/26397","title":"Behavioural responses by seals to offshore energy activities","description":"To effectively manage interactions between industrial activities and wildlife populations in increasingly urbanised environments, it is essential to understand how animals may be affected by different anthropogenic activities. In this thesis, I used biologging devices to investigate the potential effects of sound disturbance on seals. By simulation study, I evaluated the use of statistical tools (Mahalanobis distance) to detect unusual instances of movement and dive behaviour in seal biologging data. The results of these simulations were used to produce recommendations for future studies aiming to detect behavioural changes in animal movement data. Building on the findings of this work, I examined the movement and dive behaviour of 24 harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) during pile driving construction at an offshore wind farm in the UK. Using GPS location data collected on animal-borne tags, I identified statistically unusual horizontal movement events during pile driving, typically consisting of increases in speed, the cessation of horizontal movement, or the sudden initiation of travel. Using dive data from animal-borne tags, I identified statistically unusual groups of dives, and also characterised the effect of pile driving activity on behaviour-switching between different dive types (by hidden Markov models). Seals were found to switch dive behaviours more often during pile driving (compared to baseline periods), and the identified unusual dives were typically shorter and shallower, with longer post-dive surface intervals. For both horizontal and diving responses, dose-response curves were produced to estimate the relationship between the received sound level of pile driving and the probability of a behavioural change. By examining behaviour at the individual-level, improved insights of at-sea seal behaviour during disturbance events were gained. The results of this thesis also inform future offshore activities, enabling the renewable energy industry to develop in a timely and environmentally-responsible manner.","author":["Whyte, K."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2022-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-18 07:47:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Whyte-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084031","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seaqurrent-tidalkite-evaluating-risk-seafloor-disturbance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seaqurrent.com\/content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/BoelenStamhuis-jan2020-EvaluatingTidalkiteBottomDisturbance.pdf","title":"The Seaqurrent TidalKite: Evaluating the risk of seafloor disturbance","description":"In this report we have evaluated the risk of disturbance of the seafloor by the Tidalkite of thecompany Seaqurrent. Therefore a series of flowtank measurement at the facilities of the Universityof Groningen were combined with two different computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies.Measured and modelled kite induced shear forces were compared with critical bed-shear stress datafrom the literature. All studies showed that the shear forces caused by a moving kite are very low.Highest shear forces induces by a moving kite (at 25 cm distance) were still 50 times smaller than thelowest critical bed-shear stress value reported in literature. This implies that if the kite is travellinghorizontally it will not disturb the seafloor.","author":["Boelen, P.","Stamhuis, E."],"organization":["University of Groningen"],"originationDate":"2019-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-18 08:05:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Boelen-Stamhuis-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084115","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/facing-headwinds-potential-impacts-wind-energy-expansion-central-american-bats","sourceURL":"https:\/\/camjol.info\/index.php\/CEIBA\/article\/view\/20669","title":"Facing  headwinds:  potential  impacts  of  wind  energy  expansion  on Central American bats","description":"Wind  energy  became an  alternative  electricity source  after  the oil  crisis  of the  1970s. However, wind energy is not environmentally neutral, as it causes fatalities in many species of bats and birds. Central America is home to 170 bat species and 30 wind farms are currently operating in five of the seven countries in the region, with others under construction or planned. Our objectives areto assess current policies and legislation related to wind energy and bat conservation; to present regional bat fatality estimates based on current and future wind development; to analyze which species could be affected by wind power projects in Central America and where; and to recommend actions that can mitigate these threats. Through a bibliographic review, we compiled three classes of data: (1) laws and regulations  currently  in force;  (2)  present and  projected  wind power  projects;  and (3)  species  and landscapes potentially affected. Environmental protection laws are in force in all seven countries, and biodiversity legislation provides protections for all native bat species, especially threatened species. The countries with the highest wind energy installed capacity are Costa Rica (390 MW), Panama (270 MW), and Honduras (241 MW). In the future, Panama is expected to havethe highest capacity (1.24 GW), followed by Costa Rica (400 MW), and Honduras (368 MW). Wind energy projects currently create threats for bats in six landscapes within the region. Policy changes should be considered immediately to develop more stringent regulations. An increase from current installed capacity to projected installed capacity leads to an increase in projected regional bat fatality. Mitigation measures have the potential to reduce bat fatality, but studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of these measures are needed. Data and studies of bats in wind farms should be available, and publications in peer review should be allowed by  the companies.  Wind  energy is  an  important alternative  energy  source to  reduce  environmental problems globally; however, it is very important to do so with the least possible impact on wildlife. Single wind farms may not directly cause species\u0027 extinctions, but the cumulative effect of multiple wind farms as stressors on bat populations may be too great to overcome ifnothing is done.","author":["Gir\u00f3n-Galv\u00e1n, L","Hern\u00e1ndez, J","Rodr\u00edguez, M. E","Komar, O","van Dort, J","Ju\u00e1rez, R","Rodr\u00edguez-Herrera, B"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-25 06:53:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084117","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lo-que-el-viento-se-llevo-conocemos-el-impacto-que-producir-energia-eolica-causa-sobre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/articulo?codigo=6235805","title":"Lo que el viento se llev\u00f3 \u00bfconocemos el impacto que producir energ\u00eda e\u00f3lica causa sobre los vertebrados voladores de Costa Rica?","description":"La industria de energ\u00eda limpia ha crecido en Costa Rica, especialmente la energ\u00eda e\u00f3lica, durante los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os. Sin embargo, por lo menos para nuestro mejor conocimiento, la informaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica publicada sobre diversidad y tasas de colisi\u00f3n de murci\u00e9lagos y aves en proyectos e\u00f3licos de Costa Rica es inexistente. En este documento resaltamos la importancia de establecer programas de monitoreo biol\u00f3gico peri\u00f3dico en las plantas e\u00f3licas, para determinar cambios en la diversidad de vertebrados voladores, as\u00ed como evaluar el impacto de las torres e\u00f3licas sobre la biodiversidad local y regional. Sugerimos a los actores p\u00fablicos y privados involucrados en la producci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda e\u00f3lica y conservaci\u00f3n en Costa Rica trabajar juntos, para as\u00ed contestar las preguntas formuladas en este manuscrito como una prioridad, y eventualmente, mitigar en forma efectiva cualquier amenaza sobre nuestra biodiversidad. El desarrollo de investigaci\u00f3n y pol\u00edticas relacionadas a estos temas es cr\u00edtico para tomar decisiones correctas en relaci\u00f3n con el futuro de la energ\u00eda e\u00f3lica del pa\u00eds en armon\u00eda con la naturaleza.Gone with the wind: Do we know the impact that produce wind energy causes on flying vertebrates of Costa Rica?The clean energy industry has been growing in Costa Rica, especially wind energy, during the last years. However, at least for the best of our knowledge, published scientific information about diversity, and collision rates, upon bats and birds in wind farms of Costa Rica is not-existent. In this manuscript we highlight the importance of establish biological monitoring programs in the wind farms, to determinate changes in the diversity of flying vertebrates, as well to evaluate the impact of wind towers upon the local and regional biodiversity. We suggest to public and private actors involving in wind energy production and conservation in Costa Rica to work together in order to answer the questions formulated in this manuscript as a priority, and eventually mitigate effectively any potential threat on our biodiversity. The development of research and politics related with those issues is critical to make correct decisions in relation with the wind energy future of the country in armony with nature.","author":["Acosta-Chaves, V. A","Villalobos Chaves, D"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-25 06:49:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084119","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/building-diverse-marine-energy-workforce-pipeline","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15190302","title":"Building a Diverse Marine Energy Workforce Pipeline","description":"Marine energy technologies play an important role in the growing renewable energy industry. To spur innovation and promote growth in this exciting technology area, the industry needs to inspire the next generation of marine energy workers and recruit new talent.The presentation for this paper at UMERC+METS 2024 can be found here.","author":["Cardinal, A.","Stratton, B.","Daw, J.","Kanter, A.","DeGeorge, E.","Crouse, M."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-16 04:00:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cardinal_et_al_2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cardinal_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084269","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-community-engagement-wave-energy-siting-oregon-coast","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/concern\/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations\/vd66w3962?locale=en","title":"Evaluating Community Engagement in Wave Energy Siting off the Oregon Coast","description":"The ocean off Oregon\u0027s coast is a busy place with many activities occurring that can sometimes be in competition or cooperation. Deciding how new uses fit with existing ocean uses is complex, but there are some tools available to help decision-makers. Generating energy from waves is an emerging ocean use and the human dimension effects require further study. In 2011, the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC), in conjunction with Oregon Sea Grant (OSG), began efforts to identify a site for a grid-connected, open-ocean test facility for full-scale wave energy devices. The NNMREC and OSG led a siting process that included meetings with community leaders, public workshops, and the creation of teams of community members to develop siting proposals. This thesis research emerged from a solicitation for an independent evaluation of the siting process. The overall goal of this research was to determine if the siting process was effective. Specifically, using a mixed methods research approach consisting of semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire, this research answered if participants: (a) where participants involved in the process at the level they wanted to be, (b) did participants understand the process, (c) did participants feel as though they were heard, and (d) did participants feel they had an influence on the outcome of the process? The goal of evaluating this siting process was to provide lessons that can inform future marine renewable energy siting efforts. Logistically, there were several successful aspects of the siting process. Most participants reported they had at least a fair understanding of the process and felt they had enough information. The most frequently used sources of information about the process came from public meetings and personal communications with process leaders. On average, participants reported they wished they had been more involved in the process, but most participants reported that this less-than-desired involvement was due to personal or professional constraints, not the process itself. On average, respondents understood the process and felt heard, but they neither agreed nor disagreed they had an influence on the process. As existing and new uses compete for space in the ocean, more social science research is needed to understand how best to choose sites for new uses. Research about stakeholder engagement in the process of siting marine renewable energy facilities is an emerging field of study, and gaining a better understanding of how to design and implement processes that effectively engage communities in wave energy siting could lead to more successful siting efforts in the future.","author":["Goodwin, B."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2015-06-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-07-30 11:10:04","signatureProject":["PacWave"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Goodwin_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084281","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/hydrodynamic-analysis-vertical-axis-mhk-turbine-investigating-fish-trajectories-large","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15168544","title":"On the Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Vertical Axis MHK Turbine - Investigating Fish Trajectories via large-eddy simulation","description":"Marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbines offer a robust renewable energy solution to address the challenges of energy scarcity and environmental degradation. However, owing to the potential impact of MHK turbines on the aquatic ecosystem, evaluating the implications of deploying such devices on fish life is essential. Herein, we conducted large eddy simulation (LES) of a vertical axis turbine (VAT) using the turbine geometry-resolving model to gain insights into the relationship between turbulent flow dynamics and fish trajectory. The LES results were validated using experimental data obtained at the Hydro-environmental Research Centre\u0027s hydraulic laboratory of Cardiff University, UK. The LES results of the turbulent wake flow field demonstrate meaningful alignment with fish behavioral experimental data, thus serving as a reliable turbulence map for elucidating the trajectories of fish movement within the flow.","author":["Seyedzadeh, H.","Anjiraki, M.","Sorisio, Guglielmo","Wilson, C.","Khosreonejad, A."],"organization":["Stony Brook University","Cardiff University"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 05:36:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Seyedzadeh_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084292","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-data-integration-assessment-tool-supporting-marine-energy-adaptive","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/15169266","title":"An environmental data integration and assessment tool for supporting marine energy adaptive management frameworks","description":"PacWave South (\u201cPacWave\u201d) is an open water wave energy test facility offshore of Newport, OR designed to provide a highly accessible marine environment for the evaluation of wave energy converter (WEC) technologies. As part of its infrastructure, PacWave will include environmental monitoring and an adaptive management framework (AMF) to define monitoring requirements, analysis methods, and organizational structure. Environmental data metrics, e.g., acoustic thresholds, will allow members of the adaptive management committee to make informed decisions on monitoring efficacy and need for defined protection, mitigation, and enhancement (PM\u0026amp;E) measures. These PM\u0026amp;E\u2019s include monitoring plans to collect data on underwater acoustics, electromagnetic fields, entanglement, interaction, and benthic surveys. The AMF and its PM\u0026amp;Es will ensure robust assessment of potential impacts of WECs on marine ecosystems and wildlife, ensuring that marine energy projects are developed responsibly and sustainably.Environmental monitoring at marine energy sites can produce large and diverse volumes of data, with variable density across data types, for example, underwater acoustics that generates terabytes of information compared to interaction and entanglement observations that may occur intermittently and are summarized in spreadsheets and reports. The vast range of data volume and type requires a robust data management system to handle each PM\u0026amp;E measure.The Environmental Data Integration and Assessment (EDIA) tool is currently under development to support the process for data interpretation and decision-making. The EDIA tool is a dashboard that facilitates aggregation of disparate environmental data types, application of identified metrics, and comparisons of data against outlined thresholds that may indicate the need to enact a specific PM\u0026amp;E measure. It integrates with a range of data types including real-time acoustic and metocean data, surveys to measure EMF signals and benthic, and ship-based observations and interfaces with data portals maintained by PacWave and its partners to streamline data handling and storage. It is a cloud-based, online, interactive data dashboard that promotes a streamlined assessment process. The EDIA tool allows users to investigate the PacWave site through maps of observation locations, compare between surveys or events, and filter for specific instances of conditions.The goal is to provide both the adaptive management committee and PacWave operations staff a method for evaluating data that transparently meet the needs of technology developers, regulators, local stakeholders, and the environment. Showcasing the relevant environmental data and evaluation metrics through the dashboard ensures a consistent reference frame to make management decisions. Successful implementation of the EDIA tool will support PacWave\u2019s ability to minimize negative environmental impact and implement the prescribed adaptive management strategy.The presentation for this paper at UMERC+ METS 2024 can be found here.","author":["McWilliams, S.","Chang, G.","Kramer, S.","Jones, C.","Barr, Z.","Klure, J."],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","H.T. Harvey \u0026 Associates","Kearns \u0026 West","Pacific Energy Ventures LLC"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.567888000000","-124.229136000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-16 02:32:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McWilliams_et_al_2024.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McWilliams_et_al_2024_presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084307","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-sea-water-heating-cooling-power-production","sourceURL":"https:\/\/globalotec.co\/open-library\/","title":"Using Sea Water For Heating, Cooling And Power Production","description":"This brochure presents six interviews to give a flavour of projects in different parts of the world taking advantage of the temperature of the ocean for heating, cooling and power production. The interviews focus on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) demonstration plants, Sea Water Air Conditioning (SWAC) and Sea Water Heat Pump (SWHP) systems, sharing experiences, challenges, and lessons learned.","author":["Natural Resources Canada"],"organization":["Natural Resources Canada"],"originationDate":"2022-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-01 11:48:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-seawater-for-heating-cooling-and-power-production.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084333","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/best-management-practices-risk-retirement","sourceURL":"","title":"Best Management Practices for Risk Retirement","description":"Best Management Practices (BMPs) for risk retirement have been developed to assist with implementing OES-Environmental\u0027s risk retirement process and support consenting dialogues with regulators for the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry. BMPs are used in multiple industries, most commonly in water quality or resource management settings in the United States to support the regulatory process and proactively set approaches to minimize negative environmental impacts. The BMPs for risk retirement consist of a series of succinct statements that describe the optimal application of the risk retirement methods, written in a manner that is accessible and actionable for the MRE industry, regulators and advisors, and other stakeholders. The BMPs build off the information within Freeman et al. (2024) and Copping et al. (2020b) that provide details of the risk retirement process. They have been reviewed and iteratively improved by the OES-Environmental country analysts as well as by MRE developers who participated in an expert forum. The BMPs are intended to be used by MRE device or project developers with environmental expertise or by a third-party consultant or subject matter expert whose role is to evaluate environmental risks.","author":["OES-Environmental"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-08-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-06 03:51:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Risk_Retirement_BMPs.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084544","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impact-evaluation-oscillating-water-column","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.reepqj.com\/v3\/304-25-rubio.pdf","title":"Environmental impact evaluation of an oscillating water column","description":"This study evaluates the environmental impacts of an oscillating water column (OWC) system used for renewable energy generation, employing Conesa\u2019s methodology. By conducting a comprehensive assessment, various environmental parameters, such as water quality and marine-coastal ecosystems, are thoroughly analyzed. The methodology entails a systematic approach to identify, assess, and prioritize potential impacts, ensuring a holistic view of the environmental implications. Through data collection and analysis, critical impacts, including changes in biodiversity, alterations in habitat conditions and variations in water quality indicators, are highlighted. The findings emphasize the importance of mitigating adverse effects, proposing practical recommendations that aim to balance energy production with ecological preservation. This research underscores the necessity of integrating environmental considerations into the development of marine renewable energy technologies, contributing to their sustainable implementation and fostering a harmonious coexistence between technological advancement and environmental stewardship.","author":["Rubio-Clemente, A.","Gallego-Ram\u00edrez, C.","Chica, E."],"organization":["Universidad de Antioquia"],"originationDate":"2025-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-14 05:42:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rubio-Clemente-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084580","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/marine-energy-test-area-meta","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.meta.wales\/","title":"Marine Energy Test Area (META)","description":"The Marine Energy Test Center Area (META) consists of eight pre-consented (non-grid connected) sites in and around the Milford Haven Waterway, for testing devices, sub-assemblies, and components. The site aims to help developers deploy, de-risk and develop their marine energy technologies. META is supported by the European Regional Development Fund, through the Welsh Government, and the Coastal Communities Fund. The test site is part of Pembroke Dock Marine, a collaborative project aimed at developing marine energy in Pembrokeshire.There are five Quayside Sites, which are accessible via existing Pembroke Port infrastructure. Site 1 - Carr Jetty: 9m depth; 71 ha area; mud\/sandy mud seabed; maximum tidal currents \u0026lt;1 knot 0.5 m\/s.Site 2 \u2013 Mainstay Quay: 6m depth; 0.87ha area; mud\/sandy mud seabed; maximum tidal currents \u0026lt;1 knot 0.5 m\/s; limited wave exposure.Site 3 \u2013 Ferryside: 1m \u2013 6m depth; 59ha area; mud\/sandy mud seabed; maximum tidal currents \u0026lt;1 0.5 m\/s; very limited wave exposure.Site 4 - Quay 1: 8m depth; 2.39ha area; accommodates devices up to 164m length; mud\/sandy mud seabed with manmade causeway of rubble and rock; maximum tidal currents \u0026lt;1 0.5m\/s; very limited wave exposure.Site 5 \u2013 Criterion Jetty: 18m depth; 0.48ha area; mud\/sandy seabed; maximum tidal current \u0026lt;1 m\/s; higher wave exposure.There are three open water test sites, which are within or adjacent to the Milford Haven waterway and provide real-sea testing. Site 6 \u2013 Warrior Way: Supports scaled and micro tidal devices (2m \u2013 20m depth; 9.3ha area; mixed sediment seabed; tidal stream resource - 1.5 m\/s.Site 7 \u2013 Dale Roads: Supports scaled and full-scale wave energy converter (WEC) devices (6m \u2013 11m depth; 19.56ha area; mixed sediment seabed with rock and reef; wave resource - 0.6m Hs (annual mean), 9-second peak period (annual mean), 5.68 Hmax.Site 8 \u2013 East Pickard Bay: Supports scaled and full-scale wave energy converter devices (10m \u2013 29m depth; 123ha area; predominantly sand seabed with small areas of hard substrate; wave resource \u2013 1.52 Hs (annual mean), 9-second peak period (annual mean), 13.6 Hmax).","author":["Saul Young"],"organization":["Marine Energy Wales"],"originationDate":"2026-11-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["51.698242194764","-4.944678278892"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-11-05 11:14:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084721","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-macro-meiobenthic-community-structure-distribution-hybrid-ocean-thermal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-10723-6","title":"Evaluation of macro and meiobenthic community structure and distribution in the hybrid ocean thermal energy conversion discharge area of Port Dickson","description":"Over the past two decades, the technology underlying Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (H-OTEC) power plants have progressively matured. These advancements position H-OTEC as a promising alternative energy source with significant potential to replace traditional power plants. The cold discharge from H-OTEC Pilot Plants reduces the temperature of receiving water bodies, thereby directly or indirectly impacting the marine ecological environment. A one-year study was conducted around a pilot-stage 1.0 MW H-OTEC Pilot Plant in Port Dickson to investigate the effects of cold discharge on macro- and meiobenthic communities across different seasons. Apart from the water temperature within a 5-meter range affected by the H-OTEC cold discharge, the impact on other water quality indicators is negligible. A total of 22 macrobenthic species belonging to 4 phyla and meiobenthic organisms belonging to 9 taxa were identified across 15 sampling points. This study demonstrated that cold emissions had a limited impact on the abundance and community structure of benthic organisms across different seasons. The abundance of benthic organisms exhibited a significant increase in Inter-monsoon, followed by a significant decrease in Dry season. Moreover, there was a positive correlation observed between the abundance of benthic organisms and the content of water temperature, conductivity, gavel, sediment pigments and total organic matter. This study identified significant seasonal variations in the structure of both macro- and meio-benthic communities. Specifically, Umbonium vestiarium and other gastropoda were the dominant taxa and primary contributors to the observed significant changes in the structure of macro- and meio-benthic communities, respectively. Nevertheless, further study with a higher discharge volume of the outfall is crucial to assist in the outfall pipe placement of the mega-scale OTEC electricity plant. This study provided crucial insights into the ecological impacts of cold emissions from H-OTEC Pilot Plants in tropical coastal areas.","author":["Leng, Q.","Mohamat-Yusuff, F.","Mohamed, K.N.","Zainordin, N.S.","Hassan, Z."],"organization":["Hainan University","Universiti Putra Malaysia"],"originationDate":"2025-07-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["2.466221242960","101.848501033870"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-22 06:02:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leng-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084741","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/economic-viability-environmental-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.internationaljournalssrg.org\/IJIE\/paper-details?Id=107","title":"Economic Viability and Environmental Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies: A Comparative Framework for Tidal Stream Energy and Offshore Wind Power in the United States","description":"This study examines the comparative economics and social benefits of tidal stream energy (TSE) and offshore wind farms in the United States, adapting the methodology from Lamy \u0026amp; Azevedo\u2019s 2018 United Kingdom analysis. Using levelized cost of energy (LCOE) projections, market data analysis, and social benefit quantification, we evaluate whether TSE projects offer sufficient value to justify their higher costs relative to offshore wind. Our analysis reveals that TSE projects provide approximately $12\/MWh more in net social benefits than offshore wind for standard 200 MW projects, increasing to $42\/MWh for smaller 20 MW projects. These benefits derive from higher energy value correlation with peak demand periods, superior generation predictability that eliminates forecast error costs, and the absence of visual landscape impacts. However, despite this social benefit premium, TSE projects remain significantly more expensive, with current LCOE estimates of $450\/MWh compared to $125\/MWh for offshore wind\u2014a gap of $325\/MWh. Cost projections through 2050 indicate this difference will narrow to approximately $90\/MWh but remain substantial. Under base case assumptions, standard TSE projects are unlikely to become cost-competitive until approximately 2085, while small projects could achieve competitiveness around 2065. Under optimistic cost reduction scenarios, competitiveness might be achieved by 2070. These findings suggest that while TSE offers meaningful social benefits, continued research and development investment is warranted primarily for niche applications such as island communities, visually sensitive coastal areas, and hybrid renewable energy systems where predictable generation complements variable wind and solar resources.","author":["Bajaj, A."],"organization":["Catlin Gabel School"],"originationDate":"2025-07-04","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Passerines","Fish","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-25 07:45:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bajaj-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084751","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acute-impacts-teflon-harnesses-used-fit-biologging-devices-black-legged-kittiwakes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/03078698.2022.2151065#abstract","title":"Acute impacts from Teflon harnesses used to fit biologging devices to Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla","description":"Biologging is a routine technique for investigating movements and behaviours of birds in ecology, needing harnesses to attach devices to birds when long-term data of high spatial resolution are required. Evaluating the impacts on individuals of those devices and their attachment methods is important to maintain both animal welfare and the validity of data. In two independent trials of harnesses on Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla, in Norway and the UK, harnesses were constructed from Teflon ribbon and deployed on breeding adults using two different attachment methods, a leg-loop (UK; n\u2009=\u20093) and thoracic cross-strap harness (UK; n\u2009=\u20093, Norway; n\u2009=\u20092). The birds were later recaptured and the harness fit and bird condition inspected. We found acute impacts from the harnesses of varying extent and severity, including abrasion and small lesions where the device or harness was sitting. Generally, the thoracic harness design caused more severe impacts, but some signs of feather abrasion were also evident on leg-loop individuals. While there was an apparently larger impact of thoracic harnesses on daily mass loss between recaptures compared with untagged or leg-loop individuals, the low sample sizes denied us statistically meaningful results. Continual appraisal in biologging studies is important, especially when studying a novel combination of species and attachment methods, even if those methods have been demonstrated to be safe and effective with similar taxa. Given the degree of abrasion reported here, we would not recommend the use of thoracic harnesses for Kittiwakes. However, leg-loops may be a viable alternative if different materials or design are used, provided that the impacts can be closely monitored and reported.","author":["Clewley, G.","Cook, A.","Davies, J.","Humphreys, E.","O\u0027Hanlon, N.","Weston, E.","Boulinier, T.","Ponchon, A."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Centre d\u0027Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE)","University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2022-12-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-25 10:54:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084756","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/national-light-pollution-guidelines-wildlife","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.dcceew.gov.au\/environment\/biodiversity\/publications\/national-light-pollution-guidelines-wildlife","title":"National Light Pollution Guidelines for Wildlife","description":"The guidelines raise awareness of the impacts of artificial light on wildlife. They can help you protect Australia\u2019s threatened wildlife.The guidelines include:a framework for how to assess and manage the light pollution impacts on protected wildlifedetailed guidance for how to manage artificial lightspecific advice on how to protect marine turtles, seabirds and migratory shorebirds.In 2023, the guidelines were updated and now also include specific advice on how to protect bats, terrestrial mammals and ecological communities.","author":["Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (DCEEW)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2023-05-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Ecosystem Processes","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Terrestrial Mammals","Sea Turtles","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-25 11:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DCCEEW-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084764","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-concerning-offshore-wind-wave-energy-potential-black-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/13\/9\/1643","title":"A Review Concerning the Offshore Wind and Wave Energy Potential in the Black Sea","description":"This paper aims to analyze the Black Sea region\u2019s potential for renewable energy, focusing on offshore wind and waves. The study highlights the Black Sea as a new region for marine renewables exploitation in the context of climate objectives and the European shift to renewable energy. It also incorporates results from different previous studies, when data from in situ measurements, satellite observations, and numerical simulations and climate reanalysis have been considered and analyzed. The reviewed studies cover a wide time span from historical data in the late 20th century to projections extending until 2100, considering the climate change impact. They focus on both localized coastal regions (predominantly Romanian waters) and the larger Black Sea Basin. The comparative analysis identifies the northwestern part of the sea as the most favorable region for the development of offshore wind farms. The present work also discusses the environmental implications and technological development of different types of wave energy converters (WECs) and their use in hybrid systems integrating multiple marine energy resources. The review concludes by highlighting the region\u2019s outstanding potential for renewable energy and stressing the need for technological development, regional policy integration, and investment in infrastructure to enable sustainable marine energy harnessing.","author":["Silion, A.","Rusu, L."],"organization":["Dunarea de Jos University of Galati","Technical Sciences Academy of Romania"],"originationDate":"2025-08-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-28 05:02:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Silion-Rusu-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084765","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-wave-energy-converter-array-poses-threat-coasts-causing-significant-rip","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/pof\/article\/37\/8\/086627\/3358996","title":"Offshore wave energy converter array poses threat to coasts causing significant rip currents","description":"The deployment of wave energy converters (WECs) in arrays is promising for the exploitation of sustainable marine energy under the overwhelming pressure of global warming. The far-field influence of these arrays can alter nearshore hydrodynamics and environment. Existing studies focus on the change of wave actions while little attention is paid to nearshore circulation patterns. Using a fully nonlinear Boussinesq-type wave model, this paper investigates the influence of WEC array in wave-dominated beach environment. It is shown that significant rip currents will form in the lee of the array despite the original circulation pattern. In the longshore non-homogeneous beach environment, the array-related rip current can be comparable to the natural one in terms of magnitude. The extension length is dependent on the deployment location. The generation mechanism is similar to that of a shadow rip, with an exception for a specific incident angle. This study raises concern of nearshore circulation changes to ensure nearshore environment safety.","author":["Cao, X.","Shi, J.","Zheng, J.","Zhang, C.","Pan, J."],"organization":["Hohai University","Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute (NHRI)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-08-28 05:22:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084784","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-seabird-conservation-action-plan-vulnerability-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-seabird-conservation-action-plan-vulnerability-report-2\/documents\/","title":"Scottish seabird conservation action plan: vulnerability report","description":"The Scottish Seabird Vulnerability Report describes the process undertaken to identify the key pressures acting on seabirds in Scottish waters and at coastal breeding colonies. It also provides a high-level evaluation of the measures already in place to combat these pressures and identifies gaps and opportunities for action, where more can be done. The Scottish Seabird Vulnerability Report provides the basis for the development of the Scottish Seabird Conservation Action Plan (herein referred to as the \u201cSeabird CAP\u201d) which sets out our vision for Scotland\u2019s seabird colonies to 2045, working in collaboration to deliver action where our seabird conservation efforts are most needed and can be most effective. Vulnerability assessments were conducted for twenty-four species of seabird regularly occurring in relatively high numbers in Scottish waters during the breeding and\/or nonbreeding seasons. Vulnerability is considered to be a combination of the sensitivity of a species to a particular pressure with the level of potential interaction (exposure) the species has to that pressure.","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2025-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-02 01:18:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/The_Scottish_Seabird_Vulnerability_Report_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084788","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-science-requirements-framework-future-marine-research-infrastructure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/masts.ac.uk\/news\/fmri-publishes-uk-marine-science-requirements-framework\/","title":"A UK Science Requirements Framework for Future Marine Research Infrastructure","description":"The planning for Future Marine Research Infrastructure (FMRI) must be driven by national science requirements that meet the needs of all stakeholders in UK marine science. The Science Requirements Framework (SRF) has been developed by the UK marine science community to specify the knowledge required by society to benefit from the ocean and to ensure the marine environment remains in a healthy state in the future. The science needed to gather this knowledge is specified around five marine science \u2018Grand Challenges\u2019, each focusing on the marine research needs of climate change, marine biodiversity, marine pollution, natural hazards and the blue economy, which outline the steps to enable Marine Science in 2040 and beyond. \u2018FMRI provides a unique opportunity to take a holistic and forward-looking approach to guiding the UK\u2019s future investment in marine research infrastructure to maximise science impact and science value for investment by combining observations and digital tools in new and innovative ways.\u2019 This process is not starting from scratch. It will build on the significant progress made during the Net Zero Oceanographic Capability (NZOC) scoping study (National Oceanography Centre, 2021), particularly Work Package (WP) 1 on Future Science Needs, which includes an in-depth analysis of UK marine science activities.Within the context of future marine science goals, it is important to articulate science requirements in a way that informs decision making; enabling priorities, interdependencies, synergies, trade-offs and consequences to be considered in context, when recommendations on options for investment in infrastructure are made.The aim is to have a FMRI SRF available for comment by the UK Marine Science community by Spring 2025, so that options for investment can be considered against that framework.","author":["Hill, K.","Moore, M.","Rogers, A.D."],"organization":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-02 05:48:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hill-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084793","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collision-risks-between-marine-renewable-energy-devices-mammals-fish-diving-birds-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/504110\/1\/N504110CR.pdf","title":"Collision risks between marine renewable energy devices and mammals, fish and diving birds: Report to the Scottish Executive","description":"This report summarises the risks of injurious collision that marine renewable devices may pose to marine mammals, fish and birds using Scottish waters within the SEA assessment area. A collision is considered to be a physical contact between a device or its pressure field and an organism, that may result in an injury (however slight) to that organism. We did not consider the physical impacts of sound. Vertebrates may avoid collisions by moving away from the immediate area around a device (avoidance) or by escaping at close range (evasion, analagous to swerving to prevent collision with an obsticle in the road). Other than barrages, neither wave nor tidal renewable devices have reached commercial scale deployment off Scotland. Consequently the precedent to evaluate vertebrate collision risks is severely limited. We therefore reviewed the known impacts of other industrial and natural activities with physical parallels. We considered shipping, fisheries, power station cooling intakes, fish aggregation devices, wind turbines and killer whale predation.","author":["Wilson, B.","Batty, R.","Daunt, F.","Carter, C."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2006-11-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-02 08:50:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson_et_al_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084799","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/safewave-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.safewave-project.eu","title":"The SafeWAVE Project","description":"The nascent status of the Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) sector and Wave Energy (WE) in particular, yields many unknowns about its potential environmental pressures and impacts, some of them still far from being completely understood. The operation of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in the marine environment is still perceived by regulators and stakeholders as a risky activity, particularly for some groups of species and habitats. This often also has an impact on an already complex licensing process. The complexity of MRE licensing processes is also indicated as one of the main barriers to the sector\u2019s development. The lack of clarity of procedures (arising from the lack of specific laws for these types of projects), the varied number of authorities to be consulted and the early stage of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) implementation are examples of the issues identified as resulting in a delay to the permitting of projects. There is also a need to provide more information on the sector not only to regulators, developers, and other stakeholders but also to the public. Only with an informed society will it be possible to carry out fruitful public debates on MRE implementation at the local level. These non-technological barriers that could hinder the future development of wave energy (WE) in EU, were addressed by the WESE project funded by EMFF in 2018. The present project builds on the results of the WESE project and aims to move forward through the following specific objectives:Development of an Environmental Research Demonstration Strategy based on the collection, processing, modelling, analysis and sharing of environmental data collected in WE sites from different European countries where WECs are currently (Mutriku Power Plant and Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BiMEP) in Spain, Agu\u00e7adoura in Portugal and SEMREV in France); the SafeWAVE project aims to enhance the understanding of the negative, positive and negligible effects of WE projects. The SafeWAVE project will continue previous work, carried out under the WESE project, to increase the knowledge on priority research areas, enlarging the analysis to other types of sites, technologies and countries. This will increase information robustness to better inform decision-makers and managers on real environmental risks, broad the engagement with relevant stakeholders, related sectors and the public at large and reduce environmental uncertainties in consenting of WE deployments across Europe;Development of a Consenting and Planning Strategy through providing guidance to ocean energy developers and to public authorities tasked with consenting and licensing of WE projects in France and Ireland; this strategy will build on country-specific licensing guidance and on the application of the MSP decision support tools (i.e. WEC-ERA by Galparsoro et al., 20212 and VAPEM tools) developed for Spain and Portugal in the framework of the WESE project; the results will complete guidance to ocean energy developers and public authorities for most of the EU countries in the Atlantic Arch.Development of a Public Education and Engagement Strategy to work collaboratively with coastal communities in France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, to co-develop and demonstrate a framework for education and public engagement (EPE) of MRE enhancing ocean literacy and improving the quality of public debates. The SafeWAVE Consortium, led by AZTI, includes a multidisciplinary team of partners bringing together technology device developers (BiMEP, Wello, CorPower Ocean, and GEPS Techno), consultants and researchers (AZTI, Asociaci\u00f3n Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico Naval y del Mar (CTN), Ecole Centrale de Nantes (ECN), RTSYS, University College Cork (UCC), WavEC Offshore Renewables) and data managers (Hidromod), aiming to involve the wider community of ocean energy key stakeholders from across Portugal, Spain, France and Ireland.","author":["Juan Bald"],"organization":["Centro Tecnol\u00f3gico Naval y del Mar","Hidromod","University College Cork","WavEC Offshore Renewables","AZTI","RTSYS","Fondation OPEN-C"],"originationDate":"2025-06-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","EMF","Habitat Change","Displacement","Marine Mammals","Fish","Invertebrates","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-03 09:42:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084892","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-flatfish-activity-levels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X25011282","title":"Effects of electromagnetic fields on flatfish activity levels","description":"The offshore renewable energy industry is expanding rapidly due to decarbonisation commitments and need for energy security. This will change the marine environment in ways that are not fully understood, including more subsea power cables in the sea. Movement of electricity through these cables generates an electromagnetic field (EMF), which might affect marine species. To aid in ensuring the industry expands sustainably, this study aims to improve our understanding of how flatfish might be affected by EMFs. Behaviour of 61 European flounder (Platichthys flesus) was recorded in a large tank, with one section exposed to EMF. Two types of common EMFs were generated at realistic levels (alternating current [AC] maximum ca. 15 \u03bcT RMS and direct current [DC] maximum ca. 19.6 \u03bcT). A small pilot study was also conducted using 15 European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Results from blind video analysis showed no evidence of attraction, avoidance, or differences in behaviours inside vs outside the EMF. In control trials, flounder were more active during the day compared to the hour before sunset until the end of the trial. Continuous exposure to EMF removed this rhythm, with flounder exposed to EMF staying active throughout the trial period. At sunset, EMF-exposed fish were at least twice as likely to be transiting compared to control. Further research is needed to determine what the underlying cause(s) might be, and whether these results happen through a full 24-hour cycle, are comparable to the wild, or lead to long term impacts.","author":["Chapman, E.","Rochas, C.","Burns, Z.","Harsanyi, P.","Hermans, A.","Scott, K."],"organization":["St Abbs Marine Station","Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-10 07:41:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chapman_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084908","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dmec-market-report-20242025-chapter-1-offshore-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/dmec.eu\/research\/dmec-market-report","title":"DMEC Market Report 2024\/2025: Chapter 1 Offshore Renewable Energy","description":"Offshore renewable energy technologies have a critical role in the European and global energy transition to achieve a 100% renewable energy system. As an industry first, DMEC\u0027s Market Report offers a unique and comprehensive overview of the latest Offshore Renewable Energy, Offshore Storage and Nature+ innovations and their global developments.DMEC Market Report 2024\/2025The DMEC Market Report 2024\/2025 will be published in three chapters, with the topics of 1) Offshore Renewable Energy 2) Offshore Storage and 3) Nature+ solutions. The first chapter on Offshore Renewable Energy is available now and offers unique insights on the key following offshore renewable energy technologies: tidal, wave, offshore solar, offshore floating wind and, to a lesser extend, salinity gradient \u0026amp; ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Topics covered in the report include global market insights, leading innovator spotlights and scenarios for technology and market growth.The Market Report is designed to guide strategic decisions across the sector, from project developers and utility companies to supply chain, innovators, and policy makers, offering vital insights into market readiness, competitive landscapes, and growth potential.The first chapter of the report is only available with purchase but the 2024\/2025 executive summary is available on this Tethys page in PDF format.","author":["Dutch Marine Energy Centre (DMEC)"],"organization":["Dutch Marine Energy Centre (DMEC)"],"originationDate":"2025-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-12 05:38:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DMEC_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084918","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/nova-innovation-oceanstar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/novainnovation.com\/","title":"Nova Innovation - OCEANSTAR","description":"The 10 MW OCEANSTAR project will be deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site. It will comprise an array of up to nineteen turbines, with a total generation capacity of 10 MW. Environmental monitoring will be carried out to understand the effects of a large turbine array. Nova used this carefully monitored approach at the world\u2019s first tidal turbine array \u2013 the Shetland Tidal Array, Scotland. It has helped to demonstrate the reliability and performance of our turbines and build confidence in tidal energy.The OCEANSTAR Project will be installed and commissioned in two phases. Phase 1 will comprise the installation, commissioning and monitoring of a single 500 kW turbine in 2027. All remaining turbines will be installed in Phase 2 in 2028. The OCEANSTAR Project will be operated at the Fall of Warness site until decommissioning which will take place in 2052.","author":["Seumas Mackenzie"],"organization":["OCEANSTAR Tidal Ltd."],"originationDate":"2026-09-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.146810000000","2.830441000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Collision","Displacement","Noise","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 02:42:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084927","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/nova-innovation-seastar","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.seastar-tidal.eu\/","title":"Nova Innovation - SEASTAR","description":"The 4 MW SEASTAR (Sustainable European Subsea Tidal Array) project will be deployed at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Fall of Warness Tidal Test Site. It will comprise an array of up to sixteen turbines, with a total generation capacity of 4 MW. Environmental monitoring will be carried out to understand the effects of a large turbine array. Nova used this carefully monitored approach at the world\u2019s first tidal turbine array \u2013 the Shetland Tidal Array, Scotland. It has helped to demonstrate the reliability and performance of our turbines and build confidence in tidal energy.The SEASTAR Project will be installed and commissioned in a single phase in 2027\/28. The array will be operated at the Fall of Warness site until decommissioning which will take place in 2046.","author":["Seumas Mackenzie"],"organization":["SEASTAR Tidal Ltd."],"originationDate":"2026-09-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.152274000000","2.829821000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Displacement","Collision","Noise","Birds","Fish","Invertebrates","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 02:40:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084970","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/draft-2024-integrated-energy-policy-report-update","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/publications\/2024\/2024-integrated-energy-policy-report-update","title":"Draft 2024 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update","description":"The 2024 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update discusses the California Energy Demand Forecast and the Senate Bill 605 evaluation of feasibility, costs, and benefits of wave and tidal energy resources.","author":["Bailey, S.","Cooper, M.","Gee, Q.","Javanbakht, H.","Mullany, D."],"organization":["California Energy Commission"],"originationDate":"2024-11-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-23 09:29:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bailey_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084975","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-dna-fish-monitoring-around-tidal-energy-devices","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.evolvingcities.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/747","title":"Environmental DNA for fish monitoring around tidal energy devices","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) development faces many challenges. Uncertainty from the regulatory community regarding environmental effects can often result in project delays and costly monitoring campaigns. Additionally, effectively studying organisms in dynamic and variable conditions is difficult under normal circumstances; high-energy environments like tidal streams and channels add to this difficulty. Common means of surveying and monitoring marine habitats and species for environmental impact assessments for MRE projects include active and passive gear types and approaches. Traditional active sampling methods include bottom and pelagic trawls, nets and grabs, whereas passive sampling can include non-invasive underwater visual surveys or acoustic sonars. While the latter rarely provides truly reliable identifications to the species level, the former comes with the inherent drawback of killing most of the catch. These traditional tools and approaches for monitoring the potential effects of MRE technologies are often insufficient or challenging to implement around tidal turbines due to the strong currents, limited visibility, and short slack windows between ebbs and flows. The analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) is a relatively new method that uses molecular techniques to detect and identify species from genetic material shed in their environment. This material is collected through water samples and does not require the physical capture or handling of any organisms. A recent project in a tidal channel in Washington State (U.S.) showed that eDNA is a cost-effective, comprehensive, and reliable alternative to conventional methods for evaluating fish presence and habitat use in the context of tidal energy development. The project team developed an understanding of temporal and environmental factors that may affect fish eDNA data throughout seasons and tidal cycles. A follow-up project is now looking at establishing the efficacy of eDNA in the same high-energy environment by quantifying the effects of hydrodynamic and seasonal variation on molecular response variables, validating eDNA results using underwater images, and evaluating the relevance of findings to the regulatory context for MRE monitoring programs. The project especially relies on twelve consecutive months of eDNA samples and underwater images collection. This paper will present an overview of the relevance of the eDNA approach to the U.S. regulatory context for fish monitoring around tidal energy projects, as well as preliminary results of the field campaign. With optimized sampling designs, molecular monitoring approaches will become a common robust and affordable tool for assessments at MRE sites to identify whether changes in presence and habitat use occur, which is particularly valuable for threatened or endangered species.","author":["Hemery, L.","Pereira, L.","Jones, K.","Coughran, I.","Leiser, O.","Sather, N."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-25 05:44:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EWTEC_Hemery_etal_eDNA_EWTEC.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084976","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measuring-marine-electromagnetic-fields-systems-applications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/11104371","title":"Measuring Marine Electromagnetic Fields: Systems and Applications","description":"This paper explores the application of highly sensitive passive Electromagnetic Field (EMF) measurement systems to address critical challenges in maritime coastal areas, including environmental impact assessment, infrastructure integrity, and underwater surveillance and detection. We present the development and deployment of three innovative systems: PASSEM (vessel-towed), STATEM (static seafloor), and an ROV-mounted system, capable of measuring EMF variations at very low levels. These systems enable the accurate characterization of EMF signatures from anthropogenic and natural sources, crucial for understanding their effects and origins. Results from the SPECIES project demonstrate the systems\u0027 efficacy in assessing the EMFs emitted by subsea power cables, supporting sustainable marine energy development. Corrosion detection experiments highlight the systems\u0027 sensitivity to subtle EMF gradient changes, enabling the monitoring of cathodic protection evolution. Furthermore, the detection of a cargo vessel using STATEM data highlights the systems\u0027 potential for underwater surveillance and broader detection capabilities relevant to defense applications. This research establishes the potential of passive EMF measurement as a powerful tool for comprehensive marine infrastructure management, contributing to the safety, longevity, and environmental sustainability of maritime coastal areas.","author":["D\u0027eu, J.","Colin, F.","Maisonneuve, C.","Weller, A."],"organization":["MAPPEM Geophysics"],"originationDate":"2025-06-16","spatial":{"coordinates":[["48.373001000000","-4.498388000000"],["50.980646000000","1.824175000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-25 05:12:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084991","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/tidal-power-licensing-scotland-sound-islay-demonstrator","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/marine-scotland-topic-sheets-renewables\/","title":"Tidal Power Licensing in Scotland: Sound of Islay Demonstrator","description":"Licensing is now complete for the 10 MW Sound of Islay demonstration tidal array; one of the first in the world and consisting of 10 Hammerfest Strom\u00e2\u0080\u0099s HS 1000 devices.","author":["Marine Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-29 08:49:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Tidal_Power_Licensing_in_Scotland_Sound_of_Islay_Demonstrator_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084992","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/seeneoh-bordeaux-test-site","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fondation-open-c.org\/en\/test-sites\/","title":"SEENEOH Bordeaux Test Site","description":"Located in the Garonne River at the city center of Bordeaux, France, the SEENEOH test site is grid-connected and is used for river and marine tidal turbine testing at intermediate scales. The test site experiences a tidal range above 5m and current velocities up to 2.5 m\/s. The test site is owned and operated by Fondation OPEN-C.","author":["Marl\u00e8ne Kiersnowski"],"organization":["Fondation OPEN-C"],"originationDate":"2025-09-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.838427427022","-0.563133132861"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-29 10:46:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084994","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/scottish-offshore-renewables-research-framework-sporran","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/marine-scotland-topic-sheets-renewables\/","title":"Scottish Offshore Renewables Research Framework (SpORRAn)","description":"The Scottish Offshore Renewables Research Framework (SpORRAn) was created to ensure that any research undertaken to develop the Offshore Renewable sector in Scotland is done in a collaborative and co-ordinated way.","author":["Marine Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-29 11:15:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SpORRAn_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2084996","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/habitats-species-surveys-pentland-firth-orkney-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/marine-scotland-topic-sheets-renewables\/","title":"Habitats and Species Surveys in the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters","description":"Marine Scotland Science has been collecting video and photographic stills from the Pentland Firth and Orkney Islands as part of a wider marine survey programme to inform marine renewable planning. These on-going surveys began in 2008 and since then data from over 233 stations have been collected. The conservation importance of the species and habitats present and their vulnerability to marine renewable development have been assessed in a series of reports by Scottish Natural Heritage.","author":["Marine Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-16 08:23:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Habitats_Species_Surveys_in_the_Pentland_Firth_and_Orkney_Waters_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085002","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/moorpower-scaled-demonstrator-project","sourceURL":"","title":"Moorpower Scaled Demonstrator Project","description":"MoorPower is a wave converter system, developed by Carnegie Clean Energy, designed for offshore energy demand applications. MoorPower was originally deployed to validate the functional design and numerical modelling. Sensors have been added to the device to collect data for diverse conditions during the winter redeployment. The Wave converter system is similar to the CETO Power Take off however it is located at the surface and is of smaller scale. The device will collect energy that can be used by aquaculture barges and vessels in offshore locations.Carnegie Clean Energy is an Australian based technology developer delivering ocean energy technologies to make the world more sustainable.  Carnegie is the owner and developer of  the CETO and MoorPower technologies.","author":["Carnegie Clean Energy"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-09-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["-32.039688794240","115.707977807980"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 06:16:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085004","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/marine-spatial-plan-pentland-firth-orkney-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/marine-scotland-topic-sheets-renewables\/","title":"A Marine Spatial Plan for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters","description":"Managing our marine environment is vital to ensure our seas continue to provide sustainable resources, jobs and wider economic benefits. Commercial fishing, renewable energy, tourism, recreation, aquaculture, shipping, and oil and gas all contribute towards a diverse marine based economy and the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters have long been recognised as having exceptional renewable resource potential as well as being of very high environmental quality.","author":["Marine Scotland"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-09-30 07:00:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Marine_Spatial_Plan_for_the_Pentland_Firth_and_Orkney_Water_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085029","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socioeconomic-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/social-and-economic-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Socioeconomic ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Socioeconomic ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to any potential social and economic impacts of offshore renewable developments.This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER Socio-economic evidence map available for download. Membership of this group includes:Marine Scotland Marine Analytical UnitMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Licensing Operations Team Scottish Government Directorate for Energy and Climate ChangeNatureScotJoint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)Scottish Renewables representatives from industryScottish EnterpriseUniversity of AberdeenUniversity of StrathclydeUniversity of EdinburghOpen UniversityScottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)Oxford Brookes University","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-07-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:05:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085030","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/physical-processes-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/physical-processes-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Physical Processes ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Physical Processes ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to hydrology and geomorphology.This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER Physical Processes Evidence Map available for download.Membership of this group includes:Marine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland Licensing Operations TeamNatureScotWave Energy ScotlandScottish Renewables representatives from industryScottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)Heriot-Watt UniversityUniversity of GlasgowUniversity of the Highlands and IslandsUniversity of HullNational Oceanography Centre (NOC)Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:05:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085031","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/benthic-species-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/benthic-species-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Benthic Species ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Benthic Species ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to the benthic species and habitats.This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER Benthic Evidence Map available for download.Membership of this group includes:Marine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland Licensing Operations Team NatureScotScottish Renewables representatives from industryJoint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)Marine Conservation SocietyThe Crown Estate Scotland (TCES)Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)Cranfield UniversityFugro\/EMUAquateraUniversity of AberdeenHeriot-Watt UniversityUniversity of EdinburghSt Abbs Marine StationEdinburgh Napier University","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:06:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085032","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/diadromous-fish-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/diadromous-fish-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Diadromous Fish ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Diadromous Fish ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to the health, distribution, and impacts on Diadromous fish (salmon, sea trout, etc.).This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER diadromous fish evidence map available for download below.Membership of this group includes:Marine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland Licensing Operations TeamMarine Scotland Wild Salmon StrategyNatureScotScottish Renewables representatives from industryAtlantic Salmon TrustScottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA)Fisheries Management Scotland (FMS)Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries TrustUniversity of Glasgow","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2019-06-05","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:06:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085033","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fish-fisheries-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/fish-and-fisheries-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Fish and Fisheries ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Fish and Fisheries ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to fish ecology and the fishing industry.This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER Fish and Fisheries Evidence Map available for download.Membership of this group includes:Marine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland Sea and Fisheries DivisionMarine Scotland Licensing Operations TeamThe Crown EstateNatureScotJoint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)Marine Management Organisation (MMO)Scottish Renewables representatives from industryScottish Fishermen\u2019s Federation (SFF)National Federation of Fishermen\u2019s Organisations (NFFO)Inshore Fisheries Groups (IFG)Scottish Creel Fishermen\u2019s Federation (SCFF)Sustainable Inshore Fisheries Trust (SIFT)Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)Heriot-Watt UniversityCommunities Inshore Fisheries AllianceRegional Inshore Fisheries Representative for East CoastScottish White Fish Producers Association (SWFPA)","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:07:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085034","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-mammals-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/marine-mammals-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Marine Mammals ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Marine Mammals ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to marine mammal ecology and the potential impacts of offshore renewables on marine mammals.This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER Marine Mammal Evidence Map available for download below.Membership of this group includes:Marine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland Licensing Operations TeamNatureScotScottish Renewables representatives from industrySea Marine Research Unit (SMRU)University of AberdeenUniversity of St AndrewsScottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)Scottish Environment Link","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:07:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085035","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ornithology-scotmer-receptor-group","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/ornithology-specialist-receptor-group\/","title":"Ornithology ScotMER Receptor Group","description":"The Ornithology ScotMER Receptor Group is concerned with evidence gaps related to seabird ecology and the potential impacts of offshore renewables on seabirds.This group has worked together to identify and prioritise evidence gaps associated with the planning and consenting processes for offshore renewable developments, which are detailed in the ScotMER Ornithology Evidence Map available for download below.Membership includes:Marine Scotland ScienceMarine Scotland Planning \u0026amp; PolicyMarine Scotland Licensing Operations TeamCentre for Ecology and HydrologyNatureScotJoint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)RSPBUniversity of the Highlands and IslandsScottish Renewables representatives from industryBritish Trust for OrnithologyThe Crown Estate Scotland (TCES)McArthur GreenUniversity of St AndrewsMarine Alliance For Science And Technology For Scotland (MASTS)University of AberdeenHeriot-Watt UniversityBioSS","author":["Scottish Government"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2018-10-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-01 09:07:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085041","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/questioning-engagement-strategies-building-stakeholder-engagement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/15","title":"Questioning as Engagement: Strategies for Building Stakeholder Engagement","description":"Marine energy developers and researchers indicate that they have information and data needs that can only be met by coastal communities and marine energy end users, such as maritime industries and other Blue Economy applications, but lack the capability to connect with and create exchanges with such stakeholders. Bridging communication divides like these is part of the Atlantic Marine Energy Center (AMEC) Stakeholder Engagement team\u2019s work to build and strengthen the networks among the marine energy industry, academia, and end-users. In 2023, the team embarked on an initiative to support researchers and developers to connect with maritime applications and non-experts. As part of this initiative, our team solicited and received questions from researchers and industry experts in attendance at UMERC 2023 (hereafter participants), that they would ask to meet their information and data needs, with the prompt: \u201cWhat questions for prospective marine energy users or stakeholders would advance your work if answered?\u201dWe coded the submitted questions for thematic content and target audience and measured their jargon content. Participants posed 170 usable questions across 29 coded themes. Some of the most common themes ranged from \u201cpower needs\u201d and \u201cconcerns\u201d, which tended to center on communities and potential end users, to \u201ctechnical data sharing\u201d and \u201cconstraints\u201d, which tended to target researchers and developers. Less popular themes included \u201cenergy scale\u201d, \u201cpower costs\u201d, and \u201cfailure\u201d. We scored each question with the De-Jargonizer from the Jargon Project. Jargon scores ranged from 58 to 100 (on a scale of 0 to 100, where a score of 100 indicates absence of jargon) with an average score of 91, indicating a high level of suitability of language for use with a general audience. Even with a low incidence in usage of jargon, our analyses found that many of the questions did not follow best practices recommended for communicating technical information with nontechnical audiences. We engaged in follow-up correspondence with 39 participants who identified themselves when submitting their questions to report back about the responses to our prompt and to share targeted information about best practices. We invited participants to attend small group sessions to workshop questions for non-expert stakeholders on their identified topics of interest.This work contributes to efforts to address the gap in our knowledge of experts\u2019 interactions with those outside of their domain of expertise regarding communications that support new technology development. This ongoing initiative will evaluate the impact of the shared best practices on the requests marine energy researchers and developers have for non-experts. In future work, our team will use the workshopped questions to engage with potential marine energy end users and coastal communities. Through these efforts, we will connect stakeholders and build networks that span the expert and nonexpert domains of the marine energy space.","author":["D\u0027Anna, L.","Dubbs, L.","Eller, J."],"organization":["East Carolina University","Coastal Studies Institute","University of North Carolina","University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-20 04:37:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D_Anna_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085042","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-energy-stakeholder-engagement-proposing-msp-challenge-board-game-workshops-amec","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/15","title":"Marine Energy Stakeholder Engagement: Proposing MSP Challenge Board Game Workshops for AMEC Stakeholders","description":"Marine spatial planning (MSP), which involves the allocation of marine space over time, serves as one policy mechanism to integrate marine renewable energy into coastal landscapes. The process is inherently public and relies on stakeholder engagement as a key component to advance ecological, social, and economic goals. However, current stakeholder engagement in MSP is often ineffective at engaging all groups with a vested interest in the marine environment due to the scope of marine spatial planning, top-down decision making, and assumptions about public understanding of MSP. The limited reach of engagement in MSP processes can result in inequalities in the use of and access to marine space that favor those with existing political or economic power.In response, strategies like the MSP Challenge Board Game offer an opportunity to connect with diverse stakeholder groups in constructing their understanding of marine spatial planning, thereby reducing barriers to participation in policy processes. The MSP Challenge Board Game presents a fictional seascape based on observational data from the North Sea, allowing teams to collaboratively develop marine spatial plans. While widely used across Europe and gaining popularity elsewhere as a precursor to marine spatial planning, there is currently no documentation of its application in the United States.Our research aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on marine renewable energy stakeholder engagement within marine spatial planning. We propose to explore the role of the MSP Challenge Board Game as a tool for engaging marine renewable energy stakeholders in a series of workshops in the context of the Atlantic Marine Energy Center. Through this proposed research, we endeavor to understand the impact of games as a strategic approach in stakeholder engagement at the nexus of marine renewable energy and MSP. We will summarize existing research on the MSP Challenge Board Game as an engagement strategy, outline the objectives for engaging marine energy stakeholders along the Atlantic coast in thinking about MSP, and propose a survey-based methodology to evaluate learning outcomes. Our primary goal of presenting this proposed research is to inform UMERC participants about our workshop plans involving the MSP Challenge Board Game and to solicit recommendations for organizations to connect with along the Atlantic coast to develop a comprehensive invitation list.","author":["Eller, J.","D\u0027Anna, L.","Dubbs, L."],"organization":["East Carolina University","University of New Hampshire","Coastal Studies Institute","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-02 07:46:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Eller_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085047","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tethys-knowledge-hub-environmental-effects-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/23","title":"Tethys: Knowledge Hub on the Environmental Effects of Marine Energy","description":"How likely are fish to collide with tidal turbines? Can wave energy converters be used for coastal protection? How can ocean thermal energy conversion benefit tropical communities? If you have questions about the potential environmental effects of marine energy, Tethys (https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov) has the answers you\u2019re looking for! Named after the Greek goddess of the sea, Tethys is a free online knowledge hub with information and resources on the effects of marine energy, including wave, tidal, ocean current, riverine, salinity, and ocean thermal energy conversion, on the marine environment.The main feature of Tethys is its comprehensive document library with thousands of journal articles, conference papers, and grey literature reports that can be filtered, searched, and sorted based on several facets, including document type, environmental topic area, year, and location. Other key features include an events calendar with relevant conferences, webinars, and workshops, as well as archived webinar recordings; a variety of educational resources and online tools; a bi-weekly Tethys Blast newsletter with relevant announcements, opportunities, and news; and much more!Tethys also serves as the main outreach and engagement platform for the International Energy Agency\u2019s Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Environmental task. OES-Environmental is a collaboration among 16 countries dedicated to studying the environmental effects of marine energy, disseminating the state of the science, and developing useful resources for different stakeholders. For example, OES-Environmental has compiled information on marine energy projects around the world and the environmental monitoring conducted at each, including links to related reports and studies.Tethys is actively maintained and curated by a multidisciplinary team at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office. Tethys is one of seven knowledge hubs within the Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMRE) (https:\/\/primre.org), which hosts a variety of data, information, and resources relevant to marine energy development around the world. This poster will highlight the main features of Tethys and discuss ways the marine energy community can contribute new content.","author":["Greene, C.","Broderick, M.","Ecology and Environment, Inc.","Laubek, B.","Moodie, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-03 06:18:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping_et_al_2024-1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085069","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/female-crabs-are-more-sensitive-environmentally-relevant-electromagnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.5c00862","title":"Female Crabs Are More Sensitive to Environmentally Relevant Electromagnetic Fields from Submarine Power Cables","description":"The expansion of offshore wind and marine renewable energy devices (MREDs) is increasing anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from submarine power cables (SPCs). SPC-generated EMFs can exceed 2700 \u03bcT, well above the geomagnetic field, and may affect benthic animal behavior. In decapod crustaceans, sex-specific habitat uses and seasonal migrations are well-documented, yet their role in EMF sensitivity remains untested. We exposed juvenile shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) (n = 120; 1:1 sex ratio) to EMFs of 500, 1000, and 3200 \u03bcT using a Helmholtz coil system and tracked behavior over 10 min trials. Females exhibited strong attraction across EMF levels, spending up to 131% more time in the EMF-exposed zone and significantly less time in the low-field zone. They also drove differences in distance moved, whereas males showed no consistent spatial preference and indifferent activity at the highest field strength. These sex-specific responses suggest SPC EMFs could disrupt female-driven reproductive behaviors like seasonal migrations and larval release. Attraction may cause disorientation, aggregation, or delays in migration, potentially altering sex ratios and reducing larval export. This study provides the first evidence of sex-specific EMF responses in crustaceans and highlights the importance of incorporating sex as a key variable in ecological risk assessments of offshore infrastructure.","author":["James, E.","Ghodsi, M.","Ford, A."],"organization":["University of Portsmouth"],"originationDate":"2025-09-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Attraction","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-09 04:19:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/James_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085070","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-environmental-monitoring-marine-energy-projects-around-world","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/77","title":"Status of Environmental Monitoring of Marine Energy Projects Around the World","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) development is gaining momentum globally as a means of mitigating climate change and providing increased energy security for coastal and remote areas. Initially, MRE development was focused in Europe and the United Kingdom, with other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia shortly following suit. Many additional countries around the world have begun to explore their own coastal resources and consider potential MRE technologies such as wave, tidal, riverine, OTEC, and salinity gradient energy. While this increased interest and adoption in marine renewables worldwide is important for climate change mitigation and clean energy transition, development of the MRE industry must be sustainable and not cause significant impact on marine life, habitats, or ocean reliant coastal communities.This study examined active, decommissioned, planned, and cancelled MRE projects globally to assess the associated environmental monitoring methods, outputs, and outcomes. This paper will explore the range of MRE projects in countries worldwide that have conducted either baseline or post installation environmental monitoring. Stressor-receptor interactions with MRE devices will be examined as well as investigating trends by country and MRE technology type. The results from four wave, tidal, and riverine projects will be evaluated for quality and outcomes of their environmental monitoring methods and data, and the actions taken as a result of the data collection and analysis.","author":["Jones, K.","Copping, A.","Hemery, L.","Kaplan, M.","Martinez, M.","Hutchison, I."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","INECOL","Aquatera Ltd"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-06 07:54:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085071","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-fluid-dynamics-tanana-river-test-site-alaska-comparison-simulated-data-field","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/83","title":"Modeling the fluid dynamics for the Tanana River Test Site in Alaska: A Comparison of Simulated Data and Field Measurements","description":"New current energy converter (CEC) deployment sites can be extremely difficult to characterize and costly based on location. Determining the data necessary to accurately model an area can minimize the need for multiple site investigations. As water levels change with seasonal variation, bathymetry data alone can\u2019t always accurately depict flooding around the region. Depending on the nature of flooding it can dramatically impact the fluid dynamics. Alaska is home to over 200 remote communities with some of the highest energy costs in the United States. The Tanana River Test Site (TRTS) was established over 10 years ago as a location to deploy CECs that were representative of the challenges of remote Alaska without being as remote. These challenges include varying water levels, debris, high concentrations of sediment, etc. The TRTS is mainly used for short-term full-scale CEC deployments and is continuously monitored by the USGS for flow conditions. Throughout the past decade, several detailed acoustic bathymetry surveys and topographic drone images have been collected. This bathymetry was combined with the topography to create a topobathymetic data set. This topobathymetry was input into a Delft3D model with the accompanying water level and discharge at the inlet and outlet, the results model the river velocity, shear stress, turbulent intensity, and other variables not focused on in this study. The code for the results will be available in the MHKiT examples folder on GitHub. This presentation details the data and factors taken into consideration when creating the Delft3D model and discusses the validity by comparing the model to field measurements. SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525.","author":["Alvarado, E.","Olson, S.","Schuster, J.","Keester, A.","McVey, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","University of Minnesota Duluth","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-06 08:40:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alvarado_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085072","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/update-ocean-energy-systems-environmental-oes-e-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/16","title":"Update on Ocean Energy  Systems-Environmental (OES-E)","description":"Marine energy technologies are becoming more robust and efficient, resource characterization of tides, waves, currents, and thermal gradients is increasingly pinpointing hotspots for energy generation, and the policy landscape for offshore renewables is becoming clearer. These advances create increased urgency to ensure that devices and systems can be deployed and operated without harm to the marine environment. The very best turbines or WECs will never operate if they cannot be permitted, licensed, and deployed.OES-Environmental is a collaboration among 16 nations that seeks to understand and resolve the risks to the marine environment from the development and operation of marine energy devices, with the intent of accelerating deployment of devices in a responsible manner. The task publishes its State of the Science report every four years, with the 2024 edition to be released in September 2024. The State of the Science brings together up-to-date research on potential risks to marine animals, habitats, oceanographic processes, and the marine ecosystem from the development of marine energy.Ocean Energy Systems (OES) is a technology collaboration program under the International Energy Agency, convening nations with an interest in the development of marine energy. OES-Environmental is the longest running task under OES, led by the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy, in collaboration with other U.S. federal agencies, and implemented by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.This poster will provide updates on the status of research into environmental effects of marine energy, as collated and integrated by OES-Environmental.","author":["Copping, A.","Garavelli, L.","Hemery, L.","Freeman, M.","Rose, D.","Farr, H.","Whiting, J.","Jones, K.","Kaplan, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-06 10:06:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085082","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sheltering-effect-various-wave-energy-converter-archetypes-arrays","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/4","title":"Sheltering effect of various wave energy converter archetypes in arrays","description":"Wave energy converter (WEC) devices are proposed to provide wave sheltering for coastlines, offshore wind turbines, and offshore aquaculture. This study evaluates those claims by comparing the transmission and reflection coefficients of different WEC architectures to a standard floating breakwater design. The transmission coefficient (KT) describes the percent of wave height traveling past the body. The reflection coefficient (KR) describes the percentage of wave height the body sends back upstream. Far-field energy balance through the wave field is characterized by these coefficients. The WECs analyzed here are a heaving point absorber (PA), an oscillating surge WEC (OSWEC), and an attenuator. The coefficients are estimated in multiple fashions using linear potential flow in Capytaine. The first method calculates the coefficients directly from the wave height generated by the solver, averaging wave height over wavelength. The second calculates the disturbance coefficient, averaging peak disturbance over wavelength. The final method finds KT and KR from the body\u2019s hydrodynamic coefficients, radiation potential, and exciting force and is convenient for evaluating the effect of controls. The effect of arrays must also be quantified. Array configurations may affect an individual body\u2019s transmission and reflection capabilities. If the effect is not significant, each body\u2019s coefficients can be approximated as isolated bodies. However, if array effects are significant, array configuration will become imperative when designing for wave sheltering. The bodies are first evaluated without controls to compare performance from a geometry-based hydrodynamic perspective. Controls are then added to analyze the magnitude of their effect.These coefficients are analyzed in the period range of 13-6 seconds (0.5-1.047 rad\/s). The bodies are fixed in all degrees of freedom sans the mode of motion they extract energy from. Less reflection is noted for all individual bodies at longer wavelengths (\u0026gt;150 m or \u0026gt;10 s period). Without controls, PAs do a poor job at wave damping, reflecting almost no waves (\u0026lt; 3% for all periods). The OSWEC sees maximum reflection of ~59% at T=6s but declining performance at T \u0026gt; 7.5 s. The attenuator\u2019s transmission is middling, around 60-70% between T=6-8 s. However, its reflection is only marginally higher than the point absorber, and simulations show more energy is dissipated radially than reflected back. The breakwater performs poorly in these sea states. This is likely because breakwaters are designed for shallow areas with T \u0026lt; 5 s, and simulations show reflection does not beat transmission until T=4s. Preliminary array studies were conducted with 3-body, regular array configurations. They show that interactions affect PA\u2019s and attenuators minimally. However, the OSWECs performance significantly increases in an array, with reflection surpassing transmission at T=8s (compared to T=6s), reaching reflection up to 75%. Breakwaters also perform slightly better in an array, with reflection surpassing 20% by T=6s (compared to max 15%). Different configurations will be analyzed as well for comprehensive interaction modeling. Controls are ongoing work.","author":["Vitale, O.","Haji, M."],"organization":["Cornell University"],"originationDate":"2024-08-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-07 05:25:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vitale_and_Haji_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085083","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/approaches-understanding-effects-particle-motion-substrate-borne-vibration-fishes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article\/158\/3\/2464\/3364495\/Approaches-to-understanding-effects-from-particle","title":"Approaches to understanding effects from particle motion and substrate-borne vibration on fishes and invertebrates","description":"There is a growing awareness of the potential impacts of underwater anthropogenic sound on fishes and aquatic invertebrates. However, the current literature provides limited guidance for developing regulations to protect species that are most likely to be affected by such signals. Accordingly, this paper recommends research approaches to best address and understand the effects of anthropogenic particle motion and substrate-borne vibration on fishes and aquatic invertebrates that are of economic and\/or ecosystem importance. Three broad perspectives encompass several key research questions. (1) Careful selection of species for study, (2) identification of specific, high-impact research questions that can be addressed and funded within the next several years to inform regulations, and (3) strategic experimental approaches (e.g., laboratory vs field) to maximize useful data. In addition, we identify four general experimental settings that could be used to address these questions.","author":["Guan, S.","Roberts, L.","Haxel, J.","Sisneros, J.","Popper, A."],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","University of Liverpool","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","University of Maryland"],"originationDate":"2025-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-12 09:03:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guan_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085086","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/misplaced-fears-what-evidence-reveals-ecological-effects-tidal-power-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/2688-8319.70124","title":"Misplaced fears? What the evidence reveals of the ecological effects of tidal power generation","description":"1. Tidal energy is a dependable and clean power source that stands as a compelling alternative to fossil fuels. Despite this promise, tidal energy projects face barriers to practical implementation, and objections to proposed schemes often stem from perceptions of adverse ecological effects.2. Early concerns surrounding the ecological effects of tidal range energy infrastructure arose largely from the construction stages of barrages rather than from later, longer term operational stages. Though research on this was under-planned, there is now a literature base. We synthesise the available current evidence of effects that both long-established range and novel stream technologies have on marine environments through systematic and exploratory literature approaches.3. Fifty-four articles have been included in this review and produce a nuanced picture accompanying a steep learning curve in both tidal power system construction and operation.4. Few of the widespread concerns are substantiated by evidence or in long-term monitoring of existing projects. There is evidence of alterations in hydrodynamics and sediment flux at tidal range power plants, as well as some animal behavioural changes around tidal stream turbines, though many apprehensions either remain unsubstantiated or result in neutral effects on marine ecosystems. Several positive ecological effects are identified such as greater productivity and species diversity within tidal range basins, as well as enhanced seabird foraging hotspots surrounding tidal stream turbines. Maintaining a tidal regime as close as possible to its prior state appears key to minimising adverse ecological effects and has been a major learning point for tidal range5. Practical implication. This work provides foundations for environmental impact assessments of future tidal projects and may enable more informed choices and facilitate a priori mitigation planning.","author":["Ascher, S.","Gray, I.","Collins, C."],"organization":["Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2025-10-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Changes in Flow","Collision","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-07 09:54:12","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ascher_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085108","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/suitability-co-location-offshore-aquaculture-wave-energy-us-caribbean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae0805\/meta","title":"Suitability for co-location of offshore aquaculture and wave energy in the US Caribbean","description":"In the United States (US) Caribbean Sea, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands (USVI) are planning to transition to renewable energy. Being surrounded by water, the use of marine energy within Puerto Rico and the USVI represents an opportunity to increase renewable energy usage. Marine energy includes wave, tidal, and current energy as well as thermal and salinity gradient energy, and has a large potential to provide reliable and efficient power. While marine energy is usually perceived to bring power to the grid, it can also be used to power activities at sea, particularly offshore aquaculture. In the US Caribbean islands, the development of co-located offshore aquaculture and marine energy could help boost the ocean economy. This study highlights a real-world assessment of the suitability to co-locate offshore integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and wave energy off Puerto Rico and the USVI. The feasibility for co-location was determined through a spatial analysis to identify suitable areas for co-location, field work to collect environmental data, and a readiness analysis of wave energy devices. Combining key environmental, regulatory, and logistical parameters, the spatial analysis identified potential suitable areas for co-location off the coast in the northwest corner of Puerto Rico, northwest of Culebra, east of Vieques, and north of St. Thomas in the USVI. Wave energy was identified as the most limiting parameter for co-location in the study area. The wave energy data collected were comparable to the model predictions, showing the usefulness of fine-scale environmental conditions from wave models to assess the feasibility for co-location. Through the combination of spatial analysis, environmental monitoring, and information on wave energy device readiness, several key components for the technical feasibility of co-locating offshore IMTA and wave energy have been demonstrated in the US Caribbean islands.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Freeman, M.","Grear, M.","Briggs, C.","Medina, G.","McVey, J.","Spicer, P."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-09-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["18.387860000000","-65.390000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-09 03:53:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garavelli_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085111","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/responsive-research-agenda-inform-community-decision-making-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/66","title":"A Responsive Research Agenda to Inform Community Decision Making in Wave Energy","description":"Historically, research on wave energy has been focused on the development of specific devices, the improvement of methods by which developers design devices, and the potential impacts of the wave energy industry as a whole, such as total potential energy production or generalized environmental impacts. Wave energy research overwhelmingly supports industry, while leaving numerous questions that could support decision making in coastal communities, unanswered. In recent years, community-focused research and community-engaged development have gained momentum in wave energy as well as in renewable energy more generally. Moves to integrate coastal communities into early wave energy developments mean that wave energy research will need to grow to support community decision making. A community\u2019s ability to make informed decisions relies on researchers investigating and synthesizing knowledge that is relevant to their preferences. We need to know the impact of design decisions in terms of the factors that communities care about. Perhaps due to academic disciplinary divisions in which social scientists tend to perform work to understand community needs, interests, and preferences while engineers tend to do technical design work, we have observed a lag in technical research that can support community decision making. The objective of this paper is to develop a research agenda in response to community preferences, highlighting research needed to answer the question, How do wave energy design decisions impact community needs, questions, and preferences? Ultimately, our goal is to enable continued and successful community-driven projects by increasing the quality and quantity of scientific knowledge related to community preferences, thereby improving a community\u2019s capacity to make decisions based on the outcomes they care most about. We develop the agenda first by conceptualizing 12 research intersections between community concerns and community decisions. Then, we conduct a semi-systematic literature review of publications in wave energy that are comparative in nature and fall within one (or multiple) of those 12 intersections. We identify gaps in research at the intersections and build an agenda that responds to those gaps. This agenda is immediately relevant in that it is focused on the research tasks that need to occur in order for wave energy to succeed in the sorts of developments that are expected to begin in the coming years. Many research studies look to the future, making estimates and answering research questions by considering a theoretical, mature technology deployed in large arrays. While these studies are important for understanding the potential futures of the industry and for influencing device design, they do not always help communities at the forefront of technology deployment understand what could happen if they pursue a demonstration project or small deployment. This agenda focuses on identifying and getting those communities the information that they need, thus enabling more equitable demonstration projects.","author":["Trueworthy, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-10 06:43:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trueworthy_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085120","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-grid-micro-grid-applications-use-case","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/824","title":"Environmental effects of marine renewable energy off-grid and micro-grid applications: a use case approach to assess existing knowledge and remaining uncertainties","description":"Most environmental research and monitoring for marine renewable energy (MRE) devices has sought to understand effects that will drive consenting and licensing decisions for large, grid-scale, projects. However, many near-term and likely long-term uses of MRE will be to power remote coastal and island communities via micro-grids and direct supply, as well as provide power at sea for offshore aquaculture, ocean observations and navigation markers, and other off-grid uses. These applications will operate on a much smaller scale than grid-connected MRE devices for regional or national utility scales. There has been little focus on the potential environmental effects for these increasingly more common micro-grid or off-grid uses. The smaller MRE devices required for these applications are likely to have different, and possibly less, environmental effects than large-scale MRE projects. The time is right to start exploring the potential environmental effects that might be expected from smaller scale (i.e., micro-grid and off-grid) wave, tidal, and other MRE devices and projects, and to determine what additional or different information and data may be needed to inform and streamline consenting for these projects. For this paper, we generated a series of hypothetical use cases of micro-grid and off-grid applications, some with an on-land electricity use (e.g., a small coastal community, medium size shipping port) and others with strictly at-sea usages (e.g., oceanographic instruments, aquaculture farms). To set up the stage for each use case, we compiled a physical description of the deployment area, details about the MRE technology foreseen, information about the end uses and power needs, and a description of the local community and values. For each use case, we then inventoried the species of regulatory concern known to the hypothetical project area, as well as commercial and recreational species, important habitats, potential environmental interactions with the MRE device and infrastructure, and socio-economic benefits or concerns potentially associated with such project. In the absence of existing micro-grid or off-grid MRE projects, this use-case approach enabled an initial assessment of potential environmental effects, based on location and scale of the projects, which could then translate into recommendations for regulatory decisions.","author":["Hemery, L.","Weicht, L.","Copping, A.","Garavelli, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Sea Turtles","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-14 05:09:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery-et-al-2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085121","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/minimizing-environmental-risks-progress-marine-renewable-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/1193","title":"Minimizing environmental risks to progress the marine renewable energy industry","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry continues to expand worldwide, challenges remain to consent projects. Deployment and consenting barriers of MRE devices are primarily due to insufficient information on the potential effects on marine animals, habitats, or ecosystem processes. Since 2010, Ocean Energy Systems (OES)-Environmental, an initiative under the International Energy Agency Ocean Energy Systems, has assessed what is known about the environmental effects of MRE and developed approaches to facilitate consenting. OES Environmental\u2019s goal is to mobilize information and international practitioners to coordinate scientific research that helps the industry progress in an environmentally responsible manner. As such, OES-Environmental has categorized risks to the environment from MRE devices as stressor receptor interactions, where stressors are the devices or other parts of the associated systems that may cause stress, injury, or death to receptors such as marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes. As of 2025, four stressor-receptor interactions are considered to be retired (i.e., risks that are unlikely to cause harm to receptors and need not be fully investigated for every project) for a small number of devices (one to six), based on available scientific literature and environmental monitoring: changes in oceanographic systems, changes in habitat, underwater noise, and electromagnetic fields. Other interactions have been deemed to lack sufficient information to be retired: entanglement, displacement, and collision risk. Collision risk remains the main barrier to consenting new tidal and riverine energy projects. As limited grid-scale MRE deployments and the difficulties of field monitoring in high-energy environments restrict our understanding of some of these interactions, OES-Environmental is also evaluating the potential environmental effects of MRE at different scales, as well as assessing the applicability of integrative approaches to increase the environmental acceptability of MRE devices. While most MRE projects have focused on generating power at grid scale for regional or national electricity systems, numerous valuable and profitable off-grid or micro-grid applications exist. These include powering offshore aquaculture, ocean observation systems, and remote communities. Such applications will require the use of smaller devices, which are expected to have different or potentially lower environmental effects compared to grid-scale systems. To help the MRE industry progress, there is also a need to make sure that devices minimize harm to the environment from their design phase. Improving the environmental acceptability of MRE devices involves effectively using natural resources, minimizing environmental risks, adhering to the relevant regulations, and generating potential benefits. Regardless of the device archetype and geographic location, environmental acceptability will facilitate consenting processes and deployment. As the MRE industry targets new off-grid market applications, moves towards large-scale arrays of devices, and expands to more diverse locations like tropical and subtropical regions, the benefits and risks of a particular device, system, or array could be used as valuable design drivers.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Rose, D.","Freeman, M.","Hemery, L.","Farr, H.","Copping, A."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-25 04:12:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garavelli-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085122","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guide-co-locating-marine-energy-aquaculture","sourceURL":"https:\/\/submissions.ewtec.org\/proc-ewtec\/article\/view\/910","title":"A guide for co-locating marine energy and aquaculture","description":"In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using marine energy for non-grid uses, such as powering at-sea uses in areas where adequate marine energy resources exist. One of these uses is aquaculture, which is a growing sector. As marine energy and aquaculture progress, there is an opportunity to bring these industries together for further advancement. Aquaculture provides a new market for marine energy, especially one that is viable for smaller-scale technologies. Marine energy provides a source of renewable energy that is created on site, helping move the aquaculture industry toward more sustainable practices and away from diesel-based energy for at-sea activities (e.g., feeding, monitoring, maintenance). Co-locating and powering aquaculture with marine energy within the same space and time scales can lead to increased markets for marine energy and sustainable development. Because aquaculture is still a new application of marine energy, there are many unknowns and potential barriers that need to be overcome to make co-location a reality. We have developed a Guide for Co-location of Marine Energy and Aquaculture to provide guidance for considering a co-located project and to begin to answer some of these questions and remaining challenges.Co-locating aquaculture and marine energy is novel, and its feasibility needs to be understood. Several research or pilot projects worldwide have shown the viability of co-location, but this has yet to be tested in longer-term projects. Knowledge gaps remain to further the understanding of the feasibility for co-location. For example, both marine energy and offshore aquaculture have been slow to develop and have faced regulatory challenges, requiring an understanding of the permitting regimes that must be navigated to achieve approvals for co-located deployments. Technical feasibility, such as how to engineer and integrate a co-located system, must be explored, both through desk-based research like spatial analyses to identify areas viable for co-location as well as through demonstration projects to test concepts and work towards full-scale developments. Energy needs of aquaculture operations also need to be better understood to identify what types of marine energy technologies are best suited for different aquaculture systems. Importantly, social aspects (e.g., community context and local perspectives) must be accounted for to comprehensively understand the viability of future co-location. Stakeholder perspectives need to be understood to discern potential social and economic effects as well as social license to operate.This Guide for Co-location of Marine Energy and Aquaculture is intended for aquaculture operators and marine energy technology developers, particularly those interested in partnering to co-locate aquaculture and marine energy developments. The guide details considerations for co-location including: 1) Defining a potential project and identifying key attributes, 2) finding suitable areas; 3) detailing integration, 4) navigating regulatory regimes (with a focus on the US), and 5) stakeholder perspectives. The guide also offers case studies and lessons learned from past projects or community engagement efforts. This guide aims to offer insight based on several years of research to explore feasibility of co-location and will continue to be updated as new information and learning come to light.","author":["Freeman, M.","Garavelli, L.","Branch, R.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-14 05:13:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Freeman-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085123","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/empowering-marine-energy-research-askprimre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/32","title":"Empowering Marine Energy Research with AskPRIMRE","description":"The U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMRE) is an interconnected system of knowledge hubs that provide access to data, information, and other resources for the marine energy community. The PRIMRE team has developed and trained a Large Language Model (LLM) on the metadata and supporting documents associated with data and information from the various PRIMRE knowledge hubs to create an Artificially Intelligent (AI) research assistant. By leveraging work done previously to make PRIMRE metadata machine-readable and a prototype LLM called the Energy Language Model (developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory), AskPRIMRE serves as a virtual research assistant to PRIMRE users. It provides answers to a variety of user-provided questions using natural language processing and generative machine learning. Users can get answers to questions about specific datasets, including inquiries about the equipment, assumptions, and methodologies used in the origination of the data; answers to basic questions about marine energy based on vetted content; or answers to more abstract questions, such as help with project timelines, international standards, or the applicability of marine energy technologies to other research fields. AskPRIMRE improves the discoverability of marine energy data by helping guide users to data and information beyond simple keyword searches. It enables users to find data based on properties of the data, discover information contained within supporting documents, and explore data from projects related to their research objectives.This paper will outline the development, training, output, and efficacy of the AskPRIMRE LLM, including adherence to scientific rigor through improvements designed to increase the accuracy of generated answers, avoid speculation, and provide proper references for all resources used.","author":["Weers, J.","Copping, A.","Castillo, C.","Taverna, N.","Podgorny, S.","Farr, H.","Whiting, J."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-13 02:20:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Weers_et_al_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085162","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-powertrain-components-noise-pair-cross-flow-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/38","title":"Influence of powertrain components on noise from a pair of cross-flow turbines","description":"Understanding the sounds generated by marine energy converters is necessary to evaluate their potential acoustic impacts. To date, there have been few acoustic measurements of marine energy converters, and little has been done to relate noise generated during operation to specific components or processes.  In this study, drifting passive acoustic measurements were performed around two cross-flow turbines in a stream in Millinocket, ME. Using operational information provided by the turbine manufacturer, we directly attribute multiple sounds produced by turbines to powertrain components.The two turbines were first-in-class test units developed for the purpose of demonstration. The only difference between them was their powertrain\u2014one generator was direct drive, while the other had a gearbox. During the measurement period, both were operated over a similar range of rotation rates and power levels. Although their contributions to the soundscape were clear and statistically significant, noise radiated by both turbines would exceed ambient noise levels at ranges of no further than 100 m in similar environments. Both turbines produced strong narrowband signals around 8 kHz, corresponding to the switching frequency of the variable frequency drive (VFD) used to regulate turbine rotation (Fig. 1). The turbine equipped with a geared motor produced narrowband, tonal signals below 4 kHz and sidebands around the VFD tone with frequencies that modulated with the turbine rotation rate. The direct drive turbine also produced a narrowband tone with a frequency that modulated with the rotation rate below 500 Hz and an impulse corresponding to the rotation period. Across all rotation rates, the geared motor turbine produced more intense noise than the direct drive turbine. Overall, our results show the importance of collecting acoustic data at a variety of turbine operating conditions and demonstrate how turbine design and operation directly affect radiated noise.","author":["Jones, L.","Crisp, C.","Calandra, G.","Reynolds, K.","Bassett, C.","Polagye, B."],"organization":["University of Washington","Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-08","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.673030770808","-68.703279315404"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-16 01:09:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jones_et_al_2024_.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085163","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-feasibility-us-waters-potential-multiple","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2024.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/40","title":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): Feasibility in US Waters and Potential for Multiple Applications at Sea and Onshore","description":"The United States has not engaged heavily in ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) research and development over the past decades. However, with increasing concerns over climate change and a favorable policy landscape, there is renewed interest in OTEC, particularly for remote coastal areas and tropical islands.OTEC utilizes deep, cold seawater to generate power and offers additional benefits such as seawater air conditioning, desalination, aquaculture enhancement, and other uses. An assessment of the feasibility of small-scale OTEC development (3-10 MW) in US waters was carried out in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and Guam, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. PNNL staff, working with OTEC technical experts worldwide, concluded that OTEC is technically mature with manageable environmental effects and potential benefits for local communities.Building upon this initial assessment, PNNL is working with Makai Ocean Engineering, and Ocean-ERA to assess the feasibility and design requirements for a theoretical multi-use OTEC platform, based on an existing onshore system in Kona, Hawaii, on the site of the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA). Key components of this study include examining the year-round OTEC resource around Kona, modeling the cold deep water return to minimize environmental impacts, exploring the use of deep cold water for aquaculture enhancement and other applications, evaluating potential environmental effects for siting and permitting purposes, assessing community acceptance through workshops in collaboration with Hawaii Sea Grant, and conducting a tradeoff analysis among OTEC\u0027s ancillary uses. As part of these efforts, PNNL has developed an open-source numerical model to assess the effects of the OTEC cold water return plume to aid in dispersing the water at depth.Overall, these initiatives demonstrate a commitment to leveraging OTEC as a significant contributor to the global energy transition, offering a sustainable and innovative solution to meet energy needs while addressing environmental and social concerns.","author":["Copping, A.","Farr, H.","Rumple, C.","Anderson, C.","Park, K.","Rollano, F."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-08-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-16 03:47:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping_et_al_2024_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085172","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-4-oesea4","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/consultations\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-4-oesea4","title":"UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment 4 (OESEA4)","description":"The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (the Department) is conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of a draft plan\/programme for further leasing for renewable energy (offshore wind, wave and tidal technologies), further licensing for offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and further leasing\/licensing for hydrocarbon gas storage and unloading, carbon dioxide transportation and storage, and the offshore production and transport of hydrogen.The renewable energy elements of the draft plan\/programme cover parts of the UK Exclusive Economic Zone and the territorial waters of England and Wales; for hydrocarbon gas and carbon dioxide storage it applies to UK waters (relevant territorial waters and the UK Exclusive Economic Zone); and for hydrocarbon exploration and production it applies to all UK waters.The SEA Environmental Report is being subject to consultation with the relevant consultation bodies and the public. The Department will consider comments received from the consultation in making their decision on the adoption of the draft plan\/programme.Below is a list of key documents published as part of the OESEA4 consultation process.Environmental Report \u2013 Main assessment of potential environmental effects.Appendix 1: Environmental Baseline Cover and ContentsAppendix 1a.1 PlanktonAppendix 1a.2 BenthosAppendix 1a.3 CephalopodsAppendix 1a.4 Fish \u0026amp; ShellfishAppendix 1a.5 BirdsAppendix 1a.6 Marine ReptilesAppendix 1a.7 BatsAppendix 1a.8 Marine mammalsAppendix 1b: Geology, Substrates \u0026amp; Coastal ProcessesAppendix 1c: Landscape \u0026amp; SeascapeAppendix 1d: Water EnvironmentAppendix 1e: Air QualityAppendix 1f: Climate \u0026amp; MeteorologyAppendix 1g: Population \u0026amp; Human HealthAppendix 1h: Other UsersAppendix 1i: Cultural HeritageAppendix 1j: ConservationAppendix 2: Other relevant initiativesAppendix 3: Existing ControlsAppendix 4: Stakeholder WorkshopsOESEA4 Consultation FeedbackOESEA4 Public Consultation Government Response","author":["UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)"],"organization":["UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)"],"originationDate":"2022-03-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-16 11:00:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA4_Environmental_Report_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA4_Public_Consultation_Government_Response.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA4_Consultation_Feedback_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1_Environmental_Baseline_Cover___2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a.7_Bats_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_1_Plankton_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_2_Benthos_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_3_Cephalopods_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_4_Fish___Shellfish_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_5_Birds_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_6_Marine_reptiles_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1a_8_Marine_mammals_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1b_Geology___substrates_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1c_Landscape___seascape_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1d_Water_environment_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1e_Air_quality_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1f_Climate___Meteorology_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1g_Population___human_health_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1h_Other_users_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1i_Cultural_heritage_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1j_Conservation_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_2_Other_relevant_initiatives_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_3_Existing_Controls_2022.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_4_Stakeholder_Workshops_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085173","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-3-oesea3","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/consultations\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-3-oesea3","title":"UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment 3 (OESEA3)","description":"The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) is conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of a draft plan\/programme to enable future renewable leasing for offshore wind, wave and tidal devices and licensing\/leasing for seaward oil and gas rounds, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide gas storage. The renewable energy elements of the draft plan\/programme cover parts of the UK Exclusive Economic Zone and the territorial waters of England and Wales; for hydrocarbon gas and carbon dioxide storage it applies to UK waters (relevant territorial waters and the UK Exclusive Economic Zone); and for hydrocarbon exploration and production it applies to all UK waters.The consultation ran from 3 March 2016 to 29 April 2016.Below is a list of key documents published as part of the OESEA3 consultation process:Non-Technical SummaryEnvironmental ReportAppendices 1-4 (Contents)Appendix 1a.1: PlanktonAppendix 1a.2: BenthosAppendix 1a.3: CephalopodsAppendix 1a.4: Fish \u0026amp; ShellfishAppendix 1a.5: Marine ReptilesAppendix 1a.6: BirdsAppendix 1a.7: Marine and Other MammalsAppendix 1b: Geology, Substrates \u0026amp; Coastal GeomorphologyAppendix 1c: Landscape\/SeascapeAppendix 1d: Water EnvironmentAppendix 1e: Air QualityAppendix 1f: Climate \u0026amp; MeteorologyAppendix 1g: Population \u0026amp; Human HealthAppendix 1h: Other Users \u0026amp; Material AssestsAppendix 1i: Cultural HeritageAppendix 1j: ConservationAppendix 2: Other InitiativesAppendix 3: Existing ControlsAppendix 4: Stakeholder WorkshopsPost-Consultation ReportConsultation FeedbackScoping ReportScoping Response Compilation","author":["UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)"],"organization":["UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-16 11:02:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Environmental_Report_Final_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Non-technical_summary_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Post_Consultation_Report_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_scoping_compilation_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Scoping_Document_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Consultation_feedback_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a1_Plankton_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a2_Benthos_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a3_Cephalopods_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a4_Fish_and_Shellfish_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a6_Birds_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1b_geology___substrates_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1c_Landscape_seascape_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1d_Water_environment_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1e_Air_quality_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1f_Climate___Meteorology_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1g_Population___human_health_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1h_Other_users_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1i_Cultural_heritage_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1j_Conservation_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Appendix_2_Other_relevant_initiatives.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Appendices_1-4_Contents_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Appendix_3_Existing_controls_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_Appendix_4_Stakeholder_workshops_2016.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a5_Marine_reptiles.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA3_A1a7_Marine___other_mammals.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085178","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/geospatial-analysis-life-cycle-global-warming-impacts-marine-renewables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032125010111","title":"Geospatial analysis of the life cycle global warming impacts from marine renewables","description":"The deployment of marine renewables (MRE) is important for transitioning to a low-carbon energy system. However, their performance is highly dependent on the deployment location, making the selection of feasible sites critical for large-scale implementation. To contribute meaningfully to Europe\u2019s renewable energy strategy and support a carbon-neutral energy system by 2050, the environmental performance of MREs must be taken into account in site selection, beyond the typical economic and technical aspects. Therefore, this study presents a geospatial analysis of the climate change mitigation potential of two wave energy converters, floating offshore photovoltaics, and floating wind turbines in northern European coastal waters. By combining a detailed life cycle assessment model of the four MREs with spatial data, the distribution of their life cycle global warming impact and carbon payback periods is assessed across multiple regions. The results show significantly varying impact levels of the different MREs, with carbon-neutral deployment not guaranteed at every location. Wave energy converters only partially reach carbon neutrality, while floating photovoltaics fail to do so across the entire study area. Floating wind turbines can be considered carbon-neutral nearly across their entire theoretical application area. The findings highlight the importance of taking into account site-specific environmental performance of MREs in order to ensure a positive contribution to climate change mitigation. By providing spatially explicit maps of MREs\u2019 global warming impacts and carbon payback periods, this study enables as the first of its kind the inclusion of climate change mitigation considerations in the site selection process for MREs.","author":["Engelfried, T.","Alday, M.","Raghavan, V.","Lavidas, G."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 10:13:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Engelfried_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085179","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lifecycle-analysis-marine-renewable-energy-infrastructures-sustainable-futures","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666188825009542","title":"Lifecycle analysis of marine renewable energy infrastructures: Sustainable futures","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE) infrastructures offer significant potential to address global energy needs and mitigate climate change, yet they currently contribute only a small portion of electricity production. The growing reliance on non-renewable resources increases CO2 emissions, necessitating a shift toward sustainable future solutions. While MRE infrastructures present opportunities for sustainable development, they face interdisciplinary challenges, including high costs, technological barriers, environmental impacts, and governance issues. This review focuses on lifecycle assessments of MRE infrastructures, aiming to reduce their ecological footprint and inform decision-makers. Key challenges include the need for advanced materials, improved resource assessments, and stronger regulatory frameworks. Future collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders are essential for overcoming these barriers and unlocking the full potential of MRE infrastructures for sustainable energy.","author":["Tamoor, M.","Zhang, C."],"organization":["Shenyang University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2025-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 10:11:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Tamoor_and_Zhang_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085195","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/riding-wave-acceptance-understanding-factors-support-marine-energy-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.erss.2025.104381","title":"Riding the wave of acceptance: Understanding factors in support for marine energy in the United States","description":"Marine energy has emerged as a viable solution to the dual challenges of meeting rising energy demands and reducing carbon emissions, but renewable and non-renewable energy projects have long faced challenges related to legitimacy and public buy-in, which are crucial for success. To avoid obstacles like skepticism, opposition, or derailment, the introduction of technologies to harness energy from ocean waves, currents, and tides requires an understanding of political, social, and cultural contexts. Through a survey of North Carolina residents, this study assessed support for marine energy development and its potential drivers. In addition to attitudes and demographic factors, this assessment examined the roles of foundational values, beliefs about the ocean, and expectations about marine energy. Residents expressed support for marine energy at both the state and national levels. Like other renewable energy sources, there was stronger support for development at the national level than state level. Greater perceived benefits, weaker perceived risks, greater importance of ocean values, and stronger conservative political orientations were associated with support for marine energy suggesting reliance on value ideologies, symbolic interpretations of the ocean, and perceptions of impacts to assess the need for marine energy installations. Findings underscore how, in the current nascent stage of the U.S. marine energy industry, pre-existing and deeply held beliefs and values are important to how people think about its introduction. Understanding the breadth and depth of beliefs and values and designing engagement processes that speak to them will be critical components of the industry\u0027s quest for social acceptance.","author":["D\u0027Anna, L.","Wade, E."],"organization":["Coastal Studies Institute","North Carolina State University"],"originationDate":"2025-10-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-21 08:57:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085199","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-2-oesea2","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/consultations\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-2-oesea2","title":"UK Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment 2 (OESEA2)","description":"The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) is conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment of a draft plan\/programme to enable future renewable leasing for offshore wind, wave and tidal devices and licensing\/leasing for seaward oil and gas rounds, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide gas storage. The renewable energy elements of the draft plan\/programme cover parts of the UK Renewable Energy Zone and the territorial waters of England and Wales; for hydrocarbon gas and carbon dioxide storage it applies to UK waters (territorial waters and the UK Gas Importation and Storage Zone); and for hydrocarbon exploration and production it applies to all UK waters.The consultation ran from 14 February 2011 to 12 May 2011.Below is a list of key documents published as part of the OESEA3 consultation process:Environmental ReportNon Technical SummaryEnvironmental Report- Part 1Environmental Report- Part 2Appendices 1, 2, 4, \u0026amp; 5Appendix 3Offshore Energy SEA 2 Scoping ReportUK Offshore Energy SEA 2 Scoping ResponsesSupporting DocumentsThe east coast of Scotland bottlenose dolphin population: Improving understanding of ecology outside the Moray Firth SACSeal at-sea distribution, movements and behaviourUnderstanding commercial fish space use around Marine Renewable Energy sites: novel acoustic array-based fish tracking and monitoring at Wave Hub, CornwallForaging ranges of northern gannets:First Year ReportSecond Year ReportThird Year ReportTracking marine mammals around marine renewable energy devices using active sonarLesser Black-backed Gulls, Great Skua \u0026amp; offshore wind development zones: first breeding seasonLesser Black-backed Gulls, Great Skua \u0026amp; offshore wind development zones: second breeding seasonMigration routes of Whooper Swans and geese in relation to wind farm footprintsPost Public Consultation ReportComments Received","author":["UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"organization":["UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2011-02-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-22 09:03:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_ER_Part1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_ER_Part2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_NTS.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_Appendices_124_5.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_Appendix3.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_Scoping_Document.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Offshore_Energy_SEA_2_Scoping_Compilation_Issue.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_Post_Consultation_Report.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OESEA2_consultation_feedback.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085201","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seal-sea-distribution-movements-behaviour","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-2-supporting-documents","title":"Seal at-sea distribution, movements and behaviour","description":"The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) programme requires robust evidence to inform DECC policy development and execution. Funded by multiple agencies, the Sea Mammal Research Unit, in collaboration with others, has deployed around 600 telemetry tags on harbour (Phoca vitulina) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in the UK over the last 25 years. The objective of this project was to consolidate these data to allow combined analyses for the production of a high quality information base on the at-sea distribution, movements and behaviour of UK seals in the form of peer-reviewed papers.To this end, all data were collated and consolidated into a managed database. Protocols were developed to clean all historical and incoming telemetry data in a consistent and effective manner. Protocols are also in place that ensures telemetry tags are monitored in real time. These procedures facilitate the use of telemetry data in a standardised format for various projects. Three main areas were addressed in the subsequent data analyses. First the foraging distribution of grey seals was related to their breeding distribution. Second, using a state-space model we improved on current methods for defining activity budgets in seals by categorising four states: hauled out, resting at-sea, diving and foraging, and we related these budgets to intrinsic (sex, age), time invariant (region) and time variant (day of the year, time of day) covariates. Finally, we investigated the foraging habitat preference of both species.Grey seals are capital breeders; they accumulate resources for breeding during the majority of the year and then do not forage while suckling their pups. Thus understanding where the effects of any given at-sea impact may be reflected in a breeding population ashore (especially at European and other conservation sites) is critical. This requires quantification of the movement of female grey seals between the foraging and breeding seasons. Along with survey count data in both seasons, telemetry data on regional transitions of individuals allowed quantification of regional transition rates between foraging and breeding seasons. We found that between 21 and 58% of females used different regions for foraging and breeding. For these animals any impacts of their environment, including anthropogenic effects, on reproductive success will not be apparent in the region of impact. Taking the estimated transition probabilities into account is particularly important when assessing the potential impact of off-shore developments on animals which breed on conservation sites such as Special Areas of Conservation.The activity budgets of both grey and harbour seals in the UK were quantified using telemetry data from 63 and 126 individuals, respectively. Complete activity budgets, encompassing activity at-sea and on land, had never been quantified for these species. Previous investigations of at-sea activity budgets in grey seals elsewhere have defined only two activities: foraging and travelling. However, both species dive to forage and travel and we found that prolonged periods of non-diving behaviour was evident in both species, possibly related to food digestion. Without taking into account such non-diving behaviour, the proportion of time spent foraging and travelling may be incorrectly estimated and subsequently important foraging areas may be incorrectly defined. Thus in this study, behavioural data were used to define activities: resting behaviour (hauled out on land or at-surface in the sea) and diving. Movement data was then used to split diving into either foraging behaviour (which was defined by slow tortuous movements) or travelling (faster, more direct movement).We found that both species spent a similar proportion of time in the four states (hauled out, at surface, foraging and travelling) but that their drivers differed. For example, the proportion of time resting in harbour seals, but not in grey seals, varied regionally. In grey seals the probability of foraging varied seasonally with both sex and age. To allow inclusion of data from both ARGOS and phone tags, the interval for which we defined states was 6 hours. To permit further investigation of activity budgets and increase the use of the results for other projects such as the building of energetic models, these models should be rerun on a finer time resolution with data from phone tags. Most phone tag data are from harbour seals and defining activity budgets on a finer temporal resolution is particularly important for this species as they engage in shorter trips than grey seals. It should be noted that for grey seals it is currently not possible to define high temporal resolution activity budgets (and thus determine the impact of the temporal resolution of the data on grey seal actively budgets) due to a lack of recent and thus high (temporal and spatial) resolution telemetry data. The activity budget data will be used to delineate the at-sea usage developed in the Scottish Government Project by activity state.Habitat preference analyses allow an understanding of the environmental drivers of a species\u0027 distribution. In turn, this enables management to be concentrated in the most appropriate areas. Previous studies on habitat preference in UK seals have focused on grey seals only and were based on all at-sea locations. However, as central place foragers seals travel between land and foraging sites, and so preference for certain environments is likely to be related to activity state. For instance foraging habitat preference is likely to be related to the influence of the environment on distribution or catchability of prey species. Environmental drivers may include sediment type, depth and sea temperature. Such preference may not be evident when travelling. Thus in this project we examined habitat preference for both species using two types of data: (1) all at-sea locations and (2) only foraging locations. In both species and using both data types, all covariates were retained to explain at-sea distribution: distance from haul-out, depth, sediment type and sea temperature. However the shape of the relationship between the covariates and at-sea distribution differed between species and in grey seals differed with data type. In harbour seals which have shorter trips, there was little difference in results with data type. However, this result may be partly because of the temporal resolution of the activity data and thus should be reinvestigated once activity budgets are defined on a 2 hour resolution","author":["Russell, D.","McConnell, B."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2014-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-22 06:20:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Russell_and_McConnell_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085202","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-commercial-fish-space-use-around-marine-renewable-energy-sites-novel","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/uk-offshore-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-2-supporting-documents","title":"Understanding commercial fish space use around Marine Renewable Energy sites: novel acoustic array-based fish tracking and monitoring at Wave Hub, Cornwall","description":"To assess adequately the impacts of offshore renewable energy installations (OREI) on marine fish abundance and diversity there is a burgeoning need to determine the movements, space use and spatial dynamics of commercially important species within and adjacent to OREIs. Unique seabed lander technology housing data-logging acoustic receivers has been developed by the Marine Biological Association for long-term monitoring of fish movements in difficult-to-study offshore locations subject to significant current speeds and wave height. The current project has succeeded in deploying six seabed landers to form an acoustic monitoring array around the Wave Hub site off Hayle in North Cornwall that is now capable of supporting long-term tracking of transmitter-tagged fish.Over 140 fish including rays, plaice and sole have been tagged with acoustic transmitters or data-storage tags in the vicinity of the Wave Hub. Acoustic\u2013tagged fish movements are being tracked automatically by the receiver array while data storage tags are returned when fish are caught through the fishery.Early results show that rays exhibit short-term philopatry to localised inshore habitats adjacent to the Wave Hub that is interspersed with longer ranging movements to deeper offshore habitats where fishing pressure is higher.The deliverables of the current project and that of the NERC QBEX project (2012-2014) will have put in place the required long-term fish and shellfish monitoring arrays\/tags and developed the tools for analysis; the next step requires an extended period of consolidation of the data recording and analysis phases.","author":["Sims, D.","Cotterell, S."],"organization":["The Citadel Hill Laboratory","UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)"],"originationDate":"2013-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-22 06:43:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sims_and_Cotterell_2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085205","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-flow-masks-acoustic-detections-harbour-porpoises-phocoena-phocoena-implications","sourceURL":"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/asa\/jasa\/article\/158\/4\/2883\/3367743","title":"Tidal flow masks acoustic detections of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena): Implications for passive acoustic studies of cetaceans","description":"Passive acoustics is widely used to detect vocalising cetaceans, yet in tidal environments, strong currents facilitate sediment transport, creating \u201cflow noise\u201d that may mask signals and bias detection ranges. Although detection ranges are known to vary with background noise, the magnitude and spatiotemporal scale of such variation in tidal environments remain poorly quantified. Flow noise may fluctuate within tidal cycles and across small spatial scales, with consequences for estimating cetacean occurrence. To examine this, we tested the effects of flow noise on harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) echolocation click detection, from data collected from an array of moored recorders in a tidal stream environment. Flow noise overlapping with porpoise clicks varied by up to 29\u2009dB in mean sound pressure levels within tidal cycles (\u223c12\u2009h). Differences between sites\u2009\u0026lt;500 m apart were also significant, and modelled relationships between porpoise occurrence and tidal flow speed changed when a fixed detection threshold was applied. These findings show that flow noise in tidal habitats is heterogeneous across space and time, which may bias estimates of cetacean occurrence and distribution. Accounting for flow noise is therefore essential in ecological studies and is particularly relevant in environmental assessments of tidal energy developments.","author":["Veneruso, G.","Chapuis, L.","Hastie, G.","Le Vay, L.","Cordes, L."],"organization":["Bangor University","University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2025-10-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.302451840282","-4.701314069009"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-22 08:12:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Veneruso_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085206","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-perception-decision-makers-towards-marine-renewable-energy-project-island","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44218-025-00102-z","title":"Exploring the perception of decision-makers towards a marine renewable energy project on the island of Cozumel, Mexico","description":"New Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) technology to harvest energy from the ocean is being developed worldwide, including in Mexico, and it will probably increase in the future. Importantly, as new technologies for MRE electricity production develop, it is necessary to assess the societal perception and the acceptance of these new technologies. Ignoring these is an error that could result in the opposition and interruption of these projects, even if they benefit the environment and society. Thus, this study aimed to explore local authorities\u0027 perceptions of the development of a marine energy project off the coast of Cozumel. The approach was qualitative, and the methodology consisted of conducting open interviews with key actors to inquire about the perceived challenges to developing a marine energy project. The results show that the main perceived limitations are social, highlighting the resistance of various groups towards external projects. The resistance to changes in the environment results from previous experiences where the project promoters neither informed adequately the population about the practice of conducting research in the area nor shared the results and did not consider the participation of local actors.","author":["Wojtarowski, A.","Martinez, L."],"organization":["El Colegio de Veracruz","INECOL"],"originationDate":"2025-10-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-22 08:36:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wojtarowski_and_Martinez_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085216","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-assessment-permanent-auditory-injury-marine-mammals-differences-arising","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/risk-assessment-permanent-auditory-injury-marine-mammals-differences-arising-application","title":"Risk Assessment of Permanent Auditory Injury in Marine Mammals: Differences Arising from the Application of the Southall and NOAA Criteria","description":"This report investigates the differences between two sets of marine mammal noise exposure criteria in the prediction of permanent auditory injury in marine mammals: the Southall criteria, published in 2007 and the NOAA criteria (also known as the NMFS criteria), published in 2016. Both have been widely adopted in the UK and beyond, with the NOAA criteria considered as the most up-to-date scientific approach. This has created a need among regulators and their advisors for scientific advice on the quantitative differences resulting from the application of each set of criteria, and the reasons underpinning those differences in order to understand these differences in legacy assessments consented under Southall and now being reassessed under NOAA.Since there are differences between the criteria in both the cumulative noise exposure thresholds and the auditory weightings (which account for frequency sensitivity in marine mammal hearing), the interplay between these two factors is important.Cefas has undertaken an analysis and modelling exercise which applied both criteria to representative noise assessment scenarios for UK waters. The aims were:(i) investigate which set of criteria are more precautionary for each marine mammal hearing group;(ii) investigate whether there are consistent differences in the effect ranges and effect areas predicted for permanent auditory injury, known as Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS). The noise assessment scenarios consisted of four typical noise sources: percussive pile driving, seismic airguns, explosions, and vibratory pile driving, which were each modelled in representative environments.In general, the NOAA criteria were found to be consistently more precautionary than Southall criteria for low frequency cetaceans (baleen whales) and for highfrequency cetaceans (including the harbour porpoise);For phocid pinnipeds (including grey and harbour seals) NOAA criteria are thesame as the Southall criteria for the peak Sound Pressure Level (SPL) criterion,and consistently less precautionary for the impulsive and non-impulsivecumulative Sound Exposure Level (SEL) criteria;For mid-frequency cetaceans (including dolphin species) NOAA criteria wereeither equivalent or less precautionary, except in the case of vibratory pile driving,a result which is not expected to apply to other non-impulsive low-frequencysources, such as drilling, shipping, or dredging.In addition to reporting quantitative differences between the criteria in the scenarios assessed, the differences in effect ranges and effect areas predicted by the criteria were analysed. The resulting figures included in this report provide guidance on the likely effect ranges and effect areas that would be predicted under one set of criteria based on the predictions for the other criteria (according to the scenarios which were modelled). These results can assist developers, regulators, and their advisors in interpreting differences in predictions between the criteria and in anticipating the likely effect of applying a different set of criteria based on existing predictions.","author":["Faulkner, R.","Farcas, A","Merchant, N."],"organization":["Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2019-04-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:05:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Faulkner-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085217","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/short-term-behavioural-responses-wintering-waterbirds-marine-activity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/short-term-behavioural-responses-wintering-waterbirds-marine-activity-quantifying","title":"Short-Term Behavioural Responses of Wintering Waterbirds to Marine Activity","description":"1. Waterbirds are subject to a range of pressures on their wintering grounds, with disturbance and pollution being potentially the most significant. In the British Isles, significant populations of waterbirds winter in the seas including around Orkney and the Western Isles.2. Increased marine activity associated with exploitation of the abundant wind, wave and tidal resources around Orkney and the Western Isles, in addition to increased aquaculture activity and existing shipping and shellfishing activity, has the potential to negatively impact wintering waterbird populations through increased disturbance.3. The scope of this research project was to compare the relative sensitivities to marine activity of eleven target waterbird species during the non-breeding season. This was achieved by gathering data during a single winter fieldwork season on Orkney.4. The research was focused on the following species: Common Eider, Long-tailed Duck, Velvet Scoter, Common Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, Red-throated Diver, Black-throated Diver, Great Northern Diver, European Shag, Slavonian Grebe and Black Guillemot.5. Data were collected using three complementary survey methodologies: Vantage Point (VPs) surveys, focal flock watches and ferry surveys. The methods were designed to gather systematic data on the target species\u2019 short term behavioural responses to marine activity, and environmental variables considered likely to affect those responses.6. The VP surveys indicated that Common Eider, Long-tailed Duck and European Shag were all significantly more likely to fly in the presence of marine activity. The numbers of Common Eider, Long-tailed Duck, European Shag and Great Northern Diver within a pre-defined study area all declined following marine activity, whereas Black Guillemot numbers appeared unaffected.7. The focal flock watch methodology involved recording the behaviour of target species flocks in the presence and absence of marine activity. Long-tailed Duck flock size was likely to decrease in the five minute period following a disturbance event, and this species was also the most frequently recorded flying in the absence of marine activity. Great Northern Diver and Black-throated Diver were very unlikely to fly either in the presence or absence of marine activity.8. The ferry survey methodology involved gathering data on regular island ferry services and recorded target species\u2019 responses to the passing ferry. Red-throated Diver, Black-throated Diver and Slavonian Grebe were the most likely species to exhibit a response (flight, evasive swim, or dive) to the passing ferry, and Red-throated Diver was most likely to show a flight response.9. Whilst data were successfully gathered for nine of the target species across the three survey methodologies, too few data were collected for Common Goldeneye and Velvet Scoter to be able to draw conclusions.10. Combining data gathered across the three methodologies, we categorised the sensitivity of nine target species (excluding Velvet Scoter and Common Goldeneye) as follows: very high (Red-throated Diver, Black-throated Diver, Slavonian Grebe and Red-breasted Merganser); high (Long tailed Duck and Great Northern Diver); medium (Common Eider and European Shag) and low (Black Guillemot). These sensitivities are assessed only in relation to the other target species, and are based solely on the data on short-term responses to marine activity gathered during this project.11. Prior to this research little information on sensitivity to disturbance was in the public domain for Great Northern Diver, Slavonian Grebe and Black-throated Diver. The results presented here address important knowledge gaps which will help inform the marine planning process.12. Gathering robust data on the effect of marine disturbance on waterbirds is challenging. Whichever methodological approach is followed there are likely to be significant practical challenges in data collection and analyses, and limitations on the conclusions which can be drawn. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal scales at which data is collected and analysed can significantly influence the results obtained.13. Although all the fieldwork took place in Orkney, it is likely that the findings presented here are also applicable to the Western Isles. However we would advise against conclusions made here being applied to the larger estuarine ports of mainland Britain, where marine activity is likely to be of a different scale and intensity.14. It should be borne in mind that the results and assessments presented in this report are based on short-term behavioural responses. Research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which short-term behavioural responses might translate into demographic effects and the relative significance of the disturbance effects on habitat loss and energetic expenditure should be considered.15. Recommendations for future research include suggestions to carry out a before-after-gradient study on the effect of new marine developments to assess long-term displacement effects, tracking studies of waterbird use of the marine environment in relation to marine activity, and trial disturbance tests using chartered boats.Full ReportAppendix 1Appendix 2Appendix 3","author":["Jarrett, D.","Cook, A.","Woodward, I.","Ross, K.","Horswill, C.","Dadam, D.","Humphreys, E."],"organization":["British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2018-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Avoidance","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:04:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jarrett-et-al-2018.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_2.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085218","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/testing-validating-metrics-change-produced-population-viability-analysis-pva","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/testing-and-validating-metrics-change-produced-population-viability-analysis-pva\/resource","title":"Testing and Validating Metrics of Change Produced by Population Viability Analysis (PVA)","description":"The aim of this research project was to review the use of Population Viability Analysis (PVA) metrics in the context of assessing the effect of offshore renewable developments on seabirds and to test PVA metric sensitivity to mis-specification of input parameters. The most useful metrics in this context are those that are least sensitive to such mis-specification, enabling more robust assessment of offshore renewable effects.Recent work has tested PVA metric sensitivity using a simulation approach. To complement these findings, the objective in this project was to test metric sensitivity using real-world data. This approach is useful where one wishes to understand a specific region where real data are available, or where one wishes to address generic questions with real data. If the same metrics show low sensitivity in models of real world data as in simulation models, then this would provide re-assurance that these metrics are the most appropriate for use in assessments.Five study species were selected: black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla; common guillemot Uria aalge; razorbill Alca torda; herring gull Larus argentatus and European shag Phalacrocorax aristolelis. Of these, the first four were considered in population modelling in the Forth\/Tay region in a previous Marine Scotland Science project (Freeman et al. 2014). Similar models have, in the interim, also been fitted for shags in this region so this species was also considered. The SPAs considered in this report wereBuchan Ness to Collieston Coast SPA, Fowlsheugh SPA, Forth Islands SPA and St Abb\u2019s Head to Fastcastle SPA.Data on abundance, survival and productivity were collated from a variety of sources. Regular or sporadic counts were available from all sites, based on whole colony or plot counts. Productivity was available from all four SPAs for kittiwakes, and for European shags at two SPAs, otherwise data on demographic rates was limited to the Isle of May in the Forth Islands SPA. All models were fitted using a Bayesian approach in the software R\/WinBUGS. Model fitting was in \u2018state-space\u2019 form, which allows for \u2018observation error\u2019 and environmental stochasticity simultaneously within the same model. Models forecasted the population size for each species at each SPA, for 25 years from 2016 to 2041. Adult survival was set to decline by one of a range of specified rates equating to offshore renewable effects, namely 0% (i.e. no change), 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 3%. Annual productivity was set to decline by 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 5%.Previous work has indicated that ratio PVA metrics are less sensitive than probabilistic PVA metrics. Accordingly, we tested the sensitivity of six PVA metrics, comprising two ratio metrics (median of the ratio of impacted to unimpacted annual growth rate; median of the ratio of impacted to un-impacted population size); two metrics related to the ratio metrics (median difference in impacted and un-impacted annual growth rates; median difference between impacted and un-impacted population size) and two probabilistic metrics(probability of a population decline exceeding 10%, 25% or 50%; centile for un-impacted population which matches the 50th centile for the impacted population).Sensitivity of the six PVA metrics was assessed in relation to mis-specification of input parameters. We considered adult mortality (the complement of survival, since survival is high in seabirds and % increases are limited by the constraint of lying below a survival rate of 1) and productivity to differ from those of the baseline by: -30%, -20%, -10%, 10%, 20% and 30%. We then assessed sensitivities in relation to population status, combining data from all species\/SPAs for which we achieved model convergence. Finally, we assessed PVA sensitivities in relation to scenarios of change resulting from the renewables development (i.e. the effect size).The state-space modelling approach proved extremely powerful in forecasting population sizes, in particular where censuses were regular. Even in cases where censuses were sporadic, the models generally performed well, though for three species\/SPA populations the models would not converge successfully.The two ratio metrics were least sensitive to mis-specification in input parameters. They performed well in populations of different status, and under different scenarios of change. The two difference metrics were not readily interpretable, but proved useful when growth rates or population size estimates were small. The probabilistic metrics were more sensitive to misspecification to input parameters than the ratio PVA metrics. The \u2018probability of a population decline\u2019 metric has been widely used in assessments but proved highly sensitive to mis-specification. The metric representing the centile from the un-impacted population size equal to the 50th centile of the impacted population size at the end of the wind farm showed moderately low sensitivity to mis-specification of survival and productivity. It performed considerably better than the other probabilistic metric with markedly lower sensitivity to mis-specification, population status and renewables effect size. However, it was more sensitive than ratio metrics, and in some cases showed unstable sensitivity which was less apparent in ratio PVA metrics.We recommend that those undertaking assessments consider the relative performance of different metrics with respect to sensitivity to mis-specification of input parameters. Of the two ratio and two probabilistic metrics, the ratio metric \u2018median of the ratio of impacted to un-impacted annual growth rate\u2019 was least sensitive, followed by the ratio metric \u2018median of the ratio of impacted to un-impacted population size\u2019 and then the probabilistic metric \u2018centile for un-impacted population which matches the 50th centile for the impacted population\u2019. If these are used in assessments in future, we recommend that interpretation should factor in their relative sensitivities. Furthermore, a priority for future research would be to analyse the probabilistic metric using simulations, to assess whether the same results are found as in this study. The probabilistic PVA metric \u2018probability of a population decline\u2019 was much more sensitive than the other three and is not recommended for use in this context. Finally, we recommend that the two PVA metrics related to the ratio metrics (median difference in impacted and un-impacted annual growth rates; median difference between impacted and un-impacted population size) are used since they are estimable when ratios are being calculated and are useful in some circumstances.","author":["Jitlal, M.","Burthe, S.","Freeman, S.","Daunt, F."],"organization":["UK Centre for Ecology \u0026 Hydrology (CEH)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2017-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:04:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jitlal-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085219","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modelling-harbour-seal-movements","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/modelling-harbour-seal-movements","title":"Modelling Harbour Seal Movements","description":"1. Both the quantification and modelling of harbour seal movement are required to predict the consequence of environmental change on population distribution and connectivity.2. Two modelling approaches were considered. The first is an empirical InterHaulout Transition Rate (I-HTR) model which estimates the population probability of an individual moving from one haulout site to another. The second is a mechanistic Individual Based Model (IBM) of movement which uses seal physiology in a simulated quasi-realistic environment to predict movement patterns. The scope of the IBM development is to demonstrate its \u2018proof of concept\u2019.3. In the I-HTR model, data from harbour seals tracked in Orkney and the Pentland Firth (22 GPS \/ GSM tags and 19 Argos tags) are used to populate a transition matrix (TM) showing the frequency of movement from one haulout site cluster to another. The TM is statically adjusted to represent the likely transitions of the local population of seals. It is then transformed to represent the probability of movement per unit time. The TM can now be used as the basis for a time-based simulation of seal movement and connectivity. However, the I-HTR model is empirical and as such does not consider the causes of movement, and so is not well suited to predict the consequence of environmental change.4. A prototype individual based model (IBM) of harbour seal movement over time scales of days\/weeks has been developed for the Pentland Firth \/ Orkney area. Many of the parameters in the model are place-holders (albeit realistic ones), with values that will be refined in the next stage of model development. The prototype IBM has a simple structure but it nonetheless captures the basic movement patterns and behaviour that are observed in harbour seal telemetry data.5. To become a useful management tool, an IBM of appropriate complexity must be developed and tested, with the best possible estimates of parameters used to construct the model, e.g. from bioenergetic studies of captive seals or realistic estimates of habitat preference. The validation and checking of IBMs in general is an area of active research and for the seal IBM, appropriate checks may include comparison of model predictions in terms of summary properties and emergent properties of observational data, e.g. general patterns of spatial distribution.6. The prototype IBM has proven the concept and development work should continue to test whether the available data (seal and environmental), statistical selection and fitting techniques can ultimately progress to producing a robust management tool. However, an important future challenge is to sufficiently map and quantify the dynamics of the geographical resources that seals require, such as haulout sites and foraging areas. Approaches could include the use of synoptic physical and biological data to predict those regions that may be preferred for foraging.","author":["McConnell, B.","Smout, S.","Wu, M."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2017-10-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:04:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McConnell-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085220","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-assessment-simrad-ek60-high-frequency-echo-sounder-signals-120-200-khz","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/acoustic-assessment-simrad-ek60-high-frequency-echo-sounder-signals-120-200-khz-context","title":"Acoustic Assessment of SIMRAD EK60 High Frequency Echo Sounder Signals (120 \u0026 200 kHz) in the Context of Marine Mammal Monitoring","description":"The use of active high frequency echo sounders for commercial activities and marine research has been increasing in recent years. Compared to other anthropogenic noise sources, high frequency echo sounders have received little attention in terms of their potential impacts on marine life. However, while these devices typically operate at centre frequencies outside the hearing range of most marine species, recent work has demonstrated that they may produce unintended energy at lower frequencies. These lower frequencies may extend into the audible range for several species of marine mammals and have the potential to affect their behaviour (Deng et al., 2014).This study measured the full frequency spectrum of the SIMRAD EK60 echo sounder operating at target frequencies of 120 and 200 kHz. This echo sounder is widely used in the marine science and fish stock assessment communities. Results showed that the generation of both signal types produced broadband energy at frequencies below the system\u2019s target frequencies of 120 kHz and 200 kHz, in the range of 70-100 kHz and 90-150 kHz for the 120 and 200 kHz signals, respectively. For harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), the target frequency of the 120 kHz signal and subcomponents of the 200 kHz signal fall within the region of highest hearing sensitivity and are thus potentially detectable. While less sensitive at higher frequencies, measured signal levels indicate that harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) will likely also be able to detect the lower frequencies (70-100 kHz) generated by both signal types. Detection of these signals will be dependent on source power, signal duration, repetition rate, signal directionality and the animal\u2019s proximity to the beam centre. In addition, detection will be dependent on water depth, local ambient noise and seabed and surface scattering, all affecting signal propagation characteristics.Given the theoretical detectability of these lower frequencies by marine mammals, both signal types have the potential to elicit behavioural responses towards them. This should be considered in environmental impact assessments of activities using these devices and when planning marine mammal monitoring studies alongside ecosystem studies using active acoustic sonar systems.","author":["Risch, D.","Wilson, B.","Lepper, P."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Loughborough University","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2017-09-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:03:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Risch-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085221","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/investigations-interactions-between-harbour-seals-phoca-vitulina-vessels-inner-moray","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/investigations-interactions-between-harbour-seals-phoca-vitulina-and-vessels-inner-moray","title":"Investigations into the interactions between harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and vessels in the inner Moray Firth","description":"Shipping activity has increased greatly over the past 50 years, leading to growing concerns about potential harmful effects of increased shipping noise on marine mammals and the potential for physical injury due to collisions.When originally commissioned, this project was designed to investigate the interactions between seals and vessels operating in the inner Moray Firth as part of a study into the cause of a particular type of mortality in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina), characterised by distinctive spiral lacerations. Such stranded carcasses are often referred to as corkscrew seals. Results of investigations of the wounds and associated pathological features of these, together with the spatial and temporal patterns of occurrence, had led to the conclusion that collisions with ducted propellers were the most likely cause of these wounds. These types of propulsion systems are widely used on tug boats and other work-vessels. Activity by both types of vessel was expected to increase in the inner Moray Firth during planned construction work associated with port developments.In late 2014, observations of grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) predation on conspecifics which produced similar wounds provided a plausible alternative explanation of the likely cause of spiral lacerations. At that time there was insufficient evidence to rule out interactions with vessels as a possible cause of some of these mortalities, so the requirement to investigate the temporal and spatial overlap between seals and vessels remained.A telemetry based study of the swimming behaviour of harbour seals was carried out in the Moray Firth to (1) allow a comparison of seal movements and vessel movements and (2) compare the densities of seals and shipping traffic to identify areas with high spatial overlap. A secondary aim was to provide data on seal movements between haulout areas, to identify connectivity between seal haulout sites in the Dornoch Firth Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and the potential construction site at Ardersier in the inner Moray Firth.During the two year study in 2014 and 2015, 37 Ultra High Frequency (UHF)\/GPS tags were deployed on harbour seals at two different sites at Ardersier and in the Dornoch Firth. Locations from the animals were interpolated to produce regularised locations at three minute intervals. Each location was assigned a status of \u2018hauled out\u2019 (when the animal was on land), or on a \u2018trip\u2019 (when the animal was at-sea). Each trip was associated with a specific departure and destination haulout site. Trips to and from each haulout site were then combined by smoothing all locations to produce a usage surface that was weighted by the population estimate derived from the number of seals counted at that haulout site during annual aerial surveys. All haulout sites were combined to produce estimated mean and associated 95% confidence interval usage maps on a 0.5 km x 0.5 km grid in the Moray Firth.These maps were compared with shipping activity using Automated Information System (AIS) vessel tracking data from MarineTraffic.com. AIS data provided information on vessel movements within the Moray Firth over the same period as the seal tracking study, for all vessels using an operating AIS transmitter. An estimated mean shipping usage map was developed in a similar manner to the seal usage map. The maps were combined by multiplying seal density by ship density for each grid cell to provide a total number of minutes of seal\/vessel co-occurrence per year in the inner Moray Firth. Annual co-occurrence is therefore the sum, over a year, of the number of times individual seal-ship combinations occur in a 0.5 km by 0.5 km grid cell multiplied by the time step, in this case five minutes.An annual total of 130,395 minutes of seal-vessel co-occurrence was estimated for the study area. Although this value appears high, the study area encompasses 10,137 km2 and areas with a high number of co-occurrences were localised. Only four grid cells (1 km2) displayed co-occurrence values above 2,500 minutes per annum and these were in narrow channels through which seals travel to access their haulout sites. Offshore sites showed comparatively low co-occurrence rates even in areas with high levels of shipping traffic.In comparison with previous estimates of seal-shipping spatial overlap throughout the UK, the estimates for the Moray Firth appear low. Although the co- occurrence maps do not show clear evidence of avoidance behaviour, areas of high seal and high shipping usage are not coincident.There does not appear to be any obvious relationship between incidences of strandings of spiral lacerated (corkscrew) seals and areas where seal-shipping overlap is high.These results are not conclusive, but it is clear that the number and location of corkscrew seal strandings within the Moray Firth are not proportional to the estimates of seal-shipping overlap. A previous analysis of seal shipping interactions around the UK coast also indicated that areas where high incidences of corkscrew strandings were located did not generally coincide with intense seal-shipping co-occurrence (Jones et al., 2015b). Some areas where corkscrew seal strandings were recorded had low or zero estimates of seal-ship co-occurrence.Further analyses including data from other seal telemetry studies should be carried out to further test these conclusions. However, this study has provided a useful method for identifying areas of high co-occurrence and provides a method for highlighting areas of importance when considering the degree to which seals interact with shipping at a broad spatial scale.Observations of movements of individual seals and vessels did not show any apparent responses; seals did not appear to react to close passing vessels; they neither moved towards nor away from them. A single seal was observed swimming directly to a vessel at anchor and remaining in close proximity (\u0026lt;80 metres) for 4 hours. The majority of seal-vessel close-passes occurred in the localised areas of high co-occurrence identified in the seal\/ship density mapping exercise and appeared to be largely a result of a funnelling effect.","author":["Onoufriou, J.","Jones, E.","Hastie, G.","Thompson, D."],"organization":["University of St Andrews","Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-10-24","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Navigation","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Displacement","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:03:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Onoufriou-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085222","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/swimming-depth-sea-trout","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/swimming-depth-sea-trout","title":"Swimming Depth of Sea Trout","description":"Data on swimming depth of sea trout Salmo trutta (L.) in Icelandic waters was extracted and collated into a suitable format for use in marine renewables risk assessment. The data shows that the fish are close to the surface much of the time, with some time being spent at greater depths.","author":["Sturlaugsson, J."],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-05-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:03:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sturlaugsson-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085223","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/measurement-hearing-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-using-auditory-evoked-potentials","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/measurement-hearing-atlantic-salmon-salmo-salar-using-auditory-evoked-potentials-and-effects","title":"Measurement of Hearing in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using Auditory Evoked Potentials, and effects of Pile Driving Playback on salmon Behaviour and Physiology","description":"Anthropogenic (human-generated) noise is widespread in aquatic environments and is increasing in prevalence and intensity (Hildebrand, 2005). Aquatic noisegenerating activities include high intensity air guns used for seismic exploration, chronic low-frequency noise from shipping, and noise produced during construction and operation of offshore energy installations (Hildebrand, 2005; McDonald et al., 2006; Normandeau Associates 2012). The noise produced during such activities is very different to sounds that typically arise from natural sources (Hildebrand, 2009; Popper \u0026amp; Hastings, 2009; Normandeau Associates 2012; Radford et al., 2014). The continued development of Marine Renewable Energy Devices in Scottish coastal waters is recognised as an important step in the UK\u201fs drive for clean, low carbon energy. The unavoidable noise caused by such developments, principally piledriving used in the construction of offshore windfarms, has raised concerns about the potential impact of noise on sensitive marine species. As a result, energy entering the sea in the form of anthropogenic noise has been included in the European Commission Marine Strategy Framework Directive, providing a statutory responsibility for member states to monitor sound levels. However, knowledge on hearing abilities of potential receptor species and potential impacts of underwater noise on marine organisms is incomplete.To date, human-induced underwater noise has been shown to cause widespread effects on marine organisms (Tyack, 2008; Slabbekoorn et al., 2010; Normandeau Associates Inc 2012). Close to a strong impulsive sound source, physical injuries and mortality can occur in some species (Halvorsen et al., 2012). Anthropogenic noise has the potential to alter an individual\u201fs physiology, causing stress, and shifts in hearing thresholds in a number of species (Smith et al., 2004; Wysocki et al., 2006; Slabbekoorn et al., 2010; Simpson et al., 2015). Behavioural level responses are most likely to occur further from the sound source, and as such, behavioural changes may be most detrimental for populations due to the spatial scale over which effects can occur (Normandeau Associates 2012, Simpson et al., 2015). Behavioural level changes due to anthropogenic noise have been observed in regard to foraging, communication and anti-predator behaviours (Wysocki et al., 2006; Slabbekoorn et al., 2010; Purser \u0026amp; Radford, 2011, Simpson et al., 2015).To assess hearing abilities of fish, Simpson has developed a mobile Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP) electrophysiology system that can be taken to locations where fish are held, thus maximising application of this audiometric approach while minimising stress to focal animals from transportation. This approach was used to determine the hearing thresholds of a number of cohorts of Atlantic salmon.Given the potential widespread range for behavioural impacts of anthropogenic noise, we considered the impact of noise on movement patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon are known to detect low frequency acoustic stimuli below 380 Hz (Hawkins \u0026amp; Johnstone, 1978), coinciding with the dominant frequencies produced during impact piling operations (100 Hz to 2 kHz; Bailey et al., 2010; Hawkins et al., 2015). The construction noise from offshore windfarms, therefore, has the potential to interact with the two migratory stages of the Atlantic salmon life cycle, through salmon avoiding noisy locations (region where noise from the source is above ambient ocean levels; Nedwell \u0026amp; Mason, 2012). For adult Atlantic salmon, the concern centres upon impact pile driving in coastal regions delaying or preventing the migration to natal rivers, with potential consequences on spawning. Following this, we considered whether changes in movement behaviour were a consequence of an altered physiological state, measuring changes in dissolved oxygen consumption, a proxy for metabolic rate, for use as an indicator of stress (Barton, 2002, Simpson et al., 2015).In this study, we adapted established methodologies to consider the potential impact of pile driving noise on Atlantic salmon behaviour and physiology (see Simpson et al., 2015). As a starting point to address these questions, we performed carefully controlled laboratory based experiments using underwater playback. Although the stimulus produced within the laboratory setup can\u201ft accurately represent the sound field from a real noise source in an open soundscape (Normandeau Associates 2012), the use of the aquarium facilities enabled the tight control of potential confounding variables (Bruintjes \u0026amp; Radford 2014; Simpson et al., 2015), and allowed testing of potential impacts in controlled conditions. We investigated the behavioural and physiological impact of the additional noise of piling driving compared to ambient control conditions.This report is divided into two sections:Part 1: Audiometry, using Auditory Evoked Potentials ( AEP) to Determine Hearing Thresholds of a Number of Cohorts of SalmonStephen D Simpson and Rick BruintjesPart 2: The Impact of Pile-Driving Playback on the Behaviour and Physiology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)Harry Harding, Andrew N Radford, Stephen D Simpson","author":["Harding, H.","Bruintjes, R.","Radford, A.","Simpson, S."],"organization":["University of Bristol","University of Exeter","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-05-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:03:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harding-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085224","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cooperative-participatory-evaluation-renewable-technologies-ecosystem-services","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/cooperative-participatory-evaluation-renewable-technologies-ecosystem-services-corporates","title":"The Cooperative Participatory Evaluation of Renewable Technologies on Ecosystem Services (CORPORATES)","description":"This report provides the background, the process and the outcomes of an interdisciplinary project entitled \u201cThe Cooperative Participatory Evaluation of Renewable Technologies on Ecosystem Services: CORPORATES\u201d, funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). The aims of the project was to exchange knowledge between researchers and a range of public and private sectors stakeholders around the understanding of marine ecosystem services (ES), in the context marine spatial planning (MSP) decisions around marine renewable energy (MRE). The project developed a pilot study located at the Firth of Forth, Scotland, considering current development of a number of large windfarms in an area important to both fishing and nature conservation. The project included the involvement of a wide range of highly experienced stakeholders over the course of two day-long workshops in November 2014 and March 2015. While the process centred on a \u2018live\u2019 decision-making case study, the focus of the CORPORATES project was to provide an example of a decision support tool for knowledge exchange around ES rather than influencing decision-making in the Forth. The project design and delivery was highly transdisciplinary, involving experts with backgrounds in ecology, oceanography, marine management, policy, law, environmental psychology, anthropology and ecological economics as well as public and private sector stakeholders.","author":["Scott, B.","Irvine, K.","Byg, A.","Gubbins, M.","Kafas, A.","Kenter, J.","MacDonald, A.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R.","Potts, T.","Slater, A.","Tweddle, J.","Wright, K.","Davies, I."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen","James Hutton Institute","Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2016-02-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.035325156393","-3.259955911812"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:02:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scott-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085225","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-turnover-breeding-seabirds-final-report-marine-scotland-science","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-6-number-10-sea-turnover\/","title":"At-Sea Turnover of Breeding Seabirds - Final Report to Marine Scotland Science","description":"The aim of this project was to review the potential issue of \u0027turnover\u0027 of individual seabirds at sea during the breeding season and to assess how this may lead abundance estimates derived from boat or aerial surveys to underestimate the total number of birds that use an area during the course of the breeding season. We estimate turnover rates in species for which sufficient data were available.The following candidate species were identified for inclusion in the project: red-throated diver, common guillemot, razorbill, black guillemot, Atlantic puffin, European shag, common eider, northern gannet, black-legged kittiwake and northern fulmar. Turnover was estimated in four species for which sufficient data were available: common guillemot; razorbill; Atlantic puffin and black-legged kittiwake, using the Forth\/Tay region as the study area. A literature review on input parameters required to estimate turnover was undertaken on the remaining species to establish data gaps.We defined turnover as the total number of birds that will use a particular area of sea at any point during the breeding season, divided by the number of birds that will be present in that area at a particular snapshot in time.We estimate turnover using modelled foraging densities of the Forth-Tay area derived from real GPS data (as produced and described in Searle et al., 2014) to simulate the daily foraging locations of individual birds on individual days throughout the breeding season. By assuming that birds rest at their foraging locations, and travel in a straight line between the colony and foraging location, these simulations can also be used to evaluate the locations that are associated with foraging, commuting and resting at sea.We then use empirical data on the daily activity budget of birds as a basis for simulating the number of birds that would be seen performing each behaviour (foraging, commuting, resting at sea) within each wind farm footprint during a \u0022snapshot\u0022 survey of the entire footprint area. This allows us to produce a direct estimate of turnover.Foraging site fidelity will clearly affect estimates of turnover, however, it is not well understood or parameterised in these species. We have, therefore, estimated turnover under a number of different scenarios regarding the extent of site fidelity: both in terms of the level of the site fidelity, as well as the spatial scale associated with it.As well as being contingent upon particular levels and scales of foraging site fidelity, the calculations also depend heavily upon the accuracy of the input data (bird density and time activity) and upon a number of other simplifying assumptions: that birds will only visit one foraging location on a day, that they will rest at the same location as they feed, and that they will travel to this location in a straight line from the colony.Our results indicate that: (a) turnover decreases as site fidelity increases; (b) turnover decreases as birds exhibit site fidelity at finer spatial scales; (c) turnover is typically much higher for \u0022commuting\u0022 behaviour than for \u0022foraging\u0022 or \u0022resting at sea\u0022 behaviours; (d) variation in turnover between the simulated snapshot surveys is generally very substantial. The results also highlight more subtle differences between individual species and wind farm footprints.In general, kittiwake and razorbill had higher levels of turnover than did guillemots or puffins. This is true for both foraging and resting at sea. For all wind farm footprints, kittiwake and razorbill had estimates of turnover between approximately 100 and 150 with a site fidelity level of zero, in comparison to guillemot and puffin that had estimates between approximately 60 and 100. These differences may, in part, be explained by variation in the foraging ecology of each species (foraging range and observed time activity budgets).Within a species, there was variation in estimates of turnover between wind farm footprints. Guillemots displayed the lowest variation in turnover estimates between the different footprints. Razorbills also exhibited relatively low variation in turnover estimates between wind farm footprints. Kittiwakes displayed a similar pattern in relation to variation amongst wind farm footprints as seen for razorbills, although overall turnover estimates for kittiwake were slightly higher than those estimated for razorbills, for both foraging and resting at sea. While puffins had the lowest overall estimates of turnover for both foraging and resting at sea of the four species, they did have noticeably higher estimates of turnover for foraging birds at the NnG and Bravo wind farm footprints in comparison to the other wind farm footprints.Turnover is calculated in relation to a \u0022census snapshot\u0022, thereby assuming that it is possible to survey the entire population within an area completely and instantaneously. This is a useful approach, because it separates out the effects of turnover from those of other effects ( e.g., non-detection). However, in order to relate the results of this work directly to the output from at-sea or aerial surveys it is important to account for the fact that these types of data will typically constitute a sample rather than a census, and that they will not take place instantaneously.Conclusions: This project provides relevant information to assist Marine Scotland Science with identifying knowledge gaps that may benefit from further data collection. It will also enable Marine Scotland Licensing Operations Team and Marine Renewables Developers to make more informed assessments of the potential impacts of development projects as part of the required environmental evaluations. The project, therefore, has significant strategic relevance for site characterisation and monitoring in Scotland and beyond. Turnover is clearly only one factor that will need to be considered when assessing the risks to seabird populations from offshore developments. A related task will involve quantifying the fate of birds that lie within the development footprint. Further work is needed in order to understand whether higher levels of turnover lead, all else being equal, to higher or lower estimates of development-related mortality.","author":["Searle, K.","Butler, A.","Mobbs, D.","Bogdanova, M.","Wanless, S.","Bolton, M.","Daunt, F."],"organization":["Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","Bioinformatics and Statistics Scotland","Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-06-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.438348484598","-2.416407914596"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Attraction","Avoidance","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:02:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Searle-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085226","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioural-responses-atlantic-salmon-mains-frequency-magnetic-fields","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-vol-6-9-behavioural-responses-atlantic\/","title":"Behavioural Responses of Atlantic Salmon to Mains Frequency Magnetic Fields","description":"Effects of mains frequency (50Hz) magnetic fields (MF) on behaviour of captive Atlantic salmon were examined in a large arena. Fish swam spontaneously within the arena passing from one side to the other through Helmholtz coils (arranged in four pairs) that penetrated a net barrier. When activated, a uniform intensity MF was generated between coils within a pair. Salmon were considered in two size categories: large fish (62-85 cm) and smaller post-smolts (24-41 cm). Large fish were tested in groups of six and considered at the individual level. For each fish, measurements were made of the times to approach, traverse and leave an activated coil pair (intensity = 95 \u00b5T) on first encounter across defined distances. These times were compared with previous passage times for the same coil in a deactivated state across similar distances. There were no significant differences in approach, traverse or departure times associated with activation state of the coils. Post-smolts (18 trials of groups of six fish) were exposed to three 30-min periods of MF at 1.3, 11.4 and 95 \u00b5T with 30-min controls before each treatment. The sequence in which the different MF levels were presented was varied sequentially. There was no evidence that the numbers of fish passing through the coils depended on the sequence in which the MF intensities were presented (p = 0.18) or on the field intensity itself. Similarly, the numbers of shoals passing through coils did not depend on sequence or field intensity. There were no observations of unusual behaviours in association with MF up to 95 \u00b5T.","author":["Armstrong, J.","Hunter, D.","Fryer, R.","Rycroft, P.","Orpwood, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Wyre Micro Design (WMD)","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-02 07:44:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Armstrong-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085227","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-ac-magnetic-fields-mfs-swimming-activity-european-eels-anguilla-anguilla","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-vol-6-8-effects-ac-magnetic\/","title":"Effects of AC Magnetic Fields (MFs) on Swimming Activity in European Eels Anguilla anguilla","description":"Little is known about effects of magnetic fields (MFs, 50 Hz, measured in Teslas) associated with high voltage cables on behaviour of European eels. It has previously been shown in a field study that swimming speed of European eels in the Baltic Sea slowed when crossing a 130 kV AC power cable. However, no details of fish behaviour during passage over the cable were recorded in this study, and it is not known whether the observed reduction in swimming speed was due to the MF associated with the cable, or some other factor. The aim of the present study was to observe the response of European eels at the silver eel stage of their life-cycle to an AC MF of approximately 9.6 \u00b5T at a fine scale in a controlled laboratory setting. During 28 trials, each lasting 4 hours and using a single eel per trial, 10 eels (termed \u0022swimmers\u0022) made between 1 and 43 passes through coils. There was no evidence of a difference in movement due to the MF nor observations of startle or other obvious behavioural changes associated with the magnetic fields. Level of movement decreased as the experiments progressed and increased with eel size. Eel passage through coils was unaffected by whether or not they were activated. In applying these results it must be kept in mind that the sample size was small, nocturnal behaviour was not tested and the field strengths were lower than might be encountered in the wild in some situations.","author":["Orpwood, J.","Fryer, R.","Rycroft, P.","Armstrong, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-09-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:01:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Orpwood-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085228","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatio-temporal-variability-scottish-smolt-emigration-times-sizes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-6-number-2-spatio-temporal\/","title":"Spatio-temporal variability in Scottish smolt emigration times and sizes","description":"The Scottish Government has set ambitious targets for renewable power generation. Marine Renewable Energy, including wind, wave and tidal power are expected to contribute significantly to these targets. Information on the timing of Atlantic salmon smolt migrations is required for planning coastal development and the timing of particular activities. Information on smolt sizes is required to plan acoustic tagging studies aiming to improve understanding of fish movement and behaviour in the coastal zone. This report assessed pre-existing information on smolt migration timing and sizes. The commencement of migration was characterised as the day of the year (DoY) on which 25% of smolts had migrated (S25); the end of the migration period was characterised as the DoY on which 75% of smolts had emigrated (S75). The start and end of the migration period varied with elevation and over time, but not as a predictable function of geographical location (latitude and longitude). Thus, a single coastal migration DoY range (S25 to S75) was estimated for the whole of Scotland. By including uncertainty in the predictions it was possible to identify a \u0022sensitive window\u0022 for development, where large numbers of migrating salmon smolts could be expected in the coastal zone. This window covers the period DoY 103-145. This envelope does not consider the time that smolts will spend in the coastal zone, so further work is required to adjust this window appropriately. It was not possible to model the spatio-temporal variability in smolt sizes given available data and resources. However, considerable inter-site and inter-annual variability was observed. The data presented here could be used to inform future acoustic tagging studies at existing sites, although it is suggested that pilot data should be obtained where work is to be carried out at new sites.","author":["Malcolm, I.","Millar, C.","Millidine, K."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2015-03-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:01:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Malcolm-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085229","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scotmap-inshore-fisheries-mapping-scotland-recording-fishermens-use-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-5-number-17-scotmap-inshore\/","title":"ScotMap Inshore Fisheries Mapping in Scotland: Recording Fishermen\u0027s use of the Sea","description":"Marine Scotland requires a detailed understanding of fishing activity in Scottish Territorial Waters to inform marine spatial planning at both the national and regional level, and in relation to marine renewable energy development, marine nature conservation designations and fisheries management. For larger fishing vessels (those over 15 m overall length) which fish mainly in offshore waters, spatially resolved information on the activity and the value of fishing can be derived from Vessel Monitoring Systems ( VMS) and landings data. The competition for space is, however, often greatest in inshore waters where most fishing is undertaken by small vessels which are not currently fitted with VMS. To improve knowledge of the distribution of fishing activity and the value of fisheries in inshore waters, Marine Scotland carried out a fisheries mapping study known as ScotMap.ScotMap provides spatial information on the fishing activity of Scottish registered commercial fishing vessels under 15 m in overall length. The data were collected during face-to-face interviews with individual vessel owners and operators and relate to fishing activity for the period 2007 to 2011. Interviewees were asked to identify the areas in which they fish, and to provide associated information on their fishing vessel, species targeted, fishing gear used and income from fishing.The dataset, as of July 2013, is based on interviews of 1,090 fishermen who collectively identified 2,634 fishing areas or \u0027polygons\u0027, the majority of which relate to creel (pot) fishing. The data collected were aggregated and analysed to provide raster data and mapped outputs of the monetary value, relative importance (relative value) and the usage (number of fishing vessels and number of crew) of seas around Scotland. Examples of the mapped outputs for subsets of the data representing the main types of fishery prosecuted by the under 15 m fleet, and for the combined data set, are presented and discussed.Not all fishermen initially targeted for the ScotMap project were interviewed (72% vessel coverage overall) and not all those interviewed provided earnings information (10% earnings disclosure decline rate overall). Individuals defined their fishing areas with variable levels of precision. Users of the data should be aware of this, particularly of the coverage provided by the ScotMap data which varies regionally.","author":["Kafas, A.","McLay, A.","Gubbins, M."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-12-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:01:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kafas-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085230","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/updating-fisheries-sensitivity-maps-british-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-5-number-10-updating-fisheries\/","title":"Updating Fisheries Sensitivity Maps in British Waters","description":"The requirement to display sensitive areas relating to the life history of commercially important fish species in British waters is well recognized and has been used by the Oil and Gas and other offshore industries for over thirty years. An update of these maps will continue to contribute accurate spatial information which will aid sustainable ecosystem-based marine management.Sensitive areas have previously been described as spawning and nursery grounds. Here we consider only areas where there is evidence of aggregations of 0 group fish and\/or larvae of key commercial species. 0 group fish are defined as fish in the first year of their lives.These fish sensitivity maps were originally generated to provide a spatial and temporal description of where physical damage could potentially occur to fish species at sensitive stages in essential habitats of their life cycle. Sources of damage in this context referred to seismic surveying conducted by the offshore Oil and Gas industry during their site investigations. In addition to the acoustic energy that the seismic survey activities generate, we should now add other percussive impact noises from pile-driving seabed foundation pins into the seabed, such as those required for offshore renewable energy sites. These noises can carry sufficient energy to rupture internal structures in the fragile developmental stages of young fish, particularly those with swim bladders (Oestman et al., 2009). It is also known they can damage the auditory system of fish and cephalopods (McCauley, 2003; Andr\u00e9 et al., 2011) or may even produce body malformations during larval development in marine invertebrates (de Soto, 2013). These maps can be used to ascertain the requirement for mitigation against these potential damages during industrial activities offshore.The spatial location of these fish life history events and their potential interaction with offshore industries can heavily influence the planning, costs and delivery of these offshore developments. It is imperative that these maps reflect the current extent of these areas.Ambitious targets have been set by European nations to reduce carbon emissions by 2020 and beyond, and using low carbon energy sources is one of the approaches to meet them. Activity offshore has thus increased in quantity and diversity with renewable projects and their infrastructure being planned and built in near-shore waters (ABPmer and Marine Scotland, 2013). This increase in offshore developments has been the catalyst for the current update to the fish sensitivity maps upgrade. This report follows on from the Coull et al. (1998) layers and the upgrade of that report as done by CEFAS in 2010 and subsequently in 2012 (Ellis et al., 2010, 2012). The existing fish sensitivity maps have been used regularly in compiling Environmental Impact Assessment reports ( EIA) for offshore developments and allow offshore operators to take into account these areas of environmental concern.The specific locations of these sites of fish sensitivity are not static and may shrink, expand or move from one site to another over time. Anthropogenic activity may, with time, impinge upon previously un-impacted areas of sensitivity, for example areas of 0 group fish aggregations.Mean sea water temperature increase associated with climate change and its effect on the distribution of these sensitive sites will also have to be considered as a potential reason for the regular requirements for updates of these maps; scientific trawl data dating back from early 20 th century reveals trends in species composition in UK waters that may lead to changes in the range of the species harvested commercially, see Beare et al. (2004, 2005) and Genner et al. (2004).Data on the distribution of fish species in British waters are collected yearly through the regular stock monitoring surveys as conducted by European marine research institutes in their role as fisheries data suppliers to the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ( ICES). Data used for this update have again been taken from various of these available sources including the National and International Bottom Trawl Surveys ( BTS, IBTS), Beam Trawl Surveys ( BTS) and International Herring Larval Surveys ( IHLS). In addition to these, commercial fishing observer trips and stand-alone surveys to investigate particular issues have provided further data on the distribution of 0 group fish of relevant species.As well as new and additional data, different data analysis techniques have been used to generate alternative outputs from the existing survey datasets. The principal analysis technique used was Species Distribution Modelling ( SDM), also known as Habitat Suitability Models or Ecological Niche Models. These models combine observations of species occurrence or abundance with environmental data. This allows us to predict the distribution of species in geographic space on the basis of a mathematical representation of their known distribution in environmental space - the ecological niche (Elith and Leathwick, 2009). This technique has been used extensively on land, as data are more plentiful and continuous, but progressively more work is being done on marine species: see Maxwell et al. (2009), Moore et al. (2010) and Reiss et al. (2011) as examples.For this report this technique has been applied using data indicating aggregations of 0 group fish, or for some species, presence or absence of 0 group fish, used together with the most up-to-date and relevant environmental layers, to offer an evidence-based modelled estimate of the probability of presence over the entire study area. The outputs from this process can be used as a guide to the most likely locations for aggregations of fish during their first year.It must be borne in mind that the quality and reliability of the model outputs will be dependent on the quality and resolution of the data used, the type of ecological niche of each species and the assumptions and biological threshold cut-off points made by the operator. However, with the correct controls, this is a very powerful technique. As such, prior to using these final outputs in a practical context it would be appropriate to complement the outputs by corroboration of physical presence through surveys in the predicted areas.These processes will benefit from complementary stakeholder input; the fishing industry, in particular, will be able to add value to the final outputs by communicating their view of where and when, in their experience, the sensitive sites occur. It is envisaged that the fishing industry\u0027s views will be communicated through a small number of consultations after distributing the outputs to fishing representatives.","author":["Aires, C.","Gonz\u00e1lez-Irusta, J.","Watret, R."],"organization":["APS Group Scotland","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-12-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Stakeholder Engagement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:00:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Aires-et-al-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085231","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/collation-available-datasets-smolt-populations-scotland-assess-migration-run-times","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-5-number-6-collation-available\/","title":"Collation of Available Datasets on Smolt Populations in Scotland to Assess Migration Run Times","description":"This project was undertaken in the context of the National Research and Monitoring Strategy for Diadromous Fish ( NRMSD) to investigate the potential for interactions between diadromous fish and wind, wave and tidal renewable energy developments.By canvassing Scotland\u0027s geographical area, the SFCC believe that the absolute spatial coverage of smolt monitoring locations has been identified. Datasets identified from 13 organisations at 31 locations were requested, resulting in the provision of these datasets.During the project, the fish species scope was expanded to include trout after initially being focused on Atlantic salmon.A total of 126,368 individual fish length measurements and a further separate dataset featuring 292,427 smolt counts were provided.While the majority of smolt trapping was found to occur using rotary screw trap methods, a range of alternative strategies are deployed. Data recording procedures and resolutions were found to vary significantly between organisations and in some cases within organisations.Temporal coverage is also variable with information becoming increasingly limited before 2006. The largest dataset spans 37 years, that of Spey Dam currently operated by Spey Foundation.Out of 31 sites 16 featured individual fish length (1mm) measurements and 2 featured 5mm and 10mm categorical fish length measurements. The remaining 13 datasets were provided as total fish count level observations.18 of 31 smolt monitoring sites are operated on river main stems, with the remainder on 2 nd order tributary rivers.While data are provided in a standard format, considerations relating to cross-compatibility remain specifically around the means by which recordings are made where; fishing did not occur, fishing did occur without the trap being checked, and fishing did occur with the trap being checked resulting in a catch of 0. Strategies for recording the beginning and end of the trapping season also exhibited varied approaches, a caveat which should be considered during further analysis.Further work is recommended to fully quantify the availability of data collected on other fish species captured (while smolt monitoring) and that of river flow and water temperature.Pending analysis by Marine Scotland Science, this collaborative approach may have provided data collected at a local catchment scale, which is also capable of informing research of a national-scale.With 6 organisations reporting the installation of new smolt traps in 2014, the spatial coverage of this dataset will further increase.","author":["The Scottish Fisheries Co-ordination Centre (SFCC)"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2014-07-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:00:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SFCC-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085232","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scoping-study-offshore-wave-energy-development-scottish-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-3-number-2-scoping-study\/","title":"Scoping Study For Offshore Wave Energy Development In Scottish Waters","description":"The Scottish Government has set a range of challenging targets for energy and climate change. These recognise the potential to take advantage of the extensive marine energy resources (wind, wave and tidal power) available in Scottish waters and include meeting at least 30% of total energy demand from renewable sources by 2020, incorporating:100% of electricity demand from renewables (31% by 2011)11% of heat demand from renewables10% of transport fuel from renewables In addition, the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 sets statutory targets of at least 42% emissions cuts by 2020, and at least 80% by 2050.To assist in meeting these targets, the Scottish Government has adopted an iterative approach to marine planning for the renewable energy sectors. A Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters (Blue Seas - Green Energy) sets out the Government\u0027s vision for developing offshore wind energy up to 2020 and beyond and has identified short term development sites for offshore wind up to 2020, with a potential to deliver almost five Gigawatts ( GW) of electricity generation capacity. A new Scoping Study extends the potential development area out to 200 nm.A sensitivity analysis of the process used to develop the offshore wind Plan concluded that, as additional data and monitoring information and improved data handling procedures become available, these should be incorporated into the emerging iterative marine planning process.A process was therefore put in place by Marine Scotland to develop a Scoping Report for the potential for wave energy development in Scottish waters out to 200 nautical miles, building on the Scoping Study undertaken for the Saltire Prize (Harrald and Davies, 2010). This report describes the process employed by Marine Scotland in collaboration with The Crown Estate to develop a series of new wave energy plan options within Scottish marine waters.The Crown Estate spatial modelling tool MaRS was used to create multi-factorial expressions of the technical opportunities and constraints on offshore wave energy development in Scottish waters, and of the constraints on consenting presented by themed groups of factors. These themes reflect current commercial (industrial) activities such as fishing, aquaculture and offshore oil and gas, environmental factors such as designated Natura sites and the distributions of certain sensitive species, and a broad field of \u0022socio-cultural\u0022 interests including recreational uses, archaeological potential, visual and landscape factors. These models have been combined and used to develop overall expressions of the relative degrees of constraint. The sensitivity of the process was investigated through the creation of a series of combined models altering the relative influence of each the themes. Considerable similarities were found between the combined models, and the model that weights the three themes equally was taken forward and used to develop plan options for wave energy developments within Scottish Territorial Waters ( STW).Consideration of the resource areas, and the constraints on development arising from environmental, industry and socio-cultural factors discussed above, lead to the identification of four areas of search for wave energy development options in Scottish waters. The areas are limited to areas where wave energy is \u0026gt;20 kw\/m in water depths of less than 90m, to broadly reflect the depths for which developer interest is currently being expressed. The areas are:A. West of the HebridesB. North West of Cape WrathC. Orkney and ShetlandD. North Sutherland coastThe geographical extent of these areas A - C is large enough for there to be opportunities for fully commercial scale development of wave energy projects. Area D is relatively small and close to the boundary of the resource area. The resource areas, and areas of search, for wave energy developments occur both within and beyond Scottish Territorial Waters. In detail, there is variation between low and moderate levels of constraint within these broad areas, and more detailed assessment through Regional Locational Guidance will be required to derive plan options for wave energy.This analysis should not be taken to imply that there are no useful wave resource areas elsewhere around Scotland. The identification of resource areas has been based upon wave energy maps taken from the DECC Renewables Atlas ( DECC, 2008). The wave information in that Atlas is presented as a grid of data, with cell size of 1.8 km. Resource areas smaller than this may well not be represented, and uncertainties in the boundaries of resource areas up to the scale of a few cells, or immediately adjacent to the coast, may be poorly represented. It is also likely that some smaller wave energy devices may be able to function economically in areas of less than 20 kw\/m available energy. Such areas will not have been captured by this scoping study, but in favourable locations may offer considerable potential for small (and perhaps medium) scale developments for testing or commercial purposes.The outputs from this study will inform the marine planning process by leading to the development of Regional Locational Guidelines for wave energy development, which in turn will be the basis for the Sustainability Appraisal to cover tidal stream energy development in Scottish waters. This process involves Strategic Environmental Assessment ( SEA), Habitats Regulations Appraisal, Socio-economic Assessment, as well as statutory consultation with key sectors, stakeholders and the wider public.","author":["Davies, I.","Gubbins, M.","Watret, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-07-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:00:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Davies-et-al-2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085233","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scoping-study-tidal-stream-energy-development-scottish-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-3-number-1-scoping-study\/","title":"Scoping study for tidal stream energy development in Scottish waters","description":"The Scottish Government has set a range of challenging targets for energy and climate change. These recognise the potential to take advantage of the extensive marine energy resources (wind, wave and tidal power) available in Scottish waters and include meeting at least 30% of total energy demand from renewable sources by 2020, incorporating:100% of electricity demand from renewables (31% by 2011)11% of heat demand from renewables10% of transport fuel from renewablesIn addition, the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 sets statutory targets of at least 42% emissions cuts by 2020, and at least 80% by 2050.To assist in meeting these targets, the Scottish Government has adopted an iterative approach to marine planning for the renewable energy sectors. A Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters (Blue Seas - Green Energy) sets out the Government\u0027s vision for developing offshore wind energy up to 2020 and beyond and has identified short term development sites for offshore wind up to 2020, with a potential to deliver almost five Gigawatts (GW) of electricity generation capacity. A new Scoping Study extends the potential development area out to 200 nm.A sensitivity analysis of the process used to develop the offshore wind Plan concluded that, as additional data and monitoring information and improved data handling procedures become available, these should be incorporated into the emerging iterative marine planning process.A process was therefore put in place by Marine Scotland to develop a Scoping Report for the potential for tidal stream energy development in Scottish waters out to 200 nautical miles, building on the Scoping Study undertaken for the Saltire Prize (Harrald and Davies, 2010). This report describes the process employed by Marine Scotland in collaboration with The Crown Estate to develop a series of new offshore tidal stream energy plan options within Scottish marine waters.The Crown Estate spatial modelling tool MaRS was used to create multi-factorial expressions of the technical opportunities and constraints on tidal stream energy development in Scottish waters, and of the constraints on consenting presented by themed groups of factors. These themes reflect current commercial (industrial) activities such as fishing, aquaculture and offshore oil and gas, environmental factors such as designated Natura sites and the distributions of certain sensitive species and a broad field of socio-cultural interests including recreational uses, archaeological potential, visual and landscape factors. These models have been combined and used to develop overall expressions of the relative degrees of constraint. The sensitivity of the process was investigated through the creation of a series of combined models altering the relative influence of each the themes. Considerable similarities were found between the combined models, and the model that weights the three themes equally was taken forward and used to develop areas of search for plan options for tidal stream energy developments within Scottish Territorial Waters ( STW).The potential locations for tidal stream energy developments are strongly limited to the locations where sufficiently strong tidal currents occur. These areas are confined to coastal and near shore waters where the large volumes of water involved in tidal fluxes are constrained to pass through firths and sounds (such as the Pentland Firth), or round headlands (such as off the south west of Islay).The tidal stream energy resource areas in Scotland are:A. Pentland FirthB. Orkney and WestrayC. Sumburgh and Fair IsleD. North SkyeE. South west Islay and KintyreF. Solway FirthThe identification of resource areas has been based upon tidal stream information on a grid scale of 1.8 km ( DECC, 2008). Resource areas smaller than this may well not be represented, and areas up to the scale of a few cells may be poorly represented. It is well known that there are a large number of small areas around Scotland where tidal streams are at times powerful. These include areas at headlands, areas around sills at the entrances to sea lochs (and separating basins within sea lochs), and in channels and sounds between islands and between islands and large land masses. Such areas will not have been captured by this scoping study, but in favourable locations may offer considerable potential for small (and perhaps medium) scale developments for testing or commercial purposes.There are currently no areas of Scottish marine waters outside STW where tidal streams are sufficiently fast to generate commercial interest based on current tidal stream technologies.The outputs from this study will inform the marine planning process by leading to the development of Regional Locational Guidelines ( RLG) for tidal stream energy development, which in turn will be the basis for the Sustainability Appraisal to cover tidal stream energy development in Scottish waters. This process involves Strategic Environmental Assessment ( SEA), Habitats Regulations Appraisal, Socio-economic Assessment, as well as statutory consultation with key sectors, stakeholders and the wider public.","author":["Davies, I.","Gubbins, M.","Watret, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2012-07-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 06:32:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Davies-et-al-2012_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085234","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/further-scottish-leasing-round-saltire-prize-projects-regional-locational-guidance","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/20200114184808\/http:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/science\/Publications\/publicationslatest\/Science\/SMFS\/2010Reports\/SMFS0118","title":"Further Scottish Leasing Round (Saltire Prize Projects): Regional Locational Guidance","description":"The Regional Locational Guidance document has been produced to underpin the Further Scottish Leasing Round for wave and tidal stream energy in Scottish Seas. The initial Scoping Study (Harrald and Davies, 2010) identified six proposed areas in Scottish waters, two potentially suitable for tidal stream energy generation and four for wave energy generation, off the Scottish west coast and to the west of the Shetland Isles. Following comments received on the Scoping Study, we have included an additional seventh area, off the Shetland Isles.Tidal stream energy sitesWest of the Mull of KintyreSouth-west of IslayWave energy sitesWest of ColonsayWest of TireeWest of the Outer Hebrides, considered in three parts:west of South Uist and Barra,west of Harris and North Uist, andwest of LewisWest of ShetlandSouth-west of Shetland This document provides guidance to planners, regulators and potential developers on the resource and physical characteristics of the seven areas and potential for interactions with other users and the environment. The information is intended to assist in the identification of sites of opportunity within the areas previously identified in the scoping study, while highlighting possible sensitivities in the marine environment and surrounding coast. Data have been plotted using a Geographical Information System (GIS), which describe the following characteristics: the size of the wave and tidal resource, infrastructure, military, existing commercial uses of the site, designated areas, protected habitats and species, cultural sites and recreational uses. Although we have attempted to use the best available GIS data, the data quality and resolution is highly variable both between and within datasets and thus care is needed when interpreting the resulting maps.The timetable for the Saltire Prize projects is very demanding, and, as noted in the Scoping Study, the first step is to locate suitable areas to deliver the leasing round within the short time-scale of the programme. These areas must not only possess sufficient wave or tidal stream energy, but also have the necessary infrastructure or potential to install it and avoid sensitive areas. Such an approach will not only reduce the potential for conflict or damage to the environment and other users of the sea, but also minimise the risk of additional delays arising in the licensing and consenting processes. In brief, the seven sites identified all possess significant wave or tidal stream energy resource but have various constraints on development.Overall, the areas that appear to most closely meet the requirements for avoidance of environmentally sensitive areas and minimisation of impact on other users of the seas are the wave power areas west of particularly west of Lewis and west and south-west of Shetland. Further discussions with MoD are necessary to ascertain whether there may be opportunities for tidal power development to the south-west of Islay and the Mull of Kintyre. Additional studies of the acoustic characteristics of devices may help to clarify whether these significant tidal resources could be utilised in the future.","author":["Harrald, M.","Aires, C.","Davies, I."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Waterfowl","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 10:58:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harrald-et-al-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085235","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/further-scottish-leasing-round-saltire-prize-projects-scoping-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/webarchive.nrscotland.gov.uk\/20200114184833\/http:\/\/www2.gov.scot\/Topics\/marine\/science\/Publications\/publicationslatest\/Science\/SMFS\/2010Reports\/SMFS0107","title":"Further Scottish Leasing Round (Saltire Prize Projects) Scoping Study","description":"The purpose of the Saltire Prize is to stimulate innovation that will lead to delivery of commercial scale wave or tidal stream energy technology. Competitors for the Saltire Prize, of \u00a310 million, must demonstrate commercially viable wave and\/or tidal energy technology in Scottish waters that achieve a minimum electrical output of 100 Giga-Watt hours (GWh) over a continuous 2 year period, ending no later than 30 June 2017 (the Prize Competition Period).An earlier study identified the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters as a prime location for wave and tidal renewable energy development. The Crown Estate subsequently held a leasing round in this area, and on 16th March 2010 announced that companies had been awarded agreement for lease for 1200 MW of projects. This announcement opens up the possibility of further areas being made available for lease for wave and tidal energy projects and is primarily aimed at potential Saltire Prize competitors.The Scottish Government and The Crown Estate have been working in partnership to identify these further areas. This document, by Marine Scotland (part of the Scottish Government), summarises how these proposed areas were identified, as the basis for inviting comments on the suitability and attractiveness of the areas for wave and tidal energy project development and achievement of the Saltire Prize.","author":["Harrald, M.","Davies, I."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 10:58:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Harrald-Davies-2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085259","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluation-rehabilitated-sea-turtle-space-use-inform-marine-energy-planning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/26","title":"Evaluation of Rehabilitated Sea Turtle Space-Use to Inform Marine Energy Planning","description":"The wide continental shelf and energy demand along the eastern coast of the United States makes this location desirable for marine energy testing and development, yet risks of ecological impacts on vulnerable marine wildlife raise stakeholder and regulatory concerns, potentially posing barriers. Five species of sea turtles inhabit the waters of the Northwest Atlantic, and all are considered globally vulnerable or endangered. These species play a critical role in maintaining a balanced marine ecosystem. There are a variety of conflicts that could arise with collocated marine energy infrastructure and sea turtle distributions, including entanglement and collision, noise and EMF pollution, and shifts in prey distribution. An understanding of sea turtle space use is crucial for assessing the extents of potential risks and limiting interactions between infrastructure and sea turtle activity. Species distribution and behavioral models, which incorporate survey and telemetry tag data to estimate turtle locations and critical habitat, are notoriously erroneous due to frequent sea turtle diving and low detection probability caused by limited tag data as result of high costs. Tagging rehabilitated turtles on land, rather than capturing them in open water, is an option to reduce the cost barrier of understanding distribution.Here, we share preliminary results from research aimed at understanding the differences in behavior between wild-caught and rehabilitated turtles to determine the validity of the latter as a cost-effective method to determine sea turtle space use. We use wild caught and rehabilitated sea turtles\u0027 telemetry tag data in a variety of models to investigate differences in movement and distribution between the two groups. We anticipate results from this project will inform our understanding of sea turtle space use and improve distribution models that can advance planning for marine energy development.","author":["Ganter, J.","Dubbs, L."],"organization":["Coastal Studies Institute","University of North Carolina"],"originationDate":"2025-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Sea Turtles"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-27 08:30:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ganter_and_Dubbs_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085308","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/linkages-between-environmental-social-economic-effects-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/23","title":"Linkages between environmental, social, and economic effects of marine renewable energy","description":"The abundance of marine renewable energy (MRE) resources worldwide provides opportunities for communities to gain energy independence, reduce overall electricity costs, and produce reliable energy. Harnessing the power of waves, tides, rivers, ocean currents, and temperature and salinity gradients, MRE technologies are uniquely suited for coastal, island, and remote areas. While MRE can provide benefits such as economic development and employment opportunities, uncertainties and concerns about potential adverse socioeconomic and environmental effects continue to slow permitting and deployment timelines. The effects of MRE can be interdependent, with environmental effects driving certain social or economic effects. For example, the presence of an MRE device may displace a commercially valuable species, leading to reductions in fisheries revenue and employment. To enhance benefits and limit adverse effects, the linkages between environmental, social, and economic effects of MRE need to be carefully considered. The OES-Environmental initiative, a collaboration of 16 member nations, works to increase understanding on environmental effects of MRE by identifying and addressing key knowledge gaps, providing recommendations, and creating resources tailored to MRE regulators, advisors, developers, researchers, and stakeholders. Recently, OES-Environmental produced the 2024 State of the Science Report, which included a chapter reviewing the social and economic effects of MRE. This chapter provides an overview of the socioeconomic effects of MRE organized by groups that may be affected by MRE, methods for measuring these effects, case studies of MRE socioeconomic planning and stakeholder engagement efforts, and recommendations for improving understanding and aiding responsible MRE development. The key affected groups identified in the chapter are fisheries, aquaculture, other maritime industries (e.g., supply chains, ports), workforce, Indigenous and coastal communities, tourism, conservation, and energy-end users. Building on this effort, OES-Environmental worked with country representatives from member nations to review the current state of knowledge and identify linkages, or connections, between social and economic effects and environmental effects of MRE. These linkages were evaluated based on affected groups, and contextual factors such as off-grid applications and deployments in tropical regions. Environmental effects that can lead to social and economic effects were identified to include harm to fished populations, changes to ecosystems or food webs, changes in water flow or quality, displacement of key species, and changes in habitat. These environmental linkages can affect fisheries, conservation, tourism, coastal communities, and workforce. A majority of socioeconomic effects discussed in the literature resulted from an environmental linkage, and each linkage led to effects across multiple affected groups. The findings indicate a need for further research on the specific MRE effects for these groups at all scales of development.This poster will provide an overview of OES-Environmental\u2019s research to assess social and economic effects of MRE in relation to environmental effects. It will highlight key findings and knowledge gaps from the literature and provide recommendations to support the responsible development of MRE while considering social and economic effects.","author":["McGrath, J.","Freeman, M.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-30 01:53:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McGrath_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085309","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sea-turtles-marine-energy-linking-shell-mechanics-impact","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/37","title":"Sea Turtles and Marine Energy: Linking Shell Mechanics to Impact","description":"Sea turtles use coastal and offshore waters along the southeast coast of Florida, and other inlets and bays as feeding grounds, home ranges, and migratory routes. These waters have likely overlap with marine current energy testing and deployment sites, for both tidal and ocean current energies. It is unknown whether sea turtles will avoid or be attracted to structures associated with marine current turbines. Sea turtles do not avoid other in-water structures or moving objects and are often struck by marine vessels. Unfortunately, blunt force trauma to the shell can result in serious injury or death. To assess potential risks, field studies on the effects of blade collision with seal carcasses (a proxy for live marine mammals) show that extensive skeletal damage can result from the tip of the turbine blade. Though turbine blades are slow-moving, turtles may respond defensively, turning the shell toward the blade, if they are viewed as a threat and the result would be blade impact. Since strike risks are currently unknown, it is important to understand how sea turtle shells respond to impact forces to best assess if hazard is likely. The aim of this study is to quantify the biomechanical properties of sea turtle shells throughout ontogeny to assess the shell\u2019s mechanical behavior. The sea turtle species investigated in this study include the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and Kemp\u2019s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) turtle due to their occurrence in continental shelf waters and their stranding abundance along the US coast. Shells were collected from fresh dead and freshly frozen turtles made available from states, federal sea turtle stranding networks, and sea turtle rehabilitation facilities. Material testing of the shell is used to assess mechanical behavior and includes both quasi-static compression and impact testing. Stiffness (resistance to deformation), toughness (ability to absorb energy), yield strength, and impact toughness of shells were evaluated from the material tests. In compression, our data suggests that marine turtle shells are much less stiff than other turtle and tortoise species\u2019 shells. The greater flexibility of sea turtle shells likely reflects the pressure oscillations routinely encountered while diving and represents functional ecological tradeoff between protection and other essential biological shell functions. Variation also exists among species with green turtles having the strongest and stiffest shells, followed by Kemp\u2019s ridleys, and loggerhead shells were the least stiff (i.e., they are highly compliant). In general, low stiffness and strength values seen across life stages suggest that the shell does not offer sea turtles the same level of mechanical defense that is assumed for turtles. Initial data on impact testing also supports these results. Ultimately, we hope to use these material properties to simulate turbine strikes drawing on finite element analyses for evaluation and risk assessment.","author":["Lezcano, I.","Wyneken, J.","Porter, M.","Mahfuz, H.","Aziz, A.","VanZwieten, J."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2025-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-30 02:50:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lezcano_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085310","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-gender-perspective-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2025\/Oct\/Renewable-Energy-A-Gender-Perspective","title":"Renewable Energy A Gender Perspective","description":"This update to IRENA\u2019s original work on gender in renewable finds that women currently represent 32% of the full-time renewable energy workforce \u2013 a higher share than in other energy sectors, yet still below the global workforce average. However, female participation declines sharply in technical and leadership roles: 28% in STEM-related positions, 22% in medium-skilled jobs such as installation and construction, and only 19% in senior management or board roles.In terms of gender balance in the renewable energy workforce, the characteristics of organisations very often shape outcomes. Non-profit and civil society organisations show the highest female representation, reaching 48%, while private, commercially oriented enterprises average 25%. Regionally, women\u2019s participation remains steady, suggesting a global trend of under-representation rather than region-specific disparities.As the renewable energy sector continues to expand \u2013 potentially reaching 30 million jobs by 2030 \u2013 ensuring equitable access and participation is essential. The barriers women face are less about skills or interest and more about entrenched cultural and organisational norms. Renewables offer diverse opportunities along the entire value chain, from engineering and operations to policy and community engagement. To harness the full potential of this workforce, IRENA calls on governments, the private sector, NGOs, trade unions and educational institutions to collaborate in dismantling systemic barriers and fostering a truly inclusive, gender-balanced energy future.","author":["Garcia-Banos, C."],"organization":["International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)"],"originationDate":"2025-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-30 03:15:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IRENA_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085312","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/future-framework-offshore-renewable-energy-policy-statement-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.ie\/en\/department-of-climate-energy-and-the-environment\/publications\/future-framework-for-offshore-renewable-energy\/","title":"Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy Policy Statement 2024","description":"Ireland has significant potential for the development of offshore renewable energy, including wind, wave and tidal energy that can aid in the delivery of our long-term climate goals. The key reasons for sustainably developing Ireland\u2019s considerable offshore resources are threefold:  1. Decarbonising the Irish economy in line with legally binding national and international climate ambitions; 2. Ensuring long-term energy security; and 3. Developing green industrial opportunities for energy utilisation and for export markets.  Ambitious targets have been set for the delivery of Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) in Ireland\u2019s exclusive economic zone: 20GW by 2040; and at least 37GW in total by 20501, 2. Deploying ORE at this scale in Ireland will result in a significant increase in revenue to the State as well as both direct and indirect job opportunities. There are also enormous potential benefits to the State through the delivery of a new ORE industrial base which will add employment and investment opportunities to communities across the country.","author":["Department of Environment Climate and Communications"],"organization":["Government of Ireland"],"originationDate":"2024-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-10-30 04:35:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/DECC_2024_Policy_Statement.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085341","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/co-evolution-underwater-noise-measurements-wave-energy-converter-design","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/80","title":"Co-evolution of Underwater Noise Measurements and Wave Energy Converter Design","description":"Information about underwater noise from wave energy converters (WECs) can contextualize their potential contribution to soundscapes, as well as guide design refinement. Here, we compare underwater noise measurements around two versions of CPower\u2019s SeaRAY\u00ae: an early, scale-model tested in Puget Sound in 2011 and kilowatt-scale prototype tested at the U.S. Navy\u2019s Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) in 2024. In the intervening decade, multiple engineering changes were made to the WEC design that incorporated lessons learned from field testing, wave basin experiments, and numerical simulations. Over that time, the acoustic measurement system also evolved from a wave measurement buoy retrofitted with a hydrophone to the Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation System (DAISY) \u2013 a sensor suite engineered to collect high-quality acoustic data in energetic waves and currents.Acoustic measurements around the scale-model SeaRAY in Puget Sound determined that it produced noise detectable to a range of 1500 m, with broadband sound pressure levels exceeding 130 dB at 300 m range. These noises were primarily frequency-modulated tones attributable to the power take-off (PTO) and intermittent, broadband impulses caused by end stop contact. The WETS SeaRAY had a similar overall architecture (a central nacelle connected to a pair of floats) but was roughly three times larger and heavier. Despite this, radiated noise, while still attributable to the power take-off, only exceeded ambient noise to a range of 150 m and, even at close range, was discernable for a narrower set of frequencies than for the Puget Sound scale-model. This reduced acoustic footprint is particularly notable because of the lower ambient noise levels at WETS attributable to limited vessel traffic. By comparing acoustic measurements to operational characteristics at WETS, we were able to identify a correlation between radiated noise and power take-off rotation rate. This could inform future design decisions and control strategies that minimize radiated noise. Finally, relative to the drifting hydrophones used in Puget Sound, the DAISYs deployed at WETS were able to characterize radiated noise over a wider frequency range and localize sounds attributable to the WEC using time-delay-of-arrival processing.These acoustic snapshots demonstrate that changes to WEC design can substantially reduce their acoustic footprint, striking a balance between signaling WEC presence and altering animal behavior. Similarly, advances to environmental sensors can enable delivery of rich, timely information relevant to both technology developers and regulators.","author":["Polagye, B.","Bassett, C.","Mackey, L."],"organization":["University of Washington","C-Power"],"originationDate":"2025-08-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-03 05:40:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Polagye_et_al_2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085346","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/addressing-place-based-environmental-questions-enable-marine-energy-deployments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/83","title":"Addressing Place-Based Environmental Questions to Enable Marine Energy Deployments","description":"Marine energy devices (turbines, wave energy converters [WECs], or other devices) cannot be deployed without gaining regulatory permission. Understanding potential environmental effects and the risks posed to marine animals, habitats, and ecosystem processes drive the majority of regulatory analyses that support permitting. The level of confidence that stakeholders feel in these analyses will help form their opinions of marine energy projects, and either help or hinder getting devices in the water.Working closely with faculty and students affiliated with the Atlantic Marine Energy Center (AMEC), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) staff helped catalog the environmental questions raised by coastal stakeholders that are specific to deployments of tidal turbines in the northern areas of AMEC (New Hampshire, New York, etc.) as well as WECs and ocean current turbines in the southern part of AMEC\u2019s area (North Carolina). Providing access to knowledge and expertise for coastal stakeholders through workshops and direct communications, PNNL staff have sought to inform and support permitting efforts at AMEC, and share information and communication tools about environmental risks as concerns arise.Responding to emerging recognition of entanglement risks to sea turtles, PNNL supported AMEC staff in North Carolina in their work to avoid sea turtle entanglement in mooring lines of oceanographic instruments and marine energy devices, in coordination with sea turtle experts and state and federal authorities. PNNL provided summaries of research and outreach materials that put the relative risk of entanglement in marine energy mooring lines and oceanographic instrument deployments in context. This information is key to evaluating the risks to sea turtles; it will help form the basis for effective mitigation strategies and inform entanglement risk for other marine animals as well. This presentation will particularly focus on the approach to addressing stakeholder concerns regarding these entanglement risks.","author":["Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Jones, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Sea Turtles","Entanglement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:43:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085348","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-environmental-tethys-helping-marine-energy-community-understand-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/81","title":"OES-Environmental \u0026 Tethys: Helping the Marine Energy Community Understand Environmental Effects","description":"As the marine energy industry continues to expand worldwide, many siting, permitting, and deployment barriers continue to revolve around insufficient data and information on the potential effects on marine animals, habitats, or ecosystem processes. To support sustainable marine energy development, the International Energy Agency\u2019s Ocean Energy Systems (OES) Environmental task and Tethys website are making marine energy and environmental effects information more broadly available and actionable.OES-Environmental is a collaboration among several countries dedicated to studying the environmental effects of marine energy, disseminating the state of the science, and developing useful resources for different stakeholders. OES-Environmental recently published the 2024 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World, which summarizes the latest information on the potential environmental effects of marine energy development, shares helpful resources, and identifies a path forward to advance the marine energy industry in a responsible manner. OES-Environmental has also collected and curated information on marine energy projects around the world and the environmental monitoring efforts conducted at each, including links to related reports and studies. In its next phase (2024-2028), OES-Environmental will focus on four new areas of research: exploring environmental acceptability, examining potential environmental effects of off-grid applications, delving further into potential system-wide effects as the industry scales up to arrays, and investigating potential social and economic effects of marine energy development globally.All materials developed under OES-Environmental are hosted on Tethys (https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov), an online knowledge hub with documents, information, and resources on the potential environmental effects of marine energy. The main feature of Tethys is its comprehensive document library with thousands of journal articles, conference papers, and grey literature reports that can be filtered, searched, and sorted by various topics. Tethys also hosts a variety of educational resources, such as coloring pages, video games, and career panel recordings, to help increase awareness of marine energy and support students, educators, and other groups (e.g., aquariums, museums). Additional features include an events calendar with relevant conferences, webinars, and workshops; a suite of archived webinars; a variety of online tools; a list of related databases; and a bi-weekly Tethys Blast newsletter that highlights relevant announcements, opportunities, and news.OES-Environmental and Tethys are both led by multidisciplinary teams at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Water Power Technologies Office. Tethys is one of seven knowledge hubs within the Portal and Repository for Information on Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMRE) (https:\/\/primre.org), which hosts additional marine energy data, information, and resources. This presentation will highlight recent OES-Environmental products and the main features of Tethys that can help students, educators, and other stakeholders better understand the potential environmental effects of marine energy development around the world.","author":["Garavelli, L.","Farr, H.","Freeman, M.","Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Rose, D.","Jones, K.","McGrath, J.","Whiting, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-03 07:45:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garavelli_et_al_2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085360","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/techno-economic-policy-analysis-ocean-current-energy-hydrogen-storage-grid-resiliency","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/5","title":"Techno-Economic and Policy Analysis of Ocean Current Energy for Hydrogen Storage and Grid Resiliency in Florida","description":"This paper explores the techno-economic and policy potential of ocean current energy as a driver of hydrogen production and grid resiliency in Florida. Given the state\u2019s exposure to increasingly severe hurricanes and its reliance on imported hydrogen, there is a growing need to establish localized, resilient, and baseload-capable renewable energy systems. Ocean current resources, particularly in the Florida Straits, offer a promising yet underutilized solution. To align with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) cost targets for ocean current technologies, we evaluate the capital and operational cost thresholds necessary to achieve future benchmarks for the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and hydrogen (LCOH). We simulate a range of hydrogen production system configurations, integrating ocean current turbines, solar PV, and grid interaction, and conduct sensitivity analyses on the capital and O\u0026amp;M costs of ocean current devices. Results highlight that optimized hybrid systems leveraging local renewables and strategic grid integration can significantly enhance hydrogen affordability, resilience, and energy independence. The findings position ocean current energy not only as a viable pathway toward achieving DOE cost goals but also as a catalyst for advancing Florida\u2019s hydrogen energy dominance and coastal energy security.The associated presentation can be found here.","author":["Zarif, M.","Tang, Y.","VanZwieten, J.","Rizvi, S."],"organization":["Florida Atlantic University"],"originationDate":"2025-08-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-04 04:48:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zarif_et_al_2025_paper.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zarif_et_al_2025_presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085382","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-economic-benefits-tidal-power-european-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.research.ed.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/the-socio-economic-benefits-of-tidal-power-to-the-european-econom\/","title":"The socio-economic benefits of tidal power to the European economy","description":"Tidal stream power offers a predictable source of renewable energy, contributing to energy security and Net Zero. There is also significant socio economic benefit to Europe from building and operating tidal farms, which this paper aims to quantify. Europe is at the forefront of developing and deploying tidal stream technology, with a significant pipeline of projects to be built over the coming years. The socio-economic benefits resulting from developing, building and operating tidal stream projects are modelled. They are quantified using two common metrics, gross value added and full-time equivalent jobs. Depending on supply chain competitiveness and rate of deployment, the economic benefit to the European economy from building and operating tidal stream projects in Europe could be \u20ac15bn to \u20ac46.5bn, with exports worth \u20ac2bn to \u20ac26bn. By 2050 there could be almost 70,000 jobs in the tidal sector from projects in Europe, and a further 40,000 from international exports, totalling nearly 1.2 million job-years of employment between now and 2050. Almost half of the jobs are associated with device construction, and by 2050, operation and maintenance of turbines and farms could be almost a quarter of sector jobs. A significant proportion of jobs are in manufacturing, offering opportunity for transfer of skilled workforce from the oil \u0026amp; gas and other sectors as part of the Just Transition.","author":["Noble, D.","Grattan, K.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2025-09-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-06 12:30:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Noble-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085394","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-risk-register-identifying-documenting-environmental-concerns-during","sourceURL":"https:\/\/umerc2025.exordo.com\/programme\/presentation\/100","title":"An Environmental Risk Register: Identifying \u0026 Documenting Environmental Concerns During Marine Energy Device Design \u0026 Development","description":"An environmental risk register (ERR) was developed to help marine energy device and project developers track and assess potential environmental risks early on and iteratively during device design and project planning.","author":["Haxel, J.","Freeman, M.","Farr, H.","Staines, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2025-08-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-25 04:13:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haxel_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085413","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/environmental-dna-edna-monitoring-fish-marine-energy-project-sites","sourceURL":"","title":"Environmental DNA (eDNA) for Monitoring Fish at Marine Energy Project Sites","description":"Environmental DNA (eDNA) is the collection of genetic material shed by organisms in their environment, which enables species detection without direct observation or physical capture. eDNA provides a versatile and cost-effective method for identifying target species across different environments and conducting broad biodiversity assessments. This approach is particularly relevant for monitoring some environmental effects of marine energy devices, such as tidal turbines and wave energy converters, which may pose a risk to marine animals and habitats already under stress from global changes and human activities at sea. Key risks to fish species include collision with turbine blades, habitat alteration, and displacement of individuals or populations from natural habitats.\u00a0","author":["Hemery, L.","Pereira, L."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2025-11-11","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-16 10:32:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Marine-eDNA-Factsheet.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085416","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-sabellaria-spinulosa-reef-moray-firth-aberdeenshire-coasts-guidance-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/status-sabellaria-spinulosa-reef-moray-firth-and-aberdeenshire-coasts-and-guidance","title":"The Status of Sabellaria spinulosa Reef off the Moray Firth and Aberdeenshire Coasts and Guidance for Conservation of the Species off the Scottish East Coast","description":"The Scottish Marine Energy Research Programme has commissioned research to confirm the existence of Sabellaria spinulosa (Sabellaria) in reef form off the Scottish east coast. Sabellaria has been known to exist in Scotland for a while, but the significance of classifying it as a \u2018reef\u2019 is that it gains protection under the Habitats Directive and under OSPAR. As well as confirming the presence of Sabellaria reef habitats, the study uncovered a new subtype of Sabellaria reef off the east coast of Aberdeenshire.Sabellaria spinulosa is a tube-dwelling marine polychaete, which can form extensive biogenic reef habitats. The species favours turbid waters with a good supply of sand and has a tendency to co-occur with areas proposed for the development of offshore wind. Indeed, benthic surveys by developers to inform the location of offshore wind farms off the Scottish east coast first revealed the occurrence of Sabellaria habitats, with reef-like qualities. This study assessed video and digital stills data from five sites off the Aberdeenshire coast against existing \u2018reefiness\u2019 criteria. Four of the five sites were found to support significant areas of reef, with the best examples being located at the Rattray Head and Southern Trench study sites. A new and unique S. spinulosa reef habitat sub-type was identified at the fifth site. The new sub-type was termed Sabellaria \u2018bommies\u2019, due to its tendency for the species to aggregate in isolated clumps on cobbles and boulders, and act as a diverse, well-developed reef community in an otherwise fairly featureless soft bottom habitat. Recommendations regarding the conservation and management of Sabellaria reefs in Scotland are proposed to ensure it is protected while facilitating the development of the offshore energy sector.ReportResearch Summary","author":["Pearce, B.","Kimber, J."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2020-09-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:17:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pearce-Kimber-2020.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pearce-Kimber-2020_Research_Summary.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085417","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-shelf-model-part-6-wider-domain-subdomains-integration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/scottish-shelf-model-part-6-wider-domain-and-sub-domains-integration","title":"The Scottish Shelf Model. Part 6: Wider Domain and SubDomains Integration","description":"BackgroundCH2M (formerly Halcrow Group Ltd.) was commissioned by Scottish Ministers to develop a \u2018Hydrodynamic model of Scottish Shelf waters\u2019. The contract was commissioned under the Scottish Government Framework Contract for the Provision of Strategic Environmental Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and Marine Planning Services and Advice to Support Sustainable Economic Development in Scottish Marine Waters (REF: 177895) \u2013 Call Off Number 11 - Provision of a Hydrodynamic Model of Scottish Shelf waters \u2013 16 May 2012. The project is managed on behalf of the Scottish Ministers by Marine Scotland.The Scottish Government is committed to the development of a successful marine renewable energy industry in Scotland, which is currently also the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. To achieve the sustainable development of both the offshore renewable energy industry and the aquaculture sector, Marine Scotland has adopted a planning approach to identify potential developmental areas.Both of these factors are drivers for the development of a regional hydrodynamic model of the Scottish Shelf Waters and four more localised models which will be used to inform their planning approach. Marine Scotland will take ownership of the hydrodynamic models at the end of the study enabling them and other community organisations they work with, to undertake simulations and further development to meet their planning and research needs.One of the key aims of the integrated model is to use it in the development of connectivity indices between various fish farms. This will ensure a seamless flow of hydrodynamic modelling data from the high resolution local area models into the larger Scottish shelf model, thereby ensuring that the model covers the entire region of influence of each fish farm. The integrated model will therefore contribute to improved understanding of potential sea lice dispersal, to help inform management and mitigation measures.Study AreasThe overall study area includes all of the Scottish shelf waters out to the 200m depth contour at the edge of the continental shelf. This model simulates the hydrodynamic conditions in three-dimensions, including meteorological and tidal forcing. The shelf model resolution varies from 10km offshore to 1km at the coast.Within this region-wide shelf waters model, four local three-dimensional models have been setup providing higher resolution to resolve key bathymetry, coastline and physical processes over smaller more local areas. These four model areas have been defined as case studies and cover the following regions:-Case Study 1: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) Case Study2: Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) Case Study3: East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) Case Study4: Northwest Shetland mainland \u2013 St Magnus Bay area (SMB)Aims and scope of numerical modelling worksThe main aims of the project are to: 1) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Scottish shelf waters; 2) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for each of the four identified case studies, plus a validated wave model for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (Case Study 1); and 3) integrate the case study sub-models into the wider domain shelf model.The modelling is aimed at providing a quantitative description of marine currents and water properties for the whole of Scottish waters on a range of spatial scales. The outputs of this study will be a validated hydrodynamic model capable of predicting tidal and non-tidal currents for the whole of the Scottish shelf and inshore waters and include a more accurate assessment of the connectivity of different regions, and the available energy resources in those regions. It will also include description of methods for assessing the impact of extracting some of that energy upon the physical environment.The modelling has been undertaken using an open-source threedimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model called FVCOM. One of the reasons behind the choice of this modelling software is that the models developed in this project will be freely available to others at the end of the Project. Marine Scotland have a vision that the models will be used and developed further by Marine Scotland staff and the marine modelling community as more data becomes available and\/or other needs are identified.This ReportThis report documents the work carried out in Stage 3 - developing the integrated model and its application for particle tracking modelling and development of connectivity indices.","author":["Wolf, J.","Stuiver, C.","Price, D.","Johnson, H.","Gallego, A.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-24 04:43:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wolf-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085418","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-shelf-model-part-5-wider-loch-linnhe-sub-domain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/scottish-shelf-model-part-5-wider-loch-linnhe-sub-domain","title":"The Scottish Shelf Model. Part 5: Wider Loch Linnhe Sub-Domain","description":"BackgroundCH2M (formerly Halcrow Group Ltd.) was commissioned by Scottish Ministers to develop a \u2018Hydrodynamic model of Scottish Shelf waters\u2019. The contract was commissioned under the Scottish Government Framework Contract for the Provision of Strategic Environmental Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and Marine Planning Services and Advice to Support Sustainable Economic Development in Scottish Marine Waters (REF: 177895) \u2013 Call Off Number 11 - Provision of a Hydrodynamic Model of Scottish Shelf waters \u2013 16 May 2012. The project is managed on behalf of the Scottish Ministers by Marine Scotland.The Scottish Government is committed to the development of a successful marine renewable energy industry in Scotland, which is currently also the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. To achieve the sustainable development of both the offshore renewable energy industry and the aquaculture sector, Marine Scotland has adopted a planning approach to identify potential developmental areas.Both of these factors are drivers for the development of a regional hydrodynamic model of the Scottish Shelf Waters and four more localised models which will be used to inform their planning approach. Marine Scotland will take ownership of the hydrodynamic models at the end of the study enabling them and other community organisations they work with, to undertake simulations and further development to meet their planning and research needs.One of the key aims of the integrated model is to use it in the development of connectivity indices between various fish farms. This will ensure a seamless flow of hydrodynamic modelling data from the high resolution local area models into the larger Scottish shelf model, thereby ensuring that the model covers the entire region of influence of each fish farm. The integrated model will therefore contribute to improved understanding of potential sea lice dispersal, to help inform management and mitigation measures.Study AreasThe overall study area includes all of the Scottish shelf waters out to the 200m depth contour at the edge of the continental shelf. This model simulates the hydrodynamic conditions in three-dimensions, including meteorological and tidal forcing. The shelf model resolution varies from 10km offshore to 1km at the coast.Within this region-wide shelf waters model, four local three-dimensional models have been setup providing higher resolution to resolve key bathymetry, coastline and physical processes over smaller more local areas. These four model areas have been defined as case studies and cover the following regions:-Case Study 1: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) Case Study2: Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) Case Study3: East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) Case Study4: Northwest Shetland mainland \u2013 St Magnus Bay area (SMB)Aims and scope of numerical modelling worksThe main aims of the project are to: 1) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Scottish shelf waters; 2) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for each of the four identified case studies, plus a validated wave model for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (Case Study 1); and 3) integrate the case study sub-models into the wider domain shelf model.The modelling is aimed at providing a quantitative description of marine currents and water properties for the whole of Scottish waters on a range of spatial scales. The outputs of this study will be a validated hydrodynamic model capable of predicting tidal and non-tidal currents for the whole of the Scottish shelf and inshore waters and include a more accurate assessment of the connectivity of different regions, and the available energy resources in those regions. It will also include description of methods for assessing the impact of extracting some of that energy upon the physical environment.The modelling has been undertaken using an open-source threedimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model called FVCOM. One of the reasons behind the choice of this modelling software is that the models developed in this project will be freely available to others at the end of the Project. Marine Scotland have a vision that the models will be used and developed further by Marine Scotland staff and the marine modelling community as more data becomes available and\/or other needs are identified.This ReportThis report documents the work carried out in developing the Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) model. This work includes: data collated and\/or identified for the numerical modelling, setup and calibration of the flow model, and the longer term simulations required for this study. It is noted that the data section in this report is a summary of the overall Data Review report (Halcrow, 2012) that is relevant to the WLLS area.This report is Volume 1 of the WLLS model report. A companion volume (Volume 2) contains additional details on model development (data preparation, mesh generation, preparation of model setup files, how to run the model, etc.).","author":["Price, D.","Stuiver, C.","Johnson, H.","Gallego, A.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:46:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Price-et-al-2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085420","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-shelf-model-part-4-east-coast-lewis-harris-sub-domain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/scottish-shelf-model-part-4-east-coast-lewis-and-harris-sub-domain","title":"The Scottish Shelf Model. Part 4: East Coast of Lewis and Harris Sub-Domain","description":"BackgroundCH2M (formerly Halcrow Group Ltd.) was commissioned by Scottish Ministers to develop a \u2018Hydrodynamic model of Scottish Shelf waters\u2019. The contract was commissioned under the Scottish Government Framework Contract for the Provision of Strategic Environmental Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and Marine Planning Services and Advice to Support Sustainable Economic Development in Scottish Marine Waters (REF: 177895) \u2013 Call Off Number 11 - Provision of a Hydrodynamic Model of Scottish Shelf waters \u2013 16 May 2012. The project is managed on behalf of the Scottish Ministers by Marine Scotland.The Scottish Government is committed to the development of a successful marine renewable energy industry in Scotland, which is currently also the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. To achieve the sustainable development of both the offshore renewable energy industry and the aquaculture sector, Marine Scotland has adopted a planning approach to identify potential developmental areas.Both of these factors are drivers for the development of a regional hydrodynamic model of the Scottish Shelf Waters and four more localised models which will be used to inform their planning approach. Marine Scotland will take ownership of the hydrodynamic models at the end of the study enabling them and other community organisations they work with, to undertake simulations and further development to meet their planning and research needs.One of the key aims of the integrated model is to use it in the development of connectivity indices between various fish farms. This will ensure a seamless flow of hydrodynamic modelling data from the high resolution local area models into the larger Scottish shelf model, thereby ensuring that the model covers the entire region of influence of each fish farm. The integrated model will therefore contribute to improved understanding of potential sea lice dispersal, to help inform management and mitigation measures.Study AreasThe overall study area includes all of the Scottish shelf waters out to the 200m depth contour at the edge of the continental shelf. This model simulates the hydrodynamic conditions in three-dimensions, including meteorological and tidal forcing. The shelf model resolution varies from 10km offshore to 1km at the coast.Within this region-wide shelf waters model, four local three-dimensional models have been setup providing higher resolution to resolve key bathymetry, coastline and physical processes over smaller more local areas. These four model areas have been defined as case studies and cover the following regions:-Case Study 1: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) Case Study2: Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) Case Study3: East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) Case Study4: Northwest Shetland mainland \u2013 St Magnus Bay area (SMB)Aims and scope of numerical modelling worksThe main aims of the project are to: 1) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Scottish shelf waters; 2) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for each of the four identified case studies, plus a validated wave model for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (Case Study 1); and 3) integrate the case study sub-models into the wider domain shelf model.The modelling is aimed at providing a quantitative description of marine currents and water properties for the whole of Scottish waters on a range of spatial scales. The outputs of this study will be a validated hydrodynamic model capable of predicting tidal and non-tidal currents for the whole of the Scottish shelf and inshore waters and include a more accurate assessment of the connectivity of different regions, and the available energy resources in those regions. It will also include description of methods for assessing the impact of extracting some of that energy upon the physical environment.The modelling has been undertaken using an open-source threedimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model called FVCOM. One of the reasons behind the choice of this modelling software is that the models developed in this project will be freely available to others at the end of the Project. Marine Scotland have a vision that the models will be used and developed further by Marine Scotland staff and the marine modelling community as more data becomes available and\/or other needs are identified.This ReportThis report documents the work carried out in developing the East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) model. This work includes: data collated and\/or identified for the numerical modelling, setup and calibration of the flow model, and the longer term simulations required for this study. It is noted that the data section in this report is a summary of the overall Data Review report (Halcrow, 2012) that is relevant to the ECLH area. This report is Volume 1 of the ECLH model report. A companion volume (Volume 2 \u2013 Model Documentation Report for ECLH) contains additional details on model development (data preparation, mesh generation, preparation of model setup files, how to run the model, etc.) and lessons learnt.","author":["Price, D.","Stuiver, C.","Johnson, H.","Gallego, A.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:48:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Price-et-al-2016_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085421","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-shelf-model-part-2-pentland-firth-orkney-waters-sub-domain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/scottish-shelf-model-part-2-pentland-firth-and-orkney-waters-sub-domain","title":"The Scottish Shelf Model. Part 2: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Sub-Domain","description":"BackgroundCH2M (formerly Halcrow Group Ltd.) was commissioned by Scottish Ministers to develop a \u2018Hydrodynamic model of Scottish Shelf waters\u2019. The contract was commissioned under the Scottish Government Framework Contract for the Provision of Strategic Environmental Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and Marine Planning Services and Advice to Support Sustainable Economic Development in Scottish Marine Waters (REF: 177895) \u2013 Call Off Number 11 - Provision of a Hydrodynamic Model of Scottish Shelf waters \u2013 16 May 2012. The project is managed on behalf of the Scottish Ministers by Marine Scotland.The Scottish Government is committed to the development of a successful marine renewable energy industry in Scotland, which is currently also the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. To achieve the sustainable development of both the offshore renewable energy industry and the aquaculture sector, Marine Scotland has adopted a planning approach to identify potential developmental areas.Both of these factors are drivers for the development of a regional hydrodynamic model of the Scottish Shelf Waters and four more localised models which will be used to inform their planning approach. Marine Scotland will take ownership of the hydrodynamic models at the end of the study enabling them and other community organisations they work with, to undertake simulations and further development to meet their planning and research needs.One of the key aims of the integrated model is to use it in the development of connectivity indices between various fish farms. This will ensure a seamless flow of hydrodynamic modelling data from the high resolution local area models into the larger Scottish shelf model, thereby ensuring that the model covers the entire region of influence of each fish farm. The integrated model will therefore contribute to improved understanding of potential sea lice dispersal, to help inform management and mitigation measures.Study AreasThe overall study area includes all of the Scottish shelf waters out to the 200m depth contour at the edge of the continental shelf. This model simulates the hydrodynamic conditions in three-dimensions, including meteorological and tidal forcing. The shelf model resolution varies from 10km offshore to 1km at the coast.Within this region-wide shelf waters model, four local three-dimensional models have been setup providing higher resolution to resolve key bathymetry, coastline and physical processes over smaller more local areas. These four model areas have been defined as case studies and cover the following regions:-Case Study 1: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) Case Study2: Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) Case Study3: East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) Case Study4: Northwest Shetland mainland \u2013 St Magnus Bay area (SMB)Aims and scope of numerical modelling worksThe main aims of the project are to: 1) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Scottish shelf waters; 2) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for each of the four identified case studies, plus a validated wave model for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (Case Study 1); and 3) integrate the case study sub-models into the wider domain shelf model.The modelling is aimed at providing a quantitative description of marine currents and water properties for the whole of Scottish waters on a range of spatial scales. The outputs of this study will be a validated hydrodynamic model capable of predicting tidal and non-tidal currents for the whole of the Scottish shelf and inshore waters and include a more accurate assessment of the connectivity of different regions, and the available energy resources in those regions. It will also include description of methods for assessing the impact of extracting some of that energy upon the physical environment.The modelling has been undertaken using an open-source threedimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model called FVCOM. One of the reasons behind the choice of this modelling software is that the models developed in this project will be freely available to others at the end of the Project. Marine Scotland have a vision that the models will be used and developed further by Marine Scotland staff and the marine modelling community as more data becomes available and\/or other needs are identified.This ReportThis report documents the work carried out in developing the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) model. This work includes: data collated and\/or identified for the numerical modelling, setup and calibration of the flow and wave models, and the longer term simulations required for this study. It is noted that the data section in this report is a summary of the overall Data Review report (Halcrow, 2012) that is relevant to the PFOW area. This report is Volume 1 of the PFOW model report. A companion volume (Volume 2) contains additional details on model development (data preparation, mesh generation, preparation of model setup files, how to run the model, etc.).","author":["Price, D.","Stuiver, C.","Johnson, H.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:52:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Price-et-al-2016_1.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085422","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-shelf-model-part-3-st-magnus-bay-sub-domain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/scottish-shelf-model-part-3-st-magnus-bay-sub-domain","title":"The Scottish Shelf Model. Part 3: St Magnus Bay Sub-Domain","description":"BackgroundCH2M (formerly Halcrow Group Ltd.) was commissioned by Scottish Ministers to develop a \u2018Hydrodynamic model of Scottish Shelf waters\u2019. The contract was commissioned under the Scottish Government Framework Contract for the Provision of Strategic Environmental Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and Marine Planning Services and Advice to Support Sustainable Economic Development in Scottish Marine Waters (REF: 177895) \u2013 Call Off Number 11 - Provision of a Hydrodynamic Model of Scottish Shelf waters \u2013 16 May 2012. The project is managed on behalf of the Scottish Ministers by Marine Scotland.The Scottish Government is committed to the development of a successful marine renewable energy industry in Scotland, which is currently also the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. To achieve the sustainable development of both the offshore renewable energy industry and the aquaculture sector, Marine Scotland has adopted a planning approach to identify potential developmental areas.Both of these factors are drivers for the development of a regional hydrodynamic model of the Scottish Shelf Waters and four more localised models which will be used to inform their planning approach. Marine Scotland will take ownership of the hydrodynamic models at the end of the study enabling them and other community organisations they work with, to undertake simulations and further development to meet their planning and research needs.One of the key aims of the integrated model is to use it in the development of connectivity indices between various fish farms. This will ensure a seamless flow of hydrodynamic modelling data from the high resolution local area models into the larger Scottish shelf model, thereby ensuring that the model covers the entire region of influence of each fish farm. The integrated model will therefore contribute to improved understanding of potential sea lice dispersal, to help inform management and mitigation measures.Study AreasThe overall study area includes all of the Scottish shelf waters out to the 200m depth contour at the edge of the continental shelf. This model simulates the hydrodynamic conditions in three-dimensions, including meteorological and tidal forcing. The shelf model resolution varies from 10km offshore to 1km at the coast.Within this region-wide shelf waters model, four local three-dimensional models have been setup providing higher resolution to resolve key bathymetry, coastline and physical processes over smaller more local areas. These four model areas have been defined as case studies and cover the following regions:-Case Study 1: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) Case Study2: Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) Case Study3: East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) Case Study4: Northwest Shetland mainland \u2013 St Magnus Bay area (SMB)Aims and scope of numerical modelling worksThe main aims of the project are to: 1) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Scottish shelf waters; 2) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for each of the four identified case studies, plus a validated wave model for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (Case Study 1); and 3) integrate the case study sub-models into the wider domain shelf model.The modelling is aimed at providing a quantitative description of marine currents and water properties for the whole of Scottish waters on a range of spatial scales. The outputs of this study will be a validated hydrodynamic model capable of predicting tidal and non-tidal currents for the whole of the Scottish shelf and inshore waters and include a more accurate assessment of the connectivity of different regions, and the available energy resources in those regions. It will also include description of methods for assessing the impact of extracting some of that energy upon the physical environment.The modelling has been undertaken using an open-source threedimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model called FVCOM. One of the reasons behind the choice of this modelling software is that the models developed in this project will be freely available to others at the end of the Project. Marine Scotland have a vision that the models will be used and developed further by Marine Scotland staff and the marine modelling community as more data becomes available and\/or other needs are identified.This ReportThis report documents the work carried out in developing the St Magnus Bay (SMB) model. This work includes: data collated and\/or identified for the numerical modelling, setup and calibration of the flow and wave models, and the longer term simulations required for this study. It is noted that the data section in this report is a summary of the overall Data Review report (Halcrow, 2012) that is relevant to the SMB area. This report is Volume 1 of the SMB model report. A companion volume (Volume 2 \u2013 Model Documentation Report for SMB) contains additional details on model development (data preparation, mesh generation, preparation of model setup files, how to run the model, etc.).","author":["Price, D.","Stuiver, C.","Johnson, H.","Gallego, A.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-03-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-12 11:57:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Price-et-al-2016_2.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085423","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scottish-shelf-model-part-1-shelf-wide-domain","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/dataset\/scottish-shelf-model-part-1-shelf-wide-domain","title":"The Scottish Shelf Model. Part 1: Shelf-Wide Domain","description":"BackgroundCH2M (formerly Halcrow Group Ltd.) was commissioned by Scottish Ministers to develop a \u2018Hydrodynamic model of Scottish Shelf waters\u2019. The contract was commissioned under the Scottish Government Framework Contract for the Provision of Strategic Environmental Assessment, Appropriate Assessment and Marine Planning Services and Advice to Support Sustainable Economic Development in Scottish Marine Waters (REF: 177895) \u2013 Call Off Number 11 - Provision of a Hydrodynamic Model of Scottish Shelf waters \u2013 16 May 2012. The project is managed on behalf of the Scottish Ministers by Marine Scotland.The Scottish Government is committed to the development of a successful marine renewable energy industry in Scotland, which is currently also the largest producer of farmed Atlantic salmon in the EU and third largest globally. To achieve the sustainable development of both the offshore renewable energy industry and the aquaculture sector, Marine Scotland has adopted a planning approach to identify potential developmental areas.Both of these factors are drivers for the development of a regional hydrodynamic model of the Scottish Shelf Waters and four more localised models which will be used to inform their planning approach. Marine Scotland will take ownership of the hydrodynamic models at the end of the study enabling them and other community organisations they work with, to undertake simulations and further development to meet their planning and research needs.One of the key aims of the integrated model is to use it in the development of connectivity indices between various fish farms. This will ensure a seamless flow of hydrodynamic modelling data from the high resolution local area models into the larger Scottish shelf model, thereby ensuring that the model covers the entire region of influence of each fish farm. The integrated model will therefore contribute to improved understanding of potential sea lice dispersal, to help inform management and mitigation measures.Study AreasThe overall study area includes all of the Scottish shelf waters out to the 200m depth contour at the edge of the continental shelf. This model simulates the hydrodynamic conditions in three-dimensions, including meteorological and tidal forcing. The shelf model resolution varies from 10km offshore to 1km at the coast.Within this region-wide shelf waters model, four local three-dimensional models have been setup providing higher resolution to resolve key bathymetry, coastline and physical processes over smaller more local areas. These four model areas have been defined as case studies and cover the following regions:-Case Study 1: Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (PFOW) Case Study2: Wider Loch Linnhe System (WLLS) Case Study3: East Coast of Lewis and Harris (ECLH) Case Study4: Northwest Shetland mainland \u2013 St Magnus Bay area (SMB)Aims and scope of numerical modelling worksThe main aims of the project are to: 1) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for the Scottish shelf waters; 2) develop a validated three dimensional hydrodynamic model for each of the four identified case studies, plus a validated wave model for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters (Case Study 1); and 3) integrate the case study sub-models into the wider domain shelf model.The modelling is aimed at providing a quantitative description of marine currents and water properties for the whole of Scottish waters on a range of spatial scales. The outputs of this study will be a validated hydrodynamic model capable of predicting tidal and non-tidal currents for the whole of the Scottish shelf and inshore waters and include a more accurate assessment of the connectivity of different regions, and the available energy resources in those regions. It will also include description of methods for assessing the impact of extracting some of that energy upon the physical environment.The modelling has been undertaken using an open-source threedimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model called FVCOM. One of the reasons behind the choice of this modelling software is that the models developed in this project will be freely available to others at the end of the Project. Marine Scotland have a vision that the models will be used and developed further by Marine Scotland staff and the marine modelling community as more data becomes available and\/or other needs are identified.This ReportThis report documents the work carried out in developing the whole Scottish Shelf Waters (SSW) model. This work includes: data collated and\/or identified for the numerical modelling, setup and calibration of the flow model, and the longer term simulations required for this study. It is noted that the data section in this report is a summary of the overall Data Review report (Halcrow, 2012) that is relevant to the SSW area.This report is Volume 1 of the SSW model report. A companion volume (Volume 2 \u2013 Model Documentation Report for SSW) contains additional details on model development (data preparation, mesh generation, preparation of model setup files, how to run the model, etc.) and lessons learnt.","author":["Wolf, J.","Yates, N.","Brereton, A.","Buckland, H.","De Dominicis, M.","Gallego, A.","O\u0027Hara Murray, R."],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2016-03-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-13 12:06:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wolf-et-al-2016_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085426","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/loch-linnhe-firth-lorn-masts-case-study-workshop-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/scottish-marine-freshwater-science-volume-6-number-1-loch-linnhe\/","title":"Loch Linnhe and Firth of Lorn MASTS Case Study Workshop Report","description":"In February 2014, the Dynamics and Properties of Marine Systems (DPMS) Theme of the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) organised a case study workshop on the Loch Linnhe and Firth of Lorn (LL\u0026amp;FL) system. Loch Linnhe is one of the largest sea lochs on the west coast of Scotland, and the Firth of Lorn provides a connection to the open ocean. During the workshop, a review of the current knowledge of LL\u0026amp;FL was undertaken in three subject areas: the physical environment, the aquatic ecosystem and the management and use. This review also identified a number of knowledge gaps and potential collaborations to address these. This report provides an overview of these discussions. A more comprehensive, scientific review of our knowledge of the LL\u0026amp;FL system will be published in the nearfuture.","author":["Berx, B.","Gallego, A.","Heath, M.","The MASTS Community"],"organization":["Marine Scotland Science"],"originationDate":"2015-02-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.623882396220","-5.397249495035"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-13 12:15:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Berx-et-al-2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085429","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advances-development-monitoring-systems-allying-acoustic-real-time-data-model","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Alessio-Maglio\/publication\/397461110_Advances_in_the_Development_of_Monitoring_Systems_Allying_Acoustic_Real-Time_Data_and_Model_Validation_for_Effective_Management_of_Underwater_Noise_Pollution\/links\/69121c1ba2b691617b6ad590\/Advances-in-the-Development-of-Monitoring-Systems-Allying-Acoustic-Real-Time-Data-and-Model-Validation-for-Effective-Management-of-Underwater-Noise-Pollution.pdf","title":"Advances in the Development of Monitoring Systems Allying Acoustic Real-Time Data and Model Validation for Effective Management of Underwater Noise Pollution","description":"Underwater noise generated by offshore industrial activities poses significant risks to marine life, especially cetaceans. This paper presents an innovative real-time monitoring system combining embedded passive acoustic monitoring, marine mammal detection based on AI, and acoustic modelling to assess and manage underwater noise pollution. The modular system, deployed on autonomous buoys, is equipped with various recorder-hydrophone configurations and supports both real-time analysis and remote human validation. Beyond local measurement, the integration of propagation models allows extrapolation to unmonitored areas, enhancing spatial coverage. Field validations, including live offshore operations, demonstrate the system\u0027s reliability, responsiveness, and compliance-readiness under European regulatory frameworks such as the EIA Directive and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). This solution offers a scalable and effective tool to support mitigation actions and timely decision-making to mitigate the acoustic impact of offshore activities.","author":["Maglio, A.","Fossa, F."],"organization":["SINAY - Maritime Data Solutions","RINA Consulting"],"originationDate":"2025-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-12 08:47:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Maglio_Fossa_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085444","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/finding-common-ground-assessing-co-location-potential-californias-blue-food-clean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569125004727","title":"Finding common ground: Assessing the Co-location potential of California\u0027s blue food and clean energy sectors","description":"California is striving to expand its \u2018blue economy\u2019 to meet growing demand for marine resources, including seafood and renewable energy. As a result, there has been a growing competition for ocean space. Co-location, multiple sectors (e.g., aquaculture and renewable energy) operating in the same ocean space at the same time, is one potential approach that can reduce competition amongst stakeholders. However, there has been limited quantitative investigation into the potential of co-located systems along the California coast. Using a combination of observation and model outputs across four ocean sectors (aquaculture, wave energy, wind energy and wild capture fisheries), we quantify the co-location suitability of at least two of the sectors along the California coast (0.0404\u00b0 resolution) by calculating a Co-location Suitability (CLS) score (0 \u2013 no suitability to 1 \u2013 perfect suitability). We find a clear trend of higher CLS scores in the waters offshore of Northern California, but the steep bathymetry limits the potential for aquaculture and wave production based on current technological and\/or cost constraints. Notably, we find climate extreme thermal events, (i.e., marine heatwaves) will likely exacerbate regional differences in suitability with typically cooler Northern regions performing better. This research provides an initial framework for evaluating co-location potential and its ability to increase the efficiency of marine space-use in crowded seascapes in California waters and beyond.","author":["Gonzales, C.","Wu, G.","Froehlich, H."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara"],"originationDate":"2025-11-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-20 11:01:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gonzales-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085477","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-measure-social-impact-renewable-energy-communities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-032-01697-3_12#citeas","title":"How to Measure the Social Impact of Renewable Energy Communities?","description":"This work-in-progress study examines the emergence and development of Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) in Europe, focusing particularly on the recent regulatory framework established in Italy. Supported by significant incentive policies, RECs aim to accelerate the sustainable transition of inner-country-localised ecosystems, building on a community-centric approach to redesigning energy production and consumption. Although many studies contribute to such scientific literature on renewable energy (especially from a technical perspective), very little research examines the characteristics and implications of RECs (especially considering the relevance of the social objective relative to the phenomenon). Moreover, while the necessity for a social impact evaluation model of RECs is increasingly emerging from the practical realm, little is known from an integrated perspective of organisational, managerial, and information systems (IS) aspects. Following in the footsteps of the IS tradition, this study seeks to contribute to such a discourse by considering technology as a component of the solution for addressing this need. We adopt a Design Science Research (DSR) approach for designing and developing an IT artefact crafted on RECs. At the same time, this artefact intends to enhance operational efficiency and establish a robust social impact evaluation system. The out-comes of this research are twofold: (1) to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and challenges RECs face, and (2) to propose a novel IT-based solution for evaluating and maximising the social impact of RECs. This paper focuses particularly on the first two steps of the proposed DSR approach, providing the groundwork for the next steps.","author":["Cipriano, M.","Virili, F.","Za, S."],"organization":["D\u0027Annunzio University (University G. D\u0027Annunzio)","Catholic University of the Sacred Heart"],"originationDate":"2025-11-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-18 05:45:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085491","type":["Document","Document\/Guidance"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/guidance-document-characterizing-tribal-cultural-landscapes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/environment\/2015-047","title":"A Guidance Document for Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes","description":"The following Guidance Document (Guide) presents a method for agencies to consult with tribes more effectively and appropriately in advance of any proposed undertakings. It also suggests a means for tribes and other indigenous communities to relate their interests and concepts of landscape to federal agencies and other land and water management entities. The concept is rooted in a collaborative initiative related to offshore renewable energy development. This project-Characterizing Tribal Cultural Landscapes-was comprised of a team from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management\u0027s (BOEM) Pacific Outer Continental Shelf (POCS) Regional Office, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u0027s (NOAA) National Marine Protected Areas (MPA) Center and NOAA\u0027s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), two independent Tribal Facilitators, and representatives from the Tribal Historic Preservation Offices (THPO) of the Makah Tribe of Washington, the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, and the Yurok Tribe of California. The team worked collectively to develop a transferable best-practices method to identify areas of tribal use and significance that could be impacted by offshore renewable energy siting. Funding was provided by BOEM through an Interagency Agreement with ONMS. Additional information on the project\u0027s background and implementation can be found in the Final Report, and on the website https:\/\/sanctuaries.noaa.gov\/tribal-landscapes\/ .","author":["BOEM","NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries","Makah Tribe","Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon","Yurok Tribe","National Marine Sanctuary Foundation"],"organization":["Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Sanctuary Foundation","Makah Tribe","Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Community of Oregon","Yurok Tribe"],"originationDate":"2015-11-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-05 11:58:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_et_al_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085492","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/underwater-cultural-heritage-law-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/espis.boem.gov\/final%20reports\/5341.pdf","title":"Underwater Cultural Heritage Law Study","description":"The protection and management of Underwater Cultural Heritage (UCH) is a challenging topic, as it involves the interplay of United States (U.S.) statutes, maritime law, international law, and often complex issues regarding what law applies when and against whom it may be enforced.  Under a number of statutes, including the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA), the Secretary of the Department of the Interior (DOI) has delegated to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) the authority, responsibility, and jurisdiction over various activities on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) that may have the potential to impact UCH.  To promote compliance with OCSLA and several other statutes, BOEM has developed regulations and guidance documents directing energy lease and permit holders to avoid impacting any archaeological resources found during the survey or development of their leases.  With the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, BOEM has jurisdiction for renewable energy development on the OCS.The majority of the legal guidance regarding BOEM responsibilities for the survey and protection of archaeological resources was developed by DOI in the early 1980s with periodic revisions in the 1990s.  The existing guidance is dated and does not take into account revisions to the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) and its regulations, or BOEM\u0027s expanded responsibilities for renewable energy development on the OCS. Consequently, it has been difficult for BOEM to reliably apply the existing statutes and regulations with which they rely to protect and enforce UCH management law.","author":["Varmer, O."],"organization":["National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-19 09:33:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Varmer_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085494","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/longstanding-signals-marine-community-structuring-winter-storm-wave-base","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v603\/meps12703","title":"Longstanding signals of marine community structuring by winter storm wave-base","description":"Coastal marine communities face both physical oceanographic changes and altered ecological relationships due to indirect human activities, such as climate-related changes, and direct human activities, such as extraction of wave energy as a renewable resource. Often single physical oceanographic changes and altered ecological relationships are investigated, rather than multiple potential drivers. Here we investigated the links between the structure of offshore benthic bivalve communities to multiple physical drivers including wave-base, and more traditional drivers of marine soft sediment community structure (e.g. temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and nutrients). Our benthic bivalve community data (both modern and historical) were collected from bulk sediment box-core samples taken over a depth range of 20-70 m on the continental shelf of Newport, Oregon, USA. Environmental data were collected through CTD casts at sampling locations and through NOAA Buoy Station 46094. We used a non-linear hierarchical regression approach to look for a systematic response in the benthos. Subtidal bivalve communities structured themselves along a depth gradient with a distinct shift in species\u2019 rank abundance at 50 m, and this shift was most strongly associated with storm wave-base. This distinct wave-driven community structure was present in both modern-day bivalve communities and century-scale historical communities, suggesting both the importance of waves and the long-standing nature of their impacts on biological communities in this system. These results emphasize potential consequences of changing wave-base on this shelf, which could occur indirectly through changing storm regimes due to anthropogenic climate change or directly through large-scale wave energy harvest.","author":["Voorhies, K.","Wootton, T.","Henkel, S."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Chicago"],"originationDate":"2018-12-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.668333994167","-124.154278500980"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-19 10:13:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Voorhies_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085510","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-risks-impacts-offshore-energy-literature-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1552\/1\/012010","title":"Environmental Risks and Impacts of Offshore Energy: A Literature Review","description":"Offshore renewable energy will be essential in achieving the European Union\u2019s goal of climate neutrality by 2050 and meeting the growing global energy demand. This sector includes wind, wave, and solar energy, each advancing at different stages of development. However, the expected expansion of offshore energy production may lead to significant environmental consequences. Assessing the ecological risks posed by wind-generated electricity to marine ecosystems is both urgent and essential. Offshore wind farms can affect biodiversity, disrupt habitats, and interfere with the migration patterns of marine species. Therefore, comprehensive studies are needed to identify potential risks and develop strategies to mitigate them. Through such assessments, like the ones compiled in the work presented herein, effective environmental management strategies can be implemented to minimize negative impacts. This will help ensure that offshore energy contributes to the transition toward sustainable energy without compromising marine ecosystems. The adoption of sustainable measures will allow the sector to grow responsibly, balancing technological progress with environmental preservation.","author":["Pontinha, D.","Bispo, L.","Gerv\u00e1sio, H.","Aktuglu, Y."],"organization":["Seapower scrl","University of Coimbra","University of Aveiro","Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl University"],"originationDate":"2025-09-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Sediment Transport","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-11-21 06:29:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pontinha-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2085564","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/chile-y-la-energia-azul-meric-10-anos-impulsando-la-energia-marina-en-chile","sourceURL":"https:\/\/meric.cl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Reporte10anos-MERIC-online.pdf","title":"CHILE Y LA ENERG\u00cdA AZUL: MERIC, 10 a\u00f1os impulsando la energ\u00eda marina en Chile","description":"En el coraz\u00f3n del oc\u00e9ano chileno hemos descubierto mucho m\u00e1s que energ\u00eda: hemos encontra- do inspiraci\u00f3n, colaboraci\u00f3n y futuro. Desde 2015, el Centro MERIC ha demostrado que la ciencia, la innovaci\u00f3n y la pasi\u00f3n pueden unirse para abrir nuevos caminos hacia un Chile m\u00e1s sostenible. Durante estos a\u00f1os, hemos enfrentado desaf\u00edos enormes: adaptar tecnolog\u00edas internacionales a nuestras costas, construir alianzas estrat\u00e9gicas y trabajar codo a codo con las comunidades locales. Cada paso ha sido una lecci\u00f3n y una oportunidad para crecer como equipo y como pa\u00eds. Hoy, con orgullo, podemos decir que Chile cuenta con las capacidades, el conocimiento y la convicci\u00f3n para liderar el desarrollo de las energ\u00edas marinas en Am\u00e9rica Latina. Nuestro tra- bajo es m\u00e1s que investigaci\u00f3n: es una invitaci\u00f3n a mirar el mar como fuente de vida, energ\u00eda y esperanza. Gracias a todos quienes han hecho posible este camino, instituciones, socios estrat\u00e9gicos y, so- bre todo, al equipo humano que da vida a MERIC, por creer en un mismo sue\u00f1o: construir juntos un futuro energ\u00e9tico sostenible para Chile y el mundo.English Translation:In the heart of the Chilean ocean, we have discovered more than energy , we have found inspiration, collaboration, and a vision for the future. Since 2015, the MERIC Center (Marine Energy Research \u0026amp; Innovation Center) has shown that science, innovation, and passion can come together to open new paths toward a more sustainable Chile. Throughout these years, we have faced remarkable challenges: adapting interna- tional technologies to our coasts, building strategic alliances, and working hand in hand with local communities. Each step has been both a lesson and an opportuni- ty to grow as a team and as a country. Today, we can proudly say that Chile has the capabilities, knowledge, and deter- mination to lead the development of marine renewable energy in Latin America. Our work goes beyond research it is an invitation to look at the ocean as a source of life, energy, and hope. My deepest gratitude to all those who have made this journey possible, our institutions, strategic partners, and above all, the dedicated team that gives life to MERIC, for believing in a shared dream: to build together a sustainable energy future for Chile and the world.","author":["Saravia, Y.","Almonacid, N.","Di lorio, M."],"organization":["Marine Energy Research \u0026 Innovation Center (MERIC)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["-33.498732000000","-71.633714000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 11:10:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reporte10anos-MERIC-online.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2095177","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-co-located-floating-offshore-wind-wave-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/395517197_Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_co-located_floating_offshore_wind_and_wave_energy_technologies_in_Portugal","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of co-located floating offshore wind and wave energy technologies in Portugal","description":"Meeting the projected growth in global electricity demand requires innovative and sustainable solutions aligned with net-zero ambitions. Co-located offshore renewable energy (ORE) systems, integrating wave energy converters (WECs) and floating offshore wind turbines (FLOW) offer a promising alternative to address space constraints, improve reliability, and reduce environmental impact. This study presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a co-located ORE system in Portugal, featuring a 30 MW wave energy array and a 300 MW floating offshore wind farm. Results from a cradle-to-grave evaluation indicate a carbon footprint of 17.7 gCO\u2082eq\/kWh, a carbon payback period (CPBT) of 1.4 years and an energy payback period (EPBT) of 2.0 years. The carbon intensity falls between that of standalone FLOW, typically less carbon-intensive, and wave energy, which have higher impacts due to their lower technological maturity and added complexity. By sharing infrastructure and streamlining operation and maintenance (O\u0026amp;M), the co-located system offsets some of the environmental effects while enhancing the potential of energy productions. The findings demonstrate a balanced trade-off between environmental impacts and energy benefits, also underscoring the potential of co-located ORE systems to support the development and commercial readiness of wave energy technologies, fostering innovation and cost reductions.","author":["Bastos, P.","Breyer, C.","Kluge, S.","Pennock, S."],"organization":["WavEC - Offshore Renewables","CorPower Ocean"],"originationDate":"2025-09-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-04 07:04:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2095224","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-annual-report-overview-ocean-energy-activities-2022","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2022\/","title":"OES Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2022","description":"IEA-OES is a Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) on Ocean Energy Systems within a framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). The TCP mechanism is a flexible and effective means created by the IEA to research breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes \u2013 in short to encourage technology-related activities in line with the IEA shared goals of energy security, environmental protection and economic growth, as well as engagement worldwide. Today, there are about 40 TCPs working in the areas of:Cross-Cutting Activities (information exchange, modelling, technology transfer)End-Use (buildings, electricity, industry, transport)Fossil Fuels (greenhouse-gas mitigation, supply, transformation)Fusion Power (international experiments)Renewable Energies and Hydrogen (technologies and deployment)Each of these areas are overseen by specialised Working Parties that report to the Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT), the main IEA body promoting the development, demonstration and deployment of technologies to meet challenges in the energy sector. The IEA-OES report to the Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP).Work is funded by participants, and there is a close cooperation with the IEA-secretariat in Paris, which also provides a legal framework. The IEA offers clear rules for engagement and equitable sharing of rights and obligations, but also flexibility to adjust to evolving needs and interests of the Participants in TCPs. TCPs are managed by an Executive Committee (ExCo). The work of the IEA-OES covers all forms of energy generation in which sea water forms the motive power through its physical and chemical properties, i.e. wave, tidal range, tidal and ocean currents, ocean thermal energy conversion and salinity gradients. IEA-OES connects organisations and individuals working in the ocean energy sector to accelerate the viability, uptake and acceptance of ocean energy systems in an environmentally acceptable manner.As of December 2022, 21 Member Countries and the European Commission are members of the IEA-OES, providing a broad international base of information, sharing experience and knowledge and further a diversified representation of interests: members are from governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. This is one of the benefits of joining OES: participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.The twenty-two active members are: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, European Commission, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, India, Ireland, Italy, Monaco, New Zealand, Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States of America. In 2022, SIDS DOCK, representing 32 small islands and low-lying developing states across the globe, was invited as Observer.The OES international co-operation facilitates:Securing access to advanced R\u0026amp;D teams in the participating countries;Developing a harmonized set of measures and testing protocols for the testing of prototypes;Reducing national costs by collaborating internationally;Creating valuable international contacts between government, industry and science;Sharing information and networking.This Annual Report showcases the key achievements and recent outcomes of the IEA-OES collaborative efforts on a global scale, as well as updates on ocean energy policy, research, and deployment advancements in all participating countries.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2023-03-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-09 11:27:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_report_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2095225","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2012-implementing-agreement-ocean-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2012\/","title":"OES Annual Report 2012: Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"Appreciating the kind words of our retiring Chairman, I would like to take the opportunity to thank Dr. John Huckerby for four inspiring years, in which he consistently put his efforts into enhancing and improving the OES activities and involvement. The last year had a number of interesting ocean energy developments and some topics of actual importance are reflected in this 2012 Annual Report of Ocean Energy Systems (OES). Ocean Energy Systems (OES) is the short name for the international technology initiative on Ocean Energy under the IEA, known as the \u2018Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems\u2019. Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter addressing the organisational aspects of OES. Chapter 2 provides information about present membership, a brief description of the current work programme, collaborative activities with the IEA and sponsorship initiatives in which the Executive Committee (ExCo) was involved during the year.Key accomplishments during 2012 are presented in Chapter 3. Membership of the OES involves a commitment to national participation in certain collaborative research activities. Some of these research projects generally have duration of a number of years and are led by an \u2018Operating Agent\u2019 from a member country, responsible for co-ordinating each project and reporting on progress to the ExCo. Under the OES nomenclature these research projects are defined as \u2018Annexes\u2019 to the Implementing Agreement. The ExCo has also introduced some shorter-term projects (approximately 1 year duration) called \u2018Activities\u2019. During 2012 the following research projects and activities were conducted:Communication and outreach activities, including presentations at 13 international ocean energy conferences around the world;Phase II of the International Vision brochure and the respective modelling work in collaboration with the IEA modelling team;Research project \u201cAssessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal and Current Energy Systems\u201d (Annex IV to be concluded in March 2013);Research project \u201cThe Exchange and Assessment of Ocean Energy Device Project Information andExperience\u201d (Annex V initiated in 2012 and running for 3 years).Under Chapter 4 each OES member country presents its national programme activities over the last year, including The Netherlands and France as Observers.As in previous years Chapter 5 presents invited papers prepared by subject experts. This year we present four papers based upon a theme of \u201cDevelopment of the International Ocean Energy Industry \u2013 Performance Improvements and Cost Reductions\u201d.In the first article \u201cCost Reduction Pathways for Wave Energy\u201d, Mirko Previsic (Re Vision Consulting), discusses important considerations for evaluating technologies in the US wave energy sector, such as projected costs, uncertainty ranges in the cost assessment process, economies of scale, learning curves and key areas in which cost reductions potentially can be attained within the near-term. He further highlights the need for strong RD\u0026amp;D programs to ensure technology innovation, concluding that \u201cNurturing this innovation potential and carefully benchmarking novel concepts and technologies will be critically important over the coming years if substantial cost reductions are to be attained.\u201dThe title of the second invited contribution is \u201cESB Ocean Energy Projects \u2013 A Utility Perspective on Cost and Performance Requirements\u201d. The authors, John Fitzgerald and Fergus Sharkey of ESB (the Electricity Supply Board; Ireland\u2019s largest electricity utility) describe the cost, performance and revenue requirements for projects at different stages of maturity. During the development of their own wave energy project, WestWave (a 5 MW pre-commercial project in Irish waters), ESB has established readiness, cost and performance criteria to guide suppliers of ocean energy technology towards viable early project investment propositions. The ESB authors conclude that while there are areas of significant cost and performance risk in the medium term, technical fundamentals indicate that ocean energy has the potential to meet the cost trajectory for all forms of renewable energy and contribute to meeting renewable energy targets.The third invited paper is entitled \u201cUK Wave and Tidal Projects \u2013 Update and Look Ahead\u201d by John Callaghan from The Crown Estate. It gives an overview of recent developments in the UK and the Crown Estate\u2019s activities over the last few years. The Crown Estate\u2019s strategic objective in wave and tidal energy is to support growth of the emerging industry, attract significant investment to the sector and encourage major players to commit to development, as well as helping Government to define policies that support the development of the industry. As of December 2012, there are 41 wave and tidal projects operational or under development in UK waters (managed by The Crown Estate), with a total potential installed capacity of over 2 GW. This includes test and demonstration facilities, demonstration projects up to 50 MW and commercial projects of 50 MW or greater capacity. The author concludes by stating that a next key milestone for the industry will be installation and operation of the first array projects, which will elucidate operational performance characteristics and costs of these arrays.\u201cFrom Turbine Prototype to Prototyping an Industry: a Critical Change in Perspective\u201d, is the final article by Chris Campbell and Elisa Oberman of Marine Renewables Canada with Tracey Kutney of Natural Resources Canada. The paper describes the Canadian Marine Energy Roadmap launched one year ago and the need for a strategy in Canada to achieve a marine industry, by making a parallelism with UK initiatives. The clear focus in Canada\u2019s Roadmap was on \u201ccross-cutting and enabling technologies\u201d. The main focus of the article is on the challenges to finance and deliver the first array projects and the emergence of a market pull. Critical issues that come along with the scale change from device trials to prototype arrays are discussed, among which are new responses from regulators, supply chain, manufacturers and financiers. The paper concludes that \u201cdemonstration of what this industry will look like and what it can offer\u201d is essential for the necessary developments and support to make a transition from prototypes to arrays of devices to the development of an industry.The final Chapter 6 is a compilation of numerical information provide by all country representatives on: i) Worldwide Ocean Power Installed Capacity, ii) Open Sea Testing Infrastructures, and iii) Electrical Utilities Involved in Research \u0026amp; Development and Demonstration.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2012-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-09 11:33:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2012.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104865","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-ocean-energy-systems-annual-report-2002","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2002\/","title":"IEA-Ocean Energy Systems Annual Report 2002","description":"The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974 and is managed within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme.The IEA fosters co-operation amongst its 26 member countries, and with other countries, in order to increase energy security by improved efficiency of energy use, development of alternative energy sources and research, development and demonstration on matters of energy supply and use. This is achieved through the activities undertaken by the 40 current Implementing Agreements.Implementing Agreements cover a wide range of energy technologies in fossil fuels, renewable energy, nuclear fusion research, energy end-use, electricity and transport. Most Implementing Agreements involve information exchange together with formal or informal coordination of R\u0026amp;D activities. Several IEA energy technology information centres or services have been set up to disseminate research and demonstration results in various fields.The IEA Ocean Energy Systems is one of these Implementing Agreements. Presently the member countries are:DenmarkIrelandJapanPortugalUnited KingdomThe present report gives an overview of the status and progress of the work programme of this Implementing Agreement during the year 2002.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2003-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:36:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/iea_oes_annual_report_2002.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104866","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-2003-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2003\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report 2003: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"After almost thirty years of research and technology development on the utilization of wave energy and marine current energy, it is recognized that we are getting close to the exploitation phase of these renewable ocean energy resources. The proposed wave energy devices are based on a wide range of concepts and can be classified according to location. First generation devices, which use more conventional technology, are fixed devices located at the shoreline where access is easier but the resource is lower due to the energy dissipation in shallow waters, and the geomorphologic and environmental constraints are high.Of the seven first-generation nearshore prototypes built since 1986, all (except one) are of the Oscillating Water Column (OWC) type. Other two OWC prototypes have been built nearshore (second generation). Survivability which is a major issue for wave energy systems has already been proved for OWCs. It should also be mentioned that the second generation OWC incorporated into the harbour of Sakata on the NW coast of Japan has been operating without major maintenance requirements since 1990.Offshore third generation devices are in general more complex technologically and in addition require moorings and long electrical cable connection to land. On the other hand, they are less dependent on environmental constraints and exploit the more energetic deep-water resource. They are more appropriate for the large-scale exploitation of wave energy.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2004-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:34:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2003.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104867","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-2005-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2005\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report 2005: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"Great strides have been made towards the commercial deployment of ocean energy in 2005. Following a banner year in 2004, during which three of the leading devices in wave energy and two marine current devices were tested as prototypes at sea, policy makers responded with announcements of incentives to support initial deployments of multiple device arrays in a number of countries. Even more signifi cantly, the fi rst commercial orders for a wave farm took place this year, as Ocean Power Delivery signed a deal with a Portuguese consortium for an initial order of three 750kW devices and a Letter of Intent to purchase an additional 30 devices before the end of 2006. We may look back at 2005 as the year of birth of a new industry.In the meantime, developments are continuing both in Europe, where ocean energy researchers and developers have been active for a number of years, and in countries outside Europe where ocean energy has more recently caught the attention of the public and policy makers. Energetech\u2019s fi rst prototype wave energy plant was deployed in Port Kembla, Australia in October. Ponte di Archimede\u2019s Enermar vertical axis turbine device, operating in Italy\u2019s Straits of Messina, installed a grid connection to Sicily during the year.A number of other projects were at the stage of building prototype models for installation and commissioning in 2006 including Verdant Power from the US, the Pearson College EnCaNa tidal energy project on Vancouver Island, Canada, and Ireland\u2019s Wavebob Ltd. Galway Bay quarter scale model project.Finally, we expect to see the commissioning of a repowered Pico Plant before the year is out. Major policy announcements in 2005 included consultation and announcement of the proposed details of the UK\u2019s \u00a350M Marine Renewables Deployment Fund which aims to provide a combination of capital and revenue support to device development to fund the gap between prototype demonstration and commercial deployment. The Canadian government has also demonstrated a renewed interest in ocean energy technologies by requesting an ocean energy briefi ng for the energy minister\u2019s National Advisory Panel which is considering new innovation funding. Finally, ocean energy was recognized as an eligible renewable energy in the US in the 2005 Energy Policy Act which allows Congress to appropriate funds for ocean energy in the future.As the technologies begin to show commercial viability, the need for companies, who are developing and selling the technologies, to organise increases. The European Ocean Energy Association was launched at the biannual European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference in September 2005. Its objectives include supporting market development, facilitating networks, promoting the benefi ts of the sector and acting as one voice representing the sector to EU policy makers. Similar developments in North America have led to the creation of the Ocean Renewable Energy Coalition in May. Both are welcome developments.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2006-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:33:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2005.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104868","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-2004-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2004\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report 2004: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"In 2004 progress towards market deployment of wave energy and marine currents energy technologies continued to be witnessed. Important achievements were the sea tests of the first three offshore prototypes. These are the 750kW Pelamis in Scotland, the 1MW AWS prototype off northern Portugal and the 1:4.5 scaled Wave Dragon prototype tests in Denmark that had started during the previous year. In Australia the preparation for the deployment of the nearshore parabolic-wall oscillating-water-column in Port Kembla approached the end, its deployment being planned for 2005.Demonstration of marine current turbines continued. In the UK the bottom-fixed horizontal axis Seaflow 300 kW turbine pursued tests in North Devon as well as the reciprocating wing Stringray. In Italy the testing of the 130 kW ENERMAR vertical axis turbine in the Straight of Messina continued providing further development. Except for the Stingray, the results of the above tests gave the developers reasons to plan starting soon pre-commercial activity, having in view to approach competitiveness with electricity production from other renewable energy sources such as wind.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2005-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:32:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2004.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104869","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-2006-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2006\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report 2006: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"2006 was another significant year in Ocean energy development, both from the perspective of device and project development, and from that of the IEA Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement.From an industry perspective, another five devices have been tested in open seas:the Wavestar (Denmark)the Wavebob (Ireland)the Chinese Academy of Science\u2019s onshore oscillating buoy (China)the Verdant Power tidal project (USA), the Race Rocks tidal project (Canada)the Ocean Energy Limited OE Buoy (Ireland), which was moored at the test site on the 29th of December.The Pico Plant in Portugal was re-commissioned and is providing grid-connected electricity. A number of devices that have been tested are in the process of planning and building full scale and multi-device projects, including the three device Pelamis project in Portugal funded by Enersis which was undergoing final assembly during the year. Additionally, policy makers are taking a greater interest in ocean energy with a number of countries developing specific policies for ocean energy including New Zealand, Canada, and Korea. All of this interest and activity provided the background for a fruitful year for the IEA OES. Our meetings rooms were larger, to accommodate the growing number of member and observer countries attending, and our side trips were more interesting, as they provided opportunities to see tangible evidence of ocean energy development. Our meetings were also productive as we successfully agreed two new co operative work programmes: the extension of Annex II to consider open sea testing, and Annex III to investigate grid integration issues for ocean energy systems. We were also very pleased to receive a positive response from both the IEA Renewable Energy Working Party and the IEA Committee on Energy Research and Technology to our End of Term Report, reviewing the first five year term of the IEA OES, and our Strategy for 2007 \u2013 2011. Both groups approved the extension of the IEA OES for another five years.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2007-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:33:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2006.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104870","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-2007-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2007\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report 2007: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"The IEA Ocean Energy Systems 2007 Annual Report reviews the progress of the activities in the Implementing Agreement for Co-operation in Research and Development on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA), during the year 2007.The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established as an autonomous body within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 to implement an international energy program and act as Policy Advisor to countries on energy, including renewable energy. Today the IEA has 26 member countries.The IEA provides a framework for 42 international collaborative energy research, development and demonstration projects known as Implementing Agreements. The IEA Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (IEA-OES) is a collaborative venture among various member countries \u2013 Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, the USA \u2013 and the European Commission.Chapter 1 of this report gives an overview of the IEA-OES: its membership, the Executive Committee (ExCo) meetings and actual collaborative tasks (Annexes), highlighting the major achievements in 2007. The outcomes of the three collaborative tasks of the IEA-OES: I) Collection and dissemination of information, II ) Guidelines for prototype testing and III ) Grid integration, are presented in chapter 2.An overview of the global ocean resource and technology maturity of various ocean energy systems is presented in Chapter 3. Several tidal barrage plants, with a capacity up to 240 MW, are operating on a commercial basis worldwide, and new initiatives on this type of development are in progress in various countries. Several ocean wave technologies are expecting pre-commercial deployment in Europe. A number of demonstration projects in the range of 1 to 3 MW are awaiting deployment throughout the world, especially wave and tidal (marine) current projects. Conversion technologies for harnessing energy associated with ocean thermal gradients (OTEC) and salinity gradients are at the research and early developmental stage.Chapter 4 gives an overview of ocean energy supporting policies based on information provided by the IEA-OES members and key representatives from other countries.Environmental issues related with ocean energy systems started being discussed in the IEA-OES as an area where collaborative research is needed. The first expert meeting organised by the IEA-OES with relevant experts from several countries took place in November 2007 in conjunction with the 13th ExCo meeting in Messina. This topic is addressed in Chapter 5 with a view of present reality.Chapter 6 presents a summary from each IEA-OES member country and representatives from some other countries on national programs, governmental initiatives for the promotion and development of ocean energy, relevant research activities, ocean energy projects taking place in the country, Research, Development and Demonstration (RD\u0026amp;D) investment and relevant national association activities during the year. Several governmental initiatives were launched in 2007 towards the development of technologies and market for ocean energy.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2008-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:31:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2007.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104871","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-2008-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2008\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report 2008: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"The IEA Ocean Energy Systems 2008 Annual Report reviews the progress of activities in the Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES) under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA) during the year 2008.The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established as an autonomous body within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974, to implement an international energy programme and act as policy advisor to countries on energy, including renewable energy. Today the IEA has 28 member countries. The IEA provides a framework for 42 international collaborative energy research, development and demonstration projects known as Energy Technology Agreements. These Implementing Agreements were created to encourage collaborative efforts to meet the main challenges of energy policies: ensuring energy security and addressing climate change issues in a cost-effective way.The IEA Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (IEA-OES) is a collaborative venture among various member countries and the European Commission. As of December 2008, those members are Portugal, Denmark, United Kingdom, Japan, Ireland, the European Commission, Canada, the United States of America, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Mexico, Spain, Italy, New Zealand and Sweden, ordered by sequence of joining the Agreement.Chapter 1 of this report gives an overview of the IEA-OES: its membership, the Executive Committee (ExCo) meetings, actual collaborative tasks of the work programme (known as Annexes to the IEA-OES programme), events and activities in which the ExCo participated or collaborated, new initiatives during the year and finally the presentation of the financial status of the IEA-OES as of December 2008.The outcomes of the three collaborative tasks of the IEA-OES (collection and dissemination of information, guidelines for prototype testing and grid integration) are presented in chapter 2, reported by the respective operating agent of each task.Under Annex I, collection and dissemination of information, three activities are outlined: a DVD on ocean energy produced during the year with contributions from the members, the launch of the new IEA-OES website and the new report approved as an IEA-OES publication, Ocean Energy: Global Technology Developmental Status.Under Annex II, guidelines for prototype testing, task participants started to prepare a report with reference data for wave and tidal stream projects reflecting realistic operating and survival conditions; means to provide comparable estimates of the cost during the development process from conceptual idea to prototype development; and finally considerations on how to measure the output and to present results from projects operating at sea.Under Annex III, grid integration, two draft reports were prepared: Report No 3.1.1, Potential opportunities and differences associated with integration of ocean wave and marine current energy plants, in comparison to wind energy, and Report No. 3.1.2, Key features and identification of improvement needs to the existing relevant interconnection guidelines for facilitating integration of ocean energy pilot projects.A new task was approved in 2008 by the ExCo, Annex IV \u2013 Assessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal, and Current Energy Systems. Its aim, description and schedule are also provided in chapter 2 by the respective operating agent.Under Chapter 3, six articles written by invited experts provide a broad overview of the technological status for harnessing energy from tides, wave, tidal stream, temperature gradient and salinity gradient for generating electricity and producing drinking water.Finally, under Chapter 4, a summary on national activities is provided by the IEA-OES member countries and representatives from some other potential member countries focusing on i) ocean energy policy, ii) research and development and iii) technology demonstrations during the year.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:30:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2008.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104872","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-ia-annual-report-2009-international-energy-agency-implementing-agreement-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2009\/","title":"OES-IA Annual Report 2009: International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"This 2009 Annual Report reviews the progress of activities in the Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (OES-IA) of the International Energy Agency (IEA) during the year 2009. The OES-IA operates within a framework created by the IEA.The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established as an autonomous body within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 to implement an international energy programme and act as a policy advisor to countries on energy, including renewable energy. Presently the IEA has 28 member countries. The IEA provides a framework for 42 international collaborative energy research, development and demonstration projects known as Energy Technology Agreements. These Implementing Agreements have been created to encourage collaborative efforts to meet the main challenges of energy policies: ensuring energy security and addressing climate change issues in a cost-effective way.The Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OES-IA) is a collaborative venture among various member countries and the European Commission. As of December 2009, those members are Portugal, Denmark, United Kingdom, Japan, Ireland, the European Commission, Canada, the United States of America, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Mexico, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden and Australia, ordered by sequence of joining the Agreement.Established in October 2001, the OES-IA is now in its second 5-year term. During 2009 the mid-point of its current term was reached and a progress report on the achievements to date and the ongoing work was delivered by the Chairman of the Executive Committee (ExCo) to the IEA\u2019s Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP) in Paris.This annual report presents the 2009 activities and outputs of the OES-IA ExCo, which now comprises 4 Annexes (or work programmes).Chapter 1 describes the basic organization, membership, work programmes and financial position of the OES-IA. Chapter 2 describes the activities and accomplishments of the ExCo during 2009, whilst Chapter 3 provides reports from each of the Annexes (work programmes) that are currently active.In Chapter 4, the ExCo has again invited industry experts to prepare articles on specific topics. In the 2008 Annual Report, six authors gave their views on the current status of ocean energy technologies. In this Annual Report, the ExCo decided to focus on a theme of key technical and non-technical challenges that ocean energy faces and actions that are and could be taken to promote and accelerate deployment of ocean energy. Again, five recognized industry experts have responded with wide-ranging papers on these themes.The marine renewable energy roadmapping activity, being undertaken by the United Kingdom Energy Research Centre (UKERC) in the UK, has been a notable example of a focused and coherent approach to technology development in the marine sector. The first article \u201cThe Opportunity and Challenge for Ocean Energy as Part of Energy System Decarbonisation: the UK Scenario\u201d presents a number of significant technological challenges that ocean energy faces in order to reach fully commercial status. The article describes a scenario model for the UK, highlighting the potentially important role of ocean energy technology acceleration in the UK energy system from now until 2050.The document \u201cOcean Energy: Development and Evaluation Protocol\u201d published in 2003, in Ireland, jointly by the Marine Energy Institute and the Hydraulics and Maritime Research Institute (HMRC) describes a development and evaluation protocol that has been specifically adapted for the advancement of wave energy devices, from initial concept to its final demonstration. The article \u201cMarine Energy Device Development: A Structured Programme to Mitigate Technical \u0026amp; Financial Risk\u201d presents a recommendation for a fivestage approach and decision procedure, which will reduce the financial and technical risks during the development of wave and tidal current technologies.As ocean energy technologies develop, the nascent ocean energy industry is finding synergies and opportunities with other marine, electrical and engineering activities, such as engineering for oil or gas platforms, floating offshore wind, offshore aquaculture and others. Exploring these synergies can be a valuable contribution to accelerate the deployment of ocean energy, which is the topic of the article \u201cOcean Energy as Ocean Space Use \u2013 Only Conflicts or Also Synergies?\u201d.In addition to the technical challenges for harnessing the energy of ocean waves, a major concern of project developers are non-technical challenges or barriers not directly related to the technology. Large-scale implementation will face a considerable number of challenges, commonly summarised as \u201cnon-technical barriers\u201d, including regulatory processes for licensing, permitting and leasing of space and resources. The article \u201cOverview of Global Regulatory Processes for Permits, Consents and Authorization of Marine Renewables\u201d provides an international overview of these barriers and specific solutions.In the present stage of ocean energy development there is a need to implement standards for monitoring device performance, standard analytical techniques, presenting results and safety standards in relation to structure, personnel and electrical system. The OES-IA has already initiated some work in this area and outlined recommended practices, under the Annex II work programme. A number of organizations are now engaged in developing standards and protocols, of which the most globally significant is the work of the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee 114 (IEC\/TC 114). The last article on \u201cThe Standardization of Marine Renewable Energy Conversion Systems\u201d has been written by the Chair of Technical Committee 114 (TC 114), Ms. Melanie Nadeau.Chapter 5 presents the national activities of the OES-IA member countries and other potential member countries organised under three key topics i) ocean energy policy, ii) research and development and iii) technology demonstrations during the year. Further, based on information from delegates, a statistical information for 2009 was compiled and presented on chapter 6 covering i) Level of research \u0026amp; development and demonstration investment, ii) Worldwide ocean power installed capacity and iii) Electrical utilities involved in Research \u0026amp; Development and Demonstration.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2010-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:46:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104873","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-annual-report-2010-implementing-agreement-ocean-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2010\/","title":"IEA Annual Report 2010: Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"This 2010 Annual Report reviews the progress of activities of the Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (OES-IA) of the International Energy Agency (IEA) during the year 2010. The OES-IA operates within a framework created by the IEA.\u201cThe International Energy Agency (IEA) was established as an autonomous body within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 to implement an international energy programme and act as a policy advisor to countries on energy, including renewable energy. Presently the IEA has 28 member countries. The 42 multilateral technology initiatives (Implementing Agreements) supported by the IEA are a flexible and effective framework for IEA member and non\u2011member countries, businesses, industries, international organizations and non-government organisations to research breakthrough technologies, to fill existing research gaps, to build pilot plants, to carry out deployment or demonstration programmes \u2013 in short to encourage technology\u2011related activities that support energy security, economic growth and environmental protection.\u201dThe Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (OES-IA) was initiated by three countries in 2001. As of December 2010, 18 countries are members of the OES-IA: Portugal, Denmark, United Kingdom, Japan, Ireland, Canada, the United States of America, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Mexico, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Australia, Republic of Korea and South Africa, ordered by sequence of joining the Agreement. The last two, the Republics of Korea and South Africa, joined in 2010. Further countries have been invited and are expected to join in the next years, including Finland, France, Brazil, India, the Netherlands, China, Chile and Indonesia.This annual report presents the activities of the OES-IA during 2010. Task 2 \u2013 Development of Recommended Practices for Testing and Evaluating Ocean Energy Systems, terminated in 2009 and in early 2010 a set of reports were published in the website covering i) generic and site related wave and tidal data, ii) development and evaluation protocol for ocean energy systems and iii) guidelines for open sea testing and evaluation of ocean energy systems.The work programme during the year focused on 3 Tasks:Task 1 \u2013 Review, Exchange and Dissemination of Information on Ocean Energy SystemsTask 3 \u2013 Integration of Ocean Energy Plants into Distribution and Transmission Electrical GridsTask 4 \u2013 Assessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal and Current Energy SystemsChapter 1 of the present report describes the basic organization, membership and activities of the OES-IA during 2010. Chapter 2 presents the progress report of the tasks that are currently active, as well as the concluded Task 2.Chapter 3 presents the international situation on ocean energy: each Executive Committee member provides an overview of national activities focusing on the ocean energy policy, research, development and technology demonstrations during the year.Chapter 4 presents three articles on specific topics of ocean energy prepared by invited experts, following an initiative of the ExCo that started in 2008. In the 2008 Annual Report, the theme was the current status of ocean energy technologies; in 2009 the theme was key technical and non-technical challenges that ocean energy faces and actions that are and could be taken to promote and accelerate deployment of ocean energy; in this report the theme is \u201cKey facilitators for ocean energy\u201d.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 06:55:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104874","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2013-implementing-agreement-ocean-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2013\/","title":"OES Annual Report 2013: Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"This Annual Report presents an overview of the activities undertaken within the OES in 2013, and their current status. Implementing Agreements operate on a 5-year period called a \u201cterm\u201d. In 2012 the second term of OES ended. Following an evaluation of this second term the IEA\u2019s Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT) granted a third mandate for a 5-year term on 29 February 2012 to run until 28 February 2017.Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter addressing the role and benefits of OES. Chapter 2 provides information about present membership, gives a status overview of the OES activities, international collaboration and sponsorship initiatives in which the Executive Committee (ExCo) was involved during the year. Key accomplishments during 2013 are presented in Chapter 3.Membership of the OES involves a commitment to national participation in certain collaborative research activities. Some of these research projects generally have duration of a number of years and are led by an \u2018Operating Agent\u2019 from a member country, responsible for co-ordinating each project and reporting on progress to the ExCo. Under the OES nomenclature these research projects are defined as \u2018Annexes\u2019 to the Implementing Agreement. The ExCo has also introduced some shorter-term projects (approximately 1 year duration) called \u2018Activities\u2019. During 2013 the following activities and research projects were conducted:Second phase of the research project \u201cAssessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal and Current Energy Systems\u201d (3 years project);Research project \u201cThe Exchange and Assessment of Ocean Energy Device Project Information and Experience\u201d (3 years project);World Web Gis Database - detailed global information related to ocean energy (implemented in 2013 to be public release in 2014);Communication and outreach activities.As in previous years Chapter 4 presents a contribution by acknowledged industry experts. Six top industrial ocean energy players were invited to respond to the following questions:The involvement of their company in ocean energyAbout innovation: how much internally developed in the company, how much contracted to external organizations and how much developed in public funded projectsExpectations about worldwide ocean energy development in the next decades and the long term world value of this industryMain challengesHow international collaboration could accelerate ocean energy growth along the development pathway and, specifically, the role that OES could play in supporting the development of ocean energyUnder Chapter 5 each OES member country presents its national programme activities over the last year. The final Chapter 6 is a compilation of statistical information provide by all country representatives.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 07:04:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2013_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104875","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/global-status-critical-developments-ocean-energy-2013-ocean-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/global-status-and-critical-developments-in-ocean-energy-2013\/","title":"Global Status and Critical Developments in Ocean Energy 2013: Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement","description":"Every year since its inception in 2001 the Ocean Energy Systems Implementing Agreement (OES) Executive Committee (ExCo) has published an Annual Report, which details its activities over the previous year and includes on ocean energy activities supplied by each ExCo member country. The 2008 Annual Report started a tradition of including a series of invited articles, on a specific theme, by acknowledged industry experts. These invited articles examine current issues in the development of ocean energy technologies and provide insights into changing circumstances within ocean energy, e.g., forecasting cost of energy for different technologies.The OES Annual Report is the best guide to recent and current activity in ocean energy technology developments and deployments. The OES ExCo adopted a new 5-year Strategic Plan in February 2012, which has the vision that OES will become the \u201cAuthoritative International Voice for Ocean Energy\u201d. This vision is being realized by documents, such as the \u201cInternational Vision for Ocean Energy\u201d, published in 2012 and the ongoing publication of Annual Reports. The ExCo is committed to a high standard of content and high production values in the production of these reports. The Annual Reports, which are available on the new OES website \u2013 www.ocean-energy-systems.org - are widely regarded as one of the key authoritative information sources on ocean energy developments.In May 2012 the ExCo decided that, with 5 years\u2019 worth of invited articles, it would be valuable to collect these articles together into a single volume as a reference source, which documents the recent developments in ocean energy in OES countries. So this volume is intended as an authoritative reference on developments in ocean energy, as they occurred in a year-on-year progression.2008: Global Status and Perspectives of Ocean Energy TechnologiesFittingly the first set of invited papers was chosen to set a marker for the development of different ocean energy technologies. The OES ExCo chose the six invited authors, because they were each acknowledged experts in their fields and were actively involved in current developments. Five authors provided comprehensive papers on tidal range, tidal stream, wave, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and salinity power technologies. The sixth author addressed the utilization of ocean energy to produce drinking water.2009: Key Technical and Non-technical Challenges for Ocean EnergyThe second set of papers was themed around barriers to the uptake and acceleration of ocean energy technologies and how to mitigate these barriers. The papers discussed concepts, such as decarbonization of energy systems, structured development programmes for device developments to mitigate risks, conflicts and synergies in the use of ocean space, international regulatory practices for ocean energy and, finally, the benefits of standardization of ocean energy systems.The 2009 report was also the first to include statistical tables on R, D and D investment, installed ocean energy capacity and involvement of international electrical utilities.2010: Key Facilitators for Ocean EnergyThe OES ExCo decided to follow the 2009 review of challenges for ocean energy with a set of papers on key facilitators. The first paper addressed the establishment of INORE, the International Network of Offshore Renewable Energy, a group set up by Ph.D. students in NW Europe to provide a forum for younger researchers. OES has become a sponsor of INORE activities, particularly in its expansion into the Asia-Pacific region. A second paper summarized a series of presentations given at the 3rd International Conference on Ocean Energy (ICOE) in Bilbao on moving ocean energy to the industrial scale. Lastly, the third paper analyzed market drivers for investors and policy makers in ocean energy.2011: Marine Spatial Planning and Ocean EnergyOver the last few years the concept of marine spatial planning (MSP) has become a practice in some countries \u2013 an integrated approach to managing and allocating marine resources and space for competing activities. Marine spatial planning uses a map-based methodology to produce an inclusive synthesis to a particular marine area.There are, however, different geographic approaches to marine spatial planning, which are not yet internationally or consistently adopted. Further, consideration of the space\/resource requirements of ocean energy has come late to the MSP process. The first paper described the concepts and practices of MSP whilst the remaining invited authors described how MSP was operating in their regions \u2013 the European Union, the State of Oregon, the wider United States coasts and New Zealand.2012: Development of the International Ocean Energy Industry Performance Improvements and Cost ReductionsAlthough the growth of an ocean energy industry had been identified as a key facilitator for ocean energy in the 2010 Annual Report, the ExCo wanted to refocus on industry development, particularly as there was growing evidence of a broadening of potential investors in ocean energy (particularly amongst the international electrical equipment and turbine manufacturing companies), together with an increasing focus on supply chain developments, rather than device developments.The four papers looked at disparate industry topics, including cost reduction pathways for wave energy, a utility\u2019s perspective on cost and performance of ocean energy technologies, a regulator\u2019s view of the development of ocean energy in the United Kingdom and, finally, a Canadian industry perspective on transforming a disparate group of \u2018technology push\u2019 advocates into a \u2018market pull\u2019 industry, resourced to install the first wave and tidal power array projects.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2014-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 07:12:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/global-status-and-critical-developments-on-ocean-energy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104876","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2014-implementing-agreement-ocean-energy-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2014\/","title":"OES Annual Report 2014: Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems","description":"As of end of 2014, 23 countries had signed the Implementing Agreement, with invitations extended to several others. This membership, from Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and Oceania, provides a broad international base of experience and knowledge.National governments appoint a Contracting Party to represent the country on the Executive Committee and there is a diversified representation of interests: governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. By information sharing and collaborative activities, participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.The OES held two ExCo Meetings in 2014: The 26th and 27th meetings were convened in Paris, France (14 \u2013 15 May 2014), and Halifax, Canada (10 \u2013 11 November 2014). OES began operating in 2001 and has released an annual report every year since then.Chapter 1 is an introductory chapter addressing the role, values and benefits of OES. Chapter 2 provides information about present membership, gives a status overview of the OES programme of activities and interactions with the IEA during the year. Chapter 3 addresses dissemination activities while key accomplishments during 2014 are presented in Chapter 4.As in previous years Chapter 5 presents a contribution by acknowledged project developers. Three leading project developers in ocean energy (DP Energy, Emera and ESB) were invited to respond to the following questions:The ocean energy sector needs the first pre-commercial projects in the water, and your organization has a leading role worldwide. Could you give some information of your short to medium term plans given the current conditions?Project development involves a wide variety of risks, including technical, regulatory and financial. Could you describe the most critical that you have encountered\/ encounter and how could they be overcome?If support measures are put in place in order to overcome those barriers, can you identify the responsible stakeholders for delivering solutions, such as governments, supply chain, research sector, etc., and what would be the expected improvement in terms of your project pipeline and cost reduction achievable?How do you see that international collaboration could accelerate ocean energy growth and what, specifically, is the role that you would like OES to play in supporting the development of ocean energy?Under Chapter 6 each OES member country presents its national programme activities over the last year. The final Chapter 7 is a compilation of statistical information provided by all country representatives. Background information is presented in the appendixes.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2015-09-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 07:18:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104877","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-systems-annual-report-2015","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/oes-annual-report-2015\/","title":"Ocean Energy Systems Annual Report 2015","description":"In 2015 the Executive Committee (ExCo) of the Ocean Energy Systems (OES) unanimously agreed to request the IEA to extend its mandate for a 4th 5-year term. Its present term will end on 28 February 2017. As part of the request, in late 2015, the OES commissioned an external expert to assist the ExCo in the preparation of a 4th Term Strategic Plan (2017-2021), which should be submitted in 2016 to the IEA Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT).The OES 2015 membership remained steady at 23 (with Australia inactive during 2015). This membership, from Africa, Asia, the Americas, Europe and Oceania, provides a broad international base of experience and knowledge. Information sharing and collaboration on a wide range of research and development projects is therefore possible, aiding in our efforts to overcome technical and other challenges to advance the sustainable development of ocean energy worldwide and so contribute to the mitigation of climate change.National governments appoint a Contracting Party to represent the country in the Executive Committee and there is a diversified representation of interests: governmental departments, utilities, universities and research organizations, energy agencies and industry associations. By information sharing and collaborative activities, participants gain an international perspective on ocean energy issues, opportunities and present challenges.This Executive Summary provides an introduction to, and brief summary of, the 2015 OES Annual Report. It synthesizes progress with the OES collaborative activities and outlines the political initiatives and demonstration projects worldwide presented by each OES member country.Interviews to Organisations Funding Ocean EnergyAs in previous years this Annual Report presents a summary from each OES member on their national programme activities. Further, a contribution by acknowledged experts from funding organisations is included. Representatives from five organisations funding ocean energy projects (US DOE, Wave Energy Scotland, Nagasaki Marine Industry Cluster Promotion Association, the European Commission and the Inter-American Development Bank) were invited to respond to four questions about funding approaches to ocean energy projects.Overview of OES Collaborative ActivitiesThe OES held two ExCo Meetings in 2015: The 28th and 29th meetings were convened in Kassel, Germany (12 \u2013 13 May 2015), and Cancun, Mexico (11 \u2013 12 November 2015).Membership of the OES involves a commitment to national participation in certain collaborative research activities. Some of these research projects generally have duration of a number of years and are led by an \u2018Operating Agent\u2019 from a member country, responsible for coordinating each project and reporting on progress to the ExCo. Under the OES nomenclature these research projects are defined as \u2018Annexes\u2019 to the work programme and are initiated whenever three contracting parties support a proposal and sufficient funding is raised.The ExCo has also introduced some shorter term projects (approximately 1 year duration) funded by the Common Fund and based on a tender procedure. They can be conducted by a group of members and may include participation of external experts invited by the Delegates. In 2015, OES participants worked on the folllowing specific research topics: TASK 4 Assessment of Environmental Effects and Monitoring Efforts for Ocean Wave, Tidal and Current Energy Systems (Annex IV) - providing access to knowledge and information related to research, monitoring, and evaluation of environmental effects of offshore renewable energy. Tethys, the online knowledge management system which supports Annex IV material, continued to expand and to increase user interactions.TASK 5 The Exchange and Assessment of Ocean Energy Device Project Information and Experience (Annex V) - promoting the sharing, interchange, evaluation, and compilation of information on OES projects from participating member countries. To this end, Annex V has been sponsoring workshops, bringing international experts together to exchange data that can be used to develop an assessment of the fundamental knowledge of ocean energy.TASK 6 Worldwide Web GIS Database for Ocean Energy \u2013 interactive web based GIS mapping application launched in 2014 with detailed global information related to ocean energy. Information has been continuously updated on ocean energy facilities, resources, relevant infrastructure, in conjunction with the respective location on a global map.TASK 7 Cost of Energy Assessment for Wave, Tidal and OTEC \u2013 This project was set out to deliver the assessment of a credible LCOE based on international projects, and the likely future LCOE reduction trajectories of ocean energy projects at a global scale. The final report of this study was published in 2015 providing an authoritative view on what cost reductions are feasible at a global level, taking into account the experience from other technologies, and further examining opportunities for cost reduction.TASK 8 Consenting Processes for Ocean Energy on OES member countries \u2013 with inputs from all OES member countries providing a coherent overview of several aspects of the consenting processes, addressing: Marine Spatial Planning policies and site selection for ocean energy development, regulatory issues, environmental impact assessment requirements, consultation and challenges to the consenting process.TASK 9 International Ocean Energy Technology Roadmap - in line with the IEA own technology roadmapping work, this project was initiated in 2015 and will be concluded in 2016. The overall objective of the ocean energy technology roadmap is to achieve LCOE targets within the ocean energy sector. This requires a special focus on two key areas: Reliability Improvement and Performance Improvement.Further, a number of new proposals for R\u0026amp;D projects on topics of common interest to participants have been discussed by the ExCo, and a few proposals are under development to be discussed in 2016 and eventually approved during the year, including:Investigation and Evaluation of OTEC Resource (submitted by Japan)Ocean Renewable Energy for Island Electrification (submitted by Singapore)Best Practice for International Open Water Test Centres (submitted by UK)Wave Energy Modelling Verification and Validation (submitted by Denmark)Tidal Current Energy Modelling Verification and Validation (submitted by Singapore)Performance of Mooring Systems for Ocean Energy Systems (submitted by Denmark)International Assessment of Technology Performance Level (TPL) and Technology Readiness Level (TRL), (submitted by USA \u0026amp; Denmark)The OES has been continuously interacting with the IEA and with other international organizations and networks, including: INORE, OECD, IRENA, IEC-TC 114, European Energy Research Alliance (EERA) Ocean Energy Joint Programme, OCEANERA-NET and Ocean Energy Forum.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-05-06","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-15 07:28:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes_annual_report_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104893","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-impacts-widespread-implementation-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10584-025-03944-1","title":"Environmental impacts from the widespread implementation of ocean thermal energy conversion","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy system that could potentially displace significant amounts of fossil fuel-generated electricity. This study presents numerous multi-century simulations of the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model, a coupled climate-carbon cycle model, to better understand the global-scale environmental impacts of the widespread implementation of OTEC at varying total power levels (3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 TW). Environmental impacts include reduced warming of the sea surface by up to 3.1 \u00baC, increased heat uptake at intermediate depths, and enhanced biological production compared to a fossil fuel intensive control scenario. At year 2100, OTEC-induced mixing contributes roughly 60% of the relative cooling, while the remainder is from OTEC-related emission reductions. Once OTEC is terminated, all relative cooling is caused by accumulated emissions reductions. If acting alone, the residual effect of OTEC-induced mixing would contribute to a minor relative warming of the sea surface. The effect of OTEC on the expansion of known oxygen minimum zones was minimal. In many circumstances, OTEC deployment opposes the projected impacts of climate change. Relative to a high carbon emissions control scenario, OTEC deployment is associated with less surface warming, a smaller increase in surface water pCO2, a suppression of ocean acidification, and significantly smaller declines in the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Despite the potential engineering challenges and economic costs, early indications suggest that the large-scale implementation of OTEC could make a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation.","author":["Nickoloff, A.","Olim, S.","Eby, M.","Weaver, A."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2025-05-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-16 12:50:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nickoloff-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104894","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-resources-climate-change-mitigation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10584-025-03933-4","title":"An assessment of ocean thermal energy conversion resources and climate change mitigation potential","description":"Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy system that harnesses the thermal gradient between surface and deep waters. Many multi-century simulations with a fully coupled climate-carbon cycle model are presented to explore the amount of extractable energy and the climate change mitigation potential from the widespread implementation of OTEC. The sustainability of OTEC power generation was assessed for present and possible future climate states. A warmer climate reduced the sustainable power potential of OTEC. OTEC could briefly produce over 35 TW of power and, depending on the climate state, maximum power production rates of 5 to 10 TW were found to be sustainable on multi-millennial timescales. Over 500 years of simulation, with a high emission scenario (equivalent to RCP8.5), the power from OTEC deployments, with peak power generation ranging from 3 to 15 TW at the year 2100, resulted in cumulative emission reductions equivalent to 36% to 111% of historical carbon emissions from 1750 to 2023 relative to the scenario without OTEC. Such significant emissions reductions coupled with sustained OTEC-induced mixing led to globally averaged atmosphere temperature decreases of up to 2.5 \u00baC by the year 2100 and up to 4 \u00baC by the year 2500 compared to a scenario without OTEC. While caution is required, and the engineering challenges would be large, early indications suggest that the large-scale implementation of OTEC could make a substantial contribution to climate change mitigation.","author":["Nickoloff, A.","Olim, S.","Eby, M.","Weaver, A."],"organization":["University of Victoria"],"originationDate":"2025-05-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-16 12:58:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nickoloff-et-al-2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104895","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-marine-environment-environmental-imperative-awareness-action-towards","sourceURL":"https:\/\/crajour.org\/articles\/180","title":"Renewable Energy in the Marine Environment: An Environmental Imperative, Awareness, and Action Towards a Greener Maritime Sector","description":"As marine ecosystems increasingly face pressure from climate change and fossil fuel dependency, offshore renewable energy emerges as a crucial pathway toward sustainable development. This paper explores the vast potential of marine renewable energy sources\u2014offshore wind, wave, tidal, ocean thermal, and solar\u2014in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing energy security, and promoting a green maritime economy. The study emphasizes the importance of ecological assessment, integrated spatial planning, and community engagement in developing Vietnam\u2019s marine energy sector. Notably, Vietnam\u2019s offshore wind potential exceeds 1,000 GW within its Exclusive Economic Zone, offering transformative opportunities for decarbonizing maritime industries and meeting global climate goals. Case studies such as the Th\u0103ng Long offshore wind project (600 MW) exemplify the synergy between environmental awareness and actionable transition. While challenges remain, including high investment costs and ecological risks, the paper proposes solutions involving cross-sectoral cooperation, green technology deployment, and inclusive policy design. Ultimately, marine renewable energy is not only a technological necessity but also an ethical commitment to a cleaner and more resilient future.","author":["Hai, P.","Nguyet, D."],"organization":["University of Transport Ho Chi Minh City"],"originationDate":"2025-05-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-16 01:11:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hai-Nguyet-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104896","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/automated-cetacean-detection-uav-imagery-using-ai-models-case-study-delphinid-species","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s41060-024-00704-9","title":"Automated cetacean detection in UAV imagery using AI models: a case study on Delphinid species","description":"The identification and quantification of marine mammals is crucial for understanding their abundance, ecology and supporting their conservation efforts. Traditional methods for detecting cetaceans, however, are often labor-intensive and limited in their accuracy. To overcome these challenges, this work explores the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) as a tool for automating the detection of cetaceans through aerial images from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, the study proposes the use of Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM)-based models for video detection using a CNN-LSTM architecture. Models were trained on a selected dataset of dolphin examples acquired from 138 online videos with the aim of testing methods that hold potential for practical field monitoring. The approach was effectively validated on field data, suggesting that the method shows potential for further applications for operational settings. The results show that image-based detection methods are effective in the detection of dolphins from aerial UAV images, with the best-performing model, based on a ConvNext architecture, achieving high accuracy and f1-score values of 83.9% and 82.0%, respectively, within field observations conducted. However, video-based methods showed more difficulties in the detection task, as LSTM-based models struggled with generalization beyond their training environments, achieving a top accuracy of 68%. By reducing the labor required for cetacean detection, thus improving monitoring efficiency, this research provides a scalable approach that can support ongoing conservation efforts by enabling more robust data collection on cetacean populations.","author":["Canelas, J.","Clementino, L.","Cid, A.","Castro, J.","Machado, I.","Vieira, S."],"organization":["Universidade de Lisboa","WavEC - Offshore Renewables","AIMM Portugal"],"originationDate":"2025-01-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.954754735328","-8.363124881987"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-16 01:48:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Canelas-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104900","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-riverine-turbine-stationary-hydrophones","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/biblio\/3008470","title":"Passive Acoustic Monitoring of a Riverine Turbine with Stationary Hydrophones","description":"In this study, we characterize the sound generated by a cross-flow riverine turbine in the Kvichak River near Igiugig, Alaska, United States. To do this, we follow the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) technical specification for characterization of the acoustic emissions from marine energy converters. The results indicate that turbine sound at the measurement locations was not predicted to be harmful to marine mammals. Results also provide insight into the acoustic characteristics of current energy converters and the complex acoustic propagation in rivers.","author":["Cotter, E.","Haxel, J.","McVey, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2025-12-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.323904305837","-155.915878578570"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 08:46:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104903","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-access-report-acoustic-particle-velocity-measurements-around-tidal-current","sourceURL":"https:\/\/teamer-us.org\/report\/university-of-washington-acoustic-particle-velocity-measurements-around-a-tidal-current-turbine\/","title":"Post Access Report: Acoustic Particle Velocity Measurements around a Tidal Current Turbine","description":"Quantifying the underwater sound produced by tidal turbines is essential both to understand their potential environmental impacts and to understand how that sound might interfere with the intended application of the turbine (e.g., powering acoustic monitoring systems). In this project, we measured the sound radiated by a small-scale crossflow tidal turbine. The turbine was deployed from October 2023 to March 2024 in the tidal channel at the entrance to Sequim Bay, WA. Acoustic measurements were made with three different sensor packages: a commercial-off-the-shelf vector sensor (operated by PNNL), a vector sensor array (operated by Integral Consulting), and drifting hydrophones (operated by UW). Acoustic recordings from the three sensors highlight changes in the turbine acoustic signature over the course of a tidal cycle and throughout the 6-month turbine deployment. Our results also highlight the utility of acoustic vector sensors for localizing sound attributable to marine energy devices in acoustically complex environments.","author":["University of Washington"],"organization":["Integral Consulting Inc","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.078830780593","-123.042908061410"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-17 08:52:26","signatureProject":["TEAMER"],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Post-Access-Report_UW_PNNL_Integral_OW.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2104904","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/post-access-report-daisy-flow-noise-testing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/teamer-us.org\/report\/university-of-washington-daisy-flow-noise-testing\/","title":"Post Access Report: DAISY Flow noise Testing","description":"The objectives of this project were to characterize the performance of Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstems (DAISYs), with an emphasis on flow noise generation, when deployed at depths of up to 15 m and in currents \u0026gt; 2 m\/s. In support of this, DAISYs were tested in Admiralty Inlet, WA on July 14, 2022. During these drifts, four DAISY variants were employed:Configuration 1: Standard DAISY equipped with a flow shield to suppress flow noise;Configuration 2: Standard DAISY with flow shield removed;Configuration 3: Standard DAISY without a flow shield and with the hydrophone replaced by an acoustic Doppler velocimeter; andConfiguration 4: An early prototype DAISY with a smaller surface expression, more compact recording hydrophone system, and no flow shield.These tests were motivated by a prior comparison performed in relatively shallow and slower moving (\u0026lt; 1.6 m\/s) water in the entrance channel to Sequim Bay. During these tests, the early DAISY prototype performed comparably to the standard DAISY, contradicting prior results that showed benefits from using a flow shield.During the Admiralty Inlet tests, DAISY speed over ground exceeded 3 m\/s, providing a robust set of environmental conditions. Flow noise contamination could be as high as 30 dB at frequencies up to 30 Hz. Contrary to expectations, no clear trends were observed with tether length. However, Doppler velocimetry also suggests limited variations in relative velocity and turbulence with depth. By comparing periods of elevated flow noise to hydrophone depth and orientation, we are able to hypothesize two mechanisms by which substantial flow noise can occur for unshielded drifting hydrophones. The first is coherent turbulence that produces rapid changes in hydrophone depth and orientation. The second is vertical shear, which introduces relative velocity between the surface expression and hydrophone. Neither of the mechanisms occurred continuously for all DAISY variants tested, such that unshielded hydrophones could achieve comparable performance to shielded hydrophones during favorable conditions. On the other hand, even when shielded hydrophones encountered turbulence and shear, flow noise levels remained relatively low. These results indicate that flow shields for drifting systems can substantially increase certainty in high-quality data yield at low frequencies (\u0026lt; 100 Hz). Because flow noise is relatively high intensity, it can rapidly mask ambient noise at these frequencies. As such, controlling flow noise to the extent possible is essential to reporting accurate \u201cbroadband\u201d acoustic quantities, such as sound pressure level, or pressure spectral densities at relatively low frequencies. If sound pressure levels are substantially inflated by flow noise, this can lead to substantial over-estimates for the acoustic footprints of marine energy converters.A secondary objective was to investigate approaches to reducing line strum relative to the standard rubber cord on the DAISY by testing the performance of DAISYs with a bare line and a faired line. The faired line proved generally effective at reducing, but not entirely eliminating, strum. Further investigation may be beneficial to identify low-cost approaches for durable fairings on tethers with desirable material properties (e.g., elongation under tension).Overall, this field test demonstrated the benefits of flow shielding, as well as DAISY functionality in strong currents and their suitability for acoustic characterization of current turbines.","author":["University of Washington"],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2022-10-13","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.148683954646","-122.693531870330"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2025-12-17 09:00:25","signatureProject":["TEAMER"],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105021","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-regulator-survey-united-kingdom","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Regulator Survey: United Kingdom","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry progresses around the world, understanding of the potential environmental effects of MRE has improved. Opportunities to investigate the environmental effects of operational MRE devices have increased in recent years with more projects in the water. Despite these advancements, some areas of uncertainty persist. Key concerns remain about how MRE devices and arrays interact with surrounding environments, and how marine animals behave around them. These uncertainties continue to pose challenges during consenting processes for MRE. Additionally, the development of larger-scale MRE devices and arrays presents new questions and uncertainty for MRE consenting processes, particularly in understanding how potential environmental effects of MRE scale up and interact with other ocean activities.To better understand how regulators perceive and manage environmental risks during consenting processes for MRE projects, a survey was conducted across several OES-Environmental member countries beginning in 2025. Building on a previous regulator survey conducted by OES-Environmental for multiple countries from 2017-2021, this survey included updated questions to reflect changing information needs regarding the potential environmental effects of MRE. Its purpose was to understand regulators\u2019 familiarity with MRE technologies, perceptions of potential environmental risks associated with MRE technologies across varying scales, and views on best approaches to MRE development, including consenting and the applicability of data transferability. The survey also included questions to collect information on the use of Tethys. A list of questions and answer options are provided in Appendix A.This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in the United Kingdom (UK). Countries within the UK included in this survey are Scotland and Wales. Results are compared to the previous survey for the UK, conducted in 2018 and published in 2019.","author":["McGrath, J.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2025-12-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-29 06:28:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental_2025_UK_Regulator_Survey_Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105063","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-wave-cycloidal-rotor-environmental-performance-improvement","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/14\/1\/41","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of a Wave Cycloidal Rotor: Environmental Performance and Improvement Pathways","description":"Wave energy technology needs to be reliable, efficient, and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, life cycle assessment (LCA) is a critical tool in the design of marine renewable energy devices. However, LCA studies of floating type wave cycloidal rotors remain limited. This study builds on previous work by assessing the cradle-to-grave environmental impacts of a cycloidal rotor wave farm, incorporating updated material inventories, site-dependent energy production, and lifetime extension scenarios. The farm with the steel cyclorotor configuration exhibits a carbon intensity of 21.4 g CO2 eq\/kWh and an energy intensity of 344 kJ\/kWh, which makes it a competitive technology compared to other wave energy converters. Alternative materials, such as aluminium and carbon fibre, yield mass reductions but incur higher embodied emissions. Site deployment strongly influences performance, with global warming potential reduced by up to 50% in high-power-density sites, while extending the operational lifetime from 25 to 30 years further reduces the impact by 17%. Overall, the results highlight the competitive environmental performance of floating wave cycloidal rotors and emphasize the importance of material selection, site selection, and lifetime extension strategies in reducing life cycle impacts.","author":["Bastos, P.","Arredondo-Galeana, A.","Devoy-McAuliffe, F.","Chozas, J.","Lamont-Kane, P.","Vinagre, P."],"organization":["WavEC - Offshore Renewables","University of Strathclyde","University College Cork","Queens University"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Life Cycle Assessment","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 07:18:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bastos-et-al-2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105065","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-ecosystem-technology-coastal-marine-infrastructure-biodiversity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/climate\/articles\/10.3389\/fclim.2025.1529019\/full","title":"Integrating ecosystem technology into coastal and marine infrastructure: biodiversity assessments and methodologies for comparative analyses","description":"The integration of \u201cgreening the gray\u201d (GTG) into marine infrastructure represents a transformative approach to enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services in heavily modified environments. However, the ecological effectiveness of GTG remains hindered by inconsistent methodologies and knowledge gaps. This study proposes a methodological approach for GTG biodiversity assessments, focusing on appropriate control site selection, integration of count and coverage data through occupancy methods, and applying coverage-based rarefaction to address sampling biases. The approach facilitated consistent evaluation of biodiversity data and reliable evaluation of GTG performance across various contexts, specifically using a GTG project at the Port of Vigo in Spain as a case study. This methodology structure supports sustainable marine infrastructure development by providing scalable, evidence-based methodologies for biodiversity assessment and fostering international collaboration among ecologists, developers, and stakeholders.","author":["Leit, A.","Rosenberg, Y.","Belmaker, J.","Sella, I."],"organization":["ECOncrete","Tel Aviv University"],"originationDate":"2025-10-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.231184367429","-8.741666924469"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 05:44:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leit-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105067","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/discussion-paper-nature-related-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/tnfd.global\/publication\/discussion-paper-on-nature-related-opportunities\/","title":"Discussion paper on nature-related opportunities","description":"Nature-related opportunities create positive outcomes for organisations and nature through positive impacts on nature or mitigation of negative impacts on nature. They can involve the development, adaptation, replication, scaling and\/or implementation of a new or existing product, service, financial instrument or method or process.This discussion paper provides a common language to describe the elements and outcomes of nature-related opportunities through examples and case studies focused on practical challenges and solutions across sectors and maturity levels. The objective is to encourage and enable further market action on nature-related opportunities.The examples and case studies show how business outcomes play a key role in securing approval, financing and execution of nature-related opportunities. They cover economic sectors from agriculture to materials and regions from Europe to Asia. Solutions profiled range from designing for budgetary considerations to changing business models to fit end markets and new products and services.Key FocusNature-related opportunities comprise activities undertaken by organisations, outputs from those activities and outcomes for organisations and natureThese case studies demonstrate the practical challenges, such as securing approvals, lack of comparable success stories, supply chain constraints, capacity building and accessing risk capital. Solutions to the challenges include identifying and quantifying benefits to the core business strategies, financing pilots and exemplars, collaboration and using in-depth local knowledgeNature-related opportunities can be found as organisations work to mitigate their risks, find efficiencies, address economy-wide dependencies and contribute to nature-positive outcomesNature-related opportunities can provide business value through operational efficiency and resiliency, new product or service markets, supply chain resilience, business model innovation and financial innovationKey InsightsNature-related opportunities are often identified from the bottom up within organisations for different reasons, ranging from mitigating financial risk to recognising interest from clientsPilots and exemplars are critical to rapidly demonstrate results and secure management buy-in, attracting finance, securing clients and establishing commercial viabilityCollaboration with parties on the ground, technical experts, counterparties and along the value chain is fundamental to structuring the nature-related opportunityReplication or scaling is easier with partners that have in-depth knowledge of the local business and nature contextNature-related opportunities that are ideally suited to the private markets are those that clearly tackle financial or core business strategy issues","author":["Task Force on Nature Related Financial Disclosures"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 06:13:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/TNFD-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105068","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/foresight-review-nature-positive-engineering-building-nature-coastal-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.lrfoundation.org.uk\/publications\/foresight-review-of-nature-positive-engineering","title":"Foresight review of nature-positive engineering: Building with nature in coastal and marine environments","description":"This foresight review explores the emerging field of Nature-Positive Engineering (NPE) through an in-depth exploration of three key sectors where engineering and natural systems interact significantly: coastal protection and adaptation; ports; and offshore renewable energy. The insights gathered aim to bring clarity, catalyse action within the engineering community, and support the safe, scaled adoption of NPE. Its findings and recommendations are designed to be relevant to all stakeholders involved in infrastructure development and transferable across all sectors.","author":["Lloyd\u0027s Register Group"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-09-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Life Cycle Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 06:27:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/LRF-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105069","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/towards-nature-positive-ocean-pathways-corporate-contributions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/our-work\/oceans\/nature-positive-seascapes\/towards-nature-positive-for-the-ocean-pathways-for-corporate-contribution\/","title":"Towards Nature Positive for the Ocean: Pathways for Corporate Contributions","description":"The world faces a triple challenge: halting and reversing biodiversity loss, mitigating and adapting to climate change, and addressing economic inequality. A healthy ocean is an essential part of the solution; it is home to the majority of life on Earth, is one of the world\u2019s greatest allies against climate change, and is an engine of economic productivity. Yet the health of our ocean today is in steep decline in large part due to unsustainable industrial activity, and we are edging closer to dangerous tipping points. This poses immense risks\u2014to people, planet, and to our collective prosperity and peace. Recovery of the ocean is possible if we act now - and companies have a key role to play in contributing to a nature-positive future.At this mid-point in the UN Ocean Decade, we are at a critical juncture. Successfully addressing the triple challenge is possible, but it will require concerted and collaborative action by all actors\u2014governments, academics, financial institutions, companies, communities, and individuals\u2014at both the local and global level. In our ocean and on its coasts, this will require a transition away from business-as-usual activities that negatively impact ocean health, and towards a resilient, inclusive and sustainable blue economy that restores and regenerates the environment upon which we all depend.Fortunately, progress in this direction is underway, and a new and ambitious concept is further mobilizing action. Nature positive is a unifying global goal and call to action that serves as a foundation for a better future. Achieving the nature-positive goal is not only possible, but is necessary to ensure that major environmental, social and business risks are avoided and that benefits for people and nature can be fully realized.To make this happen in the ocean, we must account for the marine environment\u2019s unique biophysical properties, its particular legal and policy landscape and the still notable gaps in our knowledge about it, not to mention the sheer size of the ocean and the practical challenges this poses for measurement, monitoring and restoration efforts at scale.Within this context, this report is designed to support companies operating in marine and coastal areas to develop credible plans to contribute to the nature-positive global goal. Specifically, our recommendations focus on actions that companies in the offshore wind, coastal and marine tourism, shipping, and seafood sectors can take, recognizing that their business operations and value chains interface with nature in the ocean and on its coasts.The principles and pathways for action complement, inform, and build on existing efforts, notably the Science Based Targets Network (SBTN)\u2019s Ocean Hub and cross-realm guidance for setting science-based targets, and the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures\u2019 (TNFD) LEAP (Locate, Evaluate, Assess, Prepare) approach, disclosure recommendations, and other sector-specific guidance.This document uses SBTN\u2019s action framework, AR3T, as an organizing principle. We set out an illustrative set of evidence-based actions that companies can take to avoid future (negative) impacts, reduce unavoidable (negative) impacts, restore and regenerate ecosystems, and transform the broader social and economic systems in which they operate. By mapping these actions along the AR3T framework, this publication aims to help companies begin to develop their own pathways to support the nature-positive global goal. Of particular importance within these illustrative pathways are the transformative actions, which push the envelope on what is typically considered, and underscore the importance of multi-actor collaboration: this is especially the case in the ocean, given the cumulative impacts of economic activity across sectors and across large geographic distances.Of course, companies are not the only actors with a role to play in facilitating the nature-positive transformation. Financial institutions, policymakers, and civil society all play important roles in co-creating the systems and conditions to enable collective achievement of the nature positive global goal\u2014and we will develop additional resources for these audiences in the future.This document is not intended to be a standalone tool; nor is it a standard, certification scheme, or disclosure framework; nor a mechanism for providing verification, assurance or enabling claims of any kind. Instead, it provides guidance as an entry point for companies to begin contributing credibly to the nature-positive goal through actionable pathways aligned to the AR3T mitigation hierarchy.Transforming today\u2019s blue economy to meet the needs of nature and people will require collective action. Companies have an important role to play\u2014and the future of many ocean industries may be on the line. The nature-positive goal serves as a valuable guidepost for action. While the challenge of halting and reversing nature and biodiversity loss is substantial, there is reason for optimism: significant recovery may be possible for marine systems by 2050 if the main drivers of biodiversity loss are addressed at speed and at scale.","author":["Carrow, A.","Lynch, L.","Kroner, R."],"organization":["World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)"],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Sediment Transport","Water Quality","Attraction","Avoidance","Chemicals","Collision","Displacement","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Lighting","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 06:54:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Carrow-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105070","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nature-based-solutions-ports-overview-nbs-implementation-practice-opportunities","sourceURL":"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/f6e6b4cb-74c0-4bef-ab5c-da6cc0bdbebe","title":"Nature-Based Solutions for Ports: An Overview of NBS Implementation in Practice - Opportunities and Challenges","description":"This report provides an overview of the potential role that nature-based solutions (NBS) can play in ports. It aims to illustrate how NBS can be effectively integrated into port planning, design, and operations to address various port challenges, while offering opportunities to leverage climate resilience benefits and other cobenefits. The report outlines the types of NBS that could be most applicable to ports, examines their alignment with global policy frameworks (such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement), and highlights both the opportunities and implementation challenges associated with their use. NBS are receiving attention globally and in various sectors, with several NBS approaches demonstrating technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness. However, many of the practices they encompass are not completely new to the port sector. Ports have long interacted with coastal landscapes and ecosystems. Recent innovations, such as ecological breakwaters and strategic sediment management, build on previous experiences and port management foundations, combining traditional practices with advances in nature-based engineering and access to emerging green financing mechanisms. This report can serve as a guideline for the initial stages in the NBS project development cycle. It helps assess how NBS align with port challenges and interests, by identifying NBS opportunities within ports and supporting the evaluation of their potential benefits. Subsequent steps in an NBS project cycle are to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility, secure financing, and develop designs and implementation plans. Ultimately, monitoring and evaluation of the NBS project is key to its sustained success. This guide can help provide critical information for these project phases.","author":["Dankers, P.","de Boer, G.","Horstman, M.","van Kouwen, N.","Koenders, L.","Klooster, J.","van Geest, M.","Rijks, D.","de Boer, W.","Strigin, N.","Benit, M.","te Velde, E.","Locher, L.","Swinnen, E.","Jongman, B.","Likhachova, I.","Phillips, B.","Reguero, B.","Rendle, B.","van Zanten, B."],"organization":["EcoShape","Royal Haskoning","Arcadis","Boskalis","Deltares (NL)","HKV lijn in water","Van Oord","One Architecture","Witteveen+Bos","World Bank Group (WBG)","World Bank Group (WBG)"],"originationDate":"2025-07-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 07:26:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105071","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/making-waves-regenerative-sustainable-ocean-economy-transformative-ocean-investment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oceanriskalliance.org\/resource\/making-waves-in-the-regenerative-and-sustainable-ocean-economy\/","title":"Making Waves in the Regenerative \u0026 Sustainable Ocean Economy: Transformative Ocean Investment Opportunities","description":"There is an urgent need to demonstrate the compelling business and financial case for ocean-positive investments. That is why the World Economic Forum, the Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance, Builders Vision and Katapult Ocean have collaborated to showcase the diversity, maturity, and bankability of investment opportunities within the regenerative and sustainable ocean economy in a new report, Making Waves in the Regenerative \u0026amp; Sustainable Ocean Economy: Transformative Ocean Investment Opportunities.These real-world examples are intended to inspire confidence among capital providers, demonstrating that they are viable and essential to drive long-term resilience and economic prosperity, particularly in emerging and developing economies.The report showcases both blue finance vehicles and investment platforms designed to aggregate capital and deploy it efficiently into high-impact ocean-positive solutions and highlights projects, initiatives and SMEs that have already demonstrated financial viability and delivered meaningful nature and economic outcomes.The report makes the case that the ocean economy is not a distant and niche market; it is a rapidly growing, high-impact sector where financial returns align with tangible nature-positive outcomes with the potential to drive vital global change.","author":["Builders Vision","Ocean Risk and Resilience Action Alliance (ORRAA)","Katapult Ocean"],"organization":["World Economic Forum"],"originationDate":"2025-06-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 08:42:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WEF-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105072","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/unlocking-innovation-regenerative-tourism","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fii-institute.org\/publication\/unlocking-innovation-for-regenerative-tourism","title":"Unlocking Innovation for Regenerative Tourism","description":"The blue economy is emerging as a major frontier for sustainable growth. Valued today at $2.5 trillion annually, it is projected to double by 2030 compared to 2010 levels. But unlocking this potential requires more than optimism\u2014 it demands over $3 trillion in investment in the coming decades to combat climate change, restore biodiversity, and drive inclusive, ocean-based economic development. Currently, ocean investments represent only a small fraction of the estimated $2.5 trillion needed by 2030 from both sovereign and private sources.In October 2024, during the 8th edition of the Future Investment Initiative (FII8), a high-level conclave\u2014 chaired by Red Sea Global, The Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, and WAVE\u2014brought together 20 leading investors, policymakers, and innovators to tackle the question: How can we mobilize capital for blue tech innovation and ocean regeneration? Three challenges stood out:The urgent need to scale up private sector investment;A fragmented landscape of frameworks, standards, and incentives;The underdevelopment of a robust blue tech innovation ecosystem.The initial dialogue was guided by a first report mapping the overall market opportunity of the blue economy: OCEAN REGENERATION FOR FUTURE PROSPERITY Priority Champions. To take this dialogue forward, a working group was formed by the conclave chairs. Our aim: to explore sector-specific opportunities that meet the criteria of being economically viable, environmentally regenerative, and socially inclusive.This first deep dive focuses on Regenerative Tourism\u2014a sector at the intersection of economic growth, nature conservation, and community resilience, noting that 50% of global tourism is coastal. To shape this study, we conducted a series of surveys targeting three stakeholder groups: hospitality sector leaders, investors, and innovators.The insights they shared reveal both momentum and barriers:Hospitality leaders are split in their approach. They view the market as one with potential but still under development. While 50% feel relatively familiar with regenerative tourism concepts, and the same proportion are engaged with implementing interventions, only 20% have actually adopted significant measures. Challenges to adoption include cost, which 57% of respondents listed as a concern, and market readiness (43%). Another 28% perceive the startup pipeline as underdeveloped, with limited disruptive and scalable solutions. Amongst ideas to accelerate the sector, access to a promising pipeline of innovations stood out with 56% of respondents. Market demand also remains a concern, with 40% believing consumers are not yet willing to pay a premium for regenerative experiences.Investors\u2014including VCs, private equity firms, corporate investors, and impact funds\u2014express growing curiosity but caution. 58% say they need more data and clarity on regenerative tourism to make confident decisions. Just over 30% already see the sector as a promising investment opportunity with strong potential returns, while 16% still view it through a conservation lens and await proof ofInnovators in regenerative tourism\u2014offering solutions in biodiversity restoration, data monitoring, community engagement, and waste management\u2014share a mixed reality. While over 80% are already generating revenue and expanding to new markets, 42.9% identify limited awareness of economic potential as a barrier to fundraising. Another 32% point to the lack of specialized investors, while others cite slow adoption by industry players and insufficient regulatory support. Still, the pipeline is growing: 35% of surveyed startups have secured early-stage capital, and 21% have raised multiple rounds.These insights fed into the composition of this report. While not intended as a comprehensive industry study, it offers a valuable snapshot of current dynamics, gaps, and expectations which responds to the key insights identified by stakeholders:Market size and growth potential;A map of the regenerative tourism innovation ecosystem;Emerging trends and technologies; andReal-world case studies and corporate use cases.Our aim is to provide a practical and inspirational resource\u2014grounded in real data and voices from the field\u2014 to support collaboration, investment, and innovation in regenerative tourism. We hope this report contributes to the broader movement to build a regenerative, inclusive, and resilient blue economy. These insights fed into the composition of this report developed by FII Institute, Red Sea Global, Wave and Prince Albert Foundation II. This report was presented to a group of industry stakeholders prior to its publication in June 2025, at the Blue Economy \u0026amp; Finance Forum in Monaco, and subsequently at the United Nations Ocean Conference in Nice. Feedback from participants was sought in the various recommendation focus areas. The insights and stakeholder input received from these interactive sessions will feed into the future work of this working group and help us to turn the initial recommendations of this report into concrete action.","author":["Future Investment Initiative Institute"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-06-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 08:54:23","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FII-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2105073","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-opportunity-solutions-guide-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/solarimpulse.com\/publications\/the-ocean-opportunity-a-solutions-guide-for-the-blue-economy","title":"The Ocean Opportunity: A Solutions\u0027 Guide for the Blue Economy","description":"In the run-up to UNOC 2025, this guide serves as a practical roadmap for accelerating blue economy innovation. It introduces five thematic chapters, each addressing a critical ocean sustainability challenge, and one cross-cutting chapter on financing and investment. By combining relevant data from the recent report and sources with success stories of innovation and investment, the guide aims to inspire stakeholders \u2013 policymakers, investors, businesses and civil society \u2013 to champion and scale Efficient ocean Solutions. Together, these insights reinforce the economic rationale for protecting our ocean.","author":["Solar Impulse Foundation"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-06-07","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-02 09:00:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SI-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114644","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/observations-marine-animal-interactions-small-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0338376","title":"Observations of marine animal interactions with a small tidal turbine","description":"The risk of collisions between animals and operating tidal turbines remains a concern in the scientific and regulatory communities. A sensor package including optical cameras was deployed to monitor animal interactions with a small-scale (1 m2) cross-flow tidal turbine. The turbine was deployed in Washington State, USA for 141 days at a site with peak flow speeds of 2.5 m\/s. We analyze optical camera imagery spanning 109 days of turbine operation. The analyzed images contain 1044 observations of fish, fish schools, seabirds, or seals in the vicinity of the turbine. No instances of collision with seabirds or seals were observed. Seabirds were only observed during daylight hours and while the turbine was stationary. Both seals and fish were observed during both day and night and while the turbine was stationary and rotating. Four fish were observed colliding with the moving turbine and in all but one case the animals swam away following the collision. Over the same period of time, over fifty times more fish (224 individual fish and 5 fish schools) were observed passing the moving turbine without collision. Fish encounters were likely under counted due to the difficulty in discerning small fish from plant matter in the water column. These observations represent the first optical camera imagery showing fish, bird, and marine mammal interactions with a tidal turbine in North America. In addition to quantitative and qualitative discussion of the implications of our observations for collision risk, we discuss lessons learned on sampling schemes and deployment of machine learning for detection of animals to inform future data collection strategies in future monitoring campaigns.","author":["Cotter, E.","Bassett, C.","Murphy, P.","Scott, M.","Runyan, A.","Almokharrak, J.","Kao, L.","Ovall, L.","McMillen, S."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Washington","MarineSitu"],"originationDate":"2026-01-14","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.079475517384","-123.043097943950"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-15 07:37:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cotter-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114648","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/renewable-energy-deployments-sea-innovative-pathways-challenges-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/chapter\/renewable-energy-deployments-at-sea\/399157","title":"Renewable Energy Deployments at Sea: Innovative Pathways and Challenges for Marine Renewable Energy in the Global Transition","description":"This chapter per the authors examines the implementation of renewable energy in the marine environment as a critical dimension of the global energy transition. It highlights the consolidation of offshore wind, both fixed-bottom and floating, as a mature technology, while also addressing the potential of emerging resources such as wave and tidal energy, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), and salinity gradient power. The chapter reviews recent pilot projects in Europe, North America, and Asia, discussing their technical feasibility, cost challenges, and environmental implications. Particular attention is given to hybrid models that combine marine renewables with solar, aquaculture, desalination, and hydrogen production, as well as to policy instruments, marine spatial planning, and community engagement. Through this integrated perspective, the chapter emphasizes the opportunities and limitations of marine renewable energy, presenting it as a driver of the blue economy and a catalyst for sustainable development in coastal and island regions.","author":["Xicotencatl-P\u00e9rez, J.","Ruiz-Vanoye, J.","D\u00edaz-Parra, O.","Liceaga-Ortiz-De-La-Pe\u00f1a, J.","Hern\u00e1ndez-Terrazas, R.","Ramos-Fern\u00e1ndez, J."],"organization":["Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Pachuca"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-16 02:05:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114669","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-marine-renewable-energy-systems-literature-review-environmental","sourceURL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1755-1315\/1552\/1\/012039\/meta","title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Systems: A Literature Review for Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Floating Modular Energy Islands (FMEIs)","description":"Floating Modular Energy Islands (FMEIs) are modular floating structures which combine different types of renewable energy production systems. FMEIs are still at their conceptual phase; however, they promise good potential for using the limited ocean space in an efficient way to produce renewable energy. Since those systems would have different components and related materials, offshore construction\/installation work and systems to transport generated energy to land, their environmental sustainability is an important aspect to evaluate, as for other existing marine renewable energy systems. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a scientific, standardized and quantitative methodology for the evaluation of environmental sustainability and it is accepted to be compatible for the evaluation of marine renewable energy systems. This study focuses on previous applications of LCA on various marine renewable energy systems, which have the potential of being a component of a floating modular energy island. With this aim, a brief literature review on possible different components of energy islands is conducted. Offshore wind energy, tidal energy systems, wave energy converters, floating solar energy and hydrogen energy are selected to be reviewed in the study. For the literature review, a common literature screening methodology is developed with a similar keyword group except the marine renewable energy type considered. Selected papers in each energy type production technology are reviewed with reference to the main phases of a LCA study: Goal and Scope Definition; Life Cycle Inventory (LCI); Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Interpretation. Under each subtitle, the approaches followed are assessed covering the important aspects, methodology\/criteria considered, and challenges encountered. By this way, it is aimed to generate knowledge on the LCA methodology as a guideline for the FMEIs.","author":["Bas, B.","Gerv\u00e1sio, H.","Borg, R.P.","Tesch, L.","Musarat, M.A.","Jiang, X."],"organization":["Istanbul Bilgi University","University of Coimbra","University of Malta","Delft University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2025-11-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 07:21:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bas-et-al-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114670","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/all-tide-addressing-regulatory-environmental-barriers-affecting-tidal-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/summit.sfu.ca\/item\/40178","title":"All tide up: addressing the regulatory and environmental barriers affecting tidal energy development in British Columbia","description":"The tides are turning in support of expanding and diversifying British Columbia\u0027s clean, energy grid in response to climate change, rapid population and industrial growth. Rising temperatures, extreme weather, and increased droughts affect the province\u0027s hydroelectric-dependent grid, while a record population surge is driving electricity demand. With capacity needs projected to triple by 2050, the Province must diversify its clean energy portfolio. Tidal energy, a predictable and renewable form of marine renewable energy, offers an estimated 4 gigawatts (GW) of potential energy along British Columbia\u0027s coasts. Despite this significant potential energy and political interest, tidal energy deployment remains stalled. This thesis investigates the regulatory and environmental barriers that has tidal energy development in British Columbia all \u0022tide up\u0022. Through literature reviews, QDAs, simulations and semi-structured interviews with experts, this thesis examines the regulatory processes, social acceptance, costs, and government incentives along with the environmental knowledge gaps surrounding tidal energy. These findings will inform a set of recommendations to sustainably advance tidal energy development in British Columbia.","author":["Kelsey, A."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University"],"originationDate":"2025-11-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Collision","EMF","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-19 07:31:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114677","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/proceedings-masts-cross-sectoral-working-group-impact-electromagnetic-fields-emfs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/18244016","title":"Proceedings of the MASTS Cross-Sectoral Working Group on the Impact of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) on Marine Ecosystems: A Cross-Sector Framework for Understanding and Managing the Cumulative Effects of Anthropogenic EMFs in the Marine Environment","description":"Rapid expansion of offshore renewable energy infrastructure has led to a concomitant increase in anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in marine environments. Although many marine taxa detect and respond to natural geomagnetic and electric cues, the ecological significance of exposure to anthropogenic EMFs remains poorly resolved. A multi-sector Working Group convened by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS) identified critical knowledge gaps, barriers to data access, and opportunities for coordinated scientific and governance action. This paper synthesises those discussions and outlines a proposed framework for evidence generation, monitoring, and regulatory reform to support  responsible offshore energy development.","author":["Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-01-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-19 08:27:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MASTS-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114692","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pnnl-tunamelt-toward-automating-detection-interactions-marine-energy-devices-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/lom3.70024","title":"PNNL-TUNAMELT: Toward automating the detection of interactions with marine energy devices using acoustic camera sensors","description":"Acoustic cameras, or imaging sonars, are often used to monitor marine energy sites in regions where the water is too dark or turbid for optical sensing. To do so more effectively, scientists are investigating automated detection methodologies to use on these data. However, prior work has found that existing automated detection approaches struggle with the dynamic image background around marine energy devices\u2014such as moving turbine blades. While open-access datasets, methods, and standard evaluation metrics are needed to quickly develop and compare novel automated detection methods, none yet exist for this domain. Using previously collected data, in this work we created a labeled dataset of possible marine life interactions in acoustic camera video around an operating tidal turbine. We call this dataset the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory dataset for Tracking Underwater Nautical Activity around Marine Energy LocaTions or PNNL TUNAMELT dataset. In addition to this dataset, we developed an automated detection pipeline which filters noise from the acoustic camera imagery and then performs object detection to identify possible targets. To analyze our automated detection pipeline, we used a series of common detection and classification metrics. In doing so, we found that our pipeline detected 98% of targets and removed 70% of target-less frames in our dataset. These results illustrate our method\u0027s potential utility as an aid to a human analyst tasked with extracting targets of interest from the dataset. Finally, we openly release our labeled dataset and all associated code to support and encourage future work in this domain.","author":["Nowak, T.","Staines, G.","Abdullai, B."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Illinois"],"originationDate":"2026-01-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.900939286265","-67.025732884789"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-23 05:44:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nowak-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114693","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wp11-boat-based-seabird-marine-mammal-survey-2023-interim-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.marinedataexchange.co.uk\/details\/TCE-3931\/2022-2023-bangor-university-marine-characterisation-research-project-marine-mammal-acoustic-surveys-wp11","title":"WP11 Boat Based Seabird and Marine Mammal Survey - 2023 Interim Report","description":"Measuring spatial and temporal variation in diving animals (seabirds and marine mammals) occupancy of tidal stream energy development sites help assess how populations could interact with installations (Waggitt and Scott 2014). This information is conventionally provided with boat-based surveys. To measure spatial and temporal variation in diving animals use of the Morlais Demonstration Zone (MDZ) in northwest Anglesey, 2 complementary boat-based surveys (observations and hydrophones) have been performed per calendar month since May 2022. Spatial variations of relevance are differences in animal densities (individuals per km2) within and outwith the MDZ; temporal variations of relevance are differences in animal densities amongst months. By measuring variation in animals densities before installations, boat-based surveys can contribute to several Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plans (EMMP) indicators: (I1) Change in use of tidal device array deployment area pre and post installation, (I2) Changes in use of the wider MDZ outside the array deployment area, (I4) Avoidance of array of tidal devices (far field avoidance). Accordingly, these surveys contribute to the following EMMP questions: (Q1) Is there evidence that receptors use the tidal device array deployment areas in the same of similar ways pre and post deployment, (Q2) Is there evidence that receptors use the MDZ in the same or similar ways pre and post deployment, and (Q3) If there evidence of a change to use of the deployment area, is it considered ecologically significant by the advisory group? By providing measurements of animal densities in different scenarios, these surveys can also contribute to: (I9) Validation of Encounter Risk (ERM) and Collision Risk (CRM) models. This interim report will: (1) explain and summarise the survey design, and (2) present data and analyses of monthly surveys between May 2022 and April 2023. A Final Report in May 2024 will: (1) present data and analyses of monthly surveys from May 2022 to April 2024, (2) amalgamate data collected in 2022-2024 with that collected in 2016-2018 (Morlais 2019, Veneruso et al 2019), investigating animals spatial and temporal occupancy of the MDZ across 4 years, (3) present data and analysis from complementary intensive surveys (3 days in \u0026lt; 1wk) and echosounder measurements.","author":["Falch, E.","Waggitt, J."],"organization":["Bangor University","Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)","Menter M\u00f4n"],"originationDate":"2023-11-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.285512400000","-4.709329500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Seabirds","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-23 06:13:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Falch-Waggitt-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114709","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-renewable-energy-equitable-energy-access-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33690-4","title":"Ocean renewable energy for equitable energy access in a Blue Economy","description":"Offshore and coastal renewable energy could be a key contributor to energy sovereignty, decarbonization efforts, and co-benefits to other sectors of a Blue Economy. However, current development is predominantly focused on large-scale sites to offset emissions to meet national climate action targets, not on providing energy access where it can deliver more direct community benefits and support equity goals. We undertake a global analysis to identify where offshore renewable energy could contribute to an equity-focused goal of providing energy access to coastlines unconnected to existing electric grids, i.e., \u201clast-mile\u201d electrification. Results show that these energy resources are widely distributed throughout the world, and could particularly benefit coastal areas in Oceania, South America, southern and eastern Africa, western Australia, and the Arctic. In contrast, most current investment in offshore and coastal renewable energy\u2014to date, mainly offshore wind sites\u2014is in highly developed regions. Redirecting support to areas in need of electricity requires national and international financial institutions to shift from profit-driven renewable energy developments in highly-developed and energy-rich nations and towards equity-focused development. Making sure that economically marginalized and remote communities with unmet energy needs can both control and benefit from economic and technological developments such as renewable energy is one way to align development processes with energy equity and energy transformation goals, often stated within Blue Economy plans. This requires a conceptual and financial reorientation that emphasizes community energy needs and agency throughout development processes.","author":["Cisneros-Montemayor, A.","Hirsch, S.","Dillon, T.","Moreno-Baez, M.","Tighsazzadeh, M.","Ota, Y."],"organization":["Simon Fraser University","University of Washington","Tufts University","University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2026-01-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-28 08:43:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cisneros-Montemayor-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2114764","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-are-tourists-affected-offshore-wind-turbines-case-study-first-us-offshore-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cbe.miis.edu\/joce\/vol7\/iss1\/1\/","title":"How Are Tourists Affected By Offshore Wind Turbines? A Case Study Of The First U.S. Offshore Wind Farm.","description":"This paper examines the impact of the construction of United States\u2019 first offshore wind farm off the coast of Block Island on tourism, the largest revenue generator for the island. Using a stated preference survey, we find no negative impact on the number of trips taken by tourists since their construction. We also examine the determinants of tourists\u2019 willingness to pay for different recreational activities on Block Island, both with and without the presence of turbines. We find evidence that prior awareness of wind turbines results in an overall improvement in welfare by approximately 20 million USD in tourism-generated revenue. Repeat visitors and respondents with prior knowledge of the turbines are willing to pay more, on average, for locations with a view of the turbines across all activities.","author":["Trandafir, S.","Gaur, V.","Behanan, P.","Uchida, E.","Lang, C.","Miao, H."],"organization":["University of Rhode Island"],"originationDate":"2020-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism"],"modifiedDate":"2026-01-31 01:08:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trandafir_etal_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130882","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/offshore-environmental-monitoring-platform-mounted-sensors","sourceURL":"","title":"Offshore Environmental Monitoring with Platform-Mounted Sensors","description":"Collecting observations of environmental conditions and marine life can help scientists understand how the offshore environment is changing and how animals use the ocean and respond to offshore energy infrastructure. Observing animals in offshore locations is difficult because of extreme environmental conditions, high costs of deployment, and logistical challenges associated with installation and maintenance. Finding opportunities to integrate environmental monitoring sensors onto existing offshore systems and platforms can allow for more data collection at lower cost.","author":["Szesciorka, A.","Farr, H.","Severy, M.","Ampela, K.","Dempsey, L.","Ryu, S.","Hein, C."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-26 09:38:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SEER-Offshore-Monitoring-FY26_web.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SEER-Offshore-Monitoring-FY26_print.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130883","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/use-artificial-intelligence-offshore-energy-environmental-research","sourceURL":"","title":"The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Offshore Energy and Environmental Research","description":"Artificial intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science that involves the creation of computer systems capable of performing complex tasks that usually require human intelligence. AI now permeates daily life with tools like chatbots or advanced search engines. However, AI is much more than these applications and has been a core part of scientific research and technological development for longer than most realize. The concept of AI began in the mid-twentieth century as a vision to replicate the way humans think and behave. It has evolved over decades with advances in machine learning and deep learning, which allowed for the processing of larger datasets and more complex computations as computers became more powerful.\u00a0","author":["Ryu, S.","Dempsey, L.","Ampela, K.","Farr, H.","Szesciorka, A.","Severy, M.","Hein, C."],"organization":["National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Human Dimensions","Sea Turtles","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-26 09:31:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SEER-Use-of-AI-in-Environmental-Research-FY26_web150.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/SEER-Use-of-AI-in-Environmental-Research-FY26_print.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130948","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/evaluating-risk-collision-seals-swimming-within-metres-operating-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/aqc.70326?af=R","title":"Evaluating the Risk of Collision of Seals Swimming Within Metres of Operating Tidal Turbines","description":"We used imaging sonar to continuously monitor wildlife at an operational tidal turbine in the Pentland Firth, Scotland, between May 2022 and June 2023. Of 704 detected seal tracks, 347 occurred during turbine operation and 122 of these were detected directly upstream of the rotating blades in the horizontal plane. Using a series of repeatable and objective questions in a semi-automatic assessment, we characterised factors that were associated with a higher likelihood of collision and assessed the associated risk of collision between each seal track and the rotating blades. Thirty-five tracks (10% of tracks during operation) approached the rotor swept area within 10\u2009m and 16 of these passed through the rotor swept area in the horizontal plane. There is strong evidence to suggest that most of these high-risk tracks passed above, around or possibly through, the turbine without collision. As well as providing useful data to assist in the prediction of collision risk, this approach provides a standardised method to evaluate similar data from other tidal energy sites or species. These outcomes can help inform the consenting process and support the sustainable development of the tidal energy industry.","author":["Montabaranom, J.","Gillespie, D.","Sparling, C.","Longden, E.","Hastie, G."],"organization":["University of St Andrews"],"originationDate":"2026-02-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.658736290515","-3.129130228279"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-10 05:06:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Montabaranom-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130949","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/disruptive-innovation-industrial-modernisation-pathways-securing-offshore-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.policyandinnovationedinburgh.org\/disruptive-innovation-and-industrial-modernisation.html","title":"Disruptive Innovation and Industrial Modernisation: Pathways to Securing Offshore Renewable Energy Supply Chain Competitiveness","description":"This latest report from the Policy \u0026amp; Innovation Group at the University of Edinburgh, in collaboration with the Supergen ORE Hub, examines how the UK can align its dual ambitions of economic growth and Net Zero through the development of competitive domestic offshore renewable energy (ORE) supply chains.While national strategies such as the UK\u2019s Modern Industrial Strategy, Clean Power 2030 Action Plan and Clean Energy Industries Sector Plan set a clear direction of travel, the report highlights a persistent gap between high-level ambition and delivery. In particular, it explores how innovation support and supply chain capability must be more deliberately prioritised and coordinated if the UK is to convert clean energy deployment into long-term industrial value.The report places offshore renewable energy technologies at the centre of the UK\u2019s future energy system, recognising their essential role in delivering Net Zero by 2050. However, it argues that realising the full economic benefits of ORE deployment will depend on the proactive development of underpinning supply chain capabilities, ensuring that clean energy growth is matched by domestic manufacturing, high-quality employment and export potential.A central theme of the report is the tension between the speed of Net Zero delivery and the development of a modern, competitive domestic supply chain. Rather than accepting trade-offs between these objectives, the report sets out a Disrupt and Modernise approach that combines disruptive innovation with forward-looking industrial modernisation, limiting long-term reliance on imported technologies while building UK capability at scale.This approach underpins the report\u2019s Leapfrogging Transition framework, which focuses on overtaking rather than simply catching up with international competitors. By targeting a limited number of strategic, high-value and cross-cutting technology areas, and coordinating action across government, industry and regional actors, the UK can secure leadership positions across offshore wind, tidal stream and wave energy supply chains.To support delivery, the report introduces a Disrupt and Modernise Innovation Ecosystem, structured around two complementary pathways: one focused on disruptive innovation in devices and subsystems, and the other on technology-agnostic industrial modernisation through advanced manufacturing, automation and digitalisation. These pathways are enabled by clear market signals, effective regulation and consenting, and strengthened through collaboration and regional clustering.Taken together, the report concludes that if the UK is serious about reducing reliance on imported ORE technologies and retaining value at home, it must act now. Treating disruptive innovation and industrial modernisation as inseparable objectives offers a credible pathway to securing a resilient, competitive domestic supply chain while delivering clean energy commitments at the pace required.","author":["Grattan, K.","Olsson, S.","Noble, D.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub"],"originationDate":"2026-01-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-10 05:13:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grattan-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130950","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/carbon-dioxide-release-otec-cycles","sourceURL":"https:\/\/docs.nrel.gov\/docs\/legosti\/old\/3594.pdf","title":"Carbon Dioxide Release from OTEC Cycles","description":"This paper presents the results of recent measurements of CO2 release from an open-cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) experiment. Based on these data, the rate of short-term CO2 release from future open-cycle OTEC plants is projected to be 15 to 25 times smaller than that from fossil-fueled electric power plants. OTEC systems that incorporate subsurface mixed discharge are expected to result in no long-term release. OTEC plants can significantly reduce CO2 emissions when substituted for fossil-fueled power generation.","author":["Green, H.","Guenther, P."],"organization":["Solar Energy Research Institute","Scripps Institution of Oceanography","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"1990-09-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["19.728373592746","-156.059966560170"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-10 05:24:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Green-Guenther-1990.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130951","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-sector-vision-2050","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marinerenewables.ca\/vision\/","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050","description":"Canada\u2019s clean energy transition is entering a decisive phase. Electricity demand is projected to increase two to threefold by 2050 as transportation, buildings, and industry electrify, and new markets emerge such as data centres and green fuel production. Meeting this demand while maintaining affordability, reliability, and energy security will require a significant expansion of clean electricity supply and infrastructure. Marine renewable energy - offshore wind, tidal, wave, and river current - offers Canada a uniquely powerful solution. With vast coastlines, strong winds, and powerful tides, Canada is among the most resource-rich marine renewable jurisdictions in the world. These resources can deliver large-scale, predictable and reliable clean power, strengthen grid resilience, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and support economic development across coastal, rural, northern, and Indigenous communities. This Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050 sets out a practical, phased pathway for realizing that opportunity. Grounded in government priorities, electricity demand projections, industry engagement, and Canada\u2019s marine resource potential, it outlines what can be achieved by 2030, 2040, and 2050 - and the actions required to get there.English ReportEnglish BrochureFrench ReportFrench Brochure","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-02-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-08 11:02:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-26-Vision-Report_English.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-26-Vision-Brochure_English.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-26-Vision-Report_French.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-26-Vision-Brochure_French.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130955","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-equity-index","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09976-y","title":"The Ocean Equity Index","description":"The ocean is essential for humanity. Yet, inequity in ocean-based activities is widespread and accelerating. Addressing this requires governance approaches that can systematically measure equity and track progress9. Here we present the Ocean Equity Index (OEI)\u2014a framework for assessing and improving equity in ocean initiatives, projects and policies. We apply the index, which scores twelve criteria, to case studies at local, national and global scales. We show that the OEI can generate structured data to support evidence-based decision-making across ocean sectors and scales. As a theoretically robust and widely applicable tool, the OEI can guide the design of more equitable ocean initiatives, projects or policies, ensuring better outcomes for coastal people and marine ecosystems.","author":["Blythe, J.","Claudet, J.","Gill, D.","Ban, N.","Epstein, G.","Gurney, G.","Jupiter, S.","Mahajan, S.","Mangubhai, S.","Turner, R.","Bennett, N.","D\u0027agata, S.","Franks, P.","Lau, J.","Ahmadia, G.","Andrachuk, M.","Annasawmy, P.","Brun, V.","Darling, E.","Di Franco, A.","Evans, L.","Lazzari, N.","Naggea, J.","Relano, V.","Pertuz, M.","Villasante, S.","Zafra-Calvo, N."],"organization":["Brock University","French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","Duke University","University of Victoria","University of Waterloo","James Cook University","University of Tasmania","Wildlife Conservation Society","Talanoa Consulting","University of Exeter","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)","University of British Columbia","UMR ENTROPIE","International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)","World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)","ReConnect Consulting","French Foundation for Biodiversity Research","Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn","National Biodiversity Future Centre","University of Santiago de Compostela","Stanford University","Fair Carbon","University of the Basque Country"],"originationDate":"2026-01-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-10 07:47:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Blythe-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130963","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2025-uk-ocean-energy-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.policyandinnovationedinburgh.org\/2025-uk-ocean-energy-review.html","title":"2025 UK Ocean Energy Review","description":"As the UK moves further into a decade defined by the twin imperatives of rapid decarbonisation and economic growth, there has been a mounting impetus at the heart of UK Government to accelerate the transition to a clean, secure, and resilient energy system. Central to this shift is the recognition that the pathway to Net Zero must not only reduce emissions, but also deliver tangible socioeconomic benefits felt across all regions of the UK. Ensuring that communities see and experience the value of the energy transition \u2013 through skilled jobs, industrial revitalisation and enhanced energy security \u2013 has become a defining feature of the wider Net Zero mission.Against this backdrop, the year-on-year advances of the UK\u2019s ocean energy sector have further demonstrated the opportunities arising from tidal stream and wave energy technologies forming a more meaningful part of the future energy system. Tidal stream is now entering its first phase of commercial deployment. It stands at the cusp of delivering predictable, renewable power at scale, with UK developers leading the global race to achieve large-scale deployment. Wave energy, while earlier in its development pathway, continues to demonstrate progress through sustained innovation, positioning it as a longer-term opportunity within a diverse and flexible clean power mix.Taken together, the commercialisation and eventual export of these homegrown technologies offer a pathway to secure substantial economic value. By situating their long-term development, manufacture and deployment here in the UK, they offer a potential route to reinvigorate UK industrial competitiveness and boost our national energy security. Finally, the development of these clean energy technologies and their underpinning supply chain will help to answer the growing need for a stronger and more decisive UK response to the ongoing climate crisis.Throughout 2025, the UK has consolidated its position as a global leader in the development and deployment of ocean energy technologies. Continued support through the UK\u2019s flagship Contracts for Difference (CfD) mechanism in the last four Allocation Rounds means that, for the first time, tidal stream technologies will play a sustained and more meaningful role in the national energy system, with more than 120 MW now contracted for deployment by 2029. The UK\u2019s internationally recognised expertise in wave energy \u2013 built through decades of targeted innovation programmes \u2013 has also enabled the sector to position itself as a global hub for testing, validation, and early-stage technology development. At the same time, the UK continues to work closely with European partners through a range of collaborative R\u0026amp;D and demonstration projects, helping accelerate innovation and drive technological breakthroughs across both tidal stream and wave energy.However, as the sector matures, it must continue to address several persistent challenges. The scale-up of commercial deployment will require a step-change in domestic supply chain capability, ensuring that UK companies can meet growing demand and retain the economic value created by the sector. Sustained innovation remains essential, not only to continue driving down costs, but to ensure that UK developers remain globally competitive. Finally, maximising the socioeconomic contribution of the sector will require coordinated policy action, clear long-term ambition and a commitment to strengthening public confidence in the benefits of emerging technologies.These challenges are surmountable, and the momentum currently building across the sector suggests that the UK is well-placed to meet them. Ocean energy now offers not only a route to decarbonisation, but a means of strengthening the nation\u2019s industrial base and ensuring that the transition to Net Zero is equitable and enduring.","author":["Grattan, K.","Olsson, S.","Noble, D.","Jeffrey, H."],"organization":["Policy and Innovation Group","University of Edinburgh","Wave Energy Scotland","Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","Marine Energy Council (MEC)"],"originationDate":"2026-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-11 10:04:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Grattan_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2130989","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/rd-programs-wave-energy-spain-contingent-valuation-application-multiple-bounded","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148125024838","title":"R\u0026D programs for wave energy in Spain: A contingent valuation application with multiple bounded uncertainty","description":"The development of wave energy is currently at the prototype stage, and it is possible that public funding may be required in order to facilitate its effective advancement. The majority of the general public shows a lack of knowledge regarding this specific offshore energy. This study employs a contingent valuation approach to assess the willingness of a representative sample of 2556 Spanish citizens to finance new research and development programs on wave energy. The results demonstrate a minimum willingness to pay (WTP) of \u20ac0.86 per month. Attending to different uncertainty considerations, there is a substantial variability in WTP estimates. Differences can be attributed to the limited knowledge surrounding this renewable energy source and the high uncertainty in WTP responses. There are also observed significant statistical differences depending on the manner in which the payment timeframe is presented. By employing the most conservative estimates as a reference point, the change in aggregate well-being could exceed 194 million euros per year. This figure provides a clear indication for policymakers on the social support for programs aimed at promoting and developing wave energy in Spain.","author":["Cerda, E.","L\u00f3pez-Otero, X.","Quiroga, S.","Soli\u00f1o, M."],"organization":["Complutense University of Madrid","Institut de Ci\u00e9ncies del Mar (ICM - CSIC)"],"originationDate":"2026-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-25 05:20:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cerda_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131006","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/electromagnetic-fields-submarine-power-cables-35-year-synthesis-effects-aquatic-biota","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141113626000851","title":"Electromagnetic fields from submarine power cables: A 35 Year synthesis of effects on aquatic biota","description":"Submarine power cables (SPCs) associated with offshore renewable energy developments emit electromagnetic fields (EMFs) that can influence aquatic biota. Although research on this topic has increased, a comprehensive, systematic synthesis of observed effects across taxa and life stages, and biological contexts has been lacking. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO ID: 1138188), we systematically reviewed peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 1990 and 2024. Of 1637 records screened, 67 eligible field and laboratory studies were included. Significant behavioural and physiological responses to EMF exposure were reported in 66% of studies, with early life stages (embryos, larvae, juveniles) and magnetosensitive taxa, particularly fishes and crustaceans being most frequently affected. Effects occurred even at environmentally relevant intensities (\u0026lt;250 \u03bcT). Laboratory experiments more frequently detected effects than field studies, which were generally fewer, shorter in duration, and methodologically heterogeneous. Sensitivity heatmaps identified developmental stages and freshwater species as particularly sensitive, with notable taxonomic disparities. EMFs from SPCs can elicit ecologically relevant responses in aquatic biota, particularly during sensitive developmental windows and in magnetically responsive taxa. Emerging evidence further indicates that sex specific responses represent an important and previously under recognised dimension of EMF sensitivity. However, major uncertainties persist regarding chronic, population and ecosystem level impacts. Future research should prioritise standardisation of exposure characterisation and reporting, routine inclusion of sex and life stage as biological variables and coordinated laboratory to field validation. Integrating EMF considerations into marine spatial planning, environmental regulation, and biodiversity conservation frameworks will be essential to support proportionate ecological risk assessment and management of offshore renewable energy infrastructure.","author":["James, E.","Ghodsi, M.","Ford, A."],"organization":["University of Portsmouth"],"originationDate":"2026-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-25 05:25:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/James_etal_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131026","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bourne-tidal-test-site-pilot-project-license","sourceURL":"","title":"Bourne Tidal Test Site Pilot Project License","description":"On June 1, 2023, Marine Renewable Energy Collaborative of New England (MRECo) filed, pursuant to Part I of the Federal Power Act (FPA), an application for an 8-year pilot project license to construct, operate, and maintain its proposed Bourne Tidal Hydrokinetic Test Site Project No. 14775 (Bourne Tidal Project, or project). The 50-kilowatt (kW) hydrokinetic project will be located on the Cape Cod Canal (canal) in Barnstable County, Massachusetts and will be within the boundary of the Cape Cod Canal Navigation Project, which is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps). The project will occupy 0.84 acres of federal land managed by the Corps.Commission staff developed the hydrokinetic pilot project licensing process from the Integrated Licensing Process to meet the needs of entities, such as MRECo, who are interested in testing new hydropower technologies while minimizing the risk of adverse environmental impacts. The goal of the process is to allow developers to test new hydrokinetic technologies, to determine appropriate sites for these technologies, and to confirm the technology\u2019s environmental and other effects without compromising the Commission\u2019s oversight of the projects or limiting agency and stakeholder input. As outlined in Commission staff\u2019s pilot project licensing process white paper, a pilot project should be (1) small, (2) installed for a short term, (3) located in non-sensitive areas based on the Commission\u2019s review of the record, (4) removable and able to be shut down on short notice, (5) removed, with the site restored, before the end of the license term (unless a new license is granted), and (6) initiated by a draft application in a form sufficient to support environmental analysis. After review of MRECo\u2019s pilot project application, Commission staff concluded that the Bourne Tidal Project meets these criteria. As discussed below, this order issues a pilot project license for the Bourne Tidal Project.","author":["Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)"],"organization":["Marine Renewable Energy Collaborative of New England (MRECo)"],"originationDate":"2024-04-17","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.742798000000","-70.614436000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-18 07:54:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BTTS-FERC-License-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131111","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-regulator-survey-united-states","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Regulator Survey: United States","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry progresses around the world, understanding of the potential environmental effects of MRE has improved. Opportunities to investigate the environmental effects of operational MRE devices have increased in recent years with more projects in the water. Despite these advancements, some areas of uncertainty persist. Key concerns remain about how MRE devices and arrays interact with surrounding environments, and how marine animals behave around them. These uncertainties continue to pose challenges during permitting processes for MRE. Additionally, the development of larger-scale MRE devices and arrays presents new questions and uncertainty for MRE permitting processes, particularly in understanding how potential environmental effects of MRE scale up and interact with other ocean activities.To better understand how regulators perceive and manage environmental risks during permitting processes for MRE projects, a survey was conducted across several OESEnvironmental member countries beginning in 2025. Building on a previous regulator survey conducted by OES-Environmental for multiple countries from 2017-2021, this survey included updated questions to reflect changing information needs regarding the environmental effects of MRE. Its purpose was to understand regulators\u2019 familiarity with MRE technologies, perceptions of environmental risks associated with MRE technologies across varying scales, and what they view as best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the applicability of data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. A list of questions and answer options is provided in Appendix A.This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in the United States (US). Results are compared to the previous survey for the US, conducted and published in 2017.","author":["McGrath, J.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2026-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 09:54:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/McGrath-Rose-2026_0_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131114","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/potential-edu-ecotourism-based-otec-utilizing-indonesian-post-operation-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.bio-conferences.org\/articles\/bioconf\/abs\/2026\/09\/bioconf_srcm2025_09004\/bioconf_srcm2025_09004.html","title":"Potential of Edu-Ecotourism Based on OTEC Utilizing Indonesian Post-Operation Offshore Oil\/Gas Facilities","description":"Indonesia is striving to meet its growing electricity demands in a sustainable way, by moving away from oil and gas sources. The government, particularly in East Kalimantan, is considering the repurposing of the offshore facilities for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), which not only provides a clean and sustainable electricity, but also offers additional benefits such as agricultural and aquaculture products. This study will look at how OTEC may be integrated into an edu-ecotourism concept, which aims to promote renewable energy technology and create a sustainable economy that benefits local communities and stakeholders. To meet the study\u0027s aims, research of the possible use of OTEC as an edu-ecotourism attraction will be conducted, through papers that are reviewed from previous studies to further the understanding and the potential implementation of OTEC for edu-ecotourism. The OTEC itself is planned to have the capability of producing around 20 kW of net power. Therefore, analysis and review of potential uses and benefit of OTEC is crucial to integrate the multi-functionality of OTEC to cater not just to the goal of creating an edu-ecotourism attraction, but also to the various needs of the various stakeholders, that have a part or affected by this project.","author":["Muzhaffar, F.A.","Mukhatasor","Satrio, D.","Rahmawati, S.","Pratikto, W.A.","Ikhwani, H.","Firmansyah, A.I."],"organization":["Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember","National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)"],"originationDate":"2026-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["-0.104196080737","117.470058722920"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-02-26 06:25:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Muzhaffar-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131152","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coastal-response-wave-energy-converter-arrays-semi-analytical-model-control-nearshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148126003228","title":"Coastal response to wave energy converter arrays: A semi-analytical model for control of nearshore currents and beach morphology","description":"A semi-analytical method much faster than typical computational and experimental methods is developed to quantify how wave energy converter arrays (\u201cwave farms\u201d) affect nearshore currents and beach erosion through modifying ocean waves. The method provides a semi-analytical initial design tool for evaluating coastal impacts of wave farms. The method integrates an existing semi-analytical wave farm model with a nearshore current model; the latter is a rip current model, here it is modified to tackle the wave field produced by wave energy converter arrays. The method is validated against a classic example and compared to results from numerical simulations and wave basin experiments, for an array of 16 oscillating water column devices. The method is then implemented optimise the 16-device array to increase its ability to protect the beach. It is found that the arrays most effective for beach protection also perform well in energy generation. This suggests that prioritising beach protection does not necessarily compromise energy generation performance.","author":["Cui, L.","Sergiienko, N.","Cohen, N.","Leontini, J.","Cazzolato, B.","Flocard, F.","Manasseh, R."],"organization":["Swinburne University of Technology","University of Adelaide","University of New South Wales"],"originationDate":"2026-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-02 02:35:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cui-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131153","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/beyond-yes-no-clustering-public-perceptions-wave-energy-west-coast-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214629626000903","title":"Beyond yes and no: Clustering public perceptions of wave energy on the West Coast of the United States","description":"Ocean renewable energy, while to date a small piece of the renewable energy transition, will likely play a larger role in meeting energy needs in the coming decades. While offshore wind has so far been the primary focus of ocean-based renewable energy siting, other technologies like wave energy are of potential interest. However, achieving a renewable energy transition, particularly in democratic societies, is difficult without public support, and renewable energy projects \u2013 including ocean-based renewables \u2013 are facing opposition, often from locally affected communities. To address opposition to renewable energy projects, we must first understand public perceptions of renewable energy. Using survey data from U.S. West Coast respondents on their views of wave energy (n = 2999), we offer a method of clustering views on wave energy according to responses across a variety of survey questions (i.e., support, familiarity, risk and benefit perceptions). We find five perspectives among our respondents: Cautious (34%), Disengaged (24%), Advocate (19%), Neutral (14%), and Concerned (8%). Using multinomial logistic regression, we then explore relevant factors shaping these perspectives, including sociodemographics, place attachment, and perceptions of decision-making processes. Our findings have implications for future communication around ocean renewable energy but also present a new approach to understanding perceptions of energy development that could be applied to other technologies. The clustering approach allows more nuance than conventional support-opposition binaries and could help explain the social gap between broad support for renewable energy but local opposition to specific projects.","author":["Stelmach, G.","Boudet, H."],"organization":["Oregon State University (OSU)"],"originationDate":"2026-02-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-09 10:23:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131154","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/status-marine-energy-costa-rica-challenges-opportunities-grid-integration","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/19\/5\/1189","title":"The Status of Marine Energy of Costa Rica: Challenges and Opportunities for Grid Integration","description":"Marine renewable energy could support Costa Rica\u2019s decarbonization pathway, but its offshore resource base and enabling conditions remain poorly characterized in the body of knowledge. This study provides the first integrated assessment of marine energy resources, grid integration opportunities, and governance challenges in Costa Rica. A meta-analysis of 76 technical, legal, and policy sources is combined with qualitative doctrinal analysis, GIS-based multi-criteria evaluation for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), and satellite and reanalysis data for winds, waves, currents, and sea surface temperature to estimate power densities and extractable energy. Results show a contrast between the Pacific and Caribbean coasts. For instance, on the Northern Pacific coast, there are strong Papagayo winds, and persistent swells yield high offshore wind and wave energy potentials, with technical offshore wind resources of around 14.4 GW and Pacific wave power frequently exceeding 20\u201325 kW\/m with relatively low seasonal variability. Furthermore, twelve OTEC-suitable zones are identified with two priority areas in the southern Pacific that combine steep bathymetry and strong thermal gradients with limited environmental conflicts, but they overlap with sensitive conservation and Indigenous territories. Current energy potential is more localized and modest in the Caribbean coast. The analysis highlights major infrastructural, legal, and social barriers but concludes that marine energy can play a pivotal role in diversifying Costa Rica\u2019s renewable-dominated electricity market.","author":["Rojas-Morales, J.","Vega-S\u00e1nchez, C.","Guerrero-Fern\u00e1ndez, J.","Mora-Escalante, R.","Mora-C\u00e9spedes, P.","Chavarr\u00eda-Brenes, M.","Corrales-Gonzalez, M.","Rojas-G\u00f3mez, J.","Madriz-Vargas, R.","Su\u00e1rez-Matarrita, L."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica","Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Costa Rica","Ankara University (Ankara \u00c3\u0153niversitesi)","Regio Politecnico di Torino (Royal Turin Polytechnic)","Universidad T\u00e9cnica Nacional Costa Rica"],"originationDate":"2026-02-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-26 09:56:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rojas-Morales-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131155","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2025","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2025","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2025","description":"This report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analyses completed by FORCE during the fourth quarter of 2025. In addition, it also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work that is being conducted by FORCE and its partners. This includes supporting fish tagging efforts with Acadia University and the Ocean Tracking Network, radar research projects, and subsea instrumentation platform deployments. Finally, the report presents details regarding future research and monitoring efforts at the FORCE test site. This includes work in support of the adaptive nature of the EEMP and OSIP programs.Key updates in this report include:As part of the Tidal Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy Final Report in 2024, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) adopted a new \u201cstaged approach\u201d into Fisheries Act Authorizations for tidal stream projects. In November 2025, the Eauclaire Orbital Tidal Array 1 became the first project at FORCE to receive an authorization following this staged approach, enabling the deployment of up to three O2-X tidal energy devices at FORCE.FORCE has designed a new governance model \u2013 which includes a Board of Directors independent of developers \u2013 to strengthen FORCE\u2019s role as a site steward and create a more transparent, sustainable framework for protecting FORCE\u2019s regulatory and other commitments.FORCE has partnered with Innovasea and a series of other collaborators on an Ocean Supercluster funded project to advance the application of artificial intelligence for monitoring fish around hydroelectric and tidal stream energy projects called Hydroaware. This quarter, standard contrast and reflective targets were added to the field of view of the cameras mounted on the platform currently in use by the project.FORCE has initiated a Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study in partnership with the Confederacy of Mainland Mi\u2019kmaq (CMM). The study will draw on Mi\u2019kmaw knowledge and engagement to inform tidal planning; work has commenced including an initial site visit, desktop research, and Knowledge Holder interviews.FORCE organized a workshop at the 2025 Marine Renewables Canada Conference entitled Stronger Relationships: Netukulimk, Etuaptmumk and the Future of Ocean Energy which brought together Chief Sidney Peters (Glooscap First Nation; Co-Chair, ANSMC), Angeline Gillis (Executive Director, CMM), Patrick Butler (Senior Mi\u2019kmaq Energy and Mines Advisor, KMK) to discuss opportunities to integrate Mi\u2019kmaw knowledge, leadership, values, and practices into tidal energy research and development.In September, Natural Resources Canada announced $8.2M for the Ocean Sensor Innovation Platforms (OSIP) project led by FORCE in collaboration with Acadia University, CMM, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and many other partners. Central to the project is the deployment of a floating platform for sea-surface environmental monitoring alongside submersible sensor systems deployed on the seafloor. In future tidal turbine deployments, sensors and methods tested by these platforms will capture essential data on fish\u2013turbine interactions, addressing one of tidal energy\u2019s greatest challenges: accurately measuring and monitoring risk to marine species.In December, as part of the OSIP project, FORCE completed a vessel-based testing campaign aboard the Nova Endeavor to evaluate optical camera and lighting configurations for subsea monitoring, including multiple camera systems, lighting arrangements, and target types at depths of 5\u201325 m. The work also included pre- and post-deployment CTD casts with additional sensors, supporting the selection of an optimized camera and lighting setup for future subsea deployments in the Minas Basin.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2025-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-21 12:22:29","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131156","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2024","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2024","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2024","description":"This report outlines monitoring activities and results of data analyses conducted at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) test site in the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy during 2024. Specifically, this report highlights results of environmental monitoring activities conducted by FORCE and other research and development activities conducted at the FORCE site. This report also provides a summary of international research activities around tidal stream energy devices.Key updates in this report include:The Tidal Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy recently issued its Final Report. The report includes a revised staged approach to tidal stream energy project permitting at the FORCE site that was developed in collaboration with Fisheries and Oceans Canada, aligns with provincial licensing, and includes adaptive management conditions for environmental monitoring that improves understanding of how fish interact with tidal stream energy devices. FORCE has partnered with Acadia Tidal Energy Institute on a new initiative that aligns with the priorities of the Risk \u0026amp; Monitoring Working Group of the Tidal Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy. The initiative includes a series of complementary desktop studies to inform a larger field-based project to understand how fish interact with tidal stream energy devices at FORCE.FORCE has partnered with Innovasea and a series of other collaborators on an Ocean Supercluster funded project to advance the application of artificial intelligence for monitoring fish around hydroelectric and tidal stream energy projects.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2024-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-10 04:26:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131157","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pacific-marine-energy-center-pmec-2025-year-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/pacific-marine-energy-center_pmec-2025-year-in-review-activity-7437142776473088000-ibIG","title":"Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC) 2025 Year in Review","description":"About UsPMEC is a consortium of three universities focused on responsibly advancing marine energy by expanding scientific understanding, engaging stakeholders, and educating students. We serve as an objective voice regarding the opportunities, capabilities, and effects of marine energy, including wave, tidal, and riverine resources. Researchers from the University of Washington, Oregon State University, and University of Alaska Fairbanks work closely with marine energy technology developers, academic and National Laboratory researchers, coastal community members, ocean users, federal and state regulators, and other government officials to address key challenges in the sector and accelerate its emergence. As a consortium, we unify research \u0026amp; development, testing, and educational programs in marine energy across our three partner universities. Individual projects typically cross-cut these capabilities and often involve collaborative teams drawn from multiple institutions. For example, a graduate student might conduct research towards their degree at one of the affiliated test facilities. Further, our scope includes technology, the environment, and society, with projects often cross-cutting these areas.Letter from the DirectorDear PMEC colleagues, friends, and partners, As we move into 2026, I want to take a moment to celebrate what we have accomplished together over the past year. The impact of PMEC\u2019s work\u2014on the communities we serve, the students we mentor and graduate, and the agency missions and partners we support\u2014 is both meaningful and far-reaching. For communities and utilities seeking to add reliable energy to their mix, PMEC conducted resource assessments to inform their decision-making. For developers, PMEC collaborated on device testing and contributed foundational knowledge in methods and design for turbines and wave energy converters alike. For regulators and communities, PMEC literally put a new lens on our understanding of wildlife interactions with marine energy devices, and for the broader marine energy community, PMEC supported and mentored students in becoming leaders in the field. We serve a vast array of stakeholders, from industries and developers to communities, educators, and the national and international research community. Through these relationships, PMEC remains steadfast in its commitment to deliver the highest quality research and development in the advancement of marine energy. This \u2018Year in Review\u2019 highlights just a few examples of the many activities underway across our partner institutions at Oregon State University, the University of Washington, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Collectively, these efforts reflect PMEC\u2019s dedication to advancing renewable power at sea, supporting communities as they participate in the energy transition, and developing the next generation of marine energy technologies and leaders. In 2025 alone, PMEC-affiliated faculty, staff, and students collaborated with 13 technology developers, three national labs and test sites, eight outside universities, and more than a dozen energy agencies, Tribal governments, municipalities, non-profits, and technology developers around the world. Students and faculty won national and international awards for their work, published over 28 journal articles and 18 conference proceedings, and led or participated in over a dozen community events across the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. These accomplishments are a testament to the expertise, perseverance, and teamwork across our consortium. This year also brought challenges, and the PMEC community responded\u2014with resilience, generosity, and strong support for one another. The strength of our partnerships and shared purpose has enabled PMEC to continue to grow, support our students and collaborators, and lead within the academic marine energy community.Looking ahead to 2026, I am excited to build on this momentum as we expand PMEC\u2019s global presence and strengthen partnerships in Canada, Europe, and beyond. The success of this past year reflects the skill, dedication and passion of every individual involved. Thank you for your continued commitment to PMEC and to the communities and mission we serve.Cheers,Bryson Robertson, PMEC Director \u0026amp; OSU Professor of Civil and Enviro Engineering","author":["Twedt, J."],"organization":["Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC)","Oregon State University (OSU)","University of Washington","University of Alaska Fairbanks"],"originationDate":"2026-03-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-11 05:27:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/pmec_2025_year_in_review.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131167","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/development-application-environmental-risk-register-marine-energy-device-project","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0964569126000797","title":"Development and application of an environmental risk register for marine energy device and project developers","description":"The marine energy industry is steadily advancing as more devices are deployed worldwide. However, several challenges and barriers remain, such as lingering uncertainty regarding the potential environmental effects of marine energy devices on marine animals, habitats, and ecosystems. Concerns have led to difficulty navigating permitting and consenting processes and receiving authorization to deploy devices in the marine environment, including extended timelines and costs. Based on existing risk registers, a novel marine energy environmental risk register was created to help the marine energy industry move beyond these barriers. This risk register aims to aid marine energy device and project developers identify and assess potential environmental risks early in device design or project planning, document and track potential environmental interactions, prioritize risks and determine risk responses, and make decisions throughout device or project development. It can also be used as a tool to assist in communicating with regulators and advisors during permitting processes and to inform stakeholder and community engagement efforts. This paper details the methods and process to develop a risk register specific to environmental effects of marine energy and describes two use cases (one for wave energy and another for tidal energy) to highlight example results. Due to the tool\u0027s novelty, the paper showcases its application for the marine energy industry and acknowledges limitations and possible future improvements. Overall, the environmental risk register shows promise to support marine energy developers when identifying, tracking, and addressing potential environmental risks and to help successfully navigate permitting and deploy marine energy devices responsibly.","author":["Freeman, M.","Farr, H.","Staines, G.","Haxel, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2026-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-13 05:35:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Freeman-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131169","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2023","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2023","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2023","description":"This report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analyses completed by FORCE up to the end of 2023. In addition, it also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work that is being conducted by FORCE and its partners. This includes supporting fish tagging efforts with Acadia University and the Ocean Tracking Network, radar research projects, and subsea instrumentation platform deployments through the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) Program.The report presents details regarding future research and monitoring efforts at the FORCE test site. This includes work in support of the adaptive nature of the EEMP and the RAP program.Key updates in this report include:FORCE and the Ocean Tracking Network merged their lines of acoustic receivers into a single array of 24 stations that span the vast majority of Minas Passage; increasing the chances of detecting tagged fish as they navigate through the areaFish tagging for 2023 was completed under the Risk Assessmnet Program in partnership with Acadia University and the Mi\u0027kmaw Conservation Group and focused on alewife, American shad and Innery Bay of Fundy Atlantic salmon smolts.FORCE and its collaborators published three new peer-reviewed papers on the use of acoustic telemetry for estimating probability of fish encountering a tidal turbine installed at the FORCE tidal demonstration site in Minas Passage. These three \u0027companion\u0027 manuscripts were published as  \u0027open-access\u0027 articles in a special issue of the Journal of Marine Science and Engineering entitled \u0027Interface between offshore renewable energy and the environment\u0027.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2023-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-14 12:06:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131202","type":["Document","Document\/Summary"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/summaries\/entanglement-low-risk-marine-animals-around-marine-energy-devices","sourceURL":"","title":"Entanglement: A Low Risk for Marine Animals Around Marine Energy Devices","description":"Marine energy devices can be secured to the seafloor by mooring lines, enabling them to remain in place on the sea surface or in the water column. In an array of devices, multiple underwater cables converge into a single power export cable installed on the seafloor. In some cases, oceanographic instruments are deployed alongside marine energy devices, but on separate mooring lines, to collect data like wave height and period. Some stakeholders have expressed concern that these mooring lines and cables may endanger marine animals by creating a risk of entanglement, though this risk remains uncertain.","author":["Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Jones, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-16 07:34:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/summaries\/Marine_Energy_Entanglement_Factsheet_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131336","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-marine-species-monitoring-population-consequences-disturbance-msm4cod","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/401242357_An_integrated_approach_to_robustly_monitoring_marine_mammal_populations_-_The_final_report_of_Marine_Species_Monitoring_for_the_Population_Consequences_of_Disturbance_MSM4PCOD_project","title":"Final report of marine species monitoring for the population consequences of disturbance (MSM4CoD): An integrated approach to robustly monitoring marine mammal populations","description":"The overall objective of the \u2018MSM4PCoD\u2019 project is to review data collected as part of the US Navy Marine Species Monitoring (MSM) program to determine if these efforts can inform future Population Consequences of Disturbance (PCoD) analyses, in addition to exploring possible recommendations for future development. Below we describe the process and findings of the project (section 1.1) and describe the recommendations for the MSM program (section 1.2).","author":["Booth, C.","Ryder, M.","Chudzinska, M.","Jacobson, E.","Harwood, J.","Hin, V.","Quinn, M.","Thomas, L."],"organization":["Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU)"],"originationDate":"2026-02-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-17 12:46:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Booth-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131337","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-regulator-survey-ireland","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Regulator Survey: Ireland","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry progresses around the world, understanding of the potential environmental effects of MRE has improved. Opportunities to investigate the environmental effects of operational MRE devices have increased in recent years with more projects in the water. Despite these advancements, some areas of uncertainty persist. Key concerns remain about how MRE devices and arrays interact with surrounding environments, and how marine animals behave around them. These uncertainties continue to pose challenges during permitting processes for MRE. Additionally, the development of larger-scale MRE devices and arrays presents new questions and uncertainty for MRE permitting processes, particularly in understanding how potential environmental effects of MRE scale up and interact with other ocean activities.To better understand how regulators perceive and manage environmental risks during permitting processes for MRE projects, a survey was conducted across several OES- Environmental member countries beginning in 2025. Building on a previous regulator survey conducted by OES-Environmental for multiple countries from 2017-2021, this survey included updated questions to reflect changing information needs regarding the potential environmental effects of MRE. Its purpose was to understand regulators\u2019 familiarity with MRE technologies, perceptions of potential environmental risks associated with MRE technologies across varying scales, and views on best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the applicability of data transferability. The survey also included questions to collect information on the use of Tethys. A list of questions and answer options is provided in Appendix A.This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Ireland. Results are compared to the previous survey for Ireland, conducted and published in 2019.","author":["McGrath, J.","Rose, D."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-29 05:06:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mcgrath-Rose-2026_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131348","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/iea-oes-annual-report-overview-ocean-energy-activities-2025","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-annual-reports\/document\/annual-report-2025\/","title":"IEA-OES Annual Report: An Overview of Ocean Energy Activities in 2025","description":"IEA-OES is the International Energy Agency\u2019s Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) dedicated to ocean energy systems (OES). Through the TCP framework, participating countries collaborate to accelerate research, innovation and deployment by sharing knowledge, developing common methodologies and delivering joint studies and Tasks that address technical, environmental and policy challenges. IEA-OES operates under the IEA Committee on Energy Research and Technology (CERT) and reports through the Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP). Activities are funded by participating members and implemented in close coordination with the IEA Secretariat, benefiting from the IEA\u2019s established governance framework while retaining the flexibility needed to respond to evolving priorities.As of December 2025, the IEA-OES has 20 active Member Countries along with the European Commission, establishing a robust international network. This diverse membership includes governmental bodies, utilities, universities, research organisations, energy agencies, and industry associations, providing a rich range of perspectives and interests.One key advantage of joining IEA-OES is gaining an international perspective on ocean energy opportunities and challenges shaping the sector, supported by access to trusted and comparable information, practical guidance, and shared lessons from real projects. Membership also gives countries a direct role in shaping international priorities, strengthens visibility for national programmes, and helps reduce development and consenting risks through shared knowledge on environmental monitoring and regulatory pathways. This collaborative environment supports faster learning, stronger partnerships, and a more coordinated global approach to advancing ocean energy technologies and solutions.The active members are: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, European Commission, France, Japan, Korea, India, Ireland, Italy, Monaco, New Zealand, Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States of America. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) DOCK, representing 32 small islands and low-lying developing states across the globe, participates as an Observer.This Annual Report presents the collaborative work of IEAOES, emphasizing key achievements and recent global developments. It addresses ocean energy policies, research advancements, and deployment progress across member countries, highlighting the collective impact and progress of this international cooperation.The work of the IEA-OES covers all forms of energy generation in which sea water forms the motive power through its physical and chemical properties, i.e. wave, tidal range, tidal and ocean currents, ocean thermal energy conversion and salinity gradients. IEA-OES connects organisations and individuals working in the ocean energy sector to accelerate the viability, uptake and acceptance of ocean energy systems in an environmentally acceptable manner.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-20 04:56:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/oes-annual-report-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131349","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploratory-study-offshore-aquaculture-suitability-co-location-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0044848626002711","title":"Exploratory study on offshore aquaculture suitability and co-location with marine renewable energy in Portugal","description":"The increasing global demand for seafood, coupled with the urgent need of transition to renewable energy sources, has led to a growing interest in innovative and sustainable uses of marine space trough the development of Marine Spatial Planning protocols. Offshore aquaculture and renewables are two sectors poised for significant growth along the Portuguese coast, a country with outstanding potential for both sectors. Therefore, this paper seeks to assess the technical and environmental feasibility of co-locating these two industries along the continental coastline.The study focused on identifying suitable sites for the farming of 3 key species \u2013 Dicentrarchus labrax (European Seabass), Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mediterranean Mussel) and Laminaria hyperborea (\u201ccurvie\u201d Kelp) - by generating multicriteria suitability indexes and evaluating their compatibility with areas allocated for marine renewable energy deployment. Metocean data was obtained from the Copernicus database, with particular emphasis on seawater temperature, salinity and chlorophyll concentrations. The species\u0027 tolerance and ideal growth limits for these values were obtained from literature references. Lastly, suitability maps were generated through Python scripts and QGIS.Results indicated that several areas along the Portuguese coast, mainly so in the Northwest, may offer adequate suitability for the target species, also overlapping with zones identified as appropriated for offshore wind and\/or wave energy deployment. In addition, technical and environmental considerations, as well as potential conflicts with other activities and protected areas, were identified. Moreover, the potential influence of climate change was explored. These remarks suggest that co-location should be studied and improved in-depth, not only to bolster co-location synergies and minimize local conflicts and impacts, but also to provide robust information for proper decision-making processes.","author":["Costa, C.","Miranda, F.","Clemente, D.","Rosa-Santos, P.","Taveira-Pinto, F.","Fazeres-Ferradosa, T."],"organization":["University of Porto"],"originationDate":"2026-03-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["40.191708497938","-9.254239333877"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Marine Spatial Planning","Health \u0026 Safety"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-20 05:21:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Costa-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131358","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewables-may-just-be-what-canada-needs-right-now-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marinerenewables.ca\/vision\/","title":"Marine renewables may just be what Canada needs. Right now. And in the future.","description":"Canada stands at a defining moment in its energy transition.Electricity demand is projected to increase two to threefold by 2050 as transportation, buildings, and industry electrify, and new markets emerge such as data centres and green fuel production.Meeting this demand while maintaining affordability, reliability, and energy security will require a significant expansion of clean electricity supply and infrastructure.Marine renewable energy \u2013 offshore wind, tidal, wave, and river current \u2013 offers Canada a uniquely powerful solution.With vast coastlines, strong winds, and powerful tides, Canada is among the most abundant marine renewable jurisdictions in the world. These resources can deliver small-scale and large-scale, predictable and reliable clean power, strengthen grid resilience, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and support economic development across coastal, remote, northern, and Indigenous communities.The Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050 sets out a practical, phased pathway for realizing that opportunity.Our vision is that by mid-century, marine renewable energy is a key pillar of Canada\u2019s clean energy transition \u2013 supporting climate action, strengthening energy systems, and fostering resilient communities and sustainable economic growth.This means that by 2050:Canada is a world leader in tidal energy, with expertise in both large- and small-scale projects.Canada is an established market for offshore wind.Canada establishes wave energy as a viable component of its clean energy system.Marine renewable energy powers remote communities and ocean industries.Marine renewable energy delivers reliable, predictable, and integrated generation that supports baseload needs, optimizes energy storage, and helps balance variability across Canada\u2019s net-zero electricity grid.Realizing this Vision by 2050 would enable a thriving marine renewable energy sector that generates an estimated $12 billion GDP impact across Canada from construction activity alone.Central to achieving this outcome is a commitment to responsible development that respects marine ecosystems, ensures coexistence with fisheries, shipping, and other ocean users, and advances reconciliation through meaningful partnership with Indigenous Rights Holders, including opportunities for ownership, capacity building, and long-term economic participation.Marine renewables may just be what Canada needs. Right now. And in the future.L\u2019\u00e9nergie marine renouvelable pourrait bien \u00eatre ce dont le Canada a besoin. En ce moment. Et \u00e0 l\u2019avenir.","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"originationDate":"2026-02-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-20 11:48:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-26-Vision-Brochure_EN.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-26-Vision-Brochure_FR.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131360","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2022","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2022","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2022","description":"This report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analyses completed at the FORCE site up to the end of 2022. In addition, it also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work that is being conducted by FORCE and its partners. This includes updates on the Risk Assessment Program (RAP), subsea instrumentation platform deployments through the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) Program, and a research and development program called the VITALITY Innovation Ecosystem Activity Project. Finally, the report presents details regarding future research and monitoring efforts at the FORCE test site.Key updates in this report include:FORCE has received a technical report from Strum Consulting on a radar feasibility study which highlights challenges with the radar data as well as options for moving forward. This work will continue into next year to fully explore the potential utility of radar to monitor for seabirds at the FORCE site.The 2022 fish tagging under the Risk Assessment Program (RAP) in collaboration with our partners at the Mi\u2019kmaw Conservation Group (MCG), local fishers, and DFO Science is complete.After communication with the Vitality platform was interrupted over the summer it was recovered on October 17th to diagnose the cause of the communication failure. Post recovery testing determined that the failure was caused by corrosion of one of the platform grounding electrical cables. All other components continued to function as expected. During its deployment the platform successfully acquired data on current speeds, harbour porpoise localization, and provided a live video feed of underwater life to guests at the FORCE visitor center.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2022-12-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:10:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131361","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2021","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2021","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2021","description":"This report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analyses completed at the FORCE site up to the end of 2021. In addition, it also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work that is being conducted by FORCE and its partners. This includes supporting fish tagging efforts with Acadia University and the Ocean Tracking Network, radar research projects, subsea instrumentation platform deployments through the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) Program, and a new research and development program called the VITALITY Innovation Ecosystem Activity Project. Finally, the report presents details regarding future research and monitoring efforts at the FORCE test site.Key updates in this report include:In Partnership with the Fishermen and Scientists Research Society (FSRS) and a local lobster fisher, FORCE conducted research on a redesigned lobster monitoring program. The study was conducted over two phases, each during a neap tide cycle in September to ensure trap recovery. Nine experimental lobster traps were deployed in and around the FORCE tidal demonstration site and hauled 24 hours later where lobsters are measured, assessed, and tagged prior to being released back to the water. The first phase of the study occurred during August 29-September 2, and the second phase took place during September 27-October 1. The final report from this monitoring program will be available in Winter 2022.FORCE is also working with academic and First Nations partners to advance the Risk Assessment Program (RAP) for tidal stream energy. In partnership with FORCE, the Mi\u0027kmaw Conservative Group (MCG) has completed the 2021 fish tagging component of the program that is required for encounter rate model validation. Additional fish will be tagged next year. The acoustic receiver array was recovered in early December to download data and replace receiver batteries. The array will be redeployed next year to collect additional data to contribute to tag detection data for validating and refining the species distribution models and developing species-specific encounter rate models.FORCE is actively participating in a new research and development program called the VITALITY Innovation Ecosystem Activity Project that is focused on integrating tidal stream date from the FORCE test site into the Canadian Integrated Ocean Observing System (CIOOS). FORCE and its project partner Dalhousie University have developed a cabled subsea platform that includes an ADCP for measuring tidal current flow, waves and current flow, a video camera for providing live stream video, and an array of hydrophones for testing the real-time detection of harbour porpoise. Once intertidal testing is complete, the platform will be re-deployed in closer proximity to the FORCE site for one year to test capabilities in the dynamic tidal conditions of the Minas Passage.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance","Changes in Flow","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:09:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2021_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131362","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2020","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2020","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2020","description":"This report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analyses completed at the FORCE site up to the end of 2020. In addition, it also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work that is being conducted by FORCE and its partners.Key updates in this report include:Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU) Consulting Ltd. provided their 3rd year report of harbour porpoise monitoring at the FORCE test site using C-PODs. The report describes the results of C-POD deployments #7-10 (May 2018 - August 2019), and places the results in a broader context of the overall marine mammal monitoring program implemented as part of FORCE\u0027s multiyear Environmental Effects Monitoring Program (EEMP).FORCE commisioned Envirosphere Consultants Ltd. and Dr. Phil Taylor (Acadia University) to synthesize the results of its observational seabird surveys at the FORCE test site, and to evaluate advanced statistical techniques for analysing seabird count data in relation to environmental predictor variables. The data were examined using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to characterize seabird abundance and to better understand the potential impacts of tidal turbines on seabirds at the FORCE test site.FORCE is working collaboratively with the OERA to advance \u0027The Pathway Program\u0027 to identify effective and regulator approved monitoring solutions for the tidal energy industry in Nova Scotia.A workshop focused on data automation and data management was held in Halifax on March 4, 2020, and a virtual workshop focused on the application of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) approaches for monitoring echolocating marine mammals in high tidal flows was held online on April 30,2020. The report generated from the PAM workshop is provided here in Appendix IV.Work with DeepSense (Dalhousie University)  to automate the post-processing of hydroacoustic fish survey data was completed. This work generated a new processing tool called \u0027Echofilter\u0027.Automation of PAM data has also been completed, and researchers at Oregon State University have developed a harbour porpoise click detector and classification tool for application to Minas Passage called \u0027FindPorpoises\u0027.FORCE is working with academic and First Nations partners to advance the Risk Assessment Program (RAP) for tidal stream energy. This program seeks to develop credible and statistically robust encounter rate models for migratory and resident fish species in Minas Passage with tidal turbines. This will be accomplished by combining physical oceanographic data related to flow and turbulence in the Minas Passage with hydroacoustic tagging information for various fish species in the region curated by the Ocean Tracking Network at Dalhousie University.FORCE has established a high-resolution radar network in Minas Passage and has stated to quantify hydrodynamic features in the region and build the tidal flow atlas required for the program.FORCE has started modelling the spatiotemporal distributions for the nine species for which sufficient acoustic tracking data is available, and has started planning the fish tagging component of the program required for encounter rate model validation.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Attraction","Avoidance","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-21 12:20:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131363","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2019","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/environmental-effects-monitoring-program-annual-report-2019","title":"Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2019","description":"This report provides a summary of monitoring activities and data analysis completed at the FORCE site for 2019. In addition to other ongoing monitoring programs, this includes:Analysis, recently completed by the University of Maine, of fifteen hydroacoustic fish surveys conducted in the Minas Passage between 2011-2017 as part of FORCE\u2019s Environmental Effects Monitoring Program (Appendix IV);Completion of the field component for the comparative passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) study, which aims to understand how well multiple PAM devices (C-POD, F-POD, SoundTrap, icListenHF, and AMAR) perform compared to each other across the range of tidal flows experienced at the FORCE site;Analysis of data collected by hydrophones mounted on the Cape Sharp Tidal Ventures turbine, looking at the flow noise (noise generated by the movement of the water) and its impact on the instruments in differing locations (Appendix IX);Commissioning Envirosphere Consultants Ltd. to survey the wetland zone at the FORCE site. Botanical surveys have been ongoing since 2011 as part of FORCE\u2019s Wetlands Alteration Approval (issued by NS Environment). The 2019 survey demonstrated that the wetland has now recovered from the trenching activities associated with cable installation in 2011, and as such this was the final year of wetlands monitoring (Appendix X);Collaborative work with TriNav Fisheries Consultants Ltd. to redesign FORCE\u2019s lobster monitoring program based on regulatory feedback. The new program approach incorporates a combination of modified commercial lobster traps and tagging efforts (Appendix XI);Work in collaboration with OERA to advance \u2018The Pathway Program\u2019 to identify effective and regulator-approved monitoring solutions for the tidal energy industry in Nova Scotia:Commissioning subject matter experts to conduct comprehensive literature reviews about the use of different classes of environmental monitoring technologies such as PAM, imaging sonars, and echosounders for monitoring tidal energy devices around the world;Work with DeepSense (Dalhousie University) to automate the post-processing of hydroacoustic fish survey data;Working in collaboration with Sustainable Marine Energy Canada (SME) to assess the capabilities of different classes of environmental monitoring technologies in high flow environments.In addition, the report also highlights findings from international research efforts, previous data collection periods at the FORCE site, and additional research work that is being conducted by FORCE and its partners. This includes supporting fish tagging efforts with Acadia University and the Ocean Tracking Network, radar research projects, and subsea instrumentation platform deployments through the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) Program. Finally, the report presents details regarding future research and monitoring efforts at the FORCE test site.Appendix 1: Cape Sharp Tidal Venture UpdateAppendix 2: Passive Acoustic Monitoring Workshop ReportAppendix 3: Using radar data to evaluate seabird abundance and habitat use at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy site near Parrsboro, NSAppendix 4: Marine fish monitoring at FORCE: Updated report on processing and analysisAppendix 5: Passive acoustic monitoring in tidal channels and high flow environmentsAppendix 6: Imaging sonar review for marine environmental monitoring around tidal turbinesAppendix 7: Final Report: Scientific echosounder review for instream tidal turbinesAppendix 8: Active sonar environmental monitoring for Fundy tidal energy projectAppendix 9: Passive Acoustic Monitoring in a Tidal Energy Environment Comparing Acoustic Data from Three Measurement Positions in the Minas PassageAppendix 10: Wetlands Environmental Monitoring ReportAppendix 11: A Revised American Lobster Catchability Monitoring Program for the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2019-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-21 12:47:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2019.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_1-Cape-Sharp-Tidal-Venture-Update.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_2-Passive-Acoustic-Monitoring-Report.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_3-Using-Radar-Data-to-Evaluate-Seabird-Abundance-and-Habitat-Use-at-the-FORCE-Site-near-Parrsboro.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_4-Marine-Fish-Monitoring-at-FORCE-Updated-Report-on-Processing-and-Analysis.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_5-Passive-Acoustic-Monitoring-in-Tidal-Channels-and-High-Flow-Environments.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_6-Imaging-Sonar-Review-for-Marine-Environmental-Monitoring-Around-Tidal-Turbines.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_7-Final-Report-Scientific-Echosounder-Review-for-Instream-Tidal-Turbines.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_8-Active-Sonar-Environmental-Monitoring-for-Fundy-Tidal-Energy-Project.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_9-Passive-Acoustic-Monitoring-in-a-Tidal-Energy-Environment-Comparing-Acoustic-Data-from-Three-Measurement-Positions-in-the-Minas-Passage.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_10-Monitoring-of-Plant-Communities-in-Marsh-and-Adjacent-Wetland.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Appendix_11-A-Revised-Lobster-Catchability-Monitoring-Program.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131501","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-policy-risk-regulatory-framework-sustainable-tidal-current-energy-china","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/18\/7\/3224","title":"Environmental Policy and Risk Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Tidal Current Energy in China","description":"The advancement of sustainable energy is a key component of the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Technology advancements have made tidal current energy (TCE) a promising renewable energy source. China possesses abundant TCE resources and has gradually incorporated TCE into its energy and marine development policies. In China, TCE projects are currently being implemented on a large scale. However, despite policy-level recognition, TCE development in China has received limited regulatory attention, particularly with respect to environmental protection and ecological risk governance. Existing governance frameworks largely rely on general marine environmental and ecological policies, which are insufficient to address the three-dimensional, underwater characteristics and cumulative ecological risks. This study analyzes the evolution of China\u2019s TCE-related laws and policies and identifies key deficiencies in current environmental regulation. To promote the sustainable TCE projects, the paper proposes tentative recommendations to promote the sustainable development of TCE in China, including the formulation of specialized environmental impact assessment guidelines grounded in the precautionary principle, future policies for addressing the cumulative environmental impact of large-scale TCE deployment, and the establishment of an environmental risk assessment system tailored to the data limitations and ecological characteristics of TCE exploitation.","author":["Guo, R.","Liu, Z.","Wei, H.","Wang, G.","Zhao, S.","Deng, Y."],"organization":["Shanghai Maritime University","Shanghai University (SHU)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-30 05:21:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Guo-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131502","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/quantifying-underwater-acoustic-noise-its-possible-effects-fishes-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-1312\/14\/7\/610","title":"Quantifying Underwater Acoustic Noise and Its Possible Effects on Fishes: A Review","description":"This article presents a literature review aimed at outlining the state of the art in the assessment of underwater noise and in the evaluation of its effects on fish behavior and health. We examine current methodologies for characterizing the underwater soundscape, emphasizing the importance of incorporating particle motion sensors alongside pressure sensors due to the nature of fish auditory systems. Guidelines for simulating underwater acoustic environments in laboratory settings are also summarized. To characterize anthropogenic noise sources, we consider ship propellers as the primary source of continuous underwater noise, whereas we consider the equipment used in marine seismic surveys as the primary source of impulsive underwater noise. Finally, we summarize documented effects of acoustic pollution on a commercially important species, European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and describe experimental setups suitable for observing these effects.","author":["Klin, P.","Poveda, P.","Cianferra, M.","P\u00e9rez-Arjona, I.","Mauro, M.","Affatati, A.","Carbajo, J.","Forcada, A.","Espinosa, V.","Vazzana, M.","Tinivella, U.","Ramis, J."],"organization":["Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics)","University of Alicante","University of Trieste","Polytechnic University of Valencia (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia)","Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Palermo (University of Palermo)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-26","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-30 05:34:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Klin-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131515","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pathway-workshop1-cabling-platform-development-high-flow-marine-sites","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-workshop-1-cabling-and-platform-development-for-high-flow-marine-sites","title":"Pathway Workshop#1 - Cabling and Platform Development for High-Flow Marine Sites","description":"The Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA) has a mandate to enable sustainable development of Nova Scotia\u2019s energy resources by facilitating and funding collaborative research and development. It has supported numerous tidal energy R\u0026amp;D projects over the years and is now leading the Pathway Program in collaboration with the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) with funding from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Mines (DEM) \u2013 a coordinated R\u0026amp;D program that will define, test and validate Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) solutions for the instream tidal energy industry that can meet regulatory requirements. The program will increase the understanding of impacts from instream tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and improve the understanding of fish and marine mammal interaction with instream tidal energy devices. The program will also improve data processing and analyses, so that results can be reported to regulators and disseminated to the public in a timely manner.The main objectives of the Program are to i) define a DFO-approved solution for the tidal energy industry, ii) apply machine learning to data analysis to reduce reporting time and compliance costs, iii) minimize initial capital costs to developers, iv) develop regional capability to manage, process, analyze and report EEM data, and v) develop intellectual property that regional companies can exploit commercially in multiple marine industries, both regionally and globally.To conduct this program successfully, OERA and FORCE are assessing different types of monitoring technology that can gather adequate data to inform regulatory requirements. To complete this assessment effectively, OERA and FORCE are consulting with experts through several workshops to gather information on how the technology may be able to work effectively in high-flow environments to gather required monitoring data.The first workshop under the Pathway Program was focused on \u201cCabling and Platform Development for High-Flow Marine Sites.\u201d The Pathway Program contracted Marine Renewables Canada (MRC) to assist in leading workshop development, delivery and information-gathering. This summary report is the outcome of the workshop discussion and insights gathered during the workshop held on December 10, 2019.","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-10","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-03-31 04:44:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131660","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/imaging-sonar-data-automation-feasibility-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/imaging-sonar-data-automation-feasibility-study-final-report","title":"Imaging Sonar Data Automation Feasibility Study","description":"Multibeam imaging sonars have application to monitoring fish and marine mammal presence and behaviours in the near field of tidal turbine installations, including evaluating avoidance, evasion, and potential blade strikes. Previous work in the Pathway Program has recommended use of the Tritech Gemini 720is, which demonstrated a high level of utility for visually detecting and tracking targets from vessel and bottom-mounted orientations in tidal flows up to approximately 2.5 m\/s in Grand Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. This project focuses on a comparison of two approaches for automated analysis of Tritech Gemini 720is sonar data: (1) an optical-based deep learning detection approach led by Dr. James Joslin, and (2) an approach based on spatial and temporal filtering for target detection and tracking led by Dr. Benjamin Williamson. The scope of this project was developed based on a practical need to increase efficiency in sonar data assessment, working toward methods that can incorporate reliable automation. The project goal is to advance the development of automated methods for detecting, tracking, and classifying acoustic targets in high energy tidal flows. The results will help inform the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, tidal energy developers, and other stakeholders in the design and implementation of effective monitoring systems for tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and beyond. The primary datasets for analysis include data from an upward-oriented, seafloor-mounted Gemini collected in Grand Passage in October 2020, and from a downward-oriented, vessel-mounted Gemini from Minas Passage collected by SOAR on September 1, 2021. Both of these datasets focus on artificial targets: a V-Wing glider from Dartmouth Ocean Technologies, a ca. 10 cm diameter basalt rock, and a 0.45 kg lead fishing weight. Additionally, a preliminary analysis of bottom-mounted Gemini data from the FORCE site collected by HTEL Energy in February 2022 is included as a case study on algorithm performance. In all cases, the effective range of the Gemini sonar was found to be 30 m to 40 m depending on the size of the target and environmental conditions (bubbles, sediment, zooplankton, and other acoustic scatterers). Beyond this effective range targets are not easily visible amongst the background noise, although this is site, target and orientation specific, to some extent. The analysis methodology was developed to evaluate the performance of the two methods based on two key metrics: \u201cprecision\u201d, here defined as the portion of all predicted targets which were true targets, and \u201crecall\u201d, also known as the true positive rate, evaluates what portion of targets in a database were found by the algorithm. Both the optical-based deep learning method and the spatial and temporal filtering method are compared to data based on manual annotations made by a trained technician using Tritech\u2019s proprietary SeaTec data acquisition and processing software. SeaTec\u2019s built-in processing tools for automated object detection and tracking are also evaluated and used in the comparison. The Gemini SeaTec software has proven to be reliable for instrument setup and data collection with a user- friendly interface. The software writes proprietary Gemini .ecd files, though the raw data can be accessed programmatically for conversion and potential compression into alternate formats for storage and analysis. Although lossless conversion was used in this project, note that any conversion or compression may cause data losses which can significantly affect data analysis.","author":["Trowse, G.","Williamson, B.","Jourdain de Thieulloy, M","Joslin, J.","Scott, M"],"organization":["Sustainable Oceans Applied Research Ltd (SOAR)","Environmental Research Institute (ERI)","MarineSitu"],"originationDate":"2022-06-13","spatial":{"coordinates":[["44.268033000000","-66.338977200000"],["45.206690200000","-64.248093700000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-06 09:47:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trowse-et-al-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131661","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-sea-update-bay-fundy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/tidal-energy-strategic-environmental-assessment-bay-of-fundy-phase-ii-january-2014","title":"Tidal Energy: Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Update for the Bay of Fundy","description":"In 2007 the Nova Scotia Department of Energy commissioned the Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA) to complete a Phase I Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) to guide the development of tidal energy in the Bay of Fundy. Since that time, the tidal energy industry has evolved in Nova Scotia; consequently OERA commissioned this Phase II SEA Update to accomplish two primary objectives: 1. Describe the contemporary state of the tidal energy industry both regionally and globally; and, 2. Present the current scientific and community knowledge base on this subject in the Bay of Fundy. Many of the 29 recommendations in the 2008 SEA have been fully implemented or are currently being addressed; only three recommendations remain outstanding. Considerable environmental and biophysical research, targeting priorities identified in 2008 and since that time, has been completed or is currently underway. Modifications to environmental and electricity regulations have been made to further encourage the development of a made-in-Nova Scotia tidal energy industry. Since 2008, two fundamental changes have occurred in the tidal energy industry that will affect projects developed in Nova Scotia. First, proponents of the most advanced technologies are now seeking sites that can host arrays of turbines for commercial purposes, rather than individual sites for demonstration of their technologies. Second, the industry has evolved large devices to serve utility-scale transmission projects, as well as smaller units suited to community-scale distribution projects. The provincial Department of Energy has supported this development through the introduction of the Developmental FIT and COMFIT programs, which offer power producers fixed prices for the electricity produced. These different project types and supporting regulatory incentives offer a number of opportunities for the Nova Scotia marine industry and the skilled services and technologies that support this industry. Tidal energy is expected to help lessen the Province\u2019s dependency on imported fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions. Current provincial legislation requires 25% of the electricity consumed in Nova Scotia to be generated from renewable sources by 2015. By 2020, this target rises to 40%. Both of these targets appear achievable under the renewable energy planning and development scenarios currently in place. The economic benefits that can be realized by participating in the emerging tidal industry combined with the increased energy security that it can bring to the Province, account for the Province\u2019s continuing commitment to tidal energy.","author":["AECOM"],"organization":["AECOM","Acadia Tidal Energy Institute","Offshore Energy Environmental Research Association (OEER)"],"originationDate":"2014-01-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.206690200000","-64.248093700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Cetaceans","Sediment Transport","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-06 09:51:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AECOM-2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131696","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-assessment-program-tidal-energy-year-two-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/risk-assessment-program-for-tidal-energy-year-two-report","title":"Risk Assessment Program for Tidal Energy: Year Two Report","description":"Tidal stream energy has the potential to become a significant contributor to clean energy targets and an important response to climate change. Canada is now witnessing a new wave of tidal energy activity in the Bay of Fundy, by companies such as Sustainable Marine, BigMoon Power, and Nova Innovation. But uncertainty around potential impacts on marine life has left the federal regulator, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), challenged to adequately assess the risk, particularly to fish. This uncertainty challenges the regulatory permitting process; without regulatory approval, developers cannot execute the planned project scope nor raise additional private sector funding to move forward.Many perceive the greatest potential risk of tidal turbine operations as collisions between marine animals and turbines blades. These types of interactions are difficult to observe directly: both because of the fast flowing, turbid waters of tidal energy sites and because of the limitations of monitoring instruments which have been designed for use in more benign marine environments. The Risk Assessment Program (RAP) for tidal stream energy is designed to create a detailed, credible assessment tool to gauge the probability that fish will encounter a tidal device. RAP is a collaborative effort between the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Ocean Tracking Network at Dalhousie University, the Mi\u2019kmaw Conservation Group, Acadia University, and Marine Renewables Canada. A key deliverable of RAP is an encounter rate model (ERM): a mathematical model that estimates the frequency with which a stationary entity encounters a moving one \u2014 in this case, the probability that a fish will occupy the same volume of water as tidal stream turbine, thereby encountering the device (assuming no avoidance behavior by the fish). ERMs have become a standardized permitting tool for assessing the risk of offshore wind projects; until now, little work has been done to apply the concept to tidal turbine projects. The development of an ERM tailored specifically to tidal devices in the Bay of Fundy\u2019s Minas Passage will be game changing. The probability of fish-turbine encounters will be determined by combining two complementary data sets: physical oceanographic (hydrodynamics), and biological (fish distribution). A radar-based flow atlas is the key input for determining water movement and direction; acoustic fish-tagging provides the data of central interest on different fish species and their location. With unprecedented reach and accuracy, RAP combines data on water flow with fish location to understand fish movement in the Minas Passage, in real time. RAP partners will be able to estimate, for the first time, the probability that a fish will encounter a turbine at specific locations in Minas Passage. That will give regulators, Rights Holders, fishers, developers and other stakeholders a clearer understanding of the potential risks to fishes of commercial, cultural, and conservation value in the Bay of Fundy in advance of tidal turbine deployments. The inclusive design of RAP, which brings together many participants with diverse interests and concerns around the Fundy ecosystem, is also establishing the foundation for future environmental effects monitoring programs and best practices. The RAP project is entering its third and final year. This report provides an update of the key program components: 1) flow atlas; 2) fish atlas; and 3) modelling.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2022-05-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.043579000000","-66.109947000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 11:12:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131697","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/seasonal-occurrence-waterbirds-minas-passage-bay-fundy-nova-scotia-canada-2010-2012","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/seasonal-occurrence-of-waterbirds-in-minas-passage-bay-of-fundy-nova-scotia-canada-2010-to-2012","title":"Seasonal occurrence of waterbirds in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2010 to 2012","description":"We determined patterns of seasonal abundance and diversity of seabirds and coastal waterfowl in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada using quantitative, shore-based point surveys from mid-March to late August and mid-October to December 2010 to 2012. This area experiences the world\u2019s highest tides and greatest tidal currents. We showed that species and seasonal cycles of waterbirds in Minas Passage reflect patterns typical of the inner Bay of Fundy and the northeast Atlantic coast of North America. The study highlights the importance of Minas Passage as an important local migration pathway for waterbirds including Black Scoter (Melanitta americana) and Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata) passing through the Bay of Fundy. Large numbers of sea ducks (Black Scoter, Surf Scoter [Melanitta perspicillata], White-winged Scoter (Melanitta fusca), and Long-tailed Duck [Clangula hyemalis]), and Red-throated Loon were observed at the site in spring and fall, corresponding to known peak movements elsewhere in the Bay of Fundy. Fewest species and smallest abundances of waterbirds overall occurred in summer and early winter, while most species and largest abundances occurred in April-May and early November. Of the 46 species observed, resident breeders such as Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus), Common Eider (Somateria mollissima), Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle), and Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), were most abundant in spring to early summer during breeding and migrants including Red-throated Loon, Black Scoter, Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis), Surf Scoter, and Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus) occurred in moderate numbers during migration periods.","author":["Stewart, P.","Lavender, F.","Levy, H."],"organization":["Envirosphere Consultants Ltd"],"originationDate":"2021-10-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-08 10:00:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stewart-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131707","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/risk-assessment-program-tidal-energy-year-one-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/risk-assessment-program-for-tidal-energy-year-one-report","title":"Risk Assessment Program for Tidal Energy: Year One Report","description":"Canada is witnessing a new wave of interest in tidal stream technology development in the Bay of Fundy, but uncertainty around potential impacts on marine life has left the federal regulator, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), challenged to adequately assess the risk, particularly in relation to fish. This uncertainty challenges the regulatory permitting process; without regulatory approval, developers cannot execute the planned project scope nor raise additional private sector funding to move forward.Regulators perceive the greatest potential risk of tidal turbine operations as collisions between marine animals and turbines blades (Sparling et al., 2020). However, these types of interactions are difficult to observe directly: both because of the fast flowing, often turbid waters of tidal energy sites and because of the limitations of monitoring instruments which have been designed for use in more benign marine environments. The Risk Assessment Program (RAP) for tidal stream energy creates a way forward. RAP is a collaborative effort between the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Ocean Tracking Network at Dalhousie University, the Confederacy of Mainland Mi\u2019kmaq\/Mi\u2019kmaw Conservation Group, Acadia University, Marine Renewables Canada, local fishers and knowledge holders to create a detailed, credible assessment tool to gauge the probability that fish will encounter a tidal device. Encounter rate modelling, or ERM (i.e., estimating the predicted frequency with which a stationary entity encounters a moving one), has become a standardized permitting tool for offshore wind projects, but little work has been done to date in North America to apply that concept to assessing risks presented by tidal turbine projects. RAP will assess the co-occurrence of fish and tidal turbines in the Bay of Fundy\u2019s Minas Passage, where the probability of encounter will be determined by combining two data sets: physical oceanographic (flow) and biological (fish distribution). RAP partners will be able to estimate, for the first time, the probability that a fish will encounter a turbine. That will give regulators, Rights holders, community stakeholders, and technology developers a better understanding of the potential risks to fishes of commercial, cultural, and conservation value in the Bay of Fundy in advance of tidal turbine deployments, and will assist in the development of future environmental effects monitoring programs. The RAP project is entering its second year. This report provides an update of the outcomes accomplished to date in each of the pillars of the program, and the next steps for each pillar.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2021-06-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.043579000000","-66.109947000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-08 10:57:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/FORCE-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131708","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/remote-sensor-marine-mammal-localization","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/real-time-detection-of-marine-mammals-in-high-flow-environments","title":"A Remote Sensor for Marine Mammal Localization","description":"The deployment of infrastructure in the ocean is often slowed due to the potential harm of animals in the area. In the Bay of Fundy, the deployment of tidal farms have been explored for several years, however there is a large population of harbour porpoises. In this work, a remote passive localization system is proposed to track harbour porpoises using the sound emitted by the animal. In comparison to active sonar systems, the proposed sensor does not send a pulse. This reduces the potential noise pollution, as well as the energy consumption of the system. In order to implement this real-time system, two core components are developed: the localization algorithm, as well as the communication link to return the information to the surface. A complete design procedure is described in this report, including the analytical development, the modelling and the testing of the system. The proposed real-time algorithm relies on a compact hydrophone array that is designed to detect bearing and range. The algorithm complexity is optimized to be programmed on a field programmable gate array (FPGA); the FPGA is used for parallel computing of the acoustic data. The algorithm is tested using calibration data in realistic conditions, as well as with real harbour porpoise echolocation samples that were collected in the Bay of Fundy in the Summer 2019. The communication system as well as the hardware for the localization system are deployed in the Aquatron. The analytical models, validated by the measurement results demonstrate the great potential for magneto-inductive communication as a means to cross the air-water interface. Additionally, these tests were used to confirm how the sensor array can be connected to the processor to enable real-time localization. Overall, the developed platform has great potential as a smart remote sensor node that can be used to monitor the ocean in real-time.","author":["Malekshahi, E.","McEachern, J.","Forget, A.","Watson, M.","Doelle, N.","Ferguson, C.","Aljendi, S.","Bousquet, J.F."],"organization":["Dalhousie University"],"originationDate":"2021-06-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.043579000000","-66.109947000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-08 10:58:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Malekshahi-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131712","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-particle-motion-near-wave-energy-converter","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/rwe\/10.1007\/978-3-031-94229-7_34-1","title":"Exploring Particle Motion Near a Wave Energy Converter","description":"There is a growing expectation for the expansion of marine renewable energies (MRE), yet their impacts on marine fauna at both individual and array scales are not yet fully understood. Offshore marine energy installations represent emerging anthropogenic noise sources capable of propagating acoustic energy through the water column and substrate. MRE devices may cause acoustic disturbances, potentially affecting demersal and benthic species of fish and invertebrates. However, data on particle motion and substrate vibrations generated by floating structures moored to the seafloor remain scarce. This chapter provides an example of ongoing work involving direct measurements of acoustic particle motion and pressure data collected near ISWEC (Inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter), a wave energy device located off the coast of Pantelleria (Italy), Mediterranean Sea. Data were collected using an acoustic vector sensor equipped with a 3D accelerometer and omnidirectional hydrophone. An example of the acoustic signature of the ISWEC mooring is reported. Results indicate differences in behavior between pressure and particle motion, suggesting that their relationship is not straightforward. These findings highlight the importance of direct measurements for accurate underwater noise assessments and for improving understanding of particle motion behavior.","author":["Chicco, C.","Ceraulo, M.","Niosi, F.","Giorgi, G.","Papale, E.","Buscaino, G."],"organization":["Politecnico di Torino","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2026-04-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.783247482724","11.993589401085"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-09 04:22:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chicco-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131713","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/international-waters-summary-findings-lessons-learned","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.ocean-energy-systems.org\/publications\/oes-reports\/market-policy-\/document\/international-waters-summary-of-findings-and-lessons-learned\/","title":"International WaTERS: Summary of Findings and Lessons Learned","description":"The International WaTERS network has spent the past decade building a global platform for collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovation among marine energy test centres. These centres have evolved from single-technology wave and tidal facilities into multi-technology innovation hubs with advanced environmental monitoring capabilities. This evolution reflects the sector\u2019s response to growing technical complexity, market demand, and policy priorities. Adaptability, collaboration, and evidence-based planning have been key to tackling technical, operational, regulatory, and financial challenges. Test centres with modular infrastructure and flexible service models have remained resilient and financially sustainable while supporting diverse technologies and developer needs. Operational performance has improved through digital tools, remote monitoring, autonomous systems, and strong local supply chains, while lessons from both successes and failures are shared across the network. Flexible certification pathways have lowered barriers for early-stage developers, supporting progression from trial to full compliance. Test centres have taken a leading role in environmental monitoring, adaptive management, and risk-based consenting, advocating for open data sharing and standardised protocols to reduce regulatory friction. Early, transparent engagement with communities, fisheries, and regulators is central to securing social licence and building long-term trust. Collaboration across the network including shared databases, risk registers, lessons-learned logs, joint procurement, staff exchanges, and harmonised protocols has accelerated innovation, reduced duplication, and strengthened sector-wide resilience. Diversified business models and strategic partnerships have improved financial stability, enabling centres to act as conveners, educators, and innovation catalysts. Proactive decommissioning and end-of-life planning ensures responsible site stewardship, while structured workshops and digital collaboration platforms sustain coordination, knowledge transfer, and problem-solving. Looking ahead, priorities include expanding shared resources, standardising monitoring and operational protocols, promoting mutual recognition of regulatory data, and advancing collaborative R\u0026amp;D and staff exchanges focused on emerging technologies. Strengthening funding models and business strategies is critical to long-term sustainability, while inclusive, transparent stakeholder engagement and adaptive regulation support social acceptance and responsible growth. By positioning test centres as strategic partners in policy, funding, and technology deployment, the network can accelerate marine energy development, delivering economic, environmental, and social benefits globally. The International WaTERS network demonstrates that coordinated action, shared learning, and evidence-based approaches are essential for advancing marine energy toward commercial maturity. Continued investment in infrastructure, collaboration, and capacity building will ensure that test centres remain at the forefront of safe, sustainable, and socially supported deployment of marine energy technologies worldwide.","author":["Linklater, E.","Mediavilla, D.","Kemp, E."],"organization":["International Energy Agency (IEA)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2026-04-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-09 05:50:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/international-waters-report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131714","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/progressing-tidal-energy-through-organized-data-approaches","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.thejot.net\/article-preview\/?show_article_preview=1692","title":"Progressing Tidal Energy Through Organized Data Approaches","description":"As the tidal energy industry reaches commercial status in parts of Europe and pre-commercial status in North America, more environmental data are being collected, and research studies continue to address the most difficult questions around risks to marine life and environment. Collision risk of fish and marine mammals, as well as diving seabirds and sea turtles, remain the most challenging tidal turbine interactions and the focus of extensive studies in many parts of the world. At the same time, questions around animal disturbance from acoustic output of turbine or electromagnetic fields from power export cables, as well as alterations of benthic and pelagic habitats need to be addressed to achieve regulatory permission to deploy and operate tidal farms. In addition, as marine energy projects scale up to large arrays, interactions like displacement of marine animals or entanglement in mooring lines will need to be investigated. Working with 15 other nations, Ocean Energy Systems-Environmental has developed tools and frameworks to assist in organizing and applying data and information on potential risks from tidal turbines to permitting, mitigation, and licensing. Tools have been developed that organize data to match regulatory needs including risk retirement, data transferability, management measures, and guidance documents. This paper will discuss the application of these tools and frameworks.","author":["Copping, A.","Hemery, L.","Garavelli, L.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)"],"originationDate":"2026-04-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Collision","Displacement","EMF","Entanglement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-09 06:02:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Copping-et-al-2026-Organized-Data.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131725","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-biofouling-characteristics-issues-offshore-renewable-energy-industry","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08927014.2026.2630946","title":"A review of biofouling characteristics and issues for offshore renewable energy industry","description":"The development of offshore renewable energy (ORE) is accelerating to reach global decarbonisation objectives, but it faces technical and ecological challenges, including biofouling. This review synthesises current knowledge on biofouling colonising ORE structures, focusing on: 1) its technical impacts (increased hydrodynamic drag, corrosion, decreased component lifespan), and 2) its environmental impacts (modification of habitat, reef effect, non-native species dispersal). Special focus is given to floating systems, such as floating wind turbines, where biofouling significantly influences mooring lines and dynamic cables. Despite increasing interest in the field, many uncertainties remain, notably the lack of in situ offshore data, limited understanding of biofouling-structure interactions, and absence of standardised measurement protocols. The review discusses main knowledge gaps in offshore fouling dynamics and proposes future research perspectives to improve maintenance strategies and environmental management. Understanding these processes is essential for the long-term sustainability of ORE technologies and their integration into marine ecosystems.","author":["Portas, A.","Briand, J-F.","Damblans, G.","Quillien, N."],"organization":["University of Toulon","France Energies Marines"],"originationDate":"2026-02-27","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-09 09:37:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131733","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-does-sound-travel-high-energy-environments-effectiveness-acoustic-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/how-does-sound-travel-in-high-energy-environments-effectiveness-of-acoustic-monitoring-systems-and-turbine-audibility-assessment","title":"How does Sound Travel in High-Energy Environments? Effectiveness of Acoustic Monitoring Systems and Turbine Audibility Assessment: 2018 OERA Grand Passage Acoustic Monitoring Final Report","description":"Marine hydrokinetic turbines are a promising technology for generating renewable \u2018green\u2019 energy at the scale of local communities, as well as for feeding regional power grids. Many locations along Nova Scotia\u2019s Bay of Fundy with significant potential for marine turbine power have prototype turbines either installed or in planning. Developing of these sites requires an understanding of the resource potential and the effects of the turbines on the environment. Typically, desktop models are employed to gain an initial understanding of these issues, which are then supplemented with in situ measurements. The measurements serve two purposes: to validate and to improve the models or to address knowledge gaps identified during the desktop studies. With respect to the effects of turbines on marine life, a key knowledge gap is understanding the behaviour and exposures of fish, crustaceans, and marine mammals near the devices.To help address these knowledge gaps, Environmental Effects Monitoring Plans (EEMPs) for installing and operating prototype marine tidal turbines often include requirements for passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). PAM may be employed to detect the presence of vocalizing marine life or to quantify the sound levels in a project area with and without the tidal turbines. The sound level measurements may then be used to determine how turbines change the sound exposures of marine life, including the possibility of sounds from the turbine causing injury to hearing, behavioural disturbance, or masking of other biologically important sounds. The importance of these possible effects must be interpreted in the context of their cumulative effects with pre-existing human activities.Measurements made by EEMP programs record the conditions at the sensor locations over the recording period. To convert these into an understanding of the effects over wide areas and long durations, we need to validate that the available modelling tools accurately reproduce the real-world. In the case of PAM, we have access to numerical propagation models whose accuracy depends on our knowledge of the environmental conditions and the sound levels generated by sources in the area. Environmental conditions that matter are the speed of sound in the water column, the seabed topography and composition, and the sea surface conditions. Sites that are appropriate for tidal turbines are known to have high levels of turbulence. As a result, the water column sound speed fluctuates with values on the order of 0.1\u20131% of the mean value, which has an unknown effect on our ability to model sound propagation. Sound sources whose levels need to be quantified include those of the turbines as well as other activities like fishing vessels and ferries.The scope of EEMPs developed for specific projects cannot address some of the fundamental research questions, such as acoustic propagation effects. Programs such as those managed by the Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA), are appropriate for addressing these types of questions. Our program \u201cHow does sound travel in high energy environments? Effectiveness of acoustic monitoring systems and turbine audibility assessment\u201d was designed to advance our ability to perform and interpret PAM programs. The objectives of the program were to:Measure propagation loss for sounds in the 8\u201316 kHz band;Investigate directional sensors as acoustic receivers to localize marine mammals near tidal turbines;Measure the baseline ambient soundscape in Grand Passage, including the source level of the Brier Island Ferry;Measure propagation loss in lower frequency bands (100\u20135000 Hz) using the ferry as a sound source;Develop a stochastic variability model for acoustic propagation in turbulent conditions; andEstimate the audibility zone of turbines for different marine life groups.An acoustic measurement program lasting a full 28-day tidal cycle was conducted to fulfil these objectives. An acoustic projector provided a controlled signal in the 8000\u201316000 Hz frequency range for the high-frequency propagation loss study. The projector\u2019s signal was recorded by three acoustic data loggers at nominal ranges of 100, 500, and 1100 m from the source. The 100 and 500 m recorders straddled to the Brier Island Ferry route (Figure 1) so that estimates of propagation loss and ferry source levels could be made.The acoustic equipment was deployed and retrieved during the previous reporting period. The equipment was deployed on 20 and 21 Sep 2018 and retrieved on 27\u201328 Oct 2018. Appendix A contains a description of the recording equipment, acoustic source, deployment and retrieval operations, as well as the non-acoustic data that was collected to support data interpretations.This report provides an overview of the project team, a summary of the results, and recommendations for further work. Details of the work performed are contained in the appendices.","author":["Martin, B.","MacDonald, J.","Wilson, C.","Wallot-Beale, Z.","Ghannadrezaii, H.","Barclay, D.","Pace, F.","Bouquet, J.","Maxner, E.","Lawrence, C.","Muzi, L."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences","Dalhousie University","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.275251731710","-66.338781238230"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-10 06:23:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martin-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131734","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-tidal-channels-high-flow-environments","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-1-passive-acoustic-monitoring-in-tidal-channels-and-high-flow-environments-report","title":"Passive acoustic monitoring in tidal channels and high flow environments","description":"This project provides an overview of methods, data processing techniques, and equipment used to make passive acoustic measurements in tidal channels. The acoustic field is measured in these energetic environments to characterize the natural noise field, quantify contributions by tidal energy and other human deployed devices, and to detect and localize vocalizing marine animals, the latter being the primary objective of interest in this project. No commercially available, purpose built acoustic monitoring systems have been designed for operation in turbulent tidal channels, estuaries, or rivers, despite a growing body of underwater acoustic field work being carried out in the context of environmental impact assessment of tidal energy extraction. However, a number of technologies designed for more benign oceanographic conditions have been experimentally deployed in high flow environments, including conventional cabled or autonomous hydrophone and analogue-to-digital instrument packages, internally recording hydrophones with digital interfaces, autonomous and cabled hydrophone or vector sensor arrays, and integrated hydrophone and data processing systems for marine animal detection. Flow noise, natural ambient noise, sensor size and geometry, and deployment method all have an effect on the detection efficiency of the passive acoustic systems. Experimental results and system performances are compared across all instrument package types, deployment methods, and study areas.ReportPresentation","author":["Barclay, D."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-10 06:37:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barclay-2020.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barclay-2020_Presentation.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131746","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/streem-sensor-testing-research-environmental-effects-monitoring","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/streem-sensor-testing-research-for-environmental-effects-monitoring","title":"STREEM: Sensor Testing Research for Environmental Effects Monitoring","description":"The goal of this research was to enhance understanding on sensor performance and sensor-to-sensor interactions to inform environmental effects monitoring (EEM) protocol for future tidal turbine deployments.The research was undertaken in Grand Passage, Bay of Fundy, on the non-grid connected Sustainable Marine Energy (SME) PLAT-I floating turbine platform. A series of field trials were conducted from the platform, testing different audible (hydrophones) and visual (imaging sonar\/optical cameras) sensor technologies.The objective was to evaluate the performance of these sensor systems as means to improve techniques and methods in detecting and tracking marine life upstream and near-field to a tidal turbine. The research advanced understanding how the sensors can operate in combination, as well, determined optimal sensor mounting positions and view-plane angles within the water column.The outcomes from these trials will help to improve fish and marine mammal detection and tracking capabilities on future tidal development projects.","author":["Sanderson, B.","Adams, M.","Redden, A."],"organization":["Acadia University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.269030000000","-66.339311200000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:20:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Sanderson-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131747","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/isem-integrated-active-passive-acoustic-system-environmental-monitoring-fish-marine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/isem-integrated-active-and-passive-acoustic-system-for-environmental-monitoring-of-fish-and-marine-mammals-in-tidal-energy-sites","title":"ISEM: Integrated Active and Passive Acoustic System for Environmental Monitoring of Fish and Marine Mammals in Tidal Energy Sites","description":"The Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA), the Technology Strategy Board of the United Kingdom (now Innovate UK) and the Province of Nova Scotia signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) providing the framework to establish bilateral collaboration in tidal research between Canada and the United Kingdom. The aim of the MOU was to fund innovative industrial research to address current and compelling knowledge gaps related to sensing and monitoring technologies with the goal of improving quality and quantity of data available to the industry. The collection and processing of data relating to marine life in tidal energy sites has so far been limited to individual use of either active acoustic monitoring (AAM) or passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). A project team was assembled for this project to explore the amalgamation of AAM (sonar) and PAM (hydrophone) data to facilitate the development of improved sonar detection and classification software. The project is titled Integrated Active and Passive Acoustic System for Environmental Monitoring of Fish and Marine Mammals in Tidal Energy Sites (ISEM).This integrated monitoring system incorporated two different sensors: the Tritech Gemini Imaging Sonar (active acoustic) and the Ocean Sonics icListenHF smart hydrophone (passive acoustic). These sensors were co-located on an OpenHydro turbine subsea structure and the team explored the creation of a data interface that would allow data from each sensor to be combined into an integrated fish and marine mammal data set.The initial ISEM project objectives were as followsImprove existing sensor technology software to maximize individual sensor capability;Integrate two complementary sensor technologies to improve ability to detect, classify, localize and track marine mammals (notably harbour porpoises) and fish in real-time; andTest sensor capabilities and integrated system effectiveness in high energy sites in the Bay of Fundy.Berth D, at Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE), was the location for the Cape Sharp Tidal (CST) project, a joint venture research project between OpenHydro, a Naval Energies company, and minority partner Emera Inc. involving the deployment of an Open Centre design gravity-base instream tidal turbine. ISEM devices were installed on the instream tidal turbine for a first deployment that took place in November 2016 with the turbine retrieved in June 2017. A second deployment took place on 22 July 2018; the turbine and all associated devices were isolated from the power grid following the announcement of OpenHydro\u2019s insolvency on 26 July 2018.Due to the setbacks experienced as part of the CST project, the ISEM project objectives were adjusted from the original objectives laid out. Amalgamation of AAM and PAM data sets was not achieved, which limited the development of improved sonar detection and classification software, but a number of advancements were made in understanding the utility and challenges within each of the data streams to allow for future integration.Passive Acoustic MonitoringFour icListen hydrophones were installed on the turbine infrastructure in order to provide all-around porpoise (and dolphin) detection coverage of the turbine and theoretical localization of inbound echolocating porpoises at distances beyond the near-field. However, a number of issues arose which led to hydrophone performance and localization challenges, as summarized below:Loss of communication related to cabling;Sampling rates of .wav data sets during the first deployment were insufficient for full analysis using new porpoise detection software;Hydrophone damage from debris travelling in the water column;Masking from high background noise in the environment from tidal currents, turbine operation and signals emitted from various sensors;Large separation distance between individual hydrophones resulted in few vocalizations occurring on multiple hydrophones; andTurbine structure obstruction (further reduction in ability to achieve concurrent vocalization detections).These challenges led to recommendations and lessons learned for future marine mammal monitoring projects. Some of the main recommendations are:Cables to be inspected and tested prior to deployment to ensure integrity, and sufficient data transfer rates when transferring data from multiple instruments simultaneously;Reinforced guards to be used to protect sensor elements (improved guards led to improved data during second turbine deployment);An analysis of the required positioning and spacing between hydrophone units for optimal localization of porpoise clicks and consideration for multiple hydrophone array\/clusters;Placement of hydrophones to limit impact of noise emitted from other equipment; andPost-deployment testing to measure the sound profile of each instrument on the turbine.Notwithstanding the above challenges, the Coda porpoise click detector, developed independently of the project for Ocean Sonics Ltd, performed well in datasets with strong tidal current noise. Further processing with the Coda+ program can use the click results to detect porpoise click trains and create probability models. During the second turbine deployment, Coda was integrated into an automated program in order to keep the full bandwidth .wav files with detected porpoise clicks in real time. The automated program was not able to be fully tested or optimized due to the shutdown of the monitoring equipment following the announcement of OpenHydro\u2019s insolvency on 26 July 2018. Although there was insufficient time to run complete testing of the detector, Coda was shown to be functional on the substation computer before the deployment and performed well during the two days of monitoring post-deployment.Given Coda\u2019s real-time analysis of .wav data to down-sample data and produce diagnostic output in text form, Coda shows the potential for interfacing with the software controlling other devices. PAMGuard\u2019s real-time diagnostic outputs has similar potential but would require a software update to be compatible with icListen input data. Integrating the automatic detection of clicks with an Active Acoustic Monitoring (AAM) device could serve to increase the reliability of detection, localization and potential interactions of porpoise around a tidal turbine.Active Acoustic MonitoringThe use of the Tritech Gemini sonar to manually observe and record large individual fish, schools of fish and other sea life (marine mammals, sharks) is now well established. Turbulence imparted by tidal flows or turbulent wakes, however, was shown to degrade the Gemini image quality, and thus limit fish target detection.SeaTec software was used to automatically observe and record schools of fish in this project, albeit with mixed results. The main problem is one of recording false positives than missing false negatives. The reasons for this can be summarized as:Too much noise in defined localities of the image (e.g. backscatter from the seabed); Recording tidal\/drift targets as sea life;Incorrect identification of flickering but non-moving targets; andRecording different parts of the same target as multiple targets.Steps taken to correct these issues and implemented in the SeaTec software include:Use of configurable exclusion zones;Allow input of tidal direction (manually or via serial port) to filter out inanimate drifting targets;Evaluation and exclusion of static targets; andUse of \u201cgroup\u201d classification (especially useful for large targets like sharks).Tritech also undertook software engineering to allow additional data streams (e.g. from hydrophone detections) to be incorporated within the SeaTec software architecture.A short validation of marine mammal targets identified by the SeaTec software was undertaken. Similar to fish detection, false positives were often noted, mainly determined to be reflections from surface waves. The use of the SMRU marine mammal Classifier (using movement and shape parameters of validated targets) was helpful to identify higher probability targets and as such can help in efficiencies involved in the human validation process and removal of false positives. Nevertheless, a human validation step is still required after detection by the SeaTec software.Overall, ISEM project results show that there is potential to use integrated active and passive acoustics to monitor harbour porpoise and tagged fish in the near field of tidal turbines. Coda was able to detect harbour porpoise clicks while the Gemini was operational. Localization of near-field porpoises, however, will likely require additional hydrophones.Lessons learned and recommendations are highlighted in Sections 6.0 \u0026amp; 7.0, respectively, and include the need for frequent and direct communication between tidal turbine developers and both researchers and sensor\/software developers to ensure essential sensor testing prior to deployment, proper equipment setup, monitoring of equipment, and data management. In particular, it is vital that engineers installing equipment provide verification of device settings and device alignment prior to deployment, as well as feedback on input data as soon as data is received after deployment.Both PAM and AAM datasets result in high volumes of data (10-15 TB per month in this study) and these cannot be easily transferred or viewed without appropriate protocols and technology. A data management plan is essential for project success. It needs to be developed in advance of a project to ensure high quality data collection, long-term data storage, and timely access to the data for processing and analysis.","author":["Emera"],"organization":["Emera","Acadia University","Ocean Sonics","St. Andrews University","SMRU Consulting","Tritech International Limited","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2019-06-25","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-13 05:58:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/EMERA-et-al-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131749","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/innovative-solutions-de-risking-species-detections-tidal-energy-eem-programs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/innovative-solutions-for-de-risking-species-detections-in-tidal-energy-environmental-effects-monitoring-programs","title":"Innovative Solutions for De-risking Species Detections in Tidal Energy EEM Programs","description":"Environmental effects monitoring investigations in marine ecosystems are challenging, particularly in dynamic ecosystems like the Bay of Fundy. We applied new environmental deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) tools in an effort to augment the conventional scientific approaches used in monitoring programs gained from monitoring programs specific to tidal turbine projects. Our ultimate goal is to address regional regulatory concerns and increase stakeholder confidence related to monitoring efforts conducted to-date. eDNA is defined as short fragments of genetic material that have detached from an organism into non-living components of an ecosystem (e.g., air, water, sediment) and provides a useful tool for determining species presence in challenging places to access and sample, such as macrotidal environments in the Bay of Fundy. Moreover, recent studies showing a link between eDNA concentration and fish density\/biomass reveal the great promise for eDNA tools to improve biodiversity assessments in the marine environments.Our project objectives were to develop and refine species-specific primers for eDNA detection of striped bass, derive estimates of eDNA signal persistence in saline water, and assess whether relationships exist between striped bass densities and eDNA concentration. To accomplish this, we assessed the accuracy and precision of a hand-held point-of-need (PoN) tool which can analyze eDNA in-situ to confirm species identification in real-time versus conventional laboratory-based eDNA techniques. These objectives were achieved through a series of manipulative laboratory experiments conducted at Dalhousie University\u2019s Aquatron facility.The first of these experiments determined that striped bass eDNA was reliably detected using either of the laboratory-based or PoN platforms, with some variation observed in the estimates of eDNA concentrations derived from each. Next, a time series experiment established that eDNA in water samples collected within a 24-hour period of exposure to striped bass was reliably and consistently detectable with either platform. Our final experiment found that the linear relationship between eDNA concentrations and manipulated striped bass stocking densities was significant and positive based on results from each of the laboratory-based or PoN platforms.Our results validate and advance eDNA approaches towards complementing previous and ongoing marine tidal energy monitoring efforts and demonstrate the potential for eDNA tools to quantify and identify the spatial and temporal distribution of fish species-at-risk in an open ocean environment. Future research priorities are discussed related to further laboratory-based validation, field study trials, and augmentation with existing marine tidal monitoring data to leverage regulatory and stakeholder confidence in effects monitoring results.","author":["Skinner, M."],"organization":["Stantec Consulting","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2019-05-23","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.635632420307","-63.595083055325"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Pelagic Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-13 06:03:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Skinner-2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131750","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/orkney-islands-regional-marine-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/orkney-islands-regional-marine-plan\/documents\/","title":"Orkney Islands Regional Marine Plan","description":"Our seas and coast are an integral part of day-to-day life in Orkney and play a significant role in the local economy, transportation, recreation and our unique way of life. This Orkney Islands Regional Marine Plan (\u2018the Plan\u2019) marks an important milestone in the ongoing sustainable management of our marine environment.Orkney Islands Council has prepared the Plan on behalf of Scottish Ministers in accordance with the Delegation of Functions (Regional Marine Plan for the Scottish Marine Region for the Orkney Islands) Direction 2020.The Plan sets out an integrated planning policy framework for marine development and activities in the Orkney Islands marine region, whilst ensuring the quality of the marine environment is protected, and where appropriate, enhanced. It supports the delivery of a vision for Orkney\u2019s coastal and marine environment, economy and communities. This vision will be delivered through the Plan objectives and implementation of the Plan policies. To accord with the statutory purpose of a regional marine plan, the policies relate directly to public authority decision making on development and activities, and the consideration of use in the marine environment.Public authorities must take any authorisation or enforcement decision in accordance with the appropriate marine plans, unless relevant considerations indicate otherwise. The appropriate marine plans are any national marine plan which is in effect, and for decisions that relate to a Scottish marine region, any regional marine plan which is in effect for the region. The Plan will be used by public authorities in the determination of relevant licences, permissions and consents.The Plan\u2019s policy framework consists of a suite of general policies and a suite of sector policies. These policies express intent and guide decisions to achieve the Plan\u2019s aim and objectives and the delivery of sustainable development in Orkney.Once adopted, the implementation of the Plan will be monitored and evaluated to consider the extent to which the Plan vision, aim and objectives are being met. This monitoring and evaluation process will inform the ongoing review of the Plan\u2019s effectiveness, using appropriate indicators.The Plan\u2019s appendices provide supporting information to assist plan users.","author":["Orkney Islands Council"],"organization":["Orkney Islands Council","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2026-02-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.980916062882","-2.956252548213"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Legal \u0026 Policy","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Water Quality","Health \u0026 Safety"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-13 06:15:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Orkney-Islands-Council-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131751","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-control-acoustic-emissions-marine-energy-converters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ce\/article\/10\/2\/136\/8493128","title":"Analysis and control of acoustic emissions from marine energy converters","description":"Environmental licensing related to underwater acoustic emissions represents a critical bottleneck for the commercial deployment of marine renewable energy. This study presents a control engineering framework to mitigate acoustic risks from tidal current converters (TCCs) without compromising project viability. A MATLAB\/Simulink model of a TCC was utilized to evaluate two distinct mitigation tiers: (i) architectural modification, comparing a geared induction generator against a direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and (ii) operational control, analysing the impact of switching frequencies and maximum power point tracking coefficient (\u2060Kopt) tuning. Results indicate that lowering switching frequencies (\u2060Fs\u2060) is ineffective, increasing power electronic losses by over 2000% with negligible acoustic benefit. Conversely, the direct-drive PMSG architecture reduced sound pressure levels by \u223c10 dB re 1\u03bcPa, effectively eliminating mechanical tonal noise. For existing geared systems, de-tuning the Kopt coefficient by a factor of 1.2 reduced the probability of exceeding temporary threshold shift limits for marine mammals, with a quantified energy yield reduction of 3.58%. These findings propose a hierarchical mitigation strategy: selecting direct-drive topologies for acoustically sensitive sites, and utilizing maximum power point tracking coefficient based power curtailment as a transient operational mode during critical biological migration periods.","author":["He, J.","Malyi, M.","Shek, J."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2026-02-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-13 06:26:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/He-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131753","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/force-marine-mammal-eemp-1st-year-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/marine-mammal-environmental-effects-monitoring-program-1st-year-2017-monitoring-report","title":"FORCE Marine Mammal EEMP 1st Year Monitoring Report","description":"Tidal inlets such as the FORCE demonstration area are dynamic regions that provide important habitat for h arbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Harbor porpoise use echolocation to hunt and communicate (Kastelein et al. 2002), and they are known to be very susceptible to noise disturbance (Tougaard et al. 2009). Few studies to date have focused on exposure to continuous low frequency noise sources such as that emitted by tidal turbines. The tidal dynamics inform the presence of porpoises in these areas in complex ways. Hence, long-term and ongoing monitoring of this variability has been an important component of understanding the impacts of installing tidal turbines at this site. FORCE contracted SMRU Consulting (Canada) to complete equipment calibration and click detection data analysis relating to the deployment of passive acoustic monitors (C-PODs) in support of its marine mammal environmental effects monitoring program (EEMP). The most recent EEMP-specific monitoring began on 7 June 2016 and concluded on 18 January 2017, encompassing two C-POD deployment periods with monitoring periods of 84 and 118 days respectively. The installation of the Cape Sharp Tidal Venture\u2019s (CSTV) tidal turbine occurred on 7 November 2016, with associated vessel activity also occurring the next day. This report firstly summarizes the dynamic temporal patterns in porpoise presence in Minas Passage 2011-2017 related to key environmental covariates, notably annual, seasonal, tidal and day vs night variability. It is important to note that temporal coverage was intermittent over this period, with only one winter-early spring period of baseline. Spring through fall data was better represented with two or three years of data collection. We then use this information to provide a statistical analysis of the distribution and activity of harbor porpoise around the FORCE demonstration area in response to the installation and operation of the turbine during the 2nd of the 2016\/2017 C-POD deployments, for which data from 5 C-PODs was available. From May 2011 through to January 2017, there have been 805 monitoring days and 2847 C-POD days, spread across 8 locations within and immediately outside the FORCE area. Overall, harbor porpoises have been detected on 98.4% of days at a median of 6 detection positive minutes per day and maximum of 44 minutes. No dolphins were detected during any of the C-POD deployments at any of the 8 C-POD locations. A statistical model using all C-POD monitoring days confirmed porpoise presence varied significantly by time of year (peak period May\/June and lower secondary peak October\/November), by current speed and tidal height (preference for 0-2.5 m\/s ebb tides), by time of day (higher activity at night) and across the lunar cycle (affected by the position in the spring-neap tide cycle). C-POD performance (termed % time lost) also varied due to noise effects, notably due to non-biological clicks associated with sediment transfer during periods of relatively high current velocity. During the 2nd of the 2016\/2017 C-POD deployments, porpoises were detected at all five monitoring locations on each of the 45 pre-installation days (median 4 detection positive minutes per day) and on 71 of 73 (97.3%) days post-installation of the turbine (median 3 detection positive minutes per day). Consequently, there was no evidence of porpoise exclusion of the mid-range (210 \u2013 1710 m) study area post-installation, noting that changes in the overall distribution of porpoise within the vicinity of the turbine is considered of higher importance.A statistical model of this period tested for changes in the distribution of harbor porpoise in relation to the installation and operation of the turbine. East1, a site 210 m north of the turbine at 41 m depth, showed statistically fewer porpoise detections post installation of the turbine, whereas D1, a site 230 m northwest of the turbine at 33 m depth, on the rock shelf on which the turbine was also installed, showed no significant effect on porpoise detection rates. Both these sites had overall lower activity levels pre- and post-turbine installation, whereas the sites \u0026gt; 1 km west and south of the turbine had overall higher activity levels. West1, located inside the FORCE demonstration area (1,140 m from the turbine), and West2 (1,710 m away just outside of the FORCE demonstration area), both statistically declined in porpoise detections post installation, while South2 (1,690 m away, south of the FORCE demonstration area) and the deepest site at 68 m depth, had similar detections rates pre and post installation (i.e., no turbine effects). Declines in post installation detection rates were between 41-46%. The obvious and immediate drop in detections observed at East1, West1 and West2 likely represent disturbance from vessel activity, while subsequent dips observed after this period may reflect continued lunar-scale fluctuations related to lower detection performance of C-PODs during all spring tides (higher % lost time). These observations coupled with high levels of inter-annual and site variability and the very short post-installation period so far analyzed, result in the overall conclusion that further C-POD data collection is required before robust inferences can be drawn and preliminary statistical results of mid-range turbine effects at some sites can be substantiated. In particular, continued C-POD monitoring will allow for a better comparison with previous baseline data collected","author":["Joy, R.","Wood, J.","Robertson, F.","Tollit, D."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2017-05-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-16 10:20:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joy-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131762","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/imaging-sonar-review-marine-mammal-fish-monitoring-around-tidal-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-1-imaging-sonar-review-for-marine-mammal-and-fish-monitoring-around-tidal-turbines-presentation","title":"Imaging sonar review for marine mammal and fish monitoring around tidal turbines","description":"Monitoring for environmental interactions of tidal turbines presents many unique challenges and requires instrumentation that can withstand extreme environments. One of the best instruments for this task are acoustic imaging sonars which can provide high resolution imagery in turbid waters without the need for artificial illumination. This project presents a review of imaging sonars that are currently available to consumers along with recent examples of how they are used for marine mammal monitoring. Further discussion will include considerations for data collection and processing to enable long term monitoring of tidal turbines.","author":["Joslin, J."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-15 09:46:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joslin-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131763","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scientific-echosounder-review-stream-tidal-turbines-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-1-scientific-echosounder-review-for-in-stream-tidal-turbines-report","title":"Scientific Echosounder Review for In-Stream Tidal Turbines","description":"Scientific-grade echosounders are a standard tool in fisheries science and have been used for monitoring the interactions of fish with tidal energy turbines in various high flow environments around the world. Some of the physical features of the Minas Passage present unique challenges in using echosounders for monitoring in this environment (e.g., entrained air and suspended sediment in the water column), but have helped to identify hydroacoustic technologies that are better suited than others for achieving monitoring goals. John Horne\u2019s report and presentation will present a overview of echosounders and associated software that are currently available for monitoring fish in high-flow environments, and identify those that are prime candidates for monitoring tidal energy turbines in the Minas Passage.","author":["Horne, J."],"organization":["University of Washington","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-15 09:47:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Horne-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131764","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/tidal-turbine-marine-life-interaction-study-fish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/tidal-turbine-marine-life-interaction-study-fish","title":"Tidal Turbine Marine Life Interaction study: Fish","description":"To date there are limited laboratory studies on the interaction of marine life with marine renewable energy devices. The Aquatron Laboratory at Dalhousie University is designed to study marine life in a controlled marine lab environment. The 15.24 m diameter pool tank is equipped with four 75-HP circulation pumps that can generate tidal currents up to 2 m\/s velocities using salt water. The process for modifying the facility to study the impact of hydrokinetic turbines on fish is presented. The installation of a 0.9m diameter 3-blade vertical axis turbine is described (Figure 1). The performance of the turbine was first validated against previous towing tank experiments at NRC St. John\u2019s. Tests were then performed for 3 weeks to monitor the impact of the turbine on Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) behavior and to measure cortisol levels in the fish blood for different scenarios. The test protocol provided flow in the tank at 2 m\/s continuously for 3 weeks with the turbine rotor locked during the first week, the rotor rotating at a tip speed ratio of 1.5 in the second week, and the rotor locked again in the third week. The intent of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of using the Aquatron facility for turbine-fish interaction studies. The test protocol was kept relatively simple for this test series. Striped Bass (Figure 2) varying in age from 2 to 3 years were used for these tests. The turbine had a cage around the frame to prevent fish strikes in this first phase of tests. There was a second net placed across the centre of the tank to train the fish to pass by the turbine rotor to access food on the other side of the tank as fish passage behavior near the turbine is of prime importance. Within the tank three nets were placed at different distances (2m, 5m, 10m) away from the turbine and were hung in place by ropes tied to the bridge. Fish behaviour was monitored by counting fish passage as they swam to specific locations in the tank. Fish blood cortisol levels, velocity and location as well as general observations were recorded. Results presented should not be considered as definitive fish behaviour when encountering an operational turbine.","author":["Molloy, S.","Batt, J.","Eddington, J.","Mahon-Hodgins, L.","MacNeill, A.","Kregting, L.","Bibeau, E."],"organization":["Dalhousie University","JMK Engineering Inc.","Queen\u0027s University Belfast","University of Manitoba","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2017-05-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.638458000000","-63.586090000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-15 10:11:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Molloy-et-al-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131765","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-seabirds-monitoring-program-tidal-energy-demonstration-site-minas-passage-2016","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/marine-seabirds-monitoring-tidal-energy-demonstrations-site-minas-passage-2016-2017","title":"Marine Seabirds Monitoring Program: Tidal Energy Demonstration Site \u2013 Minas Passage, 2016-2017","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) developed and operates a tidal energy demonstration site and support facility along the north shore of Minas Passage in Nova Scotia\u2019s Bay of Fundy. As a condition of its regulatory approvals to operate at the site, FORCE has been required to carry out an environmental effects monitoring program (EEMP) to provide information on the marine ecosystem, including seabirds and marine mammals, before and after installation of tidal energy devices, to verify predictions that these organisms are not likely to be impacted by tidal energy development activities. FORCE conducted vessel\u2010 and shore\u2010based observational surveys for seabirds and marine mammals beginning in 2009 and extending until 2012 as part of ongoing Environmental Effects Monitoring Program (EEMP) activities at the site. The latest phase of the EEMP extends from 2016\u20102021 and includes year\u2010round shore\u2010based monitoring of marine seabirds. The first year of shore\u2010based surveys under the present EEMP covers the period from May 6, 2016 to May 1, 2017, conducted from the FORCE Visitor Center on the north shore of Minas Passage, near Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, and covering a period both before and during the operation of a grid\u2010connected tidal turbine which was installed in early November, 2016, and which operated through the end of the survey period. Surveys targeted the occurrence, abundance, local distribution, and annual pattern of composition and abundance of seabirds and water\u2010associated birds (loons, cormorants, waterfowl, gulls, alcids), in coastal waters of Minas Passage, which included the zone designated for deployment of tidal energy devices (the \u2018Crown Lease\u2019 area) and adjacent waters both inshore and offshore and on Black Rock, an island at the site. Thirty\u2010two (32) species of water\u2010associated birds and shorebirds, and three marine mammal species (Harbour Porpoise, Harbour Seal and Harp Seal) seen incidentally at the site, were observed during the year. The most common and abundant bird species included gulls (Great Black\u2010 backed Gull and Herring Gull, present in 88 and 100% of surveys respectively), Common and Red\u2010 throated Loon, Common Eider, Black Guillemot, Black Scoter, Double\u2010crested Cormorant and Great Cormorant. Least common species included shorebirds (Lesser Yellowlegs, Purple Sandpiper and Spotted Sandpiper), as well as Northern Gannet, Red\u2010necked Grebe, Razorbill, Common Murre, Blue\u2010winged Teal, Arctic Loon and Snow Goose, which were each observed on single surveys. An estimated four pairs of Black Guillemot and several Great Black\u2010backed Gull were nesting on Black Rock, but there was no indication of nesting by Herring Gull, Double\u2010crested Cormorant, or Great Cormorant on the island during the year. Abundance of water\u2010associated birds (loons, cormorants, waterfowl, gulls, alcids) at the Minas Passage site showed seasonal peaks corresponding to migratory movements (March\u2010April and October\u2010 November); a late spring to early summer occupation of the area by local resident breeders such as Black Guillemot and Common Eider; and a low summer abundance when migrants are not present and individuals of local breeding species such as gulls and cormorants move out of the area. Number of species observed per survey ranged from a low of five species in early September and early December 2016; to a high of 17 species per survey in mid\u2010April 2017. Abundance ranged from a low of 1.8 birds per half\u2010hour on October 17, 2016 to a high of 267.8 birds per 30\u2010minute period on April 17, 2017. Fewer species of seabirds and water\u2010associated birds visited the site than in the surveys conducted at the site in 2010\u20102012, both in total numbers observed (32 versus 45) and average number per survey. Common and abundant species in 2016\u20102017 were the same ones as in the earlier surveys, with the exception of Northern Gannet which was nearly absent this year, occurring in only one survey. Abundance was similar to earlier surveys but the peak abundance during the spring 2017 migration (April 17, 2017) was the highest of any observed at the site, when high numbers of Red\u2010throated Loon and Black Scoter, concurrently with high numbers of Double\u2010crested Cormorant, visited the area. Birds showed moderate and about equal utilization of survey subareas including the \u2018Crown Lease\u2019 and areas east of it around Black Rock. Black Rock was a focal point for bird activity, with birds typically roosting on and otherwise using it as a stopover for longer flights; for nesting (e.g. Black Guillemot); or as a base for local feeding in the adjacent waters at various times. During migration peaks, however, birds moving through the area over the water dominated numbers using Black Rock. Since environmental monitoring at the Minas Passage site began in 2009, 50 species of water\u2010associated birds and shorebirds have been seen in the vicinity of the Tidal Energy Demonstration Site (Minas Basin, Minas Passage \u0026amp; Minas Channel), the majority in Minas Passage specifically at the demonstration site, as the result of shore\u2010based surveys.Three species of marine mammal, the Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), Harbour Seal (Phoca vitulina) and Harp Seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) were observed during the year. Seal sightings were rare with three Harbour Seal noted on two surveys and a single Harp Seal on the January 2017 survey. Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) occurred occasionally. Twenty\u2010one  Harbour Porpoise were seen at the site, principally from early summer to early fall, with highest numbers detected in September\u2010October, and individuals most commonly observed in the tidal stream outside Black Rock and the Crown Lease area, south and southwest of Black Rock. Porpoise typically moved with the tidal current, westerly with the ebb tide (out\u2010going) and easterly with the incoming tide, typically in the tidal stream outside Black Rock and extending through the Crown Lease and inshore areas in the direction of the tidal stream.","author":["Envirosphere Consultants Ltd"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2017-07-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.339428000000","-64.268427000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-08 09:13:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Envirosphere-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131770","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/using-radar-data-evaluate-seabird-abundance-habitat-use-fundy-ocean-research-centre","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/using-radar-data-to-evaluate-seabird-abundance-and-habitat-use-at-the-fundy-ocean-research-centre-for-energy-site-near-parrsboro-ns","title":"Using radar data to evaluate seabird abundance and habitat use at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy site near Parrsboro, NS","description":"Radar scans from an open-array Furuno marine radar at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) site were assessed to determine if the data could be used to monitor seabird activity at the site. The radar unit was installed to monitor the surface of the water in the Minas Passage, to determine flow rates and turbulence at the site. Radar scans from the site have been archived since 2015 in SQLite and .jpg formats, and have somewhat less resolution than the raw radar data. The archived radar scans in .jpg format were subsampled and converted into five-minute long clips, and analysed using the radR program in the R statistical programming language. After filtering out areas with persistent interference due to waves on the surface of the water, bird targets were successfully tracked using tracking algorithms in the radR program. Clips from a wide range of dates, tidal stages, and times of day were analysed to characterize seabird use at the site over four years. A general additive model was used to simultaneously account for the effects of wave clutter, date, tidal stage, time of day, and wind speed and direction on the number of bird tracks detected. The results showed a clear seasonal pattern, with few bird tracks detected in winter, peaks during spring and fall migration, and a period of high activity during the summer. Effects of time of day and tidal stage were complex, and intertwined, as the effect of tidal stage on the number of bird tracks detected was dependent on the time of day and vice versa. The effect of wind speed and direction indicated that strong southwest or southeast winds produce higher numbers of bird tracks at the site, but strong winds from other directions produce fewer bird tracks. Recommendations were made for future use of radar monitoring at the site, and for how the data from this study could be used to modify the sampling regime of observer-based seabird surveys.","author":["Walker, J."],"organization":["Acadia University","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-09-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-16 09:36:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Walker-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131771","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-seabirds-monitoring-program-tidal-energy-demonstration-site-minas-passage-year","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/marine-seabirds-monitoring-program-tidal-energy-demonstration-site-minas-passage-year-2-2017-2018-","title":"Marine Seabirds Monitoring Program: Tidal Energy Demonstration Site \u2013 Minas Passage, Year-2: 2017 \u2013 2018","description":"The Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) developed and operates a tidal energy demonstration site and support facility along the north shore of Minas Passage near Parrsboro in Nova Scotia\u2019s Bay of Fundy. As a condition of operating approvals, FORCE has been required to carry out an environmental effects monitoring program (EEMP) which includes surveys of seabirds and other water\u2010 associated birds. The surveys provide information on occurrence, seasonality and local distribution of seabirds to allow testing of environmental assessment predictions that seabirds will not be impacted by tidal energy devices and associated activities. FORCE conducted baseline surveys from 2009 to 2012 and undertook a program of annual EEMP surveys beginning in May 2016\u2014proposed to continue annually to 2021. This report covers the second year (May 17, 2017 to May 10, 2018). A grid\u2010connected instream tidal turbine was installed in November 2016 during the first year and removed in June 2017 early in the second year of the monitoring program.Monthly to semi\u2010monthly shore\u2010based surveys documented the occurrence, relative abundance, local distribution, and annual pattern of composition and abundance of seabirds and water\u2010associated birds (including gulls, alcids, loons, cormorants, ducks, sea ducks and other waterfowl and shorebirds), in coastal waters of Minas Passage at the FORCE site. The study area included the zone designated for deployment of tidal energy devices (the \u2018Crown Lease\u2019 area) and adjacent waters both inshore and offshore and on Black Rock, an island at the site. Thirty\u2010six (36) species of water\u2010associated birds and shorebirds, and two marine mammal species (Harbour Porpoise and Harbour Seal) were observed during the year. The most common and abundant species included Great Black\u2010backed Gull, Herring Gull, Common Eider, Black Scoter and Ring\u2010billed Gull. Other species occurring commonly or in moderate abundance included Common Loon, Red\u2010throated Loon, Pacific Loon, American Black Duck, Surf Scoter, Lesser Black\u2010Backed Gull, Black Guillemot, Double\u2010crested Cormorant and Great Cormorant. Least common species included shorebirds (Black\u2010bellied Plover, Least Sandpiper, Lesser Yellowlegs, Semipalmated Plover, Spotted Sandpiper), Horned Grebe, Black\u2010legged Kittiwake, Common Goldeneye, Canada Goose, Harlequin Duck, Long\u2010tailed Duck, King Eider, Red\u2010breasted Merganser and Common Murre, which were each observed on single surveys. Black Guillemot and Great Black\u2010backed Gull were nesting on Black Rock during the year.Seabird abundance showed seasonal peaks corresponding to migratory movements (March\u2010April and October\u2010December); a late\u2010spring\u2010to\u2010early\u2010summer occupation by local resident breeders Great Black\u2010 backed Gull, Black Guillemot and Common Eider; and a low summer abundance when migrants are not present. Number of species observed per survey ranged from five to 16. Fewer species visited the site overall than in the baseline surveys in 2010\u20102012 (36 species versus 45). Common and abundant species were the same as in the earliest surveys, but Northern Gannet was nearly absent in both Year\u20101 and Year\u20102. Abundance and peak abundance was similar to earlier surveys.  Birds showed moderate and generally equal utilization of survey subareas including the \u2018Crown Lease\u2019 and areas to the east around Black Rock. Black Rock was a focal point for bird activity, with birds typically occupying it for varying periods, for nesting (e.g. Black Guillemot), or as a base for local feeding. During migration, however, birds moving through the area over water dominated numbers using Black Rock. Because of the short deployment of the tidal turbine, there was limited opportunity to conduct analyses to determine potential effects. Statistical comparisons of overall abundance, abundance of birds on Black Rock and in over water areas separately, however showed no evidence for either a positive or negative effect of the turbines on bird abundance.","author":["Stewart, P.","Kendall, V.","Lavender, F."],"organization":["Envirosphere Consultants Ltd","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-08 09:18:18","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Stewart-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131772","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/force-marine-mammal-eemp-year-4-interim-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/force-marine-mammal-eemp-year-4-interim-report","title":"FORCE Marine Mammal EEMP \u2013 Year 4 Interim Report","description":"The main objectives of FORCE\u2019s marine mammal EEMP are to assess long-term effects of direct and indirect stressors on harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) by monitoring their activity and site use, with the primary objectives to assess firstly, permanent avoidance of the mid field study area during turbine installation and operation and secondly, large magnitude (~50%) change in the distribution (echolocation activity levels) of a portion of the population in the study mid-field area (see SLR Consulting Ltd. 2015).This interim report provides summary data for the eleventh deployment of C-PODs FORCE\u2019s ongoing multi-year EEMP representing the 1st deployment of the fourth year of the EEMP. Data covers the period between August 2019 through January 2020. Results include data collected from five C-PODs representing a total of 636 days of monitoring of the FORCE site. Porpoise were detected on at least one C-POD every monitored day with a median of 11 minutes of porpoise presence per day. The Location S2 had the highest probability of detecting a porpoise in a 10- minute period (9.02% of 10-min periods contained porpoise) while the other locations varied from 3.3 to 4.74 %. The mean percent of lost time due to sediment noise (19.5%) was comparable to previous deployments.","author":["Palmer, K.","Wood, J.","Tollit, D."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2020-08-16","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-16 10:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Palmer-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131773","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/force-echolocating-marine-mammal-eemp-2nd-year-monitoring-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/-echolocating-marine-mammal-eemp-2nd-year-monitoring-report-","title":"FORCE Echolocating Marine Mammal EEMP 2nd Year Monitoring Report","description":"Tidal inlets such as the FORCE demonstration site are dynamic regions that provide important habitat for harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Harbour porpoise use echolocation to hunt and communicate (Kastelein et al. 2002), and they are known to be susceptible to noise disturbance (Tougaard et al. 2009). Few studies to date have focused on exposure to continuous low frequency noise such as that emitted by tidal turbines. The tidal dynamics inform the presence of porpoises in these areas in complex ways. Hence, long-term and ongoing monitoring of this variability has been an important component of understanding the impacts of installing tidal turbines at this site. FORCE contracted SMRU Consulting (Canada) to complete equipment calibration and click detection data analysis relating to the deployment of passive acoustic monitors (C-PODs) in support of its marine mammal environmental effects monitoring program (EEMP). C-PODs can detect echolocating cetacean species including dolphins, but not whales. Monitoring began on 5 May 2011 and is ongoing. This report encompasses monitoring up to May 1, 2018, and includes the 160 day Cape Sharp Tidal Venture (CSTV) turbine trial at Berth D of FORCE test site. The installation of the CSTV tidal turbine occurred on 7 November 2016. The cable connection to the turbine was disconnected on April 21, 2017 (during which time the turbine had the ability to free-spin) and the turbine Was removed June 15, 2017.This report firstly summarizes the dynamic temporal patterns in porpoise presence in Minas Passage from 2011-2018 related to key environmental covariates, notably annual, seasonal, tidal and day versus night variability. It is important to note that temporal coverage was intermittent over this seven year period, with just two winter-early spring periods of baseline that overlapped with the CSTV turbine trial. We provide a statistical analysis of the distribution and activity of harbour porpoise around the FORCE demonstration area in response to the installation and operation of the turbine using data from 2 mid-range C-PODs (within 230 m), and three located at least 1 km away.From May 2011 through to May 2018, there have been 1210 monitoring days and 4651 C-POD days, spread across eight locations within and immediately adjacent to the FORCE site. Overall, harbour porpoises have been detected on 98.9% of days at a median of seven detection positive minutes per day and maximum of 44 minutes. When the turbine was operating, porpoises were detected on 82% of days. No dolphins were detected during any of the C-POD deployments at any of the eight C-POD locations. C-PODs a reported to have an effective porpoise click detection range 188 m (Nuuttila et al. (2018), with decreased performance reported when ambient noise exceeds 105 dB re. 1 \u03bcPa (rms) and false alarm rates less than 2% (Clausen et al. 2018). Comparison of porpoise detection rates using C-PODs and post-deployment analysis of broadband recordings using alternate click detection software such as PAMGuard (Porskamp et al. 2015, Sarnocinska et al. 2016, Jacobsen et al. 2017) are subject to the effects of variable hydrophone sensitivities, issues with determining false classifications and variability in deployment methods. Nevertheless, these studies do highlight porpoise detection probabilities using buoy-mounted C-PODs should be considered minimum estimates.A statistical model using data from the five C-PODS that overlapped in time with the CSTV turbine trial was built to test the effects of the turbine while accounting for the natural dynamics of the FORCE test site. The model results confirmed an effect on porpoise presence at the closest two mid-field monitoring stations. Additionally, porpoise presence varied significantly by time of year (i.e., peak period May\/June and lower secondary peak October\/November), by current speed and tidal height (i.e., preference for 0-2.5 m\/s ebb tides), by time of day (i.e., higher activity at night) and across the lunar cycle (i.e., affected by the position in the spring-neap tidal cycle). CPODs monitor underwater noise each minute, however, in each minute, the units will only \u2018listen\u2019 until a maximum buffer is reached (called the ClickMax buffer). If this buffer is reached then the remainder of the minute monitoring is lost (termed Percent Time Lost). C-POD performance restrictions (Percent Time Lost) also varied due to noise effects, notably due to non-biological clicks associated with sediment transfer during periods of relatively high current velocity. Percent Time Lost had little effect on data quality between an ebb current speed of \u0026lt;2.4 m\/s (95% of 10-minute periods) and a flood current speed of \u0026lt;2 m\/s (71% of 10-minute periods). At ebb current speeds up to 2.9 m\/s (99% of 10-minute periods) and flood current speeds up to 3.5 m\/s (95.5% of 10-minute periods), Percent Time Lost does not exceed 65%. Despite the use of statistical methods to take Percent Time Lost into account, C-POD monitoring performance above these current speeds is clearly less reliable, noting that these speeds only occur a very small fraction of the tidal cycle.During the CSTV turbine trial, porpoises were detected at all five monitoring locations on 128 of the 130 days, and 106 of 129 days at D1, and 76 of 130 days at East1. Declines in daily porpoise presence with the operating turbine from similar time periods of baseline monitoring equated to ~35% for East1 and ~7% for D1. Consequently, there was no evidence of porpoise exclusion of the mid-range (210 \u2013 1710 m) study area post-installation, noting that changes in the overall distribution of porpoise within the vicinity of the turbine is considered of higher importance.A statistical model (that accounted for the environmental variables and Percent Time Lost) tested for changes in the distribution and activity of harbour porpoise in relation to the installation and operation of the turbine. The overall effect of turbine operations on porpoise detection rates were found to be significant (P\u0026lt;0.01). East1, a site 210 m north of the turbine at 41 m depth, and D1, a site 230 m south of the turbine at 33 m depth both showed statistically fewer porpoise detections post installation of the turbine. Both these sites had overall lower activity levels both with and without the turbine, whereas the sites \u0026gt; 1 km west and south of the turbine had overall higher activity levels and showed no decrease in porpoise detections with the turbine. The obvious and immediate drop in detections observed during the previous analysis of the first 73 days post-installation at East1 as well as West1 and West2 are believed to represent disturbance from vessel activity and initial turbine installation, while subsequent dips observed after this period considered to reflect continued winter and also lunar\u0002scale fluctuations related to lower detection performance of C-PODs during all spring tides (higher % lost time). These observations coupled with high levels of inter-annual and site variability and the short (166) post-installation period, result in the overall conclusion that further C-POD data collection is required before robust inferences can be drawn, but preliminary statistical results suggest a mid-range turbine effect within 230 m. Continued C-POD monitoring will allow for a better understanding of the variables that inform the environmental dynamics of the FORCE demonstration area.","author":["Joy, R.","Wood, J.","Tollit, D."],"organization":["SMRU Consulting","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-12-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.281966100000","-64.251413500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-16 10:18:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Joy-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131775","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/framework-analysing-improving-graduate-attributes-employability-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/266\/150","title":"A Framework for Analysing and Improving Graduate Attributes and Employability in the Blue Economy","description":"The Blue Economy plays an instrumental role in the growing offshore industry. The new and emerging sectors of Australia\u2019s Blue Economy require an integrated understanding of technical, environmental and social aspects to support academic and industry career development which needs to be developed further at Australian universities. One of the key goals is therefore to educate a new generation of the Blue Economy workforce with detailed cross-disciplinary knowledge in future Blue Economy industries such as sustainable aquaculture industry, offshore wind and wave energy industry, green hydrogen industry and remote and autonomous technology. This work offers a first look on the potential impact of large industry \u2013university partnerships (exemplified by the Blue Economy CRC on various disciplines and curricula. The objective of this project is to analyse and qualify the currently implemented graduate attributes at universities and determine how to improve employability skills. This work will explore the challenges, strategies and considerations to improve educational and engagement programs for university students, researchers and practising workforce. In particular, we want to discuss pathways for collaboration between universities, industry and other partners to build a network that supports the ambitious objective of increasing employability skills for Blue Economy graduates Keywords\u2014Graduate attributes, Employability, University-Industry Partnerships.","author":["Cossu, R.","Adams, L.","Pountney, D.","Fleming, M."],"organization":["University of Queensland","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2026-04-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-17 06:20:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cossu_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131776","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-spatial-planning-based-siting-methodology-co-located-offshore-wind-wave-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/19\/7\/1746","title":"Marine Spatial Planning-Based Siting Methodology for Co-Located Offshore Wind and Wave Energy","description":"This paper develops a marine spatial planning (MSP) methodology for strategic siting of co-located offshore wind and wave energy systems, demonstrated for Ireland\u2019s west coast. Although Ireland has exceptional wind and wave resources, objective spatial methods for assessing combined development potential remain limited. The proposed framework integrates a two-stage screening process comprising Boolean exclusion criteria and a weighted multi-criteria suitability index (SI) spanning technical, environmental, and socio-economic factors. The western Irish Exclusive Economic Zone is discretised into 189 grid cells, and site conditions are quantified using 20 years of ECMWF ERA5 metocean data (2002\u20132022) together with marine-use, environmental protection, and infrastructure datasets from Ireland\u2019s Marine Atlas and associated public sources. Three representative west-coast locations were evaluated in detail. Under the equal-weighting scenario, the site at 52.5\u00b0 N, 10\u00b0 W (approximately 40 km west of Moneypoint) achieved the lowest SI score (4.231) and was therefore ranked most suitable compared with 6.634 at 52\u00b0 N, 11.5\u00b0 W and 8.093 at 54\u00b0 N, 10.5\u00b0 W. The selected site combines comparatively low spatial constraints with favourable depth (\u221252.4 m) and moderate wind\u2013wave correlation (r = 0.4636), while the resource assessment confirms strong west-coast conditions overall. The framework provides a transparent, transferable, and stakeholder-informed decision-support methodology for early-stage MSP and strategic siting of hybrid offshore renewable energy developments in Ireland and other maritime regions.","author":["Cullen, E.","Fitzgerald, B."],"organization":["Trinity College Dublin"],"originationDate":"2026-04-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.030496957073","-8.185596184978"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fisheries","Navigation","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-17 04:47:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cullen-Fitzgerald-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131777","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/summary-workshop-data-automation-data-management-options","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-workshop-2-data-automation-data-management-options","title":"Summary of Workshop: Data Automation \u0026 Data Management Options","description":"The Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA) has a mandate to enable sustainable development of Nova Scotia\u2019s energy resources by facilitating and funding collaborative research and development. It has supported numerous tidal energy R\u0026amp;D projects over the years and is now leading the Pathway Program in collaboration with the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) with funding from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Mines (NSDEM) \u2013 a coordinated R\u0026amp;D program that will define, test and validate Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) solutions for the instream tidal energy industry that can meet regulatory requirements. The program will increase the understanding of impacts from instream tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and improve the understanding of fish and marine mammal interaction with instream tidal energy devices. The program will also improve data processing and analyses, so that results can be reported to regulators and disseminated to the public in a timely manner.The main objectives of the Program are to i) define a DFO-approved solution for the tidal energy industry, ii) apply machine learning to data analysis to reduce reporting time and compliance costs, iii) minimize initial capital costs to developers, iv) develop regional capability to manage, process, analyze and report EEM data, and v) develop intellectual property that regional companies can exploit commercially in multiple marine industries, both regionally and globally.To conduct this program successfully, OERA and FORCE are assessing different types of monitoring technology that can gather adequate data to inform regulatory requirements. To complete this assessment effectively, OERA and FORCE are consulting with experts through several workshops to gather information on how the technology may be able to work effectively in high-flow environments to gather required monitoring data.The second workshop under the Pathway Program was focused on \u201cData Automation \u0026amp; Data Management Options.\u201d The Pathway Program contracted Marine Renewables Canada (MRC) to assist in leading workshop development, delivery and information-gathering. This summary report is the outcome of the workshop discussion and insights gathered during the workshop held on March 4, 2020.","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":["Marine Renewables Canada","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2020-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-17 04:55:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Renewables_Canada-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131778","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/improved-analysis-harbour-porpoise-sounds-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-2-data-automation-passive-acoustic-monitoring-devices-improved-analysis-of-harbour-porpoise-sounds-report","title":"Improved Analysis of Harbour Porpoise Sounds - Final Report","description":"The overarching goal of this effort is to provide information for assuring compliance with the Species at Risk Act (SARA) for tidal energy devices installed in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada. Part of that goal is to monitor one of those species at risk, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), to assess whether the devices are having any impact on the population. To do this, it is necessary to collect information on the occurrence of the porpoises over time, which is done by making underwater acoustic recordings and finding out how much of the time the porpoises are present. These recordings are sufficiently extensive, typically spanning months, that manual review is not practicable. An automated method is needed to scan the recordings for sounds of harbour porpoises and report the results in a way that can be used for SARA compliance.The goal of this project was to build such an automated system. The approach taken was to construct a multi\u2010stage system that takes as input a collection of recorded sound files and produces as output a series of tables and figures summarizing harbour porpoise presence found from the recordings. The structure of this was a system called FindPorpoises for automated detection and classification of harbour porpoise echolocation clicks, followed by a module for producing the desired tables and figures summarizing harbour porpoise presence. FindPorpoises in turn comprises three internal stages, for click detection, click classification, and click grouping.","author":["Mellinger, D.","Fregosi, S."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2020-12-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-17 05:02:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mellinger-Fregosi-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131779","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-analysis-component-comparative-passive-acoustic-monitoring-pam-technology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-3-tech-validation-passive-acoustic-monitoring-device-data-analysis-component-of-comparative-passive-acoustic-monitoring-pam-technology-assessment","title":"Data Analysis Component of Comparative Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) Technology Assessment - Final Report","description":"Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) technologies are commonly used to monitor echolocating marine mammals in tidal channels, but their detection efficiency is hampered by a series of factors in high flow environments (e.g., flow noise, ambient noise) that can ultimately impede monitoring efforts. In partnership with The Pathway Program, the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) conducted an assessment for two \u2018stand-alone\u2019 (i.e., CPOD, FPOD) and three \u2018conventional\u2019 (i.e., AMAR, SoundTrap, icListen) PAM instruments to understand the operational limitations of these \u2018off the shelf\u2019 technologies. The PAM instruments were mounted to a subsea platform and deployed at the FORCE tidal demonstration site. A series of passive drifts were then conducted over the platform from a vessel across a range of tidal flow conditions while playing synthetic clicks (\u2018pseudo clicks\u2019) emitted from an icTalk. This data was supplemented with that collected from real harbour porpoise transiting the FORCE site.Pseudo clicks were insufficiently similar to real harbour porpoise click trains to be classified by either the CPOD or FPOD; limiting comparisons of these devices to real harbour porpoise clicks collected during the deployment. \u2018Conventional\u2019 PAM technologies (AMAR, SoundTrap, icListen) detected pseudo clicks over short ranges (median detection range: ~40m) due to the lower source level of the icTalk (~130 dB re 1\u03bcPa at 1m) relative to real porpoise clicks (~160 dB re 1\u03bcPa at 1m). The low source level of the pseudo clicks necessitated increasing the sensitivity of the detectors, which in turn increased the frequency of false-positive detections. True detections of pseudo clicks decreased with increasing flow speed, with few detections above current velocity of 2 m\/sec. The icListen detected more pseudo clicks than the other conventional PAM technologies assessed in this study and showed a lower measurement of ambient noise at high frequencies. However, this second result may have resulted from differences in instrument calibration. Considering the detection metrics on the per-minute scale, both the icListen and AMAR had nearly identical performance. While all five PAM technologies were able to detect real harbour porpoise clicks, the false positive detection rates for the three \u2018conventional\u2019 instruments were higher than the \u2018stand-alone\u2019 instruments, creating additional post-processing steps. Reducing the sensitivity of the \u2018conventional\u2019 instruments decreased the instance of false positive detections, suggesting that further efforts on the classification of detections could reduce the rate of false positive detections while keeping recall high.The choice of which PAM device to use depends on the scientific questions being asked. A primary objective of The Pathway Program is to establish a regulator-approved monitoring solution that can be used by tidal energy developers for monitoring the near-field (0 - 100m) region of their tidal energy device at the FORCE demonstration site. To that end, if the appropriate sensitivity settings are coupled with a very good classifier, \u2018conventional\u2019 PAM instruments could be used for monitoring tidal turbines at the FORCE site. From an acoustics perspective, the icListen and AMAR are functionally equivalent at detecting harbour porpoise at the FORCE site. However, additional considerations (e.g., costs and logistical constraints) area also important for identifying which \u2018conventional\u2019 PAM instrument to use.","author":["Hasselman, D.","Boucher, T.","Douglas, J."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2020-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-17 05:20:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hasselman-et-al-2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131780","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/study-2-relative-performance-surface-deployed-bottom-mounted-echosounders-tidal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-3-tech-validation-study-2-relative-performance-of-surface-deployed-and-bottom-mounted-echosounders-in-a-tidal-channel","title":"Study 2 \u2013 Relative Performance of Surface-Deployed and Bottom-Mounted Echosounders in a Tidal Channel - Final Report","description":"MotivationScientific echosounders are the standard tool in fisheries science for investigating the abundance, distribution, behavior, and ecology of fish, and have been used for monitoring around tidal energy devices. Echosounders have been deployed on the sea floor in a stationary upward-facing orientation for monitoring around gravity-based tidal energy devices but have also been deployed at the sea surface in a downward-facing orientation, either for mobile surveys or on ships at anchor. The advent of floating tidal energy platforms provides an opportunity to deploy echosounders at the sea surface in a long-term, stationary, downwardfacing orientation for monitoring. However, the strong currents that make tidal channels attractive for energy production are often dominated by turbulent hydrodynamic features and associated artefacts that can vary over the course of tidal cycles and may hinder the use of echosounders and other active acoustic technologies. Understanding the extent to which turbulent hydrodynamic features impact the use of a bottom-mounted or surface-deployed echosounder is important for designing effective monitoring systems.In partnership with the Pathway Program, Sustainable Marine Energy (Canada) Ltd. and the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy, undertook a series of studies to understand whether deployment location impacted the efficacy of echosounder technology for monitoring by assessing the relative performance of surface-deployed instruments and a bottom-mounted echosounder. The bottom-mounted echosounder was the Simrad Wideband Autonomous Transceiver (WBAT: from the Simrad EK80 suite of echosounders) mounted on the Fundy Advanced Sensory Technology (FAST) autonomous underwater platform and deployed in Grand Passage, NS in the vicinity of the Sustainable Marine floating tidal energy platform (i.e., PLAT-I). The surface-deployed instruments were deployed via pole mount attached to the leading edge of the starboard pontoon of the PLAT-I platform and included a Sculpin HDC-SubC optical video camera, a Gemini 720is multibeam imaging sonar, and a downward-facing Simrad Wideband Transceiver (WBT: from the Simrad EK80 suite of echosounders).The primary goal was to collect data to compare target detections for identifying the best placement of echosounders for monitoring in the vicinity of the PLAT-I deployed in a high flow environment. Thus, the objectives of the three studies were to i) investigate the near-surface target detection capabilities of a bottom-mounted, upward-facing, echosounder using a surfacedeployed optical video camera (Study 2A), ii) address this same objective over a greater detection range using a multibeam imaging sonar (Study 2B), and iii) investigate the relative performance of a bottom-mounted upward-facing, and a surface-deployed downward-facing echosounder for target detection (Study 2C). This final goal was addressed by identifying the extent of target detection interference due to air entrained in the water by surface waves and turbulence. The PLAT-I rotors were parked during data collection for all three studies. Because of safety concerns for personnel, the PLAT-I and instruments, the FAST platform was deployed at locations in the vicinity of the PLAT-I, but at distances that precluded the possibility of 3 overlapping sampling volumes between the instruments mounted on the PLAT-I and the FAST platform.Summary of FindingsNo fish images were captured in the 170 hours of optical video data examined for Study 2A and Study 2B. This result was unexpected given that during Study 2A, within the water depths interrogated by the optical camera, the upward-facing echosounder recorded signals consistent with the presence of fish in 55% of the 8.3 hours of echosounder data not obfuscated by entrained air. The images captured by the video camera were of sufficiently high-resolution that the absence of fish likely reflected a lack of fish passing within the camera\u2019s field-of-view. Although the optical video data could not be used to cross-reference targets detected by the echosounder, the echosounder data collected during Study 2A contributed to our understanding of the importance of localized hydrodynamic regimes on the ability to collect useable data.For Study 2B, the image resolution of the imaging sonar was insufficient to identify targets beyond two ambiguous categories: \u201csingle fish\/debris\u201d and \u201cturbulence\/fish\/school of fish\u201d. A third category denoted instances when the PLAT-I mooring chain was within the imaging sonar field-of-view. During this study, in nominally 100% of the echosounder observation time periods, signals that could be interpreted as fish were detected at depths that coincided with the depth range interrogated by the imaging sonar (i.e., the top 11 m of the water column). However, the imaging sonar identified potential detections for only 22% of the observation periods. The source of this discrepancy likely stems from non-overlapping sample volumes due to FAST platform deployment location for this study. Although the lack of overlapping sample volumes precluded definitive cross-referencing between the two instruments, optical cameras and imaging sonars have been shown to be valuable monitoring tools elsewhere and have value for monitoring in Grand Passage. As with Study 2A, the echosounder data collected during Study 2B contributed to our understanding of the importance of localized hydrodynamics for the collection of useable data.Analyses of signal interference due to entrained air (Study 2C) suggested a strong difference in the hydrodynamic regimes at the deployment locations of the PLAT-I and the FAST platform with consequences for the proportion of useable data at each site. Signal interference manifested in several ways: i) the presence (PLAT-I site) or absence (FAST site) of a pronounced tide-phase asymmetry in the proportion of data excluded from analyses (due to the persistence and depth penetration of entrained air), ii) the presence (PLAT-I site: flood) or absence (PLAT-I: ebb, FAST site: flood and ebb) of a pronounced negative relationship between flow-speed and the proportion of useable data, and iii) the presence (FAST site) or absence (PLAT-I site) of a reduction in the proportion of useable observation periods with increasingly restrictive minimum acceptable proportions of useable water column.The pronounced tide-phase asymmetry at the PLAT-I site appears to be a consequence of its deployment location downstream from Peter\u2019s Island on the flood tide (upstream on the ebb tide). Consequently, the PLAT-I was deployed within the turbulent field generated by the interaction of the flood-tide with Peter\u2019s Island and its associated bathymetry. The turbulence 4 and associated entrained air had significant consequences for the collection of useable data on the flood tide, reducing the useable proportion of 10-minute observation periods to \u2264 30% on the flood tide; the proportion of useable observation periods on the ebb tide ranged from 85- 95%. Going forward, this pronounced asymmetry indicates that useable data collected on the flood tide will be minimal at the current PLAT-I deployment location and will have important consequences for understanding the risk to fish during the flood tide phase.Although comparative echosounder data were not available for Study 2A or Study 2B, analyses of the proportion of \u201cuseable\u201d data collected at the FAST deployment sites for all three studies support the hypothesis that bathymetry associated with Peter\u2019s Island creates a pronounced difference in the hydrodynamic regimes associated with the flood and ebb tides at the PLAT-I site and nearby locales (Study 2A and 2B). During Study 2C, the FAST platform was deployed just outside the direct downstream flow associated with Peter\u2019s Island and the echosounder data showed little tide-phase asymmetry but did reveal a deterioration in the proportion of useable observation periods on both the flood and ebb tide when increasing the minimum proportion of the water column deemed as \u201cuseable\u201d. While the lack of a pronounced asymmetry for the FAST site in Study 2C indicated that more data was useable on the flood tide relative to the echosounder placed at the PLAT-I, it should be noted that on the ebb tide, the PLAT-I site had more \u201cuseable\u201d data as highlighted above.Analysis of the useable proportion of individual observations (pings) within 1-m depth bins in the depths-of-interest for the PLAT-I (i.e., 1-8 m depth) revealed the same pattern found in the data analyzed across the entire water column for the presence (FAST site: Study 2A and 2B; PLAT-I site: Study 2C) or absence (FAST site: Study 2C) of tide-phase asymmetry.Given that the echosounders used here were from the same Simrad EK80 suite of echosounders and deployed with identical data collection parameters, the ability to detect or define the boundary of entrained air was not affected by which echosounder was used. Nor was it affected by deployment at the sea surface in a downward-facing orientation, or on the sea floor in an upward-facing orientation. The sea surface vs. sea floor positioning of the echosounders does, however, have important data collection and analytical consequences that must be considered.The ensonification beam emitted by a transducer is cone-shaped with the apex at the transducer and the diameter of the cone increasing with distance. It follows then that the region closest to the transducer will result in a highly restricted sampling volume and leave substantial proportions of water unsampled. Therefore, to maximize the volume of sampled water, the transducer should be placed furthest from the region of interest.As with the considerations of the hydrodynamic regime when selecting a deployment location, one must also consider the consequences in the vertical dimension. If the entrained air so common to tidal energy sites is between the transducer and the target of interest, the acoustic beam will be scattered before encountering the target and will compromise the collection of quantitative data for estimating density and abundance.Major Take-AwaysThese studies demonstrate the importance of the influence of hydrodynamics on the ability to collect useable quantitative data required for analyses and reporting on fish abundance and distribution. Deployment location of an echosounder can have a profound impact on the ability to monitor throughout the tidal cycle, such that the hydrodynamic regime will influence when and where you can observe.To obtain quantifiable and comparable data on targets of interest, the echosounder must be deployed such that the acoustic beam encounters the targets before encountering entrained air.Additionally, to maximize the sampling volume, and thereby the likelihood of a fish encountering the acoustic beam, the echosounder should be deployed furthest from the region of interest.Topics for Continued ResearchBecause of the fast-flowing and turbulent waters found in tidal streams, the in situ sampling (e.g., via net tows\/trawl surveys) of acoustic targets (fish) commonly done in open waters is not possible in tidal streams. Therefore, ground-truthing the identity and size of acoustic targets observed in tidal streams remains an unresolved and ongoing topic of research in the hydroacoustics community.The presence of entrained air makes monitoring fish in tidal channels particularly problematic. Currently, there is no proven strategy to observe fish with sufficient field-of-view or resolution within a highly turbulent environment. Without the ability to observe fish throughout the entire tidal cycle, quantifying risks of turbines to fish will remain difficult. Therefore, to understand potential risks, it is important to continue to focus on developing methods to detect and observe fish, or establish means by which to infer fish presence and behavior, within turbulent tidal channels.","author":["Hasselman, D.","McGarry, L.","Boucher, T.","Douglas, J.","MacNeil, S."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2020-12-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.369760000000","-64.402540000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-31 09:19:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hasselman-et-al-2020_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131781","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oera-pathway-2020-program-field-assessment-multi-beam-sonar-performance-surface","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-3-tech-validation-field-assessment-of-multi-beam-sonar-performance-in-surface-mount-deployments","title":"OERA Pathway 2020 Program: Field Assessment of Multi-beam Sonar Performance in Surface Deployments","description":"Multibeam imaging sonars have application to monitoring fish and marine mammal presence and behaviours in the near field of tidal turbine installations, including evaluating avoidance, evasion, and potential blade strikes. SOAR conducted field experiments to help reduce uncertainty in performance of the Tritech Gemini 720is and Teledyne Blueview M900-2250 multibeam imaging sonars for identifying and tracking discrete targets in high-flow environments. This information will help inform the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, tidal energy developers, and other stakeholders in the design and implementation of effective monitoring systems for tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and beyond. These two imaging sonars were the technologies recommended for testing by the subject matter expert for imaging sonars during the first phase (Global Capability Assessment) of the Pathway Program. The Tritech Gemini 720is operates at 720 kHz and has a maximum effective sampling range of approximately 50 m. The Teledyne Blueview M900-2250 has operating frequencies of 900 or 2250 kHz, with a 10 m range for the high frequency transducer head. As per the recommendation from the Global Capability Assessment, this report focuses on the Blueview\u2019s capabilities while operating at 2250 kHz, for which the effective sampling range is 10 m.Field trials were conducted in Grand Passage aboard research vessel Grand Adventure. The two sonars and a camera were mounted on a pole which could be lowered over the vessel\u2019s port side and fixed in position. The deployed sonars were oriented such that the top of their ensonified areas extended behind the boat approximately parallel with the water surface and extended downward at a 20 degree angle. The Grand Adventure was anchored in mid-channel during ebb and flood tide flow conditions, such that current velocities ranged from approximately 1 to 2.5 m\/s with the instruments oriented downstream. Targets were suspended approximately 2 m beneath a 3 m long surfboard (SciBoard) and included a 2.54 cm (1 inch) diameter tungsten carbide sphere, 0.45 kg (1 lb.) (9.5 cm long x 3.8 cm max diameter) lead fishing weight, approx. 12 cm diameter basalt rock in a lobster bait bag, and a V-Wing glider (approx. 52 cm wing tip to tip and 46 cm nose to tail) from Dartmouth Ocean Technologies. During data collection the SciBoard and suspended target were held at constant ranges from the sonars along the port side and downstream of the Grand Adventure, and also released to freely drift downstream with increasing range.The visualization and organization of the data was conducted using the industry standard software for each sonar: Gemini SeaTec and Teledyne ProViewer. Data were exported to video and organized into training and test data sets, which were shared with 9 sonar observers who conducted the manual analysis for target detection, identification, and tracking. Links to the training and test data sets for each sonar are provided below. The data are best viewed in video form. As such, readers of this report are encouraged to watch these data videos for better understanding of the results and conclusions discussed in this report.Gemini training data (https:\/\/vimeo.com\/473580369)Gemini test data with 50m range (https:\/\/vimeo.com\/473665614)Gemini test data with 10m range (https:\/\/vimeo.com\/473688042)Blueview training data (https:\/\/vimeo.com\/473964794)Blueview test data (https:\/\/vimeo.com\/474025663)The Gemini 720is and Blueview M900-2250 multibeam imaging sonars were both found to be useful for detection and tracking of all target sizes used in our experimentation. However, differentiation of similar targets such as the 2.54 cm (1 inch) tungsten carbide sphere (Target 1) and 0.45 kg (1 lb.) lead fishing weight (Target 2) proved difficult. The sonars performed best for detecting, identifying, and tracking the V-Wing. This is an expected result as it was the largest target and had the most recognizable backscatter signature due to its characteristic shape. Entrained air from turbulence, waves, and the vessel\/pole wake made tracking targets more difficult, but target persistence allowed them to be effectively detected and tracked by eye for all target types tested.SOAR recommends use of the Tritech Gemini 720is for application to monitoring interactions between marine animals and tidal turbines. With the 10 m range setting, the Gemini demonstrated comparable ability to the Blueview to identify targets and outperformed the Blueview in average target detection and tracking scores. At 50 m range, the Gemini still demonstrated a high level of utility for target detection, tracking, and presence\/absence, though was less effective (ca. 50%) for target identification. It is likely that this technology will contribute significantly to effective monitoring and advancing knowledge of importance to regulators and other stakeholders. The Blueview M900-2250 was included in testing due to its higher frequency output, which is better suited for close range target detection and tracking. The Blueview is an impressive technology and offered the ability to resolve finer scale features of the targets and their movements in some cases. However, the MKI model of the Blueview M900-2250 has a hardware limitation which results in multiple high-noise bands in the output data, which limited our ability to detect and track targets considerably. We conclude that data from the Blueview did not add substantial value or insight to the target analysis when used in conjunction with the Gemini. This should not rule out potential use of other MHz frequency multibeam sonars for monitoring the 10 m range in a combined sonar approach, including MKII of the Blueview.We evaluated the effects of acoustic interference (cross talk) between the Gemini and Blueview based on the ability of manual observers to detect, track, and identify targets through repeat collections of data with the sonars running both concurrently and independently. In general, the acoustic interference can be described as distracting, but tolerable. We observed no relationship between flow speed and observers\u2019 abilities to detect and track targets with testing up to approximately 2.5 m\/s. Tidal flows are faster at the FORCE site in the Minas Passage, with flow speeds exceeding 2.5 m\/s 30 to 40% of the time.The project addressed the objective of assessing the performance of surface deployed multibeam imaging sonars for target detections, including the extent of signal interference from waves\/turbulence, and entrained air. Further testing of and research into multibeam sonar usage from a vessel mounted (near surface) position would be useful in four focus areas, including:fish and other marine animals in locations and seasons (times) with high levels of animal abundance and variety,evaluating the most effective sonar orientations for monitoring the near field of tidal turbines,flow speeds that exceed 3 m\/s, andincreasing efficiency in data assessment, including reliable automation.This work should build upon success in Grand Passage to conduct next steps in stronger flow conditions present in Petit Passage and Minas Passage. The report titled \u201cField Assessment of Multi-beam Sonar Performance in Bottom Mount Deployments\u201d (Trowse et al. 2020) provides similar analysis for the case of seabed mounted Gemini 720is and Blueview M900-2250, including comparison of results and further recommendations for next steps.","author":["Trowse, G.","Guest, T.","Feiel, G.","Cheel, R.","Hay, A."],"organization":["Sustainable Oceans Applied Research Ltd (SOAR)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.264290619262","-66.338586317168"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-17 05:48:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trowse-et-al-2021_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131817","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/oera-pathway-2020-program-field-assessment-multi-beam-sonar-performance-bottom-mount","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/pathway-phase-3-tech-validation-field-assessment-of-multi-beam-sonar-performance-in-bottom-mount-deployments","title":"OERA Pathway 2020 Program: Field Assessment of Multi-Beam Sonar Performance in Bottom Mount Deployments","description":"Multibeam imaging sonars have application to monitoring fish and marine mammal presence and behaviours in the near field of tidal turbine installations, including evaluating avoidance, evasion, and potential blade strikes. SOAR conducted field experiments to help reduce uncertainty in performance of the Tritech Gemini 720is and Teledyne Blueview M900-2250 multibeam imaging sonars for identifying and tracking discrete targets in high-flow environments. This information will help inform the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, tidal energy developers, and other stakeholders in the design and implementation of effective monitoring systems for tidal energy projects in the Bay of Fundy and beyond. These two imaging sonars were the technologies recommended for testing by the subject matter expert for imaging sonars during the first phase (Global Capability Assessment) of the Pathway Program. The Tritech Gemini 720is operates at 720 kHz and has a maximum effective sampling range of approximately 50 m. The Teledyne Blueview M900-2250 has operating frequencies of 900 or 2250 kHz, with a 10 m range for the high frequency transducer head. As per the recommendation from the Global Capability Assessment, this report focuses on the Blueview\u2019s capabilities while operating at 2250 kHz.Field trials included deployments of an Autonomous Multibeam Imaging Sonar (AMIS) monitoring system in Grand Passage. The depth at the deployment location is approximately 25 m at low water, with flow speeds up to approximately 2.5 m\/s. The deployed sonars were oriented with their ensonified areas directed downstream. The instruments\u2019 horizontal fields of view oriented across-channel and vertical fields of view tilted upward from the bed.Three targets were used during data collection: a 0.45 kg (1 lb.) (9.5 cm long x 3.8 cm max diameter) lead fishing weight, approx. 12 cm diameter basalt rock in a lobster bait bag, and a V-Wing glider (approx. 50 cm diameter) from Dartmouth Ocean Technologies. The targets were suspended beneath research vessel Puffin while drifting through the study area. The Puffin repeatedly travelled to a position upstream from the sonars, then drifted with the tidal flow such that the drift trajectory allowed the targets to pass through the sonars\u2019 ensonified areas. The AMIS system was fully autonomous, so no live view of data collection was available.The data were manually analyzed to evaluate the performance of the Gemini and Blueview multibeam imaging sonars for detecting and tracking targets in strong tidal flow. The visualization and organization of the data were conducted using the proprietary software packages associated with each sonar: Gemini SeaTec and Teledyne ProViewer. Data from the Gemini were exported into video and organized into training and test data sets, which were shared with 7 sonar observers who conducted the manual analysis to detect, track, and identify the targets. Links to the training and test data sets for are provided below.Gemini training data: https:\/\/vimeo.com\/483141927Gemini test data with 50m range: https:\/\/vimeo.com\/483142328Due to the small ensonified area of the Blueview, insufficient sightings of known targets were collected to generate training and test data sets. A manual analysis was conducted by SOAR, with a focus of events of concurrent detection by the Blueview and Gemini including natural targets (primarily fish) and occasionally the artificial targets used in our methodology. A link to a video file with 21 comparative cases is provided below.Concurrent Blueview and Gemini: https:\/\/vimeo.com\/487808248The Tritech Gemini 720is received high scores from the observers in the ability to identify the presence of, visually detect, and track targets in videos displaying sonogram data output. The observers correctly identified the presence of a target in 99% of cases, and gave average scores greater than 4 out of 5 describing their visual detection and tracking ability. Targets were correctly identified roughly 50% of the time. No significant relationship between flow speed and ability to detect and track the targets was observed.The Teledyne Blueview M900-2250 MKI is an impressive technology that offered the ability to resolve finer scale features of the targets and their movements in some cases. However, persistent high-noise bands resulting from a known hardware issue and an apparent transducer alignment issue represented substantial impediments to reliable target detection and tracking. We conclude that data from the Blueview did not add substantial value or insight to the target analysis when used in conjunction with the Gemini. This should not rule out potential use of other MHz frequency multibeam sonars for monitoring the 10 m range in a combined sonar approach, including MKII of the Blueview.SOAR recommends use of the Tritech Gemini 720is for application to monitoring interactions between marine animals and tidal turbines. The Gemini demonstrated a high level of utility for detecting and tracking targets from vessel and bottom mounted orientations in tidal flows up to approximately 2.5 m\/s in Grand Passage. It is likely that this technology will contribute significantly to effective monitoring and advancing knowledge of importance to regulators and other stakeholders. Tidal flows are faster at the FORCE site in the Minas Passage, with flow speeds exceeding 2.5 m\/s 30 to 40% of the time.With respect to deploying multibeam sonars from the surface (i.e., vessel) or seabed, the sonars performed well from both positions, despite increased levels of air entrainment in the vessel mount case. The selection of deployment position for monitoring tidal turbines is likely to be defined by the nature of the tidal device (floating or seabed mounted) and the questions to be addressed by the monitoring.The project addressed the objective of assessing the performance of bottom deployed multibeam imaging sonars for target detections, including the extent of signal interference from waves\/turbulence, and entrained air.Further testing of bottom mounted multibeam sonars would be useful in four focus areas, including:fish and other marine animals in locations and seasons (times) with high levels of animal abundance and variety,evaluating most effective sonar orientations for monitoring the near field of tidal turbines,flow speeds that exceed 3 m\/s, andincreasing efficiency in data assessment, possibly including reliable automation.This work should build upon success in Grand Passage to conduct next steps in stronger flows present in Petit Passage and Minas Passage. The report titled \u201cField Assessment of Multi-beam Sonar Performance in Surface Mount Deployments\u201d (Trowse et al. 2020) provides similar analysis for the case of surface mounted Gemini 720is and Blueview M900-2250.","author":["Trowse, G.","Guest, T.","Feiel, G.","Cheel, R.","Hay, A."],"organization":["Sustainable Oceans Applied Research Ltd (SOAR)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-21","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.268568304864","-66.339654697821"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 10:20:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Trowse-et-al-2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131818","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-association-tidal-energy-turbines-minas-passage-workshop","sourceURL":"","title":"Passive Acoustic Monitoring in association with Tidal Energy Turbines in the Minas Passage: Workshop Report","description":"In November 2018, the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) convened a workshop of regional experts (i.e., industry partners, academics, stakeholders) in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) data collection and analyses. FORCE\u2019s Environmental Effects Monitoring Program (EEMP) utilizes PAM equipment as its primary means of monitoring marine mammals and for understanding the effects of sound generated by turbines deployed at the FORCE test site, located in the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy. The FORCE test site is exposed to tidal flows that may restrict the utility of particular types of PAM equipment that are suitable for environmental monitoring elsewhere. Further, regulators have requested clarification regarding the ability of different PAM technologies to detect harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) echolocations at the FORCE site, including rates of false-positive detections. Therefore, the purpose of the PAM workshop was to discuss the inherent challenges and operational limitations associated with PAM technologies and methodologies in high-flow environments, and to identify future projects that could facilitate the deployment of PAM technologies best suited for marine mammal and sound monitoring in the Minas Passage. Participants discussed previous and ongoing PAM projects in the Bay of Fundy including challenges, methodologies for overcoming the difficult conditions presented by high-flow environments and initial findings. Importantly, the group discussed opportunities for improvements to PAM technologies, and potential projects and collaborations for the near-future. It is anticipated that members of this group will continue to meet on a semi-regular basis to pursue collaborations and opportunities to improve the utility of PAM technologies in the challenging conditions of the Bay of Fundy.","author":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-11-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.371505947370","-64.402922068969"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Stakeholder Engagement","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 10:53:25","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131819","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-data-analysis-openhydro-open-centre-turbine-force-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/acoustic-data-analysis-of-the-openhydro-open-centre-turbine-at-force-","title":"Acoustic Data Analysis of the OpenHydro Open-Centre Turbine at FORCE: Final Report","description":"Cape Sharp Tidal (CST), a joint venture of Emera Ltd and OpenHydro, is evaluating the potential for generating electrical power from tidal water flow with OpenHydro\u2019s Open-Centre Turbine technology. A demonstration project is currently being conducted at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE) test site in the Minas Passage, NS. The demonstration project aims to improve the turbine technology for long-term efficient generation of electricity from tidal currents and to understand and assess the potential effects of turbines on the environment. As required under the Environmental Assessment (EA) Approval, CST and FORCE developed Environmental Effects Monitoring Plans (EEMPs) to address the predictions of the EA. A key element of the EEMPs is the potential effects of turbine sound on fish and marine mammals.The scope for the turbine sound component of the EEMPs is two-fold: 1) investigations to determine the best way to record operational and ambient sounds in the Minas Passage (both short and long term); and 2) subsequent data analysis to characterize the tidal turbine sound relative to the existing environment.Acoustic data collection at the FORCE test site has been ongoing since 2012. Comprehensive measurements began in fall 2016 when CST deployed the first grid-connected Open-Centre Turbine on 7 Nov 2016, in the FORCE Crown Lease Area (the study area, Figure 1). After a six-month engineering evaluation, the turbine was disconnected from its subsea cable in April 2017, recovered in June 2017, and taken to Saint John, NB, for further design improvements. During the engineering evaluation, longterm acoustic recordings were made with hydrophones mounted on the turbine platform, as well as an autonomous hydrophone housed in a protective flow-shield on the seabed 167 m from the turbine. Shortterm drifting hydrophone measurements were made before the turbine was installed on 18 Oct and 20 Oct 2016, and with the turbine in place on 27 Mar 2017. Two methods of hanging the hydrophone below the drifting float were evaluated: one with an \u2018S\u2019-shaped catenary cable and one with an elastic cable and baffles to minimize movement.This report, jointly funded by CST and FORCE, analyzes the 2016\u20132017 short- and long-term data to:Compare tidal turbine sound to flow noise and how it depends on current speed, turbine state, and measurement method.Estimate the possible effects of the turbine sound on marine life.Evaluate the relative utility of instrument configurations to be used moving forward when measuring the effects of new turbine configurations on the acoustic environment.Provide guidance on methodologies for performing acoustic measurements near tidal turbines and processing of acoustic data to mitigate effects of flow noise.Based on these measurements, we find that at most frequencies the turbine has a lower source level than vessels that might be typical in the area. For porpoises, the sound amplitude of vessels and the turbine will be similar at similar ranges, and we can expect that pressure-sensing fish will detect and be affected by vessels at 7\u201310 times the range as the turbine.From these measurements we observed that autonomous recorders near the seabed provided the best data quality and best characterization of the turbine and ambient sound through all tidal and turbine operating states. Drifter measurements provided useful validation of turbine sound at various ranges but were insufficient to develop a model of the turbine sound in all tidal and operating states. Drifter hydrophone suspensions must include an effective means of isolating the hydrophone from surface wave action, and drifters should have a GPS logger attached to record the location at least twice per minute. Hydrophones on the turbine platform need to be more carefully isolated from flow noise and electrical noise.Based on the results, we recommend:Autonomous recorders in high-flow shielded moorings be considered as the primary method of assessing turbine sound levels.Cabled hydrophones on turbine platforms should be located as close as possible to the seabed, and they should be protected by a stream-lined flow-shield.The sound signature of the Open-Centre Turbine should be re-assessed during the next deployment.At least one lunar cycle of ambient sound should be recorded before or after the next deployment, to quantify the ambient sound levels at all current speeds. An Acoustic Doppler current profiler should be deployed at the same time as the acoustic recorder.The detection performance for porpoise should be compared during a simultaneous deployment of the autonomous recorder and the turbine mounted hydrophones.","author":["Martin, B.","Whitt, C.","Horwich, L."],"organization":["JASCO Applied Sciences","Cape Sharp Tidal","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-06-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.371505947372","-64.402884498274"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 11:05:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Martin-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131820","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-real-time-targeted-imaging-turbine-marine-life-interactions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/real-time-targeted-imaging-of-turbine-marine-life-interactions","title":"Final Report: Real-Time, Targeted Imaging of Turbine-Marine Life Interactions","description":"A cabled platform with the capabilities to provide real-time, targeted measurements of turbine-marine life interactions has been built and tested for use in high flows, including the Crown Lease Area of Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy. Its key sensors are an imaging sonar, that generates detailed 2-D imaging, and a pan-tilt unit on which the imaging sonar is mounted, that permits the sonar\u2019s orientation to be remotely adjusted while the platform is on the seabed, as is necessary for obtaining targeted imaging of the turbine and its surroundings.The project proceeded in a careful, systematic fashion, utilizing the FORCE beach intertidal zone to conduct initial field tests. These tests revealed several challengees, including noise contamination in the sonar\u2019s output and insufficiently robust fibre terminations on the cables connecting the platform to shore. The latter problem required an in-house (to FORCE) engineering solution that, along with the noise solution, held up perfectly against all subsequent tests.The resulting platform, called the Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology Environmental Monitoring System (FAST-EMS), is proven for high flow conditions and the uniquely challenging environment of the Minas Passage.","author":["Culina, J.","Wellwood, D.","Pieroway, R."],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2018-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.370296714811","-64.405008100034"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 11:14:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Culina-et-al-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131821","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/finite-element-analysis-assess-fish-mortality-interaction-tidal-turbine-blades","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/finite-element-analysis-to-assess-fish-mortality-from-interaction-with-tidal-turbine-blades","title":"Finite Element Analysis to Assess Fish Mortality from Interaction with Tidal Turbine Blades","description":"This project has investigated the use of computer simulations, in the form of finite element analysis to assess fish mortality from impacts with tidal turbine blades at various flow speeds and turbine operating conditions. In order to perform these analyses, an idealized fish finite element model was developed using previous research on the mechanical properties of fish and calibrated using laboratory tests to obtain strain data from fish impacts on a flat aluminum plate.A further objective of the project was to assess the suitability of strain gauges as a method to monitor fish impacts with a tidal turbine.Laboratory tests were performed in the Dalhousie University Flume tank over the summer of 2017 using fish selected for their relevance to the high energy sites of the Minas Passage in Nova Scotia. Analysis of the test data was completed in October 2017. Results from the laboratory tests showed that it was possible to differentiate when an object hits the plate from the background \u201cnoise\u201d of the flow and turbulence of the environment, however \u201cnoise\u201d obscured several of the smaller fish impact tests and strain gauge measurements would likely be problematic in real turbine operating conditions.Finite element models were developed and analyzed through the winter of 2017\/18. The initial analyses focused on simulating laboratory tests in order to calibrate the fish finite element model which was developed based on the properties of a striped bass. The comparison of finite element analysis results to strain data collected in the laboratory was favorable and allowed the project to progress to the finite element analysis of tidal turbine blade and fish interactions which were conducted in early 2018.The results from the finite element analyses of the fish impact with a tidal turbine blade showed that in all but the slowest impact speed (fish impacting the blade at 2 m\/s) with no blade rotation, a significant quantity of finite elements in the fish model exceeded the strain or stress failure criteria. As a result it was concluded that there is a high probability of fish mortality in the event that it impacts an operational turbine blade.Recommendations for related future work include testing of strain gauge measurement of impacts in real turbine operating conditions, research into technology and techniques to improve analysis of strain gauge data in \u201cnoisy\u201d flow environments, investigation into whether strain data from fish impacts can be distinguished from impacts of other objects, refinement of finite element techniques to analyze larger biological object impacts and investigation into the use of finite element analysis to assess effects of impacts on the turbine blades themselves.","author":["Fyffe, N."],"organization":["Bluemara","Offshore Energy Research Association of Nova Scotia (OERA)"],"originationDate":"2018-04-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 11:26:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fyffe-2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131822","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lobster-catchability-study-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/lobster-catchability-study-","title":"Lobster Catchability Study Report","description":"The purpose of this study is to monitor lobster catchability within the FORCE Crown Lease Area (CLA; Figure 1). Lobster catchability is represented as catch per unit effort (CPUE), or catch per trap, which functions as a proxy measure for population density. Surveying prior to TISEC turbine deployment establishes initial data for future comparison. Comparing data collected during TISEC turbine deployment against the initial data assesses the level of impact the technology may have on lobster catchability. This research will also test the assumptions of the initial environmental assessment (EA). The AECOM (2009) report assumes minimal TISEC turbine impacts on lobster populations within the CLA, based on the following prescriptive characteristics:Species diversity and population density is low;The substrate is scoured bedrock;The TISEC turbine and equipment has a small footprint in the area;With minimal impact, populations will recover to baseline levels in the short-term (AECOM, 2009).This study provided opportunity to test sampling methodologies and provided a reference point for comparison of the catchability statistics recorded within the CLA against the general fishery in the Minas Passage, as determined by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO 2014). According to the DFO 2014 report, lobster population density in the broader Minas Passage (outside the CLA) as high, using the following catchability gradients:0 - 0.7 kg CPUE (low) \u27a2 0.8 - 1.1 kg CPUE (moderately low)1.2 - 1.7 kg CPUE (moderate)1.8 \u2013 2.3 kg CPUE (moderately high)2.4 \u2013 10.7 kg CPUE (high) (p. 22, Serdynska \u0026amp; Coffen-Smout, 2017)","author":["Nexus Coastal Resource Management"],"organization":["Nexus Coastal Resource Management","Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-29","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.364514054946","-64.419215146054"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-21 11:35:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Nexus-Coastal-Resource-Management-2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131827","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/coupled-les-aeroacoustic-framework-predicting-hydrodynamic-noise-tidal-stream-turbines","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0141118726001525","title":"A coupled LES\u2013aeroacoustic framework for predicting hydrodynamic noise from tidal-stream turbines","description":"A high-fidelity numerical framework is developed to predict the hydrodynamic noise generated by tidal-stream turbines under realistic flow conditions. The approach couples large-eddy simulations (LES) using the actuator-line method (ALM) with Amiet\u2019s aeroacoustic theory to quantify underwater sound emissions from turbine blades. The model accounts for both trailing-edge and turbulence-interaction noise sources. Simulations are performed for a full-scale 1 MW, 18 m-diameter tidal turbine operating at various tip-speed ratios and inflow turbulence intensities. The results show that higher tip-speed ratios lead to amplified hydrodynamic noise, while increased turbulence broadens the affected frequency range. Cylindrical sound propagation is applied to represent shallow-water effects, and predictions are extended to a nine-turbine array configuration. The array increases noise levels by up to 8 dB downstream and over 50 dB laterally compared with a single turbine. The coupled LES\u2013Amiet framework provides a computationally efficient and physically consistent method to predict underwater noise from tidal energy devices. These findings improve the understanding of the flow-acoustic coupling mechanisms and support the design and environmental assessment of future marine energy systems.","author":["Botero-Bol\u00edvar, L.","Ouro, P.","Ferrer, E."],"organization":["Industrial University of Santander (UIS)","Galicia Supercomputing Center (CESGA)","University of Manchester","Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid"],"originationDate":"2026-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-11 06:40:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Botero-Bolivar-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131835","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/nova-scotia-tidal-research-summary-report-researching-tidal-energy-marine-life-nova","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/document-collection\/nova-scotia-tidal-research-summary-report-researching-tidal-energy-marine-life-the-nova-scotia-experience","title":"Nova Scotia Tidal Research Summary Report - Researching Tidal Energy - Marine Life - The Nova Scotia Experience","description":"During the last decade, Nova Scotia has once again been exploring the potential for electricitygeneration from the tides of the Province, particularly those of the Bay of Fundy and CapeBreton. Unlike the previous hundred years, the focus has been on new tidal stream technologiesthat convert energy from tidal flows without the need for barrages or dams. The objectives are: toreduce dependence on fossil fuels and enhance Nova Scotia\u0027s energy security for the future; tocapitalize on development of new tidal-stream technologies; and to contribute technological andscientific knowledge to the global development of renewable marine energy.Previous environmental studies, including those at the Annapolis Tidal Generating Station,identified numerous environmental issues of tidal power, many of which are attributed to thedam rather than the turbines. Three Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) have beenconducted, two on the Bay of Fundy (2008 and 2014) and one on Cape Breton waters (2012).Each of these examined several options for marine renewable energy, including tides, waves andoffshore wind installations, and identified their major environmental and socioeconomicimplications. On the basis of the first Bay of Fundy SEA, the province moved to establish theFundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), and set aside an area in Minas Passage as atest facility for commercial scale tidal stream devices. The FORCE site is now equipped withsubsea power and data cables, and will see devices installed for testing at its berths in the nextyears. Testing of smaller devices is occurring in other locations in the Outer Bay.The SEAs identified a number of environmental and socio-economic concerns about tidal stream-based electricity generation. Principal concerns have related to: the size of the tidal resource; the effects of extracting energy from tidal waters on tidal range, current flows, ice, shoreline erosion, turbulence (etc.):the direct and indirect effects on fish, birds and marine mammals;the direct and indirect effects on bottom-dwelling organisms, marshes and mudflats;the direct and indirect effects on fisheries and other resource uses of tidal waters; andthe opportunities and benefits to the economy and local communities of investments in tidal powerNumerous research projects have been conducted to address these questions, and, in doing so, considerable technical and scientific innovation and expertise has been developed. A suite of numerical models that describe the energy resource, flows of water, and mixing (etc.) on both large and small scales has been developed, allowing more precise prediction of the effects of extracting energy from the tides. In Minas Passage, Grand Passage, Petit Passage and Digby Gut, the energy of tidal flows would be sufficient to provide more than 2.5 GW of electricity, a 3 quantity greater than the total installed electricity capacity (~2.3 GW) of the Province, with only a modest effect on the tidal ranges at those sites. Technologies for monitoring the movements of fish and marine mammals have been investigated, particularly in the Minas Passage, and four species of fish and some lobster have been fitted with acoustic tags to investigate their behaviour as they move through the passage where turbines are to be tested. Video and sonar technologies have also been used to examine benthic life in the areas suitable for tidal stream generation, and field investigations have looked at the changes in sediments that might arise from changes to tidal water flows.As a result of these studies, several concerns have been laid to rest. Ice and electromagnetic forces are considered unlikely to interfere with the turbines or to affect significantly the movements of animals through the passages. Some issues remain to be resolved. Priority issues relate to the behaviour of fish, birds and marine mammals in the vicinity of working turbines, the possible mortality and deterrent effects that an array of turbines might have on the normal migratory behaviour of these animals, and the population level consequences of these. The effects on fisheries for lobster, herring and other finfish and shellfish are being examined, and in some cases this requires selection and further development of suitable monitoring technologies that can withstand the difficult environmental conditions under which tidal energy could be generated.This assessment of the potential for tidal power generation using modern tidal stream devices is being pursued as a collaborative enterprise involving government agencies, universities and the private sector, with funding primarily from the federal and provincial governments. Costs and risks are high, but the potential benefits are even greater. In addition to the size of the tidal resource, there are immense benefits to accrue from increased knowledge and innovations in technology. An assessment of the value of early involvement in tidal stream development suggests that over the next decades more than $1.7 billion could be added to the provincial GDP, with creation of some 22,000 full time positions and $815 million in labour income.Throughout the last decade, there has been considerable effort devoted to involving all stakeholders. Public meetings were held in connection with all three SEAs, consultations have been held with Mi\u0027kmaq, fishers and other stakeholders to access local knowledge, and results of directed research made quickly available. In order to provide the public with ready access to information, results of studies have been placed on websites operated by the Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA), Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN) and the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE). Handbooks providing information for communities and businesses to participate in tidal energy discussions and guides to engagement of Mi\u0027kmaq and other communities have also been made available. The intent is to ensure that development of tidal-stream energy in Nova Scotia is being pursued with full understanding of the implications among Nova Scotians.","author":["Daborn, G."],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2016-05-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.096000000000","-65.554218000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-04-24 05:43:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Daborn_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131864","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-can-ecosystem-approach-support-integrated-management-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666188826002297","title":"How can an ecosystem approach support integrated management of marine renewable energy? An initial assessment from an environmental point of view","description":"With the increasing installation of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices in areas already subject to multiple anthropogenic activities and environmental changes, it is necessary to develop tools and methods for the integrated management of marine ecosystems. The ecosystem approach is a holistic environmental management method that considers all components of an ecosystem. The ecosystem approach has demonstrated utility in the application to various anthropogenic activities and is relevant for consideration within the context of MRE. Indeed, many of the effects observed on marine ecosystems from those other activities are also applicable to MRE development. This review is an initial assessment where we summarize the potential effects of MRE development on marine ecosystems and propose schematic frameworks for applying the ecosystem approach to MRE. We also provide a non-exhaustive list of commonly used models pertinent to the ecosystem approach and associated with several reference studies. An outline of core questions that can currently be answered using available modeling tools central to the ecosystem approach is provided, along with recommendations for the application of this approach to the MRE context. Further, we identify key knowledge gaps and areas that require additional investigation for meaningful application of the ecosystem approach to MRE development. Our recommendations mainly concern the current limitations of applying the ecosystem approach to concrete cases, such as consolidating knowledge of the effects of MRE on the local environment, the need to obtain fine-scale data, considering effects at different spatiotemporal scales, and, finally, the need for an interdisciplinary vision.","author":["Le Marchand, M.","Hemery, L.","Araignous, E.","B\u0103naru, D.","Ben Rais Lasram, F.","Copping, A.","Fulton, E.","Hasselman, D.","Le Loc\u0027h, F.","Luisa Mart\u00ednez, M.","Niquil, N.","Rose, D.","Safi, G."],"organization":["France Energies Marines","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","University of Toulon","University of the Littoral Opal Coast (Universit\u00e9 du Littoral C\u00f4te d\u0027Opale)","Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)","AquaVeritas Research","University of Brest","National Institute of Ecology","University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN)"],"originationDate":"2026-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-05 01:05:49","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Le-Marchand-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131865","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-assessment-wave-energy-mutriku-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s40722-026-00487-0","title":"Life cycle assessment of wave energy: the Mutriku case study","description":"Environmental impacts and the effects of climate change are becoming ever higher as the energy demand is growing, and the high dependence on fossil fuels to supply global energy needs is unquestionable. For this reason, it is necessary to increase the global percentage of renewable energy (ODS 7, target 7.2), promote access to research, technology and investments in clean energy (ODS 7, target 7.4) and integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning (ODS 13, target 13.2). In this sense, ocean energy has a relevant role, but it is necessary to identify the environmental effects it may generate. According to the later, the aim of this research is to evaluate the environmental impacts of a wave energy power plant located in Mutriku, Spain, with a Life Cycle Assessment approach. The results demonstrate that the Construction stage presents the highest environmental impacts, which reach 86.6% in climate change due to the high raw materials consumed, while energy generation is the stage with the lower environmental impacts, with 5.5% in the climate change category. For the end-of-life stage a sensitivity analysis was performed, showing that high recycling rates for all the metallic materials is not always resulting in better performance. It is concluded that it is important to mitigate the environmental impacts in the Construction stage and in the End-of-Life stage.","author":["Lira, R.","G\u00fcereca, L.","Lekube, J."],"organization":["Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","Ente Vasco de la Energ\u00eda (EVE)"],"originationDate":"2026-04-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["43.307011000000","-2.402114500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-11 06:57:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lira-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131890","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-regulator-survey-canada","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Regulator Survey: Canada","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry progresses around the world, understanding of the potential environmental effects of MRE has improved. Opportunities to investigate the environmental effects of operational MRE devices have increased in recent years with more projects in the water. Despite these advancements, some areas of uncertainty persist. Key concerns remain about how MRE devices and arrays interact with surrounding environments, and how marine animals behave around them. These uncertainties continue to pose challenges during permitting processes for MRE. Additionally, the development of larger-scale MRE devices and arrays presents new questions and uncertainty for MRE permitting processes, particularly in understanding how potential environmental effects of MRE scale up and interact with other ocean activities.To better understand how regulators perceive and manage environmental risks during permitting processes for MRE projects, a survey was conducted across several OES-Environmental member countries beginning in 2025. Building on a previous regulator survey conducted by OES-Environmental for multiple countries from 2017-2021, this survey included updated questions to reflect changing information needs regarding the environmental effects of MRE. Its purpose was to understand regulators\u2019 familiarity with MRE technologies, perceptions of environmental risks associated with MRE technologies across varying scales, and what they view as best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the applicability of data transferability. The survey also included some questions to gather Tethys user data. A list of questions and answer options is provided in Appendix A.This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Canada. Results are compared to the previous survey for Canada, conducted and published in 2020.","author":["McGrath, J.","Rose, D.","Freeman, M."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2026-05-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-29 05:15:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental_2026_Canada_Regulator_Survey_Final.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131896","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/citizen-science-best-practice","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.oceanbestpractices.org\/items\/c0377b78-4878-4e59-a3d5-d970267fc41e","title":"Citizen Science Best Practice","description":"This interactive guide summarises best practice principles for creating and using high quality data from citizen science and community science projects. It offers guidance for collating, quality assuring, and managing citizen science data. The aim of the tool is to provide data guidance that can broaden the participation in environmental monitoring, maximise the efficacy of volunteers in citizen science projects so they can contribute good quality marine evidence which is FAIR. Ensuring that data are findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable maximises their impact and increases their longevity, as data users can find and easily use these data for research and data-driven policy, both nationally and internationally. Citizen science, for the purpose of this guide, is defined as the involvement of volunteers in science; they can be involved at any stage of the scientific process. The guide describes volunteer projects in the widest sense, as the guidance which focuses around data creation, management and use, may also be relevant to other non-volunteer projects.This project was delivered by the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, in partnership with Natural England, and funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) through the Natural Capital and Ecosystem Assessment (NCEA) programme.","author":["The Marine Biological Association (MBA) of the UK","Natural England"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-16 06:43:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Marine_Biological_Association_and_Natrual_England_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131916","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-hydrogen-production-advancing-towards-sustainable-future","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032125009773","title":"Marine renewable energy for hydrogen production: Advancing towards a sustainable future through technological, economic, and environmental frontiers\u2013 a review","description":"The accelerating urgency to mitigate global climate change has intensified research into cleaner, more sustainable energy solutions. This review explores the convergence of marine renewable energy (MRE) and green hydrogen production as a promising pathway toward a decarbonized energy future. It provides a comprehensive analysis of MRE technologies including tidal, wave, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), and salinity gradient power detailing their working principles, recent technological advancements, and current deployment status. Special attention is given to the integration of these resources with hydrogen production via water electrolysis, focusing on technologies such as proton exchange membrane (PEM), alkaline, and solid oxide electrolyzers (SOEC), which have demonstrated conversion efficiencies of up to 90 % under optimal conditions. The review assesses the technical feasibility of these hybrid systems, highlights key operational challenges (e.g., intermittency, offshore infrastructure, corrosion), and discusses potential advantages such as proximity to coastal hydrogen markets and energy security. The economic dimension is critically examined, with current green hydrogen production costs ranging from $2.50 to $6.80 per kilogram, and future targets aiming for $1\/kg by 2030. Case studies including the Sealhyfe offshore pilot project in France, capable of producing up to 400 kg\/day of hydrogen are presented to illustrate real-world progress. Environmental impacts, regulatory frameworks, and marine spatial planning considerations are also addressed. By synthesizing technical, economic, and environmental perspectives, this review offers a strategic overview of the role marine energy can play in large-scale hydrogen production. It aims to support researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders in identifying opportunities, addressing barriers, and accelerating the deployment of MRE-to-hydrogen systems. Ultimately, the study contributes to outlining pathways for a resilient, low-carbon, and integrated energy future.","author":["Taroual, K.","Nachtane, M.","Adeli, K.","Boulzehar, A.","Saifaoui, D.","Faik, A."],"organization":["University of Hassan II","Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P)"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-21 05:54:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Taroual-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131917","type":["Document","Document\/Book Chapter"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/harnessing-ocean-renewable-energy-indias-blue-economy-opportunities-challenges-policy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/chapter\/harnessing-ocean-renewable-energy-for-indias-blue-economy\/399165","title":"Harnessing Ocean Renewable Energy for India\u0027s Blue Economy: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Perspectives","description":"Oceans offer vast and largely untapped renewable energy potential, positioning marine energy as a key driver of India\u0027s emerging Blue Economy. Despite India\u0027s long coastline and estimated tidal and wave energy capacities, the development of ocean renewable energy remains limited. Initiatives like the Deep Ocean Mission and Sagarmala Project highlight India\u0027s commitment to aligning ocean energy development with climate goals under the Paris Agreement and its updated NDC targets. This study explores the potential of marine energy in reducing carbon emissions, promoting coastal development, and supporting sustainable economic growth. It also identifies technological, policy, and financial challenges impeding progress. Emphasizing a holistic approach, the study advocates for enhanced policy frameworks, innovation, and international collaboration to harness ocean energy for long-term sustainability and inclusive development.","author":["Bhatia, T.","Srinivasan, S.","Vallipriya, R."],"organization":["Graphic Era University","Bharathidasan University (BDU)"],"originationDate":"2026-01-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-21 06:11:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131923","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/dual-use-wave-energy-converter-arrays-experimental-insights-nearshore-processes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0960148126007809","title":"Dual-use wave energy converter arrays: Experimental insights into nearshore processes and coastal erosion","description":"Wave energy converter arrays have the potential to serve a dual purpose: generating renewable energy while reducing wave energy in their lee and subsequently modifying nearshore processes including wave refraction, diffraction and nearshore currents, all of which influence sediment transport at the shoreline. Understanding the interactions of these physical processes to achieve this dual purpose is complex, and detailed observations to support the design of suitable wave energy converter arrays are lacking. This paper reports on an extensive wave basin experimental program that measured shoreline changes on a sloping, light weight sediment beach, as a function of the incoming irregular wave conditions and five different 16-device wave energy converter array configurations. A key finding is that reducing wave height alone is insufficient for coastal protection; it is also essential to account for wave radiation stresses and the resulting induced currents in the lee of a nearshore wave energy converter array. These currents can lead to zones of shoreline accretion and\/or erosion, which are shown to be sensitive to both incident wave conditions and array configuration. Designing wave energy converter arrays for dual use therefore requires careful consideration of nearshore hydrodynamics, sediment transport processes, and site-specific wave conditions.","author":["Cohen, N.","Flocard, F.","Cui, L.","Sergiienko, N.","Leontini, J.","Turner, I."],"organization":["University of New South Wales","Swinburne University of Technology","University of Adelaide"],"originationDate":"2026-08-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-22 04:56:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cohen-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2131930","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/review-impacts-geophysical-geotechnical-surveys-marine-fish-shellfish-irish-waters","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.maritimeregulator.ie\/the-maritime-area-regulatory-authority-mara-publishes-desktop-study-on-the-impacts-of-geophysical-and-geotechnical-surveys-on-marine-fish-and-shellfish-in-irish-waters\/","title":"Review of Impacts of Geophysical and Geotechnical Surveys on Marine Fish and Shellfish in Irish Waters","description":"This report summarises the current scientific understanding of how marine geophysical and geotechnical site investigation surveys impact fish and shellfish in Irish waters. It is intended to support evidence-led decisions for preparing and assessing Maritime Usage Licence applications. Key impact pathways Underwater noise and physical disturbance of the seabed are the main potential impact pathways. Most survey activities have a small spatial footprint, and effects are typically localised and short term, particularly for mobile adult fish and shellfish. Impacts are more likely where surveys overlap with sensitive habitats, vulnerable life stages, or occur repeatedly in the same area. Noise-related effects The evidence base is strongest for underwater noise. Behavioural responses are the most consistently observed effect, including startle responses, short-term displacement and altered foraging or schooling behaviour. For eggs, larvae and some shellfish, intense impulsive noise can cause injury or mortality under certain conditions. Continuous noise is more often linked to stress responses and behavioural disruption, particularly where exposure is prolonged. Physical disturbance of the seabed To our knowledge, there have been no studies on the physical impacts of geotechnical surveys on fish or shellfish. Potential effects are inferred from studies on dredging, drilling, aggregate extraction and bottom fishing. Seabed disturbance can cause localised benthic mortality, alter habitat structure and reduce prey availability. While geotechnical survey footprints are highly localised, significant impacts are most likely near sensitive habitats or during key fish spawning periods and spawning areas which are species specific. Cumulative effects Cumulative risk increases where surveys are clustered, repeated over time, or overlap with other marine activities. Species responses are likely driven by a combination of noise, vibration, physical presence and sediment disturbance rather than any single pressure acting alone. This is poorly documented in the literature and requires further research attention. Knowledge gaps Key knowledge gaps include the lack of field studies on geotechnical survey impacts on fish and shellfish, limited data on behavioural and sub-lethal effects for many species, uncertainty around early life stage sensitivity, and a lack of international best practice for managing impacts of site investigation surveys on fish and shellfish (or associated habitats). Recommendations Mitigation should be proportionate and precautionary where uncertainty remains. Key measures include avoiding sensitive habitats and life stages such as spawning periods, minimising repeated disturbance through coordinated planning, selecting lower-impact methods where feasible, managing noise and sediment disturbance, and ensuring robust survey planning, data sharing and communication with stakeholders.","author":["Long, A.","Rickard, E.","Holding, P.","Dickerson, B.","Hetherington, S."],"organization":["Aquafact","Maritime Area Regulatory Authority (MARA)"],"originationDate":"2026-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-05-26 11:54:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141343","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/identifying-materials-tidal-energy-technology-their-effects-human-health-ecosystems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666791626000084","title":"Identifying materials in tidal energy technology and their effects to human health, ecosystems, and resources: A life cycle assessment perspective","description":"Tidal energy is an abundant and predictable renewable energy source that represents a promising alternative for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To promote the sustainable development of tidal energy technologies (TETs), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a key method for evaluating the environmental impacts associated with materials and technological processes. Although LCA has been widely applied to other renewable technologies, available data for TETs remain limited and scarce. This research conducts a systematic review (PRISMA protocol) and data mining of LCA studies using the ReCiPe method to identify the main impacts generated by TETs and their materials. The results show significant variability among technologies, with tidal stream turbines exhibiting the highest GHG emissions (69.97 g CO2\/kWh) and bulb turbines the lowest (3.9 g CO2\/kWh). Copper affects all LCA categories with the highest negative impacts, followed by steel, which is the most widely used material in turbine manufacturing. Therefore, further research on alternative materials is necessary to replace copper and steel or to reduce their primary use in turbine manufacturing. An apparent positive trend since 2015 was observed in the reported GHG emissions of real hydrokinetic turbine LCA projects; this trend is likely influenced by data gaps in LCA databases and by differences in LCA methodologies. Hence, this research calls on academia to unify LCA methodologies and enhance databases to provide more precise and detailed information on the impacts of traditional and emerging materials used in TETs.","author":["Rueda-Bayona, J.","Franco, V.","Eras, J."],"organization":["Universidad Del Valle","University of C\u00f3rdoba"],"originationDate":"2026-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment","Health \u0026 Safety"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-04 04:47:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rueda-Bayona_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141344","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/just-transition-coastal-communities-case-studies-orkney-north-east-scotland-humber","sourceURL":"https:\/\/abdn.elsevierpure.com\/en\/publications\/just-transition-and-coastal-communities-case-studies-of-orkney-no\/","title":"Just Transition and Coastal Communities: Case studies of Orkney, North East Scotland and the Humber Estuary","description":"Marine Energy Transitions (METs) are reshaping coastal regions across the UK, offering opportunities for decarbonisation and economic renewal but also risking the reinforcement of long\u2011standing inequalities. This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) synthesises 181 sources to examine how the concept of just transition has been and is framed, governed, and experienced in three coastal case studies: Orkney, North East Scotland, and the Humber Estuary. Across all regions, communities encounter METs not as isolated moments of change but as cumulative transitions shaped by the legacies of earlier maritime and energy industries. These legacies influence current vulnerabilities, patterns of economic dependency, and the distribution of burdens and benefits.The evidence shows that governance of marine energy remains largely centralised and reactive, weakening local influence over planning and creating procedural injustices, especially where communities face the impacts of development without meaningful roles in shaping it. Burdens such as housing pressure, service strain, cultural disruption, and loss of access to marine space tend to fall locally, while many economic benefits flow to distant supply chains and investors. Mechanisms for retaining value - through community benefit schemes, ownership models, or statutory obligations - are inconsistent and limited for marine renewable energy.Cultural identity and sense of place play a critical role in how coastal communities understand fairness. Histories tied to fishing, seafaring, and marine industries shape expectations of what coastal futures should look like. Transitions that disrupt these identities or change coastal landscapes can be perceived as unjust even when economic gains accompany them. Participation challenges further compound inequities, and many coastal communities lack the financial, technical, or organisational capacity to engage effectively in complex planning processes, leading to tokenistic consultation and reduced trust.With processes already underway in the UK that will shape current and future offshore energy policy and regulatory reform, this review provides an evidence\u2011base grounded in the experiences of coastal communities at the centre of METs. The findings highlight clear opportunities for more equitable transitions. Anticipatory, place\u2011based planning could help address cumulative impacts and avoid repeating boom\u2013bust cycles. Stronger coordination across governance levels - supported by stable structures that link local knowledge with regional and national decision\u2011making - could improve alignment between policy ambitions and coastal realities. More consistent and transparent approaches to community benefit would help ensure value generated from marine energy resources is shared locally. Long\u2011term investment in community capacity and leadership is also essential to ensure communities can participate on equal footing and shape transition pathways that reflect local priorities, identities, and aspirations.The evidence demonstrates that without deliberate action, METs risk reproducing historical inequalities rather than addressing them. Delivering a just transition for coastal communities requires governance that is place\u2011responsive, participatory, and attentive to the interlinked dimensions of distributive, procedural, recognitional, and restorative justice.","author":["McCarron, A.","Shapovalova, D.","Potts, T.","Mcgrane, S."],"organization":["University of Aberdeen"],"originationDate":"2026-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Justice"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-04 05:37:17","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Just_Transition_Lab_Full_REA_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141920","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-criteria-evaluation-marine-renewable-energy-sources-using-topsis-coastal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s13201-026-02769-2.pdf","title":"Multi-criteria evaluation of marine renewable energy sources using TOPSIS for coastal pollution mitigation and sustainable development","description":"The growing urgency to transition toward clean energy systems has heightened interest in marine renewable energy (MRE) as a sustainable solution for coastal regions facing environmental degradation from fossil fuel use. This study applies the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to evaluate and rank MRE options, offshore wind, tidal, and wave energy, based on four key criteria: Efficiency, Cost, Emissions, and Resource Availability. Expert judgment was used to derive weighted preferences, and a structured decision matrix facilitated performance scoring and ranking. The analysis identified Efficiency as the most influential factor, with offshore wind energy emerging as the top alternative due to its strong performance and scalability. The results offer a practical, adaptable framework for supporting energy planning in coastal zones, enabling decision-makers to balance environmental protection and operational feasibility","author":["Teng, M.","Zhi, G.","Tolba, A.","Yu, J.","Assal, M.","Park, J.H.","Alnuaim, A.A."],"organization":["Hunan University","King Saud University","Hunan University","Baicheng Normal University","Seoul National University"],"originationDate":"2026-02-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Chemicals","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-11 06:54:27","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Teng et al. 2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141928","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/spatio-temporal-analysis-wave-power-around-korean-peninsula","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00477-025-03144-4.pdf","title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of wave power around the Korean Peninsula","description":"This study investigates the spatial and spatio-temporal prediction of significant wave height (SWH) and corresponding wave power analysis in the seas surrounding the Korean Peninsula using fixed rank kriging (FRK). Using both reanalysis data and observational data, the analysis addresses the non-stationary and non-Gaussian characteristics inherent in SWH data, and refines the SWH data to a finer spatial resolution for conducting a more detailed wave power analysis. In this study, two different modeling scenarios were investigated: seasonal spatial modeling and daily spatio-temporal modeling. The first scenario explores seasonal patterns of SWH, identifying the offshore waters along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula in winter as the region with the highest wave power potential. The second scenario captures daily variations through a moving window approach, incorporating temporal dependencies for more accurate short-term predictions. To handle the non-Gaussian nature of the data, we considered Gaussian, Inverse Gaussian, and Gamma distributions, with the Gamma distribution consistently yielding the best predictive performance across all scenarios. The FRK framework demonstrated effective predictive capability over large spatio-temporal scales. The results provide practical insights into optimal site selection for wave power generation and highlight the feasibility of using wave energy as a renewable energy source in South Korea","author":["Kim, J.","Kim, T.","Jeong, J."],"organization":["Hanyang University"],"originationDate":"2026-01-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["36.200893000000","125.094900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-11 08:51:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kim et al. 2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141931","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integrating-biodiversity-conservation-renewable-energy-development-under-european","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2667010026001113","title":"Integrating biodiversity conservation into renewable energy development under the European Green Deal: A comparative analysis of national policies in France, Italy and Spain","description":"This paper examines how France, Italy, and Spain integrate biodiversity conservation into renewable energy development under the European Green Deal (EGD). Based on a qualitative analysis of 46 national policy documents, we provide a comparative assessment of how these countries address the synergies and trade-offs between individual renewable energy sources (RES) and biodiversity, as well as the planned or implemented measures to manage them. Our results reveal that, while national policies address several links between RES and biodiversity, critical areas still require further management. Specific attention should be given to mitigating the impacts of changes in land use associated with bioenergy production and the installation of onshore wind and solar infrastructure on biodiversity and ecosystems. Careful consideration is also needed regarding the environmental impacts caused by marine and geothermal energy installations, as well as by hydropower development on rivers and floodplains. Sound spatial planning, ecosystem-based management, and integrated maritime policy are essential for reconciling renewable energy development with the conservation of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Although national policies generally align with EGD provisions, strengthening environmental monitoring, and addressing indirect, cumulative, and long-term ecological impacts, particularly on habitats and species, remains a priority. Overall, our study emphasises the need for countries to adopt a holistic approach to renewable energy planning that systematically incorporates biodiversity considerations into energy and cross-sectoral policies.","author":["Hajdukovic, I.","Jessel, B."],"organization":["\u00c9cole polytechnique f\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL)"],"originationDate":"2026-05-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Marine Mammals","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Avoidance","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-17 11:18:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hajdukovic-Jessel-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141947","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/entanglement-risk-marine-animals-mooring-lines-marine-energy-devices-oceanographic","sourceURL":"","title":"Entanglement risk of marine animals in the mooring lines of marine energy devices and oceanographic instruments","description":"Floating and submerged structures in the ocean, such as marine energy devices and relevant oceanographic instruments, use mooring lines tethered to them and to an anchor to hold them in place on the seafloor. Mooring lines and mooring systems may be fabricated from a variety of materials in different configurations depending on the type of device to be tethered, the depth, and the seafloor topography of the location. As the marine energy industry and the need for ocean observation increase, concerns around the effects of devices, mooring systems, and moored observing equipment will need to be addressed to minimize potential risks to marine animals. One such concern is the potential for marine mammals, sea turtles, large fish, diving seabirds, and other marine animals to become entangled in mooring systems and lines associated with devices and buoys. Because of devices, instruments, and their mooring systems acting as artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices, the large predatory animals may become attracted to these artificial structures, increasing the risk of interacting with the mooring systems. Entanglement in lines or cables could cause serious harm to animals, such as tissue damage, make movement difficult for animals, and even drowning and death. Since few marine energy devices have been deployed, research around entanglement risk has had to focus on surrogates such as data collected from other ocean industries, including offshore oil and gas production, fishing, etc. While the characteristics of mooring systems depend on the site\u2019s conditions and the structure to secure, those used for large vessels, oil platforms, floating wind turbines, and marine energy devices are very similar in configuration, material, and line diameter. For example, mooring systems used for floating wind turbines have a line diameter between 76 mm and 234 mm, while those used in the oil and gas industry vary between 95 mm and 290 mm, and those for marine energy devices between 130 mm and 203 mm. In contrast, mooring lines used to secure oceanographic instruments are much thinner, with a diameter between 4.8 mm and 25 mm. The goal of this white paper is to summarize the available information about entanglement risk for marine megafauna from the mooring systems associated with marine energy devices and oceanographic instruments. The literature associated with configurations and materials used for mooring systems for both technologies, as well as the factors that may increase the risk of entanglement for various marine megafauna, such as distribution, swimming behavior, and detection capabilities, are synthetized. Mitigation and reduction strategies for decreasing entanglement risk around moorings are discussed.","author":["Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Jones, K."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2026-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Sea Turtles","Entanglement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-15 10:32:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hemery-et-al-2026_Entanglement_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2141984","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/third-world-ocean-assessment-woa-iii","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.un.org\/regularprocess\/woa3","title":"The Third World Ocean Assessment (WOA III)","description":"The third World Ocean Assessment (WOA III), the only global integrated assessment of the world\u2019s ocean covering environmental, economic and social aspects, is the main output of the third cycle of the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the States of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects.WOA III is a collective effort of interdisciplinary writing teams made up of more than 650 experts, providing an important scientific basis for the consideration of ocean issues by Governments, intergovernmental processes, and all policy-makers and others involved in ocean affairs. It provides scientific information on the state of the marine environment in a comprehensive and integrated manner to support decisions and actions for the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals, in particular goal 14, as well as the implementation of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.While the First World Ocean Assessment (WOA I) provided the first baseline study of the United Nations General Assembly on the state of the marine environment, the second World Ocean Assessment (WOA II) provided an update to that baseline study. Building on WOA I and WOA II, WOA III on one hand provides updated and comprehensive information on the state of the ocean across various regions, and on the other hand includes distinctive and innovative features, such as forward-looking sustainability pathways and cross-cutting themes on gender and equity considerations, as well as the inclusion of Indigenous, traditional owner and local community knowledge.","author":["United Nations (UN)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-06-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-18 08:37:51","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142020","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/limited-effect-electromagnetic-field-associated-submarine-power-cables-growth-baltic","sourceURL":"https:\/\/oceanologia.eu\/library\/68_2\/PDF\/JAKU.pdf","title":"Limited effect of the electromagnetic field associated with submarine power cables on the growth of the Baltic macroalgae","description":"Magnetic fields generated by submarine cables and marine renewable energy devices may negatively affect organisms living nearby. At the same time, the number of projects related to the strategic integration of low-trophic aquaculture within offshore wind farms is increasing. As there is a complete lack of information on the effects of magnetic fields on macroalgae, in our study, we investigated the effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF; 50 Hz, 1 mT) on the basic indicators of macroalgal functioning in two Baltic species of commercial value, Fucus vesiculosus and Furcellaria lumbricalis. EMF had a limited effect on the growth of both species. No changes were observed in nutrient uptake rates, water content, or organic matter content. lumbricalis. EMF had a limited effect on the growth of both species. No changes were observed in nutrient uptake rates, water content, or organic matter content.","author":["Jakubowska-Lehrmann, M.","Zgrundo, A.","Czmajduch, D.","Otremba, Z."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Research Institute","University of Gda\u0144sk","Gdynia Maritime University"],"originationDate":"2026-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Water Quality","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-01 09:48:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MagdalenaJakubowska-Lehrmann-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142021","type":["Document","Document\/Book"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-noise-aquatic-life-iv","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/9783032058423","title":"The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life IV","description":"This is an Open Access Book. In this landmark new work, the major authorities in the field from around the world present a wealth of research data, coverage of regulatory issues, and thinking about the effects of man-made noise on marine mammals, turtles, amphibians, fishes, and invertebrates. The various themes of the book were chosen to cover the wide range of basic and cutting edge information on this topic. They include the hearing abilities of aquatic animals; communication by means of underwater sound; the description of aquatic soundscapes; different sound sources and their characteristics; the effects of sound on behavior; and assessing, mitigating, and monitoring the effects of aquatic noise. Emphasis is on the cross-fertilization of ideas and findings across species and noise sources. With over 180 contributions from leading researchers, the sources of underwater sound and their effects are discussed in detail.","author":["Popper, A.","Sisneros, J.","Lepper, P.","Vigness-Raposa, K."],"organization":["University of Maryland","University of Washington","Loughborough University","INSPIRE Environmental"],"originationDate":"2026-10-18","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Fish","Marine Mammals","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-30 11:51:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142050","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-regulator-survey-australia","sourceURL":"","title":"Marine Renewable Energy Regulator Survey: Australia","description":"As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry progresses around the world, understanding of the potential environmental effects of MRE has improved. Opportunities to investigate the environmental effects of operational MRE devices have increased in recent years with more projects in the water. Despite these advancements, some areas of uncertainty persist. Key concerns remain about how MRE devices and arrays interact with surrounding environments, and how marine animals behave around them. These uncertainties continue to pose challenges during permitting processes for MRE. Additionally, the development of larger-scale MRE devices and arrays presents new questions and uncertainty for MRE permitting processes, particularly in understanding how potential environmental effects of MRE scale up and interact with other ocean activities.To better understand how regulators and advisors perceive and manage environmental risks during permitting processes for MRE projects, a survey was conducted across several OES Environmental member countries beginning in 2025. Building on a previous regulator survey conducted by OES-Environmental for multiple countries from 2017-2021, this survey included updated questions to reflect changing information needs regarding the potential environmental effects of MRE. Its purpose was to understand regulators and advisors\u2019 familiarity with MRE technologies, perceptions of potential environmental risks associated with MRE technologies across varying scales, and views on best approaches to MRE development, including permitting and the applicability of data transferability. The survey also included questions to collect information on the use of Tethys. A list of questions and answer options are provided in Appendix A.This report summarizes the results from the survey of regulators in Australia. Results are compared to the previous survey for Australia, conducted in 2021 and published in 2022.","author":["McGrath, J.","Freeman, M.","Gonsalves, J."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Ocean Energy Systems (OES)"],"originationDate":"2026-06-30","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-06-30 08:06:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/OES-Environmental_2026_Australia_Regulator_Survey_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142054","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sustainable-maritime-energy-management-optimizing-decision-making-marine-fuels","sourceURL":"https:\/\/peerj.com\/articles\/cs-3625\/","title":"Sustainable maritime energy management: optimizing decision-making for marine fuels and renewable energy integration","description":"Marine fuels and renewable energy sources are critical in lowering carbon emissions and encouraging sustainable maritime practices. Their implementation promotes a more environmentally friendly and cleaner future for marine transportation. Effective decision-making is critical in the context of marine fuels and green energy for attaining sustainable energy management and progressing towards a greener and more ecologically friendly future. This research article emphasizes the importance of thoroughly assessing various energy options and their potential impacts on the atmosphere, economy, and society. It acknowledges the significance of incorporating renewable energy bases, energy efficiency processes, and greenhouse gas emission reductions into decision-making processes. This article presents optimal decision-making methodologies to meet the complexity of decision-making in this domain, which contains uncertainty and trade-offs. It investigates diverse decision-making frameworks, approaches for uncertainty analysis, and techniques for multi-objective optimization, stakeholder engagement strategies, and policy development concerns in sustainable energy management. Case studies from the real world are investigated to discover both effective and bad decision-making practices. These evaluations produce valuable insights for policymakers, energy managers, as well as stakeholders, allowing them to make successful decisions. We can expedite the adoption of clean energy solutions, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, alleviate the impacts of climate change as well as support the creation of a sustainable as well as strong energy system for present and future generations by incorporating the findings into decision-making processes.","author":["Alghassab, M."],"organization":["Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"originationDate":"2026-04-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-02 09:30:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Alghassab_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142055","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impacts-renewable-energy-transition-global-plant-diversity-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ppp3.70082","title":"Impacts of the renewable energy transition on global plant diversity: A review","description":"Societal Impact StatementPeople and nature need a renewable energy transition to help address the growing, and catastrophic, effects of climate change. A sustainable energy transition involves rigorously examining the potential impacts on nature \u2013 including plant life \u2013 and creating pathways for impact mitigation that strike a clear balance between energy production and biodiversity conservation. Given the critical roles that plants play in ecosystems, culture, wellbeing and prosperity, including for Indigenous people, their protection must be recognised, upheld and enhanced in the energy transition. This review seeks to chart a course for policymakers, proponents and practitioners to consider plants when planning, designing and implementing renewable energy infrastructure and projects.SummaryA global scale renewable energy transition is now underway, bringing opportunities and challenges for nature, including plant life. Plants form the basis of terrestrial ecosystems and provision of essential ecosystem services; their protection and stewardship must be ensured during the renewable energy transition. Here, we provide a synthesis of the potential impacts of the energy transition on plants. We combine knowledge from research literature in plant ecology, plant biology, sustainability, conservation, spatial planning and social justice with that from policy documents, working papers and environmental assessments for existing renewable developments. The DPSIR method (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses) is used to organise the synthesis, including an examination of the utility of project life cycle assessment for anticipating impacts to plants. Where impacts may negatively affect plants or people, specific calls to action are offered. These include the need to tackle \u2018plant blindness\u2019 (i.e., the tendency to overlook, or undervalue plants, compared to animals) in the life cycle of renewable projects \u2013 from approval to decommissioning \u2013 and the need for Indigenous ownership and benefit sharing. Solutions which can accommodate and enhance plant biodiversity in conjunction with renewable energy projects, including closed-loop or circular renewable design within the landscape, are discussed. Multiple global strategies call for the biodiversity and climate crises to be addressed in tandem (e.g., the Paris Accord, Global Biodiversity Framework, UN Sustainable Development Goals), underscoring the need for a nature-based transition to renewable energy. Plant life must be recognised, valued and secured alongside wider biodiversity to achieve a sustainable future for Earth.","author":["Gallagher, R.","Andres, S.","Stephens, R.","Hewitt, C.","Wintle, B.","Leeuwen, S.","Smith, B.","Adams, V."],"organization":["Western Sydney University","University of New South Wales","Environmental Resources Management (ERM)","University of Melbourne","Curtin University","University of Tasmania"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 04:23:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gallagher_et_al._2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142056","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-energy-delivering-cheaper-cleaner-more-secure-electricity-systems","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.oceanenergy-europe.eu\/knowledge-hub\/research-and-reports\/","title":"Ocean energy: Delivering cheaper, cleaner \u0026 more secure electricity systems","description":"Reaching zero emissions by 2050 requires a massive scale-up of renewable power production. While wind and solar will form the bulk of Europe\u0027s electricity supply, other renewable sources are needed to balance the system when there is less wind or sun.Ocean energy is a perfect companion to variable renewables. It can fulfill the balancing role currently played by fossil fuels, making the electricity grid more secure, cheaper and 100% decarbonised.","author":["ETIP Ocean (The European Technology and Innovation Platform for Ocean Energy)"],"organization":["Ocean Energy Europe (OEE)"],"originationDate":"2025-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-01 05:54:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ocean-energy-Delivering-cheaper-cleaner-more-secure-electricity-systems.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142068","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/co-benefits-analytical-framework-overlap-protection-people-ecosystems-power-generating","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciepublish.com\/article\/pii\/1065","title":"A Co-Benefits Analytical Framework: Overlap in Protection for People and Ecosystems from Power-Generating Tidal Range Infrastructure","description":"Tidal range power plants (TPPs) are reliable electricity generators with the la Rance TPP in France serving as an example of long-term (60+ years) success. Despite their potential for energy delivery, the challenges surrounding TPP development remain substantial. High initial investment and concerns about environmental impacts on marine ecosystems have made it difficult to progress major proposals. With rising sea levels and more frequent, intense storm surges expected to lead to greater inundation of key coastal zones, co-benefits to ecosystems and infrastructure that TPPs may offer are being reconsidered. Using the UK as a case study, we map appropriate tidal resource (\u0026gt;5 m tidal range), 2050 1:25 flood risk areas (1 m rise), coastal zones with conservation specification and areas of high human density. Overlap in these factors reveals specific locations in which further research would usefully estimate potential costs and benefits, socially, ecologically and financially. Viewed together, reduced flood risk to people and infrastructure, ecosystem conservation opportunity and stable energy generation may highlight the future opportunity of TPPs.","author":["Gray, I.","Ascher, S.","Staffell, I.","Collins, C."],"organization":["Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2026-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-07 03:04:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/cobenefit_tides_gray.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142082","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/socio-economic-interactions-marine-renewable-energy-development-commercial-fishing","sourceURL":"https:\/\/cora.ucc.ie\/items\/033a4e13-77f1-4038-ae5d-6b09a9ff9c35","title":"The socio-economic interactions of marine renewable energy development and the commercial fishing industry on the island of Ireland","description":"The global increase in energy demand and the need to reduce carbon emissions necessitates the use of alternative sources of energy such as marine renewable energy (MRE). For the purpose of this thesis, MRE refers to offshore wind, tidal and wave energy. The island of Ireland, comprising the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, has a significant marine energy resource and policies are in place to maximise the potential for MRE development. As the offshore wind sector expands and tidal and wave energy moves towards commercialisation, these will have an impact on existing sectors and traditional users of Ireland\u2019s marine resources. Commercial fishermen are arguably the stakeholder group most likely to be directly impacted by the development of MRE projects. For Ireland, fishing remains an important sector for coastal communities in terms of employment and income. The development of MRE could potentially result in loss of access to fishing grounds which would have socioeconomic implications for fishermen. Spatial conflicts and the opposition of fishermen to projects, could hinder the development of the MRE sector in Ireland. The successful development of the sector will depend to a considerable extent on the ability of both sectors to co-exist and the acceptance of projects by fishermen. As such, mitigation planning is important. However, studies on the socio-economic interactions of MRE and commercial fishing are rare.This thesis aims to address this gap and to provide recommendations to enable the development of the MRE sector in Ireland sustainability with the existing and established commercial fishing sector. This thesis consists of three case studies involving MRE projects around the island of Ireland at various stages of planning and development. A mixed methods approach, which consisted of a survey and follow-up interview, was used to gather quantitative and qualitative data on the attitudes and experiences of fishermen at the case study sites. In total, 104 complete surveys were conducted with fishermen located at ports in the vicinity of the case study sites and 14 of these fishermen were subsequently interviewed. In addition, fisheries liaison officers from MRE projects in the UK were also interviewed regarding their experiences on these projects. The research findings from the case studies are presented in three peer-reviewed journal articles reproduced in this thesis.Firstly, in order to reduce the risk of spatial conflict and to enable decision-making based on the co-existence of the two sectors, a better understanding of the attitudes of fishermen towards the development of MRE projects in their locality was required. A survey was designed to provide quantitative information on fishermen\u2019s attitudes to MRE, perceived opportunities and impacts associated with MRE, and suggestions for mitigation. Of the fishermen surveyed, 40% agreed that it isimportant to develop MRE in their locality. A further 15% were neutral on this matter. It is encouraging for developers and policy makers that the majority of respondents (70%) were of the opinion that fisheries and MRE projects can co-exist. Alternative employment was the most cited opportunity. The loss of access to traditional fishing grounds, and the associated loss of income, was a concern for the majority (79%) of fishermen. The main mitigation options suggested were more effective consultation, location of developments on non-fishing grounds and financial compensation.Effective consultation and stakeholder engagement that enables participation in decision-making is crucial to enhancing acceptance of MRE projects among fishermen. There is agreement among experts in the field that despite its importance, the consultation process is not effective and is often carried out from the top down with little opportunity for real participation. Data gathered from the survey and interviews was analysed to examine the experiences of fishermen on their level of involvement in consultations and decision-making on the case study projects. Just over half (56%) of the fishermen surveyed felt that they had been involved in consultations, while only 22% felt that they had been involved in decisions made on the projects. For many, the consultation process was seen as a \u201cbox-ticking exercise\u201d carried out in order to advance the project. This study highlights the fact that fishermen feel that there is currently little opportunity for fishermen to participate in decision-making on MRE projects. The study found that the use of participatory mapping tools in the selection of sites for MRE development provides an opportunity for fishermen to influence decisions. Input from fishermen in the design and implementation of maritime spatial plans could also help to provide clarity and transparency over how trade-offs in the use of sea space are dealt with.Benefit schemes and financial compensation measures for fishermen who may be impacted by the development of MRE projects were also examined as potential mitigation options. Benefit schemes refer to additional voluntary measures that are x provided by a developer to local stakeholders. This part of the research was based on the interviews conducted with fishermen and fisheries liaison officers. Analysis of the interviews found that there was uncertainty among fishermen over whether they would benefit from MRE. There was agreement between fishermen and the fisheries liaison officers on the provision of an evidence base for the calculation of disruption payments. Furthermore, a formal structure for the provision of benefits schemes for fishermen would be useful.Finally, a basic model was developed to calculate the potential compensation to be paid to fishermen who may be impacted by the development of MRE projects. The calculator can be used by developers for budgetary planning and to estimate the impact that the payment of compensation would have on expenditure.","author":["Reilly, K."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2017-06-19","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.142400000000","7.692100000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-02 08:14:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Reilly_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142091","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-level-marine-energy-policy-case-study-overview","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.osti.gov\/servlets\/purl\/2522780","title":"State-Level Marine Energy Policy Case Study and Overview","description":"The promise of marine energy is, perhaps, as vast as the sea itself. From building coastal resilience to helping states meet their clean energy goals, this burgeoning technology is an exciting addition to our growing renewable energy toolbox. A particularly compelling aspect of marine energy technology development is the scale of the marine energy resources in the United States and the close proximity to large electrical loads. Forty percent of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of a coast (U.S. Department of Energy n.d.). Moreover, the total marine energy technical resource in U.S. coastal waters is estimated to be 2,300 terawatt-hours per year, equivalent to 57% of the electricity generated by all 50 states in 2019 (Kilcher, Fogarty, and Lawson 2021).However, despite its promise, the nascent marine energy industry could be better encouraged by establishing policy frameworks that address current development barriers and impacting its expansion and full deployment potential. Therefore, to better understand the current U.S. marine energy policy landscape, the research team conducted a study of federal and state policies supporting renewable energy development and deployment. Federal policy centers around the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005) and subsequent memoranda of understanding signed by the U.S. Department of the Interior and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that better define jurisdictional boundaries for marine energy project approvals, leases, and licensing. Two federal tax credits\u2014the Production Tax Credit and the Investment Tax Credit\u2014helped accelerate the deployment of solar and wind electricity generation by addressing financial challenges. The proliferation of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPSs) and Clean Energy Standards\u2014and the resulting renewable energy certificates they established\u2014helped bolster the renewable energy markets state by state, securing project financial viability. A host of net metering laws proliferated, and continue to do so, paving the way for grid-connected renewable energy and its related compensation. Focusing on California and Maine, the team completed a comparative analysis of their state-level marine energy policy efforts, identified gaps, and assessed how such approaches may or may not impact development of marine energy technologies. Among other findings, the research team drew two conclusions: marine energy policy may work best when tied to RPSs and transmission needs, and the associated policies to address them, are important for marine energy expansion. The team identified several areas for potential further study: \u2022 An exploration of increased coordination between marine and other renewable resources\u2014such as offshore wind\u2014and marine energy \u2022 The potential benefits of co-location of marine energy projects with other ocean systems \u2022 An economic analysis of the impacts of marine energy development on local economies \u2022 An analysis of interconnection challenges and how microgrids might accommodate the onshoring of marine energy\u2022 An analysis of potential marine energy permitting barriers and consideration of options to streamline the approach. Over the past 20 to 30 years, federal- and state-level support for renewable energy technologies has helped spur the development of diversified renewable energy portfolio in the power sector , particularly in the context of wind and solar. Just as other forms of renewable energy generation benefitted from tailored funding and legislative support during their initial deployments and early-stage development, so too could marine energy technologies follow a similar trajectory alongside similar support.","author":["Behrmann, M.","Gjestvang, K."],"organization":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-03 02:33:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MichaelBehrmann-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142103","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/influence-land-use-change-waterbird-community-sihwa-lake-republic-korea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40657-020-00221-w","title":"Influence of land use change on the waterbird community of Sihwa Lake, Republic of Korea","description":"Background: Land use and development alter mudflat and wetland habitat availability, although mudflats and wetlands provide important stopover habitats for shorebirds during the spring and autumn migrations and support communities of ducks and geese during the winter months in the Republic of Korea. This study investigated land use changes around Sihwa Lake (Republic of Korea) and evaluated the effect of these changes on waterbird community characteristics.Methods: We conducted a land-use-change analysis at the medium-resolution level using land cover maps for 2001, 2007, 2009, and 2014. Also, a tidal stream survey was conducted in Sihwa Lake and the surrounding reclaimed mudflats every season for 10 years (2003\u20132012) to identify the seasonal and interannual variations in waterbird species composition. To determine the total annual waterbird species and population counts, species diversity index, and interspecies variations, a TRIM (trends and indices for monitoring data) analysis was used.Results: Wetland area decreased more than 10% while agricultural land, barren land, and grassland area increased more than 10% due to continuous reclamation activities around Sihwa Lake. Barren land later turned into agricultural land or other land use. Sixty-three species and 566,623 individuals were recorded. The number of species, population size, and species diversity index by year and by species showed decreasing trends that were more marked in spring and summer. Furthermore, seasonal and annual variations in waterbird species composition showed decreasing trends in dabbling ducks, herons, grebes, and shorebirds but diving ducks displayed increasing trends. In particular, shorebirds were reduced to a greater extent than other waterbird species because of the reduction and simplification of the intertidal zone, and shallow waters caused by reclamation and road construction.Conclusions: Increased development and construction around Sihwa Lake has altered migratory shorebird populations with a general decline in species diversity and population size. The greatest decline was observed in wading birds, while diving duck populations showed increasing trends.","author":["Lee, E.","Sagong, J.","Lee, Y."],"organization":["Daejeon Sejong Research Institute","Chungnam Institute","Yeungnam University"],"originationDate":"2020-09-24","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.313109200000","126.610067700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Shorebirds","Waterfowl","Displacement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-07 04:55:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lee_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142105","type":["Document","Document\/Presentation"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/lake-sihwa-restoration-project-water-green-growth-case-study","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.iwra.org\/proceedings\/congress\/resource\/1100_PT2Case_Study_of_WGG_Menteith.pdf","title":"Lake Sihwa Restoration Project: Water and Green Growth Case Study","description":"ContentsAbout Lake SihwaBackground \u0026amp; challengesLake Sihwa restoration projectPolicies and PerformanceWrap-up","author":["Soo Lee, N."],"organization":["Korean Water Resource Corporation"],"originationDate":"2015-05-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.312960200000","126.610115600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-07 04:53:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/LakeSihwaRestorationProject_WGGCaseStudy.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142127","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/how-manage-light-emissions-avoid-migratory-songbird-collisions-offshore-construction","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/360682492_HOW_TO_MANAGE_LIGHT_EMISSIONS_TO_AVOID_MIGRATORY_SONGBIRD_COLLISIONS_AT_AN_OFFSHORE_CONSTRUCTION_SITE","title":"How to Manage Light Emissions to Avoid Migratory Songbird Collisions at an Offshore Construction Site","description":"Birds migrating across offshore areas at night under certain weather conditions become attracted by artificial light and approach and even collide with vessels. In order to mitigate these effects during the construction of an Immersed Tunnel across the Fehmarnbelt between the Danish island of Lolland and the German island of Fehmarn, the German Plan Approval decision requires light mitigation measures and monitoring of the bird collision risks during the migration periods. It requires an Environmental Construction Inspection (ECI) to oversee the following mandatory measures as outlined in an official light management concept. The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel is the first Project required to implement a light management for offshore construction works to protect nocturnal bird migration. As it proved to be a challenging task to coordinate this Project over several years with over 50 work vessels, a new approach was developed by ECI together with the Project Owner and the Contractors how these obligations can be fulfilled: The core of the approach is the self-monitoring of the construction vessels and the relevant vessel crews are trained to respond to events when birds approach the vessels at night. ECI monitors bird migration by two far-reaching weather-radar stations and it identifies conditions which might lead to an increased collision risk. Crews are then informed through evening warnings sent to all project vessels. This presentation shows how a supervised self-control of the Contractor can fulfil the requirements on light-management to protect bird migration and evaluate the approach based on first experiences of five months of migration.","author":["Zeidler, Ulrich","Nehls, G.","Br\u00e4ger, S.","Kosarev, V.","Flamme, J."],"organization":["Ramboll","BioConsult SH","Femern A\/S"],"originationDate":"2022-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Collision","Lighting"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-08 07:13:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zeidler_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142128","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/annual-movements-migratory-seabird-nw-european-red-throated-diver-gavia-stellata","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00227-022-04096-x","title":"Annual movements of a migratory seabird\u2014the NW European red-throated diver (Gavia stellata)\u2014reveals high individual repeatability but low migratory connectivity","description":"In this study, the annual movements of a seabird species, the red-throated diver (Gavia stellata), were investigated in space and time. Between 2015 and 2017, 33 individuals were fitted with satellite transmitters at the German Bight (eastern North Sea). In addition, stable isotope analyses of feathers (\u03b413C) were used to identify staging areas during the previous moult. The German Bight is an important area for this species, but is also strongly affected by anthropogenic impacts. To understand how this might affect populations, we aimed to determine the degree of connectivity and site fidelity, and the extent to which seasonal migrations vary among different breeding locations in the high Arctic. Tagged individuals migrated to Greenland (n = 2), Svalbard (n = 2), Norway (n = 4) and northern Russia (n = 25). Although individuals from a shared breeding region (northern Russia) largely moved along the same route, individuals dispersed to different, separate areas during the non-breeding phase. Kernel density estimates also overlapped only partially, indicating low connectivity. The timing of breeding was correlated with the breeding longitude, with 40 days later arrival at the easternmost than westernmost breeding sites. Repeatability analyses between years revealed a generally high individual site fidelity with respect to spring staging, breeding and moulting sites. In summary, low connectivity and the distribution to different sites suggests some resilience to population decline among subpopulations. However, it should be noted that the majority of individuals breeding in northern Russia migrated along a similar route and that disturbance in areas visited along this route could have a greater impact on this population. In turn, individual site fidelity could indicate low adaptability to environmental changes and could lead to potential carry-over effects. Annual migration data indicate that conservation planning must consider all sites used by such mobile species.","author":["Kleinschmidt, B.","Burger, C.","Bustamante, P.","Dorsch, M.","Hein\u00e4nen, S.","Morkunas, J.","Zydelis, R.","Quillfeldt, P."],"organization":["Justus Liebig University Giessen","BioConsult SH","DHI A\/S","Klaipeda University","Ornitela","Novia University of Applied Sciences","University of La Rochelle (Universit\u00e9 de La Rochelle)"],"originationDate":"2022-08-22","spatial":{"coordinates":["54.453900000000","7.213900000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Displacement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-08 09:19:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kleinschmidt_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142138","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ship-collision-offshore-renewable-energy-challenges-innovations-structural-resilience","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1364032125011839","title":"Ship collision and offshore renewable energy: Challenges and innovations for structural resilience","description":"The rapid expansion of offshore renewable energy installations, such as wind farms, tidal turbines, and wave energy converters, has increased concerns regarding ship collision risks. As maritime traffic intensifies, understanding the impact of vessel collisions on these structures is crucial for ensuring operational safety and structural resilience. This review thoroughly analyses ship collisions with offshore renewable structures, concentrating on risk assessment methodologies, structural response mechanisms, and mitigation strategies. Various numerical and experimental approaches for impact modelling are examined, alongside advanced materials and design innovations aimed at improving collision resistance. Furthermore, current regulatory frame works and emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI)-driven collision avoidance systems, are discussed. The review identifies key challenges and future research directions, emphasising the need for integrated monitoring systems and predictive modelling to enhance offshore energy infrastructure safety. This study provides a foundation for engineers, policymakers, and researchers to develop more resilient offshore renewable energy solutions in response to increasing maritime activity.","author":["Fljn, R.","Kinlan, B.","Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST)","Bosley, P."],"organization":["Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","Kaua\u0027i Endangered Seabird Recovery Project","Colectivo Ornitol\u00f3gico Cig\u00fce\u00f1a Negra"],"originationDate":"2025-11-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-09 12:48:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BaiqiaoChen-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142150","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environmental-social-impacts-tidal-energy-developments-review","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352484726003914","title":"Environmental and social impacts of tidal energy developments: A review","description":"Marine renewable energy is gaining increased interest as an area of new developments, but little is known about its potential environmental and social impacts caused to the marine environment and the surrounding communities. While previous research around the latter focused more on offshore wind and wave technologies, there remains a gap in understanding environmental and social impacts for tidal energy and the interlinkages between them, knowing its diverse technological designs and device configuration. The associated implications on natural habitats are also uncertain. This paper fills this gap by conducting a systematic review of the environmental and social impacts of tidal energy development using Scopus and Web of Science databases, without putting any limitations on the technology used or the geographical area of study. A total of 85 peer-reviewed articles were considered and were complemented with grey literature. Overall, the review argues that potential environmental and social impacts of tidal energy projects cannot be tackled in silos as they are often interlinked. They are also location and technology-specific and vary depending on the technology used as well as the marine context in which they are present. They are influenced by the type and number of turbines, its operational characteristics, the energy extracted and the surrounding habitats. This creates uncertainty for planners, developers and communities due to their complex and interchangeable potential environmental impacts. More clarity should be provided through ecosystem-based marine planning, enhanced community awareness and more funding for research. Lessons should also be drawn from onshore and offshore wind experience.","author":["Ayoub, M.","Flannagan, M.","Kindermann, G."],"organization":["University of Galway"],"originationDate":"2026-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-09 02:27:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ayoub-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142154","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/bay-fundy-mikmaq-ecological-knowledge-study-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/fundyforce.ca\/news-and-updates\/2026-07-06\/bay-of-fundy-mi-kmaq-ecological-knowledge-study-report","title":"Bay of Fundy Mi\u0027kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study Report","description":"Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge (MEK) represents a comprehensive, place-based system of understanding developed over millennia through Indigenous relationships with lands, waters, and resources in Mi\u2019kma\u2019ki. Indigenous Knowledge is not simply a set of observations; it is a living, dynamic body of knowledge, practice, and belief embedded in culture, language, governance, spirituality, and community institutions. It is sustained through intergenerational transmission and adapts over time in response to environmental and social change, while remaining grounded in core values and teachings.A defining feature of the Mi\u2019kmaq Knowledge System is the inseparability of people and place. Knowledge is rooted in specific ecosystems and cultural landscapes, and it reflects reciprocal relationships among living beings, environments, and stewardship responsibilities. Ways of knowing within these systems are multifaceted: cultural knowledge maintained through ceremony and community practice; experiential knowledge gained through direct engagement with the land and waters; and acquired knowledge shared through storytelling, instruction, and community learning. Together, these modes of learning generate a holistic understanding of the environment that complements Western scientific approaches by capturing interconnected relationships, long-term patterns, and culturally grounded meanings that may not be evident through reductionist methods alone.Within Mi\u2019kma\u2019ki, MEK offers an integrated lens for understanding ecological processes, seasonal cycles, species behaviour, habitat change, and culturally significant landscapes, while also clarifying how proposed developments may affect Mi\u2019kmaq relationships to place, an issue with direct relevance to Indigenous Rights and Title. Incorporating Mi\u2019kmaq Ecological Knowledge Studies (MEKS) into assessment and planning processes strengthens decision-making by improving baseline understanding, the importance of the relationship between people and place, and reinforcing Mi\u2019kmaq self-determination through Indigenous led research and governance.The MEKS methodology described is structured, evidence-based, and culturally grounded. It combines (1) desktop research to synthesize existing academic, Indigenous, government, archival, and mapped sources; (2) Indigenous Knowledge Holder engagement through ethically approved interviews and workshops supported by clear consent and information management; (3) site visits to ground-truth and document current ecological and cultural conditions; and (4) collaborative roundtable analysis to cross-reference findings and interpret information through Mi\u2019kmaq perspectives. Information is organized using three core lenses, time period, type of use (sustenance versus cultural\/spiritual), and significance, to identify valued components, potential interactions, and areas where impacts could result in unrecoverable loss or long term constraints on access and use.Overall, the material establishes that Mi\u2019kmaq relationships to lands and waters are continuous, intergenerational, and organized around seasonal movement and ecological rhythms; that sustenance, cultural, and spiritual uses are inseparable in practice; and that effects must be understood not only as biophysical change but also as changes to access, cultural integrity, confidence in traditional foods, and the ability to sustain responsibilities and relationships with the Bay of Fundy and the broader Mi\u2019kma\u2019ki landscape.","author":["Confederacy of Mainland Mi\u0027kmaq"],"organization":["Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE)"],"originationDate":"2026-07-06","spatial":{"coordinates":["45.043579000000","-66.109947000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-09 07:29:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/CMM-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142161","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/groundfish-essential-fish-habitat-synthesis-report-pacific-fishery-management-council","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/269097285_5_year_Review_of_Pacific_Coast_Groundfish_Consolidated_Geographic_Information_Data_Catalog_and_Online_Registry","title":"Groundfish Essential Fish Habitat Synthesis: A Report to the Pacific Fishery Management Council","description":"This report provides summaries and characterizations of information developed during Phase 1 of the EFH 5-year review (2012). It is not intended as a full EFH analysis, but rather, to provide supporting and contextual information for those making proposals or evaluating proposals in Phase 2. There are a variety of aspects that are not addressed in this work, including the importance of juvenile habitat and the association of groundfishes with biogenic habitat. Thus, information previously developed to support the 2005 EFH EIS is still relevant. In this document, we provide an analysis of habitat associations for six representative species, using the NWFSC trawl survey data as a primary input, coupled with a range of environmental parameters. It also incorporates some information from visual surveys in rocky areas. Because it uses these recent data, this analysis reflects current distributions of these species and characteristics of the habitats they currently occupy, and projects those associations in areas that have not been sampled. It is an empirically based assessment of the likelihood of finding a species at a particular location under current conditions. For the 2005 EFH EIS, an analysis termed the Habitat Suitability Probability (HSP) that also produced distributional maps was conducted. That analysis was based on habitat mapping, the Habitat Use Database (a multidimensional relational database of species and life stages related to substrate types), the literature, and was moderated by expert opinion. It presents a depiction of potential or idealized distribution, independent of current conditions \u2013 it estimates the intrinsic potential for a particular habitat to support each species. When using these analyses to support or evaluate proposals, stakeholders, managers and scientists should keep the different approaches in mind.","author":["McClure, M.","Anderson, J.","Andrews, K.","Bellmann, M.","Bjorkland, R.","Feist, B.","Greene, C.","Levin, P.","Samhouri, J.","Shelton, A.","Tomlimieri, N.","Wakefield, W.","Whitmire, C.","Winter, S.","Yoklavich, M.","Bizzarro, J.","Caldow, C.","Goldfinger, C.","Kinlan, B.","Menza, C.","Romsos, C."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","University of Washington","National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS)","Oregon State University (OSU)","Pacific Fishery Management Council"],"originationDate":"2013-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 06:06:32","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Groundfish_EFH_Synthesis_Report_to_PFMC_FINAL.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142162","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wese-deliverable-33-marine-dynamics-modelling","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wese-project.weebly.com\/uploads\/1\/2\/3\/5\/123556957\/d3.3_marine_dynamics_modelling.pdf","title":"WESE Deliverable 3.3 Marine Dynamics Modelling","description":"The need of slowing down the global temperature increase due to climate change, has resulted in the search of new strategies to capture energy with low greenhouse gas emissions. In this line, ocean energy can both contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and foster economic growth in coastal areas (Magagna and Uihlein, 2015). While the technological development of devices is growing fast, their effects on coastal environments are not well-known and therefore these must be thoroughly investigated prior to WEC implementation. For that, new and modified versions of wave propagation models that allow the incorporation of device-specific WEC characteristics to specify obstacle transmission were developed and tested recently (Chang et al., 2016; McNatt et al., 2020; Millar et al., 2007). Several studies were carried out to assess WEC farms driven nearshore hydrodynamic impacts. Previous studies show that while the reduction of the significant wave height in the lee of the WEC farm can be relevant (up to 30%) it might be considerably variable depending on the WEC technology, distance from the WEC farm to the coast, initial wave conditions, and the configurations of WEC farm (Atan et al., 2019; Carballo and Iglesias, 2013; Chang et al., 2016; Contardo et al., 2018; Rusu and Soares, 2013). On the other hand, some relevant conclusions were drawn so far regarding the impact of WEC farm on beaches. For example, the discovery of the added benefit of the WEC farm by the possible substantial reduction in the beach erosion (Abanades et al., 2015; J Abanades et al., 2014a, 2014b; Bergillos et al., 2019a; Mendoza et al., 2014; Millar et al., 2007; Zanopol et al., 2014; Zanuttigh and Angelelli, 2013), coastal flooding (Bergillos et al., 2019a) and sea level rise driven shoreline erosion mitigation (Bergillos et al., 2019b). An important aspect of WECs is the energy absorption dependency on wave frequency (for some devices also in wave amplitude), which varies according to their design. This dependency is expressed in terms of the Relative Capture Width curve (RCW) where the effective energy conversion is discretized in wave frequency, or the Power Matrix where the discretization is done both in frequency and amplitude. Here, two case studies related to the impact of WECs on coastal morphodynamics are presented. The first case has the objective of investigating the long-term impacts of a WEC farm composed by a series of point absorber OWC (Oscillating Water Column) devices on nearshore wave climate and the consequences on the shoreline response; and the second case is focused on evaluating the changes in the wave spectrum caused by the frequency dependent\u2019 energy absorption of bottom mounted energy converters and their impacts in the short-term morphological evolution.","author":["de Santiago, I.","Moura, T.","Chambel, J.","Liria, P.","Bald, J."],"organization":["AZTI","European Commission"],"originationDate":"2021-05-14","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-10 10:25:46","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/WESE_deliverable_3.3.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142184","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/environment-impacts-nearshore-marine-renewable-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/drpress.org\/ojs\/index.php\/ijbls\/article\/view\/35267","title":"Environment Impacts of Nearshore Marine Renewable Energy","description":"At this time, the number of nearshore Marine renewable energy projects is increasing, and the review of the ecological footprint they may bring in coastal and shallow water systems is also on the rise. Building these projects close to the demand area can reduce the loss during transmission. However, most of the time, these facilities occupy some relatively sensitive habitats. The ecological responses of these habitats have not been well understood up to now. This article investigates the relevant literature on the environmental impact of nearshore MRE, and compiles the evidence in aspects such as underwater noise, electromagnetic fields, collision risks, habitat changes, and hydrodynamic alterations. By comprehensively reviewing these studies, it can be found that the responses of organisms are related to the type of technology, species characteristics, and local environment. There has been no such widespread situation that would cause serious or irreversible damage. However, most of the relevant records cover a relatively short period of time, involve a small area, and adopt different methods. This results in a relatively weak knowledge reserve in this regard. This article, by comparing the results obtained from different devices and different locations, determines where consensus has been reached and where uncertainties still exist. In terms of cumulative impact and long-term impact. This article also emphasizes the value of expanding the monitoring scope and conducting a comprehensive assessment to provide some guidance for future nearshore MRE projects.","author":["Chen, Y."],"organization":["Beijing Normal University"],"originationDate":"2026-07-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Changes in Flow","Collision","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-13 09:21:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chen-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142203","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/optimal-siting-offshore-wind-power-combined-wave-energy-through-marine-spatial","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2214166913000349","title":"Optimal siting of offshore wind-power combined with wave energy through a marine spatial planning approach","description":"Recently has been suggested by some authors that resource diversity may be used to manage the variability of renewable power and lower the system integration costs of renewables. The key benefit, deriving from the diversification of the mix of renewable technologies, lies in the possibility of reducing the variability of the produced power. As MREIs develop, it is likely to result in further transformation of coastal seas, already affected by significant pressure from human activities. In this perspective, both the potential for combining different renewable technologies, and the impact associated to such development should be considered in the context of the existing pressures. The spatial conflicts of sea uses and the demand for sea space are in fact increasingly growing and quantitative MSP criteria may help to evaluate the sustainability of conflicting human activities in the perspective of the minimization of the overall environmental impacts. In this study the opportunity of co-locating offshore wind turbines and wave energy converters is analyzed through a MSP approach.","author":["Azzellino, A.","Ferrante, V.","Kofoed, J.","Lanfredi, C.","Vicinanza, D."],"organization":["Polytechnic University of Milan","University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli","Aalborg University"],"originationDate":"2013-11-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["56.263900000000","9.501800000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 08:41:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Azzellino_et_al._2013.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142206","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/data-analysis-monitoring-rivgenr-kvichak-river-2015","sourceURL":"https:\/\/orpc.co\/storage\/2022\/02\/2015-LGL-Report-for-RivGen.pdf","title":"Data Analysis for Monitoring of the RivGen\u00ae in the Kvichak River, 2015","description":"This memo summarizes the preliminary data analyses from fish and wildlife monitoring at the RivGen\u00ae Power System, a submerged hydrokinetic device operated by the Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC) in the Kvichak River in July and August 2015. Monitoring was performed by LGL Alaska Research Associates, Inc., in accordance with the 2015 Monitoring Plan developed in March 2015 and Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF\u0026amp;G) Fish Habitat Permit FH 15-II-0038. Data presented here are preliminary and may change after final QA\/QC. Interim results and figures were also presented in monthly progress reports at the end of July and August.","author":["Priest, J.","Nemeth, M."],"organization":["LGL Ltd","Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"originationDate":"2015-11-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.325388000000","-155.913629000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Attraction","Avoidance"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 09:22:28","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2015_LGL_Report_for_RivGen.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142207","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2021-fish-monitoring-report-igiugig-hydrokinetic-project-ferc-project-no-p-13511","sourceURL":"https:\/\/elibrary.ferc.gov\/eLibrary\/filedownload?fileid=d7521699-1b4c-cb52-9d40-80ae98100000","title":"2021 Fish Monitoring Report: Igiugig Hydrokinetic Project FERC Project No. P-13511","description":"Igiugig Village Council (IVC), owner and operator of the Igiugig Hydrokinetic Project (FERC No. 13511) (Project), herein provides the 2021 Fish Monitoring Report in accordance with Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC or Commission) License Article 402. Additionally, in accordance with License Article 403, IVC held a virtual Adaptive Management Team (AMT) meeting on April 1, 2022. The purpose of the meeting was to review 2021 Project operations, discuss 2021 Fish Monitoring Report results, and to review Project operation and monitoring plans for the 2022 Sockeye Salmon smolt and adult priority migration periods. The AMT meeting presentation and meeting notes are provided within the attached 2021 Fish Monitoring Report package.","author":["Igiugig Tribal Village Council","Ocean Renewable Power Company (ORPC)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2022-05-04","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.325388000000","-155.913629000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Riverine"],"tags":["Environment","Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-14 09:31:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/2021_Fish_Monitoring_Report_Igiugig.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142225","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/life-cycle-environmental-impacts-socio-economic-implications-tidal-electricity","sourceURL":"https:\/\/advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/adsu.70521","title":"Life Cycle Environmental Impacts and Socio-Economic Implications of Tidal Electricity Generation and Storage in the UK","description":"Tidal range schemes (TRS) remain controversial as their sustainability issues are poorly understood. This study presents a first comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of small, medium and large-scale TRS, considering their dual roles for electricity generation and storage. This is coupled with a discussion of their socio-economic implications and public acceptability. When used solely for electricity generation, tidal power has significantly lower environmental impacts than natural gas, wind and solar photovoltaics, but shows higher values against hydro and nuclear power. When used for both electricity generation and storage, TRS outperform wind electricity coupled with pumped hydro, batteries, compressed air or liquid air energy storage. If only half of the 20 proposed TRS replace natural gas and battery storage by 2050, they could reduce the climate change impact of grid electricity by 71%, saving up to 4.4 Mt CO2 eq.\/y. Most other environmental impacts would be reduced by up to 24%. In addition, hundreds of thousands of jobs could be created, along with billions in gross value added. However, high costs and low public acceptability hinder the deployment. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute toward a better understanding of the sustainability of this emerging technology.","author":["Jeswani, H.","Perdan, S.","Azapagic, A."],"organization":["University of Manchester"],"originationDate":"2026-06-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 03:53:47","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Jeswani-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142228","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/leatherback-sea-turtles-dermochelys-coriacea-react-impulsive-sounds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-38178-3","title":"Leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) react to impulsive sounds","description":"Many marine ecosystems, including in the Northwest Atlantic, are expected to experience a sudden and sustained increase in underwater noise due to ocean development. To investigate the response of sea turtles to impulsive sounds, specifically those generated from seismic surveys, we equipped leatherback sea turtles at a seasonal foraging ground in coastal Massachusetts with data loggers to record video footage, sound, depth, and location. We then exposed the tagged turtles to a controlled short burst (0.25 ms), broad frequency (~\u2009300\u20141200 Hz), high intensity (sound source level of 221 dB re 1\u03bcPa) impulsive sound produced by a seismic sparker towed from a vessel. We collected a mean (\u00b1\u2009SD) of 109.4\u2009\u00b1\u200935.3 min of footage from 13 leatherbacks across four days in 2023, with the sparker exposure lasting 52.2\u2009\u00b1\u200911.6 min per turtle. Underwater peak sound pressure level of frequencies within the hearing range of leatherbacks (100\u20141200 Hz) were between\u2009~\u2009128.5\u2014176.2 dB during the tag deployments. We assessed the effects of peak sound pressure level on turtle behavior metrics and found that there was a significant effect on tortuosity, dive duration, and probability of foraging from the sound intensity coinciding with the emitted impulsive sound, while swim speed was more correlated with proximity to the sparker vessel regardless of sound intensity level. Probability of foraging declined by\u2009~\u200964% during the exposure period. These behavioral shifts along with their potential to decrease individual fitness, should be considered when evaluating the environmental impacts of intense acoustic stimuli on sea turtles.","author":["Patel, S.H.","Munnelly, R.","Choate, K.","Crowe, L.M.","Davis, F.","Fischell, E.","Hatch, J.","Oriole, V.","Rogers, R.","Shivers, N.","Haas, H.L."],"organization":["Coonamessett Farm Foundation","NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center","Acbotics Research LLC"],"originationDate":"2026-02-05","spatial":{"coordinates":["41.500856500000","-70.450990500000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 04:26:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Patel_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142233","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/assessment-mitigation-environmental-impacts-bay-fundy-tidal-energy-development","sourceURL":"https:\/\/mlws.landfood.ubc.ca\/student-projects\/","title":"Assessment and Mitigation of Environmental Impacts from the Bay of Fundy Tidal Energy Development, Atlantic Canada","description":"Tidal energy has the potential to substantially advance future sustainable development. Tidal energy is a renewable energy resource that helps meet the continuously increasing global energy demand, while producing very little greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to other traditional energy sources (fossil fuels, coal, oil , etc.). In-stream tidal turbines placed under the ocean surface extract energy from the rise and fall of the tides. Tidal energy has attracted considerable attention, particularly in areas where tidal ranges are particularly high. The Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia has the world\u0027s highest tidal range, making it an ideal location to develop tidal energy projects. Several tidal energy development projects are authorized for development at the Bay of Fundy. Although there are many positive attributes of tidal energy, the tidal energy extraction has the potential to adversely affect the local environment and disturb natural ecosystems, including coastal habitat destruction, wildlife habitat fragmentation, and marine animal injury. The negative effects of marine energy extraction have been identified; however there is less consideration of implementation of the multiple tidal energy extraction projects on the Bay of Fundy environment in current study. A review of scientific literature concerning tidal energy extraction was conducted to assess potential negative impacts of Bay of Fundy tidal power development on the environment. The report provides a comprehensive review on the potential environmental impacts of tidal energy extraction at the Bay of Fundy while considering further climate change and sea level rise, and provides a recommendation framework to mitigate these adverse effects. The Bay of Fundy tidal energy extraction process will lead to coastal habitat destruction and long-term suspended sediment concentration reduction. The construction and operation of turbine devices will generate noise, light and thermal pollution, release toxic chemicals to surrounding water and cause magnetic field distortion. Also, the combined influences of past, present and future tidal energy extraction and Earth\u0027s natural processes will result in more serious environmental harms; and the interaction among greater will potentially lead to greater i interruption on the local environment and intensify injury and mortality of coastal animals and seabirds. This report also provides a recommendation framework relevant to the Bay of Fundy tidal energy extraction, mainly including energy appliances enhancement, monitoring machinery establishment and regulatory agencies creation. Optimizing the blade shape, avoiding application of Cu-contains coating and applying seabird-friendly lights to mitigate the negative impacts. Building up rescue stations, establishing fully functional protected areas, and conducting soil remediation to restore the disturbed ecosystem.","author":["Li, M."],"organization":["University of British Columbia"],"originationDate":"2021-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["44.979850000000","-65.806020000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-16 07:01:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mengyao-Li-2021-Assessment-and-Mitigation-of-Environmental-Impacts-from-the-Bay-of-Fundy-Tidal-Energy-Development-Atlantic-Canada.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142242","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/achieving-energy-security-gulf-guinea-harnessing-ocean-energy-through-regional","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s44312-026-00082-9","title":"Achieving energy security in the Gulf of Guinea: harnessing ocean energy through regional cooperation","description":"Energy poverty remains a critical challenge in Africa, particularly in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG) subregion, where reliance on hydropower, fossil fuels, and limited solar photovoltaic capacity fails to meet the rapidly increasing energy demands of urban and industrial centers. This paper investigates the potential of marine renewable energy (MRE) as a sustainable approach to the GoG\u2019s energy deficit, emphasizing the importance of transnational cooperation among the region\u2019s coastal states. Drawing on comparative and empirical methods, the study examines successful European models of MRE development, focusing on the North Sea and Baltic Sea macro-regions, to identify lessons that can be adapted to the GoG context. The findings indicate that coordinated regional efforts to harness offshore wind, wave, tidal, and floating solar energy\u2014when tailored to local geography and climate\u2014can significantly enhance energy security, reduce costs, and drive the blue economy. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for strengthening subregional collaboration, fostering technology transfer, and aligning initiatives with international frameworks to accelerate the development and deployment of sustainable ocean energy in the GoG.","author":["Mukwele, S.","Tambo, E."],"organization":["Ministry of External Relations of Cameroon","United Nations University"],"originationDate":"2026-06-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["3.500000000000","7.000000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 02:56:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mukwele.S._2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142244","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comprehensive-review-floating-renewable-energy-technologies","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211467X26000489","title":"A comprehensive review of floating renewable energy technologies","description":"The growing global demand for clean and reliable power has accelerated the transition from conventional fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. Among emerging solutions, floating renewable energy (FRE) systems have attracted significant attention for their ability to harness solar, wind, and hydropower resources on water surfaces while minimizing land-use conflicts. Despite rapid progress in individual technologies, a unified assessment covering their technical maturity, performance, and environmental impact remains limited. This study provides a comprehensive comparative review of the main FRE technologies floating photovoltaic (FPV), floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT), and floating hydropower, tidal, and wave energy systems. The analysis is based on a critical synthesis of recent research and industrial data, evaluating each technology in terms of efficiency, energy yield, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), technology readiness level (TRL), and operational challenges. The results show that FPV currently represents the most mature and cost-effective option, benefiting from high scalability and minimal environmental disturbance. FOWTs demonstrate strong potential for large-scale deployment but require further optimization in mooring stability and maintenance strategies. Marine-based systems such as tidal and wave energy remain at an early stage, constrained by technological and economic limitations. Overall, the findings highlight that hybrid FRE configurations combining solar, wind, and hydropower components offer the most promising pathway toward stable, high-efficiency, and sustainable offshore power generation. Continued research on advanced materials, system integration, and environmental resilience is essential to enhance the long-term viability of floating renewable systems in future energy transitions.","author":["Baig, M.","Alsenani, T.","Koondhar, M.","Albasha, L.","Mahariq, I.","Touti, E."],"organization":["Guangxi University","Nanning University","Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","Quaid-e-Awam University","American University of Sharjah","Gulf University for Science and Technology","Al-Quds University","Istanbul Gelisim University","China Medical University (Taiwan)","Korea University","Northern Border University"],"originationDate":"2026-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-21 10:50:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Baig.M_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142272","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/analysis-technological-readiness-indexes-offshore-renewable-energies-ibero-american","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/19\/2\/370","title":"Analysis of Technological Readiness Indexes for Offshore Renewable Energies in Ibero-American Countries","description":"The energy transition in Ibero-American countries demands significant diversification, yet the vast potential of offshore renewable energies (ORE) remains largely untapped. Slow adoption is often attributed to the hostile marine environment, high investment costs, and a lack of institutional, regulatory, and industrial readiness. A critical barrier for policymakers is the absence of methodologically robust tools to assess national preparedness. Existing indices typically rely on simplistic weighting schemes or are susceptible to known flaws, such as the rank reversal phenomenon, which undermines their credibility for strategic decision-making. This study addresses this gap by developing a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework based on a problem-specific synthesis of established optimization principles to construct a comprehensive Offshore Readiness Index (ORI) for 13 Ibero-American countries. The framework moves beyond traditional methods by employing an advanced weight-elicitation model rooted in the Robust Ordinal Regression (ROR) paradigm to analyze 42 sub-criteria across five domains: Regulation, Planning, Resource, Industry, and Grid. Its methodological core is a non-linear objective function that synergistically combines a Shannon entropy term to promote a maximally unbiased weight distribution and to prevent criterion exclusion, with an epistemic regularization penalty that anchors the solution to expert-derived priorities within each domain. The model is guided by high-level hierarchical constraints that reflect overarching policy assumptions, such as the primacy of Regulation and Planning, thereby ensuring strategic alignment. The resulting ORI ranks Spain first, followed by Mexico and Costa Rica. Spain\u2019s leadership is underpinned by its exceptional performance in key domains, supported by specific enablers, such as a dedicated renewable energy roadmap. The optimized block weights validate the model\u2019s structure, with Regulation (0.272) and Electric Grid (0.272) receiving the highest importance. In contrast, lower-ranked countries exhibit systemic deficiencies across multiple domains. This research offers a dual contribution: methodological innovation in readiness assessment and an actionable tool for policy instruments. The primary policy conclusion is clear: robust regulatory frameworks and strategic planning are the pivotal enabling conditions for ORE development, while industrial capacity and infrastructure are consequent steps that must follow, not precede, a solid policy foundation.","author":["Moscoloni, C.","Gorr-Pozzi, E.","Corrales-Gonzalez, M.","Garcia-Mendoza, A.","Garcia-Nava, H.","Villalba, I.","Giorgi, G.","Guarniz-Avalos, G.","Rojas, R.","Lafoz, M."],"organization":["Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia","Marine offshore Renewable Energy Lab (MOREnergy Lab)","Plataforma Oce\u00e1nica de Canarias (PLOCAN)","Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California (Autonomous University of Baja California)","Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica del Peru","Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica","Complutense University of Madrid"],"originationDate":"2026-01-12","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-21 10:18:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Moscoloni.C._2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142273","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shapinsay-sound-scale-tidal-site-navigational-risk-assessment-nra","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=275","title":"Shapinsay Sound Scale Tidal Site Navigational Risk Assessment (NRA)","description":"Since 2003, the European Marine Energy Centre Ltd (EMEC) has provided purpose-built, accredited open-sea testing facilities for wave and tidal energy convertors across four test sites in the Orkney Islands. The Shapinsay Sound test site is situated east of Kirkwall and was established in 2011. It is a small-scale (0.9km x 0.4km) non-grid connected tidal energy test site situated in relatively benign velocity marine currents with a peak of 1.5m\/s. EMEC has identified a requirement for a Navigational Risk Assessment compliant to the Maritime and Coastguard Agency MGN 543 in order to update the previous Navigation Risk Assessment including impact on navigational safety, identifying any revised recommendations as required. The Shapinsay Sound test site is within a Statutory Harbour Authority Area. Orkney Islands Council Marine Services is the Statutory Harbour Authority and provides Vessel Traffic Services with full radar coverage of the Shapinsay Sound test site and actively monitors and directs traffic within the harbour limits. This Navigation Risk Assessment is device neutral, not assessing any particular device or type of device, but instead assumes a range of possible devices located within the test site. Vessel traffic analysis was undertaken using data from the Automatic Identification System, visual observations from a shore-based survey conducted over a number of years and a variety of secondary sources. The greatest density of traffic is to the north of the test site and is chiefly associated with commercial vessel transits to and from Kirkwall. The density of traffic close inshore is not significant. The principal traffic close to the site is from service\/ support vessels and vessels servicing the aquaculture site immediately to the west of the test site. As part of this assessment, consultation was undertaken with local stakeholders and statutory regulators to better understand the baseline conditions and possible impacts to their activities. No consultees raised any significant concerns regarding the test site. A review of incident data from the Marine Accident Investigation Branch identified one incident close to the test site: a mechanical failure of an unknown vessel in June 2013. Impacts to navigation were identified and individually assessed. The assessment considered the following baseline assumptions:There are no underwater cables associated with the Shapinsay Sound test site;No impact on Search and Rescue capability was anticipated;There are no other renewable developments currently in close proximity to Shapinsay Sound. Future exploitation of existing and planned lease areas is unlikely to result in cumulative and in-combination effects; and No impact on communications, radar or positioning systems is anticipated.A navigational risk assessment was conducted that identified 11 hazards relevant to this site. The likelihood and consequence of each were scored based on the results of this assessment and all hazards were deemed to be low risk. From the assessment the following conclusions were drawn: The impact on vessel traffic routeing is low, with no existing routes through the Shapinsay Sound test site;Devices positioned in the site posed a low risk of contact from passing vessels;The impact on collision risk and visual navigation is assessed to be low given the small physical size of the devices anticipated to be deployed;The impact of device breakout was assessed and deemed to be low given the traffic density close to the site and unlikelihood of its occurrence;The impact on vessel grounding is assessed to be low; andNo significant impacts on recreational or fishing activity were identified due to the low density of these vessel types within the site. A number of embedded site wide risk controls were identified. In addition to this, a list of possible additional risk controls which could be considered for future devices were identified. Guidance is provided for developers conducting device-specific NRA addendums and the considerations which should be made in each case. This assessment has provided a device neutral baseline. Any deviations resulting from the specific characteristics of a device should be considered within device specific assessments. The NRA has not identified any significant hazards that relate to the current Shapinsay Sound test site. This document should be reviewed and updated at regular intervals to provide developers with an up-to-date and relevant site-wide assessment of the risks associated with the continued operation of the Shapinsay Sound test site.","author":["Heaps, W."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-09-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.996495000000","-2.875706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 09:32:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shapinsay Sound Navigation Risk Assessment.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142274","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shapinsay-sounds-wildlife-observations-methodology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/Shapinsay%20Sound%20Observation%20Methodology%20v1.00.pdf","title":"Shapinsay Sounds Wildlife Observations Methodology","description":"Land-based visual observations will be carried out by observers overlooking the Shapinsay Sound EMEC tidal nursery site in Orkney. Watches will be carried out by an experienced observer during daylight hours, ranging between 04:00hrs and 20:00hrs. The study area will be scanned and the time and location of any marine mammal or seabird sightings will be recorded. Where possible, the geographic location of each marine mammal or seabird group will be recorded using a pre-defined grid. Although marine mammals and seabirds will be identified to species whenever possible, due to the difficulty in differentiating between marine mammal and bird species, especially at distance, additional categories of \u0027unidentified species\u0027 will be included in the species list. Additional information about species sighted will be collected. For marine mammals, group size will be estimated if animals are seen in groups and the location of the centre of the group will be recorded. Prior to this study, the frequency of use of the Shapinsay Sound by these animals was poorly understood. Surveys will encompass all states of tide and times of day (during daylight hours) in a systematic manner to ensure there is appropriate sampling of all environmental states. Tide state will be defined in relation to time since the previous high tide recorded at Kirkwall. Data on several weather variables including precipitation, sea state, cloud cover, and wind speed and direction will also be recorded. Data will be recorded on paper sheets by the observer and then transferred into an Excel spreadsheet. Data from the land-based study described here will provide information on distribution and \u0027relative\u0027 abundance of animals in and around the study area. To inform the analysis on the reliability of detecting animals from a land-based vantage point, the land-based observations may need to be augmented with boat-based surveys along transect lines placed perpendicular to the coast. This information would then enable variations due to detectability differences to be distinguished from genuine changes in abundance, yielding more robust impact analysis. Monitoring of a site with similar characteristics to the test site, yet undisturbed by the presence of tidal energy devices, may be valuable in relating any changes observed to the tidal devices.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2010-10-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.996495000000","-2.875706000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:10:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Shapinsay_Sound_Observation_Methodology_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142275","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/scapa-flow-wildlife-observations-methodology","sourceURL":"https:\/\/data.marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/Scapa%20Flow%20Observation%20Methodology%20v1.00.pdf","title":"Scapa Flow Wildlife Observations Methodology","description":"Land-based visual observations will be carried out by observers, overlooking the Scapa Flow EMEC wave nursery site in Orkney. Watches will be carried out by an experienced observer during daylight hours, ranging between 04:00hrs and 20:00hrs. The study area will be scanned and the time and location of any marine mammal or seabird sightings will be recorded. Where possible, the geographic location of each marine mammal or seabird group will be recorded using a pre-defined grid. Although marine mammals and seabirds will be identified to species whenever possible, due to the difficulty in differentiating between marine mammal and bird species, especially at distance, additional categories of \u0027unidentified species\u0027 will be included in the species list. Additional information about species sighted will be collected. For marine mammals, group size will be estimated if animals are seen in groups and the location of the centre of the group will be recorded. Surveys will encompass all states of tide and times of day (during daylight hours) in a systematic manner to ensure there is appropriate sampling of all environmental states. Tide state will be defined in relation to time since the previous high tide recorded at Kirkwall. Data on several weather variables including precipitation, sea state, cloud cover, and wind speed and direction will also be recorded. Data will be recorded on paper sheets by the observer and then transferred into an Excel spreadsheet. Data from the land-based study described here will provide information on distribution and \u0027relative\u0027 abundance of animals in and around the study area. To inform the analysis on the reliability of detecting animals from a land-based vantage point, the land-based observations may need to be augmented with boat-based surveys along transect lines placed perpendicular to the coast. This information would then enable variations due to detectability differences to be distinguished from genuine changes in abundance, yielding more robust impact analysis. Monitoring of a site with similar characteristics to the test site, yet undisturbed by the presence of wave energy devices, may be valuable in relating any changes observed to the wave devices.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2010-10-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.887376000000","-2.945962000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-17 10:49:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Scapa_Flow_Observation_Methodology_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142286","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/acoustic-monitoring-european-marine-energy-centre-tidal-test-site-methodology-baseline","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/projects\/ocean-energy-projects\/environmental-monitoring\/acoustic-monitoring-programme\/","title":"Acoustic monitoring of the European Marine Energy Centre tidal test site Methodology and baseline data collection","description":"The idea behind the Drifting Ears design is to maximize the advantages of recording ambient sound from a drifting platform and minimize the disadvantages of being associated with a boat or other surface vessel. The central feature of the design is that the hydrophone, rather than any other component, is fixed relative to the body of moving water and that other constituents do not impart artificial noise into the recordings. To do this, the hydrophone is placed inside the bounds of a large underwater drogue (Fig. 1). The boat is dispensed with and replaced by a buoy and small floating case containing the ancillary electronics (batteries, recorder etc). The drogue is weighted to drift at depth and held there by the opposition of the weight and a small surface buoy. Wide diameter hawser and shock chord is used to negate strum and add physical separation between the sensing and surface parts of the unit. The entire unit is self sufficient and dropped into the water upstream of the area of interest. The unit then drifts passively in the current over the area of interest, recording as it goes and is retrieved further downstream. The floating case includes a logging GPS so that, on download, the precise path of the drifter is known and can be tied to the acoustic recording using the time code.This upstream-drop and downstream-retrieve approach has the dual benefit of providing a solution to the ambient noise problem (above) and recording from a swath of locations. This latter feature provides the potential to map the sound intensity over the area of interest. Furthermore, a single support boat can simultaneously deploy multiple acoustic drifters to increase the spatial resolution of acoustic data recorded and make optimal use of brief weather or operational windows.","author":["Wilson, B.","Carter, C."],"organization":["Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2012-02-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 04:14:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fall_of_Warness_Acoustic_Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142287","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/fall-warness-navigation-risk-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.emec.org.uk\/?wpfb_dl=45","title":"Fall of Warness Navigation Risk Assessment","description":"Since 2003, the European Marine Energy Centre Ltd (EMEC) has provided purpose-built, accredited open-sea testing facilities for wave and tidal energy converters across four test sites in the Orkney Islands. Fall of Warness, established in 2005, is the full-scale, grid connected tidal energy test site. EMEC has identified a requirement for a Navigation Risk Assessment (NRA) compliant to the Maritime and Coastguard Agency MGN 543 in order to update the previous NRA, including impact on navigational safety and identification of revised recommendations as required. This NRA is device neutral, not assessing any particular device or type of device, but instead assumes a range of possible devices located within the test site. Vessel traffic analysis was undertaken on data from the Automatic Identification System, visual observations from a shore-based survey conducted over a number of years and a variety of secondary sources. The Fall of Warness test site is not within port limits. Orkney Islands Council Marine Services has Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) with full radar coverage of the Fall of Warness test site, but they do not actively monitor or direct traffic outside the Statutory Harbour Authority (SHA) limits. The site is within an IMO-adopted ATBA, which was established following the Braer oil spill. All vessels over 5,000 GT carrying oil or other hazardous cargoes should avoid this area. The greatest density of traffic is to the south of the development to and from Eday and the mainland. A lesser number of vessels transit through the Fall of Warness in a southerly or northerly direction, though these tend to avoid the existing test devices by keeping to the west. There are also a number of ferry transits from the south passing west of Muckle Green Holm then turning back south towards Eday Pier during strong south easterly winds and flood tides. The density of traffic close inshore is not significant, although these areas are used by fishing vessels \u201cpotting\u201d. As part of this assessment, consultation was undertaken with a number of local stakeholders and statutory regulators to better understand the baseline conditions and possible impacts to their activities. No consultees raised any significant concerns regarding the test site. In addition, a review of incident data from the Marine Accident Investigation Branch identified only one incident in the vicinity of the site which involved a service vessel while at anchor and resulted in no damage to the vessel, serious injury or loss of life. A number of impacts on navigation were identified and individually assessed, these are as follows:No significant impact on vessel traffic routeing was identified, with the route through the Fall of Warness remaining open for transiting vessels;Any devices positioned in the site posed a low risk of contact from passing vessels;An assessment of under keel clearance requirements was undertaken. The results show that the risk of subsurface contact could be reduced significantly if devices were greater than 10m below the surface at Lowest Astronomical Tide; however each device would need to be assessed individually;No impact on collision risk or visual navigation was identified given the physical size of the devices anticipated to be deployed. Similarly, no impact on communications, radar or positioning systems is anticipated;The failure of device moorings was considered at the site. However, it was determined that this should be assessed on a device by device basis;No significant impacts on recreational or fishing activity were identified as a result of the continued operation of the test site;The presence of underwater cables was not assessed to pose a significant hazard to fishing or anchoring operations;No impact on Search and Rescue capability was anticipated; andWhilst there are no other renewable developments currently in close proximity to Fall of Warness, future exploitation of existing and planned lease areas may result in cumulative and in-combination effects. A navigation risk assessment was conducted that identified 11 hazards relevant to this site. The likelihood and consequence of each were scored based on the results of this assessment and all hazards were deemed to be low risk. A number of site-wide risk controls were identified which are currently in place to manage any risks to navigating vessels. In addition to this, a list of possible risk controls which could be considered for future devices were identified. Finally, guidance is provided for developers conducting device-specific NRA addendums and the considerations which should be made in each case. This assessment has provided the baseline information for developers to consider during their device-specific assessment but as this assessment is device neutral, any deviations as a result of the specific characteristics of a device should be taken into account. In summary, the NRA has not identified any significant hazards that relate to the current Fall of Warness Site. This document should be reviewed and updated at regular intervals to provide developers with an up-to-date and relevant site-wide assessment of the risks associated with the continued operation of the Fall of Warness test site.","author":["Heaps, W.","Worbey, R."],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2019-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.128445000000","-2.803811000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Navigation"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 10:57:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fall_of_Warness_Navigation_Risk_Assessment_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142289","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/wedusea-deliverable-28-complete-environmental-monitoring-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/wedusea.eu\/publications\/","title":"WEDUSEA Deliverable 2.8 Complete Environmental Monitoring Plan","description":"This report forms deliverable D2.8 Complete Environmental Monitoring Plan, the aim of which is to present the scope of environmental monitoring that will be conducted over the course of the WEDUSEA project. Key potential environmental impacts likely to be associated with the OE35 device will be identified to inform monitoring activities, from which topic-specific plans will be presented which include the approach to data collection, proposed equipment, and data processing.","author":["WEDUSEA"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)","European Union (EU)","Innovate UK"],"originationDate":"2024-05-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Ecosystem Processes","Fish","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-20 11:21:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/D2.8-Complete-Environmental-Monitoring-Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142321","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-deep-sea-coral-sponge-community-along-california-oregon-washington","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/47172","title":"A characterization of the deep-sea coral and sponge community along the California, Oregon, and Washington coasts using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2019 expedition","description":"On the U.S. West Coast, deep-sea coral and sponge (DSCS) communities occur generally in waters deeper than 50 m. All corals in this temperate, cold-water region are azooxanthellate heterotrophs that feed only on the animals and organic material that they can catch with their tentacles, unlike the shallow, reef-building corals found in warmer regions. DSCS communities increase biogenic structure, providing shelter and nursery habitat, and increasing biodiversity and prey availability (Freese and Wing, 2003; Bright, 2007; Baillon et al., 2012; Henderson et al., 2020). Threats to these long-lived, fragile organisms from bottom contact fishing gear, potential offshore renewable energy development, and ocean warming and acidification have increased the need for DSCS research along the U.S. West Coast (G\u00f3mez et al., 2018; Salgado et al., 2018; Yoklavich, et al., 2018; Gugliotti et al., 2019). To date, studies have varied from species distribution and abundance (Yoklavich and Love, 2005; Tissot et al., 2006) to developing and validating predictive distribution models (Huff et al., 2013; Rooper et al., 2017; Kreidler, 2020) to finding medicinal uses for corals and sponges (Essack et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2018). Due to the vast area of unexplored seafloor within the U.S. exclusive economic zone (200 nautical miles off the coast) and the technological requirements of deep-sea research, there is still much to learn about the distribution and biology of DSCS. This information is critical to resource managers for effective conservation and management of DSCS habitats. The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act and the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA) provide legal authorities to protect DSCS and\/or their habitats. In 2006, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) designated 51 distinct seafloor areas as essential fish habitat conservation areas (EFHCA) to protect seafloor habitats from damage by either bottom trawls or all bottom contact fishing gears. In January 2020, NMFS and the PFMC implemented Amendment 28 to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (GFMP; Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2019), which modified EFHCAs by closing new areas identified as vulnerable and reopening areas deemed not vulnerable. The NMSA prohibits bottom disturbance from certain activities within areas designated as national marine sanctuaries, such as oil and gas exploration or extraction, cable laying, and other forms of seabed alteration or construction that disturb benthic communities.NOAA\u2019s Deep-Sea Coral Research Technology Program (DSCRTP) began a 4-year funding initiative for the U.S. West Coast in 2018. The goals of the West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Initiative were to: 1) gather baseline information on DSCS in areas subject to fishing regulation changes prior to the implementation of Amendment 28; 2) improve our understanding of known DSCS bycatch \u201chot spots\u201d; and 3) explore and assess DSCS resources within NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries with emphasis on areas of sanctuary resource protection and management concerns. Following the 2018 research expedition supported by NOAA Ship Bell M. Shimada (Laidig et al., 2021), a second research cruise was planned for 2019 to further survey seafloor communities in priority areas off the West Coast from Washington to California. The 2019 expedition spanned 35 days (4 Oct \u2013 7 Nov) and was conducted from the NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker (hereafter referred to as \u201cthe ship\u201d), beginning and ending in San Diego, CA. Surveys were conducted in deeper areas (generally 500-1200 m) in 2019 than in 2018 (limited to \u0026lt;650 m). These two expeditions provide data on seafloor communities and DSCS assemblages over a broad range of depths 50-1200 m. The science team assembled for this cruise were members of the EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) campaign, a consortium of researchers from federal and nonfederal institutions that collaborate on scientific expeditions focused on deep seafloor habitats off California, Oregon, and Washington. EXPRESS supports researchers by leveraging funding, resources, personnel, and expertise to accomplish more science than would be possible by a single entity alone. The 2019 coastwide expedition included research partners from NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) and Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), National Ocean Service (Channel Islands, Cordell Bank, Greater Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). In 2019, we conducted several scientific outreach programs during the cruise. Over the course of the expedition, two live broadcasts, one port event, and continuous telepresence during Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) dive operations were hosted to engage and educate the public on the cruise mission and DSCS research. Live broadcasts were made to four classes at Pierpont Elementary School in Ventura, CA, and to a general public audience at the Exploratorium in San Francisco, CA. In port in San Francisco, a behind the scenes tour aboard the NOAA Ship Reuben Lasker and the Exploratorium were hosted, where visitors learned about the cruise objectives, survey tools, sampling methods, and telepresence capabilities used to conduct scientific research during the cruise. Research objectives for this cruise were to: Collect DSCS baseline information at seven of the EFHCA sites and two groundfish trawl rockfish conservation areas undergoing protection modifications by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.Document temporal changes in DSCS assemblages at previously surveyed sites.Provide data to validate BOEM-supported cross-shelf habitat suitability models.Collect samples for identifying and understanding west coast DSCS and expand use of new technologies (ROV, Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), environmental DNA [eDNA]).Collect water samples for coastwide eDNA and water chemistry studies.Characterize DSCS and fish assemblages in unexplored areas of National Marine Sanctuaries.Collect DSCS and fish baseline information at potential offshore wind development sites.","author":["Laidig, T.","Watters, D.","Prouty, N.","Everett, M.","Duncan, L.","Clarke, L.","Caldow, C.","Bourque, J.","McClain-Counts, J.","Demopoulos, A."],"organization":["NOAA Fisheries","US Geological Survey (USGS)","NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2022-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 08:40:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Laidig_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142322","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/characterization-deep-sea-coral-sponge-communities-along-california-oregon-coast-using","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/33492","title":"A characterization of deep-sea coral and sponge communities along the California and Oregon coast using a remotely operated vehicle on the EXPRESS 2018 expedition","description":"Deep-sea coral and sponge (DSCS) communities serve as essential fish habitats (EFH) by providing shelter and nursery habitat, increasing diversity, and increasing prey availability (Freese and Wing, 2003; Bright, 2007; Baillon et al., 2012; Henderson et al., 2020). Threats to these long-lived, fragile organisms from bottom contact fishing gear, potential offshore renewable energy development, and ocean warming and acidification have increased the need for DSCS research along the U.S. West Coast (Gomez et al., 2018; Salgado et al., 2018; Yoklavich, et al., 2018; Gugliotti et al., 2019). The focus of these studies has varied from species distribution and abundance (Yoklavich and Love, 2005; Tissot et al., 2006) to developing and validating predictive distribution models (Huff et al., 2013; Rooper et al., 2017; Kreidler, 2020) to finding medicinal uses for corals and sponges (Essack et al., 2011; Shrestha et al., 2018). Due to the vast area of unexplored seafloor within the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ; 200 nautical miles off the coast) and the technological requirements and expanse of deep sea research, there is still much to learn about the distributions and biology of DSCS. This information is critical to resource managers for effective conservation and management of DSCS habitats. Protections are provided by the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) designation of groundfish EFH conservation areas (EFHCA) and the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA). Areas designated as EFHCA are closed to bottom trawl fishing to protect and preserve seafloor habitats. Recently the PFMC adopted Amendment 28 to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (GFMP; Pacific Fishery Management Council, 2019), which modified EFHCAs by closing new areas identified as vulnerable and reopening areas deemed not vulnerable. The NMSA prohibits bottom disturbance from certain activities within areas designated as national marine sanctuaries, such as oil and gas exploration or extraction, cable laying, and other forms of seabed alteration or construction that disturb benthic communities. NOAA\u2019s Deep-Sea Coral and Research Technology Program (DSCRTP) began a 4-yr funding initiative for the U.S. West Coast in 2017. The goals of the West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Initiative (WCDSCI) were to: 1) gather baseline information on areas subject to fishing regulation changes prior to the implementation of Amendment 28; 2) improve our understanding of known DSCS bycatch \u201chot spots\u201d; and 3) explore and assess DSCS resources within NOAA National Marine Sanctuaries with emphasis on areas of sanctuary resource protection and management concerns. During the first year of the program, a research cruise was developed to survey the West Coast from Oregon to California studying the DSCS ecosystems in priority areas. The 31-day expedition (9 Oct \u2013 8 Nov 2018) was launched from the NOAA Ship Bell M. Shimada, beginning in Newport, OR and ending in San Diego, CA. The science team assembled for this cruise were members of the EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) campaign, which brings together researchers from Federal and nonfederal institutions to collaborate on scientific expeditions targeting the deepwater areas off California, Oregon, and Washington. EXPRESS supports researchers leveraging funding, resources, personnel, and expertise to accomplish more science than would have been possible by a single entity alone. The 2018 coastwide expedition included research partners from National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) and Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), National Ocean Service (Channel Islands, Cordell Bank, Greater Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). Research objectives for the cruise were to:Collect DSCS baseline information at 10 of the EFHCA sites undergoing protection modifications by the Pacific Fishery Management Council.Collect DSCS and fish data at previously unexplored sites within West Coast National Marine Sanctuaries.Revisit a subset of previously surveyed sites to document if changes in DCSC have occurred over time.Collect information to validate BOEM supported cross-shelf habitat suitability models for DSCS.Collect samples to help in identifying (and understanding) West Coast DSCS and expand use of new technologies (ROV, AUV, and environmental DNA [eDNA]).Collect water samples for coastwide eDNA, nutrient, and carbon chemistry studies.","author":["Laidig, T.","Watters, D.","Prouty, N.","Everett, M.","Duncan, L.","Clarke, L.","Caldow, C.","Demopoulos, A."],"organization":["NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","US Geological Survey (USGS)","NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2021-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 08:45:42","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Laidig_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142323","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/sediment-gravity-flow-frequency-offshore-central-california-diminished-significantly","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/marine-science\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2023.1099472\/","title":"Sediment gravity flow frequency offshore central California diminished significantly following the Last Glacial Maximum","description":"A high-resolution multibeam survey from a portion of the San Simeon Channel (offshore Morro Bay, California) captured a zone of recurring troughs and ridges adjacent to prominent submarine meander bends. Through an integrated study using surveying data, sediment core analysis, radiocarbon dating, and stable isotope measurements, we hypothesize that turbidity current event frequency was higher during the late Pleistocene than at present conditions. We speculate that the rise in sea-level following the Last Glacial Maximum sequestered sedimentation largely to the shelf during the Holocene. This work suggests that the occurrence of sediment gravity flows in this region, particularly away from any submarine channels, is appreciably lower than at times of continental shelf subaerial exposure.","author":["Dobbs, S.","Paull, C.","Lundsten, E.","Gwiazda, R.","Caress, D.","McGann, M.","Coholich, M.","Walton, M.","Nieminski, N.","McHargue T.","Graham, S."],"organization":["Stanford University","Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","US Geological Survey (USGS)","U.S. Naval Research Laboratory"],"originationDate":"2023-02-15","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.400000000000","-121.410000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 09:30:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Dobbs_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142324","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/multi-factor-biotopes-method-detailed-site-characterization-diverse-benthic-megafaunal","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0967063722001844","title":"Multi-factor biotopes as a method for detailed site characterization in diverse benthic megafaunal communities and habitats in deep-water off Morro Bay, California","description":"Here we describe the methods and results for biological characterization of the benthos on a previously unexplored area of central California, USA seafloor. We conducted 40 remotely operated vehicle dives from 371 to 1173 m water depth. Seafloor habitats and megafauna (fish and invertebrates) were documented from 46.8 km of seafloor video footage. Our expanded development and analysis of biotopes from quantitative data allowed us to describe detailed biological communities, along with the physical characteristics and habitat associations within the study area. This method provides a framework for potential monitoring, detection of future environmental change (natural and anthropogenic) and comprehensive comparison to other deep water regions. From 185 h of observational video at 25 sites, nearly 120,000 annotations of organisms, habitat characters, biological detritus and anthropogenic debris were recorded and analyzed. We identified a total of 228 taxa, with 173 of them present on linear quantitative transects. Species richness for transects ranged from 0.04 to 0.28 m-2 (8\u201355 taxa), with densities ranging from 0.07 to 5.20 ind. m\u22122. Both were highest on hard substrate with greatest surface area. Densities decreased with depth. Within soft substratum zones was a large field of pockmarks, which are seafloor depressions averaging 175 m in diameter and 5 m in depth. Pockmarks have sometimes been associated with seafloor gas seepage, but here we found no biological evidence of chemosynthetic organisms. No significant differences were found in either density nor species richness at pockmark sites vs. non-pockmark sites. Mud draped greenish-black coarse sand occurred only in low oxygen areas, while hummocky, rugose mud supported somewhat different species than flat mud plains. Seventy percent of the transects occurred inside the oxygen minimum zone. We conclude that high rugosity, slope, and the presence of hard substratum were better predictors of species richness and density than oxygen concentration in this specific study. Abundant biological detritus, in the form of dead and dying pelagic pyrosomes and salps, created a large, presumably ephemeral flux of carbon to the seafloor during the study period.","author":["Kuhnz, L.","Gilbane, L.","Cochrane, G.","Paull, C."],"organization":["Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)","US Geological Survey (USGS)"],"originationDate":"2022-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["35.250000000000","-121.500000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 03:55:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kuhnz_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142325","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/westray-tidal-array-environmental-impact-assessment-scoping-scoping-report-2023","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/scoping_report_8.pdf","title":"Westray Tidal Array Environmental Impact Assessment: Scoping - Scoping Report 2023","description":"This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping Report has been prepared to support a request for a Scoping Opinion from Scottish Ministers in relation to the Westray Tidal Array, located in the Westray Firth, Orkney (hereafter \u2018Westray\u2019 or \u2018the Project\u2019). This Scoping Report represents the first key stage of the EIA. As the Project will be a generating station of greater than 1 MW, it requires the following consent and licences for the offshore infrastructure:A Section 36 (S36) consent under the Electricity Act (1989, as amended); andA marine licence under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010.The overall objectives of the EIA for the Project are to avoid or minimise potential adverse effects, and to meet the requirements of the following EIA Regulations: The Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 as amended by TheEnvironmental Impact Assessment (Miscellaneous Amendments) (Scotland); and The Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (as amended)(Scotland).The Scoping Report provides information on the sources of data that have been or will be used for characterisation of the baseline environment (for this Scoping Assessment and subsequent EIA), potential impacts that will be considered as part of the EIA process, and the impact assessment methodology. Where additional information is required, a proposed strategy for obtaining that information has also been provided. Receptors and impacts have been scoped in or out on the basis of lessons learned from the EIAs of other offshore renewable energy projects, including tidal stream energy developments. This Scoping Report has been developed on behalf of Orbital Marine Power by Xodus, with contribution from Royal HaskoningDHV.","author":["Xodus Group"],"organization":["Xodus Group","Orbital Marine Power"],"originationDate":"2023-11-30","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.161758000000","-2.847379000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Environmental Impact Assessment","Attraction","Collision","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 10:12:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Westray_Tidal_EIA_Scoping_Report_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142326","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/westray-tidal-array-scoping-opinion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/scoping_opinion_16.pdf","title":"Westray Tidal Array Scoping Opinion","description":"On 1 December 2023, the Scottish Ministers received a scoping report (\u201cthe Scoping Report\u201d) from Orbital Marine Power (\u201cthe Developer\u201d) as part of its request for a scoping opinion relating to the Westray Tidal Array \u201c(the Proposed Development\u201d). The Scottish Ministers considered the content of the Scoping Report as sufficient and in accordance with regulation 14 of The Marine Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (\u201c2017 MW Regulations\u201d) and regulation 12 of The Electricity Works (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2017 (\u201c2017 EW Regulations\u201d) collectively referred to as (\u201cthe EIA Regulations\u201d).This scoping opinion is adopted by the Scottish Ministers under the EIA Regulations (\u201cScoping Opinion\u201d) in response to the Developer\u2019s request and should be read in conjunction with the Scoping Report. The matters contained in the Scoping Report have been carefully considered by the Scottish Ministers and use has been made of professional judgment, based on expert advice from stakeholders and Marine Directorate in-house expertise and experience. This Scoping Opinion identifies the scope of impacts to be addressed and the method of assessment to be used in the Environmental Impact Assessment Report (\u201cEIA Report\u201d) for the Proposed Development.","author":["Scottish Government Marine Directorate"],"organization":["Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2024-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.161758000000","-2.847379000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Visual Impacts","Fisheries","Navigation","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 10:25:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Westray_Tidal_Array_Scoping_Opinion_2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142327","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/advancing-marine-mammal-monitoring-large-scale-uav-delphinidae-datasets-robust-motion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666827025001914","title":"Advancing marine mammal monitoring: Large-scale UAV delphinidae datasets and robust motion tracking for group size estimation","description":"Reliable estimates of dolphin abundance are essential for conservation and impact assessment, yet manual analysis of aerial surveys is time-consuming and difficult to scale. This paper presents an end-to-end pipeline for automatic dolphin counting from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) video that combines modern object detection and multi-object tracking. We construct a large detection dataset of 64,705 images with 225,305 dolphin bounding boxes and a tracking dataset of 54,274 frames with 207,850 boxes and 603 unique tracks, derived from UAV line-transect surveys. Using these data, we train a YOLO11-based detector that achieves a precision of approximately 0.93 across a range of sea states. For tracking, we adopt BoT-SORT and tune its parameters with a genetic algorithm using a multi-metric objective, reducing ID fragmentation by about 29% relative to default settings. Recent YOLO-based cetacean detectors trained on UAV imagery of beluga whales report precision\/recall around 0.92\/0.92 for adults and 0.94\/0.89 for calves, but rely on DeepSORT tracking whose MOTA remains below 0.5 and must be boosted to roughly 0.7 with post-hoc trajectory post-processing. In this context, our pipeline offers competitive detection performance, substantially larger and fully documented detection and tracking benchmarks, and GA-optimized tracking without manual post-processing. Applied to dolphin group counting, the full pipeline attains a mean absolute error of 1.24 on a held-out validation set, demonstrating that UAV-based automated counting can support robust, scalable monitoring of coastal dolphin populations.","author":["Viegas Filipe, L.","Canelas, J.","Vieira, M.","Correia da Fonseca, F.","Cid, A.","Castro, J.","Machado, I."],"organization":["WavEC Offshore Renewables","AIMM Portugal","Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE)"],"originationDate":"2026-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-23 10:50:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Viegas_Filipe_etal_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142328","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/supergen-ore-hub-2026-strategic-research-agenda","sourceURL":"https:\/\/supergen-ore.net\/news-and-events\/strategic-research-agenda-new-report","title":"Supergen ORE Hub (2026) Strategic Research Agenda","description":"Coordinating research effort around shared strategic priorities is essential if the UK is to convert world-leading academic excellence into sustained innovation, industrial competitiveness and long-term sector growth. The UK ORE sector benefits from a range of established innovation support mechanisms, including the Energy Innovation Needs Assessments (EINAs), which help identify technology innovation priorities. At the European level, several Strategic Research and Innovation Agendas (SRIAs) provide longterm frameworks for coordinating research and innovation activities across key sectors, including offshore wind and ocean energy. However, while these frameworks provide valuable guidance on innovation requirements, there is currently no equivalent UK ORE sector-wide report dedicated to identifying and coordinating the underpinning research challenges that will shape the long-term development of the sector. The absence of such a report highlights a notable gap within the UK\u2019s innovation ecosystem. To address this gap, and support both innovation and accelerated sector growth, the Supergen ORE Hub SRA identifies the underpinning research priorities required to enable disruptive, crosscutting and long-term progress across the UK ORE sector. In doing so, it provides a strategic framework for coordinating research activity, informing investment decisions and aligning future research efforts with the evolving needs of industry, policymakers and wider society. The SRA is intended to serve as a valuable resource for a broad range of stakeholders across the UK ORE sector. However, it is primarily designed to support two key audiences: \u2022 First, it provides innovation funders and funding organisations with the evidence base required to design, target and coordinate future research and innovation calls around the identified priority areas within the UK ORE sector. In doing so, it aims to support more strategic investment decisions and encourage the development of coherent funding pathways that can accelerate progress from research through to commercialisation.\u2022 Second, it provides the wider research community with greater visibility of the priority challenges facing the sector. By establishing a shared understanding of future research needs, the SRA can help align activities across the innovation ecosystem and ensure that future interventions are targeted towards areas capable of delivering the greatest long-term impact.In addition to catering to these primary target audiences, the SRA will also: \u2022 Enable policy makers to create a connected pathway of research, innovation and commercialisation interventions to ensure climate and economic ambitions are achieved. \u2022 Assist industry to combine efforts, leverage existing research and access research expertise and facilities","author":["Greaves, D.","Brennan, F.","Brown, S.","Byrne, B.","Edwards, E.","Gilbert, J.","Grattan, K.","Hann, M.","Jeffery, H.","Mascall, R.","Mullings, H.","Noble, D.","Olsson, S.","Richards, L.","Scott, B.","Stallard, T.","Thies, P.","White, D.","Willden, R.","Zhao, X."],"organization":["Supergen Offshore Renewable Energy Hub","Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)"],"originationDate":"2026-07-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 05:16:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/SRA-Report-Digital.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142333","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/noaa-west-coast-deep-sea-coral-intiative-2018-2021-final-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/50942","title":"NOAA West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Intiative 2018-2021: Final Report","description":"This report summarizes the objectives, accomplishments, and outcomes of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) West Coast Deep-Sea Coral Initiative (WCDSCI), funded by the Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program1 (DSCRTP). The four-year initiative (2018-2021) was designed to explore, map, characterize, and conduct research on deepwater coral and sponge habitats in the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) region, inclusive of waters off California, Oregon, and Washington. Rotating regional initiatives are a part of DSCRTP\u2019s national strategy to support deep-sea coral and sponge (DSCS) habitat research and management needs across the US. The first West Coast regional initiative took place in 2010-2012. The West Coast marine region lies within the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. Vibrant DSCS communities have been observed across a diversity of seafloor features throughout the region\u2019s Exclusive Economic Zone, including both soft and hard bottom substrates along features such as offshore seamounts, basins, oil and methane seeps, and submarine canyons. DSCS communities have been identified as Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) by PFMC as they provide a number of ecosystem services that are critical to the health of surrounding ecological communities as well as the economic systems they support, such as recreational and commercial fisheries. In spite of this, several natural and anthropogenic threats impact these habitats. Bottom-contact fishing is a major threat to these long-lived, vulnerable systems. Some DSCS communities, however, are afforded protection through fishing restrictions established by the PFMC. For example, the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan established a number of Essential Fish Habitat Conservation Areas that restrict the use of bottom-contact fishing gears. In 2018, PFMC adopted Amendment 28 to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan (implemented January 2020) which closed additional areas to bottom contact fishing gears, and re-opened some previously restricted areas to better balance sustainable fishing and deep-sea habitat conservation. In addition, National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS) also protect DSCS habitats from seafloor disturbances such as those related to seabed construction, cable laying, and oil or gas drilling\/extraction. The United States is driven to meet increasing energy needs and support the nation\u2019s blue economy through offshore wind infrastructure development. This and other blue economy initiatives with potential to impact the seafloor such as aquaculture, other types of renewable energy development, and deep-sea mining could threaten known and unknown DSCS ecosystems. Beyond physical disturbance from fishing gear and development, changes to environmental conditions as a result of climate change will likely have ubiquitous impacts on deep-sea communities across the globe. One of the largest challenges facing resource managers\u2019 efforts to balance sustainable ocean use and deep-sea habitat conservation is the lack of high resolution seafloor mapping information and visual survey data across the US Exclusive Economic Zone. To prioritize filling these gaps the initiative began by forming a NOAA-led steering committee in 2018 with representatives from NOAA Fisheries Science Centers, Office of Habitat Conservation, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, and the Pacific Fishery Management Council. The steering committee hosted a Priority Scoping Workshop in Santa Barbara, California where three major research themes were established and codified in the subsequent WCDSCI Science Plan. Overall, those that attended in-person and virtually agreed that the initiative should aim to (1) gather baseline information from areas subject to fishing regulation changes prior to, and following, the implementation of Amendment 28 to the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan, (2) improve our understanding of known relatively high DSCS bycatch \u201chot spots,\u201d and (3) explore and assess DSCS resources within NMS. Under consultation with the PFMC, the Science Plan outlined the potential partners, strategies and targeted field and data analysis projects to address the thematic foci identified in the workshop. Major components included large scale region-wide research cruises, as well as smaller scale targeted cruises, alongside mapping fieldwork, modeling, data rescue, data analysis, and genetics projects. An additional target in this initiative emphasized during the scoping workshop, included education and outreach product development. Over the course of the initiative, three region-wide and several smaller scale research cruises were supported by WCDSCI. Two of the region-wide cruises advanced momentum initiated by the EXpanding Pacific Research and Exploration of Submerged Systems (EXPRESS) campaign, a cross federal agency (NOAA, BOEM, USGS) collaborative. As a result of the campaign, ship time, expertise, and other resources were leveraged to conduct 65 remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and 35 autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) surveys across 29 unique sites and collect hundreds of biological, geological, and seawater samples. Sites were prioritized in areas subject to fishing regulation changes implemented by Amendment 28, sanctuaries, areas with known high bycatch of DSCS, and offshore wind energy planning areas. Significant findings included the identification of coral and sponge gardens at Mendocino Ridge, observations that extended the known ranges of multiple deepwater corals (Primnoa pacifica and Stylaster parageus), and observations that preliminarily confirmed areas re-opened to bottom-contact fishing by the PFMC were generally depauperate of DSCS communities. Despite the unprecedented circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, one additional region-wide expedition occurred in 2020 on the Ocean Exploration Trust\u2019s E\/V Nautilus in partnership with NOAA\u2019s Office of Ocean Exploration and ONMS. Three expedition legs targeted visual surveys, collections, and telepresence-enabled outreach in one proposed and three existing West Coast sanctuaries. E\/V Nautilus\u2019 telepresence system allowed sanctuary scientists and EXPRESS partners to remotely guide 24\/7 ROV operations, which resulted in significant discoveries including several new habitats with high densities of DSCS, further evidence of a petrale sole spawning area in a proposed sanctuary, and an unknown glass sponge reef within Channel Islands NMS. Smaller-scale research cruises targeted sanctuary priorities within the Olympic Coast, Monterey, Greater Farallones, and Channel Islands NMS. Ranging from 6-11 days at sea, ROVs or a drop camera were deployed to conduct visual surveys of the seafloor to identify DSCS species, map their distributions, and inform sanctuary management decisions related to these vulnerable habitats. This data will contribute to sanctuary managers\u2019 understanding of the distribution of resources within their boundaries, be incorporated into congressionally mandated condition reports, and support management plan updates and action plans. The initiative also supported 12 associated studies. Referred to as small projects, these studies produced a variety of products and tools including: an online spatial prioritization tool to guide mapping, ROV\/AUV site selection; the development of an image-based analysis of coral gardens; the acquisition and synthesis of seafloor mapping data across the West Coast; best practices for advanced habitat and distribution modeling of DSCS; a widely used targeted species collection list; a West Coast-wide identification guide for DSCS and fishes; advances in species identification, connectivity and environmental DNA (eDNA) studies; a comparative analysis of DSCS associations with groundfishes; annotated historical data sets; 3-dimensional photomosaics of DSCS habitats; an online geospatial learning portal for high school classrooms; and 3-dimensional printed models of DSCS specimens for sanctuary outreach kits. These studies are either completed or nearing completion despite encountering challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic involving the delay or cancellation of ship time, restricted access to laboratories, office spaces and samples. WCDSCI showcased an unprecedented level of collaboration among federal agencies to which much of the success of the initiative is owed, particularly with respect to executing region-wide field missions and leveraging additional funding. Through EXPRESS, cross-agency partnerships were built upon a solid foundation of communication where data needs, priorities, and resources were regularly shared. This foundation was critical for efficiently mobilizing the relevant technology, expertise, and other resources to address the broad array of science and management objectives determined at the priority scoping workshop. Inspired by the level of success in 2021, an EXPRESS-like campaign launched in Alaska known as Seascape Alaska. Overall, data collected and analyzed with WCDSCI support will inform a number of high priority, multi agency management issues related to seafloor protections such as Essential Fish Habitat Conservation Areas, the development of offshore energy, the designation process and management of a new National Marine Sanctuary, and improved management of existing National Marine Sanctuaries. This initiative also focused resources on reaching a wide array of audiences in effort to connect people to these habitats that are remote and obscure, but important to the overall health of the ocean. From interactive, 3-dimensional digital models of DSCS species, to live streaming real time ROV footage, to serving freely available high school curricula, the initiative provided accessible and effective outreach that can build public awareness, interest, and support for DSCS ecosystems.","author":["Duncan, E.","Adams, C.","Caldow, C.","Chavez, E.","Clarke, E.","Coleman, H.","Everett, M.","Hourigan, T.","Laidig, T.","Waddell, J.","Winship, A."],"organization":["Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary","NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration","NOAA Fisheries","NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary","CSS, Inc","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)"],"originationDate":"2023-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 09:41:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Duncan_et_al_2023.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142334","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/state-deep-sea-coral-sponge-ecosystems-united-states","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/17609","title":"The State of Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States","description":"Corals and sponges create the most important biogenic habitats in the deep sea, and support ecosystems of incredible variety and biodiversity. In 2007, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) published the first peer\u2010reviewed report on the State of Deep Coral Ecosystems of the United States (Lumsden et al. 2007). The 2017 report on the State of Deep\u2010Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States updates information on deep\u2010sea coral ecosystems and management efforts to protect them over the last decade, and presents a first summary of information on U.S. deep\u2010sea sponge ecosystems. It consists of an introduction, six regional chapters with accompanying on\u2010line resources, and six spotlight chapters that highlight advances on crosscutting themes.","author":["Hourigan, T.","Etnoyer, P.","Cairns, S."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","Smithsonian Institution","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2017-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-24 09:36:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hourigan_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142336","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/policy-implications-offshore-renewable-energy-australia-msp-approach-supporting-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0301421525001284","title":"Policy implications for offshore renewable energy in Australia: An MSP approach supporting the energy transition","description":"In response to the \u2018climate crisis\u2019, countries around the world are implementing policy, administrative, and structural changes to transition towards a decarbonised economy. A key aspect of this shift is the development of offshore wind. In many countries, integrated ocean management approaches including Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) have been used to manage offshore wind development. However, in Australia \u2013 a country new to offshore wind - a traditional sector-specific approach has been adopted. Given the need for relatively rapid development of Australia\u2019s offshore renewable energy industry, and the urgency of the decarbonisation agenda, implementing a comprehensive MSP approach within the required timeframe would be challenging. This article therefore aims to identify elements of the MSP process that can be rapidly deployed to support offshore wind development. Drawing on lessons learnt internationally, we examine how three key elements of MSP\u2014governance integration, participation, and building the evidence-base \u2014might be employed in advance (or in lieu) of a formal MSP process. We provide recommendations to support the rollout of offshore wind that would provide coordinated pathways for integrated governance, build knowledge and provide greater social and environmental accept ability, which is relevant for other countries developing their offshore energy capacity in the absence of MSP.","author":["Griffiths, L.","Goodman, C.","Voyer, M.","Stockbridge, J.","Lewis, A.","Croft, F.","Frid, C."],"organization":["Griffith University","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)","University of Wollongong","University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2025-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 04:44:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Griffiths.L_2025_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142337","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-renewable-energy-smes-innovation-interactions-across-triple-helix-management","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10961-024-10178-3","title":"Offshore renewable energy SMEs\u0027 innovation interactions across the triple helix: a management as practice perspective","description":"Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) could be pivotal in combating climate change, offering reliable and sustainable energy with less intermittency than other renewables. However, unlocking its potential requires robust collaboration across many different actors. The purpose of this study is to explore the \u2018human element\u2019 of how SME leadership manage the technology transfer process and the underlying inter-organisational interactions across the triple helix. To achieve this, we adopt a management as practice perspective using Whittington\u2019s (2016) framework, which delineates praxis, practices, and practitioners. The research study employed a multiple case study design, and the primary sample included eight European ORE SME case studies. The study finds SMEs operate within a heavily strained triple helix environment, requiring them to navigate complex bureaucratic dynamics with universities and government partners. This is further compounded by fragmented governance structures across the EU, making collaboration reliant on forging strategic alliances. We find that the \u2018human element\u2019 within SMEs embodying an innate blend of ability, experience, pragmatism, and adaptability is central to executing successful interactions. We discuss the policies needed for ORE SMEs to navigate the multifaceted challenges surrounding the human element of triple helix interactions.","author":["Barrett, G.","Crowley, F."],"organization":["University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2026-01-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 04:47:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barrett_G_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142338","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/floating-renewables-sustainable-malaysian-islands-3e-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2468013326000197","title":"Floating renewables for sustainable Malaysian Islands: A 3E assessment","description":"Island communities in Malaysia remain highly dependent on fossil fuel\u2013based electricity, necessitating reliable and economically viable renewable energy alternatives. This study presents a 3E (energy, economic, and envi ronmental) assessment of 1 MW offshore floating solar photovoltaic (OFPV), floating offshore wind (FOW), and wave energy converter (WEC) systems\u0027 feasibility at Tioman, Langkawi, and Pangkor Islands of Malaysia. Energy performance results show that OFPV systems generate 1455.3\u20131553.3 MWh\/year, achieving capacity factors of 17\u201318% and high-performance ratios of 0.84\u20130.86, with Langkawi exhibiting the most stable and favourable solar conditions. Floating offshore wind produces the annual energy output of 114.2 -853.58 MWh\/year with an average capacity factor of 5 %. Among sites, Pangkor Island demonstrates limited wind potential, with capacity factors below 2 %. Wave energy systems have outputs of approximately 461\u2013684 MWh\/year, with capacity factors ranging from 5 % to 8 %, reflecting the low-to-moderate wave climate of Malaysian coastal waters, though Langkawi performs best during monsoon months. Economic analysis indicates that floating solar is the most cost-effective technology, exhibiting the lowest levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and the shortest payback period under an avoided electricity cost of RM 0.20\/kWh. Floating offshore wind shows a moderate LCOE and longer payback period due to higher capital and maintenance costs, while wave energy remains economically uncompetitive, with payback periods exceeding the project lifetime. Environmentally, all systems contribute to emissions reduction by displacing diesel-based generation. Overall, the results identify Tioman as the most suitable site for wind energy deployment, Langkawi as optimal for floating solar and wave energy, and floating solar as the most viable near-term solution for sustainable island electrification in Malaysia.","author":["Kaur, N.","Sudhakar, K.","Mohamed, M.R.","Cuce, E.","Barbulescu, D."],"organization":["Universiti Malaysia Pahang","Universiti Malaysia Pahang","Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT)","Chitkara University","Algorithm Intelligence"],"originationDate":"2026-06-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 04:50:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kaur.N._2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142375","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shear-stress-measurements-erosion-implications-wave-combined-wave-current-generated","sourceURL":"https:\/\/ascelibrary.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1061\/%28ASCE%29WW.1943-5460.0000137","title":"Shear Stress Measurements and Erosion Implications for Wave and Combined Wave-Current Generated Flows","description":"Sediment transport in wave-dominated environments is of great interest for dredged material placement, contaminated sediments, habitat protection, and other issues. The shear stress at the sediment-water interface during a wave event is an important parameter in determining erosion and transport for both experimental and model simulation applications. Sandia National Laboratories has developed a laboratory and field device called the sediment erosion actuated by wave oscillations and linear flow (SEAWOLF) flume in which high-resolution, particle-image velocimetry (PIV) has been applied to investigate turbulent flow shear stresses for a variety of flow conditions. The results of the PIV analysis for a wave cycle demonstrate a fully developed turbulent flow, relaminarization, and an explosive transition back to turbulence. In many cases, the results of the flume tests did not show good agreement with previously reported computational fluid dynamic results and existing theories, such as Blasius, for wave-current interactions, which raises the question of whether similar phenomena are present in real environments. These results implore more studies to be conducted with similarly high-resolution field measurements and modeling efforts to determine shear stress time history for oscillatory flows and the subsequent effects on erosion and sediment transport in wave-dominated environments.","author":["Jepsen, R.","Roberts, J.","Kearney, S.","Dimiduk, T.","O\u0027Hern, T.","Gailani, J."],"organization":["Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)","Cornell University","US Army Corps of Engineers"],"originationDate":"2011-11-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-28 10:44:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142532","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/recommendations-heads-state-government-international-scientific-committee-one-ocean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/archimer.ifremer.fr\/doc\/00968\/107959\/","title":"Recommendations to Heads of State and Government from the International Scientific Committee of the One Ocean Science Congress, Nice, 3-6 June 2025","description":"Scientific research plays a pivotal role in supporting decision-makers to address global ocean challenges, including the impacts of and solutions to climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation. This involves delivering clear, evidence-based guidance that integrates Indigenous knowledge and diverse value systems. At this critical juncture for our planet, a close interaction between scientists and decision-makers to advocate for science-driven policies that promote long-term ocean sustainability, engage the public, foster inclusivity, and stimulate innovation through interdisciplinary research. Grounded in scientific insights, we provide 10 thematic recommendations aligned with the Ocean Action Panels to shape discussions at the 2025 United Nations Ocean Conference.","author":["Gattuso, J-P.","Houllier, F.","Adams, J.","Amon, D.","Bambridge, T.","Cheung, W.","Chiba, S.","Cortes, J.","Duarte, C.","Fr\u00f6hlicher, T.L.","Gelcich, S.","Gephart, J.","Gjerde, K.","Greaves, D.","Haugan, P.","Li, D.","Takoko, M.","Tuda, A."],"organization":["Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations (IDDRI)","The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER)","Nelson Mandela University","University of California Santa Barbara","French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)","University of British Columbia","North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)","Universidad de Costa Rica","King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)","University of Bern","Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","University of Washington","International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)","University of Plymouth","Norwegian Institute of Marine Research","East China Normal University","Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA)","United Nations (UN)"],"originationDate":"2025-06-03","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-30 09:25:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gattuso_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142534","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/designing-wave-farms-support-mangrove-restoration-coupled-hydro-morphodynamic-habitat","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666519026001664","title":"Designing wave farms to support mangrove restoration: A coupled hydro-morphodynamic and habitat suitability modelling approach","description":"Wave farms are increasingly proposed for hybrid coastal infrastructure, offering both renewable energy generation and shoreline protection. However, their potential to enable ecological restoration, particularly for mangrove restoration, remains underexplored. This study presents a novel framework for evaluating how wave farms can precondition coastal zones for mangrove restoration by attenuating wave energy, reducing erosion, and expanding areas of hydrodynamic suitability. Using a schematized coupled depth averaged (2DH) hydrodynamic, spectral wave and morphodynamic model in Delft3D, six wave farm configurations were tested under idealized conditions to quantify wave attenuation, sediment retention, and habitat suitability. Mangrove survivability was assessed through a novel drag-based (Type II) erosion-adjusted uprooting threshold. K-means clustering was applied to field-collected morphological traits to define three distinct seedling groups, enabling species-specific resistance modelling based on frontal area and anchorage. The results show that array layout strongly influences ecological and engineering performance. Some configurations enhanced erosion reduction and created more contiguous planting zones while others expanded the total area suitable for restoration. The proposed framework identifies zones preconditioned for restoration, which can be made viable for planting through interventions such as mud nourishment or raised platforms. This study provides a transferable methodology to support hybrid infrastructure design for climate resilience, ecosystem recovery, and local socioeconomic benefit.","author":["Boodoo, A.","Villarroel-Lamb, D.","Cross, J."],"organization":["Institute of Science Tokyo","University of the West Indies"],"originationDate":"2027-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-07-31 08:30:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/AvinashBoodoo-2027.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142544","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cetacean-seabird-data-collected-during-hawaiian-islands-cetacean-ecosystem-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/69904","title":"Cetacean and Seabird Data Collected During the Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS), July\u2013December 2023","description":"During summer and fall 2023, the Pacific Islands and Southwest Fisheries Science Centers conducted a comprehensive line-transect survey for cetaceans and seabirds within the U.S. waters surrounding the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS) 2023 project was conducted as part of the Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (PacMAPPS) 2.0, the second partnership between NOAA Fisheries and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). PacMAPPS includes rotational ship surveys in regions of joint interest throughout the Pacific designed to estimate the abundance of cetaceans and seabirds and to assess the ecosystems supporting these species. HICEAS 2023 surveyed approximately 20,200 km of trackline over 145 days at sea aboard NOAA Ships Oscar Elton Sette and Reuben Lasker. Sette sailed for 106 days in July\u2013November and Lasker sailed 39 days in October\u2013December. The team conducted visual and passive acoustic surveys during daylight hours when weather permitted. There were 310 sightings of at least 24 cetacean species and approximately 35,600 photos were collected during 154 sightings for individual or species identification. The most frequently sighted species during the project were Bryde\u2019s whales (Balaenoptera edeni, 33 sightings), short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrohynchus, 26 sightings), and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, 24 sightings). Six biopsy samples were collected from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three biopsy samples from pygmy killer whales (Feresa attenuata). During towed array surveys, there were 526 acoustic detections of cetaceans, of which 131 were linked to sighted groups. Two seasonal species of baleen whales, humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) whales, were detected by the towed array during the project. Fifteen Drifting Acoustic Spar Buoy Recorders (DASBRs) were deployed and recovered throughout the survey area and will contribute additional information on the distribution of deep-diving whales difficult to survey from the ship. The seabird observers counted 20,595 individual birds in 7,354 sightings of 55 individual species (plus 18 additional taxonomic groupings). Three common seabird species breeding in the Hawaiian Islands accounted for 50% of sightings and 56% of total individuals observed: the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus; 2,362 sightings, 32% relative abundance), Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscata; 445 sightings, 6% relative abundance), and Red-footed Booby (Sula sula; 861 sightings, 11% relative abundance). Two hundred and twenty-one seabird feeding flocks were observed. Oceanographic sampling was conducted with at least twice daily CTD casts when conditions permitted, with a total of 169 casts throughout the survey area. Twenty of the CTD casts also collected water to process for eDNA samples. Eighty-eight evening net tows were conducted and collected a broad range of taxa of ichthyoplankton including larvae of mesopelagic, reef, large pelagic, and forage fish.","author":["Yano, K. M.","Oleson, E.","McCullough, J. L. K.","Hill, M. C.","Bradford, A. L.","Joyce, T.","Suca, J. J.","Whitney, J. L.","Henry, A."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","University of Hawaii","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 06:31:13","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Yano_et_al_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142545","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/final-report-april-2009-gulf-alaska-line-transect-survey-goals-navy-training-exercise","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us\/files\/6416\/6017\/6260\/Rone_et_al._2009_GOALS_I_April_2009_Final_Report-Resubmit.pdf","title":"Final Report for the April 2009 Gulf of Alaska Line-Transect Survey (GOALS) in the Navy Training Exercise Area","description":"Little is known about the occurrence of cetaceans found in offshore waters in the Gulf of Alaska; however, whaling records and a few recent surveys have shown this area to be important habitat. The United States Navy maintains a maritime training area in the central Gulf of Alaska, east of Kodiak Island, and has requested additional information on marine mammal presence and use of this area. To determine the occurrence and distribution of marine mammals in and around the Navy training area, a line-transect visual and acoustic survey was conducted 10-20 April 2009 from the NOAA R\/V Oscar Dyson. The primary survey area encompassed nearshore, shelf and offshore pelagic waters of the central Gulf of Alaska. Survey lines were designed to provide equal coverage of the nearshore and offshore habitat.  During this project, the visual survey covered a total of 760 kilometers (410 nautical miles) on-effort while transit and fog effort legs accounted for 553 km (298 nm). There were a total of 96 sightings (453 individuals) of 11 confirmed marine mammal species; these included fin, humpback, gray, and minke whales as well as killer whales, Dall\u2019s and harbor porpoise, Pacific white-sided dolphins and Steller sea lions, harbor seals and sea otters. Additionally, there were 36 sightings (46 individuals) of unidentified large whales, dolphins and pinnipeds. Acoustically, operations were conducted 24-hours\/day surveying a total of 3,519 km (1,900 nm) and recording 49 acoustic detections of sperm whales and killer whales. Photographs of nineteen individual killer whales and four fin whales were obtained on this cruise and compared to existing catalogs.  Density and abundance estimates were calculated for fin and humpback whales by stratum using several models. All results were fairly similar given the constraints of the sample sizes involved.  Best estimates were obtained using additional sightings from a previous cruise on a similar vessel for calculating the sighting detection function (distances at which whales were sighted from the transect line). These yielded estimates of 594 (CV=0.29) and 889 (CV=0.57) fin whales for the inshore and offshore stratum, respectively, and 219 (CV=0.57) and 56 (CV=0.57) humpback whales in the inshore and offshore stratums, respectively. A small proportion of large whales were not identified to species but were most likely fin or humpback whales and estimates of these unidentified whales could be assigned to these species based on the proportion of fin and humpback whales identified in each stratum. This raised fin whale estimates of abundance to 666 and 938 (inshore and offshore stratums, respectively) and humpback whale estimates to 265 and 63 (inshore and offshore stratums, respectively). Despite a number of logistical and time limitations, the survey achieved its primary objectives and provided new information on marine mammal occurrence and abundance in the region. Sightings were adequate to allow density and abundance estimates for fin and humpback whales. Identification photographs obtained on this cruise provide verification of seasonal presence of individual fin and killer whales in a study area that is rarely accessible.","author":["Rone, B. K.","Douglas, A. B.","Clapham, P.","Martinez, A.","Morse, L.","Zerbini, A.","Calambokidis, J."],"organization":["NOAA Fisheries","Cascadia Research Collective","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2009-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 08:42:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rone_et_al._2009.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142546","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/report-gulf-alaksa-line-transect-survey-goals-ii-marine-mammal-occurrence-temporary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us\/files\/1813\/9785\/1478\/GOALS_II_Final_Report_16APR2014.pdf","title":"Report for the Gulf of Alaksa Line-Transect Survey (GOALS) II: Marine Mammal Occurrence in the Temporary Maritime Activities Area (TMAA)","description":"The U.S. Navy periodically uses a Temporary Maritime Activities Area (TMAA) in the central Gulf of Alaska (GoA), east of Kodiak Island. Current scientific data on affected biological and environmental resources are necessary to conduct analyses required for Navy training, exercise, and technology-acquisition activities. In 2009, the Navy funded a vessel-based line-transect survey that provided density estimates for fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whales in the TMAA. However, additional data on marine mammal species were necessary to obtain the regionalized population-density data that Navy and other participating Federal agencies like the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management need to meet their environmental stewardship obligations. In the summer of 2013, the Navy funded a second survey to fill in the gaps of knowledge on distribution, movements, and densities of marine mammals within this training area. During this survey, the visual team surveyed 4,504 kilometers (km) of \u2018full-effort,\u2019 which included 349 km of \u2018transit-effort.\u2019 There was an additional 375 km of \u2018fog-effort\u2019 (transect and transit). Based on total effort, there were 802 sightings (1,998 individuals) of 13 confirmed marine mammal species, with an additional 162 sightings (228 individuals) of unidentified cetaceans and pinnipeds (including those recorded on transit and during off-effort mode). The acoustic team conducted round-the-clock monitoring with a towed-hydrophone array for 6,304 km of line-transect effort totaling 426 hours of \u2018standard\u2019 monitoring, with an additional 374 km of ~30 hours of \u2018non-standard\u2019 and \u2018chase\u2019 effort. There were 379 acoustic detections and 267 localizations of six confirmed cetacean species. Additionally, 186 sonobuoys were deployed (success rate of 93.5 percent) with seven confirmed cetacean species detected. Two satellite transmitter tags were attached to monitor movements of cetaceans. One was deployed on a blue whale (B. musculus), which transmitted for 9 days, and the other was deployed on a Baird\u2019s beaked whale (Berardius bairdii), which transmitted for 15 days. Based on photo-identification matches, the tagged blue whale had been previously identified off Baja California, Mexico, in 2005. Photographs of five cetacean species were collected for photo identification purposes: fin, humpback, blue, killer (Orcinus orca) and Baird\u2019s beaked whales. Density and abundance estimates (uncorrected for proportion of animals missed on the transect line) were estimated from line-transect data for six cetacean and one pinniped species. The abundance of large whales not identified to species was computed and allocated to blue, fin, and humpback whales proportionally within each stratum. Pooled density (D) and abundance (N) estimates for the survey area were: blue whales (N = 78; D = 0.0005; CV = 1.22), fin whales (N = 3,581; D = 0.0217; CV = 0.28), humpback whales (N = 3,054; D = 0.0185; CV = 0.71), killer whales (N = 950; D = 0.0058; CV = 0.73), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus; N = 296; D = 0.0018; CV(N) = 0.57), Dall\u2019s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli; N = 11,924; D = 0.0722; CV = 0.28), and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus; N = 1,770; D = 0.0107; CV = 0.23). A second density and abundance estimate was obtained for sperm whales using acoustic localizations from the towed-hydrophone array (N = 215; D = 0.0013; CV = 0.18). The estimates of abundance and density for five species were obtained for the first time for this region. New information on movements and habitat use were documented using data collected from the first satellite tag deployments on either blue or Baird\u2019s beaked whales within this region. Photographic data contributed to knowledge on seasonal presence of individuals. Overall, this survey provides one of the most comprehensive datasets on marine mammal occurrence, abundance, and distribution within the central GoA, an area rarely surveyed.","author":["Rone, B. K.","Douglas, A. B.","Yack, T.","Zerbini, A.","Norris, T.","Ferguson, E.","Calambokidis, J."],"organization":["Cascadia Research Collective","NOAA Fisheries","Bio-Waves Inc","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2014-04-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 08:53:10","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rone_et_al_2014.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142547","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/abundance-distribution-cetaceans-gulf-alaska","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us\/files\/5014\/9555\/2858\/Rone_et_al_2017_Abundance__distribution_of_cetaceans_Gulf_of_Alaska.pdf","title":"Abundance and distribution of cetaceans in the Gulf of Alaska","description":"To effectively protect and manage marine mammals, contemporary information on their abundance and distribution is essential. Several factors influence present-day insight including the accessibility of the study area and the degree of difficulty in locating and studying target species. The offshore waters of the Gulf of Alaska are important habitat to a variety of cetaceans yet have remained largely unsurveyed due to its remote location, vast geographic area, and challenging environmental conditions. Between 2009 and 2015, three vessel surveys were conducted using line-transect sampling methods to estimate cetacean abundance and density. Here, we present results on the distribution for all species encountered and density and abundance for six species, including humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus), blue whales (B. musculus), killer whales (Orcinus orca), and Dall\u2019s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli). Fin whales, humpback whales, and Dall\u2019s porpoise were the most abundant species. Beaked whales were documented only in 2015. Prior to this study, recent sightings of blue whales were rare, likely related to the lack of offshore survey coverage. No North Pacific right whales (Eubalaena japonica) were sighted, underscoring the critically endangered status of this species in a formerly populous habitat. Although these results provide the first estimates from offshore waters, additional effort is necessary to assess trends and to obtain baseline data for the rare and cryptic species in order to better inform conservation and management actions.","author":["Rone, B. K.","Zerbini, A.","Douglas, A. B.","Weller, D.","Clapham, P."],"organization":["National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","Cascadia Research Collective"],"originationDate":"2016-12-23","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 09:00:19","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Rone_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142548","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/habitat-based-density-estimates-cetaceans-within-waters-us-exclusive-economic-zone","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/29276","title":"Habitat-based density estimates for cetaceans within the waters of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone around the Hawaiian Archipelago","description":"The Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS) 2017 was conducted in waters within the United States (U.S.) Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) around the Hawaiian Archipelago (henceforth \u201cHawaiian EEZ\u201d for brevity) from 6 July through 1 December 2017 (Yano et al. 2018). The primary objective of this line-transect survey was to collect cetacean sighting data to support the derivation of cetacean density estimates using both design-based analyses and habitat modeling techniques. This report summarizes the results of the habitat modeling effort. The design-based estimates are described separately in Bradford et al. (in review). Habitat models, or species distribution models (SDMs), have been recognized as valuable tools for estimating the density and distribution of cetaceans and assessing potential impacts from a wide range of anthropogenic activities (e.g., Gilles et al. 2011; Goetz et al. 2012; Hammond et al. 2013; Redfern et al. 2013). SDMs for nine cetacean species have been developed for waters in the central North Pacific, including U.S. EEZ waters around the Hawaiian Islands, from ship based, line-transect survey data collected by the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC) and Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) between 1997 and 2012 (Forney et al. 2015). The models provided spatially explicit density predictions at a 25 km \u00d7 25 km grid resolution for pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), striped dolphin (S. coeruleoalba), spinner dolphin (S. longirostris), rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis), common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and Bryde\u2019s whale (Balaenoptera edeni). To develop improved and updated SDMs, sighting data from HICEAS 2017 were combined with previous line-transect survey data collected within waters of the Hawaiian EEZ from 2002 to 2016. The majority of these data were from the two previous HICEAS efforts, the first in 2002 (Barlow 2006) and the second in 2010 (Bradford et al. 2017). In contrast to previous modeling efforts that included survey data from a broader region of the central Pacific Ocean (Becker et al. 2012; Forney et al. 2015), the current SDMs were built only with survey data collected within waters of the Hawaiian EEZ. Habitat models were developed to derive spatially explicit estimates of species density specific to the Hawaiian EEZ based on previously established methods that allow for the incorporation of segment-specific estimates of detection probability (Becker et al. 2016). Potential habitat variables included bathymetric depth, distance to islands, and a suite of dynamic surface and subsurface outputs from an ocean circulation model. The habitat-based models of cetacean density developed in this study represent an improvement over the previous models developed by Forney et al. (2015) because they more accurately account for variation in detection probabilities, provide finer-scale density predictions (~9 km \u00d7 9 km grid resolution), and better account for uncertainty in the resulting study area abundance estimates. In addition, they include dynamic subsurface variables that were not available for the previous models. Further, increases in sample sizes allowed us to develop a new habitat model for Risso\u2019s dolphin (Grampus griseus).","author":["Becker, E.","Forney, K.","Oleson, E.","Bradford, A. L.","Moore, J.","Barlow, J."],"organization":["University of California Santa Cruz","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2021-03-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 09:27:50","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Becker_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142549","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/abundance-estimates-false-killer-whales-hawaiian-waters-broader-central-pacific","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/24756","title":"Abundance Estimates of False Killer Whales in Hawaiian Waters and the Broader Central Pacific","description":"The abundance of two remote and broadly-distributed populations of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) in Hawaiian waters was estimated using sighting data collected from ship-based, line-transect surveys conducted by NOAA Fisheries within the central Pacific between 1986\u22122017, including the three Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS) efforts in the summer and fall of 2002, 2010, and 2017. The abundance of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) population was estimated for 2010 and 2017 and of the pelagic population for each HICEAS year. Both design- and model-based line-transect analysis methods were used in the abundance estimation of the transboundary pelagic population, with the design-based approach estimating density uniformly within the U.S. Hawaiian Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and the model-based approach estimating density as a function of habitat covariates within the broader central Pacific and, from that, the EEZ. The design-based estimates of NWHI abundance in 2010 and 2017 are 878 (CV, 1.15; 95% CI, 145 to 5,329) and 477 (CV, 1.71; 95% CI, 48 to 4,712) individuals, respectively. The design-based estimates of pelagic false killer whale abundance in the EEZ in 2002, 2010, and 2017 are highly variable across years compared to the model-based estimates, although the average estimates over the three survey years are similar at 2,736 (CV, 0.53; 95% CI, 1,030 to 7,269) and 2,115 (CV, 0.34; 95% CI, 1,111 to 4,026) individuals for the design- and model-based approaches, respectively. Random variation in encounter rate and shifts in distribution within and around the EEZ are likely contributors to the variation in the design-based estimates. The combined use of these approaches strengthens the assessment and management of pelagic false killer whales by providing consistent abundance estimates for context-specific management applications. Ultimately, the model-based approach offers a more stable basis for managing pelagic false killer whales over time and allows for the estimation of abundance outside the EEZ, which is especially important for mitigating population-level impacts from longline fisheries.","author":["Bradford, A. L.","Becker, E.","Oleson, E.","Forney, K.","Moore, J.","Barlow, J."],"organization":["NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center","University of California Santa Cruz","Ocean Associates Inc.","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2020-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 09:40:02","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bradford_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142550","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/line-transect-abundance-estimates-cetaceans-us-waters-around-hawaiian-islands-2002","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/29004","title":"Line-transect Abundance Estimates of Cetaceans in U.S. Waters around the Hawaiian Islands in 2002, 2010, and 2017","description":"Twenty-four species of cetaceans (18 odontocetes, 6 mysticetes) regularly occur in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone of the Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian EEZ). Abundance estimates are needed to evaluate the impacts of human activities in population assessments of these species. The Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS) is a recurring ship-based, line-transect survey designed to estimate cetacean abundance in the entirety of the Hawaiian EEZ. Given the vast study area, two ships operating a total of approximately 180 days within the summer-fall period are required to complete each HICEAS. To date, HICEAS has been conducted in 2002, 2010, and 2017. Low encounter rates in the study area require that sightings of the same and similar species be pooled with sightings from previous line-transect surveys when estimating detection functions. Thus, estimating cetacean abundance during HICEAS 2017 offered an opportunity to update abundance estimates from HICEAS 2002 and2010 using the most current detection functions and new estimates of trackline detection probabilities that consider the effect of survey sighting conditions. Group size and Beaufort sea state were the most important factors affecting the detectability of cetacean groups. Abundance was estimated for 21, 19, and 18 species in 2002, 2010, and 2017, respectively, with 16 species (14 odontocetes, 2 mysticetes) accounted for in all HICEAS years. Across all species and years, abundance point estimates range from 137 blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in 2010 to 76,375 rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) in 2017. The low encounter rates led to high CVs (range, 0.27 to 1.71) for most estimates and low power to detect trends in abundance during the study period. Additionally, random variation in the sampling process and sighting attributes, along with interannual variation in oceanographic conditions within the Hawaiian EEZ, had pronounced effects on the abundance estimates, further complicating comparisons among years. Habitat-based modeling, satellite tagging, photo-identification, acoustic analyses, and simulation approaches can provide additional temporal and spatial inference that may be needed to assess and manage high priority species.","author":["Bradford, A. L.","Oleson, E.","Forney, K.","Moore, J.","Barlow, J."],"organization":["NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2021-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 09:54:55","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Bradford_et_al_2021.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142551","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cetacean-seabird-data-collected-during-winter-hawaiian-islands-cetacean-ecosystem","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/27435","title":"Cetacean and Seabird Data Collected During the Winter Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (Winter HICEAS), January\u2013March 2020","description":"The Winter Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (referred to as \u201cWinter HICEAS\u201d) of 2020 was a ship-board survey for cetaceans and seabirds within offshore waters surrounding the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). This project used many of the same methods as the previous HICEAS projects which occurred in 2002 (Barlow 2006), 2010 (Bradford et al. 2017), and 2017 (Yano et al. 2018).The Winter HICEAS 2020 project represents the third cetacean and ecosystem assessment survey conducted as part of the Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (PacMAPPS), a partnership between NOAA Fisheries, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), and the U.S. Navy. PacMAPPS includes rotational ship surveys in regions of joint interest throughout the Pacific designed to estimate the abundance of cetaceans and seabirds and to assess the ecosystems supporting these species. The previous PacMAPPS surveys include the 2017 HICEAS and 2018 California Current Ecosystem Survey. The HICEAS project was a collaborative effort between the Pacific Islands and the Southwest Fisheries Science Centers (PIFSC and SWFSC) and surveyed the U.S. waters surrounding the northwestern and main Hawaiian Islands from July through December 2017, whereas the 2018 California Current Ecosystem Survey, led by the SWFSC, surveyed waters offshore from the U.S. West Coast from June through December 2018 (Henry et al. 2020). Winter HICEAS 2020 sailed aboard the NOAA Ship Oscar Elton Sette (hereafter referred to as the Sette) for 51 days-at-sea. The project was conducted during 2 survey \u201clegs\u201d; Leg 1 sailed on 18 January to 12 February and Leg 2 sailed on 17 February to 12 March.","author":["Yano, K. M.","Oleson, E.","McCullough, J. L. K.","Hill, M. C.","Henry, A."],"organization":["University of Hawaii","NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2020-11-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 10:09:36","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Yano_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142553","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cetacean-seabird-data-collected-during-hawaiian-islands-cetacean-ecosystem-0","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us\/files\/6716\/6208\/4028\/Yano_et_al_2018_Cetacean_and_seabird_data_collected_during_HICEAS_July_to_Dec_2017.pdf","title":"Cetacean and Seabird Data Collected During the Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS), July\u2013December 2017","description":"The Hawaiian Islands Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey (HICEAS) of 2017 was a large-scale ship survey for cetaceans and seabirds within U.S. waters surrounding the Hawaiian Islands. HICEAS 2017 was the third of its kind using many of the same methods and encompassing the same study area as surveys which occurred in 2002 (Barlow et al. 2006) and 2010 (Bradford et al. 2017). The 2017 survey represented the first Cetacean and Ecosystem Assessment Survey conducted as part of the Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (PacMAPPS), a partnership between NOAA Fisheries, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), U.S. Navy, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. PacMAPPS includes rotational ship surveys in regions of joint interest throughout the Pacific designed to estimate the abundance of cetaceans and seabirds and to assess the ecosystems supporting these species. HICEAS 2017 was a collaborative survey between the Pacific Islands and Southwest Fisheries Science Centers (PIFSC and SWFSC). The survey took place from 6 July to 1 December 2017, aboard the NOAA Ships Oscar Elton Sette and Reuben Lasker (hereafter referred to as the Sette and the Lasker, respectively), spanning 7 survey \u201clegs\u201d and 179 days-at-sea across both ships.","author":["Yano, K. M.","Oleson, E.","Keating, J.","Ballance, L.","Hill, M. C.","Bradford, A. L.","Allen, A. N.","Joyce, T.","Moore, J.","Henry, A."],"organization":["University of Hawaii","NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)","US Department of the Interior (DOI)"],"originationDate":"2018-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-04 10:41:37","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Yano_et_al_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142555","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/computer-vision-based-approach-monitor-changes-ecosystems-associated-marine-renewable","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-62922-4","title":"A computer vision-based approach to monitor changes in ecosystems associated with marine renewable energy projects","description":"To assess the potential ecological effects of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices, it is essential to establish a baseline of ecosystem conditions prior to disturbance and to monitor throughout the installation, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning phases. The design of mitigation and compensation measures depends on the difference between baseline conditions and the impacted ecosystem. In this study, we develop and evaluate a semiautomated methodological proof-of-concept using computer vision to assess environmental changes around MRE devices. Using fish monitoring as a case study, we reduced image processing time by eliminating empty frames and detecting fish in the remaining frames. Species identification was carried out by experts using a public database for comparative analysis. We also conducted an identification exercise for a single fish species and tested a monocular depth-estimation method (3D reconstruction from 2D images) to measure distances between organisms and devices. Finally, we propose a potential methodological framework for integrating computer vision across the life cycle of MRE devices to monitor both natural and anthropogenic processes, including space colonization, trophic interactions, pollution, and the effects of underwater structures. The merits and drawbacks of the approach are discussed.","author":["Alamillo-Paredes, A.","Lagunes-D\u00edaz, E.","P\u00e9rez-Maqueo O.","Martinez, M.L.","Copping, A.","Mendoza, E.","Silva, R.","Mercado-Silva. N."],"organization":["The Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda, A.C. (INECOL)","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico","Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Morelos"],"originationDate":"2026-07-28","spatial":{"coordinates":["20.860000000000","-86.860000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 07:00:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142564","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/cetacean-seabird-data-collected-during-mariana-archipelago-cetacean-survey-macs-may","sourceURL":"https:\/\/repository.library.noaa.gov\/view\/noaa\/41728","title":"Cetacean and Seabird Data Collected During the Mariana Archipelago Cetacean Survey (MACS), May-July 2021","description":"In summer 2021, the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center conducted a comprehensive line-transect survey for cetaceans and seabirds within the United States exclusive economic zones of Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The Mariana Archipelago Cetacean Survey (MACS) 2021 project was part of the multi-year Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (PacMAPPS) plan to conduct surveys and estimate density for cetacean species in regions of joint NOAA Fisheries, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and U.S. Navy interest. MACS 2021 sailed for 59 days at sea aboard the NOAA Ship Oscar Elton Sette in May\u2013July, 2021, and surveyed 8,711.7 km of trackline. The team conducted visual and passive acoustic surveys during daylight hours when weather permitted. There were 77 cetacean sightings of at least 12 species. The most frequently sighted species during the project were sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus, 18 sightings), false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens, 10 sightings), and pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata, 8 sightings). Approximately 2,300 photos of 9 cetacean species were collected for individual or species identification during 20 cetacean sightings. Two biopsy samples were collected from false killer whales. During towed array surveys there were 245 acoustic detections of cetaceans, of which 47 were linked to visually sighted groups. Twenty-two Drifting Acoustic Spar Buoy Recorders were deployed and recovered throughout the survey area and will contribute additional information on beaked whale, Kogia, and baleen whale distribution and abundance. The seabird observers counted 3,266 individual birds in 1,605 seabird sightings among 29 species (plus 12 additional taxa). The most frequently sighted seabird species included the Sooty Tern (Onychoprion fuscata, 654 individuals), Short-tailed Shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris, 547 individuals), and Red-footed Booby (Sula sula, 368 individuals). Sixty-eight feeding flocks were observed. Oceanographic sampling was conducted with twice daily CTD casts when conditions permitted, with a total of 79 casts throughout the survey area.","author":["Yano, K. M.","Hill, M. C.","Oleson, E.","McCullough, J. L. K.","Henry, A."],"organization":["NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center","University of Hawaii","NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)","US Department of Commerce (DOC)"],"originationDate":"2022-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 07:25:39","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Yano_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142565","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pacific-marine-assessment-program-protected-species-pacmapps-2021-final-cruise-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us\/files\/9916\/4788\/4235\/Crance_et_al_2022_PACMAPPS_GOA_2021.pdf","title":"Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species PacMAPPS 2021 Final Cruise Report","description":"The Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species (PacMAPPS) survey occurred from 1 August to 26 August 2021, beginning and ending in Kodiak, AK. Over the course of the survey, a total of 2,330 km of on-effort tracklines were surveys in suitable weather conditions, and a total of 667 sightings of marine mammals were documented (including duplicates and resights). Primary species sighted included North Pacific right, fin, humpback, killer, and sperm whales, and Dall\u0027s and harbor porpoise. Pinnipeds and rare birds (e.g., short-tailed albatross) were also recorded opportunistically. A total of 110 sonobuoys were deployed, of which 96 were successful deployments (i.e., sonobuoys transmitted correctly), for an overall success rate of 87.3%. Acoustically detected species were the same as those visually sighted. However, sonobuoys also recorded seismic airguns and vessel noise. A long-term bottom mounted passive acoustic recorder mooring in Barnabas Trough was retrieved and a new one deployed; the instrument recorded for a full year. A total of 20 CTD casts were conducted, and 119 nutrient and 8 salinity samples were collected. Additionally, sea surface temperature, fluorescence salinity, and wind speed were sampled continuously along the survey track, and data on the prey field were collected when possible by the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and EK-80 echosounder.","author":["Crance, J.","Goetz. K.","Angliss, R."],"organization":["NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center","National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)","US Department of the Navy"],"originationDate":"2022-02-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 07:43:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Crance_et_al_2022.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142567","type":["Document","Document\/Conference Paper"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/statistical-assessment-effect-wave-energy-converter-falmouth-bay-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/researchportal.bath.ac.uk\/en\/publications\/statistical-assessment-of-the-effect-of-a-wave-energy-converter-i\/","title":"Statistical assessment of the effect of a Wave Energy Converter in Falmouth Bay, UK","description":"Wave energy has the potential to contribute to the UK\u2019s energy mix, producing electricity without producing carbon dioxide. This will have benefits in combatting global climate change, however, the technology may have local negative effects on the environment. A key concern is the potential for underwater noise pollution. Wave energy converters are a novel technology and little is known about the underwater sounds produced. A wave energy converter (WEC; BOLT Lifesaver, Fred Olsen Ltd.) was deployed at the Falmouth Bay marine renewable energy test site (FaBTest). The underwater sound levels were recorded at this site for a two-week baseline period, a five-day installation period and intermittent operational and non-operational activity from March 2012 - November 2013 resulting in 14 months of underwater sound recordings. The wave energy converter sounds are often masked by shipping noise in Falmouth Bay. Previous research suggests the effect of this WEC on underwater sound during power production is minimal [1]. The aim of this paper is to test this using statistical models to quantify the effect of the wave energy converter on underwater sound during installation and operational activity.","author":["Garrett, J.","Witt, M.","Blondel, P.","Johanning, L."],"organization":["University of Exeter","University of Bath"],"originationDate":"2017-09-11","spatial":{"coordinates":["50.128518000000","-5.010415000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-06 10:25:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garrett_et_al_2017.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142581","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/decommissioning-penguin-wec-1-mooring-components","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/?q=data\/marine-licence-application-removal-and-decommissioning-wave-energy-converter-european-marine","title":"Decommissioning Penguin WEC 1 and Mooring Components","description":"Project Information Summary Through the Horizon 2020 Clean Energy from Ocean Waves (CEFOW) project, Wello developed the Penguin device and successfully installed the wave energy converter at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) in 2017. The device underwent a successful testing campaign and remained on site for over two years. In March 2019, the device\u2019s integrity was undermined the device begun to take on water. The floating device sunk to the seabed where it has been regular monitored, when weather and sea conditions have allowed. This document has been produced has a project summary to support a marine licence application in order to remove the device from the seabed and return to shore. The work is anticipated to take place during summer 2020. The removal work is currently being tendering through a rigorous procurement process and a marine contractor is expected to be selected shortly.  Once the contractor has been selected further details regarding the removal method and vessel spread will be available. A high-level method statement has been produced as an accompanying document to this project summary.  As lead partner to the CEFOW project, Fortum Energy UK is completing the removal work.  Environmental Report and Monitoring ProgrammeThis programme has been developed as an addendum to the Environmental Report and   Environmental Monitoring Programme submitted in July 2018 as part of the overarching marine licence application to deploy and operate a three-device array. The array was planned to be composed of three Penguin devices developed by Wello Oy and owned by Fortum Energy UK through the Horizon 2020 Clean Energy from Ocean Waves (CEFOW) project.   This programme reviews the potential environmental risks associated with the removal of the Penguin WEC 1 from the seabed and the removal of mooring components. The report is based on EMEC\u2019s site-wide Environmental Appraisal for the Billia Croo test site and therefore it is recommended that the appraisal in read concurrently to this report. The proposed mitigation and monitoring measures that are planned to be employed during the works are also described within the programme.","author":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"organization":["European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2020-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Pinnipeds","Sediment Transport","Avoidance","Displacement","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-07 09:04:22","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/environment_report_and_monitoring_programme.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142584","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/west-islay-tidal-energy-park-scoping-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/west_islay_tidal_energy_park_scoping_report-20090501.pdf","title":"West Islay Tidal Energy Park Scoping Report","description":"This proposal for the Islay Tidal Energy Farm sets out the scope and method by which it is intended to carry out the environmental impact assessments (EIA). The Islay Tidal Energy Farm EIA is structured around the recommendations for EIA proposed within Scottish Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Environmental Report March 2007 (2), and its Scoping Report 2006 both prepared for the Scottish Government by Faber Maunsell \u0026amp; Metoc plc.  The SEA is used as a key document in respect of developing the Islay EIA, and consequently the Islay Scoping Document both follows the guidance of the report in structuring topics and utilises extracts of text where appropriate. This guidance has also been supplemented by feedback from consultations, site surveys, and by reference to other potentially related guidance and EIA documents (e.g. for offshore wind farms or other marine experience).","author":["DP Energy"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2009-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Bats","Invertebrates","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Environmental Impact Assessment","Social \u0026 Economic Data","EMF","Habitat Change","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-08 12:01:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/west_islay_tidal_energy_park_scoping_report-20090501.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142589","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/texel-wave-energy-pilot","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.slowmill.nl\/wave-energy","title":"Texel Wave Energy Pilot","description":"The Slow Mill is a Wave Energy Converter consisting of a floater with blades variably connected to an anchor on the seabed. Waves push the floater up and the blades away from the anchor. This way, not only the up and down movement but also the back and forth movement of the waves is utilised. The blades go as deep as 3-4 m to extract wave power from below the surface as well. When the wave recedes, it takes the Slow Mill back to its starting position. The entire unit follows the orbital or sometimes elliptical wave path but, taking the inner bend, moves a bit slower than the wave, hence its name: Slow Mill.The project began in 2018 as a three year plan to demonstrate the Slow Mill wave energy converter technology with an estimated cost of 4 million euros, 2.5 million of which were granted from the Wadden Fund. The deployment was part of a larger plan to power the Island of Texel with wave energy farms which at the time was estimated to require 10% Texels coastline, and eventually the whole of the Frisian islands in the same manner.Plans were quickly set into motion with the deployment of a 50 tonne concrete anchor sunk roughly 4 kilometers off of Texels coastline in December of 2018 for later use with the 1:2.5 scale 40 kW pilot device dubbed \u0022Slow Mill-40\u0022. The early launch of the anchor was used to determine the stability of its deployment as well as its impact on the local environment which was shown to increase life in the area. The actual Slow Mill-40 was commissioned for construction and 2020 and deployed for trials in 2022.The demonstration was completed by 2024 with the removal of the Slow Mill-40 for dry bench testing and shortly after the concrete anchor. Both components were deployed again at an offshore site in Scheveningen once the dry tests were completed. Testing will be used to inform the developers of adjustments needed to the device for a 1:1 scale device currently planned to have a 400 kilowatt capacity.","author":["Erwin Meijboom"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-06-26","spatial":{"coordinates":["53.077764400000","4.713839100000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-10 12:57:11","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142801","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/meygen-tidal-energy-project-phase-1-environmental-management-plan-construction-works","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/environmental_management_plan-_july_2015.pdf","title":"MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 Environmental Management Plan: Construction Works","description":"This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared by MeyGen Ltd. to set out the proposed method for discharging the Condition 11 of the Section 36 Consent for the Development. The document details the construction related mitigation methods proposed for the Development, how these are to be delivered in the construction procedures and good working practices for installing the Development, how this document integrates with the wider environmental management of the Development, and how communication will be maintained between the Principal Contractor, MeyGen Ltd. and the regulators. The EMP presented within this document is to satisfy Condition 11 and enable construction of the Development to progress, subject to the EMP being implemented. The EMP will be submitted to the to the Scottish Ministers for their written approval, in consultation with SNH and any other ecological, or such other advisors as required at the discretion of the Scottish Ministers., and will be used, where appropriate, to inform the discharge of other Conditions within the Section 36 Consent which refer to it. An EMP for HDD Marine Works (RHK-1A-40-HSE-001-D EnvironmentalManagementPlanHDD) has already been consulted on and approved by Scottish Ministers. This EMP is for the remaining Construction Works for Phase 1a; this includes the installation of:4 x Turbine Subsea Cable (TSC);4 x Turbine Support Structure (TSS);4 x Tidal Turbine Generator (TTG).","author":["Gough, M.","Fortune, F.","Johnson, F."],"organization":["MeyGen","Royal Haskoning","James Fisher and Sons plc"],"originationDate":"2015-07-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Water Quality","Health \u0026 Safety","Chemicals","Noise","Vessel Strike"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-12 04:32:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MeyGen_environmental_management_plan_2015.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142815","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/linking-international-technical-specifications-acoustic-characterization-marine-energy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-026-52491-x","title":"Linking international technical specifications for acoustic characterization of marine energy converter sounds with environmental compliance criteria","description":"As new ocean energy technologies emerge and are deployed for testing and operations, sound emissions are a potential concern for environmental effects to marine life. Consistent acoustic measurement and data analysis methods can help promote comparisons of technologies and transferability between project sites. In 2022, acoustic emissions from a prototype scale wave energy converter (WEC) were characterized for a range of environmental conditions and power generation states in the coastal waters off southern California using a set of international technical specifications. Results from the international technical specification analyses were applied to United States regulatory threshold criteria for acoustic impacts to marine mammals and examined in the context of European underwater noise monitoring guidelines. Weighted 24 hour cumulative sound exposure levels SEL24h calculated from the highest WEC power generation state were often more than 20 dB re 1\u03bcPa2\u00b7s below threshold criteria for temporary threshold shifts in five relevant marine mammal hearing groups. Following European Union recommendations for analyses and reporting, WEC sound characterization in third octave bands centered at 63 Hz and 125 Hz show clear spatial decay of WEC-generated noise, with more pronounced attenuation at 63 Hz, and a less marked but still detectable gradient at 125 Hz, collectively suggesting a relatively confined acoustic footprint under the observed conditions. The value of the international technical specification approach is highlighted by the isolation of WEC sounds from the surrounding soundscape. This allows for a robust characterization of acoustic emissions through a range of device power generation and sea states. Furthermore, in threshold-based regulatory contexts like the U.S., this facilitates direct evaluation of source contributions, while in broader monitoring frameworks used in the E.U. it provides a reproducible foundation for assessing the contribution of emerging ocean energy technologies to the underwater acoustic environment.","author":["Haxel, J.","Zang, X.","McVey, J.","Chicco, C.","Cotter, E.","Picciulin, M.","Staines, G."],"organization":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Politecnico di Torino","University of Washington","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2026-08-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["32.868674000000","-117.272286000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-13 09:09:21","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Haxel-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142818","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/exploring-heterogeneity-marine-energy-preferences-insights-chile","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/marine-science\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2026.1872327\/full","title":"Exploring heterogeneity in marine energy preferences: insights from Chile","description":"Marine energies can reduce carbon emissions, diversify energy supply, and improve energy security worldwide. However, no form of energy generation is without a social and environmental impact, and these impacts can lead to tension and conflict between governments, energy providers, and communities. Understanding heterogeneity in public preferences towards marine energy is critical to formulating appropriate policies and targeted development strategies. This study used a choice experiment with the Chilean public to elicit preferences and evaluate critical attributes of marine energy projects. Through a best-worst scaling (BWS) methodology, respondents indicated which aspect of marine energy installations they considered most and least important. Data were analyzed using a scale adjusted latent class model. Using data from 1,200 respondents, five preference classes and two scale classes were identified. The two largest preference groups have markedly different preferences. The first preference class is mainly concerned about impacts on marine fauna. Individuals in this group are more likely to be younger, have higher incomes and higher education levels compared to the sample average. The second preference class is most concerned about the cost of energy supply. Individuals in this group are older, less wealthy, and have lower education levels compared to the sample average. Results also show high levels of public distrust in both energy companies and government energy institutions, highlighting the need to shift from \u201cconsultation\u201d to binding in early-stage public participation in marine energy development. Our approach and results are relevant to other areas transitioning to renewable energy matrices that need to design sustainable and acceptable marine energy systems.","author":["Gallardo, B.","Estevez, R.","Espinoza, V.","Burton, M.","Ruano-Chamorro, C.","V\u00e1squez-Lav\u00edn, F.","Ponce Oliva, R.","Navarrete, S.","Davis, K.","Gelcich, S."],"organization":["Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecolog\u00eda Costera (SECOS)","Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s","Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","University of Western Australia","Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","Universidad del Desarrollo","University of Oxford"],"originationDate":"2026-07-22","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-13 10:51:52","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Galladro-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142852","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/mocean-energy-orkney-m100p-environmental-management-plan","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/p874_mocean_performance_test_2022_-_pemp_final_issued_to_mslot_07.10.2021.pdf","title":"Mocean Energy Orkney M100P Environmental Management Plan","description":"Mocean Energy, based in Edinburgh, is developing wave energy converters (WECs) for various applications from small scale off-grid use to large, utility-scale projects. Its core technology is its hinged raft WEC, which consists of two hulls with novel shapes connected by a single hinge. Wave forcing, and the hulls\u2019 dynamics cause a rotation about the hinge, which is converted to electricity via a power take-off system. Mocean Energy is undertaking a project funded by Wave Energy Scotland (WES) through its Novel WEC Programme to build and test at sea a 1\/2-scale prototype of its M100 (i.e. 100 kW) WEC. The 1\/2-scale prototype, which is to be tested is referred to as the M100P. Testing is planned to be undertaken in an area to the East and offshore of Deerness, Orkney in 2022. The primary purpose of testing is to gather performance data and learnings from deployment of the device in order to inform further development of Mocean\u2019s Wave Energy Converter designs. This Project Environmental Management Plan (PEMP) has been produced to support a Marine Licence application under Part 4, Section 54 of the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 for this deployment. Table 4 presents the results from the environmental assessment of the Project; a process which draws together, in a systematic way, an assessment of a project\u2019s likely significant environmental effects. This helps to ensure that the importance of the predicted effects, and the scope for reducing any adverse effects through mitigation, are fully understood by the public and the competent authority. The PEMP details the proposed mitigation, monitoring and management measures for all stages of the project including installation\/construction, operation and maintenance (O\u0026amp;M) and decommissioning of the device. Mocean Energy are committed to updating and improving this PEMP through consultation and as more data, information and experience is gathered. In addition, they are committed to working closely with stakeholders and other developers to ensure that all mitigation and monitoring activities are conducted in line with best practice and best available knowledge at all times. Mocean Energy will also strive to actively engage with other developers and stakeholders to address the key issues and uncertainties associated with wave energy development through targeted research initiatives.","author":["Aquatera Ltd"],"organization":["Mocean Energy"],"originationDate":"2021-10-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["58.871100000000","-2.753991600000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Birds","Seabirds","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Navigation","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-14 11:27:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Mocean_M100P_Environmental_Management_Plan.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142894","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electrified-submarine-cables-movements-two-commercially-important-crustacean","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X2600874X","title":"The effects of electrified submarine cables on movements of two commercially important crustacean species","description":"Submarine energy infrastructure is expanding rapidly as offshore energy extraction and transport intensifies. Power transmission through submarine cables creates anomalies in the Earth\u0027s geomagnetic field, potentially affecting marine species that use natural electromagnetic fields (EMF) to navigate and forage. Most research on EMF effects on marine animals use laboratory or mesocosm experiments that constrain subject animal movements. The artificial nature of these studies limits their extension to real-world environments, creating uncertainty in predicting impacts of important infrastructure projects. We use hyperbolic positioning acoustic telemetry to assess the impacts of the Maritime Link submarine transmission line on the movements of commercially important Snow Crab and American Lobster. Our results show that crossing rates were not affected by the presence and operation of the submarine cables, nor was the movement velocity different in the cables\u0027 proximity. In contrast, we found effects of temperature and diel period on movement speeds of both species. The methods used here could be useful to future research on EMF effects in other species and in areas with more extensive underwater infrastructure.","author":["Cote, D.","Konecny, C.","Nicolas, J.","Broome, J.","McCarthy, J.","Baker, D."],"organization":["Fisheries and Oceans Canada","Emera","WSP"],"originationDate":"2026-12-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["46.558958600000","-60.098250300000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-21 05:24:30","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Cote_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142895","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-wave-energy-conversion-policy-frameworks","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journal.iistr.org\/index.php\/BST\/article\/view\/2187","title":"Ocean Wave Energy Conversion and Policy Frameworks","description":"Ocean wave energy represents a promising yet underutilized renewable energy source with significant potential to support global energy transitions, particularly in coastal and island regions. Despite substantial technological progress in wave energy conversion (WEC) systems, large-scale deployment remains limited. The existing literature is predominantly technology-oriented, while systematic syntheses focusing on policy and governance dimensions remain fragmented. This study conducts a policy-oriented scoping review to map the body of research on ocean wave energy conversion, with a particular emphasis on policy instruments, regulatory frameworks, and governance challenges that influence deployment and commercialization. Following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines, peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 were identified from Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore. The review results indicate that public research and development funding, technology-specific market incentives, and integrated marine spatial planning are critical enablers of wave energy deployment. Conversely, regulatory complexity, policy instability, and institutional fragmentation remain persistent barriers, especially in developing and archipelagic contexts. This scoping review highlights key policy gaps and underscores the need for coherent, stable, and context-sensitive governance frameworks to facilitate the sustainable commercialization of ocean wave energy.","author":["Salih, M.","Pingay, T."],"organization":["Mindanao State University"],"originationDate":"2026-04-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-21 05:55:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Salih_and_Pingay_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142912","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-extension-environmental-assessment-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/extension_environmental_assessment_report_-_12_february_2018.pdf","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Extension - Environmental Assessment Report","description":"This Environmental Assessment Report (EAR) has been prepared in support of Nova\u2019s applications for a Marine Licence from Marine Scotland and a Works Licence from Shetland Islands Council. Nova Innovation proposes to expand the Shetland Tidal Array (STA) in Bluemull Sound from 5 to 6 turbines. This expansion is part of the Enabling Future Arrays in Tidal (EnFAIT) Project, a Horizon 2020 flagship project, led by Nova in collaboration with 8 leading European industrial and academic partners. The project aims to demonstrate the development and operation of the world\u2019s first offshore tidal array over a five-year period, to prove a cost reduction pathway for tidal energy that shows it can be cost competitive with other forms of renewable energy. Based on earlier advice from MS-LOT and SNH, collision of the turbine blades with marine mammals and birds was identified as the most significant environmental risk for the proposed extension. The EAR presents the results of a revised collision risk assessment conducted by SNH, which found that there would be no adverse impacts of extending the array from 5 to 6 turbines, assuming a suitable PEMP is agreed and implemented for the array. The EAR provides the following key information: Identification of potential environmental impacts of the STA extension Assessment of the key potential environmental impacts Contextualisation of the potential environmental impacts Approach to mitigating and addressing residual uncertainty about key environmental impacts.","author":["McPherson, G."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","Marine Scotland Science","Shetland Islands Council"],"originationDate":"2018-02-12","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Collision","Displacement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 05:59:44","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/extension_environmental_assessment_report_-_12_february_2018.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142913","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/shetland-tidal-array-monitoring-report-july-2024-june-2025","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marine.gov.scot\/sites\/default\/files\/monitoring_report_2025.pdf","title":"Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report July 2024 to June 2025","description":"This report provides details of environmental monitoring activity at the Shetland Tidal Array from July 2024 to June 2025. It is the latest in a series of reports produced by Nova since monitoring of the operational tidal stream array in Bluemull Sound started in 2016. The data analysed in this report gathered from turbine-mounted cameras between July 2024 and June 2025 continues to show that the likelihood of collisions between mobile species and turbines in the Shetland Tidal Array is extremely low. Analysis focused on diving birds and marine mammals, as the receptors of greatest nature conservation importance and those at the core of the objectives of the environmental monitoring. Fish were not included in the analysis within this report. Previous monitoring reports have extensively documented fish presence and occupancy patterns around the turbines. Prioritising the analysis for diving birds and mammals enabled a greater proportion of the full dataset to be analysed (100%) than has been possible in previous reporting years. No collisions or near misses were observed between diving birds and wildlife and turbines (either when operating or not operating) in any of the footage analysed, comprising fourteen thousand, nine hundred and ninety-eight (14,998) files. An individual harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) was observed three times in one video file captured from the camera on T5 on 06\/02\/2025. The animal was observed surfacing past the turbine nacelle, then diving past the camera towards the seabed, before resurfacing again. The turbine blades were stationary and the tidal state based on Nova\u2019s hydrodynamic model for Bluemull Sound was decreasing ebb\/low water slack. Possibly the same animal was potentially seen 10 minutes earlier (10:14) on the camera mounted to T6, where an object which may have been a diving seal was seen some distance to the north of the turbine. Again, the turbine blades were stationary, as the tidal state was decreasing ebb, approaching low water slack. No diving birds were observed in any of the footage. This report also examines the proportion of good quality data acquired from subsea cameras that has been analysed over the lifetime of the Shetland Tidal Array monitoring programme (i.e. excluding footage in which biofouling compromises the ability to detect nearfield animal interactions). This exercise follows on from a systematic review of historic biofouling on turbine-mounted cameras from 2015 through to 20243. The recalculation of previous data analysis determined that 62% of the good quality footage has been analysed up to and including the current reporting period. Previous estimates that between 20% and 25% of the full dataset have been analysed were therefore a gross underestimate. This further highlights the rarity of nearfield encounters between animals and turbines and the extremely low probability of collisions. This report further contributes to the growing evidence base that the risk of collisions between marine wildlife and tidal turbines is very low (probably close to zero).","author":["Smith, K."],"organization":["Nova Innovation","Shetland Islands Council","Scottish Government Marine Directorate"],"originationDate":"2025-09-10","spatial":{"coordinates":["60.668061000000","-0.969035000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Seabirds","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-24 06:26:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/monitoring_report_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142939","type":["Document","Document\/Webpage"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ocean-modelling-scottish-coastal-waters-masts-story-map","sourceURL":"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/d90cf58eeeac435b96c18946e955d02a","title":"Ocean Modelling of Scottish Coastal Waters: MASTS Story Map","description":"We value the ocean. In Scotland, we benefit from a coastal sea, a rich marine biodiversity, many resources, a very long coastline and many islands. \u201cValuing the ocean\u201d can vary from enjoying solitude on a beach in winter to building wealth from offshore resources. All values must be safeguarded against external threats and competing values.Decisions must be made and should be based on values and knowledge. Experts have a role in predicting the effects of decisions.In this storyboard, we describe how one group of experts based in Scotland can provide some of the expertise and help inform decisions. To view some examples of models in use, see the Case Studies section.","author":["O\u0027Hara Murray, R.","Woolf, D.","Aleynik, D.","Cuthbertson, A.","Garnier, S.","Hague, E.","Graham, J."],"organization":["Scottish Government Marine Directorate","Heriot-Watt University","Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS)","University of Dundee","Bangor University"],"originationDate":"2026-06-16","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 03:59:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142940","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/modeling-monopile-scour-tidal-dominated-coastal-sea-gfd-cfd-coupled-framework-real","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/19942060.2026.2696654","title":"Modeling Monopile Scour in a Tidal-Dominated Coastal Sea: a GFD-CFD coupled framework and real-world application","description":"Local scour around monopile foundations poses a critical challenge for offshore wind turbines in tidal\u2013dominated coastal seas, where hydrodynamics span multiple scales from kilometre-scale tidal currents to metre-scale horseshoe vortices. Conventional standalone geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical modelling approaches struggle to resolve these cross-scale dynamics with sufficient accuracy and computational efficiency. To address this gap, this study extended GFD\u2013CFD coupling from hydrodynamic simulations to sediment transport and scour morphodynamics modelling by integrating the unstructured-grid Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) with the two-phase sediment transport solver SedFoam. This framework enables monopile scour to be simulated under realistic, time-varying tidal forcing, including flow reversal and rotation. The framework was first validated against laboratory flume experiments under bidirectional currents, reproducing scour evolution with RMSE values below 0.1 S\/D (ratio of scour depth to monopile diameter). An idealized rotating tide experiment further showed that near-circular scour hole morphology was reproduced under flow with constantly varying direction. In a real-world application to Laizhou Bay, China, the simulated scour and deposition patterns around the monopile closely matched single\u2013beam sonar surveys. The results suggest that tidal current direction, not residual circulation, governs scour orientation, highlighting the importance of realistic tidal forcing in scour modelling. The coupled framework provides a transferable tool for mechanistic and engineering assessments of monopile scour under complex coastal hydrodynamics.","author":["Pang, J.","Zhou, Z.","Wei, X.","Ge, J."],"organization":["East China Normal University","China Architecture Design and Research Group","China Three Gorges Corporation (CTG)"],"originationDate":"2026-07-02","spatial":{"coordinates":["38.340000000000","120.090000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 04:14:20","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Pang_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142941","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/estimating-stability-bed-protection-weir-mounted-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/45","title":"Estimating the stability of a bed protection of a weir-mounted tidal turbine","description":"Coastal infrastructure, such as bridges and storm surge barriers with weirs, provides an attractive location for harvesting renewable energy using tidal turbines. Often stone layers are applied downstream of coastal infrastructure to protect the sea bed from erosion. However, little is known about the potential effect of tidal energy extraction on the stability of this granular bed protection. This paper describes a study of the flow conditions influencing the stability of the bed protection downstream of a weir-mounted tidal turbine, using hydrodynamic data of an experimental test. The analysis indicates that the flow recirculation zone downstream of a weir may become shorter and flatter due to the presence of a horizontal-axis turbine. As a result, energetic turbulence eddies can transport more horizontal momentum towards the bed \u2013 hence the reason a heavier bed protection may be required for granular beds downstream of weirs when a turbine is installed. This information is essential when designing safe bed protections for coastal infrastructure with tidal turbines.","author":["Verbeek, M.","Labeur, R.","Uijttewaal, W."],"organization":["Delft University of Technology"],"originationDate":"2020-05-13","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-25 05:50:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Verbeek_et_al_2020.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142948","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-anthropogenic-structures-habitat-connectivity-potential-spread-non-native","sourceURL":"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0152261","title":"The Effects of Anthropogenic Structures on Habitat Connectivity and the Potential Spread of Non-Native Invertebrate Species in the Offshore Environment","description":"Offshore structures provide habitat that could facilitate species range expansions and the introduction of non-native species into new geographic areas. Surveys of assemblages of seven offshore oil and gas platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel revealed a change in distribution of the non-native sessile invertebrate Watersipora subtorquata, a bryozoan with a planktonic larval duration (PLD) of 24 hours or less, from one platform in 2001 to four platforms in 2013. We use a three-dimensional biophysical model to assess whether larval dispersal via currents from harbors to platforms and among platforms is a plausible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora and to predict potential spread to other platforms in the future. Hull fouling is another possible mechanism to explain the change in distribution of Watersipora. We find that larval dispersal via currents could account for the increase in distribution of Watersipora from one to four platforms and that Watersipora is unlikely to spread from these four platforms to additional platforms through larval dispersal. Our results also suggest that larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from offshore platforms can attain much greater dispersal distances than larvae with PLDs of 24 hours or less released from nearshore habitat. We hypothesize that the enhanced dispersal distance of larvae released from offshore platforms is driven by a combination of the offshore hydrodynamic environment, larval behavior, and larval release above the seafloor.","author":["Simons, R.","Page, H.","Zaleski, S.","Miller, R.","Dugan, J.","Schroeder, D.","Doheny, B."],"organization":["University of California Santa Barbara","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2016-03-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 03:54:54","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Simons_et_al_2016.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142957","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/operationalizing-marine-multifunctionality-europe-policy-mixes-activation-modes","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0308597X26001727","title":"Operationalizing marine multifunctionality in Europe: Policy mixes, activation modes, and governance functions","description":"Marine multifunctionality, understood as the intentional combination of uses in the same marine space, is increasingly promoted in European policy, yet implementation remains uneven. This study asks which combinations of governance instruments have enabled the operationalisation of marine multifunctionality in Europe, and under what conditions. Using systematic review principles, we synthesise peer-reviewed evidence published between 2007 and 2025 across European sea basins. Guided by a policy mix perspective, we classify instruments into four families \u2013 legal, economic, spatial planning, and techno-digital \u2013 and examine how they are activated in practice, the functions they perform, and how they are sequenced across governance levels. We further interpret how cases align with three modes of multifunctionality: co-use (shared structures), co-location (spatial proximity), and co-existence (compatible operations). The results show that successful cases assemble policy mixes that first establish spatial and legal clarity, for example through marine spatial planning and coexistence provisions; then address risk through safety zones, liability, and compensation; and finally enable implementation through targeted finance, pilot projects, and monitoring or technical solutions. The most advanced configurations cluster in the North Sea, where energy-led mixes dominate, while Mediterranean examples more often centre on fisheries-tourism-conservation pathways. Where progress lags, missing functions, weak alignment between plans and permits, or unstable rules are common. These findings lead to three recommendations: package instruments ex ante where possible; run pilots under provisional conditions; and embed monitoring and cumulative-effects assessment in licences so that learning feeds back into marine spatial plans and related sectoral frameworks.","author":["Barquet, K.","Coelho, L.F."],"organization":["Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)","Lund University"],"originationDate":"2026-07-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-26 08:02:35","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Barquet.K._2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142970","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-economic-sustainability-policy-frameworks-scaling-offshore","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sprinpub.com\/sjahss\/article\/view\/sjahss.v4i7.538","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and Economic Sustainability: Policy Frameworks for Scaling Offshore Wind and Tidal Power","description":"This study investigates the policy frameworks necessary for scaling marine renewable energy (MRE), specifically offshore wind and tidal power, within the context of economic sustainability. The objective is to critically examine how current policies support or hinder the expansion of MRE and to propose strategic frameworks that align environmental goals with long-term economic development. Drawing on a qualitative, comparative case study methodology, the research analyzes policy instruments and institutional arrangements in selected leading MRE countries, including the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Canada. Data sources include government policy documents, international energy databases, and expert interviews. The paper uses two theoretically related to each other concepts: ecological economics, which breaks down the interdependence between economic systems and natural ecosystems, and the policy cycle model and helps to assess the success of policy-making and its application. The value of this study is that it helps to support the filling of policy\/governance gaps that inhibit the wider uptake of marine renewables. The conclusion shows that there is a need to have integrated, adaptive, and inclusive policy processes that enhance innovation by minimizing the risks associated with investments as well as equitable distribution of benefits among coastal environments. This paper provides policy recommendations that can be used to scale MRE technologies as it promotes sustainable economic results and extends on the expanding data on the policies of energy transition and blue economies.","author":["Garba, M."],"organization":["ECOWAS Parliament"],"originationDate":"2025-08-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-27 05:15:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Garba-2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142985","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/offshore-wind-wave-energy-can-reduce-total-installed-capacity-required-zero-emissions","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-024-50040-6","title":"Offshore wind and wave energy can reduce total installed capacity required in zero-emissions grids","description":"As the world races to decarbonize power systems to mitigate climate change, the body of research analyzing paths to zero emissions electricity grids has substantially grown. Although studies typically include commercially available technologies, few of them consider offshore wind and wave energy as contenders in future zero-emissions grids. Here, we model with high geographic resolution both offshore wind and wave energy as independent technologies with the possibility of collocation in a power system capacity expansion model of the Western Interconnection with zero emissions by 2050. In this work, we identify cost targets for offshore wind and wave energy to become cost effective, calculate a 17% reduction in total installed capacity by 2050 when offshore wind and wave energy are fully deployed, and show how curtailment, generation, and transmission change as offshore wind and wave energy deployment increase.","author":["Gonzalez, N.","Serna-Torre Paul","Sanchez-Perez, P.A.","Davidson, R.","Murray, B.","Staadecker, M.","Szinai, J.","Wei, R.","Kammen, D.","Sunter, D.","Hidalgo-Gonzalez, P."],"organization":["University of California San Diego","University of California Merced","University of Oviedo","Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","University of California Berkeley","Tufts University"],"originationDate":"2024-08-09","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-10 06:39:24","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Gonzalez.N.2024.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142986","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/behavioral-physiological-responses-umbonium-vestiarium-temperature-variation-cold","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-23909-9","title":"Behavioral and physiological responses of Umbonium vestiarium to temperature variation from cold-water discharge of H-OTEC system","description":"Umbonium vestiarium is a prevalent benthic species in many tropical regions and is highly sensitive to environmental changes. Investigating the effects of low temperatures on its behavior and physiology is critical for understanding the ecological and environmental consequences of cold-water discharges associated with the Hybrid Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (H-OTEC) system. Although assessing the ecological impact of cooling emissions from H-OTEC system is important, research on this subject remains limited. This study examined live specimens of U. vestiarium collected from the coast of Port Dickson, Malaysia. The organisms were grouped and cultured at temperatures of 10 \u00b0C, 16 \u00b0C, 23 \u00b0C, and 28 \u00b0C, with 30 individuals in each group. Behavioral (feeding, clinging, spreading, hiding, and crawling) and physiological (Chl-a consumption rate, respiration rate, body temperature, and gut passage rate) observations were conducted on all specimens across these temperature conditions. The statistical analysis revealed that within the experimental temperature range, low temperatures had an inhibitory effect on the survival of U. vestiarium. At 10 \u00b0C, the snails exhibited early mortality and a low final survival rate. At 16 \u00b0C, the snails remained in a prolonged resting state, while at 23 \u00b0C, they displayed pronounced behaviors such as retraction, hiding, and clinging. The highest levels of behavioral and physiological activity were observed at 28 \u00b0C. Additionally, body temperature and respiration rate increased significantly with rising water temperatures, while gut passage time showed an inverse relationship. Except at 23 \u00b0C, chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) consumption rates also increased markedly with higher water temperatures. The results of this study demonstrated that temperature significantly influenced the survival, behavior, and physiological responses of U. vestiarium under controlled laboratory conditions.","author":["Leng, Q.","Yusuff, F.","Mohamed, K.N."],"organization":["Universiti Putra Malaysia","Hainan University","Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"originationDate":"2025-11-17","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-10 06:42:45","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Leng.Q._2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2142989","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/perpetuus-tidal-energy-centre-preliminary-ecological-appraisal-targeted-vegetation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/docs.planning.org.uk\/20210813\/93\/QXPVW2IQ07V00\/vc438gciifcby5hr.pdf","title":"Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre Preliminary Ecological Appraisal and Targeted Vegetation Assessment","description":"This report presents the findings of a preliminary ecological appraisal (PEA) of land at Flowers Brook and Castle Cove, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, carried out on 7 April 2021 and a Phase 2 Vegetation Assessment carried out on 7 May 2021. The purpose of the report is to provide an overview of the ecological make-up of site. It replaces a 2014 PEA and Environmental statement (ES) prepared by Royal HaskoningDHV for Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre. Development plans include the construction of a substation, control room and onshore infrastructure for a tidal energy platform. This report covers habitats, rare plants and badgers. Other species, including invertebrates, red squirrels, bats, reptiles and dormice which could potentially be present, were the subject of separate surveys and will be covered in a further report. No suitable habitat was recorded for the following protected species: otter, white-clawed crayfish, water vole or great crested newt. Further surveys are not required for these species. A background data search (BDS) identified 8 statutory designated sites within 2 km of the site boundary. The walkover survey identified 2 UK BAP priority habitats present on the coastal fringe of the survey area: intertidal under boulder communities and maritime cliffs and slopes. Other habitats present include modified grassland and scrub. An area of grassland to the west of Castle Cove was identified as having potential for the protected species Early Gentian. This area is outside the given red line boundary but within a 30 m buffer. Five invasive non-native plant species on Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) were identified during the survey. Of these, 2 were in the western grassland outside of the red line boundary, 1 was apparently planted in a hedge on private land, and 2 were present within the Southern Water compound.","author":["Flood, P."],"organization":["RSK Group","European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)"],"originationDate":"2021-04-22","spatial":{"coordinates":[["50.590694300000","-1.217963100000"],["50.589114500000","-1.220577400000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Terrestrial Mammals"],"modifiedDate":"2026-08-28 09:46:34","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Perpetuus_PEA.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143000","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/campanha-de-referencia-de-especies-e-habitats-score","sourceURL":"https:\/\/sig.fct.pt\/FCTAnexos\/FCT_PROJECTOS_RFFICHEIROS\/2004_140335\/13041\/Baseline_Biological_CharacterizationReport.pdf","title":"Campanha de Refer\u00eancia de Esp\u00e9cies e Habitats SCORE","description":"Baseline Biological Characterization Report SCORE Um conhecimento bem definido das comunidades de peixes demersais, organismos epibent\u00f3nicos ou daqueles pertencentes \u00e0 infauna, tem uma implica\u00e7\u00e3o direta na monitoriza\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o dos recursos. As comunidades s\u00e3o o resultado de m\u00faltiplas intera\u00e7\u00f5es, e assim, o conhecimento sobre a fun\u00e7\u00e3o dos organismos \u00e9 essencial para prever os potenciais efeitos de degrada\u00e7\u00e3o do habitat, perda de esp\u00e9cies e funcionalidade do ecossistema. De forma a caracterizar os habitats e as comunidades de esp\u00e9cies existentes na \u00e1rea de instala\u00e7\u00e3o da turbina de mar\u00e9 experimental (Figura 1) foram previamente selecionados os locais de amostragem em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do tipo de m\u00e9todo a utilizar.Para a caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica foram utilizados 4 m\u00e9todos de amostragem distintos: Recolha de sedimento atrav\u00e9s de uma draga do tipo \u201cVan Veen\u201d \u2013 m\u00e9todo destinado \u00e0 quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o e identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de das esp\u00e9cies de invertebrados da infauna e tamb\u00e9m de esp\u00e9cies epibent\u00f3nicas que se encontram enterradas na areia Arrasto de fundo atrav\u00e9s de um Arrasto-de-vara: baseado no m\u00e9todo de pesca tradicional utilizado com o objetivo de capturar, identificar e quantificar esp\u00e9cies de peixes e macroinvertebrados de substratos m\u00f3veis.Censos visuais atrav\u00e9s de transectos em mergulho com escafandro aut\u00f3nomo - m\u00e9todo destinado \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o das esp\u00e9cies de peixes e invertebrados epibent\u00f3nicos ou bent\u00f3nicos de substratos m\u00f3veis Transectos de v\u00eddeo com Ve\u00edculo de Opera\u00e7\u00e3o Remota (ROV)- m\u00e9todo destinado \u00e0 identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e quantifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos habitats e esp\u00e9cies epibent\u00f3nicos atrav\u00e9s da an\u00e1lise de v\u00eddeos recolhidos em cada imers\u00e3o do ve\u00edculo subaqu\u00e1tico. Obten\u00e7\u00e3o de uma imagem do fundo presente na zona de estudo e \u00e1rea circundante atrav\u00e9s da utiza\u00e7\u00e3o de um sonar de varrimento lateral - este m\u00e9todo permite o reconhecimento dos diferentes materiais e o tipo de textura do fundo. Estes m\u00e9todos combinados demonstram como a comunidade de organismos \u00e9 composta quer na coluna de \u00e1gua, quer na superf\u00edcie do sedimento e no seu interior. Numa primeira fase deste estudo, as amostragens realizadas tiveram um car\u00e1cter experimental e explorat\u00f3rio. Deste modo, em dezembro de 2016, foi realizado um evento de transecto em mergulho com escafandro aut\u00f3nomo, 6 recolhas de sedimento pelo m\u00e9todo da draga Van Veen, 6 amostragens de arrasto-de-vara em substrato m\u00f3vel, 1 transecto de video com ROV e 3 linhas de levantamento por Sonar de Varrimento Lateral.","author":["Afonso, C.","Oliveira, F.","Monteiro, P.","Bentes, L.","Gon\u00e7alves, J."],"organization":["Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar (CCMAR)","University of Algarve","Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)"],"originationDate":"2017-01-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["37.018155000000","-8.005386700000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 08:49:07","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Baseline_Biological_Characterization_Report_SCORE.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143001","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/pembrokeshire-demonstration-zone-scoping-report","sourceURL":"","title":"Pembrokeshire Demonstration Zone Scoping Report","description":"This Scoping Report supports a request for a formal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Scoping Opinion from Natural Resources Wales (NRW) (Offshore: below Mean High Water Springs (MHWS)) and Pembrokeshire County Council (PCC), and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority (PCNPA) (Onshore: above Mean Low Water Springs (MLWS)), for the proposed Pembrokeshire Demonstration Zone (PDZ) (the \u2018Project\u2019). Celtic Sea Power Ltd. (CSP) (the Applicant) is the seabed lease holder of the PDZ, an area located approximately 15km offshore from the South Pembrokeshire coastline of Wales and comprising a 90km2 area leased from The Crown Estate for a period of 45 years. The Project proposes the development of a Multi-connection Offshore Substations (MOS) within the offshore PDZ area. The MOS will provide a managed offshore grid connection point for independent renewables projects. The Project will comprise of the offshore MOS platform, export cables to landfall, and onshore export cables to a grid connection point. The MOS aims to be capable of accommodating approximately 400MW in a phased approach as the market matures. The key drivers for renewable energy in the UK and Wales are reducing greenhouse gas emissions, providing increased energy security, and maximising economic opportunities for the UK, regional, and local economies. The Project aligns closely with these aims. Enabling transmission infrastructure, such as the Project, constitutes a key step towards unlocking the potential of the Celtic Sea for future renewable energy developments and will play a key role in the realisation of the Crown Estate\u2019s ongoing area refinement and future seabed leasing process for up to 4GW of commercial scale floating offshore windfarms in the Celtic Sea region by 2035. By providing a managed offshore grid connection point for future independent offshore marine renewables projects (including floating offshore wind (FOW) and tidal installations) the Project will: Remove the need for each future project to secure and construct its own individual route to onshore grid connection, thereby reducing the Levelised Cost of Energy for future projects Reduce cumulative environmental impacts and delays, by removing the need to consent, and construct, multiple individual landfalls, and onshore cable infrastructure. This has increased importance in the Pembrokeshire area, which contains numerous areas of ecological and conservation value and a wide range of protected sites. Provide a strong and strategic locational signal for developers to locate projects near relevant Welsh port infrastructure. This Scoping Report considers offshore infrastructure seaward of MHWS, and onshore infrastructure landward of MLWS notably:MOS platform, including above- and below-surface infrastructure Subsea export cable route to landfall Landfall options Onshore export cable route Onshore substation The consents, licences and permissions which will be sought by the Applicant for the PDZ are: A Transport and Works Act Order (TWAO) under the Transport and Works Act 1992 (only relevant if the PDZ is deemed to interfere with rights of navigation in waters up to the limits of the Welsh territorial sea) A Marine Licence under the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 Planning Permission under the Town and County Planning Act 1990Section 37 Consent under Electricity Act 1989 to install and keep installed electric lines above ground, with a nominal voltage of less than 132 Kv (only if overhead lines are used, preference is to bury onshore export cables). An Environmental Statement (ES) is required support to the applications for these consents, licences and permissions. The ES will be informed by the Scoping Opinion on this Scoping Report. This Scoping Report identifies potentially significant environmental effects that will considered for further assessment in the ES. The report provides an overview of the existing physical, biological and human environment, identified by known and accessible data sources, and outlines survey plans to obtain additional data where needed. An overview of potential effects associated with the construction, operation \u0026amp; maintenance, and decommissioning phases of the PDZ is provided. This Scoping Report also outlines the proposed methods for assessment of the significance of effect on technical topics. The following technical topics have been considered: Physical Environment Marine Coastal Processes Marine Sediment and Water Quality Onshore Geology, Geomorphology and Soils Onshore Groundwater and Hydrology Water Framework Directive Biological Environment Designated Sites Benthic Subtidal and Intertidal Ecology Fish and Shellfish Ecology Marine Mammals and Reptile Ecology Terrestrial Ecology Ornithology Human Environment Commercial Fisheries Shipping and Navigation Coastal and Marine Infrastructure and Other Users Aviation and Radar Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Land Use Traffic and Transport Landscape, Seascape and Visual Impacts Underwater Noise and Vibration Onshore Noise and Vibration Air Quality Tourism and Recreation Socio-economics","author":["Royal Haskoning DHV"],"organization":["Royal Haskoning","Celtic Sea Power Limited"],"originationDate":"2023-02-15","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Environmental Impact Assessment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 10:53:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143003","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/biological-evaluation-effects-bathymetric-surveys-required-wave-energy-conversion","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.hnei.hawaii.edu\/publications\/project-reports\/hinmrec\/","title":"Biological Evaluation Effects of Bathymetric Surveys Required for Wave Energy Conversion Testing Facilities Planned for Kaneohe Bay and Pauwela (Maui)","description":"This document considers the Biological Evaluation of the effects due to the performance of High-Resolution-Multibeam-Surveys. These are required to provide detailed bathymetry as input to the process of site selection, mooring design and submarine power cable route design for wave energy conversion devices. In addition, the survey information is required as input to the environmental impact studies that would be required for EAs and\/or EISs. The bathymetric surveys would be performed in nearshore marine waters off Pa\u2019uwela (north-central) Maui and just outside Kaneohe Bay, Oahu.","author":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute"],"organization":["University of Hawaii","US Department of Energy (DOE)"],"originationDate":"2011-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes","Chemicals","Collision","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:07:33","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Biological-Evaluation-Effects-of-Bathymetric-Surveys.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143004","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/2016-annual-report-wave-energy-test-site-mcbh-kaneohe","sourceURL":"","title":"2016 Annual Report of the Wave Energy Test Site at MCBH, K\u0101ne\u02bbohe","description":"The area north of the M\u014dkapu Peninsula, adjacent to K\u0101ne\u2018ohe Marine Corps Base Hawai\u2018i (MCBH), has been utilized by the U.S. Navy for wave energy research since 2002.  The Wave Energy Test Site (WETS) originated with Ocean Power Technologies (OPT) prototype wave energy converter (WEC) at the 30m water depth offshore of North Beach at the MCBH. The Hawai\u2018i National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HNMREC) at the University of Hawai\u2018i, under contract with Department of Energy and the U.S. Navy, has expanded the test site to water depths of 60m and 80m to allow for the testing of wave energy devices.  Sea Engineering has been contracted by the HNMREC to conduct site investigations and monitoring in support of the expanded test site, as well as installation, maintenance and removal of associated WECs.","author":["Sea Engineering Inc"],"organization":["Hawaii Natural Energy Institute","University of Hawaii"],"originationDate":"2017-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Ecosystem Processes"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-01 11:29:05","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143041","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/impact-brexit-marine-renewable-energy-industry-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/skemman.is\/handle\/1946\/34031","title":"The impact of Brexit on the marine renewable energy industry in the UK","description":"Climate change and renewable energy targets have stimulated the growth and investment in marine renewable energies (MREs), that refers to the energy created by offshore wind, tidal and wave devices. However, with the referendum to separate from the EU commonly referred to as Brexit, uncertainty over the future of MRE in the UK exists. The purpose of this research was to explore the impacts of Brexit on the UK MRE industry. A state of knowledge review of the MRE industry in the UK provided the foundation. This was supported by a content analysis which identified seven main themes in the literature review. Following this state of knowledge review, additional content analysis identified the impact of Brexit on the MRE sector. Three main categories emerged from the research which shaped the discussion on Brexit; legislation and regulations, funding and investment and the supply chain. Indeed, depending on the type of Brexit chosen by the UK and the EU, the intensity of the consequences will vary. A \u201cno-deal\u201d Brexit would put pressure on legislation, funding and the supply chain, thus jeopardizing the MRE industry\u2019s leadership, while a \u201cNorwegian model\u201d would enable the UK to maintain a similar relationship with the EU. The thesis concludes with insights and recommendations on how the MRE industry can be sustained and reach its potential in the UK following Brexit.","author":["Billarant, F."],"organization":["University of Akureyri"],"originationDate":"2019-02-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-04 05:39:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Billarant_2019.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143057","type":["Project"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/project-sites\/san-antonio-hybrid-renewable-energy-demonstrator","sourceURL":"","title":"San Antonio Hybrid Renewable Energy Demonstrator","description":"The San Antonio Hybrid Renewable Energy Project is a proposed 2.4 MW hybrid renewable energy system on San Antonio Island, Northern Samar, designed to demonstrate a replicable clean-energy solution for off-grid and missionary islands in the Philippines. The system integrates 1.8 MWp of ground-mounted solar PV, a 600 kW floating PLAT-I tidal stream energy system, and a 4.45 MWh battery energy storage system (BESS), with 600 kW diesel generators as emergency backup.The tidal energy conversion system will be deployed in a nearshore marine area west of the island and connected to the onshore facilities through a 13.8 kV submarine cable, while the solar PV, BESS, substation, and control infrastructure will be located near the existing National Power Corporation (NPC) power plant and barangay centre.The project aims to achieve at least 70% renewable-energy penetration, reduce generation costs by at least 30%, increase supply capacity by at least 50%, and reduce annual CO\u2082 emissions by approximately 60\u201370% compared with the existing diesel-based system. It is intended not only to improve electricity supply on San Antonio Island but also to serve as a model for deploying tidal\u2013solar\u2013battery hybrid systems in other remote Philippine islands.","author":["Marianne Eleanor Catanyag"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-09-07","spatial":{"coordinates":["12.411400000000","124.226000000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Habitat Change","Collision","Changes in Flow","Noise","Marine Mammals","Fish","Human Dimensions","Fisheries","Birds","Invertebrates","Reptiles","Sea Turtles","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Ecosystem Processes","Water Quality"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-14 10:45:59","signatureProject":[],"attachment":[]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143091","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-wave-powered-water-pump-upwelling-kelp-mariculture-case-study-gulf-maine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/marine-science\/articles\/10.3389\/fmars.2026.1881744\/full","title":"Effects of wave-powered water pump upwelling on kelp mariculture: a case study for Gulf of Maine","description":"In kelp aquaculture, higher nitrate concentration increases productivity, and water temperatures within a favorable range promote kelp survival. In specific oceanic regions these environmental conditions can be produced by artificial upwelling. This work explores whether wave-powered artificial upwelling can modify local environmental conditions to enhance kelp mariculture productivity. A coupled physical-biogeochemical modeling feasibility study was developed using multiyear empirical oceanographic data of temperature, nitrate concentrations, and wave conditions at an ocean case study site in the Gulf of Maine. The study is limited in its approach where mixing conditions are assumed to be ideal, and horizontal advection is assumed to be negligible (or periodic within a much larger kelp farm). The model estimates that wave-powered upwelling can decrease the water temperature by an average of 1.0 \u00b1 0.15 \u00b0C from June through October, and increase nitrate concentration by an average of 0.1\u22121.1 \u00b5mol L\u22121 from June through September depending on parameter uncertainties within a simplified model kelp farm. Additional analysis of farm-scale boundary conditions suggests that the spatial distribution and degree of mixing upwelled water strongly influences the extent of nitrate increase and cooling within kelp farms. The environmental changes in the example kelp farm due to wave-powered upwelling are then applied to a validated kelp growth model with empirical surface current magnitudes and irradiance data, producing an estimate of 0.9 +1.1\/-0.0 DMT ha\u22121 yr\u22121 (or approximately 9.5% +1.6%\/-10%) of additional kelp grown. The kelp growth model assumes that nitrate is the only limiting nutrient in kelp growth, and has some other limitations. This framework facilitates further investigation of wave-powered upwelling as a scalable ocean-based strategy for sustainable kelp aquaculture. Combined, these findings suggest that wave-powered artificial upwelling may enhance kelp productivity under nutrient-limited and seasonally warm conditions in temperate marine ecosystems.","author":["Kimball, C.","Wosnik, M."],"organization":["University of New Hampshire"],"originationDate":"2026-09-03","spatial":{"coordinates":["42.966873000000","-70.627719000000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Water Quality","Changes in Flow"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-10 06:11:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kimball-Wosnik-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143092","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/barriers-drivers-tidal-energy-development-case-study-ireland","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2211467X26001707","title":"Barriers and drivers for tidal energy development: A case study of Ireland","description":"European states have set ambitious targets to meet their climate goals and decarbonize their energy sector. These included development plans for the marine environment, knowing its potential in harnessing Offshore Renew able Energy (ORE) through wind, wave and tidal resources. The latter is becoming highly attractive due to its predictability, reliability and potential to answer communities\u0027 energy needs, but it is still associated with several challenges that are often overlooked. This paper aims to identify the barriers and drivers for tidal energy development in Ireland following the recent policy changes. This is done through semi-structured interviews with key local and regional stakeholders in the ORE field, which are analysed following Braun and Clarke\u0027s Thematic Analysis approach. The main challenges for tidal energy development revolve around the uncertainties and dynamic nature surrounding the existing regulatory framework in terms of marine spatial planning and planning processes, in addition to the technology\u0027s high cost, limited competitiveness and lack of resources in state agencies and de partments. Moreover, community objections, socio-economic interests and supply chains issues play a key role in project delays. Nevertheless, the technology offers undervalued advantages in terms of its predictability and reliability, particularly in remote and island communities. Interviews revealed the need to provide better clarity and faster action at all levels of the ORE value chain. This cannot happen without providing incentives, enhancing awareness and community participation, and ensuring environmental sustainability. As the identified barriers represent typical challenges encountered in other country-cases, Ireland can learn from leading EU and international countries to enable projects\u2019 commercialization, and can also lead by example for similar island nations.","author":["Ayoub, M.","Kindermann, G.","Lanser, M-C."],"organization":["University of Galway"],"originationDate":"2026-05-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-22 04:05:00","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ayoub.M._2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143118","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/importance-empirical-particle-motion-measurements-monitoring-underwater-noise-wave","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/313","title":"The Importance of Empirical Particle Motion Measurements for Monitoring Underwater Noise from Wave Energy Converters","description":"Underwater noise from Marine Energy Converters (MECs), including Wave Energy Converters (WECs), is a recognized stressor for marine organisms. Current monitoring guidelines focus on scalar pressure, but particle motion is equally important, especially in complex shallow-water environments where WEC systems can affect the soundscape. Many marine species detect sound primarily through particle motion, highlighting the need to include it in monitoring frameworks. This work underscores the importance and role of sound in marine habitats. Using a 3D accelerometer and hydrophone, we collected acoustic data near an Inertial Sea Wave Energy Converter (ISWEC) off Pantelleria, Sicily. Our initial measurements showed discrepancies between pressure and particle motion and higher variability along the vertical axis. These results stress the necessity of incorporating particle motion alongside pressure in underwater noise assessments, with potential implications for benthic and demersal species. They also highlight the need for deeper investigation into particle motion dynamics, particularly in the context of marine energy converter operations in shallow-water environments.","author":["Chicco, C.","Niosi, F.","Issoglio, D.","Buscaino, G.","Papale, E.","Ceraulo, M.","Giorgi, G."],"organization":["Politecnico di Torino","National Research Council of Italy (CNR)"],"originationDate":"2026-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Human Dimensions","Demersal Fish","Environmental Impact Assessment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-14 10:37:41","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/313_Chicco_The_Importance_of_Empirical_Particle_Motion_Measurements_for_Monitoring_Underwater_Noise_from_Wave_Energy_Converters.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143119","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-exposure-marine-life-electromagnetic-fields-generated-subsea-cables","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/317","title":"Understanding the exposure of marine life to electromagnetic fields generated by subsea cables","description":"Electromagnetic fields (EMF) generated by wave and tidal energy subsea power cables can potentially impact marine life. The primary source of artificial EMF is subsea power cables, whose estimates of the propagating levels are typically conducted using theoretical models. However, these models must be validated with empirical data collected in situ. This study proposes a new measurement methodology that enhances the accuracy of the estimated fields in the water column. The new methodology employs two fluxgate magnetometers operating simultaneously: one stationary near the cable and the other moved around to map spatial variations. The stationary magnetometer thus serves as a reference. Changes in the magnetic field recorded by the stationary fluxgate can be attributed solely to variations in the electric current flowing through the cable. The advantage of this configuration is that it enables linear corrections of changes in the cable current during measurement. Consequently, data from the moving fluxgate can be adjusted according to the fluctuating current. This methodology will produce corrected data suitable for modelling where the current is assumed to be constant. The methodology was tested in situ on a High Voltage Alternating Current offshore wind export cable. Additionally, it was observed that there were two contributions to the observed magnetic field: the magnetic field from a balanced load that attenuates effectively with increasing distance and the magnetic field generated by an unbalanced load that decreases more slowly and, as a result, influences a larger volume.","author":["Caradonna, V.","Sigray, P.","Gill, A.","Azzellino, A.","Vicinanza, D.","Borsani, J."],"organization":["University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"],"originationDate":"2026-07-31","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-14 10:42:48","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/emf_subsea_cables.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143120","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/comparing-optical-camera-imaging-sonar-observations-animal-interactions-tidal-turbine","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marineenergyjournal.org\/imej\/article\/view\/314","title":"Comparing optical camera and imaging sonar observations of animal interactions with a tidal turbine","description":"The potential for animal injury or mortality because of collisions with operating current energy turbines remains an important research question with consequences for management of proposed marine energy projects. During a 141-day deployment of a small-scale (1 m2) tidal turbine, a sensor package including optical cameras and imaging sonars was used to record near-field interactions between animals and the turbine. Over 1000 animal interactions were captured by the optical cameras, including several species of fish, at least two species of diving birds, and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Both seals and fish were observed in the vicinity of the turbine while it was rotating, and a range of behaviors were captured. Seals and fish were also observed while the turbine was stationary, although the observed behaviors were different. Diving birds were observed regularly, but only during daytime hours and when the turbine was stationary. In this work, we summarize trends in animal behavior with respect to tidal elevation, time of day, and turbine operational state and discuss specific observations of collisions (only observed for fish), evasion (fish and seals), avoidance, and attraction. Previously published analysis focused on optical camera data due to their ability to resolve near-field interactions with the rotor. Here, co-temporal sonar data are used to provide additional context that includes capturing a higher degree of animal presence near the operating rotor than determined in review of the optical data, documenting additional examples of avoidance and evasion behavior using the larger field of view, and providing evidence of predator\/prey interactions that may inform collision risk. Based on our experiences and findings we also recommend approaches for future projects seeking to acquire, analyze, and report on similar data sets.","author":["Bassett, C.","Cotter, E."],"organization":["University of Washington"],"originationDate":"2026-07-31","spatial":{"coordinates":["48.077151513585","-123.035006642250"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Birds","Fish","Marine Mammals","Pinnipeds","Attraction","Avoidance","Collision"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-14 10:49:08","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/314_Bassett__Observations_of_fish__birds__and_harbor_seals_around_an_operating_cross_flow_turbine.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143135","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/long-term-impacts-design-considerations-dual-purpose-wave-farms-energy-generation","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0306261925015351","title":"Long-term impacts and design considerations of dual-purpose wave farms for energy generation and coastal protection","description":"The dual use of wave farms for renewable energy generation and coastal protection presents a promising strategy to reduce the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCoE) and improve the economic feasibility of wave energy. However, no prior study has quantified the long-term morphodynamic impacts of wave farms or evaluated how seasonal wave conditions influence energy output and coastal protection effectiveness. This study presents the first integrated assessment of a nearshore WaveRoller Wave Energy Converter (WEC) array over 1-, 10-, and 20-year periods, using a field-validated, coupled depth-averaged (2DH) hydrodynamic, spectral wave, and sediment transport model in Delft3D. Nine deployment configurations were simulated to explore how array layout (spacing and distance from shore) affects wave attenuation, sediment retention, and energy output. Results show that the WaveRoller array produced 562.3\u202fMWh annually per device, with a capacity factor of 18.34\u202f% and a capture efficiency of 49.9\u202f%. The system also retained up to 278,427\u202fm3 of sediment after 20\u202fyears, with a sediment retention per unit area of 1.941\u202fm3\/m2. Wave attenuation was greatest during low-to-moderate energy conditions, suggesting year-round protection benefits. Sensitivity analyses revealed a trade-off between energy yield and erosion mitigation, with tighter spacing enhancing sediment retention and moderate distances offshore improving energy yield. By quantifying energy production and erosion mitigation under different design scenarios, this study demonstrates the dual functionality of wave farms and supports their use as multi-functional coastal infrastructure. These results offer a foundation for future techno-economic models that incorporate both energy and coastal protection outcomes.","author":["Boodoo, A.","Cross, J.","Ridgewell, C.","Kortelainen, V.","Vuorinen, M.","Harouna-Mayer, A."],"organization":["Institute of Science Tokyo","AW-Energy"],"originationDate":"2025-09-25","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Sediment Transport","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-16 09:14:06","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Boodoo.A.2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143191","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/navigating-energy-transition-transdisciplinary-insights-marine-science-blue-economy","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352484726002702","title":"Navigating the energy transition: Transdisciplinary insights from marine science, blue economy, energy analytics, and sustainability education","description":"Marine renewable energy (MRE), including offshore wind, tidal, wave, thermal, and biomass resources, can support decarbonization while advancing blue economy objectives, but its deployment requires coordinated ecological, technical, and social strategies. This study synthesizes the interdisciplinary nexus among marine science, blue economy, energy analytics, and sustainability education, and maps the research development using a PRISMA-guided bibliometric review of Scopus-indexed literature. Bibliometric indicators (publications, cita tions, and collaboration networks) were analysed in order to map research development trends. Findings indicate a rapid growth in MRE research with strong international collaborations, mainly led by offshore wind and tidal technologies, together with persistent concerns related to habitat disturbance, biodiversity impacts, and spatial conflicts. Energy analytics (forecasting, optimization, and grid integration) emerges as key enabler for managing variability and improving system reliability, while sustainability education supports the public understanding, social acceptance, and development of workforce capacity. Accelerating sustainable MRE adoption requires marine spatial planning, robust environmental safeguards, and data-driven grid and system management aligned with equitable governance of blue economy.","author":["Hridoy, A.","Bordin, C.","Masood, A.","David, G.","Acharjee, M.","Baki, A.","Pathan, M.","Gias, T.","Nath, A.","Sen, A."],"organization":["Sylhet Agricultural University","UiT The Arctic University of Norway","Southwest Jiaotong University (SWJTU)","University of Manchester","Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University","University of the Basque Country","Noakhali Science and Technology University","Gazipur Agricultural University"],"originationDate":"2026-04-20","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Marine Spatial Planning","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-18 06:25:56","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Hridoy.A._2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143192","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/history-uk-renewable-energy-programme-1974-88-some-social-political-economic-aspects","sourceURL":"https:\/\/theses.gla.ac.uk\/3121\/","title":"A history of the UK renewable energy programme, 1974-88: some social, political, and economic aspects.","description":"Following the global oil crisis of October 1973 the UK government funded and administered a range of R\u0026amp;D programmes in renewable energy. Despite the discoveries of large deposits of oil and gas in the North Sea during the late 1960s and continuing faith in nuclear energy the government was keen to explore the potential of renewable energy as what it described as an \u2018insurance technology\u2019. This thesis examines the creation and evolution of the UK renewable energy programme from 1974 until its demise prior to the privatisation of the UK\u2019s nationalised energy industries in the late 1980s. The thesis shows the important role that social movements - in this case, the new environmentalism - played in the promotion of renewable energy in the UK. This will suggest that the programme can be seen in some senses as a tokenistic gesture by the government acting within the uncertain political, social, and economic landscape of the 1970s. This thesis shows that government decisions on renewable energy were continually driven by socio-political factors which overwhelmed the unreliable economic case for renewables at that time. This is achieved by a close historical account of the two key elements of the wider programme: the Wave Energy Programme and the Wind Energy Programme. Using a mix of the existing literature, historical archive and interviews this thesis builds a historical account of renewable energy R\u0026amp;D in the UK between 1974 and 1988.","author":["Wilson, J."],"organization":["University of Glasgow"],"originationDate":"2010-09-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy"],"modifiedDate":"2026-09-18 07:02:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Wilson_2010.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143268","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewable-energy-cumulative-effects-assessments-summary-state-play","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2667010026002684","title":"Marine Renewable Energy and Cumulative Effects Assessments: Summary of the State of Play","description":"Cumulative effects result from interacting human activities across space or time, potentially involving multiple sectors, which can affect ecosystem components. Cumulative effects assessments (CEAs) systematically identify and evaluate the compound effects of multiple pressures that may occur within and across industries (and via interaction with climate change induced ecosystem shifts), causing large-scale environmental change. As offshore developments, such as marine renewable energy (MRE), expand there is increasing need for informative, robust cumulative effects assessments. These CEAs may come at great cost in terms of resources and data requirements, as well as the methodological challenges relating to the complex nature of ecosystem interactions. This paper provides a review of the current state of the science for MRE-relevant CEAs. While interest in CEAs has grown rapidly since 2000, data limitations often precluded quantitative approaches. The review highlights that MRE-related CEAs have so far used only a subset of the diverse toolbox of methods available, including expert elicitation, loop analysis, GIS-based techniques, and dynamic models. Developing MRE-specific considerations, addressing data gaps, refining assessments cost-effectively, and learning from integrated ocean management work remain important next steps. Critical research gaps identified include: the absence of standardized, jurisdiction-spanning approaches and terminology; insufficient methods for characterizing nonlinear and indirect cumulative effects; a lack of post-deployment validation of CEA predictions against realized outcomes; minimal accounting for interactions between MRE stressors and climate change; limited observational data on compound and cascading stressor-receptor interactions specific to MRE (e.g., impact-response relationships across life stages and at array scale); and the absence of regionally defined, ecosystem-specific indicator reference points for acceptable levels of effect. Addressing these gaps and additionally nesting project-level (proponent-executed) CEAs within strategic regional (government supported) frameworks, standardizing approaches and terminology across projects and jurisdictions, ensuring transparency in framing and in communicating assumptions and uncertainties, using predictive models where possible, and building centralized data infrastructure to reduce duplication are all needed to advance the impactful use MRE-related CEA. Applying lessons from other industries can help efficiently implement CEAs for MRE while avoiding past errors.","author":["Fulton, E.","Hemery, L.","Copping, A.","Farr, H.","Fox, J.","Garavelli, L.","Hasselman, D.","Miller, R.","O\u0027Hagan, A."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)","Aquatera Ltd","AquaVeritas Research","Xodus Group","University College Cork"],"originationDate":"2026-12-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-08 12:38:04","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Fulton-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143341","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/conceptual-probabilistic-framework-site-specific-renewable-energy-infrastructure","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciepublish.com\/article\/pii\/1245","title":"A Conceptual Probabilistic Framework for Site-Specific Renewable-Energy Infrastructure Selection in Offshore Aquaculture","description":"Offshore expansion of aquaculture is constrained by the prohibitive cost of subsea grid connection, making off-grid renewable generation an alternative to the diesel supply that currently dominates. This study addresses a fundamental question: is there an optimal renewable energy infrastructure suitable for universal deployment in offshore aquaculture, or must solutions be site-specific? A probabilistic decision-making framework incorporating influence diagrams, Markov chains, temporal modelling, investment cost forecasting, and five renewable energy infrastructure designs was evaluated against performance, environmental impact, and techno-economic criteria. Application to two Tasmanian case study sites revealed that multi-source renewable infrastructures outperformed single-source alternatives, yet different technology combinations proved optimal at each location (VAWT-PV-OWC at Bass Strait, HAWT-PV or HAWT at Storm Bay). Under equal criterion weighting, renewable alternatives scored 15\u201335% lower in utility than diesel generation, at a cost of valued energy approximately 9\u201314 times the diesel baseline on a 2030 forecast basis, but this ranking reversed once environmental weighting exceeded 37%, within the range of plausible stakeholder priorities. The site-specific rankings were unchanged across all 64 cost-parameter perturbation scenarios tested, indicating robustness to cost-forecast uncertainty. These findings demonstrate that effective renewable energy deployment for offshore aquaculture requires site-specific assessment rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, and provide a transferable methodology for conducting assessment.","author":["Vickers, T.","Howe, D."],"organization":["University of Tasmania","Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre (CRC)"],"originationDate":"2026-09-28","spatial":{"coordinates":[["-40.959017000000","146.055406000000"],["-43.089497000000","147.510668000000"]],"extent":"multipoint"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Fisheries"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-09 09:29:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Vickers-Howe-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143347","type":["Document","Document\/Thesis"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/energy-echoes-marine-environmental-protection-against-acoustic-pollution-arising","sourceURL":"https:\/\/studenttheses.uu.nl\/items\/6e16679a-c964-42e4-87e2-15e4a62bad5b","title":"From Energy to Echoes: Marine Environmental Protection against Acoustic Pollution arising from Offshore Renewable Energy Activities","description":"This thesis examines the extent to which the interaction between the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the OSPAR Convention and the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) concretises obligations to protect the marine environment against acoustic pollution arising from offshore renewable energy activities. It adopts a doctrinal approach and develops an analytical framework based on three core UNCLOS obligations: the general obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment, the obligation to conduct environmental assessments, and the obligation to cooperate. The analysis first identifies the normative limitations and gaps within the UNCLOS framework and then assesses the extent to which regional and EU law provide the necessary substantive, procedural and institutional content. It finds that the OSPAR Convention and the MSFD substantially concretise UNCLOS obligations through regional cooperation, environmental assessment mechanisms, environmental principles and detailed technical benchmarks. In particular, regional standards can give substantive content to broadly formulated due diligence obligations and bridge some of the normative gaps identified under UNCLOS. The interaction between OSPAR and the MSFD further strengthens this process through EU-level implementation and enforceability.","author":["K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckali, D."],"organization":["Utrecht University"],"originationDate":"2026-06-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-12 09:28:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckali-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143352","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effects-electromagnetic-fields-flatfish","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0025326X25011282","title":"Effects of electromagnetic fields on flatfish","description":"The offshore renewable energy industry is expanding rapidly due to decarbonisation commitments and need for energy security. This will change the marine environment in ways that are not fully understood, including more subsea power cables in the sea. Movement of electricity through these cables generates an electromagnetic field (EMF), which might affect marine species. To aid in ensuring the industry expands sustainably, this study aims to improve our understanding of how flatfish might be affected by EMFs. Behaviour of 61 European flounder (Platichthys flesus) was recorded in a large tank, with one section exposed to EMF. Two types of common EMFs were generated at realistic levels (alternating current [AC] maximum ca. 15 \u03bcT RMS and direct current [DC] maximum ca. 19.6 \u03bcT). A small pilot study was also conducted using 15 European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Results from blind video analysis showed no evidence of attraction, avoidance, or differences in behaviours inside vs outside the EMF. In control trials, flounder were more active during the day compared to the hour before sunset until the end of the trial. Continuous exposure to EMF removed this rhythm, with flounder exposed to EMF staying active throughout the trial period. At sunset, EMF-exposed fish were at least twice as likely to be transiting compared to control. Further research is needed to determine what the underlying cause(s) might be, and whether these results happen through a full 24-hour cycle, are comparable to the wild, or lead to long term impacts.","author":["Chapman, E.","Rochas, C.","Burns, Z.","Harsanyi, P.","Scott, K."],"organization":["St Abbs Marine Station","Wageningen University and Research Centre"],"originationDate":"2025-08-28","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Fish","Demersal Fish","EMF"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-13 05:32:40","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Chapman.E.2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143365","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/passive-acoustic-monitoring-pam-assess-benthic-communities-associated-offshore-wind","sourceURL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10661-026-15614-5","title":"Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) to assess benthic communities associated with offshore wind farms: insights and future directions","description":"Understanding biodiversity in offshore benthic ecosystems is crucial as anthropogenic pressures like offshore wind development increasingly alter marine environments. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM), widely used for marine mammal research, offers a promising yet underexplored tool for assessing broader faunal communities. Here, we investigate whether PAM data, collected initially for marine mammal monitoring, can reveal spatial variation in benthic biodiversity along Scotland\u2019s east coast. We analysed passive acoustic data from eight offshore sedimentary habitats, identifying 16 distinct biological sound types likely produced by fish and invertebrates. Acoustic indices were also calculated and compared with environmental variables and infaunal benthic richness derived from open-source biodiversity databases. Our results show that key habitat variables, including substrate type, current velocity, and spawning suitability, drive variation in acoustic communities. The findings of this pilot study demonstrate that PAM can be used to detect biologically meaningful patterns in benthic assemblages, and with future work focusing on investigating longer-term datasets, it could offer a cost-effective tool for biodiversity monitoring across space and time. While several acoustic indices correlated with phonic richness and benthic diversity, we currently do not recommend their use in biodiversity monitoring. This study highlights the ecological value of existing acoustic datasets and advances our understanding of soundscape ecology and species-habitat relationships in changing marine environments.","author":["De Clippele, L.","Barnett, R.","Bolgan, M.","Kent, F.","Wright, K.","Brookes, K.","Gilliland, A."],"organization":["University of Glasgow","University of Stirling","Heriot-Watt University","Scottish Government Marine Directorate","Scottish Government"],"originationDate":"2026-06-29","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Invertebrates","Physical Environment","Fish","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-14 05:50:57","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/De_Clippele_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143390","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/ipcc-special-report-renewable-energy-sources-climate-change-mitigation-summary","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.uncclearn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/library\/ipcc15.pdf","title":"IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation Summary for Policymakers","description":"The Working Group III Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) presents an assessment of the literature on the scientific, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of the contribution of six renewable energy (RE) sources to the mitigation of climate change. It is intended to provide policy relevant information to governments, intergovernmental processes and other interested parties. This Summary for Policymakers provides an overview of the SRREN, summarizing the essential findings. The SRREN consists of 11 chapters. Chapter 1 sets the context for RE and climate change; Chapters 2 through 7 provide information on six RE technologies, and Chapters 8 through 11 address integrative issues.","author":["Edenhofer, O.","Pichs-Madruga, R.","Sokona, Y.","Seyboth, K.","Arvizu, D.","Bruckner, T.","Christensen, J.","Chum, H.","Devernay, J-M.","Faaij, A.","Fischedick, M.","Goldstein, B.","Hansen, G.","Huckerby, J.","Jager-Waldau, A.","Kadner, S.","Kammen, D.","Krey, V.","Kumar A.","Lewis, A.","Lucon, O.","Matschoss, P.","Maurice, L.","Mitchell, C.","Moomaw, W.","Moreira, J.","Nada\u00ef, A.","Nilsson, L.","Nyboer, J.","Rahman, A.","Sathaye, J.","Sawin, J.","Schaeffer, R.","Schei, T.","Schlomer, S.","Sims, R.","von Stechow, R.","Verbruggen, A.","Urama, K.","Wiser, R.","Yamba, F.","Zwickel, T."],"organization":["Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)"],"originationDate":"2011-05-08","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Ocean Current","OTEC","Salinity Gradient","Current\/Tidal","Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Climate Change","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-16 12:19:15","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/ipcc_2011.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143430","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/25-years-iea-oes-2001-2026","sourceURL":"https:\/\/25years.ocean-energy.org\/","title":"25 Years of IEA-OES (2001 - 2026)","description":"In 2026, the IEA-OES marks its 25th anniversary, offering an opportunity to reflect on how the collaboration has grown from its early beginnings into a recognised international platform for cooperation and knowledge sharing in ocean energy. Launched in 2001 under the framework of the International Energy Agency, IEA-OES was established by its inaugural signatories \u2014 Denmark, Portugal and the United Kingdom \u2014 with Ireland and Japan joining soon afterwards. Over the years, the collaboration has continued to expand most recently with Brazil formally joining on 13 April 2026, further strengthening the programme\u2019s international reach in its anniversary year. The collaboration now has a total of 22 member countries and the European Commission. Created to advance the research, development and demonstration of ocean energy technologies, IEA-OES has evolved alongside the sector itself, adapting to new challenges and opportunities over time. Today, it brings countries together to share knowledge, develop joint studies and guidance, support policy and regulatory dialogue, strengthen environmental understanding, and accelerate the viability, uptake and acceptance of ocean energy in an environmentally responsible manner. In doing so, IEA-OES continues to play an important role in supporting the global clean energy transition and in shaping the long-term development of ocean energy worldwide.","author":["Ocean Energy Systems (OES)","International Energy Agency (IEA)"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-22 04:43:31","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/IEA-OES-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143431","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/understanding-community-perception-around-ocean-renewable-energy-survey-report","sourceURL":"https:\/\/seagrant.uog.edu\/understanding-community-perception-around-ocean-renewable-energy-survey-report\/","title":"Understanding Community Perception Around Ocean Renewable Energy: Survey Report","description":"This report presents the findings of the Perceptions on Ocean Energy (P.O.E.) survey, conducted to better understand community awareness, perceptions, and engagement related to ocean renewable energy in Guam. A total of 552 responses were collected, including 361 fully completed surveys, providing insight into community attitudes across multiple demographic groups. Overall, findings indicate that while familiarity with specific ocean renewable energy technologies remains limited, respondents generally expressed openness and support for their development. Many participants identified potential benefits such as increased energy independence, job creation, and environmental sustainability. However, uncertainty persists regarding environmental impacts, economic feasibility, and potential effects on existing industries such as fishing and tourism. The results also highlight the importance of accessible and trusted information sources. Participants reported relying heavily on digital platforms, particularly social media, for learning about energy topics, though active engagement in public forums remains limited. Additionally, respondents expressed greater comfort discussing these issues in private or informal settings rather than in formal or public spaces. These findings suggest a need for continued public education, transparent communication, and targeted outreach strategies to support informed community engagement as Guam explores the development of ocean renewable energy.","author":["Lizama, R."],"organization":["University of Guam","National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)"],"originationDate":"2026-10-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Recreation \u0026 Tourism","Social \u0026 Economic Data"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-22 04:51:09","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Lizama-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143452","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/integral-part-canadas-clean-energy-future-marine-renewable-energy-sector-vision-2050","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marinerenewables.ca\/vision\/","title":"An Integral Part of Canada\u0027s Clean Energy Future: Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050","description":"Canada\u2019s clean energy transition is entering a decisive phase. Electricity demand is projected to increase two to threefold by 2050 as transportation, buildings, and industry electrify, and new markets emerge such as data centres and green fuel production. Meeting this demand while maintaining affordability, reliability, and energy security will require a significant expansion of clean electricity supply and infrastructure. Marine renewable energy - offshore wind, tidal, wave, and river current - offers Canada a uniquely powerful solution. With vast coastlines, strong winds, and powerful tides, Can ada is among the most resource-rich marine renewable jurisdictions in the world. These resources can deliver large-scale, predictable and reliable clean power, strengthen grid resilience, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, and support economic development across coastal, rural, northern, and Indigenous communities. This Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050 sets out a practical, phased pathway for realizing that opportunity. Grounded in government priorities, electricity demand projec tions, industry engagement, and Canada\u2019s marine resource potential, it outlines what can be achieved by 2030, 2040, and 2050 - and the actions required to get there.Partie int\u00e9grante de l\u2019avenir d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre du Canada: Vision\u202f2050 du Secteur de l\u2019\u00e9nergie marine renouvelableLa transition vers l\u2019\u00e9nergie propre du Canada passe \u00e0 une phase de d\u00e9cision. La demande d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 devrait augmenter de deux \u00e0 trois fois d\u2019ici 2050 \u00e0 mesure que le transport, les b\u00e2timents et l\u2019industrie s\u2019\u00e9lectrifient, et que de nouveaux march\u00e9s \u00e9mergent, tels que les centres de donn\u00e9es et la production de combustible vert. R\u00e9pondre \u00e0 cette demande, tout en maintenant l\u2019accessibilit\u00e9, la fiabilit\u00e9 et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, exigera une expansion consid\u00e9rable de l\u2019approvisionnement en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9 propre et de l\u2019infrastructure. L\u2019\u00e9nergie marine renouvelable \u2013 du vent en mer, de la mar\u00e9e, des vagues et des courants fluviaux \u2013 offre au Canada une solution particuli\u00e8rement puissante. Avec de vastes c\u00f4tes, des vents violents et des mar\u00e9es puissantes, le Canada est l\u2019un des pays les plus riches en ressou rces marines renouvelables au monde. Ces ressources peuvent fournir une \u00e9nergie propre, pr\u00e9visible et fiable \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, renforcer la r\u00e9silience du r\u00e9seau, r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance aux combustibles fossiles et soutenir le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique dans les communaut\u00e9s c\u00f4ti\u00e8res, rurales, nordiques et autochtones. La Vision 2050 du Secteur de l\u2019\u00e9nergie marine renouvelable \u00e9tablit une voie pratique et progres sive pour r\u00e9aliser cette possibilit\u00e9. Ancr\u00e9e dans les priorit\u00e9s gouvernementales, les projec tions de la demande en \u00e9lectricit\u00e9, la mobilisation de l\u2019industrie et le potentiel des ressources marines du Canada, elle d\u00e9crit ce qui peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9 d\u2019ici 2030, 2040 et 2050 ainsi que les mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour y parvenir.","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-23 04:55:38","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-2026.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-2026-French.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143453","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/marine-renewables-may-just-be-what-canada-needs","sourceURL":"https:\/\/marinerenewables.ca\/vision\/","title":"Marine renewables may just be what Canada needs","description":"The problem: Canada needs much more clean electricity. Canada\u2019s energy system is changing fast, and the need for clean and reliable electricity is growing across the country. The solution: Canada has abundant marine renewable sources. Canada has the longest coastlines and the most powerful tides in the world, along with strong winds, and over 8,700 rivers. Marine renewable energy - wave, tidal, offshore wind, and river current - generates electricity from these natural forces in marine and freshwater environments.L\u2019\u00e9nergie marine renouvelable pourrait bien \u00eatre ce dont le Canada a besoinLe probl\u00e8me: le Canada a besoin de beaucoup plus d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 propre. Le syst\u00e8me \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique du Canada \u00e9volue rapidement, et le besoin d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 propre et fiable augmente dans le pays.La solution: le Canada dispose de nombreuses ressources marines renouvelables. Le Canada a les plus longues c\u00f4tes et les mar\u00e9es les plus puis santes au monde, ainsi que des vents forts et plus de 8 700 rivi\u00e8res. L\u2019\u00e9nergie marine renouvelable \u2013 vagues, mar\u00e9es, vent en mer et courant des rivi\u00e8res \u2013 g\u00e9n\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de ces forces naturelles dans des environnements en milieu marin et en eau douce.","author":["Marine Renewables Canada"],"organization":[],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-23 05:04:14","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-2026_0.pdf","https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/MRC-2026-French_0.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143505","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/humanmade-nature-socio-legal-conceptual-analysis-nature-restoration-north-sea","sourceURL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jel\/article\/37\/2\/229\/8110516","title":"On Human(made) Nature: A Socio-Legal Conceptual Analysis of Nature Restoration in the North Sea","description":"It has been suggested that the growing emphasis on nature restoration reflects a paradigm shift in environmental law and governance. Through a socio-legal analysis of the emerging concept of restoration in law and policy frameworks and in practice in the North Sea, this article reveals that no such shift is currently discernable. It shows that the underpinning conception of \u2018nature\u2019 has not changed in the law and governance of restoration, and that restoration thus runs into the same limitations as conventional approaches to conservation rooted in a hegemonic non-relational paradigm. This poses practical challenges for actors currently engaged in restoration initiatives and pre-empts alternative approaches, limiting the transformative potential of the restoration agenda. To overcome this, we propose that centring a relational approach opens up alternative ways of conceptualising and governing nature that are better aligned with the situated experiences, plural values and knowledges of people engaged in restoration practice.","author":["Holst, R.","Zegers, R."],"organization":["University of Edinburgh"],"originationDate":"2025-07-02","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Legal \u0026 Policy","Stakeholder Engagement","Habitat Change"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-26 09:51:16","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Holst_and_Zegers_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143514","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/effect-duty-cycle-composition-intermittent-sound-temporary-hearing-threshold-shift","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/article\/effect-of-duty-cycle-composition-of-intermittent-sound-on-temporary-hearing-threshold-shift-in-a-harbor-porpoise-phocoena-phocoena\/","title":"Effect of Duty Cycle Composition of Intermittent Sound on Temporary Hearing Threshold Shift in a Harbor Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)","description":"Temporary hearing threshold shift (TTS) in mammals depends on aspects of the fatiguing sound causing the shift: frequency, sound pressure level (SPL), exposure duration, and duty cycle (DC). Intermittent fatiguing sounds consist of pulses alternating with inter-pulse intervals (IPIs). With ambient noise below \u201ceffective quiet thresholds\u201d (Ward et al., 1976, p. 160) hearing can recover between pulses. Sounds with the same DC can have different combinations of exposure pulse and IPI durations, and it is unclear how DC composition affects TTS. The effects of IPI on TTS and recovery was studied in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) exposed to one-sixth octave noise bands centered at 8 kHz with mean SPL of 144 dB re 1 \u03bcPa and DCs of 50% (cumulative sound exposure level: 177 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s) and 100% (continuous; cumulative sound exposure level: 180 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s). The 50% DCs were sounds with equal pulse and IPI durations of 10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1 s. The TTS1-4 min elicited at 11.3 kHz was similar (~18 dB) for fatiguing sound IPIs between 10 and 4 s, higher (~20 dB) for 2 and 1 s IPIs, higher still (~22 dB) for 0.5 s IPI, and highest (~24 dB) for 0.25 and 0.1 s IPIs. The continuous sound caused 23.8 dB TTS. Hearing recovered during IPIs of 10 to 4 s, less during IPIs of 2 to 0.5 s, and very little during IPIs of \u2264 0.25 s. Reverberations of the fatiguing sound in the pool may have added to the TTS caused when IPIs were short. As the effective quiet SPL for 8 kHz sounds in harbor porpoises is unknown, it is unclear which contributions reverberation energy and short recovery times played in causing the high TTS during exposures with IPIs \u0026lt; 4 s. This study supports research indicating reduced TTS after exposure to intermittent sounds relative to exposures to continuous sounds, and it highlights the importance of quiet intervals between exposures for hearing recovery.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Van Acoleyen, L.","Tuytens, K.","Terhune, J.","von Benda-Beckmann, A.","Jansen, E."],"organization":["SEAMARCO","University of New Brunswick","TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research) Wind Energy"],"originationDate":"2026-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-11-05 05:01:53","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Kastelein_etal_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143515","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/similar-hearing-thresholds-8khz-dissimilar-susceptibility-hearing-damage-8khz-sounds","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/article\/similar-hearing-thresholds-at-8-khz-but-dissimilar-susceptibility-of-hearing-to-damage-by-8-khz-sounds-in-a-harbor-porpoise-a-harbor-seal-and-a-california-sea-lion\/","title":"Similar Hearing Thresholds at 8kHz, but Dissimilar Susceptibility of Hearing to Damage by 8kHz Sounds in a Harbor Porpoise, a Harbor Seal, and a California Sea Lion","description":"For each mammalian species, the pattern of susceptibility to temporary hearing threshold shift (TTS) with changing frequency has been assumed to be related to the pattern of hearing thresholds with changing frequency (the basic audiogram). This relationship was tested with one individual of each of three marine mammal species: one odontocete (harbor porpoise [Phocoena phocoena]) and two pinniped species (harbor seal [Phoca vitulina] and California sea lion [Zalophus californianus]). Audiograms showed that they had similar basic hearing thresholds at 8 kHz (61, 59, and 60 dB re 1 \u03bcPa, respectively). Hearing thresholds for narrow-band sweeps at 11.3 kHz (the hearing frequency at which the greatest TTS occurred in all three species) before and after exposure for 1 h to a continuous, constant-amplitude, one-sixth-octave noise band centered at 8 kHz at several sound exposure levels (SELs) showed that the TTS experienced by the three individuals differed. The 6 dB TTS-onset SELs were for the harbor porpoise: 169 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s; for the harbor seal: 182 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s; and for the California sea lion: 176 dB re 1 \u03bcPa2s. The pattern of increase in TTS with increasing SEL was steeper for the harbor porpoise and harbor seal than for the California sea lion. This means that TTS onset occurs at a different sensation level (i.e., at a different number of dB above the basic hearing threshold) in each of the three marine mammal species. Therefore, different policies, recommendations, or regulations for permissible sound exposure are needed for each species.","author":["Kastelein, R.","Jennings, N.","Terhune, J."],"organization":["SEAMARCO","Dotmoth","University of New Brunswick"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-27 07:13:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/51.5_Kastelein.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143516","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/critical-ratio-measurements-can-be-used-assess-effective-quiet-thresholds-harbor-seals","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.aquaticmammalsjournal.org\/article\/critical-ratio-measurements-can-be-used-to-assess-effective-quiet-thresholds-in-harbor-seals-harbor-porpoises-and-california-sea-lions\/","title":"Critical Ratio Measurements Can be Used to Assess Effective Quiet Thresholds in Harbor Seals, Harbor Porpoises, and California Sea Lions","description":"Effective quiet is a sound pressure level (SPL) that will never cause temporary hearing threshold shifts (TTSs), even after long exposures. TTS is typically measured after the end of a fatiguing sound exposure when some recovery may have occurred during the threshold measurement. Using published data from 24 studies from the SEAMARCO Research Institute, we examined the recovery from TTS of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) to assess whether the measurement procedures to determine initial TTSs were compromised by recovery from TTS. When initial TTS1-4 (measured 1 to 4 min post exposure) was \u0026lt; 6.0 dB, recovery occurred in 42, 50, and 57% of sessions (respectively for each species) at 4 to 8 min post exposure. By 8 to 12 min post exposure, the complete recovery rates were 65, 86, and 92% (respectively for each species). A certain amount of recovery from TTS occurs during the post-exposure hearing threshold determination. Rapid recovery from small TTSs makes determination of the effective quiet SPL threshold difficult to measure. An alternative to quantifying unmasked hearing sensitivity to assess small TTSs may be quantifying the critical ratio (CR; the difference in dB between a tonal signal detection threshold and the spectrum level of the masking noise at that frequency) at the beginning and just before the end of the fatiguing sound exposure. If the CR measured just before the fatiguing sound ends is higher than the CR measured just after the fatiguing sound began, then that difference will be the magnitude of TTS that has occurred. Using CR measures will avoid recovery occurring during the measurement process. CR determinations can be made using more trials than during the 1- to 4-min post-exposure hearing tests and should result in more accurate measurements of TTSs. Determining effective quiet SPL thresholds allows the identification of \u201csafe\u201d received SPLs that do not cause TTS. This information will be useful in environmental assessments of anthropogenic sounds. However, even \u201csafe\u201d SPLs may reduce the ability of mammals to hear signals by causing acoustic masking.","author":["Terhune, J.","Kastelein, R."],"organization":["University of New Brunswick","SEAMARCO"],"originationDate":"2025-01-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Marine Mammals","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-27 07:28:58","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Terhune_Kastelein_2025.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143518","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/future-tidal-energy-opportunities-priorities-uk","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/sectoral-economic-performance\/publications\/research\/","title":"Future of Tidal Energy \u2013 opportunities and priorities for the UK","description":"The UK has some of the world\u2019s largest tidal resources. This work has determined that the UK holds the second largest tidal range resource in the world after Australia, and the 6th largest tidal stream resource in the World. The UK\u2019s tidal range and tidal stream energy resources hold the potential of supplying 230% and 16% respectively of the UK\u2019s current electricity demand if projects offering attractive financial returns can be developed to tap into this comparative advantage in tidal energy resource. Financially successful tidal energy projects in the UK could then pave the way to grow the UK\u2019s tidal energy sector through exports to countries with good tidal resources. Such export destinations are identified as; Brazil, Argentina, Australia, USA, and Indonesia in the case of tidal stream, and Australia, Argentina and France, Canada and the US in the case of tidal range.Despite promise the sector has struggled in developing attractive financial projects. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is higher than other renewables such as wind and solar, and revenue uncertainty (electricity price) hamper the bankability of such projects. Subsidies such as Contracts for Difference (CfD) can create price certainty as long they endure for the lifetime of the project, which is easier for tidal stream projects of 25 year duration, but the guarantee of pricing for tidal range projects having 120-year lifetimes is harder to fulfil.This study shows that it will be challenging for tidal stream to reduce its LCOE to below the costs of solar and wind through the typical learning curves experienced by most new technologies due to the later arrival of the technology relative to solar and wind, and the smaller total future market potential of tidal stream vs wind and solar. This means that tidal stream must seek other revenue streams to compensate and this work has shown that tidal stream can attract a premium of 11-18 \u00a3\/MWh over solar and wind. This premium is provided by the unique services that tidal can offer over solar and wind due to its predictability which helps in reducing the system integration costs to a power network.For tidal range technologies the potential to reduce levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) exists but this potential is likely lower than for tidal stream as the technology employed is mature in nature and builds on classical hydropower expertise, nevertheless the sector has identified some cost reduction pathways. Tidal range is likely to attract a price premium due to its predictability when integrated into a power system network much like has been shown for tidal stream, however tidal range can also offer additional services that can attract revenues that are not accessible to tidal stream.A significant element of the work in this study has focused on environmental impacts of tidal technologies. An exhaustive review of the literature base has not only highlighted pathways by which we can build and operate tidal technologies better to mitigate any negative environmental and conservation issues, but it has also highlighted the many co-benefits of tidal range can offer. Benefits include climate-change induced rising sea-level flood protection, storm-induced flood protection, reduced coastal erosion mitigation costs, improved marshland conservation and ecosystem services provision. The study maps such potential benefits, overlays them on a map and shows how these regions are often co-located with proposed tidal range barrage projects that offer the needed co-benefits to mitigate these risks. This work highlights the need to develop creative ways to factor these benefits into tidal range barrage projects to improve financial attractiveness and bankability.This study outlines priority actions for the sector if the UK is to grow its low cost, tidal energy electricity generation and exploit this expertise to grow a world leading tidal energy sector that can export its technology and know how across the globe.","author":["Ascher, S.","Aunedi, M.","Booth, D.","Collins, C.","Gray, I.","Green, T.","Hulak, D.","Johnson, N.","Payyala, S.","Pusey, A.","Staffell, I.","Xie, J."],"organization":["Imperial College London"],"originationDate":"2026-08-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":["Current","Current\/Tidal"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Stakeholder Engagement"],"modifiedDate":"2026-10-28 03:31:43","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Ascher-et-al-2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143595","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/feasibility-overview-ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-seawater-air-conditioning","sourceURL":"https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/23469208","title":"Feasibility Overview: Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) for Renewable Energy Resilience in Guam","description":"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) use the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep-ocean water to generate electricity or provide cooling. Guam\u2019s tropical surface waters, access to cold deep water, steep offshore bathymetry, high electricity costs, and dependence on imported petroleum create favorable resource conditions for continued investigation of both technologies. This overview evaluates their preliminary technical feasibility, considers potential development sites, identifies environmental and regulatory requirements, and outlines the additional work needed before a project could advance. OTEC could provide continuous renewable electricity by using warm surface water and cold deep water to operate a thermodynamic heat engine. Guam\u2019s near-shore waters possess the ocean-temperature difference needed for OTEC; however, commercial-scale development remains technically and financially uncertain. OTEC requires large seawater flows, extensive intake and discharge infrastructure, specialized heat exchangers and generating equipment, potentially offshore platforms, moorings, and subsea transmission cables. The preliminary analysis of Tanguisson found that its reef-flat setting could complicate pipeline routing and construction.SWAC is a more commercially mature technology and represents the nearer-term opportunity for Guam. It could reduce electricity consumption by replacing or supplementing conventional air-conditioning systems serving concentrated cooling loads. Tumon is a logical area for continued study because it contains Guam\u2019s largest concentration of hotels and restaurants. Two potential onshore locations were considered: Ypao Beach Park and Old Hospital Point. Both adjoin the Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, and their offshore infrastructure would be located within or pass through preserve waters. Ypao Beach Park is not recommended for continued development because of its cultural sensitivity and intensive public use. Old Hospital Point appears more suitable for additional investigation because previously disturbed areas may provide opportunities to reduce onshore impacts. Nevertheless, its technical, environmental, cultural, and land-access feasibility has not been established. Both technologies could affect coral reefs, water quality, protected species, and other coastal and offshore resources. Principal concerns include disturbance from pipeline installation, sediment resuspension, underwater noise, entrainment and impingement of marine organisms, and changes in temperature, nutrients, salinity, or dissolved oxygen near discharge structures. Tumon Bay presents additional concerns because it is a marine preserve. Intake and discharge plume modeling would be necessary before project effects could be evaluated adequately. Federal and Government of Guam environmental laws provide an established legal framework, but there is no single, consolidated permitting pathway ready for an OTEC or SWAC applicant. Depending on the final project, requirements may include NOAA OTEC licensing, Clean Water Act permits and certifications, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers authorization, coastal-zone consistency review, protected-species and Essential Fish Habitat consultations, historic-preservation review, and environmental review under the National Environmental Policy Act. Economic feasibility remains a central uncertainty. Project viability will depend on construction and operating costs, pipeline length and depth, cooling or electricity demand, financing, maintenance, avoided electricity purchases, and long-term system performance. A detailed Guam-specific economic evaluation will be conducted separately by Makai Ocean Engineering. Consequently, this overview does not establish project affordability, return on investment, or commercial viability. Community engagement conducted during this feasibility effort identified concerns and priorities related to marine resources, fishing, recreation, public access, and project siting. Future work should build on that engagement throughout site screening, design, environmental review, construction, and operation. In summary, Guam possesses natural conditions that justify continued investigation of OTEC and SWAC. However, resource suitability should not be interpreted as confirmation that any particular project or site is feasible. The next phase should prioritize additional site screening, site-specific environmental and engineering surveys, preliminary system designs, coordinated agency consultation, Makai\u2019s economic analysis, and continued community engagement. These steps are necessary to determine whether a specific project can provide meaningful energy benefits while protecting Guam\u2019s cultural and marine resources.","author":["Concepcion, C."," Punzalan, K.","Bentlage, B."],"organization":["University of Guam"],"originationDate":"2026-10-19","spatial":[],"technologyType":["OTEC"],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions"],"modifiedDate":"2026-11-05 07:15:26","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Concepcion_etal_OTEC_SWAC-Report.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143600","type":["Document","Document\/Journal Article"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/intelligent-planning-ocean-energy-infrastructure-synergistic-mechanism-between","sourceURL":"https:\/\/gdejournal.org\/article\/view\/1058","title":"Intelligent Planning of Ocean Energy Infrastructure: A Synergistic Mechanism between Ecological Protection and Energy Development","description":"With the rapid expansion of offshore wind and other ocean energy facilities, conflicts between energy development and ecologically sensitive marine areas have become increasingly prominent. Existing marine spatial planning approaches often rely on static exclusion zones and linear weighting methods, which may not sufficiently reflect seasonal ecological sensitivity and life-cycle environmental pressures. To address this problem, this study develops a GIS-based scenario planning framework that combines ecological sensitivity assessment, life-cycle pressure estimation, and multi-criteria spatial suitability analysis. Publicly available marine environmental, biodiversity, energy-resource, and spatial constraint datasets were integrated for representative areas in the European North Sea and the East China Sea. The framework compares a conventional static planning scenario with an ecological-sensitivity-constrained planning scenario. Simulation results indicate that incorporating seasonal ecological sensitivity and decommissioning-related pressure can substantially reduce infrastructure occupation in high-sensitivity zones while maintaining most of the energy development potential. The proposed framework does not aim to replace site-specific environmental impact assessment; rather, it provides a transparent screening and decision-support tool for early-stage marine spatial planning. The results suggest that ecological protection and energy development can be better coordinated when dynamic ecological constraints and life-cycle considerations are incorporated into spatial planning.","author":["Zhu, H.","Zhang, Z.","Yi, F.","Ye, J.","Xue, M."],"organization":["Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering"],"originationDate":"2026-07-01","spatial":[],"technologyType":[],"tags":["Environment","Human Dimensions","Life Cycle Assessment","Marine Spatial Planning"],"modifiedDate":"2026-11-05 10:13:03","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/Zhu_et_al_2026.pdf"]},{"URI":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/node\/2143604","type":["Document","Document\/Report"],"landingPage":"https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/publications\/yakutat-wave-energy-converter-impact-assessment","sourceURL":"https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/regions\/alaska-ocs-region\/BOEM_2021-055.pdf","title":"Yakutat Wave Energy Converter Impact Assessment","description":"Fisheries monitoring, hydrographic information, and passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) were undertaken in order to help assess the potential for environmental impacts resulting from any future deployments of wave energy converters offshore of the community of Yakutat, Alaska. Yakutat is a community along the northeast coast of the Gulf of Alaska that has been identified as a locale for the utilization of renewable, wave-based electricity generation in order to lessen their reliance on diesel fuel for electricity generation (Previsic and Bedard, 2009). Bottom-mount moorings instrumented with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers, Conductivity\/Temperature\/Pressure loggers and turbidity sensors as well as hydrophone packages for ambient noise were deployed at three depths designated shallow (15 m), mid and deep (25 m and 40 m) over 15 months from late June 2018 to mid-September 2019. New topobathymetric, fisheries, hydrographic and PAM data sets were gathered from the region that can serve as a baseline upon which to assess impacts to protected species and\/or essential fish habitat of any future marine energy projects in the region. One notable gap that remains is a lack of understanding of the connections between marine mammal, fish and water mass distributions at this site. Further study is required to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how these factors are interrelated. Current regulatory processes, timelines and lessons-learned from the permitting of other marine energy projects, including one in Alaska, are summarized as well. As noted elsewhere in the report, there is also a lack of studies on the potential for fish injuries by WECs. Overall, this and other related work (e.g. Tschetter et al., 2016; Chamberlain, 2021) provide a wealth of information for future wave and tidal energy projects in Yakutat or other Alaska coastal communities.","author":["Kasper, J.","Castellote, M.","Seitz, A.","Stafford, K.","Courtney, M.","Brown, E."],"organization":["University of Alaska Fairbanks","University of Washington","Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM)"],"originationDate":"2021-08-01","spatial":{"coordinates":["59.492809000000","-139.786825400000"],"extent":"point"},"technologyType":["Wave"],"tags":["Environment","Physical Environment","Fish","Marine Mammals","Human Dimensions","Cetaceans","Pinnipeds","Demersal Fish","Pelagic Fish","Environmental Impact Assessment","Entanglement","Noise"],"modifiedDate":"2026-11-05 10:32:01","signatureProject":[],"attachment":["https:\/\/tethys.pnnl.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/BOEM_2021-055.pdf"]}]